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n (a) Distinguish and longitudinal vibrations. (b) Define: complete vibration, ampli- transverse tude, frequency, period. (a) What is necessary for the transmission of sound? (b) Compard^the transmission of sound through the three states of matter and suggest a theoretical explanation for any differences. 4. (a) Distin... |
ng from 20 to 35,000 v.p.s. The lowest notes of a large organ are in the neighbourhood of this lower audible limit, while the squeak of a bat or the noise of a cricket are examples of frequencies in the region of the upper audible limit. Frequencies above this point, referred to as ultrasonic frequencies, are becoming ... |
rces. 7. QUESTIONS II : 18 1. A between (a) Distinguish sound and a noise. (b) What are the three distinguishing characteristics of musical sounds? musical a 2. (a) Define intensity of sound. (b) State three factors that affect the intensity of sound. Illustrate each with a suitable example. 3. (a) Define pitch. (b) De... |
e, wave-length (/) of sound = 4 X length of closed tube (L) giving resonance. it. Example A tuning-fork whose vibration frequency is 256 v.p.s. produces resonance with a closed tube 13.0 inches long. Calculate the velocity of sound in air. ? n = 256 v.p.s. l:=4L = 4x222. 12 ft. (Sec. 11:5) T = 256 X =1109 4 X 13.0 12 .... |
e 6 beats per second, what are the possible frequencies of the second fork? How would you determine whether its frequency would be higher or lower than the other? (b) Determine the velocity of sound (n = 220 results shown in tuning-fork gives v.p.s.) the air a in if question 1 (a). 2 . Compare the frequencies to which ... |
g holes to vary the length of this column. In brass instru- 86 ments the lips of the performer act as a double reed. Differences in pitch are produced by changing the length of air column with “valves” as in the cornet and similar instruments. complished by telescopic sliding U-shaped part of the tube in or out as in t... |
b) Distinguish between diatonic scale, and scale of equal temperament or chromatic scale. orchestra under the headings: (a) stringed (b) wood-wind (c) brass Give at least three examples of each. percussion. (d) 5. Describe how the acoustics of lecture halls may be improved. 6. Describe several ways of recording sounds.... |
fre- quency of the note produced? 4. List two factors that affect the frequency of a note produced by a vibrating string. EXPERIMENT 8 To illustrate the modes of vibration of vibrating strings, (Ref. Sec. II; 16) Apparatus Sonometer, one steel string, bow, several V-shaped paper riders. 100 EXPERIMENTS ON SOUND Method... |
to support it. This theory insisted that all empty spaces in matter contained a fluid called caloric and that the warming or cooling of a body was due to the gain or loss in the amount of this fluid. The early Greeks speculated that heat was the rapid vibratory motion of the molecules of a body. Francis Bacon produced... |
ns that are involved in the sequence: sunlight, water-power, electricity, heat from a toaster. (b) Bearings frequently "burn out" when they run short of oil. (c) Considerable heat is produced 4. If the heat from 6 tons of coal will heat a home for one year, what mass of uranium (U235) will do the same thing? 114 CHAPTE... |
ace above it. bath, To graduate the thermometer, we choose two fixed temperatures which can be easily obtained, and mark the level of the mercury on the stem when each of these temperatures has been maintained for some little time. The temperatures chosen are the freezing- and boiling-points of pure water at standard a... |
rate of vibration of the molecules at the hot end, and therefore their energy, has been greatly increased, and this results in the molecules in sucbar acquiring cessive increased energy by the chain of colliIn this manner heat sions that results. sections the of 126 TRANSFER OF HEAT Conductivities of Some Common Subst... |
5 (h) The Emission of Radiant Energy (c) The A bsorption of Radiant In the introduction to this section, it was stated that radiant energy is released at the expense of motion of the molecules. It may well be asked whether or not all objects under the same conditions emit this form of energy. To find the answer, experi... |
ed to 100 gm. of water at 20°C., the final temperature is 30°C. Therefore, Let us mix two different masses of water, at the same temperature, each with equal masses of water, at the same temperature. As the larger mass gives rise to the higher final temperature (see example), it follows that the larger mass larger quan... |
