wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
tends to break under wave action. In a compression regime, it will either raft (at the grey ice stage) or ridge (at the grey-white ice stage).
### First-year sea ice.
"First-year sea ice" is ice that is thicker than "young ice" but has no more than one year growth. In other words, it is ice that grows in the ... | 8,800 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
melting season ("i.e." one summer). For this reason, this ice is generally thicker than first-year sea ice. Old ice is commonly divided into two types: "second-year ice", which has survived one melting season, and "multiyear ice", which has survived more than one. (In some sources, "old ice" is more than 2-year... | 8,801 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
deformation processes that ultimately give rise to sea ice's typically wide variety of landscapes. Wind is thought to be the main driving force along with ocean currents. The Coriolis force and sea ice surface tilt have also been invoked. These driving forces induce a state of stress within the drift ice zone. ... | 8,802 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
the interaction between ice floes, as they are driven against each other. The end result may be of three types of features: 1) Rafted ice, when one piece is overriding another; 2) Pressure ridges, a line of broken ice forced downward (to make up the "keel") and upward (to make the "sail"); and 3) "Hummock", an ... | 8,803 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
than 40 degrees. Stamukhi are yet another type of pile-up but these are grounded and are therefore relatively stationary. They result from the interaction between fast ice and the drifting pack ice.
"Level ice" is sea ice that has not been affected by deformation, and is therefore relatively flat.
## Leads an... | 8,804 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
also used for navigation purposes – even when refrozen, the ice in leads is thinner, allowing icebreakers access to an easier sail path, and submarines to surface more easily. Polynyas are more uniform in size than leads and are also larger – two types are recognized: 1) "Sensible-heat polynyas", caused by the ... | 8,805 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
are in the form of tiny discs, floating flat on the surface and of diameter less than . Each disc has its c-axis vertical and grows outwards laterally. At a certain point such a disc shape becomes unstable, and the growing isolated crystals take on a hexagonal, stellar form, with long fragile arms stretching ou... | 8,806 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
In quiet conditions the frazil crystals soon freeze together to form a continuous thin sheet of young ice; in its early stages, when it is still transparent – that is the ice called "nilas". Once nilas has formed, a quite different growth process occurs, in which water freezes on to the bottom of the existing i... | 8,807 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
known as grease ice. Frazil ice formation may also be started by snowfall, rather than supercooling. Waves and wind then act to compress these ice particles into larger plates, of several meters in diameter, called pancake ice. These float on the ocean surface, and collide with one another, forming upturned edg... | 8,808 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
common around Antarctica.
Russian scientist Vladimir Vize (1886–1954) devoted his life to study the Arctic ice pack and developed the "Scientific Prediction of Ice Conditions Theory", for which he was widely acclaimed in academic circles. He applied this theory in the field in the Kara Sea, which led to the di... | 8,809 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
the summer. In the Antarctic, where the seasons are reversed, the annual minimum is typically in February and the annual maximum in September or October, and the presence of sea ice abutting the calving fronts of ice shelves has been shown to influence glacier flow and potentially the stability of the Antarctic... | 8,810 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
melt ponds on the ice surface during the melt season lower the albedo such that more solar radiation is absorbed, leading to a feedback where melt is accelerated. The presence of melt ponds is affected by the permeability of the sea ice- i.e. whether meltwater can drain- and the topography of the sea ice surfac... | 8,811 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
best demonstrated by the rate of melting over time. A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years. Satellite study of sea ice began in 1979, and became a much more reliable measure of long-term changes ... | 8,812 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
of when the first "ice free" Arctic summer might occur vary.
Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.
# Relationship to global warming and climate change.
Sea ice provides an ecosyst... | 8,813 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
is cyclical; the ice helps to maintain cool climates, but as the global temperature increases, the ice melts, and is less effective in keeping those climates cold. The bright, shiny surface (albedo) of the ice also serves a role in maintaining cooler polar temperatures by reflecting much of the sunlight that hi... | 8,814 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
small change in global temperature can greatly affect the amount of sea ice, and due to the shrinking reflective surface that keeps the ocean cool, this sparks a cycle of ice shrinking and temperatures warming. As a result, the polar regions are the most susceptible places to climate change on the planet.
