wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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343258 | Tzvetan Todorov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tzvetan%20Todorov | Tzvetan Todorov
second.
# Bibliography.
- Books
- "Introduction à la littérature fantastique" (1970), translated by Richard Howard as "The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre" in 1973
- "Theories of the Symbol" (1982), translated by Catherine Porter.
- "" (1984), translated from the French by Rich... | 9,000 |
343258 | Tzvetan Todorov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tzvetan%20Todorov | Tzvetan Todorov
Death in Communist Bulgaria" (1999), Tzvetan Todorov (ed.); translated by Robert Zaretsky.
- "A Passion for Democracy: Benjamin Constant " (1999), translated by Alice Seberry.
- "Facing the extreme: moral life in the concentration camps" (2000), translated by Arthur Denner and Abigail Pollack.
- "Fra... | 9,001 |
343258 | Tzvetan Todorov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tzvetan%20Todorov | Tzvetan Todorov
the legacy of humanism" (2002), translated by Carol Cosman.
- "Hope and memory: lessons from the twentieth century" (2003), translated by David Bellos.
- "New world disorder: reflections of a European" (2005), preface by Stanley Hoffmann; translated by Andrew Brown.
- Torture and the War on Terror (2... | 9,002 |
343258 | Tzvetan Todorov | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tzvetan%20Todorov | Tzvetan Todorov
slated by Zoraida de Torres Burgos
- "The Totalitarian Experience", translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. Kolkata, India: Seagull Books, 2011.
- "The Inner Enemies of Democracy", translated by Andrew Brown. Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2014.
- "Insoumis: essai". Paris: Robert Laffont: V... | 9,003 |
343261 | Mug shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mug%20shot | Mug shot
Mug shot
A mug shot or mugshot (an informal term for police photograph or booking photograph) is a photographic portrait of a person from the waist up, typically taken after a person is arrested. The original purpose of the mug shot was to allow law enforcement to have a photographic record of an arrested ind... | 9,004 |
343261 | Mug shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mug%20shot | Mug shot
standardized the process.
# Etymology.
"Mug" is an English slang term for "face", dating from the 18th century. Mug shot can more loosely mean any small picture of a face used for any reason.
# Description.
A typical mug shot is two-part, with one side-view photo, and one front-view. The background is usua... | 9,005 |
343261 | Mug shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mug%20shot | Mug shot
been taken in Belgium in 1843 and 1844. In the United Kingdom, police in Liverpool and Birmingham were photographing criminals by 1848. By 1857, the New York City Police Department had a gallery where daguerreotypes of criminals were displayed.
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency began using these on want... | 9,006 |
343261 | Mug shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mug%20shot | Mug shot
the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871, the Prefecture of Police of Paris hired a photographer, Eugène Appert, to take portraits of convicted prisoners. In 1888, Alphonse Bertillon invented the modern mug shot featuring full face and profile views, standardizing the lighting and angles. This system was soon a... | 9,007 |
343261 | Mug shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mug%20shot | Mug shot
posters, including those for the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.
# Online mug shot publishing.
In the US in the early 21st century an online industry developed around the publication and removal of mug shots from internet websites.
# Prejudicial nature.
The US legal system has long held that mug shots ... | 9,008 |
343261 | Mug shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mug%20shot | Mug shot
police, is natural, perhaps automatic."
The Handbook of Massachusetts Evidence says "Because of the risk of prejudice to the defendant inherent in the admission of photographs of the 'mug shot' variety, judges and prosecutors are required to 'use reasonable means to avoid calling the jury's attention to the s... | 9,009 |
343261 | Mug shot | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mug%20shot | Mug shot
book.
A mug book is a collection of photographs of criminals, typically in mug shots taken at the time of an arrest. A mug book is used by an eyewitness to a crime, with the assistance of law enforcement, in an effort to identify the perpetrator. Research has shown that grouped photos result in less false-pos... | 9,010 |
343273 | Longus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longus | Longus
Longus
Longus, sometimes Longos (), was the author of an ancient Greek novel or romance, "Daphnis and Chloe". Nothing is known of his life; it is assumed that he lived on the isle of Lesbos (setting for "Daphnis and Chloe") during the 2nd century AD .