rial which absorbs its heat, say water. From the various observations within the calorimeter the specific heat of the metal can be calculated. A brief summary of the method and a model the Full solution follow. details of Propane Acetylene Natural Gas Goal Gas 2,450 1,450 1,000 300 method are to be found in experiment ... |
ce at 32°F. to water at 32°F. 149 Chap. 14 HEAT Some Typical Heats of Fusion and Melting-Points Substance M.-P. rc.) H. of F. ( Cal. per gm.) Ice Aluminum Copper 0 660 1083 80 77 42 Substance Lead Cast Iron Mercury M.-P. (^C.) 327 1230 -39 H. of F. ( Cal. per gm.) 6 5.5 3 III : 28 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HEAT OF FUSION O... |
rogen Hydrogen Helium *One atmosphere pressure = 760 m.m of mercury. - 119 — 141 — 147 - 240 - 268 73 50 34 37 13 31 2 ABC High Pressure D E F Low Pressure Fig. 14:11 The Production of Liquid Air. 155 Chap. 14 HEAT automobile tire feels cold. In liquefying a gas of low critical temperature, the gas is subjected to the ... |
water at 100°C.? (c) How much heat will be released when 35 gm. of steam at 100°C. are condensed to water and the water is cooled to 20°C.? 8. When 25 gm. of water at 100°C. are added to 50 gms. of water at 10°C., what is the final temperature? 9 . When 200 gm. of metal at 100°C. are placed in 200 gm. of water at 1 5.... |
rt stand, ring, Bunsen burner, cold water, potassium permanganate. Method Fill the beaker with water and place it on the ring attached to the stand. Make sure that the water is at rest. Drop a crystal of potassium 166 EXPERIMENTS IN HEAT permanganate into the water near the edge. Using the tip of the low Bunsen flame, ... |
rgy, (Sec. V:82), we shall e.g., simply say that light is a form of energy. electricity IV: 2 SOURCES OF LIGHT Few objects give out light and these are termed luminous bodies. Most objects are non-luminous, becoming visible only when they reflect light from some outside source to our eyes (Fig. 16:1). Our main source o... |
city of light is a most important physical determination, since it is the speed with which many forms of energy travel through space. It is interesting to note that the vast distances of space are measured in terms of the light-year. This is the distance travelled 180 NATURE AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT Sec. IV: 7 by light... |
will learn the following facts about images in plane mirrors: The Position of the Image. The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front, and a line joining the two right the passes through mirror at fuse reflection of light. angles. Diffusion, and hence the elimination of glare, is also obtained by tra... |
curate scale drawings. To Locate the Image in a Fig. 17:14 Concave Mirror of an Object Placed Beyond F. For example, if the focal length of the concave mirror was 20 cm., the object 60 cm. from the mirror, and 12 cm. high, our construction would be as above (Fig. 17:14), using the scale 10 cm. = 1 cm. REFLECTION OF LIG... |
f a concave mirror produces an image 1 2 in. behind the mirror. Find the focal length of the mirror. 10. An object is 1 8 cm. in front of a concave mirror which has a focal length of 1 2 cm. How far is the image from the mirror? 11. An object 9 in. from a convex mirror produces an image 3 in. behind the mirror. Find th... |
areas of usefulness. More discussion on this follows in the chapter on colour, page 213. factor This latter Fig. 18:7 Deviation Through a Glass Prism. erably from its original path. The angle of deviation, D, is obtained by extending the incident and emergent rays to meet (Chap. 21, Exp. 11 ) The amount of deviation pr... |
power is the dioptre, which is the power of a converging lens of focal length one metre (100 centimetres). The shorter the focal the greater the power of the length, lens, and accordingly the power can be the focal related length the by to formula: r, , P (dioptres) X 100 / (cm.) According to our convention of signs (... |
imentally the focal length of a lens? (d) Calculate the power of a lens whose focal length is 0.15 metres. 10. (a) What is the purpose of a sunlight recorder? (b) What approximate position relative to the glass sphere should the recording-belt occupy In the sunlight recorder? 11. (a) Distinguish between convex and conc... |
e original colours will be versal of obtained. Newton also prepared a colour disc on which were coloured sectors whose sizes and colours corresponded fairly closely to the coloured bands obtained in a pure spectrum of white light (Fig. 19:2c). If this disc is strongly illuminated and rapidly rotated it will appear whit... |
and we have thus good grounds for believing that the chemical components of the sun and the earth are similar. A certain group of lines did not correspond with those of any known element. They were accordingly attributed to an element which was named helium, and which was ultimately discovered on the earth twenty-six y... |