Furt... | 8,815 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
and this cold, denser water sinks to the bottom of the ocean. This cold water moves along the ocean floor towards the equator, while warmer water on the ocean surface moves in the direction of the poles. This is referred to as "conveyor belt motion", and is a regularly occurring process.
# Modelling.
In order... | 8,816 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
suite.
Many global climate models (GCMs) have sea ice implemented in their numerical simulation scheme in order to capture the Ice-albedo feedback correctly. Examples include:
- The Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model is a numerical model of sea ice designed for climate studies and operational oceanography develop... | 8,817 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research develops the Community Sea Ice Model.
- CICE is run by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The project is open source and designed as a component of GCM, although it provides a standalone mode.
- The Finite-Element Sea-Ice Ocean Model developed at Alfred Weg... | 8,818 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
a standard protocol for studying the output of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models. The coupling takes place at the atmosphere-ocean interface where the sea ice may occur.
In addition to global modeling, various regional models deal with sea ice. Regional models are employed for seasonal foreca... | 8,819 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
Emperor penguins and Minke whales.
A decline of seasonal sea ice puts the survival of Arctic species such as ringed seals and polar bears at risk.
# See also.
## Ice types or features.
- Anchor ice
- Congelation ice
- Drift ice
- Fast ice
- Finger rafting
- Frazil ice
- Grease ice
- Iceberg
- Ice mé... | 8,820 |
343225 | Sea ice | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea%20ice | Sea ice
mistry.
- Decline of sea ice
- Ice
- Ice crystals
- Ice Ih
- Sea ice
- Sea ice growth processes
- Seawater
## Applied sciences and engineering endeavours.
- Drift ice station
- Drift station
- Ice class
- Icebreaker
- Ice navigation
- Measurement of sea ice
- Sea ice concentration
- Sea ice emis... | 8,821 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
Wednesbury
Wednesbury () is a market town in England's Black Country, part of the Sandwell metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, near the source of the River Tame. Historically part of Staffordshire in the Hundred of Offlow, at the 2011 Census the town has a population of 37,817.
# History.
## Pre-Me... | 8,822 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
of the copy of the will of Wulfric Spot, dated 1004. Wednesbury ("Woden's borough") is one of the few places in England to be named after a pre-Christian deity.
During the Anglo-Saxon period there are believed to have been two battles fought in Wednesbury, in 592 and 715. According to The "Anglo-Saxon Chron... | 8,823 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great and known as the Lady of Mercia. She erected five fortifications to defend against the Danes at Bridgnorth, Tamworth, Stafford and Warwick, with Wednesbury in the centre. Wednesbury's fort would probably have been an extension of an older fortification and made of a s... | 8,824 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
stones, which appear to be those referred to on the plaque.
In 1086, the Domesday Book describes Wednesbury ("Wadnesberie") as being a thriving rural community encompassing Bloxwich and Shelfield (now part of Walsall). During the Middle Ages the town was a rural village, with each family farming a strip of ... | 8,825 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
coal pits were first recorded, which led to an increase in the number of jobs. Nail making was also in progress during these times. William Paget was born in Wednesbury in 1505, the son of a nail maker. He became Secretary of State, a Knight of the Garter and an Ambassador. He was one of executors of the wil... | 8,826 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
came a big increase in population. In 1769 the canal banks were soon full of factories as in this year, the first Birmingham Canal was cut to link Wednesbury's coalfields to the Birmingham industries.
In 1743 the Wesleys and their new Methodist movement were severely tested. Early in the year, John and Char... | 8,827 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
crowd of others heckled him and threw stones. Later the crowd came to his lodgings and took him to the magistrates, but they declined to have anything to do with Wesley or the crowd. The crowd ill-treated Wesley and nearly killed him but he remained calm. Eventually they came to their senses and returned him... | 8,828 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
grew strongly and Wesley visited often, almost until his death. Francis Asbury, Richard Whatcoat and the Earl of Dartmouth are among those who attended Methodist meetings, all to have a profound effect on the United States.
