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ially moving with a velocity of 15 m/s in the +x-direction. Mass B is twice as massive and is initially moving with a velocity of 10 m/s in the –x-direction. The two objects collide, and after the collision, mass A moves with a speed of 15 m/s in the –x-direction. (a) What is the final velocity of mass B after the coll... |
n (a), but acting in the opposite direction, produces a clockwise torque. (e) A smaller counterclockwise torque is produced by the same magnitude force acting at the same point but in a different direction. Here, is less than 90º . (f) Torque is zero here since the force just pulls on the hinges, producing no rotation.... |
here other than the location of the seesaw's actual pivot! Several aspects of the preceding example have broad implications. First, the choice of the pivot as the point around which torques are calculated simplified the problem. Since p is exerted on the pivot point, its lever arm is zero. Hence, the torque exerted by ... |
your heels and bottom against the wall, to touch your toes. Can you do this without toppling over? Explain why and what you need to do to be able to touch your toes without losing your balance. Is it easier for a woman to do this? 9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies Learning Objectives By... |
ngs easier.” Levers, gears, pulleys, wedges, and screws are some examples of machines. Energy is still conserved for these devices because a machine cannot do more work than the energy put into it. However, machines can reduce the input force that is needed to perform the job. The ratio of output to input force magnitu... |
r free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 Chapter 9 | Statics and Torque 383 Problems & Exercises 9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium 1. (a) When opening a door, you push on it perpendicularly with a force of 55.0 N at a distance of 0.850m from the hinges. What torque are you exerting relative to the hinges? ... |
and upper arm set at 90º . Using the same numbers as in Example 9.4, find the force exerted by the biceps muscle when the angle is 120º and the forearm is in a downward position. 32. Even when the head is held erect, as in Figure 9.42, its center of mass is not directly over the principal point of support (the atlanto-... |
km/h. (credit: Daphne Zaras, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Chapter Outline 10.1. Angular Acceleration 10.2. Kinematics of Rotational Motion 10.3. Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia 10.4. Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited 10.5. Angular Momentum and Its Conservat... |
celeration is large and negative. The angular velocity quickly goes to zero. In both cases, the relationships are analogous to what happens with linear motion. For example, there is a large deceleration when you crash into a brick wall—the velocity change is large in a short time interval. If the bicycle in the precedi... |
fisherman hooks a big fish that swims away from the boat pulling the fishing line from his fishing reel. The whole system is initially at rest and the fishing line unwinds from the reel at a radius of 4.50 cm from its axis of rotation. The reel is given an angular acceleration of 110 rad/s2 for 2.00 s as seen in Figure... |
un a bike wheel or pushed a merry-go-round, you know that force is needed to change angular velocity as seen in Figure 10.10. In fact, your intuition is reliable in predicting many of the factors that are involved. For example, we know that a door opens slowly if we push too close to its hinges. Furthermore, we know th... |
the equation for gives = τ = 375 N ⋅ m 84.38 kg ⋅ m2 = 4.44rad s2 . (10.51) (10.52) Discussion The angular acceleration is less when the child is on the merry-go-round than when the merry-go-round is empty, as expected. The angular accelerations found are quite large, partly due to the fact that friction was considere... |
m2 (5.42 rad/s)2 = 64.0 J. (10.65) (10.66) (10.67) (10.68) (10.69) (10.70) (10.71) (10.72) Discussion The final rotational kinetic energy equals the work done by the torque, which confirms that the work done went into rotational kinetic energy. We could, in fact, have used an expression for energy instead of a kinemati... |
e that the cylinder is rolling without slipping), we must also substitute the relationship = / into the expression. These substitutions yield = 1 22. (10.85) = 1 22 + 1 2 1 22 2 2 . Interestingly, the cylinder's radius and mass cancel, yielding 42 = 3 22 + 1 Solving algebraically, the equation for the final velocity gi... |
