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74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
across), deep scars that extend into the dermis. Boxcar scars are round or ovoid indented scars with sharp borders and vary in size from 1.5–4 mm across. Rolling scars are wider than icepick and boxcar scars (4–5 mm across) and have a wave-like pattern of depth in the skin.
Hypertrophic scars are uncommon, and ar... | 7,700 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
body.
## Pigmentation.
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is usually the result of nodular acne lesions. These lesions often leave behind an inflamed darkened mark after the original acne lesion has resolved. This inflammation stimulates specialized pigment-producing skin cells (known as melanocytes) to pr... | 7,701 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
for months, years, or even be permanent if deeper layers of skin are affected. Even minimal skin exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays can sustain hyperpigmentation. Daily use of SPF 15 or higher sunscreen can minimize such a risk.
# Causes.
Risk factors for the development of acne, other than genetics, have no... | 7,702 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
Studies performed in affected twins and first-degree relatives further demonstrate the strongly inherited nature of acne. Acne susceptibility is likely due to the influence of multiple genes, as the disease does not follow a classic (Mendelian) inheritance pattern. Several gene candidates have been proposed includ... | 7,703 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
such as occurs during menstrual cycles and puberty, may contribute to the formation of acne. During puberty, an increase in sex hormones called androgens causes the skin follicle glands to grow larger and make more oily sebum. Several hormones have been linked to acne, including the androgens testosterone, dihydro... | 7,704 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
in very low IGF-1 levels).
Medical conditions that commonly cause a high-androgen state, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors, can cause acne in affected individuals. Conversely, people who lack androgenic hormones or are insensitive to the effects of an... | 7,705 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
"Cutibacterium acnes" (formerly "Propionibacterium. acnes") contributes to the development of acne, but its exact role is not well understood. There are specific sub-strains of "C. acnes" associated with normal skin, and moderate or severe inflammatory acne. It is unclear whether these undesirable strains evolve o... | 7,706 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
improves acne.
## Diet.
The relationship between diet and acne is unclear, as there is no high-quality evidence that establishes any definitive link between them. High-glycemic-load diets have been found to have different degrees of effect on acne severity. Multiple randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized... | 7,707 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
of insulin and IGF-1 and thereby increase the production of androgen hormones, sebum, and promote the formation of comedones. Available evidence does not support a link between eating chocolate or salt and acne severity. Chocolate does contain varying amounts of sugar, which can lead to a high glycemic load, and i... | 7,708 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
which demonstrate that stress causes or worsens acne. While the connection between acne and stress has been debated, some research indicates that increased severity is associated with high stress levels in certain contexts such as hormonal changes seen in premenstrual syndrome.
## Environmental factors.
Mechanic... | 7,709 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
skin's hair follicles. These blockages are thought to occur as a result of the following four abnormal processes: a higher than normal amount of oily sebum production (influenced by androgens), excessive deposition of the protein keratin leading to comedo formation, colonization of the follicle by "Cutibacterium a... | 7,710 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
follicle. However, increased production of oily sebum in those with acne causes the dead skin cells to stick together. The accumulation of dead skin cell debris and oily sebum blocks the pore of the hair follicle, thus forming the microcomedone. This is further exacerbated by the biofilm created by "C. acnes" with... | 7,711 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
sebum production in the skin is dihydrotestosterone. Another androgenic hormone responsible for increased sebaceous gland activity is DHEA-S. Higher amounts of DHEA-S are secreted during adrenarche (a stage of puberty), and this leads to an increase in sebum production. In a sebum-rich skin environment, the natura... | 7,712 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
major mechanism of acne-related skin inflammation is mediated by "C. acnes" ability to bind and activate a class of immune system receptors known as toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR2 and TLR4. Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 by "C. acnes" leads to increased secretion of IL-1α, IL-8, and TNF-α. Release of the... | 7,713 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
skin inflammation by altering the fatty composition of oily sebum. Oxidation of the lipid squalene by "C. acnes" is of particular importance. Squalene oxidation activates NF-κB (a protein complex) and consequently increases IL-1α levels. Additionally, squalene oxidation leads to increased activity of the 5-lipoxyg... | 7,714 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
by the bacterium's ability to convert sebum triglycerides to pro-inflammatory free fatty acids via secretion of the enzyme lipase. These free fatty acids spur production of cathelicidin, HBD1, and HBD2, thus leading to further inflammation.