It has been suggested that the name Longus is merely a misi... | 9,011 |
343273 | Longus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longus | Longus
d century AD .
It has been suggested that the name Longus is merely a misinterpretation of the last word of "Daphnis and Chloe"'s title "Λεσβιακῶν ἐρωτικῶν λόγοι" ("story of a Lesbian romance", "Lesbian" for "from Lesbos island") in the Florentine manuscript; EE Seiler observes that the best manuscript begins a... | 9,012 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
Paul Louis Courier
Paul Louis Courier (; 4 January 177210 April 1825), French Hellenist and political writer, was born in Paris.
# Life.
Brought up on his father's estate of Méré in Touraine, he conceived a bitter aversion for the nobility, which seemed to strengthen with time. He would never take... | 9,013 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
Châlons, however, and immediately on receiving his appointment as sub-lieutenant in September 1793 he joined the army of the Rhine. He served in various campaigns of the Revolutionary wars, especially in those of Italy in 1798-99 and 1806-7, and in the German campaign of 1809. He became "chef d'escad... | 9,014 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
in Paris over the preparations for the new campaign affected him, and he attached himself to the staff of a general of artillery. But he was horror-struck by the carnage at Wagram (1809), refusing from that time to believe that there was any art in war.
He hastily quit Vienna, escaping the formal ch... | 9,015 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
of Longus's "Daphnis and Chloe", an edition of which he published in 1810. In consequence of a misadventure—blotting the manuscript—he was involved in a quarrel with the librarian, and was compelled by the government to leave Tuscany. He retired to his estate at Véretz (Indre-et-Loire), but frequentl... | 9,016 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
the government of the Restoration. The first of these was his "Petition aux deux chambres" (1816), exposing the sufferings of the peasantry under the royalist reaction. In 1817 he was a candidate for a vacant seat in the Institute; and failing, he took his revenge by publishing a bitter "Lettre à Mes... | 9,017 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
"Discours de Paul Louis, vigneron de la Chavonnière", one of his best pieces. For this he was tried and condemned to suffer a short imprisonment and to pay a fine. Before he went to prison he published a "compte rendu" of his trial, which had a still larger circulation than the "Discours" itself. In ... | 9,018 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
and published a specimen, in which he attempted to imitate archaic French; but he did not live to carry out this plan. On April 10, 1825, on a Sunday afternoon, Courier was found shot in a wood near his house. The murderers, who were servants of his own, remained undiscovered for five years. There we... | 9,019 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
current for many years.
The writings of Courier, dealing with the facts and events of his own time, are valuable sources of information as to the condition of France before, during, and after the Revolution. Sainte-Beuve finds in Courier's own words, "peu de matière et beaucoup d'art", the secret an... | 9,020 |
343264 | Paul Louis Courier | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul%20Louis%20Courier | Paul Louis Courier
is writings a value independent of the somewhat ephemeral subject-matter.
A "Collection complète des pamphlets politiques et opuscules litteraires de P. L. Courier" appeared in 1826. See editions of his Œuvres (1848), with an admirable biography by Armand Carrel, which is reproduced in a later editi... | 9,021 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
Gengshi Emperor
The Gengshi Emperor (; died AD 25), was an emperor of the Han dynasty restored after the fall of Wang Mang's Xin dynasty. He was also known by his courtesy name Shenggong () and as the King or Prince of Huaiyang (), a posthumous title bestowed upon him by Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern ... | 9,022 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
his era name—thus, the Gengshi Emperor) and sometimes he would be referred to by his posthumous title, Prince of Huaiyang. The later title implied that he was only a pretender and the Eastern Han was the legitimate restoration of the earlier Han.