as a lazy Susan or a merry-go-round. Predict how the angular momentum of this system will change when you add an object to the lazy Susan or jump onto the merry-go-round. What variables can you control? What are you measuring? In other words, what are your independent and dependent variables? Are there any independent... |
themselves a push off the side of the vessel. Check Your Undestanding Is angular momentum completely analogous to linear momentum? What, if any, are their differences? Solution Yes, angular and linear momentums are completely analogous. While they are exact analogs they have different units and are not directly inter-... |
acing bicycle that their moment of inertia has been purposely reduced? (credit: Jesús Rodriguez) 9. A ball slides up a frictionless ramp. It is then rolled without slipping and with the same initial velocity up another frictionless ramp (with the same slope angle). In which case does it reach a greater height, and why?... |
g arms which are 3.75 kg each and extend straight out from the cylinder like rods rotated about their ends. 12. The triceps muscle in the back of the upper arm extends the forearm. This muscle in a professional boxer exerts a force of 2.00×103 N with an effective perpendicular lever arm of 3.00 cm, producing an angular... |
d given the mass lifted is 10.0 kg at a distance of 28.0 cm from the knee joint, the moment of inertia of the lower leg is 0.900 kg ⋅ m2 , the muscle force is 1500 N, and its effective perpendicular lever arm is 3.00 cm. (b) How much work is done if the leg rotates through an angle of 20.0º with a constant force exerte... |
e radius at which the torque is applied? Explain. 436 Chapter 10 | Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum Figure 10.42 A curved arrow lies at the side of a gray disk. There is a point at the center of the disk, and around the point there is a dashed circle. There is a point labeled “Child” on the dashed circle. Below t... |
ts displacement. The process through which the energy is transferred is called work. Big Idea 5 Changes that occur as a result of interactions are constrained by conservation laws. Enduring Understanding 5.B The energy of a system is conserved. Essential Knowledge 5.B.2 A system with internal structure can have interna... |
re PEel is the elastic potential energy stored in any deformed system that obeys Hooke’s law and has a displacement from equilibrium and a force constant . PEel = 1 (16.4) It is possible to find the work done in deforming a system in order to find the energy stored. This work is performed by an applied force app . The ... |
d on the type of oscillation. For the object on the spring, the units of amplitude and displacement are meters; whereas for sound oscillations, they have units of pressure (and other types of oscillations have yet other units). Because amplitude is the maximum displacement, it is related to the energy in the oscillatio... |
mall-diameter bob and a string that has a very small mass but is strong enough not to stretch appreciably. The linear displacement from equilibrium is , the length of the arc. Also shown are the forces on the bob, which result in a net force of − sin toward the equilibrium position—that is, a restoring force. Pendulums... |
e spring. It will be zero when the spring is in the equilibrium position. All the internal energy exists in the form of kinetic energy, given by = 1 22 . As the system oscillates, which means that the spring compresses and expands, there is a change in the structure of the system and a corresponding change in its inter... |
sea gull to move up and down in simple harmonic motion as the wave crests and troughs (peaks and valleys) pass under the bird. The time for one complete up and down motion is the wave’s period . The wave’s frequency is = 1 / , as usual. The wave itself moves to the right in the figure. This movement of the wave is act... |
a wave that has twice the amplitude of the individual waves, but has the same wavelength. Figure 16.37 shows two identical waves that arrive exactly out of phase—that is, precisely aligned crest to trough—producing pure destructive interference. Because the disturbances are in the opposite direction for this superposit... |
disturbances each wave will produce in the absence of the other. This is the principle of superposition. Interference is a result of superposition of two or more waves to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. While beats may sometimes be annoying in audible sounds, we will find that beats have many appli... |