filters. 223 Chap. 19 LIGHT the the creation of each stained with one of three primary colours (the black one is not the actually used in Fig. 19:12). The coloured picture in fine-meshed filter breaks the subject into numerous small dots on the negative. The filter determines what colours can pass through the camera an... |
variable amounts of pigment in it. In the centre of the iris is a circular aperture, called the pupil, which appears black due to the black interior of the eye. The iris contains muscles, which dilate and contract the pupil adjusting the eye to different amounts of light. The pupil is dilated in dim light, and contrac... |
ions of small objects. The instrument (Fig. 20:8a) consists mainly of a convex called the lens objective, O, and a second convex lens, called the eyepiece, E. These lenses are mounted in a tube of adjustable length. The object, PQ, to be viewed is placed just outside the principal focus, F, of the objective (Fig. 20:8b... |
tor measure angles PTN and STN. 5. Repeat, with other positions of the pins. Observations 1 . Observation No. Angle of Incidence Z PTN Angle of Reflection Z STN 1. 2. 3. 238 EXPERIMENTS ON LIGHT 2. When the incident ray is on the plane of the paper where are the reflected ray and the normal found? Conclusions 1. State ... |
ving the glass. Question What factors affect the amount of lateral displacement of the emergent ray? EXPERIMENT 10 To illustrate the apparent change in depth due to refraction of light at a plane surface. (Ref. Sec. IV: 24) Apparatus Tall beaker, two pins, water. r_- Water Real Depth Apparent Depth ^Search Pin S Object... |
few common elements, (Ref. Sec. IV: 39) Apparatus Direct-vision spectroscope, Bunsen burner with monochromatic flame attachment, sodium, calcium and lithium salts; electrical discharge tubes containing neon, nitrogen and hydrogen, induction coil, source of direct current. Method 1. Place a sample of the sodium salt in ... |
or must determine its value from charts in order find true north from the compass to bearing at his position. The declination at Toronto, Ontario, was approximately 7° west in 1955. This indicates that the angle between the lines drawn from Toronto to the geographic north pole and to the magnetic north pole is 7°, and ... |
of Magnetism. (b) Explain how, with the aid of a compass-needle, you would determine which end of a magnet is the N-pole. simplest form of (a) Describe the magnetic compass. (b) Explain why the N-pole of the compass points to the magnetic north pole of the earth. (c) Why doesn’t a compass-needle point to the true north... |
by reference The to being rod, negatively theory. charged, has an excess of electrons. Because the rod is charged and the pith balls are not, they are attracted to it. As the pith balls touch the rod some electrons move from the rod to the electroscope. Thus the pith balls become negatively charged and are repelled. Th... |
ve lost its charge. The charge, then, must have passed to the hemispheres as they formed the outer surface of the sphere. Charges reside only on the outer surface of a charged conductor. To determine how the charge is distributed over the surface of a charged conductor we can charge several insulated conductors of diff... |
many other ing devices used by the armed forces and industry. lanterns, aids, V:26 THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT The flow of electrons in a wire is so similar to the flow of water in a pipe a comparison may be made as that As the cell is used the zinc becomes follows: The Water System The Electric Circuit 1. Water current is t... |
numbers of dry cells coil is Dry Cells ment is shown in Fig. 25:1. Let us consider some sample results of such an experiment No. of Cells Galvanometer deflection No. of Cells (divisions) Deflection 1 2 3 4 5 4.9 9.8 14.8 19.7 24.5 0.204 0.204 0.203 0.203 0.205 Within the limits of experimental error. Number of cells in... |
. (a) State Ohm’s Law and explain how it may be determined. (b) Calculate resistance the of a light bulb which carries a current of 5.0 amperes when connected in a 110 volt circuit. (a) In terms of Ohm's Law define: ohm, volt, ampere. (b) What weakness in these definitions is apparent? 3. (a) Explain electrical resista... |
is highly dissociated into positive copper ions (Cu^^) and negative sulphate ions (SO4--). In solution Cu SO 4 Cu"" + SO 4 - - The water is slightly dissociated into positive hydrogen ions (H"^) and negative hydroxyl ions (OH“). H 2O + OHis applied to When the voltage electrodes the following reactions occur: the At th... |