# Collapse of Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty.
Late in Wang Man... | 9,023 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
emerge. Liu Yan, a descendant of a distant branch of the Han imperial clan, who lived in his ancestral territory of Chongling (舂陵, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), had long been disgusted by Wang Mang's usurpation of the Han throne, and had long aspired to start a rebellion. His brother Liu Xiu, by contrast,... | 9,024 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
(It was said that many of the neighborhood young men were initially hesitant to join the rebels, but when they saw that Liu Xiu, whom they considered wise and careful, joining as well, they agreed to.) In 23, under Liu Yan's leadership, the joint forces had a major victory over Zhen Fu (甄阜), the governo... | 9,025 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
They found another local rebel leader, Liu Xuan, a third cousin of Liu Yan, who was claiming the title of General Gengshi (更始將軍) at the time and who was considered a weak personality, and requested that he be made emperor. Liu Yan initially opposed this move and instead suggested that Liu Xuan carry the... | 9,026 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
considered to be overwhelming force, some 430,000 men, intending to crush the newly constituted Han regime. The Han forces were at this point in two groups—one led by Wang Feng (王鳳), Wang Chang (王常), and Liu Xiu, which, in response to the arrival of the Xin forces, withdrew to the town of Kunyang (昆陽, i... | 9,027 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
agreed.
Liu Xiu carried out his action, and when he returned to Kunyang, he began harassing the sieging Xin forces from the outside. Wang Yi and Wang Xun, annoyed, led 10,000 men to attack Liu Xiu and ordered the rest of their troops not to move from their siege locations. Once they engaged in battle, ... | 9,028 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
men back to Luoyang. This was a major blow to Xin, psychologically; after this point on, there would be no hope for it.
# Infighting and move toward Chang'an.
The very first major incident of infighting in the Gengshi Emperor's regime would happen in this time, though. The Gengshi Emperor was fearful ... | 9,029 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
Yan's brother Liu Xiu and honored him by creating him Marquess of Wuxin.
The Gengshi Emperor then commissioned two armies, one led by Wang Kuang, targeting Luoyang, and the other led by Shentu Jian (申屠建) and Li Song (李松), targeting Chang'an directly. All the populace on the way gathered, welcomed, and ... | 9,030 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
Wang, and tens of soldiers died in the ensuing fight. Wang's body was cut into pieces, and his head was delivered to the provisional Han capital Wancheng, to be hung on the city wall.
# Attempted consolidation of power.
After Wang Mang's death, the Gengshi Emperor moved his capital from Wancheng to Lu... | 9,031 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
local governors soon became apprehensive about giving up their power. Fan, in particular, left the capital and returned to his troops. In response, the Gengshi Emperor sent various generals out to try to calm the local governors and populace; these included Liu Xiu, who was sent to pacify the region nor... | 9,032 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
claimed to be actually named Liu Ziyu (劉子輿) and a son of Emperor Cheng. He claimed that his mother was a singer in Emperor Cheng's service, and that Empress Zhao Feiyan had tried to kill him after his birth, but that a substitute child was killed instead. After he spread these rumors around the people, ... | 9,033 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
in 24, killing Wang Lang. The Gengshi Emperor put Liu Xiu in charge of the region north of the Yellow Rivera and created him the Prince of Xiao, but Liu Xiu, still aware that he was not truly trusted and secretly angry about his brother's death, secretly planned to peel away from the Gengshi Emperor's r... | 9,034 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
them traitors. Once the Gengshi Emperor was back in the capital, he issued a general pardon, which calmed the situation for a while. At this time, Chang'an was still largely intact, except for Weiyang Palace, destroyed by fire. However, the Gengshi Emperor's timidity quickly caused problems. When the im... | 9,035 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
He himself engaged in frequent drinking and was often unable to receive officials or make important decisions. Zhao greatly abused his power, and once, when an honest official revealed Zhao's crimes to the Gengshi Emperor, the emperor had him executed. The other powerful officials also abused their powe... | 9,036 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
arise: Chimei troops, then stationed at Puyang, were highly fatigued at the time and wanted to go home. Their leaders felt that if they did so, Chimei forces would scatter and be unable to be gathered again, and they felt that a clear target needs to be created. They decided to announce that they were a... | 9,037 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
Hongnong (弘農, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), defeating every single army that the emperor sent to stop it.
