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343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
February 1918 Motor Cycle reported on a visit to Norton Motors. Mr Norton had stated that he expected three post-war models, the 3.5 hp 490 cc TT with belt drive (for the 'speed merchant'), and two utility mounts, one with detuned TT engine, and the other being the Big Four for very heavy solo... | 8,500 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
but we have a waiting list' - this advert also uses the "Unapproachable Norton" phrase. Few Norton WD models appear in the For Sale column of The Motor Cycle after the war, suggesting they were shipped abroad, apparently one order going to the Russian Army . The 1913-1917 Red Book listing UK M... | 8,501 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
of Man Senior TT was the first win with a race average speed over 60 mph, rider Alec Bennett. Norton won this event ten times until they withdrew from racing in 1938.
J.L. Norton died in 1925 aged only 56, but he saw his motorcycles win the Senior and sidecar TTs in 1924, specifically with th... | 8,502 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
staff to quip NSU stood for "Norton Spares Used") The Norton racing legend began in the 1930s. Of the nine Isle of Man Senior TTs (500 cc) between 1931 and 1939, Norton won seven.
Until 1934 Norton bought Sturmey-Archer gearboxes and clutches. When Sturmey discontinued production Norton bough... | 8,503 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
to keep to the same model. Between 1937 and 1945 nearly a quarter (over 100,000) of all British military motorcycles were Nortons, basically the WD 16H (solo) and WD Big Four outfit with driven sidecar wheel.
# Post-war.
The Isle of Man Senior TT successes continued after the war, with Norto... | 8,504 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
updated version of the gearbox known as the "lay-down" box. More shapely mudguards and tanks completed the more modern styling to Nortons new premium model twin.
Norton struggled to reclaim its pre-WWII racing dominance as the single-cylinder machine faced fierce competition from the multi-cy... | 8,505 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
Very quickly the featherbed frame, a design that allowed the construction of a motorcycle with good mass-stiffness distribution, became a benchmark by which all other frames were judged.
Norton also experimented with engine placement, and discovered that moving the engine slightly up/down, fo... | 8,506 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
the OHV single-cylinder machines.
Manx Nortons also played a significant role in the development of post war car racing. At the end of 1950, the English national 500 cc regulations were adopted as the new Formula 3. The JAP Speedway engine had dominated the category initially but the Manx was... | 8,507 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
best of both worlds. The most famous of these were Tritons - Triumph twin engines in a Norton featherbed frame.
# AMC.
Despite, or perhaps because of, the racing successes Norton was in financial difficulty. Reynolds could not make many of the highly desired Featherbed frames and customers l... | 8,508 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
be used on all the larger models of AJS, Matchless and Norton. Again, the major changes were for improved gear selection.
In September 1955 a 600 cc Dominator 99 was launched.
The 1946 to 1953 Long Stroke Manx Norton was initially SOHC, the DOHC engine becoming available to favoured racers i... | 8,509 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
Featherbed frame was developed in which the upper frame rails were bent inwards to reduce the width between the rider's knees for greater comfort. The move was also to accommodate the shorter rider as the wide frame made it difficult to reach the ground. This frame is known as the "slimline" f... | 8,510 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
for the American market only. By September 1961 the Norton 650SS appeared for the UK market, the 750 cc (Atlas). By April 20, 1962 for the American market as they demanded more power, but the increases to the vertical twin engine's capacity caused a vibration problem at 5500 rpm. A 500 cc vert... | 8,511 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
Matchless G85CS scrambler frame with Norton wheels and front forks. This bike was reputed to vibrate less than the Featherbed frame model. AMC singles were also sold with Norton badging in this era.
Also during this period Norton developed a family of three similar smaller-capacity twin cylin... | 8,512 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
1960s, competition from Japanese manufacturers and a rapidly declining home market had driven the whole British motorcycle industry into decline. In 1966 AMC became insolvent and was reformed as Norton-Villiers, part of Manganese Bronze Holdings Ltd.