A steam tram service opened to Dudley, also serving Tipton, on 21 January 1884. The ... | 8,829 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
of 31 January 1916, Wednesbury was hit by one of the first wave of German Zeppelins aimed at Britain during the First World War. Joseph Smith and his three children were killed in their house in the King Street area. His wife survived, having left the house to investigate the cause of a loud noise at a nearb... | 8,830 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
the end of 1931. By 1935, some 1,250 older houses had been demolished or earmarked for demolition. By 1944 there were more than 3,000 council properties; by 1959, more than 5,000; the largest development in Wednesbury being the Hateley Heath estate in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which straddled the borde... | 8,831 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
the decision of a public body in this type of case, which is now known as "Wednesbury unreasonableness".
The borough of Wednesbury ceased to exist in 1966, with the majority being absorbed into West Bromwich, and small parts in the County Borough of Walsall. These changes saw the Dangerfield Lane estate (de... | 8,832 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
has the postcode "WS10", shared with Darlaston in the borough of Walsall.
During the 1970s and 1980s, Wednesbury's traditional industry declined and unemployment rose, but since 1990 new developments such as a new light industrial estate, a retail park and the pedestrian-only Union Street have given a new l... | 8,833 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
the 1990s, the retail park expanded to include several more large units, although most of these were empty by 2009 due to the recession. However, most of the units were occupied again by 2012 and the retail park is now home to retailers including Next, TK Maxx, Outfit, Boots, Curry's, B&Q and B&M. Curry's op... | 8,834 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
spaces.
Wednesbury's Friar Park estate was the location for the filming of rap group Credit to the Nation's music video for the hit "Sowing the Seeds of Hatred" in 1994, along with a bridge over the nearby Tame Valley Canal.
Wednesbury was also the scene of two major tragedies during the second half of the... | 8,835 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
by a roll of steel which fell off the back of a lorry just outside the school.
For well over 100 years, Wednesbury was dominated by the huge Patent Shaft steel works, dating from the 19th century and active until closure in 1980, which escalated the rise in unemployment locally. The factory was demolished f... | 8,836 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
international art movement.
Morrisons opened a supermarket in the town centre on 4 November 2007, creating some 350 new jobs. A number of council bungalows had been demolished, along with a section of the town centre shops, to make way for it.
The archives for Wednesbury Borough are held at Sandwell Commun... | 8,837 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
in the following year. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries it was a farmhouse. Between 1825 and 1962 it had several different owners, including Joseph Smith (the first town clerk) who greatly restored it. In 1962 it was demolished.
Dr Walter Chancellor Garman (1860–1923), a general practitioner, a... | 8,838 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
London to Holyhead road, built in the early 19th century. The section between Wednesbury and Moxley was widened in 1997 to form a dual carriageway, completing the Black Country Spine Road that had been in development since 1995 when the route between Wednesbury and West Bromwich had opened, along with a one-... | 8,839 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
baths with links to Wolverhampton, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Walsall and the shopping complex of Merry Hill.
# Railways.
It is served by the Midland Metro light rail (tram) system, with stops at Great Western Street and Wednesbury Parkway. The maintenance depot is also here. It runs from Wolverhampton to ... | 8,840 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
the space required for the joint line to work. It may also be used by tram-trains which can run on heavy rail.
Between 1850 and 1993 the line built by the South Staffordshire Railway served Wednesbury. Passenger services were withdrawn after Wednesbury railway station closed in 1964 under the Beeching Axe, ... | 8,841 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
the line closing. The Wednesbury-Wolverhampton section survived for another decade, and between Wednesbury and Bilston, serving a scrapyard at Bilston, remained open until 30 August 1992 and was re-opened within seven years as part of the Midland Metro.
# Districts.
- Church Hill, near the town centre, is ... | 8,842 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
was built in the 1920s as Wednesbury's first major council housing development.