In 25, the Gengshi Emperor's forces would cause the death of the former Western Han emperor-designate, Emperor Ruzi (Liu Ying). Two far-fetched co-conspirators—Fang Wang (方望), the former strategist ... | 9,038 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
after his generals and the emperor's fought over control of the Henei and Luoyang regions. He declared himself emperor (establishing the regime known later as the Eastern Han Dynasty), and soon his general Deng Yu also captured the modern Shanxi, further reducing the Gengshi Emperor's strength. Feeling ... | 9,039 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
descendants of Liu Zhang, Prince of Chengyang, who was very popular with the people of his principality (from which many Chimei soldiers came) and who was worshiped as a god after his death. After drawing lots, the youngest, the 15-year-old Liu Penzi was chosen and declared emperor. However, the young "... | 9,040 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
by several loyal followers, including Liu Zhi (劉祉) the Prince of Dingtao and Liu Gong (劉恭) the Marquess of Shi—who, incidentally, was Liu Penzi's older brother. They were eventually taken in by one of the Gengshi Emperor's generals, Yan Ben (嚴本), who, however, was in actuality holding them as bargaining... | 9,041 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
Luoyang surrendered to Liu Xiu, who entered the city and made it his capital.
In winter 25, after being held by Yan a few months, the Gengshi Emperor saw his situation as futile and requested Liu Gong to negotiate surrender terms. A promise was made that he would be made the Prince of Changsha. Emperor... | 9,042 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
point, and he was created the Prince of Changsha. He, however, was forced to stay in Xie's headquarters, and Liu Gong protected him on a number of occasions.
Chimei generals were even less able to govern the capital than the emperor, due to the fact that they were unable to control their soldiers from ... | 9,043 |
343256 | Gengshi Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengshi%20Emperor | Gengshi Emperor
location, and years later, after Eastern Han had securely captured the Chang'an region, Liu Xiu had the Gengshi Emperor's body buried with princely honors at Baling (霸陵), near the tomb of Emperor Wen.
# Family.
- Father
- Liu Zizhang (劉子張), grandson of Liu Xiongqu (劉熊渠) the Marquess of Chonglin, the ... | 9,044 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
Jefferson Highway
The Jefferson Highway was an automobile highway stretching through the central United States from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The Jefferson Highway was replaced with the new numbered US Highway system in the late 1920s. Portions of the highway are still na... | 9,045 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
varying types of trees found at either end.
# History.
The southern terminus of the Jefferson Highway was in New Orleans, Louisiana at the intersection of St. Charles Avenue and Common Street. It is marked by a six-foot tall Georgia granite obelisk donated by the New Orleans chapter of the Daughters... | 9,046 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
Jefferson Parish.
- Leaving New Orleans, the Jefferson Highway followed Metairie Road, Shrewsbury Road, and Jefferson Highway to Kenner. This route is covered by LA 611-9, LA 3261, LA 611-3, US 90, and LA 48. (The section of road that is called "Jefferson Highway" between Shrewsbury Road and the New ... | 9,047 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
Also, a two-mile section between Norco and Montz was eliminated in 1935 when the parallel U.S. 61 Bonnet Carré Spillway Bridge carrying Airline Highway across the Bonnet Carré Spillway was opened. However, the route is approximated by LA 48 to Norco, River Road to Montz, LA 628 to LaPlace, LA 44 to Bu... | 9,048 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
19th Street, and North Street to the former Mississippi River ferry landing to Port Allen.
- Port Allen to Alexandria:
- LA 987 (Court Street), North Jefferson Avenue, and LA 986 (Rosedale Road) through Port Allen.
- LA 76 to Rosedale.
- LA 77 to Ravenswood.
- LA 10 to Red Cross.
- The Jefferson... | 9,049 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
Alexandria to Pineville:
- US 71 (Jefferson Hwy. or MacArthur Dr.), Lee Street, Main Street, and Murray Street through Alexandria.
- The Jefferson Highway crossed the Red River on a now-demolished bridge at the foot of Murray Street into Pineville.
- US 165-BUS (Main Street and Military Highway), L... | 9,050 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
such as: Old US 71, Walker Gravel Pit Road, and Parker Street west of LA 3225; Old US 71 and Rocky Lane at Rock Hill; and Old Jefferson Highway just south of Colfax.)
- LA 158 and US 71 to just south of Montgomery, following Old Jefferson Highway into town and leaving via North Jefferson Highway.
- ... | 9,051 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
via Old Jefferson Road through Stonewall and Old Mansfield Road through Keithville.
- Shreveport to Texas state line:
- US 171, Mansfield Road, and US 79-US 80 (Greenwood Road) to I-20 at Flournoy.
- Westbrook Road, LA 511 (West 70th Street), US 79-80 (Greenwood Road) to Greenwood.