The 750 Norton Atlas was noted for its vib... | 8,513 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
BSA twins and was the most powerful and best-handling British motorcycle of its day. The isolastic frame made it much smoother than the Atlas. It used rubber bushings to isolate the engine and swing arm from the frame, forks, and rider. However, as the steel-shims incorporated in the Isolastic... | 8,514 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
main bearing and one roller bearing main bearing but the Combat engine featured two roller bearings in a mistaken belief this would strengthen the bottom-end to cope with the higher power-output. Instead the resultant crank-bending caused the rollers to "dig-in" to the races, causing rapid fai... | 8,515 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
tourer. Electric start was introduced on the Mark III in 1974. Sales were respectable but the company declined financially and became insolvent in 1975. In 1976 a Norton with a US-flag theme on the tank could be purchased for US$1,976.
# Norton Villiers Triumph.
In 1972 BSA was also in finan... | 8,516 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
model 750 cc engines to cure the Combat engine's problems of crank-flex and the consequent digging-in to the bearing-surface of the initial cylindrical bearing rollers. This model produced at 6,250 rpm but the stated power does not give a true picture of the engine performance because increase... | 8,517 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
a workers cooperative alone. Despite mounting losses, 1974 saw the release of the 828 Roadster, Mark 2 Hi Rider, JPN Replica (John Player Norton) and Mark 2a Interstate. In 1975 the range was down to just two models: the Mark 3 Interstate and the Roadster, but then the UK Government asked for ... | 8,518 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
in serious financial problems, development of the 'Wulf' was dropped in favour of the rotary Wankel type engine inherited from BSA.
# Wankel engine.
In the 1980s, the company went through several incarnations – mainly because the name was popular and now owned by several parties. In liquidat... | 8,519 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
TT in 1992 – but they moved rather more slowly in the commercial market. The company had some success making the Wankel-engined Interpol 2 motorcycle for civilian and military police forces and the RAC. This led to a civilian model in 1987 called the Classic.
Subsequent Norton Wankels were wa... | 8,520 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
model and reduce some of its reliability issues. The team, headed by ex Honda-team manager Barry Symmons, Honda engineer Chris Mehew and chassis specialist Ron Williams, were tasked with producing a chassis that could be produced cheaply and an engine which would have a long term reliability. ... | 8,521 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
under a petrol tank.
The team's project - renamed the NRS 588 - did win the 1992 Isle of Man TT, ridden by Steve Hislop, as well as North West 200 and Ulster Grand Prix races ridden by Robert Dunlop. Whilst in Northern Ireland, the team met Professor Gordon Blair, one of the foremost automoti... | 8,522 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
pollution regulations without a large and expensive exhaust scrubbing system. In his TV Series on British industry, Sir John Harvey-Jones commented that the company was governed more by heart than head and the Racing team were the only ones worth saving.
The F1 was succeeded by the restyled a... | 8,523 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
and his associates following which LeRoux resigned his position as Chief Executive.
In a move to manage an outstanding debt of ₤7 million, in 1991 David MacDonald was appointed Chief Executive at the behest of the Midland Bank. McDonald sold the company to the Canadian company "Wildrose Ventu... | 8,524 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
a 1904 Triumph first exhibited in 1938, which had been variously distributed to National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, Science Museum, London and Coventry Transport Museum.
This proved controversial as the museums had assumed the loans had been made on a permanent basis, and former Chief Executive ... | 8,525 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
was reported as being severed by July of that year
By 1996 the service side of the Shenstone site was closed and transferred to a small factory at Rugeley, Staffordshire. The focus of manufacture was moved to the manufacture of components for light aircraft engines based on the rotary design.... | 8,526 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
in April 2006.
After fifteen years of US ownership the Norton brand was secured by Stuart Garner, UK businessman and owner of Norton Racing Ltd. Garner established a new Norton factory at Donington Park to develop the Dreer-based machine. The new Norton is a 961 cc (), air- and oil-cooled pus... | 8,527 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
shared the outline of the Dreer bike; all aspects of the motorcycle were re-designed in order to move into production. An updated and revised version of the rotary machine first produced in the 1980s is also being developed. The company logo was altered by "doing away with the double crossing ... | 8,528 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
export sales. Garner responded that this finance would allow Norton to double annual production from 500 to 1,000 machines.