This inflammatory cascade typically leads to the formation of inflammator... | 7,715 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
and scar formation.
# Diagnosis.
Acne vulgaris is diagnosed based on a medical professional's clinical judgment. The evaluation of a person with suspected acne should include taking a detailed medical history about a family history of acne, a review of medications taken, signs or symptoms of excessive production... | 7,716 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
are many features that may indicate a person's acne vulgaris is sensitive to hormonal influences. Historical and physical clues that may suggest hormone-sensitive acne include onset between ages 20 and 30; worsening the week before a woman's period; acne lesions predominantly over the jawline and chin; and inflamm... | 7,717 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
severity; since its creation in 1979, the scale has undergone several revisions. The Leeds acne grading technique counts acne lesions on the face, back, and chest and categorizes them as inflammatory or non-inflammatory. Leeds scores range from 0 (least severe) to 10 (most severe) though modified scales have a max... | 7,718 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
perioral dermatitis, and rosacea, among others. Age is one factor which may help distinguish between these disorders. Skin disorders such as perioral dermatitis and keratosis pilaris can appear similar to acne but tend to occur more frequently in childhood, whereas rosacea tends to occur more frequently in older a... | 7,719 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
include alpha hydroxy acid, anti-androgen medications, antibiotics, antiseborrheic medications, azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, hormonal treatments, keratolytic soaps, nicotinamide, retinoids, and salicylic acid. They are believed to work in at least four different ways, including the following: reducing inflammat... | 7,720 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
include topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and topical or oral antibiotics. Procedures such as light therapy and laser therapy are not considered to be first-line treatments and typically have an adjunctive role due to their high cost and limited evidence of efficacy. Medications for acne work by targeting the e... | 7,721 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
may be used to reduce irritation. Skin irritation from acne medications typically peaks at two weeks after onset of use and tends to improve with continued use. Cosmetic products that specifically say "non-comedogenic", "oil-free", and "won't clog pores" are recommended.
## Diet.
A diet low in simple sugars is r... | 7,722 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
its proteins through the formation of oxygen free radicals and benzoic acid. These free radicals are thought to interfere with the bacterium's metabolism and ability to make proteins. Additionally, benzoyl peroxide is mildly effective at breaking down comedones and inhibiting inflammation. Benzoyl peroxide may be ... | 7,723 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
acne but are associated with fewer side effects. Unlike antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide does not appear to generate bacterial antibiotic resistance.
### Retinoids.
Retinoids are medications which reduce inflammation, normalize the follicle cell life cycle, and reduce sebum production. They are structurally related... | 7,724 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
faster improvement of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Frequently used topical retinoids include adapalene, isotretinoin, retinol, tazarotene, and tretinoin. They often cause an initial flare-up of acne and facial flushing, and can cause significant skin irritation. Generally speaking, retinoids increase the s... | 7,725 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
topical retinoid, but is not as well-tolerated. Retinol is a form of vitamin A that has similar but milder effects, and is used in many over-the-counter moisturizers and other topical products.
Isotretinoin is an oral retinoid that is very effective for severe nodular acne, and moderate acne that is stubborn to o... | 7,726 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
linked with an increased risk of adverse effects, like depression, suicidality, anemia, although there is no clear evidence to support some of these claims. Isotretinoin is superior to antibiotics or placebo in reducing acne lesions. The frequency of adverse events was about twice as high with isotretinoin, althou... | 7,727 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
the United States started the iPLEDGE program to prevent isotretinoin use during pregnancy. iPledge requires the woman under consideration for isotretinoin therapy to have two negative pregnancy tests and mandates the use of two types of birth control for at least one month before therapy begins and one month afte... | 7,728 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
antibiotics for acne and an increased frequency of antibiotic-resistant "C. acnes" worldwide, antibiotics are becoming less effective, especially macrolide antibiotics such as topical erythromycin. Therefore, they are not recommended for use alone but are preferred as part of combination therapy. Commonly used ant... | 7,729 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
used for mild to moderately severe acne. Antibiotics taken orally are generally considered to be more effective than topical antibiotics, and produce faster resolution of inflammatory acne lesions than topical applications. Topical and oral antibiotics are not recommended for use together.