- US 80 (Texas ... | 9,052 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
from New Orleans to Baton Rouge (before it was re-routed onto the Airline Highway), US 71 from Baton Rouge to Clarence, US 171 from Mansfield to Shreveport, and US 80 from Shreveport west into Texas. The section between Natchitoches and Mansfield was not included in the U.S. Highway System.
# Cities ... | 9,053 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
Kansas City, Missouri
- Cameron, Missouri
- Saint Joseph, Missouri
- Leon, Iowa
- Osceola, Iowa
- Indianola, Iowa
- Des Moines, Iowa
- Ames, Iowa
- Mason City, Iowa
- Albert Lea, Minnesota
- Minneapolis, Minnesota
- St. Cloud, Minnesota
- Bemidji, Minnesota
# See also.
- United States Hi... | 9,054 |
343274 | Jefferson Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson%20Highway | Jefferson Highway
y bus company, operated service from Texas to Winnipeg, and takes its name from the old Jefferson Highway. As of October 7, 2010, the Winnipeg-Grand Forks section was terminated.
# External links.
- Jefferson Highway Map
- Jefferson Highway Association
- Jefferson Lines home page
- Palm to Pine
... | 9,055 |
343278 | Korea Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korea%20Bay | Korea Bay
Korea Bay
The Korea Bay, sometimes the West Korea Bay (; or ), is a northern extension of the Yellow Sea, between Liaoning Province of China and North Pyongan Province of North Korea.
It is separated from the Bohai by the Liaodong Peninsula, with Dalian at its southernmost point.
The Yalu (Amnok) River, wh... | 9,056 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
Hartley oscillator
The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in which the oscillation frequency is determined by a tuned circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, that is, an LC oscillator. The circuit was invented in 1915 by American engineer Ralph Hartley. The distinguishing... | 9,057 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
Company. Hartley invented and patented the design in 1915 while overseeing Bell System's transatlantic radiotelephone tests; it was awarded patent number 1,356,763 on October 26, 1920. Note that the basic schematic shown below labeled "Common-drain Hartley circuit" is essentially the same as in the p... | 9,058 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
a transmission system of limited band-width and the time required." (The second half of the citation refers to Hartley's work in information theory which largely paralleled Harry Nyquist.)
# Operation.
The Hartley oscillator is distinguished by a tank circuit consisting of two series-connected coil... | 9,059 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
shown to the right uses a JFET (in common-drain configuration), an LC tank circuit (here the single winding is tapped) and a single battery. The circuit illustrates the Hartley oscillator operation:
- the output from the JFET's "source" ("emitter", if a BJT had been used; "cathode" for a triode) has... | 9,060 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
relatively high current (compared with that available at the top of the coil).
- with the capacitor-coil resonance, all frequencies other than the tuned frequency will tend to be absorbed (the tank will appear as nearly 0Ω near DC due to the inductor's low reactance at low frequencies, and low again... | 9,061 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
on positive peaks, effectively damping oscillations but not before significant distortion (spurious harmonics) may result. Changing the tapped coil to two separate coils, as in the original patent schematic, still results in a working oscillator but now that the two coils are not magnetically coupled... | 9,062 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
gain" instead of "current gain"; the coil tapping is still connected to the cathode (or source or emitter), but this is now the (low impedance) input to the amplifier; the split tank circuit is now dropping the impedance from the relatively high output impedance of the plate (or drain or collector).
... | 9,063 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
depends on the amplifying device used, which may be a bipolar junction transistor, FET, triode, or amplifier of almost any type (non-inverting in this case, although variations of the circuit with an earthed centre-point and feedback from an inverting amplifier or the collector/drain of a transistor ... | 9,064 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
is approximately the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. If the capacitance of the tank capacitor is "C" and the total inductance of the tapped coil is "L" then
If two "uncoupled" coils of inductance "L" and "L" are used then
However, if the two coils are magnetically coupled the total inductan... | 9,065 |
343271 | Hartley oscillator | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartley%20oscillator | Hartley oscillator
e earthed
- The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range
- Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed, and very few other components
- Easy to create an accurate fixed-frequency crystal oscillator variation by replacing the capacitor with a (parallel-resonant) quartz ... | 9,066 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
Regenerative circuit
A regenerative circuit is an amplifier circuit that employs positive feedback (also known as regeneration or reaction). Some of the output of the amplifying device is applied back to its input so as to add to the input signal, increasing the amplification. One example is the S... | 9,067 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
used between 1915 and World War II. Advantages of regenerative receivers include increased sensitivity with modest hardware requirements, and increased selectivity because the "Q" of the tuned circuit will be increased when the amplifying vacuum tube or transistor has its feedback loop around the t... | 9,068 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
obsolete. Regeneration (now called positive feedback) is still widely used in other areas of electronics, such as in oscillators, active filters, and bootstrapped amplifiers.
