wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
who is appointed by the Chancellor after consultation with the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education and the University Council. The Vice-Chancellor is assisted by one or more Pro–Vice-Chancellors, appointed by the University Council with the approval of the Minister of Higher and Tertiary Ed... | 8,700 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
academic faculties:
## Colleges.
The university currently has one college, the College of Health Sciences which incorporates the Faculty of Medicine. However, many of Zimbabwe's public universities started as colleges of the University of Zimbabwe:
## Trans-disciplinary institutes.
The univer... | 8,701 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
normally in September. As from February 2016, the University introduced a second intake,with an academic year that runs from February to December.
# Student life.
## Residences.
On the main campus there are five residences for women: Swinton Hall, Complexes 1, 4 and 5 and Carr-Saunders, and fo... | 8,702 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
university has a target of at least one current or former UZ student representing the country in a medal winning sports team in international competitions annually. Sport at UZ is centred around the Sports Pavilion, which was donated by National Breweries. Sports offered at the university include... | 8,703 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
team captain, Benjani Mwaruwari. The club was for a time coached by former President Canaan Banana. When Zimbabwe hosted the All-Africa Games in 1995, UZ was the games village. Maintenance of sporting facilities is the responsibility of the Director: Sport, but in recent years accessing funds fro... | 8,704 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
handball festival in the country.
In most departments there are subject–related clubs or societies, for example the Kirk Biological Society and the AIESEC and Students Institution for Success Club. In 2005, UZ won the Students in Free Enterprise World Cup held in Ontario, Canada. There are also ... | 8,705 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
and sexual exploitation.
# University of Zimbabwe people.
## Vice–Chancellors and principals.
The first head of the university was William Rollo, who served as interim Principal from 1953 to 1955. The first substantive Principal was Sir Walter Adams, who served from 1955 until 1966 and was lat... | 8,706 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
a year during the transition to Zimbabwe's independence. He was succeeded in 1981 by law professor Walter Kamba, who became Vice–Chancellor, the post created to replace that of Principal. Like Miller, Kamba clashed with the government and announced his resignation at the 1992 graduation ceremony,... | 8,707 |
343206 | University of Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University%20of%20Zimbabwe | University of Zimbabwe
academic freedom. He was succeeded by Gordon Chavunduka until 1996, and then by Graham Hill from 1997 to 2002. Levi Nyagura, the longest-serving Vice–Chancellor, held the office from 2003 to 2018, when he was suspended on charges that he unprocedurally awarded a PhD degree to former First Lady Gr... | 8,708 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
Princess (car)
The Princess is a family car which was produced in the United Kingdom by the Austin-Morris division of British Leyland from 1975 until 1981 (1982 in New Zealand). The car inherited a front-wheel drive / transverse engine configuration from its predecessor, the BMC ADO17 range. This was st... | 8,709 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
had previously been used as a model name on the Austin Princess limousine from 1947 to 1956, and the Vanden Plas Princess. The Princess is often referred to, incorrectly, as the Austin Princess. Although this name was not used in the UK market, it was used in New Zealand. The car was later revamped as th... | 8,710 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
to a poor economic climate further compounded by the OPEC oil crisis of the day. It was somewhere between the Ford Cortina and Ford Granada in terms of size, being designed to compete with more expensive versions of the Cortina as well as entry-level versions of the Granada. British Leyland restyled the ... | 8,711 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
side. The Leyland Princess 2200 HLS Limousine was produced between 1975 and 1979, and was mostly sold to local borough councils (as a mayoral car) and to the funeral sector. Princess limousine seemed to be an alternative to a Daimler DS420 that local government used in the mid 70s as Daimlers were much m... | 8,712 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
of production three badge-engineered versions were produced: Austin, Morris and Wolseley. The Austin model bore the original "design intent", featuring trapezoidal headlights and a simple horizontally-vaned grille. The Morris and Wolseley cars had a raised "hump" permitting a larger, styled grille for ea... | 8,713 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
trim. Apart from their bonnet and headlamp designs, and of course their badging, the Austin and Morris models were virtually identical.
## Styling.
The exterior styling was distinctive, innovative, and somewhat divisive. "The Wedge", as it was often nicknamed, was indeed very wedge-shaped; the styling ... | 8,714 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
for production nearly all the angular styling features had been lost.