# Donington Hall.
Norton acquired Donington Hall in Castle Donington, North West Leicestershire as its new corporate headquarters in March 2013. This office and enginee... | 8,529 |
343193 | Norton Motorcycle Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norton%20Motorcycle%20Company | Norton Motorcycle Company
ehind Donington Hall in a modern building complex, known as Hastings House. The Donington Hall site includes 26 country acres surrounded by parkland and ancient deer park.
Norton Motorcycles purchased Donington Hall (formerly the head quarters of British Midland International) from British Ai... | 8,530 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
Ralph Wilson
Ralph Cookerly Wilson Jr. (October 17, 1918 – March 25, 2014) was an American businessman and sports executive. He was best known as the founder and owner of the Buffalo Bills, a team in the National Football League (NFL). He was one of the founding owners of the American Football League (AFL... | 8,531 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
ownership and team operations were interrupted in the 1940s due to some complicated dealings). He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.
# Career.
Wilson grew up in Detroit, Michigan, the son of salesman Ralph Wilson Sr. and his wife, Edith Cole.
He graduated from the University of Vir... | 8,532 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
factories. He eventually purchased several manufacturing outlets, construction firms, television and radio stations, and founded Ralph Wilson Industries.
A minority owner of the Detroit Lions, Wilson got wind of Lamar Hunt's plans for a new league, the American Football League, to challenge the NFL. He tr... | 8,533 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
October 28, 1959 the Buffalo Bills officially became the seventh AFL team. Wilson made professional football a resounding success in a "small market", signing such stars as Cookie Gilchrist, Jack Kemp, and Tom Sestak and Hall of Famers Billy Shaw and O. J. Simpson.
He was a guiding force in AFL policies t... | 8,534 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
from folding (the AFL was unique among professional football leagues in that not a single AFL franchise folded in its history). In November 1963, Wilson along with then Raiders general manager Al Davis lobbied successfully to have AFL games postponed the Sunday after President John F. Kennedy's assassinati... | 8,535 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
All that means is everybody wants a raise."
In 1989, after league commissioner Pete Rozelle announced his retirement, Wilson was on the six-member committee who was tasked with nominating potential candidates for the open position. Wilson's nominee, his former quarterback Jack Kemp, declined to pursue the... | 8,536 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
the team. According to an article on msn.com, Wilson, described as "stubborn", turned down numerous naming rights deals for the stadium.
Wilson was one of the league's most outspoken owners, even near the end of his life. Wilson voted against the Cleveland Browns' relocation to Baltimore in 1995. He publi... | 8,537 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
foresight when the agreement later led to the 2011 NFL Lockout.) He also negotiated a deal to have his team play home games in Toronto from 2008 until 2014.
Wilson retired from the position of president in 2001, giving operational control to General Manager Tom Donahoe; Wilson retook control of the team's... | 8,538 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
three daughters from his first marriage to Janet McGregor Wilson, two of whom became involved in team business: Linda Bogdan (1948–2009), Pro Football's first female scout, was the franchise's Corporate Vice President until her death. Another daughter, Christy Wilson Hofmann, served as a consultant in the ... | 8,539 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
in the 1990s, Wilson maintained a small, but very valuable, art collection, including works by Claude Monet, Edouard Manet and Alfred Sisley; his collection was valued in the tens of millions of dollars.
Wilson was a 1992 inductee of the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame. He was a 33rd degree Scottish R... | 8,540 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
at the team's 41-7 victory over Kansas City in Week 1. He was hospitalized in August and early September 2012 with an unspecified infection and missed the entire 2012 season. In April 2013, Wilson was reported as "doing really well," with a statement that he hoped to make the 2013 home opener.
Wilson died... | 8,541 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
for the money set forth prior to his death. The organization was overseen for a few months by his niece Mary Owen until its sale to the Pegulas was completed on October 8, 2014.