A receiver circuit that used larger amounts of regeneration in a more complicated way to achieve even higher amplification,... | 9,069 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
door openers, wireless networking devices, walkie-talkies and toys.
# Regenerative receiver.
The gain of any amplifying device, such as a vacuum tube, transistor, or op amp, can be increased by feeding some of the energy from its output back into its input in phase with the original input signal.... | 9,070 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
frequency. In regenerative receivers using only one active device, the same tuned circuit is coupled to the antenna and also serves to select the radio frequency to be received, usually by means of variable capacitance. In the regenerative circuit discussed here, the active device also functions as... | 9,071 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
without jumps of amplitude or hysteresis in control.
Two important attributes of a radio receiver are "sensitivity" and "selectivity". The regenerative detector provides sensitivity and selectivity due to voltage amplification and the characteristics of a resonant circuit consisting of inductance ... | 9,072 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
represents the total dissipative loss of the tuned circuit. The positive feedback compensates the energy loss caused by formula_9, so it may be viewed as introducing a negative resistance formula_11 to the tuned circuit. The formula_6 of the tuned circuit with regeneration is formula_13. The regene... | 9,073 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
frequency input voltage) of only 9.2 at 7.2 MHz, but in a regenerative detector, had detection gain as high as 7,900 at critical regeneration (non-oscillating) and as high as 15,800 with regeneration just above critical. The "... non-oscillating regenerative amplification is limited by the stabilit... | 9,074 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
available gain for reception of CW radiotelegraphy is provided by the use of a separate oscillator, known as a "heterodyne oscillator" or "beat oscillator". Providing the oscillation separately from the detector allows the regenerative detector to be set for maximum gain and selectivity - which is ... | 9,075 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
less than one). The result of this is to greatly increase the gain of the amplifier at the bandpass frequency (resonant frequency), while not increasing it at other frequencies. So the incoming radio signal is amplified by a large factor, 10 - 10, increasing the receiver's sensitivity to weak signa... | 9,076 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
oscillation frequency and the desired transmitting station's signal frequency. The two frequencies "beat" in the nonlinear amplifier, generating heterodyne or "beat" frequencies. The difference frequency, typically 400 to 1000 Hertz, is in the audio range; so it is heard as a tone in the receiver's... | 9,077 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
the circuit is also adjusted to oscillate as in CW reception. The tuning is adjusted until the demodulated voice is intelligible.
## Advantages and disadvantages.
Regenerative receivers require fewer components than other types of receiver circuit, such as the TRF and superheterodyne. The circuit... | 9,078 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
to adjust. A regenerative receiver, by contrast, could often provide adequate reception with the use of only one tube. In the 1930s the regenerative receiver was replaced by the superheterodyne circuit in commercial receivers due to the superheterodyne's superior performance and the falling cost of... | 9,079 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
that couple the detector tuned circuit to the antenna, is that the regeneration (feedback) level must be adjusted when the receiver is tuned to a different frequency. The antenna impedance varies with frequency, changing the loading of the input tuned circuit by the antenna, requiring the regenerat... | 9,080 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
drawback is that when the circuit is adjusted to oscillate it can radiate a signal from its antenna, so it can cause interference to other nearby receivers. Adding an RF amplifier stage between the antenna and the regenerative detector can reduce unwanted radiation, but would add expense and comple... | 9,081 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
of the antenna influencing the resonant frequency of the detector tuned circuit. Any movement of the antenna or large objects near the antenna can change the tuning of the detector.
## History.
The inventor of FM radio, Edwin Armstrong, invented and patented the regenerative circuit while he was ... | 9,082 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
up at the Supreme Court. Armstrong won the first case, lost the second, stalemated at the third, and then lost the final round at the Supreme Court.