- Wood Green, situated around the A461 road northwards in the direction of Walsall. Landmarks include Stuart Bathurst RC High School, and on the opposite site of the road is Wood Green Academy. Since 1990, a large retail develop... | 8,843 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
Wood Green & Old Park
- Wednesbury South : Hill Top, Leabrook, Golf Links, Millfields, Harvills Hawthorn
- Friar Park : Woods & Mesty Croft, Friar Park and The Priory Primary
# Schools.
- Stuart Bathurst Catholic High School
- Wodensborough Ormiston Academy
- Wood Green Academy
- Mesty Croft Academy
... | 8,844 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
Norman Deeley, footballer, Wolverhampton Wanderers 1951–62
- The Garman Sisters, members of the Bloomsbury Group, lived at Oakeswell Hall in the early 20th century
- Syd Gibbons, footballer
- Dennis Harper, footballer, Birmingham City, 1956–57
- Moses Haughton the elder, 18th century engraver, designer a... | 8,845 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
Laffan, playwright and screenwriter
- Alex Lester, BBC Radio 2 broadcaster
- Wilson Lloyd, late 19th century Conservative political leader who sat in the House of Commons
- Len Moorwood, footballer, goalkeeper for teams including West Bromwich Albion and Burnley in the early 20th century
- William Paget,... | 8,846 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
West Bromwich Albion, Leicester City, and Bolton Wanderers.
- Dr Karl Shuker, zoologist, cryptozoologist and author
- Henry Treece, poet and novelist
- Tom Troman (1914–2000), cricketer
- Billy Walker, footballer who played for Aston Villa and was later manager of Nottingham Forest's FA Cup winning side ... | 8,847 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
up business after buying the Old Park Works near the border with Darlaston from Patent Shaft in 1949, where it produced railway coach bodies, railway wagons and pressings for other factories in the group. The plant remained opened until 1989.
F.H. Lloyd steelworks was formed at a site on Park Lane near the ... | 8,848 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
IKEA in 1988, being demolished almost immediately to make way for the superstore, which opened in January 1991.
## Current.
IKEA purchased the former F.H. Lloyd steel plant from Triplex in 1988, and opened one of its first British stores on the site in January 1991, just 14 months after the development had... | 8,849 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
Club stores in Britain, and the venture was not a success: by the end of 1995 it had been shut down following heavy losses. A B&Q DIY superstore opened on the site in 1997.
The next two units were opened in 1995 and let to Currys and PC World, and a Burger King fast food restaurant opened opposite. By this ... | 8,850 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
the business went into liquidation eight years later. Pizza Hut and KFC opened fast food restaurants in 2002.
Next and later TK Maxx, Outfit, Boots and Mamas & Papas opened in the refurbished phase next to Currys after they moved to the site, with the Next store being the first unit to open in this phase in... | 8,851 |
343227 | Wednesbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wednesbury | Wednesbury
nd Spencer Simply Food supermarket, Nandos, Smash Burger and Costa are due to open in 2017.
Quantum print and packaging Limited employs 30 people since relocating to Wednesbury in 2013 from their Willenhall base.
The Factory occupies a 30000 sq ft site in the town centre
# Cock-fighting ballad.
A ballad ... | 8,852 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
Karl Eberhard Schöngarth (22 April 1903 – 16 May 1946) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. He was a war criminal who perpetrated mass murder and genocide in German occupied Poland during the Holocaust.
# Early life.
Karl Georg Eberhard Schongarth was bor... | 8,853 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
lead to Eberhard joining a local Nazi group in Erfurt on November 1923, as he felt the organization agreed with his ethnonationalistic tendencies. Eberhard fled to Coburg to try and escape from his crime of treason, but eventually came back to Erfurt and was given amnesty. In 1924 Eberhard fini... | 8,854 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
exam in 1928 and landed a job in the Naumburg Superior Courts. He then went on to acquire his doctorate in law from the Institute for Labor and Law, on 28 June 1929 at just the age of 26, and was the Cum Laude. His thesis was on the subject of 'the refusal of notices of termination of employmen... | 8,855 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
Nazi N°. 2,848,857). Because party membership was now crucial for getting a government job in Germany, his involvement allowed him to become a postmaster in Erfurt. In 1933 he became a member of the SD, the SS's own intelligence service. He eventually left his postmaster position on November 1,... | 8,856 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
Eberhard become a part of the Secret State Police due to his broad and insightful law background. He was placed with the Gestapo, and after, the SS. He also rose in ranks in the SS, becoming a first lieutenant, captain, major and lieutenant colonel in 1939, and from colonel to brigadier general... | 8,857 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
with the intention of perpetrating massacres. He was responsible for the murder of up to 10,000 Polish Jews between July and September 1941 and the massacre of Lwów professors behind the frontlines of Operation Barbarossa in the Soviet Union. Schöngarth attended the Wannsee Conference on 20 Jan... | 8,858 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
was discovered during renovation work on houses in Brest. An Einsatzgruppe led by Schöngarth murdered more than 5,000 Jews in the area between 10 and 12 July 1941.