# Pro Football Hall of Fame.
On January 31, 2009, Wilson was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame along with former Buffalo... | 8,542 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
his team has ever had, and the two were the only living members of the "Foolish Club", the founders of the original eight AFL teams. Wilson and Adams are two of only four men who have owned a professional football franchise continuously for fifty years (George Halas, who owned the Chicago Bears from 1920 u... | 8,543 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
August 8, 2009 with ESPN icon Chris Berman acting as his "presenter". Wilson was scheduled to receive his Hall of Fame ring in a halftime ceremony during the Bills game against the Cleveland Browns on October 11, 2009. However, Wilson cancelled the event at the last moment, without notifying the press or f... | 8,544 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
Center" at the Hall of Fame; the facility was named in Wilson's honor on August 13, 2012.
# Thoroughbred racing.
Wilson was also involved for a number of years in the sport of Thoroughbred horse racing both as a breeder and as an owner in France and the United States. He bred Santa Anita Derby winner Jim... | 8,545 |
343209 | Ralph Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph%20Wilson | Ralph Wilson
ilson Jr. School of Education, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, New York.
- The Mary & Ralph Wilson Jr. Hospice Inpatient Unit of Hospice Buffalo is named after him.
- The Wilson Building, Cheektowaga, New York.
- Ralph C. Wilson Jr. Athletic Field at the NFL/Youth Education Town-Boys & Girls Club at... | 8,546 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
Austin Princess
The Austin Princess is a series of large luxury cars that were made by Austin and its subsidiary Vanden Plas from 1947 to 1968. The cars were also marketed under the Princess and Vanden Plas marque names.
The Princess name was also used as follows:
- From October 1959, the name Prince... | 8,547 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
Princess" A120 was launched in 1947 as the most expensive flagship model in the Austin range at the same time as the A110 Austin Sheerline (designed during the war) which body was built on the same chassis at Longbridge, the A110 produced 10 less horsepower being fitted with a single carburetter. Both c... | 8,548 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
as a top-executive car, many Princesses (and Sheerlines, for that matter) were bought for civic ceremonial duties or by hire companies as limousines for hire. The standard saloon weighed almost two tons, was 16 ft 9 inches long and 6 feet 1¼ inches wide on a 10-foot 1¼-inch (the short) wheelbase.
The P... | 8,549 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
front wings, but these cars were always more modern in style than the equivalent-sized Bentley or Rolls-Royce and, for the saloon, the price was little more than two-thirds of the Rolls-Royce.
From August 1957 the Austin part of the badging was dropped so it could be sold by Nuffield dealerships. From ... | 8,550 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
by now wholly owned by Austin and much of the running gear and instrumentation was the same in the two cars, the Princess was the Austin flagship, with a higher specification leather, wool and burr walnut interior.
The original Princess was powered by a 3.5-litre straight-six engine. This was enlarged ... | 8,551 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
better fuel consumption. Performance was good for a car of its size, with a top speed of and acceleration 0 to 60 mph in 20 seconds.
In 1950, the Limousine version was introduced. The chassis length and passenger area were enlarged to enable a pair of drop down seats to be mounted on the rear of the fr... | 8,552 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
commercial vehicles.
During the life of this model (in 1952), Austin became part of the British Motor Corporation (BMC).
# Austin Princess IV and Princess IV.
The Austin Princess IV was introduced in 1956. Offered in Saloon and Touring Limousine models, this replacement for the former Sheerline and A... | 8,553 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
by either Morris or Austin dealers. "The Times" tested the Princess IV and reported on it at some length in early February 1959.
The Princess IV was discontinued in 1959 and replaced in the catalogue by a much smaller model, an upgraded Austin Westminster (Pininfarina-designed Vanden Plas Princess see ... | 8,554 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
Austin A135 Princess Long Wheelbase Saloon (DS6) and Limousine (DM4) were introduced in 1952. The automatic transmission and power steering from Princess IV were fitted from 1956. The marque name was changed from Austin to Princess in August 1957, and then to Vanden Plas from July 1960. The long wheelba... | 8,555 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
Motor Holdings (BMH) had brought BMC and Jaguar together, and stopped development at Vanden Plas of the potential successor car. The limousine was luxuriously appointed with lots of polished wood, optional mohair rugs and radio with controls in the armrest. Among the long list of available extras were m... | 8,556 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
clothes. To increase seating capacity two occasional seats could be folded out of the floor.