plates lead + lead peroxide + s (d) Care of Storage Batteries 1. Keep the battery clean and dry. 2. Do not allow the battery to dis- 3. Keep the charge below specific gravity 1.185. above the level of the wood separators by addition of distilled water. electrolyte 4. Do not allow a fully discharged cell to stand in th... |
) ) ) ..--1 1 I . ^ ^ 2 r 1 Fig. 27:9 Iron-Clad Electromagnet. for a lifting magnet for scrap iron or in radio loudspeakers. The iron core not only passes through the centre, but almost completely surrounds it as shown in Fig. 27:9. The horseshoe electromagnet (Fig. 27:10) is used in such devices as earphones, telephon... |
rrent to be carried by shunt = 5 — 0.05 — 4.95 amp. Resistance of galvanometer = 5 ohms. Potential difference across galvanometer — 0.05 X 5 = 0.25 volts {V = IR) Potential difference across shunt = 0.25 volts (parallel connection) Resistance of shunt to be used = ^ 4.95 0.05 ohms {R — — I Fig. 27:20 Voltmeter Connecte... |
motive in (Sec. V:26). This induced E.M.F. is caused by the changing magnetic field about the conductor. circuit force the Similarly, in the circuit used by Faraday (Fig. 28:1), when the switch in circuit containing the battery and the primary coil (C) was opened, the electron flow was stopped. Thus, the magnetic field... |
(Fig. 28:10). Such an arrangement will give a more continuous flow of current, since some of the coils will always be cutting the magnetic lines of force. Such generators are used in autoremote mobiles, places, direct-current generating systems in schools, hospitals, etc., and for electroplating and electro-purificati... |
coils can be used for operalthough modern ating X-ray tubes, tubes are mainly transformer operated. They are also employed in some forms of laboratory research where moderately high voltages are required, and in the ignition systems of automobiles. Note: Because of the very large selfinductance of the primary winding, ... |
ided and larger ones sometimes contain a powder to extin- consists 333 Fig. 29:2 Fuses (a) Plug Type (b) Cartridge Type. Chap. 29 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY frustrating research ending in success. In the years preceding 1879 Edison had tried almost every kind of fibre in his to find a filament that would efforts carry t... |
. An electric stove element draws 5 amperes on the 220 volt circuit. is turned on for 4 hours, what is the cost of operating the stove at 2.2 cents per kilo- If it watt-hour? 12. A Vi h.p. electric motor In an oil furnace comes on for a period of 5 minutes 48 times each day on the average. What is the cost of the elect... |
ngs for connecting the tube into its circuit. Such a tube is called a diode. A triode has an additional part called the grid (part d). (b) Action When the tube is connected into a circuit, the circuit is actually broken. When the cathode is heated electrons Hot Filament Fig. 30:5 Action of a Diode Tube. If a positive c... |
he first time? 2. In what direction did the marked end of the magnet point when it came to rest the second time? Conclusions 1. Along what directional line will a freely suspended bar magnet always come to rest? 351 Chap. 31 2. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY Why do we call one end of a bar magnet the north-seeking pole and ... |
ard rubber or ebonite rod, glass rod, cat’s fur, piece of silk, small scraps of papers, sawdust and other light objects. Method 1. Rub the ebonite rod with the cat’s fur. Bring the rod near the objects. 2. Repeat the above procedure, rubbing the glass rod with the silk. Note Lucite rubbed with a sheet of rubber or poly... |
zation? How may they be prevented? Questions Why is the voltaic cell as used in this experiment not in common use to-day? 364 EXPERIMENTS ON MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY 2. What name, describing its action, can be given to the potassium dichromate in this experiment? EXPERIMENT 22 To determine the relationship between pot... |
ill the tumbler about three-quarters full of sulphuric acid solution. Immerse the lead strips in the solution so that they do not touch each other, connect them in series with the dry cells and let the current flow for about 5 minutes. Momentarily insert the galvanometer into the circuit to determine the direction of t... |
affect the magnitude of an induced E.M.F.? Question Why were the induced currents produced at the “make” and “break” of the primary circuit in experiment 36 much greater than those produced by other means? EXPERIMENT 38 To investigate the direction of an induced E.M.F. (Ref. Sec. V:61) (Lenz's Law), 379 Chap. 31 MAGNET... |