de of a stiff material to vibrate at a higher frequency than a similar object made of a spongy material. 6. As you pass a freight truck with a trailer on a highway, you notice that its trailer is bouncing up and down slowly. Is it more likely that the trailer is heavily loaded or nearly empty? Explain your answer. 7. S... |
celeration due to gravity is 1.63 m/s2 , if it keeps time accurately on Earth? That is, find the time (in hours) it takes the clock’s hour hand to make one revolution on the Moon. 33. Suppose the length of a clock’s pendulum is changed by 1.000%, exactly at noon one day. What time will it read 24.00 hours later, assumi... |
1.00 m2 ? 68. Suppose you have a device that extracts energy from ocean breakers in direct proportion to their intensity. If the device produces 10.0 kW of power on a day when the breakers are 1.20 m high, how much will it produce when they are 0.600 m high? 69. Engineering Application (a) A photovoltaic array of (sol... |
| Physics of Hearing description of both standing waves and the concept of beats strongly support Enduring Understanding 6.D, as well as Essential Knowledge 6.D.1, 6.D.3, and 6.D.4. The concepts in this chapter support: Big Idea 6 Waves can transfer energy and momentum from one location to another without the permanen... |
ill yield data on depth of air column and frequency of pitch. Use the data table below to record your data. Table 17.1 Depth of air column (λ) Frequency of pitch generated (f) 2. Construct a graph using the information collected above. The graph should include all five data points and should display frequency on the de... |
ere with the musicians’ abilities to perform. The relevant physical quantity is sound intensity, a concept that is valid for all sounds whether or not they are in the audible range. Intensity is defined to be the power per unit area carried by a wave. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred by the wave. In equ... |
• Define Doppler effect, Doppler shift, and sonic boom. • Calculate the frequency of a sound heard by someone observing Doppler shift. • Describe the sounds produced by objects moving faster than the speed of sound. The information presented in this section supports the following AP® learning objectives and science pr... |
nominator in obs = s obs . Now, as s approaches the speed of sound, w w ± s approaches zero. At the speed of sound, this result obs means that in front of the source, each successive wave is superimposed on the previous one because the source moves forward at the speed of sound. The observer gets them all at the same i... |
here else can we observe sound interference? All sound resonances, such as in musical instruments, are due to constructive and destructive interference. Only the resonant frequencies interfere constructively to form standing waves, while others interfere destructively and are absent. From the toot made by blowing over ... |
oducing very low frequencies, such as tubas, require tubes so long that they are coiled into loops. Solution for (b) (1) Identify knowns: • • • • the first overtone has = 3 the second overtone has = 5 the third overtone has = 7 the fourth overtone has = 9 (2) Enter the value for the fourth overtone into = w 4 . 9 = 9w ... |
yers involved. Basic research in solid state physics employs ultrasound. Its attenuation is related to a number of physical characteristics, making it a useful probe. Among these characteristics are structural changes such as those found in liquid crystals, the transition of a material to a superconducting phase, as we... |
What is the speed of sound in a medium where a 100-kHz frequency produces a 5.96-cm wavelength? (b) Which substance in Table 17.4 is this likely to be? 5. Show that the speed of sound in 20.0ºC air is 343 m/s, as claimed in the text. 6. Air temperature in the Sahara Desert can reach 56.0ºC (about 134ºF ). What is the s... |
hat is the range of fundamental resonant frequencies? Take air temperature to be 37.0ºC , which is the same as body temperature. How does this result correlate with the intensity versus frequency graph (Figure 17.39 of the human ear? 51. Calculate the first overtone in an ear canal, which resonates like a 2.40-cm-long ... |
y notes of lower frequency. Yet an audience member will hear all notes simultaneously, in apparent contrast to the equation. Explain how a student could demonstrate the flaw in the above logic, using a slinky, stopwatch, and meter stick. Make sure to explain what relationship is truly demonstrated in the above equation... |
The other end of the string is passed over a pulley and attached to a suspended weight, as shown above. The student finds that a standing wave with one antinode is formed on the string when the frequency of the oscillator is f0. The student then moves the oscillator to shorten the horizontal segment of string to half i... |