The car had independent coil suspension at the front with semi elliptic leaf springs and anti roll bar at the rear. The cam and peg type steering gear had optional power assistance.
An Austin A135 Princess Lon... | 8,557 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
car cost £3,473 including taxes.
# Vanden Plas Princess 1100/1275/1300.
The Vanden Plas Princess 1100 was launched in 1963 as a luxury variant of the BMC ADO16. Production of the Princess 1100 and subsequent 1275 and 1300 models ended in 1974 with 43,741 examples produced.
# Princess (ADO71).
The fi... | 8,558 |
343212 | Austin Princess | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin%20Princess | Austin Princess
d the Princess 2 1700 / 2000 / 2200 of 1978–81. This was not badged as an Austin on the home market (although it was badged as such in New Zealand), but was sometimes confused with one because for the first year of its life it was marketed (variously) as the Austin, Morris, and Wolseley 18–22 Series. It... | 8,559 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
A12 road (England)
The A12 is a major road in England. It runs north-east /south-west between London and the coastal town of Lowestoft in Suffolk and follows a similar route to the Great Eastern Main Line. A section of the road between Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth became the A47 in 2017, and this fo... | 8,560 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
of "potholes and regular closures due to roadworks" in a 2007 survey by Cornhill Insurance. The A12 is covered by the Highways Agency A12 and A120 Route Management Strategy.
Starting just north of the Blackwall Tunnel where it connects end on to the A102, it heads north through Bow and Hackney Wick,... | 8,561 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
the Bascule Bridge south of Lowestoft town centre.
# History.
The A12 was formed in 1922 as part of the Great Britain road numbering scheme, and initially the route went from Stratford to Gallows Corner along the present A118 road before continuing to Great Yarmouth. This section in London was rero... | 8,562 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
road from London to Colchester, which was part of "Inter V" on the Antonine Itinerary, and parts of this were used by a turnpike road, the Great Essex Road. The crossing of the Lea moved to its current location at Bow around 1110 when Matilda, wife of Henry I, ordered a distinctively bow-shaped, thre... | 8,563 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
Following the demise of the Turnpike trust, responsibility reverted to parish responsibility until the new county councils took over in 1889.
A new section of the A12, known as the "M11 link road" or "A12 Hackney-M11 Link Road", was built in the early 1990s in the face of the major M11 link road pro... | 8,564 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
late in 2002.
In 2008 improvements were made to the junction between the A12 and the M25 to increase slip-road capacity, in particular for clockwise M25 traffic turning north onto the A12, and to ease congestion on the Brook Street Roundabout (serving the M25, A12 and local Brentwood traffic as the ... | 8,565 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
in 2001. and received funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund. It opened on 16 December 2010.
The section of A12 between Brentwood and Ipswich and previously between Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft, which is now classified as a Southern extension of the A47 was classed as a major trunk road, and... | 8,566 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
the A14 being deemed a non-primary extension, and a lesser important road.
# Bypasses.
The Eastern Avenue was built in the 1920s as a bypass for the section between Romford and Ilford, meeting what was the A11 at Leytonstone. It was numbered A106 until the 1930s when it became part of the A12.
The... | 8,567 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
with the southern dual two lane route which opened in 1986.
Ipswich's 'Southern by-pass' via the Orwell Bridge was opened in 1982. This section was later designated as part of the A14.
The Martlesham bypass (previously known as the Kesgrave and Martlesham Bypass) was completed in 1987/1988 as was t... | 8,568 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
proposed route of the M12 motorway.
The Department for Transport published "Trunk roads, England, into the 1990s" in May 1990 which included ten proposed developments for the A12 between the M25 and Lowestoft including the M12 motorway between M25 and the Chelmsford bypass, Chelmsford bypass widenin... | 8,569 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
built.
# M12 motorway.
During the 1960s there were plans for an M12 motorway (also known as the South Woodford – Chelmsford Motorway) which would have run from the North Circular at the base of the current M11 motorway joining the A12 south of Chelmsford or at Brentwood. The North Circular was to b... | 8,570 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
a review of the trunk roads programme.