ions of a Subway Tunnel. R.C.A. Victor Company, Ltd. CHAPTER 32 MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS gets of research have become ordinary articles of commerce. This century has seen the “horseless carriage”, originally a luxury, become a necessity for business and pleasure. The airplane in one generation has undergone an am... |
to avoid striking obstacles. Highway traffic authorities find it valuable in tracking down speeding drivers. T he Electron Microscope It can be shown that the ability of a microscope to reveal the fine detail of an object (the resolving power) is limited by the wave-length of the light used. Consequently, the practical... |
with a most effective projectile with which to bombard atomic nuclei 400 because, having no charge, a neutron can approach the positive nucleus of an atom without any repulsive force. A common way of producing neutrons for to bombard beryllium this purpose is metal by a beam of fast-moving deu- Slow Neutron AN 92 MN 2... |
(i) 25 mm. (ii) 20 mm. Chapter 25, Section V : 39— Page 293 A (b) 22 volts 4 (c) 1 ohms (ii) 5.5, 2.8 amp. (i) 90 ohms (ii) 6 (b) 14 ohms. 1.2 amp. (iii) 60, 48 volts; (d) (i) 13 B 2 212.5 or 21 X 10 volts 1 12 ohms 4 (a) 0.12 amp.; (b) 11.9 or 12 volts and 0.06 volts 5 (a) 22 ohms; (b) 5.5 ohms 6 (a) 41.3 ohms; (b) 0... |
tion of charges, 276 {Exp. 362) Distributor, 328 Diverging lens, 203 Diverging pencil, 176 Division, 14, 15 Doppler’s principle, 66 Drums, 87 Dry, cell, 279-281; dock, 30; ice, 156; steam, 151 Dunlap Observatory, 234 Dynamo, alternating current, 317, 321 Ear, 81, 82; frequency limits of hearing, 65 Earth inductor, 320 ... |
397, 398 ; spongy, 301 Lead-acid storage battery, 300 {Exp. 372) Lead peroxide, 301 Left-hand rule, 305 {Exp. 374) Length, measurement of, 7, 8, 9; of conduc- tor and resistance, 288 Lenses, accommodation, 229; action of, 203 {Exp. 250); applications of, 210; crystalline, 228; focal length of, 205 {Exp. 249); formulae... |
, 109, 156 Rutherford, 398 Salts, 295 Saturation effect (magnetism), 265 Savart’s toothed wheel, 64 {Exp. 99) Scales, musical, 82-84; diatonic, 82; of equal temperament, 84, chromatic, 84 Scales, temperature, 121-123; absolute (Kelvin), 123; centigrade, 121; Fahrenheit, 121 Science, aim of, 8 Scientific method, 4, 259 ... |
checks (NOTE TO SELF: Add to this table as we go along with examples from each section.) Now you don’t have to memorise this table but you should read it. The best thing to do is to refer to it every time you do a calculation. 1.9 Temperature We need to make a special mention of the units used to describe temperature.... |
s wave are places where the pressure reaches a peak and the troughs are places where the pressure is a minimum. In the picture below we show the random placement of the gas molecules in a tube. The piston at the end moves into the tube with a repetitive motion. Before the flrst piston stroke the pressure is the same thr... |
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 1 0 -1 0 Eventually the picture looks like the complete reection through the x-axis of what we started -2 -1 -4 -3 4 3 2 1 with: 1 0 -1 0 Then all the points begin to move back. Each point on the line is oscillating up and down -1 -3 -4 -2 2 1 4 3 with a difierent amplitude. 22 1 0 -1 -3 -2 -4 0 If we s... |
bends around the edges of the hole. If the hole is small enough it acts like a point source of circular waves. This bending around the edges of the hole is called difiraction. To illustrate this behaviour we start by with Huygen’s principle. Huygen’s Principle Huygen’s principle states that each point on a wavefront act... |
e (often called a scan head) that is placed directly on and moved over the patient: a water-based gel ensures good contact between the patient and scan head. Ultrasonic waves are emitted from the scan head and sent into the body of the patient. The scan head also acts a receiver for reected waves. From detailed knowled... |
e formed. One may verify the above by placing an illuminated object on one side of a convex lens, ensuring that the distance between them is greater than the focal length (explained later). By placing a screen on the other side of the lens and varing the distance, one will acquire a sharp image of the object on the scr... |
head till it disappears. Then flll with water. Can you see it? diag real apparent depth Due to refraction a body which is at O beneath the water appears to be at I when seen from above. As a result of refraction the pool appears to be 1.5m instead of 2m. The relationship between the real depth and the apparent depth is... |