The Princess, unlike the Allegro, made it to regular production relatively unscathed and unaltered from Harris's original plan. The bonnet (hood) was a little higher, to allow for taller engines, but the biggest change from Harris's d... | 8,715 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
Consequently, the Princess received fixed rear glass and a separate boot, belying its appearance. An estate version was also proposed, but never reached production.
## Mechanical details.
The base engine fitted was the 1798 cc B-series pushrod straight-4. The lay-out closely followed that of the predec... | 8,716 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
This was very smooth and a much more modern engine, with a published output figure of 110 bhp, but was still not hugely powerful. The Princess was a big car, and the engine choice gave lacklustre performance, not helped by the provision of only a 4-speed manual gearbox (a Borg-Warner automatic transmissi... | 8,717 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
by a recently tested Ford Consul 2500 L and a full three seconds slower to 60 mph than the Ford which managed the standing start test in just 10.4 seconds. The 2200 also fell slightly behind the Fiat 132GLS 1800 in these comparisons. At the same time its overall fuel consumption at 20.7 mpg was usefully ... | 8,718 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
the Austin 2200. They found it quiet and comfortable, the driving position in particular representing a vast improvement over the car's predecessor. They mentioned in passing that the boot/trunk on the test car "leaked slightly", but did not labour the point.
The Princess was similar in size to the Ford... | 8,719 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
marques was changed and the range was reduced to four models all sold under the Princess name. A crown badge was affixed to the point of the bonnet and the script word "Princess" was affixed to the grille, the thick vinyl-clad C-pillars and the boot. Only the 1800 model bore the twin headlights, with the... | 8,720 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
in "Parker's Car Price Guide" from the 1990s, "an early critic suggested that the people responsible for designing the front and rear of the car were not speaking to one another".
# Princess 2.
In July 1978, the Princess was given a revamp and renamed the Princess 2. The main change was the replacement... | 8,721 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
The car had perhaps reached its pinnacle when the prestigious "Motoring Which" publication described the Princess 2200HLS automatic model as "An excellent car, marred only by poor reliability".
Production of the Princess ceased in November 1981.
The basic Princess design lived on in revised form until ... | 8,722 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
and Morris Marina competing in the same market sector in New Zealand, the Princess got a 2.0 L unit mounted transversely, while the Marina (which was face-lifted at that time and renamed in NZ as "Morris 1700") received the 1.7 L unit mounted longitudinally.
Being competitively priced, the Princess prov... | 8,723 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
in black to commemorate the end of local assembly of a long line of Austin cars.
# Torcars Princess Estate.
The Princess designer Harris Mann intended it to be a hatchback and Torcars created a conversion designed to meet the growing demand for fifth-door saloons which was dealer approved. The Torcars ... | 8,724 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
of nearly , and an overall carrying capacity of 54 cubic feet (assuming Dunlop Denovo run-flat wheels and tyres are fitted, obviating the need for a spare wheel).
Also included as standard items not available on the standard Princess were a wash-wipe system for the rear screen is fitted and a fully carp... | 8,725 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
title-card.
The character "Lomper" (Steve Huison) attempts suicide in a Princess in the film "The Full Monty".
The character Dirk Gently owns a Princess, which played an important role in the 2010 television adaptation of Douglas Adams' novel "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency".
On "Top Gear", t... | 8,726 |
343210 | Princess (car) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess%20(car) | Princess (car)
Kay for his comments. He selected only a minor part of the trim as having any design merit and demonstrated the poor design of the engine bay by standing in the space left next to the engine. The engine bay was big enough to accommodate the 3,500cc V8 that was made by the same company. The bonnet was hen... | 8,727 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
Rudolf Lange
Rudolf Lange (18 April 1910 – 23 February 1945?) was a German SS functionary and police official during the Nazi era. He served as commander in the "Sicherheitsdienst" (SD) and all RSHA personnel in Riga, Latvia. He attended the Wannsee Conference, and was largely responsible for implementing... | 8,728 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
and was recruited by the Gestapo office of Halle. He joined the "Sturmabteilung" (SA) in November 1933, but soon felt that this had been a bad career move. Thus, in 1936 Lange joined the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) (member number 290,308).
As a mid-level Gestapo official, Lange rose rapidly. He adopted the SS id... | 8,729 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
and police agencies of Nazi Germany (with the exception of the Orpo) were consolidated into the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) of the SS, headed by Reinhard Heydrich. The Gestapo became "Amt IV" (Department IV) of the RSHA and Heinrich Müller became the Gestapo Chief, with Heydrich as his immediate supe... | 8,730 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
staff of "Einsatzgruppe A", headed by SS-"Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei" Dr. Franz Walter Stahlecker.