# Trial and execution.
Schöngarth was captured by the allies at the end of the war in Europe. After an investigation into his bac... | 8,859 |
343235 | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl%20Eberhard%20Schöngarth | Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
urdered more than 5,000 Jews in the area between 10 and 12 July 1941.
# Trial and execution.
Schöngarth was captured by the allies at the end of the war in Europe. After an investigation into his background, he was charged with the crime of murdering a downed Allied pilot (on 21 November 1944... | 8,860 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
Sandwell
Sandwell is a metropolitan borough of the West Midlands county in England. The borough is named after the Sandwell Priory, and spans a densely populated part of the West Midlands conurbation. According to Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, the borough comprises the six amalgamated towns of Oldbur... | 8,861 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley to the south and west, the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall to the north, and the City of Wolverhampton to the north-west. Spanning the borough are the parliamentary constituencies of West Bromwich West, West Bromwich East, Warley, and part of Halesowen and Rowley Regis, which... | 8,862 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
had been formed in 1966 by a merger of the county borough of Smethwick with the municipal boroughs of Rowley Regis and Oldbury; at the same time, West Bromwich had absorbed the boroughs of Tipton and Wednesbury.
For its first 12 years of existence, Sandwell had a two-tier system of local government; Sandwell ... | 8,863 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
its name in the past over confusion outside the West Midlands as to the whereabouts of the borough, and in June 2002 a survey of borough residents was carried out. Sixty-five percent of those surveyed favoured retaining the name Sandwell.
Landmarks and attractions in Sandwell include Wednesbury Museum and Art... | 8,864 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
of 2019, all Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council's councillors are members of the Labour Party. Since the council election in 2018, the political composition of the council has been as follows:
From the borough's creation in 1974, all Members of Parliament (MPs) within its boundaries were Labour, but in the... | 8,865 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
Labour.
## Wards.
The Sandwell Borough is divided into 24 electoral wards, with each one represented by 3 councillors on the borough council:
# Education.
Sandwell is home to nearly 100 primary schools, 25 secondary schools, 4 special schools and 1 college.
The sole further education college in the boroug... | 8,866 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
September 2012. In 2004, a debt-ridden Sandwell College was subject to a police investigation.
# Localities.
Localities in the borough include:
- Warley
- Cradley Heath
- Old Hill
- Oldbury
- Brandhall
- Langley Green
- Oakham
- Rood End
- Smethwick
- Albion Estate
- Bearwood
- Cape Hill
- Londo... | 8,867 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
Ocker Hill
- Princes End
- Summer Hill
- Tividale
# Local places of interest.
- The Public, West Bromwich
- Sandwell Priory
- Sandwell Valley
- Sandwell Valley Country Park
- RSPB Sandwell Valley
- Sheepwash Urban Park
- The Hawthorns
- Sandwell General Hospital
- Sandwell College
- Holly Lodge H... | 8,868 |
343239 | Sandwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandwell | Sandwell
dale
# Local places of interest.
- The Public, West Bromwich
- Sandwell Priory
- Sandwell Valley
- Sandwell Valley Country Park
- RSPB Sandwell Valley
- Sheepwash Urban Park
- The Hawthorns
- Sandwell General Hospital
- Sandwell College
- Holly Lodge High School
# Twin towns and cities.
Sandwell i... | 8,869 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
Ice shelf
An ice shelf is a thick suspended platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. Ice shelves are only found in Antarctica, Greenland, Canada, and the Russian Arctic. The boundary between the floating ice shelf and the anchor ice (restin... | 8,870 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
ice. That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf. The primary mechanism of mass loss from ice shelves was thought to have been iceberg calving, in which a chunk of ice breaks off from the seaward front of the shelf. A study by NASA and university researchers, publ... | 8,871 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
balance" of an ice shelf. Ice may also accrete onto the underside of the shelf.