d by symbols capped with an arrow. As an example, ¡!s , ¡!v and ¡!F are all vectors (they have both magnitude and direction). Sometimes just the magnitude of a vector is required. In this case, is another the arrow is ommitted. In other words, F denotes the magnitude of vector ¡!F . way of representing the size of a ve... |
f vector addition using displacements. The arrows tell you how far to move and in what direction. Arrows to the right correspond to steps forward, while arrows to the left correspond to steps backward. Look at all of the examples below and check them. 1 step 1 step 1 step 1 step + + = = 2 steps 2 steps = = 2 steps 2 st... |
north of east. 68 The Parallelogram Method When needing to flnd the resultant of two vectors another graphical technique can be applied- the parallelogram method. The following strategy is employed: † † † † † Choose a scale and a reference direction. Choose either of the vectors to be added and draw it as an arrow of th... |
splacement into components in the directions north (¡!s N ) and east (¡!s E). Answer: Step 1 : Draw a rough sketch of the original vector W N S 30o E k m 0 5 2 Step 2 : Determine the vector component Next we resolve the displacement into its components north and east. Since these directions are orthogonal to one anothe... |
s taking their directions into account. Consider to the right as the positive direction Fres = (+5N ) + ( = 0N ¡ 5N ) As you work with more complex force diagrams, in which the forces do not exactly balance, 2N ). What does this mean? you may notice that sometimes you get a negative answer (e.g. Does it mean that we ha... |
aw tells us the relationship between acceleration and force for an object. Since we are only asked for the magnitude we do not need to worry about the directions of the vectors: FRes = ma 2m:s¡2 = 10kg = 20N £ Thus, there must be a resultant force of 20N acting on the box. Worked Example 18 Newton’s Second Law 2 Questi... |
come across at school are either gravitational or electromagnetic. Doesn’t that make life easy? 5.6.1 Newtonian Gravity Gravity is the attractive force between two objects due to the mass of the objects. When you throw a ball in the air, its mass and the earth’s mass attract each other, which leads to a force between t... |
ment 108 So, here we’ve shown that an object traveling at 10m/s for 5s has undergone a displacement of 50m. Important: The area between a velocity-time graph and the ‘time’ axis gives the displacement of the object. Here are a couple more velocity-time graphs to get used to) time y t i c o l e v b) time Figure 6.2: Som... |
ge in velocity, i.e. ¢v = v a = ¡ v u. Thus we have u ¡ t v = u + at Equation 6.2 In the previous section we saw that displacement can be calculated from the area between a velocity-time graph and the time-axis. For uniformly accelerated motion the most complicated velocity-time graph we can have is a straight line. Lo... |
the mass and velocity of the ball but we have only its mass and the magnitude of its velocity. In order to determine the velocity of the ball we need the direction of the ball’s motion. If the problem does not give an explicit direction we are forced to be general. In a case like this we could say that the direction o... |
locity of object 1 (m:s¡1 + direction) : flnal velocity of object 2 (m:s¡1 + direction) This equation is always true- momentum is always conserved in collisions. The chapter ‘Collisions and Explosions’ (Chapter ??) deals with applications of momentum conservation. 7.5 Impulse At the beginning of this chapter it was ment... |
the values and calculate the work done W = Fks = (15N )(20m) = 300 N = 300 J m ¢ Remember that the answer must be positive as the applied force and the motion are in the same direction (forwards). In this case, you (the pusher) lose energy, while the box gains energy. 141 Worked Example 40 Calculating Work Done II Que... |
it gains gravitational potential energy, while it loses gravitational potential energy as it falls. Worked Example 45 Gravitational potential energy 148 Question: How much potential energy does a brick with a mass of 1kg gain if it is lifted 4m. Answer: Step 1 : Analyse the question to determine what information is pro... |
carrying biogas for heat or power Processed biomass fertilizer Biogas bubbles Upside down floating container to catch biogas Input biomass Water forms a seal to keep air out Input biomass being digested Biomass can also be processed using anaerobic digestion to produce a gas that can be burned for heat or electricity.... |
we call K4, it means that the total kinetic energy after the collision is (9.3) KAfter = K3 + K4 (9.4) Since this is an elastic collision, the total momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision and the total kinetic energy before the collision equals the total kinetic energy after the col... |