# Route.
## London.
The A12 starts just north of the Blackwall Tunnel at a junction with the A102 and the A13. From here to past Ipswich (including the entire section through London) the road is a dual carriageway. North of the junction, the A12 heads northwa... | 8,571 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
road turns North Eastwards at the unfinished Hackney Wick Interchange where the carriageways split and the northbound carriageway has a right hand entrance. When the London Ringways plan was being proposed, a motorway (North Cross Route) was to end here and the M11 was meant to extend from its curren... | 8,572 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
single carriageway west of Wanstead Underground station. It now has an underpass at that roundabout, which again is a junction with the old A11.
East of Wanstead, the A12 runs roughly due east. It is known as Eastern Avenue, then Eastern Avenue West and Eastern Avenue East, built in the 1920s as a b... | 8,573 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
for A12 eastbound to A127 traffic (and vice versa). However, the A12 now veers roughly north-eastward, because it starts to follow the course of the Roman road; the Romans started building this road from Colchester, their original capital for the province. However, the stretch from Gallows Corner to ... | 8,574 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
went through Brentwood, Mountnessing, Ingatestone, Margaretting, Chelmsford, Boreham, Hatfield Peverel, Witham, Kelvedon, Copford, Stanway and Colchester, but these are all now bypassed, and the A12 is close to motorway standard for its whole length in Essex. Now, the A12 is behind the suburb of Chel... | 8,575 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
have yet to be resurfaced.
Built in 1982, the A12 Colchester bypass provides an uninterrupted dual carriageway where the national speed limit of 70 mph applies. Before 1982, the A12 took a route much closer to Colchester itself, and although still a bypass it consisted of urban single carriageways w... | 8,576 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
by-pass was built in the early 1980s, the route picked up from the northern Capel St Mary junction (now numbered 32b), to pass to the West of the original line – this allowed the relevant ground works and interchanges to be completed with minimal traffic disruption. The old dual carriageway through W... | 8,577 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
side. The Ipswich Southern By-pass allows the A12 to overlap the A14 to Seven Hills Interchange, from the Copdock junction, where the A12 reappears and heads North. As the A14 the road passes over the large Orwell Bridge with total length of 1,287 metres. This has a summit at 43 metres above the rive... | 8,578 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
some of these speed restrictions were further reduced from to . There are, though, a few stretches of dual carriageway between the Woodbridge bypass and Lowestoft (at Wickham Market, Saxmundham, Wangford and Kessingland). This section of the A12 was detrunked in 2001 as part of the Highways Agency's ... | 8,579 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
impediment is the harbour bridge, which has three lanes, the centre lane operating as a one-way addition to whichever direction of flow is deemed greater. The presence of these bridge choke points can cause serious disruption to north-south trunk traffic, especially when local traffic is added during... | 8,580 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
Norfolk.
From February 2017, the A12 no longer reaches Norfolk as it terminates in Lowestoft. Before February 2017, From a point just south west of the mouth of the River Yare, northwards to the point where it crosses the River Yare in Great Yarmouth, the A12 followed the route originally used by th... | 8,581 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
reliability, reduce delays and give better information to drivers. Work is due to start in 2011/12.
A bypass for various villages was proposed in 1986 as part of the government's 1989 Roads for Prosperity white paper which detailed many road schemes across the country. Suffolk county council conside... | 8,582 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
2008 inquiry.