Lange was a "Teilkommando" (detachment) leader in "Einsatzkommando 2", or EK2. He was one of the few people aware of the "Führerbefehl" or "fundamental orders" for the so-called "Jewish probl... | 8,731 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
of Department IV of the SD in Latvia. The department was the "hub of the whole SD organization in Latvia, the other departments served it." Matters of formal rank and titles were never clear in the Nazi occupation regime for Latvia, as the lines of authority within agencies and the relationship between one... | 8,732 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
the smaller cities. According to one historian, Victors Arājs was "held on a short leash" by Lange. Another local organisation receiving orders from Lange was the Vagulāns Kommando, which was responsible for the Jelgava massacres in July and August 1941.
Lange also personally supervised executions conduct... | 8,733 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
the transport of 50,000 Jews to the East, with 25,000 going to Riga and 25,000 to Belarus. At the same time, Lange was organising the construction of the Salaspils concentration camp, originally intended to accommodate these deportees. Because the Salaspils camp would not be ready by the time the Jews woul... | 8,734 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
massacre. In addition to the Latvian Jews, another 1,000 Jews from Germany were also murdered. They had been brought to Latvia on the first train of deportees, which arrived on 29 November 1941. Following the 29 November train, more rail transports of Jews began arriving in Riga from Germany, starting on 3... | 8,735 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
workers. In addition to Tabbert, the Arajs Kommando of native Latvians was responsible for a major part of these killings.
In 1942, Lange became an SS-"Obersturmbannführer" (lieutenant colonel) in the head office in Riga until 1945, when he became Head of Reichsgau Wartheland's SD and SiPo. He was promote... | 8,736 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
Erich Ehrlinger, who commanded the SiPo and SD in Lithuania and Belarus respectively, and were responsible for similar massacres. He chose Lange because Riga was the main deportation destination, and because Lange's doctorate made him seem more intellectual than the other two men. Lange's superior, Franz W... | 8,737 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
SD and the SS in Poznań, Warthegau. Soon after he reached the city, Posen was surrounded by the Soviet Red Army and was declared a fortified city ("Festung"). Lange, who could not have any doubts about his destiny as a prisoner, directed the police under his command with fanaticism. He was wounded during t... | 8,738 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
have been a favourite student of Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler. He demanded unconditional obedience from his subordinates. Joseph Berman, a survivor of one of the concentration camps administered by Lange, described him as follows:
As far as Lange is concerned, he was the biggest murderer I have ... | 8,739 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
among those responsible for the Riga ghetto. He supervised the arrival of the transports, aided by SS-"Obersturmbannführer" Gerhard Maywald, whom historian Gertrude Schneider, a survivor of the Riga ghetto, describes as Lange's "sidekick". Lange personally shot a young man, Werner Koppel, who he felt was n... | 8,740 |
343226 | Rudolf Lange | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf%20Lange | Rudolf Lange
cer and a gentleman. It never occurred to the newcomers to suspect such a man of being a murderer.
# SS career.
- "Untersturmführer", 6 July 1938
- "Sturmführer", 9 November 1938
- "Hauptsturmführer", 20 April 1940
- "Sturmbannführer", 20 April 1941
- "Obersturmbannführer", 9 November 1943
- "Standa... | 8,741 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Demographic history of Poland
The Poles come from different West Slavic tribes living on territories belonging later to Poland in the early Middle Ages (see: Prehistory of Poland).
# Kingdom of Poland (966–1569).
Around the year 1000, the population of Polish lands is estimated at about... | 8,742 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
minorities or even majorities in urban centers. Sporadically migrants from other places like Scotland, Netherlands settled in Poland as well. At that time other notable minorities included various incompletely assimilated people from other Slavic tribes (some of whom would eventually merge... | 8,743 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
them down by ethnicity at 3.25 million Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians. The Ruthenians composed most of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: this is the reason that the late GDL is often called a Slavic country, alongside Poland, Russia etc. In time, t... | 8,744 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
10-15 people per square km in Poland and 3-5 people per square km in the Grand Duchy, and even less in the south-east Cossack borderlands). By 1500, about 15% of Poland's population lived in urban centers (settlements with over 500 people).
# Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795).