Oral antibiotics are re... | 7,730 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
risk of "C. acnes" developing antibiotic resistance.
Dapsone has shown efficacy against inflammatory acne but is generally not a first-line topical antibiotic due to higher cost and lack of clear superiority over other antibiotics. It is sometimes a preferred therapy in women or for people with sensitive or darke... | 7,731 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
Hormonal agents.
In women, acne can be improved with the use of any combined birth control pill. These medications contain an estrogen and a progestin. They work by decreasing the production of androgen hormones by the ovaries and by decreasing the free and hence biologically active fractions of androgens, result... | 7,732 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
to have no effect on IGF-1 levels in fertile women. However, cyproterone acetate-containing birth control pills have been reported to decrease total and free IGF-1 levels. Combinations containing third- or fourth-generation progestins including desogestrel, dienogest, drospirenone, or norgestimate, as well as birt... | 7,733 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
acne lesions at three months. However, the two therapies are approximately equal in efficacy at six months for decreasing the number of inflammatory, non-inflammatory, and total acne lesions. The authors of the analysis suggested that birth control pills may be a preferred first-line acne treatment, over oral anti... | 7,734 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
for acne in adult women, but unlike combined birth control pills, is not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for this purpose. The medication is primarily used as an aldosterone antagonist and is thought to be a useful acne treatment due to its ability to additionally block the androgen rece... | 7,735 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
menstrual irregularities and estrogen deficiency. The medication has also been found to be effective in the treatment of acne in males, with one study finding that a high dosage reduced inflammatory acne lesions by 73%. However, the side effects of cyproterone acetate in males, such as gynecomastia, sexual dysfunc... | 7,736 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
effective method of contraception to prevent pregnancy while taking an antiandrogen. Antiandrogens are often combined with birth control pills for this reason, which can result in additive efficacy.
Flutamide, a pure antagonist of the androgen receptor, is effective in the treatment of acne in women. It has gener... | 7,737 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
Although effective, flutamide has a risk of serious liver toxicity, and cases of death in women taking even low doses of the medication to treat androgen-dependent skin and hair conditions have occurred. As such, the use of flutamide for acne has become increasingly limited, and it has been argued that continued u... | 7,738 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
which has demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of acne in both males and females and is currently in the late stages of clinical development. It has shown no systemic absorption or associated antiandrogenic side effects. In a direct head-to-head comparison, clascoterone showed greater effectiveness than top... | 7,739 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
pregnancy, and are frequently used to treat excessive hair in women. There is no evidence as of 2010 to support the use of cimetidine or ketoconazole in the treatment of acne.
Hormonal treatments for acne such as combined birth control pills and antiandrogens may be considered a first-line therapy for acne under ... | 7,740 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
shown to be effective for mild to moderate acne when applied topically at a 20% concentration. Treatment twice daily for six months is necessary, and is as effective as topical benzoyl peroxide 5%, isotretinoin 0.05%, and erythromycin 2%. Azelaic acid is thought to be an effective acne treatment due to its ability... | 7,741 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
is less effective and more expensive than retinoids.