The density contrast between glacial ice and liquid water means that at least 1/9 of the floating ice is above the ocean surface, depending on how much pressurized air is contained in the bubbles within the glacial ice, stemming ... | 8,872 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
are the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
The term captured ice shelf has been used for the ice over a subglacial lake, such as Lake Vostok.
# Canadian ice shelves.
All Canadian ice shelves are attached to Ellesmere Island and lie north of 82°N. Ice shelves that are still in ex... | 8,873 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
Matusevich Ice Shelf was a 222 km² ice shelf located in Severnaya Zemlya being fed by some of the largest ice caps on October Revolution Island, the Karpinsky Ice Cap to the south and the Rusanov Ice Cap to the north. In 2012 it ceased to exist.
# Ice shelf disruption.
In the last several decades, glaciolog... | 8,874 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
the Milne and Ayles ice shelves between 1959 and 1974. The Ayles Ice Shelf calved entirely on August 13, 2005. The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, the largest remaining section of thick (10 m) landfast sea ice along the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island, lost 600 square km of ice in a massive calving in 1961–1962. ... | 8,875 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
in 2017.
The breakup events may be linked to the dramatic polar warming trends that are part of global warming. The leading ideas involve enhanced ice fracturing due to surface meltwater and enhanced bottom melting due to warmer ocean water circulating under the floating ice.
The cold, fresh water produced ... | 8,876 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
causes the volume of the sea water needed to displace a floating ice shelf to be slightly less than the volume of the fresh water contained in the floating ice. Therefore, when a mass of floating ice melts, sea levels will increase; however, this effect is small enough that if all extant sea ice and floating ... | 8,877 |
343246 | Ice shelf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice%20shelf | Ice shelf
sea level rise is estimated to be ~4 cm.
Much more importantly, if and when these ice shelves melt sufficiently, and cease to grip on the small islands and another obstacle of the former grounding line, they will no longer impede glacier flow off the continent, so that glacier flow will accelerate. This new ... | 8,878 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
Oldbury, West Midlands
Oldbury is an industrialized market town in Sandwell, West Midlands, England. It is a part of the Black Country, and the administrative centre of the borough of Sandwell.
At the 2011 census, the ward of Oldbury had a population of 13,606, while the wider built-up area has... | 8,879 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
a fortification or fortified town.
# History.
Oldbury was part of the ancient parish of Halesowen, a detached part of Shropshire surrounded by Worcestershire and Staffordshire, and the manor was owned by the Oldbury family until the 17th century when Alderman John Oldbury had no male heir and h... | 8,880 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
of Rowley Regis to form the County Borough of Warley, which also included most of the Tividale area of Tipton and the eastern section of Oakham in Dudley. The geographical county boundaries were also changed to include the whole of Warley as part of Worcestershire; formerly, both Rowley Regis and... | 8,881 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
the West Midlands Metropolitan County. Since 1986, after the abolition of the West Midlands County Council, Sandwell effectively became a unitary authority. Sandwell Council's headquarters are situated in Oldbury Town Centre.
Oldbury comes within the B68 and B69 postal districts, the latter of w... | 8,882 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
day, but was recently made redundant as a bank and became a Subway fast food restaurant. Subway moved from the building early in 2012.
In October 1980, retail giant J Sainsbury opened one of its first SavaCentre hypermarkets in Oldbury town centre. 20 years later, it was rebranded as a tradition... | 8,883 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
which was built during the 1980s also relocated to the Oldbury Green development, with the previous building being taken over by Gala Bingo. This, along with the development of the Merry Hill Shopping Centre some six miles away during the second half of the 1980s, has contributed to a decline in ... | 8,884 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
1980s.
In October 2013, the commercial radio station Free Radio moved its local operations for the Black Country and Shropshire from Wolverhampton to new studios at Black Country House.
In November 2015, Hagley Road West, Oldbury became home to the new Home Interiors Store; Thrift Vintage Inter... | 8,885 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
Oldbury & Bromford Lane Station, then Oldbury Station, but it is now known as Sandwell and Dudley.