B... | 8,745 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
both nations was never overwhelmingly either Roman Catholic or Polish. This resulted from Poland's possession of Ukraine and federation with Lithuania; in both these countries ethnic Poles were a distinct minority. The Commonwealth comprised primarily three nations: Poles, Lithuanians, and... | 8,746 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
reaching 12 millions that could be roughly divided into: Poles - 4.5m, Ukrainians - 3.5m, Belarusians - 1.5m, Lithuanians - 0.75m, Prussians - 0.75m, Jews - 0.5m, Livionians - 0.5m; at that time nobility formed 10% and burghers, 15%. Population losses of 1648-1667 are estimated at 4m. Coup... | 8,747 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
largely reserved for the landed noble class (szlachta), which included Poles but also many members of non-Polish origin who converted to Catholicism in increasing numbers with each following generation. For the non-Polish noble such conversion meant a final step of Polonization that follow... | 8,748 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
a Polish (or Polonized) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Roman Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge colonization efforts to Ukraine, heightening the tensions among nobles, Jews, Cossacks (traditionally Orthodox), Polish and Ruth... | 8,749 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Cossack uprisings. In the west and north, many cities had sizable German minorities, often belonging to Reformed churches. The Commonwealth had also one of the largest Jewish diasporas in the world.
Until the Reformation, the "szlachta" were mostly Catholic or Eastern Orthodox. However, m... | 8,750 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Protestant churches). The Counter-Reformation in Poland, influenced by the Commonwealth tradition of religious tolerance, was based mostly on Jesuit propaganda, and was very peaceful when compared to excesses such as the Thirty Years' War elsewhere in Europe.
In the late 18th century, the... | 8,751 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
of that - Jewish. The nobility constituted about 10%, the burghers, about 7-8%.
# Partitions (1795–1918).
By the First Partition in 1772, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211 000 km² (30% of its territory, amounting at that time to about 733 000 km²), with a population of ov... | 8,752 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
about 18 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (130,000 km²) and about 32 percent of the population (3.85 million people). Prussia had gained about 20 percent of the former Commonwealth territory 149,000 km²) and about 23 percent of the population (2.6 million people). Russia had ga... | 8,753 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Poland had a population of about 4.25 million around 1830. In the Russian partition, the Pale of Settlement resulted in resettlement of many Russian Jews to the western fringes of Russian Empire, which now included part of Poland. This further increased the sizable community of Polish Jews... | 8,754 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
to national minorities. The census of that year allocates 30.8% of the population in the minority. In 1931, the population of Poland was 31,916,000, including 15,428,000 males and 16,488,000 females. By January 1939, the population of Poland increased to 35,100,000. This total included 240... | 8,755 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Lwów, Poznań, Kraków and Vilnius (Wilno). In 1931, Poland had the second largest Jewish population in the world, and one-fifth of all Jews resided within Poland's borders (approx. 3,136,000, roughly 10% of the entire Polish population).
According to historian Norman Davies the Polish cens... | 8,756 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Republic is a disputed topic, Tadeusz Piotrowski maintains that the 1931 Polish census "involved questionable methodology, especially the use of mother tongue as an indicator of nationality", noting that it had underestimated the number of non-Poles. The official figures for nationality fr... | 8,757 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Eberhardt maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of declared language to classify ethnic groups led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in pre-war Poland. He notes that in general, the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with the numbers declaring t... | 8,758 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
are as follows.:
Breakout of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion
Figures may not add due to omitted answers and those not practicing or declaring a religion. Source: Polish Main Statistical Office (1931)
Breakout of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion... | 8,759 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
were large concentrations of Yiddish-speaking Jews. The Polish ethnographic area stretched eastward: in eastern Lithuania, Belarus, and western Ukraine, all of which had a mixed population, Poles predominated not only in the cities but also in numerous rural districts. There were significa... | 8,760 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
entire territory of the former Second Polish Republic, but in 1944-1945 the Red Army's offensive claimed the region for the USSR.
After both occupiers divided the territory of Poland between themselves, they conducted a series of actions aimed at suppression of Polish culture and repressi... | 8,761 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
-Polish sources allocate the population by the primary language spoken, not by religion. Most Jews spoke Yiddish, however included with the Poles are about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are classified with the Polish group. Included with the Poles are 1,300,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek ... | 8,762 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
in Poland in 1950, most of whom emigrated later in the 1950s.
4. War Dead In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000. The IPN's figures include 3 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust (200,00... | 8,763 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
-506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000. These figures include about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are considered Poles in Polish sources.