### Salicylic acid.
Salicylic acid is a topically applied beta-hydroxy acid that stops bacteria from reproducing and has keratolytic properties. It opens obstructed skin pores and promotes shedding of epithelial skin cells. Salicylic acid is known to be less e... | 7,742 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
anti-inflammatory properties, its ability to suppress sebum production, and by promoting wound healing. Topical and oral preparations of zinc have similarly been proposed as effective treatments for acne; evidence to support their use for this purpose is limited. The purported efficacy of zinc is attributed to its... | 7,743 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
to the skin pigment melanin, and is used to treat acne-associated postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. By interfering with new production of melanin in the epidermis, hydroquinone leads to less hyperpigmentation as darkened skin cells are naturally shed over time. Improvement in skin hyperpigmentation is typically ... | 7,744 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
lead to a temporary ring of lightened skin around the hyperpigmented area. Hydroquinone is generally well-tolerated; side effects are typically mild (e.g., skin irritation) and occur with use of a higher than the recommended 4% concentration. Most preparations contain the preservative sodium metabisulfite, which h... | 7,745 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
medications of different classes together, each with a different mechanism of action—has been demonstrated to be a more efficacious approach to acne treatment than monotherapy. The use of topical benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics together has been shown to be more effective than antibiotics alone. Similarly, using ... | 7,746 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
both regimens are effective but benzoyl peroxide does not lead to antibiotic resistance.
## Pregnancy.
Although the late stages of pregnancy are associated with an increase in sebaceous gland activity in the skin, pregnancy has not been reliably associated with worsened acne severity. In general, topically appli... | 7,747 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
(9–25%), and an association between the use of anti-inflammatory medications in the third trimester and adverse effects to the developing fetus including too little amniotic fluid in the uterus and early closure of the babies' ductus arteriosus blood vessel. Prolonged use of salicylic acid over significant areas o... | 7,748 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
In studies examining the effects of topical retinoids during pregnancy, fetal harm has not been seen in the second and third trimesters. Retinoids contraindicated for use during pregnancy include the topical retinoid tazarotene, and oral retinoids isotretinoin and acitretin (all category X). Spironolactone is rela... | 7,749 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
to treat acne in pregnant women, but have received less study. No adverse fetal events have been reported from the topical use of dapsone. If retinoids are used there is a high risk of abnormalities occurring in the developing fetus; women of childbearing age are therefore required to use effective birth control i... | 7,750 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
of acute fatty liver of pregnancy and is further avoided for this reason.
## Procedures.
Comedo extraction is supported by limited evidence but is recommended for comedones that do not improve with standard treatment. Another procedure for immediate relief is injection of a corticosteroid into an inflamed acne c... | 7,751 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
therapies appear to provide a short-term benefit, but data for long-term outcomes, and for outcomes in those with severe acne, are sparse; it may have a role for individuals whose acne has been resistant to topical medications. A 2016 meta-analysis was unable to conclude whether light therapies were more beneficia... | 7,752 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
lasers (i.e., lasers that do not vaporize the top layer of the skin but rather induce a physiologic response in the skin from the light) have been used to treat acne, including those that use infrared wavelengths of light. Ablative lasers (such as CO and fractional types) have also been used to treat active acne a... | 7,753 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
pain. Physiologically, certain wavelengths of light, used with or without accompanying topical chemicals, are thought to kill bacteria and decrease the size and activity of the glands that produce sebum. Disadvantages of light therapy can include its cost, the need for multiple visits, time required to complete th... | 7,754 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
treatment with dermabrasion due to their depth. The procedure is painful and has many potential side effects such as skin sensitivity to sunlight, redness, and decreased pigmentation of the skin. Dermabrasion has fallen out of favor with the introduction of laser resurfacing. Unlike dermabrasion, there is no evide... | 7,755 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
methacrylate) microspheres with collagen; human and bovine collagen derivatives, and fat harvested from the person's own body (autologous fat transfer).
Microneedling is a procedure in which an instrument with multiple rows of tiny needles is rolled over the skin to elicit a wound healing response and stimulate c... | 7,756 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
practitioner, including the use of excessive pressure or inappropriately large needles.
Subcision is useful for treatment of superficial atrophic acne scars and involves the use of a small needle to loosen the fibrotic adhesions that result in the depressed appearance of the scar.