In response to this increasing congestion Essex County Council announced it would hold an A12 inquiry which was tasked with deciding how to improve the A12 and prevent the congestion. The inquiry was headed by Sir David Rowlands, KCB, a former Permanent Secretary at the Department for ... | 8,583 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
MPs, local and regional agencies and authorities, the emergency services, business and motoring groups. Comments were also received from over two hundred members of the public and through a petition organised by the Essex Chronicle newspaper. The commissions finding were published in July 2008 and it... | 8,584 |
343187 | A12 road (England) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A12%20road%20(England) | A12 road (England)
ons off but near the A12 should be identified for secure HGV parking, and an HGV overtaking ban should be trialled
- a wide range of short term practical measures should be introduced to improve safety and reduce driver stress, such as selective speed limits and better information for drivers, and t... | 8,585 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
Marilyn vos Savant
Marilyn vos Savant (; born 1946) is an American magazine columnist, author, lecturer, and playwright. She was listed as having the highest recorded intelligence quotient (IQ) in the "Guinness Book of Records", a competitive category the publication has since retired. Since 1986, s... | 8,586 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
premarital surnames, with sons taking their fathers' and daughters their mothers'. The word "savant", meaning someone of learning, appears twice in her family: her grandmother's name was Savant; her grandfather's, vos Savant. She is of Italian, Czechoslovak, German, and Austrian ancestry, being desce... | 8,587 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
investment business. Savant moved to New York City in the 1980s to pursue a career in writing. Prior to starting "Ask Marilyn", she wrote the "Omni I.Q. Quiz Contest" for "Omni", which included intelligence quotient (IQ) quizzes and expositions on intelligence and its testing.
Savant married Robert ... | 8,588 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
International named her one of "Five Outstanding Speakers of 1999", and in 2003 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from The College of New Jersey.
# Rise to fame and IQ score.
Savant was listed in the "Guinness Book of World Records" under "Highest IQ" from 1986 to 1989 and entere... | 8,589 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
ten. She claims her first test was in September 1956 and measured her mental age at 22 years and 10 months, yielding a 228 score. This figure was listed in the "Guinness Book of World Records"; it is also listed in her books' biographical sections and was given by her in interviews.
Alan S. Kaufman,... | 8,590 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
ages are entirely artificial and are to be thought of as simply numerical scores.' (Terman & Merrill 1937). ...the psychologist who came up with an IQ of 228 committed an extrapolation of a misconception, thereby violating almost every rule imaginable concerning the meaning of IQs."
Savant has comme... | 8,591 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
Hoeflin to be 46 out of a possible 48, with a 5.4 z-score, and a standard deviation of 16, arriving at a 186 IQ. The Mega Test has been criticized by professional psychologists as improperly designed and scored, "nothing short of number pulverization".
Savant sees IQ tests as measurements of a varie... | 8,592 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
"Parade" continued to get questions, so "Ask Marilyn" was made.
She uses her column to answer questions on many chiefly academic subjects; solve logical, mathematical or vocabulary puzzles posed by readers; answer requests for advice with logic; and give self-devised quizzes and puzzles. Aside from ... | 8,593 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
Logical Thinking" includes many questions and answers from the column.
# Famous columns.
## The Monty Hall problem.
Savant was asked the following question in her September 9, 1990 column:
This question is called the Monty Hall problem due to its resembling scenarios on the game show "Let's Make ... | 8,594 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
changing from the winning door to a losing door. These probabilities assume you change your choice each time door #3 is opened, and that the host always opens a door with a goat. This response provoked letters from thousands of readers, nearly all arguing doors #1 and #2 each have an equal chance of ... | 8,595 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
answer is correct. However, the statement of the problem as posed in her column is ambiguous. The answer depends on what strategy the host is following. If the host operates under a strategy of only offering a switch if the initial guess is correct, it would clearly be disadvantageous to accept the o... | 8,596 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
in a second follow-up and called on school teachers to show the problem to classes. In her final column on the problem, she gave the results of more than 1,000 school experiments. Most respondents now agree with her original solution, with half of the published letters declaring their authors had cha... | 8,597 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
of puppies out of a cup the way we do dice, there are four ways they could land", in three of which at least one is male, but in only one of which none are male.
The confusion arises here because the bather is not asked if the puppy he is holding is a male, but rather if either is a male. If the pup... | 8,598 |
343218 | Marilyn vos Savant | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marilyn%20vos%20Savant | Marilyn vos Savant
re-emerged in 1996–97 with two cases juxtaposed:
Savant agreed with the teacher, saying the chances were only 1 out of 3 that the woman had two boys, but 1 out of 2 the man had two boys. Readers argued for 1 out of 2 in both cases, prompting follow-ups. Finally she began a survey, asking female read... | 8,599 |
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