Jews-Polish rese... | 8,764 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Russian sources also include these losses with Soviet war deaths.
Deaths Due to Soviet Occupation
The Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were murdered due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have ... | 8,765 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
Kersten. Included with the Poles remaining in the USSR are about 700,000 Eastern Orthodox & Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups.
6. Emigration to the West Poles and Jews who remained in non communist countries after the war.
7. P... | 8,766 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
population remaining in the 1990s was about 300,000.
8. Reimmigration 1946-50 Poles resident in western Europe before the war, primarily in Germany and France, who returned to Poland after the war.
9. Natural Increase 1946-1950 This is the official Polish government data for births and n... | 8,767 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
the 1946 Polish census
# Post-Second World War (1945–present).
## Early post-war period.
Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. After the war, however, Poland's minorities were mostly gone, due to the 1945 revision of borders, and the Holo... | 8,768 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
territories into the Allied occupation zones. Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities found themselves now mostly within the borders of the Soviet Union; those who opposed this new policy (like the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Bieszczady Mountains region) were suppressed by the end of 1947 ... | 8,769 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
in Poland, and another 50,000 to 170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union, and 20,000 to 40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000 to 240,000 Jews in Poland, settled mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków and Wrocław.
According to the national census, ... | 8,770 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
(pop. 620 000), third Kraków (pop. 344 000), fourth Poznan (pop. 321 000), and fifth Wroclaw (pop. 309 000).
Females were in the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, ... | 8,771 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
of Opole and in Masuria. Groups of Ukrainians and Polish Ruthenians also live in western Poland, where they were forcefully resettled by communists.
As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Unions radically altered borders under the rule of Joseph Stalin, the population of Poland beca... | 8,772 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
In Silesia a significant segment of the population, of mixed Polish and German ancestry, tends to declare itself as Polish or German according to political circumstances. Minorities of Germans remain in Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia, and Lubus.
Small populations of Polish Tatars still ... | 8,773 |
343192 | Demographic history of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic%20history%20of%20Poland | Demographic history of Poland
an 500 in 2000. See also Islam in Poland.
A recent large migration of Poles took place following Poland's accession to the European Union and opening of the EU's labor market; with an approximate number of 2 million primarily young Poles taking up jobs abroad.
# General statistics. Table... | 8,774 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
Autopilot
An autopilot is a system used to control the trajectory of an aircraft without constant 'hands-on' control by a human operator being required. Autopilots do not replace human operators, but instead they assist them in controlling the aircraft. This allows them to focus on broader aspects of operati... | 8,775 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
attention of a pilot to fly safely. As aircraft range increased, allowing flights of many hours, the constant attention led to serious fatigue. An autopilot is designed to perform some of the tasks of the pilot.
The first aircraft autopilot was developed by Sperry Corporation in 1912. The autopilot connected... | 8,776 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
Elmer Sperry) demonstrated it in 1914 at an aviation safety contest held in Paris. Sperry demonstrated the credibility of the invention by flying the aircraft with his hands away from the controls and visible to onlookers. Elmer Sperry Jr., the son of Lawrence Sperry, and Capt Shiras continued work on the sam... | 8,777 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
to include e.g. improved control algorithms and hydraulic servomechanisms. Adding more instruments such as radio-navigation aids made it possible to fly at night and in bad weather. In 1947 a US Air Force C-54 made a transatlantic flight, including takeoff and landing, completely under the control of an autop... | 8,778 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
still hand-flown, and even small airliners with fewer than twenty seats may also be without an autopilot as they are used on short-duration flights with two pilots. The installation of autopilots in aircraft with more than twenty seats is generally made mandatory by international aviation regulations. There a... | 8,779 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
ability; or it may receive inputs from on-board radio navigation systems to provide true automatic flight guidance once the aircraft has taken off until shortly before landing; or its capabilities may lie somewhere between these two extremes. A three-axis autopilot adds control in the yaw axis and is not requ... | 8,780 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
centre of the runway) is known as a CAT IIIb landing or Autoland, available on many major airports' runways today, especially at airports subject to adverse weather phenomena such as fog. Landing, rollout, and taxi control to the aircraft parking position is known as CAT IIIc. This is not used to date, but ma... | 8,781 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
that can control throttles to optimize the airspeed.