Chemical peels can be used to r... | 7,757 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
of trichloroacetic acid (30–40%) are considered to be medium-strength peels and affect skin as deep as the papillary dermis. Formulations of trichloroacetic acid concentrated to 50% or more are considered to be deep chemical peels. Medium-strength and deep-strength chemical peels are more effective for deeper atro... | 7,758 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
with acne. Tea tree oil is thought to be approximately as effective as benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid, but has been associated with allergic contact dermatitis. Proposed mechanisms for tea tree oil's anti-acne effects include antibacterial action against "C. acnes," and anti-inflammatory properties. Numerous o... | 7,759 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
treatments in many forms are available, which are often referred to as cosmeceuticals. Certain types of makeup may be useful to mask acne. In those with oily skin, a water-based product is often preferred.
# Prognosis.
Acne usually improves around the age of 20, but may persist into adulthood. Permanent physical... | 7,760 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
picks and scratches pimples, irrespective of the severity of their acne. This can lead to significant scarring, changes in the affected person's skin pigmentation, and a cyclic worsening of the affected person's anxiety about their appearance. Rare complications from acne or its treatment include the formation of ... | 7,761 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
years, but can occur before adolescence and may persist into adulthood. While acne that first develops between the ages of 21 and 25 is uncommon, it affects 54% of women and 40% of men older than 25 years of age, and has a lifetime prevalence of 85%. About 20% of those affected have moderate or severe cases. It is... | 7,762 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
United States (16%) and approximately 3–5 million in Australia (23%). Severe acne tends to be more common in people of Caucasian or Hispanic descent than in people of African descent.
# History.
Pharaohs are recorded as having had acne, which may be the earliest known reference to the disease. Since at least the... | 7,763 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
physician and botanist François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix provided one of the earlier descriptions of acne. He used the term "psydracia achne" to describe small, red and hard tubercles that altered a person's facial appearance during adolescence, and were neither itchy nor painful.
The recognition and chara... | 7,764 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
use today. Thomas Bateman continued and expanded on Robert Willan's work as his student and provided the first descriptions and illustrations of acne accepted as accurate by modern dermatologists. Erasmus Wilson, in 1842, was the first to make the distinction between acne vulgaris and rosacea. The first profession... | 7,765 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
agents of comedones, sebum production, and ultimately acne. During the mid-twentieth century, dermatologists realized that no single hypothesized factor (sebum, bacteria, or excess keratin) could completely explain the disease. This led to the current understanding that acne could be explained by a sequence of rel... | 7,766 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
as a treatment in 1958 and has been routinely used for this purpose since the 1960s. Acne treatment was modified in the 1950s with the introduction of oral tetracycline antibiotics (such as minocycline). These reinforced the idea amongst dermatologists that bacterial growth on the skin plays an important role in c... | 7,767 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
became pregnant while taking isotretinoin between 1982 and 2003, with most pregnancies ending in abortion or miscarriage. About 160 babies were born with birth defects.
Treatment of acne with topical crushed dry ice (termed "cryoslush") was first described in 1907, but is no longer performed commonly. Prior to 19... | 7,768 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
top ten leading acne treatment brands in the US in 2015, have been reported as amounting to $352 million.
Misperceptions about acne's causative and aggravating factors are common, and those affected by it are often blamed for their condition. Such blame can worsen the affected person's sense of self-esteem. Until... | 7,769 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
including difficulties obtaining employment. Until the 1930s, it was largely seen as a trivial problem among middle-class girls – a trivial problem, because, unlike smallpox and tuberculosis, no one died from it, and a feminine problem, because boys were much less likely to seek medical assistance for it. During t... | 7,770 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
research is to develop medications that target and interfere with the hormones that are known to increase sebum production (e.g., IGF-1 and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone). Additional sebum-lowering medications being researched include topical antiandrogens and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modu... | 7,771 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
the first genome sequencing of a "C. acnes" bacteriophage (PA6) was reported. The authors proposed applying this research toward development of bacteriophage therapy as an acne treatment in order to overcome the problems associated with long-term antibiotic therapy such as bacterial resistance. Oral and topical pr... | 7,772 |
74555 | Acne | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acne | Acne
cs on acne in humans were limited.