At the time the regenerative receiver was introduced, vacuum tubes were expensive and consumed lots of power, with the added expense and encumbrance ... | 9,083 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
Regenerative receivers needed far fewer tubes and less power consumption for nearly equivalent performance.
A related circuit, the "superregenerative detector", found several highly important military uses in World War II in Friend or Foe identification equipment and in the top-secret proximity fu... | 9,084 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
of radio controlled modelling as a hobby.
In the 1930s, the superheterodyne design began to gradually supplant the regenerative receiver, as tubes became far less expensive. In Germany the design was still used in the millions of mass-produced German "peoples receivers" (Volksempfänger) and "Germa... | 9,085 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
receiver as a combined IF and demodulator with fixed regeneration. The superregenerative design was also present in early FM broadcast receivers around 1950. Later it was almost completely phased out of mass production, remaining only in hobby kits, and some special applications, like gate openers.... | 9,086 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
oscillation grows exponentially, starting from the tiny energy picked up by the antenna plus circuit noise. The amplitude reached at the end of the quench cycle (linear mode) or the time taken to reach limiting amplitude (log mode) depends on the strength of the received signal from which exponenti... | 9,087 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
signals, especially for CW and SSB which need a heterodyne oscillator or BFO. A superregenerative detector does not have a usable heterodyne oscillator – even though the superregen always self-oscillates, so CW (Morse code)and SSB (single side band) signals can't be received properly.
Superregener... | 9,088 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
point of oscillation - the circuit automatically is taken out of oscillation periodically, but with the disadvantage that small amounts of interference may be a problem for others. These are ideal for remote-sensing applications or where long battery life is important. For many years, superregenera... | 9,089 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
quenching frequency must be at least twice the signal bandwidth. But quenching with overtones acts further as a heterodyne receiver mixing additional unneeded signals from those bands into the working frequency. Thus the overall bandwidth of superregenerator cannot be less than 4 times that of the ... | 9,090 |
343276 | Regenerative circuit | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative%20circuit | Regenerative circuit
e regenerative circuit: "The decisions of the Commissioner are reversed and priority awarded to De Forest." p 55.
- Ulrich L. Rohde, Ajay Poddar www.researchgate.net/publication/4317999_A_Unifying_Theory_and_Characterization_of_Super-Regenerative_Receiver_(SRR)
# External links.
- Some Recent De... | 9,091 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – formally, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, after 1791, the Commonwealth of Poland – was a dual state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was ... | 9,092 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
of Lithuania had been in a "de facto" personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King "jure uxoris" Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in ... | 9,093 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
a precursor to modern concepts of democracy, constitutional monarchy, and federation. Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal, Poland was the dominant partner in the union.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was marked by high levels of ethnic diversity ... | 9,094 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
decline. Its growing weakness led to its partitioning among its neighbors (Austria, Prussia and the Russian Empire) during the late 18th century. Shortly before its demise, the Commonwealth adopted a massive reform effort and enacted the May 3 Constitutionthe first codified constitution i... | 9,095 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish Kingdom", or the "Commonwealth of Poland". Its inhabitants referred to it in everyday speech as the "Rzeczpospolita" (Ruthenian: Рѣч Посполита "Rech Pospolita", ). Western Europeans often simply called it "Poland" and in most past and modern sources it is referred to as the "Kingdo... | 9,096 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
common in Polish historiography.
# History.
Poland and Lithuania underwent an alternating series of wars and alliances during the 14th century and early 15th century. Several agreements between the two (the Union of Kraków and Vilna, the Union of Krewo, the Union of Wilno and Radom, the... | 9,097 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
these adjustments significantly increased the power of the Polish nobility and established a truly elective monarchy.
The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the early 17th century. Its powerful parliament was dominated by nobles ("Pic. 2") who were reluctant to get involved in the Th... | 9,098 |
343234 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish–Lithuanian%20Commonwealth | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russia and managed to take Moscow and hold it from 27 September 1610 to 4 November 1612, when they were driven out after a siege.
Commonwealth power began waning after a series of blows during the following decades. A major rebellion of Ukrainian Cossacks in the southeastern portion of t... | 9,099 |
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