he objects in the system. Essential Knowledge 1.B.2 There are only two kinds of electric charge. Neutral objects or systems contain equal quantities of positive and negative charge, with the exception of some fundamental particles that have no electric charge. Essential Knowledge 1.B.3 The smallest observed unit of cha... |
early researchers, and they interest us even today. Charge Carried by Electrons and Protons Franklin wrote in his letters and books that he could see the effects of electric charge but did not understand what caused the phenomenon. Today we have the advantage of knowing that normal matter is made of atoms, and that at... |
Chapter 18 | Electric Charge and Electric Field 781 Figure 18.9 (a) When enough energy is present, it can be converted into matter. Here the matter created is an electron–antielectron pair. ( is the electron's mass.) The total charge before and after this event is zero. (b) When matter and antimatter collide, they ann... |
loser, there is a net attraction. Neutral objects can be attracted to any charged object. The pieces of straw attracted to polished amber are neutral, for example. If you run a plastic comb through your hair, the charged comb can pick up neutral pieces of paper. Figure 18.15 shows how the polarization of atoms and mole... |
may move on or off the conductor at the sharpest points. To see how and why this happens, consider the charged conductor in Figure 18.23. The electrostatic repulsion of like charges is most effective in moving them apart on the flattest surface, and so they become least concentrated there. This is because the forces b... |
l force is given by Newton's law of gravitation as: (18.7) = 2 where = 6.67×10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg2 . Here and represent the electron and proton masses, which can be found in the appendices. Entering values for the knowns yields , (18.8) = (6.67×10 – 11 N ⋅ m2 / kg2)× (9.11×10–31 kg)(1.67×10–27 kg) (0.530×10–10 m)2 = 3.61×1... |
controlled by electrostatic plates to create images on paper insulator: a material that holds electrons securely within their atomic orbits ionosphere: a layer of charged particles located around 100 km above the surface of Earth, which is responsible for a range of phenomena including the electric field surrounding Ea... |
ulator? Justify your answer. This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 Chapter 18 | Electric Charge and Electric Field 809 Figure 18.43 10. If the electric field lines in the figure above were perpendicular to the object, would it necessarily be a conductor? Explain. 11. The discussion ... |
in this problem.) 17. (a) Find the total Coulomb force on a charge of 2.00 nC located at = 4.00 cm in Figure 18.51 (b), given that = 1.00 μC . (b) Find the x-position at which the electric field is zero in Figure 18.51 (b). 18. Using the symmetry of the arrangement, determine the direction of the force on in the figure... |
electric field zero? (b) What is the electric field halfway between them? 56. What can you say about two charges 1 and 2 , if the electric field one-fourth of the way from 1 to 2 is zero? 57. Integrated Concepts Calculate the angular velocity ω of an electron orbiting a proton in the hydrogen atom, given the radius of ... |
there will be a redistribution of charges. What is this phenomenon called? a. electrostatic repulsion 818 Chapter 18 | Electric Charge and Electric Field b. conduction c. polarization d. none of the above 14. What will be the charge at Y (i.e., the part of the sphere furthest from the balloon)? a. positive b. negative... |
m) , by the movement of charge—that is, by electric current. (credit: Chintohere, Wikimedia Commons) Chapter Outline 20.1. Current 20.2. Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits 20.3. Resistance and Resistivity 20.4. Electric Power and Energy 20.5. Alternating Current versus Direct Current 20.6. Electric Hazards and t... |
e street in front of the truck to a small battery connected to a penlight lighting a keyhole in a door. Such schematics are useful because the analysis is the same for a wide variety of situations. We need to understand a few schematics to apply the concepts and analysis to many more situations. Figure 20.3 (a) A simpl... |
(20.8) where is the current through a wire of cross-sectional area made of a material with a free charge density . The carriers of the current each have charge and move with a drift velocity of magnitude d . Figure 20.7 All the charges in the shaded volume of this wire move out in a time , having a drift velocity of ma... |