Decreased levels of retinoic acid in the skin may contribute to comedo formation. To address this deficiency, methods to increase the skin's production of retinoid acid are being explored. A vaccine against inflammatory acne has shown promising results in mice and humans. Some h... | 7,773 |
74619 | La Jonquera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Jonquera | La Jonquera
La Jonquera
La Jonquera () is a municipality in the "comarca" of l'Alt Empordà, in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated next to the border with France, opposite the municipality of Le Perthus.
# History.
The area has always been an important pass through the Pyrenees. A contemporary motorway runs not far fro... | 7,774 |
74619 | La Jonquera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Jonquera | La Jonquera
on the French-Spanish border, contiguous to its French twin town, Le Perthus.
# Interesting places.
- Church of Santa Maria.
- Ruins of Santa Maria de Panissars (mediaeval Benedictine monastery), in the coll de Panissars.
- Ruins of the castell de Rocabertí.
- Castell de Canadal, with the church of San... | 7,775 |
74619 | La Jonquera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Jonquera | La Jonquera
that one of Europe's largest brothels opened in La Jonquera in 2010, taking advantage of Europe's open borders and "lax laws". Many of its clients reportedly come from France, where prostitution was made illegal in April 2016. According to the paper, "Advocates and police officials say that most of the wome... | 7,776 |
74619 | La Jonquera | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%20Jonquera | La Jonquera
urope's open borders and "lax laws". Many of its clients reportedly come from France, where prostitution was made illegal in April 2016. According to the paper, "Advocates and police officials say that most of the women are controlled by illegal networks — they are modern-day slaves."
# Forest fires.
The ... | 7,777 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Częstochowa
Częstochowa () is a city in southern Poland on the Warta River with 222,292 inhabitants, making it the thirteenth-largest city in Poland. It is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of the Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998). H... | 7,778 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting (Polish: "Jasnogórski Cudowny obraz Najświętszej Maryi Panny Niepokalanie Poczętej"), a shrine to the Virgin Mary. Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. The city also... | 7,779 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
documents also as "Częstobor" and "Częstomir". Variations of the name include "Czanstochowa" used in 1220, and Częstochow used in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called Częstochówka was a separate municipality mentioned in the 14th century as the Old Częstochowa ("Antiquo Czanstochowa", 1382) and "Czę... | 7,780 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
of the Mstów monastery. Two villages, Częstochowa and Częstochówka were mentioned in the document. Both of them belonged to the basic territorial unit of Slavic tribes ("opole"), with its capital at Mstów. Częstochówka was located on a hill on which the Jasna Góra Monastery was later built. In the late 13th... | 7,781 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
when Częstochowa was granted town charter, as no documents have been preserved. It happened some time between 1356 - 1377. In 1502, King Alexander Jagiellon granted a new charter, based on Magdeburg rights to Częstochowa. In 1382 the Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra was founded by Vladislaus II of Opole - th... | 7,782 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
time, Sigismund ruled the Duchy of Głogów, and frequently visited Częstochowa on his way to the Duchies of Silesia (1498, 1502, 1502, 1503, 1505, 1505, 1506). In 1504, Częstochowa was granted the right to collect tolls on the Warta river bridge. In 1508, Częstochowa was allowed to organize one fair a year; ... | 7,783 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
resistance against the Swedish armies during Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655 (for more information, see Siege of Jasna Góra). The town of Częstochowa itself was almost completely destroyed by Swedish soldiers. It has been estimated that the town lost 50% of population, and 60% of houses. Nevertheless, th... | 7,784 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
place here. Furthermore, in 1682 the celebration of 300 anniversary of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa brought thousands of pilgrims from both Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Silesia. The Jewish community in Częstochowa came into existence by about 1700.