The second nearest railway station to the centre of Oldbury is at Langley Green, at Western Road, on the Stourbridge Extension Line, now the Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line. It opene... | 8,886 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
railway station, on Halesowen Road; and a goods station, at the Birmingham Canal Navigations wharf in Oldbury. Passenger services ran to Oldbury Station until March 1915; and the line closed completely other than as a freight line for Albright and Wilson. All traces of its viaduct and embankment ... | 8,887 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
be completed by autumn 2018, however due to unforeseen repairs the works have been delayed until the following year.
# Neighbourhoods.
- Langley Green - an established residential area to the south of the town centre.
- Warley - an area of mostly private housing in the extreme south of Oldbury... | 8,888 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
and industry near the border with Tipton.
- Lion Farm - a large council housing estate built in the early to late 1960s in the south-west of the town, near the border with Rowley Regis. The estate originally included nine tower blocks, but only three of these remain.
# Schools.
- Bristnall Hal... | 8,889 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
Community History and Archives Service
# Notable people.
The Sadlers rose to become an eminent family in Oldbury during the nineteenth century. Notable figures included John Sadler (1820-1910) ('the Grand Old Man of Oldbury') and Sir Samuel Alexander Sadler.
Joseph Willott, Jr., member of the ... | 8,890 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
Oldbury and attended Oldbury Grammar School.
- Performing arts
Oldbury is the birthplace of Sir John Frederick Bridge, who was a famous organist, composer and author. He was known as "Westminster Bridge" because of his long stint as organist at Westminster Abbey (1882-1919). He composed special... | 8,891 |
343242 | Oldbury, West Midlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldbury,%20West%20Midlands | Oldbury, West Midlands
bered for writing the song "It's a Long Way to Tipperary", was born in Oldbury. The new library building in the town is named after him.
In his early years, the comedian Frank Skinner lived in Oldbury at 181 Bristnall Hall Road. He attended Moat Farm Infants School, St Hubert's Roman Catholic Ju... | 8,892 |
343243 | Rowley Regis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowley%20Regis | Rowley Regis
Rowley Regis
Rowley Regis ( ) is a town and historic parish as well as a former municipal borough, in the Black Country region of the West Midlands, England. Considered one of the six 'towns' that comprise the modern-day Sandwell Metropolitan Borough, it encompasses the wards of Blackheath, Cradley Heath ... | 8,893 |
343243 | Rowley Regis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowley%20Regis | Rowley Regis
to signify it was that part of Rowley belonging to the King. It began to develop substantially between the two World Wars, when thousands of privately owned and local authority houses were built in the surrounding area. During that time Rowley Regis became a borough, and incorporated the communities of Bla... | 8,894 |
343243 | Rowley Regis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowley%20Regis | Rowley Regis
St. Giles Church on Church Road is not the original church in Rowley Regis. The church built in 1840 to succeed the original mediaeval building, was found to be unsafe and condemned in 1900. The next church, built in 1904, was burned down in 1913, some believing the fire to have been started by Suffragette... | 8,895 |
343243 | Rowley Regis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowley%20Regis | Rowley Regis
and remains in use to this day.
Rowley's grammar school was opened on Hawes Lane in September 1962. Well-known former pupils include Pete Williams (original bass player with Dexys Midnight Runners), and actress Josie Lawrence. In 1974, when comprehensive schools became universal in the new borough of Sand... | 8,896 |
343243 | Rowley Regis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowley%20Regis | Rowley Regis
Schools for the Future programme, comprising St Michael's Church of England High School, Westminster Special School, and Whiteheath Education Centre, which opened in September 2011.
## Civic history.
Originally in Staffordshire, the Rowley Regis Urban District was formed in 1894 to cover the villages of ... | 8,897 |
343243 | Rowley Regis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowley%20Regis | Rowley Regis
and the building being completed in December 1938.
In 1966, the borough of Rowley Regis merged with the boroughs of Oldbury and Smethwick to form the Warley County Borough, and became part of Worcestershire. There had previously been plans to incorporate Rowley Regis into an expanded Dudley borough, and f... | 8,898 |
343243 | Rowley Regis | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowley%20Regis | Rowley Regis
retained by Warley council and then by Sandwell council. However, a plan was submitted in July 2012 by Sandwell Leisure Trust to demolish the buildings to make way for an expansion to the neighbouring Haden Hill Leisure Centre, and the development of a new fire station.
The archives for Rowley Regis Borou... | 8,899 |
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