alf of the sky, followed by a shock wave that 167 6 knocked people ofi their feet and broke windows up to 650 km away (the same as the distance from Bloemfontein to Durban!). The explosion registered on seismic stations across Europe and Asia, and produced uctuations in atmospheric pressure strong enough to be detected ... |
momentum energy Symbol Unit | | J ¡!v ¡!p E Units m s kg:m s kg:m s2 2 S.I. Units or m:s¡1 or kg:m:s¡1 or kg:m2s¡2 Direction X X | Table 9.1: Units commonly used in Collisions and Explosions Momentum: Kinetic energy: ¡!p = m¡!v Ek = 1 2 m¡!v 2 175 (9.13) (9.14) Chapter 10 Newtonian Gravitation 10.1 Properties Gravity ... |
ale (measuring newtons) inside a lift accelerating upwards at 4 m Answer: Step 1 : Decide what information is supplied We are given the mass of the man and his resultant acceleration - this is just the acceleration of the lift. We know the gravitational acceleration that acts on him. Step 2 : Decide which equation to u... |
Chemical The end product chemicals are sold to companies that use these chemicals to make shampoo, dishwashing liquid, plastic containers, fertilizer, etc. Anyway, some of these chemical reactions require high temperatures and pressures in order to work. These pressures result in forces being applied to the insides of ... |
a lower density than water, which is an unusual property for a material. 193 12.2.1 Solids, liquids, gasses 12.2.2 Pressure in uids 12.2.3 change of phase 12.3 Deformation of solids 12.3.1 strain, stress Stress () and strain (†) is one of the most fundamental concepts used in the mechanics of materials. The concept can... |
s a function of height h: where we take for p0 the atmospheric pressure at height h = 0, ‰ is the density of water at 20 degrees Celsius 998.23 kg/m3, g = 9.81 ms¡2. p = p0 + ‰ h g ¢ ¢ As the temperature is constant, it holds for both heights h Now solving for h using the fact that V0 = (p0 + ‰gh) p0 ¢ Ve ¢ yields Ve=V... |
ected in a new direction by collision with other gas molecules. The distance any single molecule travels between collisions will vary from very short to very long distances, but the average distance that a molecule travels between collisions in a gas can be calculated. This distance is called the mean free path l of th... |
ld cease and the pressure would then also be zero. No molecules would be moving. Experimentally, the absolute zero of temperature has never been attained, although modern experiments have extended to temperatures as low as 1 „K. However, at low temperatures, the interactions between the particles becomes important and ... |
unt of heating needed to change the temperature of a body by some amount is proportional to the amount of matter in the body. Thus, it is natural to write ¢Q = M C¢T (23.4) where M is the mass of material, ¢Q is the amount of energy transferred to the material, and ¢T is the change of the material’s temperature. The qu... |
arp enough. It is for this reason that buildings often have a lightning rod on the roof to remove any charge the building has collected. This minimises the possibility of the building being struck by lightning. This \spreading out" of charge would not occur if we were to place the charge on an insulator since charge ca... |
ould have the following result. Negative Charge Acting on Test Charge -Q Notice that it is almost identical to the positive charge case. This is important { the arrows are the same length because the magnitude of the charge is the same and so is the magnitude of the test charge. Thus the magnitude of the force is the s... |
started at rest, the gain in kinetic energy is the flnal kinetic energy, Eat A k = 400 J 13.5.2 Electrical Potential Difierence Consider a positive test charge +Q placed at A in the electric fleld of another positive point charge. + +Q A B The test charge moves towards B under the inuence of the electric fleld of the other... |
nstall piping to get water to ow where he or she wants it to ow. Wires made of highly conductive metals such as copper or aluminum are used to form this path. This means that there can be electric current only where there exists a continuous path of conductive material (wire) providing a path for electrons. In the marb... |
foot, or the same rock dropped from a height of one kilometre? Obviously, the drop of greater height results in greater energy released (a more violent impact). We cannot assess the amount of stored energy in a water reservoir simply by measuring the volume of water. Similarly, we cannot predict the severity of a falli... |
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