During the Great Northern War, Częstochowa was c... | 7,785 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Częstochowa. The village belonged to the monastery and quickly developed. In 1717 it was granted town charter, and its name was changed into "Nowa Częstochowa" ("New Częstochowa"). The town was completely destroyed during the Bar Confederation. On February 8, 1769, the monastery was seized by rebels of the ... | 7,786 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Sejmiks were obliged to legitimize it. On February 14–15, 1792, a sejmik of the szlachta of northern part of Kraków Voivodeship (counties of Lelów and Książ Wielki) took place in Częstochowa. Traditionally, local sejmiks were organized in Żarnowiec; the fact that it was moved to Częstochowa confirms growing... | 7,787 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
he would convince Jews to convert to Orthodox Christianity.
## Partitions of Poland.
During the Partitions of Poland, Częstochowa was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793, and incorporated into the province of South Prussia, Department of Kalisz (Kalisch). The Old Częstochowa became the seat of a coun... | 7,788 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
by the Russians (see War of the Sixth Coalition), after a two-week siege.
In 1821, the government of Congress Poland carried out a census, according to which the population of New Częstochowa was 1,036, while the population of Old Częstochowa was 2,758. Furthermore, almost four hundred people lived in seve... | 7,789 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
both towns were officially merged on August 19, 1826. The new city quickly emerged as the fourth largest urban centers of Congress Poland; larger were only the cities of Warsaw, Lublin, and Kalisz. On September 8, 1862, a patriotic rally took place in the city, in front of St. Sigismund church. As a reprisa... | 7,790 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the Huta Częstochowa steel mill built by Bernard Hantke, as well as several weaveries and paper factories. Up to the Second World War, like many other cities in Europe, Częstochowa had a significant Je... | 7,791 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Warsaw, Łódź, and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie). The city was conveniently located on the Warta and other smaller rivers ("Kucelinka, Stradomka, Konopka"). Real estate and land prices were low, compared to Łódź, and the existence of the monastery brought numerous pilgrims, who also were customers of local businesses... | 7,792 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
tried to blow up a monument of Tsar Alexander II, which stood in front of the monastery. In February 1905, general strike action was declared in the city, with workers demanding pay rises. In June 1905 street clashes took place in Częstochowa, in which 20 people were killed by Russian forces. Further protes... | 7,793 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
German occupation (1914 - 1918), Częstochowa was cut off from its traditional Russian markets, which resulted in widespread poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, German authorities closed down several plants, urging unemployed workers to migrate to Upper Silesia, where they replaced men drafted into the ar... | 7,794 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
Austria-Hungary, after personal intervention of Emperor Franz Joseph I, who was a pious Roman Catholic. The monastery was manned by soldiers under Austrian Army Captain Josef Klettinger and remained under Austrian control until November 4, 1918. In October 1917, the City Council of Częstochowa demanded perm... | 7,795 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
of support of Silesian Poles fighting in the Silesian Uprisings. On December 4, 1920, Symon Petliura together with app. 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers. Their arrival spurred widespread protests, as the city, in which food situation was desperate, was obliged to house and feed the Ukrainians.
In the Second Polish... | 7,796 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
with the police. In 1925, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Częstochowa was created. The city grew in size, when between 1928 and 1934, several local settlements and villages were annexed. In 1939, the population of Częstochowa was 138,000, which made it the 8th largest city of Poland. In 1938, Polish gover... | 7,797 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
northern wing of Kraków Army. After the Battle of Mokra and other battles, Polish forces withdrew, and the Wehrmacht entered the city on Sunday, September 3, 1939. Częstochowa was renamed into "Tschenstochau", and incorporated into the General Government. Monday, September 4, 1939, became known as "Bloody M... | 7,798 |
74595 | Częstochowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Częstochowa | Częstochowa
the "Radom District" of the General Government. The city was located near the border with Upper Silesia Province, and in its area operated units of the Home Army and National Armed Forces ("NSZ"). On April 20, 1943, a "NZS" unit attacked the local office of the Bank Emisyjny w Polsce. After the collapse of ... | 7,799 |
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