tor. Voltage is similar to fluid pressure. The voltage source is like a pump, creating a pressure difference, causing current—the flow of charge. The resistor is like a pipe that reduces pressure and limits flow because of its resistance. Conservation of energy has important consequences here. The voltage source suppli... |
ame temperature dependence as . (Examination of the coefficients of linear expansion shows them to be about two orders of magnitude less than typical temperature coefficients of resistivity, and so the effect of temperature on and is about two orders of magnitude less than on .) Thus, = 0(1 + Δ) (20.24) is the temperat... |
ces if you have some idea of their power consumption rate in watts or kilowatts, the time they are on in hours, and the cost per kilowatt-hour for your electric utility. Kilowatt-hours, like all other specialized energy units such as food calories, can be converted to joules. You can prove to yourself that 1 kW ⋅ h = 3... |
of free electrons. 20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits • A simple circuit is one in which there is a single voltage source and a single resistance. • One statement of Ohm's law gives the relationship between current , voltage , and resistance in a simple circuit to be = . • Resistance has units of ohms ( Ω )... |
nce of the path? (b) The defibrillator paddles make contact with the patient through a conducting gel that greatly reduces the path resistance. Discuss the difficulties that would ensue if a larger voltage were used to produce the same current through the patient, but with the path having perhaps 50 times the resistanc... |
water, if it puts out 2.00 mA at 15.0 kV? Ignore heat transfer to the surroundings. 63. Integrated Concepts Hydroelectric generators (see Figure 20.46) at Hoover Dam produce a maximum current of 8.00×103 A at 250 kV. (a) What is the power output? (b) The water that powers the generators enters and leaves the system at ... |
82. Nichrome wire is used in some radiative heaters. (a) Find the resistance needed if the average power output is to be 1.00 kW utilizing 120-V AC. (b) What length of Nichrome wire, having a cross-sectional area of 5.00mm2 , is needed if the operating temperature is 500º C ? (c) What power will it draw when first swit... |
tance of a parallel circuit is less than the smallest resistance of any of the resistors in that circuit. • Calculate total resistance of a circuit that contains a mixture of resistors connected in series and in parallel. The information presented in this section supports the following AP® learning objectives and scien... |
ies that the total current produced by the source is the sum , and 3 = 3 , 2 = 2 Substituting the expressions for the individual currents gives = 1 + 2 + 3 . Note that Ohm’s law for the equivalent single resistance gives = p = 1 p . (21.17) (21.18) (21.19) The terms inside the parentheses in the last two equations must... |
ur car (although this may be due to resistance inside the battery itself). What is happening in these high-current situations is illustrated in Figure 21.7. The device represented by 3 has a very low resistance, and so when it is switched on, a large current flows. This increased current causes a larger drop in the wir... |
l descriptions of molecules, which take into account the types of atoms and numbers of electrons in them, are able to predict the energy states they can have and the energies of reactions between them. In the case of a lead-acid battery, an energy of 2 eV is given to each electron sent to the anode. Voltage is defined ... |
reverse current through it. Figure 21.20 This schematic represents a flashlight with two cells (voltage sources) and a single bulb (load resistance) in series. The current that flows is = emf1 + emf2 1 + 2 + load . (Note that each emf is represented by script E in the figure.) Take-Home Experiment: Flashlight Batterie... |
(loop) must be zero. Explanations of the two rules will now be given, followed by problem-solving hints for applying Kirchhoff’s rules, and a worked example that uses them. Kirchhoff’s First Rule Kirchhoff’s first rule (the junction rule) is an application of the conservation of charge to a junction; it is illustrated... |
whether the answers are reasonable and consistent. The numbers should be of the correct order of magnitude, neither exceedingly large nor vanishingly small. The signs should be reasonable—for example, no resistance should be negative. Check to see that the values obtained satisfy the various equations obtained from ap... |
Circuit When you use a voltmeter or ammeter, you are connecting another resistor to an existing circuit and, thus, altering the circuit. Ideally, voltmeters and ammeters do not appreciably affect the circuit, but it is instructive to examine the circumstances under which they do or do not interfere. This content is av... |