The autopilot in a modern large aircraft typically reads its position and the aircraft's attitude from an inertial guidance system. Inertial guidance systems accumulate errors over time. They will incorporate error reduction systems such as the carousel sy... | 8,782 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
Kalman filter. The six dimensions are usually roll, pitch, yaw, altitude, latitude, and longitude. Aircraft may fly routes that have a required performance factor, therefore the amount of error or actual performance factor must be monitored in order to fly those particular routes. The longer the flight, the m... | 8,783 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
an autopilot that is CWS equipped has three positions: off, CWS, and CMD. In CMD (Command) mode the autopilot has full control of the aircraft, and receives its input from either the heading/altitude setting, radio and navaids, or the FMS (Flight Management System). In CWS mode, the pilot controls the autopil... | 8,784 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
Law is always in CWS mode. The major difference is that in this system the limitations of the aircraft are guarded by the flight computer, and the pilot cannot steer the aircraft past these limits.
## Computer system details.
The hardware of an autopilot varies from implementation to implementation, but is ... | 8,785 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
are put in place.
Some autopilots also use design diversity. In this safety feature, critical software processes will not only run on separate computers and possibly even using different architectures, but each computer will run software created by different engineering teams, often being programmed in diffe... | 8,786 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
ran identical software, and a fifth backup running software that was developed independently. The software on the fifth system provided only the basic functions needed to fly the Shuttle, further reducing any possible commonality with the software running on the four primary systems.
# Stability augmentation... | 8,787 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
common type of SAS is the yaw damper which is used to eliminate the Dutch roll tendency of swept-wing aircraft. Some yaw dampers are integral to the autopilot system while others are stand-alone systems.
Yaw dampers usually consist of a yaw rate sensor (either a gyroscope or angular accelerometer), a compute... | 8,788 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
becomes stable about the yaw axis. Because Dutch roll is an instability that is inherent to all swept-wing aircraft, most swept-wing aircraft have some sort of yaw damper system installed.
There are two types of yaw dampers: series yaw dampers and parallel yaw dampers. The servo actuator of a parallel yaw da... | 8,789 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
pitch and yaw SAS in order to provide a stable bombing platform. Many helicopters have pitch, roll and yaw SAS systems. Pitch and roll SAS systems operate much the same way as the yaw damper described above; however, instead of dampening out Dutch roll, they will dampen pitch and roll oscillations or buffetin... | 8,790 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
with a decision height of and a forward visibility or Runway Visual Range (RVR) of . Autopilots are not required.
CAT II - This category permits pilots to land with a decision height between and and a RVR of . Autopilots have a fail passive requirement.
CAT IIIa -This category permits pilots to land with a ... | 8,791 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
decision height and a forward visibility of in Europe (76 metres, compare this to aircraft size, some of which are now over long) or in the United States. For a landing-without-decision aid, a fail-operational autopilot is needed. For this category some form of runway guidance system is needed: at least fail-... | 8,792 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
take control of it to go around or finish landing. It is usually a dual-channel system.
Fail-operational autopilot: in case of a failure below alert height, the approach, flare and landing can still be completed automatically. It is usually a triple-channel system or dual-dual system.
# Radio-controlled mod... | 8,793 |
343230 | Autopilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autopilot | Autopilot
l-channel system.
Fail-operational autopilot: in case of a failure below alert height, the approach, flare and landing can still be completed automatically. It is usually a triple-channel system or dual-dual system.
# Radio-controlled models.
In radio-controlled modelling, and especially RC aircraft and he... | 8,794 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
Sea ice
Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans. Much of the world's sea ice is enclosed within the p... | 8,795 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean. Depending on location, sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs.
# General features and dynamics.
Sea ice does not simply grow and melt. During its... | 8,796 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
or not it is attached (or frozen) to the shoreline (or between shoals or to grounded icebergs). If attached, it is called landfast ice, or more often, fast ice (from "fastened"). Alternatively, and unlike fast ice, drift ice occurs further offshore in very wide areas, and encompasses ice that is free to move wi... | 8,797 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
than . The term "pack ice" is used either as a synonym to "drift ice", or to designate drift ice zone in which the floes are densely packed. The overall sea ice cover is termed the "ice canopy" from the perspective of submarine navigation.
## Classification based on age.
Another classification used by scienti... | 8,798 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
snow), or "shuga" (spongy white ice lumps a few centimeters across). Other terms, such as grease ice and pancake ice, are used for ice crystal accumulations under the action of wind and waves.
"Nilas" designates a sea ice crust up to in thickness. It bends without breaking around waves and swells. Nilas can be... | 8,799 |
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