y balancing potential drops in a circuit Section Summary 21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel • The total resistance of an electrical circuit with resistors wired in a series is the sum of the individual resistances: s = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... • Each resistor in a series circuit has the same amount of current flowing throug... |
n Figure 21.51? (Note that script E in the figure stands for emf.) Figure 21.51 25. Suppose you are using a multimeter (one designed to measure a range of voltages, currents, and resistances) to measure current in a circuit and you inadvertently leave it in a voltmeter mode. What effect will the meter have on the circu... |
ong the body and each containing 5000 electroplaques. Each electroplaque has an emf of 0.15 V and internal resistance of 0.25 Ω . If the water surrounding the fish has resistance of 800 Ω , how much current can the eel produce in water from near its head to near its tail? 28. Integrated Concepts A 12.0-V emf automobile... |
easonable about this result? (c) Which assumptions are responsible? 21.5 Null Measurements 57. What is the emfx of a cell being measured in a potentiometer, if the standard cell’s emf is 12.0 V and the potentiometer balances for x = 5.000 Ω and s = 2.500 Ω ? 58. Calculate the emfx of a dry cell for which a potentiomete... |
d in the opposite direction? 21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules 8. An experiment was set up with the circuit diagram shown. Assume R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = R3 = 5 Ω, r = 0 Ω and E = 6 V. Figure 21.61 a. One of the steps to examine the set-up is to test points with the same potential. Which of the following points can be tested? a. Points b... |
07 647 100% EC, − 11.23% 71.70% 99.91% 88.48% 100% 141.907 719 27.13% 144.912 743 151.919 729 152.921 225 EC, 26.7% 52.2% 157.924 099 24.84% 2.06 y 17.7 y 158.925 342 163.929 171 164.930 319 165.930 290 169Tm 168.934 212 174Yb 175Lu 180Hf 181Ta 173.938 859 174.940 770 179.946 545 180.947 992 184W 183.950 928 100% 28.2%... |
r = 4 / 3) 3 Area of a circle with radius or diameter Area of a sphere with radius Volume of a sphere with radius This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 Appendix D 1545 D GLOSSARY OF KEY SYMBOLS AND NOTATION In this glossary, key symbols and notation are briefly defined. Table D1 Sym... |
amplitude symbol for an element notation for a particular nuclide deformation or displacement from equilibrium displacement of a spring from its undeformed position horizontal axis capacitive reactance inductive reactance root mean square diffusion distance vertical axis This content is available for free at http://cn... |
f 103 N . This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 1567 Answer Key 27 (a) 4.41×105 N (b) 1.50×105 N 29 (a) 910 N (b) 1.11×103 N 31 = 0.139 m/s , = 12.4º north of east 33 1. Use Newton’s laws since we are looking for forces. 2. Draw a free-body diagram: Figure 4.29. 3. The tension is gi... |
4 9.46 m/s 26 4104 molecules 27 Equating ΔPEg and ΔKE , we obtain = 2 + 0 29 (a) 25×106 years 2 = 2(9.80 m/s2)(20.0 m) + (15.0 m/s)2 = 24.8 m/s This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 1577 (7.81) Answer Key (b) This is much, much longer than human time scales. 210−10 30 32 (a) 40 (b) ... |
ds 19 25 50 N 21 a) MA = 18.5 b) i = 29.1 N c) 510 N downward 23 1.3×103 N 25 a) = 299 N b) 897 N upward 26 This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 Answer Key 1585 B = 470 N; 1 = 4.00 cm; a = 2.50 kg; 2 = 16.0 cm;b = 4.00 kg; 3 = 38.0 cm 16.0 cm 9.80 m / s2 4.0 cm 38.0 cm 9.80 m / s2 ... |
r 344 lb/in2 (b) The pressure is much too high. (c) The assumed flow rate is very high for a garden hose. (d) 5.27×106 > > 3000, turbulent, contrary to the assumption of laminar flow when using this equation. 62 1.41×10−3 m 64 1.3×102 s 66 This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 1595 ... |
the acceleration of gravity, when the acceleration changes by 1% the period changes by (0.01)2 = 0.01% so it is necessary to have at least 4 digits after the decimal to see the changes. 30 (a) Period increases by a factor of 1.41 ( 2 ) (b) Period decreases to 97.5% of old period 32 Slow by a factor of 2.45 34 length mu... |
es not require a relativistic treatment produces an answer greater than the speed of light. 46 21.6 mC 48 80.0 mC 50 20.0 kV 52 667 pF 54 (a) 4.4 µF (b) 4.0×10 – 5 C 56 (a) 14.2 kV (b) The voltage is unreasonably large, more than 100 times the breakdown voltage of nylon. 1614 Answer Key (c) The assumed charge is unreas... |
.00-N force is much too great to be realistic in the Earth’s field. 87 (a) 2.40×106 m/s (b) The speed is too high to be practical ≤ 1% speed of light This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11844/1.13 Answer Key 1625 (c) The assumption that you could reasonably generate such a voltage with a sin... |
ng the number of lines per centimeter by a factor of x means that the angle for the x‐order maximum is the same as the original angle for the first- order maximum. 29 589.1 nm and 589.6 nm 31 28.7º 33 43.2º 35 90.0º 37 (a) The longest wavelength is 333.3 nm, which is not visible. (b) 333 nm (UV) (c) 6.58×103 cm 39 1.13... |
harged plate). The magnetic force is down (by the RHR). 54 401 nm 56 (a) 6.54×10−16 kg (b) 5.54×10−7 m 58 1.76×1011 C/kg , which agrees with the known value of 1.759×1011 C/kg to within the precision of the measurement 60 (a) 2.78 fm (b) 0.37 of the nuclear radius. 62 (a) 1.34×1023 (b) 2.52 MW 64 (a) 6.42 eV (b) 7.27×1... |
1175 absolute pressure, 454, 478 absolute zero, 532, 565 AC current, 887, 901 AC voltage, 887, 901 acceleration, 43, 82, 146, 178 acceleration due to gravity, 68, 82 accommodation, 1155, 1176 Accuracy, 22 accuracy, 29 acoustic impedance , 755, 761 active transport, 518, 519 activity, 1400, 1410 adaptive optics, 1174, ... |
FM), 1092 friction, 147, 178, 212, 301 Friction, 192, 282 full-scale deflection, 939, 950 fundamental, 744, 762 fundamental frequency, 706, 712 fundamental particle, 1480, 1493 fundamental units, 16, 29 G galvanometer, 939, 950 gamma, 1379 gamma camera, 1427, 1454 Gamma decay, 1397 gamma decay, 1411 gamma ray, 1088, 10... |
, 444, 447, 478 Pressure, 451 probability distribution, 1300, 1307 projectile, 113, 128 Projectile motion, 113 projectile motion, 128 Proper length , 1248 proper length, 1267 Proper time , 1243 proper time, 1267 proton, 806 proton-proton cycle, 1440, 1454 protons, 777, 1386, 1411 PV diagram, 557, 565 Q quality factor, ... |
ent with greater accuracy than is possible with the means at our disposal. The reasons will be apparent after studying later paragraphs (page 15). 28.7 (c) Approximate Numbers In all measurement, you must first decide what will be the limits of accuracy of your work and then realize that a possible error exists in the ... |
er” than than another, aluminum. Obviously we cannot mean that any given piece of iron is heavier than every piece of aluminum, but rather that for pieces of equal size, the iron would be the heavier. In science we use the term density to express the physical difference implied in the above everyday statement, that is,... |
ct, and an upward pressure upon the bottom. Because the bottom of the object is deeper in the liquid than is the top, and because pressure increases with depth, the upward pressure upon the bottom surface will exceed the downward pressure upon the top surface. There will, therefore, be a net upward pressure upon It is ... |
in a battery, and hence for estimating the degree to which the battery is charged. Antifreeze hydrometers are used to measure the specific gravity of antifreeze and thereby indicate how low a temperature it can stand without freezing. Similarly lactometers are used in of milk for checking possible dilution, and alcohol... |
ks in water to a depth of 1 8 cm. and in a liquid to a depth of 1 4 cm. What is the specific gravity of the liquid? 20 . A hydrometer sinks in water to a depth of 1 5 cm. How far would it sink in a liquid whose specific gravity Is 0.80? 21 . A hydrometer sinks to a depth of 1 2 cm. in a liquid whose specific gravity is... |
ific gravity = .’. Specific gravity = Weight of object in air Weight of equal volume of water Conclusion What is the specific gravity of the object? Questions 1. Calculate the percentage error. 2. Suggest sources of experimental error. 3. Explain how the weight of an equal volume of water was deter- mined. 4. State the... |
e the same period. It is for this reason that the pendulum is used in For that physics as a timing device. reason also, it is the primary component of large clocks. Were you to experiment with pendulums of different lengths, the period of a short one would be less than It is for this reason that of a long one. that you... |
shown in the figure. The hazy oval regions where displacement of the cord is greatest are called loops. The points of quiet tlie ends where reflection as well It might be occurs are called nodes. imagined that a loop would occur where the cord meets the vibrator but, in reality, the amplitude of the vibrator is so smal... |
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