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-slit diffraction pattern, where λis the wavelength of light, Dis the slit width, is the angle between a line from the slit to a minimum and a line perpendicular to the screen, Lis the distance from the slit to the screen, yis the distance from the center of the pattern to the minimum, and mis a nonzero integer indicat... |
onstrating the sharper pattern. Natural diffraction gratings occur in the feathers of certain birds. Tiny, fingerlike structures in regular patterns act as reflection gratings, producing constructive interference that gives the feathers colors not solely due to their pigmentation. The effect is called iridescence. Figu... |
but its frequency remains constant. The equation , is related to the wavelength in a vacuum, shows how to the wavelength in a given medium, , and the refractive index, n, of the medium. The equation is useful for calculating the change in wavelength of a monochromatic laser beam in various media. The analysis of a diff... |
ould not be observed with traditional optics diffraction bending of a wave around the edges of an opening or an obstacle diffraction grating many of evenly spaced slits having dimensions such that they produce an interference pattern Huygens’s principle Every point on a wavefront is a source of wavelets that spread out... |
a new wavefront. b. Yes, this is a refraction effect, where the whole building acts as the origin for a new wavefront. c. No, this is a diffraction effect, where every point on the edge of the building’s shadow acts as the origin for a new wavefront. d. No, this is a diffraction effect, where the whole building acts a... |
tract each other. How do we know there are two types of electric charge? When various materials are rubbed together in controlled ways, certain combinations of materials always result in a net charge of one type on one material and a net charge of the opposite type on the other material. By convention, we call one type... |
he two pieces of tape together, as shown in Figure 18.5(c). What happens? Figure 18.5 Procedure for Part (b) 5. Stick one piece of tape on the nonmetallic surface, and stick the second piece of tape on top of the first piece, as shown in Figure 18.6(a). 6. Slowly peel off the two pieces by pulling on the handle of the ... |
first ball. Access for free at openstax.org. 18.1 • Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge 557 Figure 18.10 In the top row, a metal sphere with 100 excess electrons transfers 25 electrons to a metal sphere with an excess of 50 electrons. After the transfer, both spheres have 75 excess elect... |
eres together so that they all touch one another, what is the total charge on the three spheres? a. b. c. d. Check Your Understanding 5. How many types of electric charge exist? a. one type two types b. three types c. four types d. 6. Which are the two main electrical classifications of materials based on how easily ch... |
lied to the spheres in their initial positions gives Coulomb’s law applied to the spheres in their final positions gives Dividing the second equation by the first and solving for the final force leads to Inserting the known quantities yields 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 The force acts along the line joining the centers of the... |
arge (left) and a negative point charge of the same magnitude (right). (b) The electric field generated by two equal negative charges. Virtual Physics Probing an Electric Field Click to view content (http://www.openstax.org/l/28charge-field) This simulation shows you the electric field due to charges that you place on ... |
work does not change, except that now the work is done by the electric field: to a final position electric field is . The change in electric potential energy of the charge is thus . For a charge that falls through a constantelectric field E, the force applied to the charge by the or 18.21 18.22 This equation gives the ... |
ugh them, creating a potential difference between electroplaques. These potentials add up, and a large current can flow through the electrolyte. This geometry is reflected in batteries, which also use stacks of plates to produce larger potential differences. Figure 18.25 An electric eel in its natural environment. (cre... |
o separate charges, the energy of another part of the system must increase by the same amount. In fact, the energy from the battery is stored in the electric field between the plates. This idea is analogous to considering that the potential energy of a raised hammer is stored in Earth’s gravitational field. If the grav... |
ant called the dielectric constant. Because where capacitance increases when a dielectric is placed between the capacitor plates. The dielectric constant of several materials is shown in Table 18.1. is greater than 1 for dielectrics, the Material Dielectric Constant ( ) Vacuum 1.00000 Air 1.00059 Fused quartz 3.78 Neop... |
gravitation, the force between two masses is proportional to the product of the two masses. What plays the role of mass in Coulomb’s law? a. b. c. d. the electric charge the electric dipole the electric monopole the electric quadruple 18.3 Electric Field 7. Why can electric fields not cross each other? a. Many electric... |
escribe the similarities and differences between the two laws. Consider the signs of the quantities that create the interaction (i.e., mass and charge), the constants G and k, and their dependence on separation r. (c) Given that the electric force is much stronger than TEST PREP Multiple Choice 18.1 Electrical Charges,... |
obtain 67. Which electric field would produce a 10 N force in the the electric field. +x- direction on a charge of – 10 nC ? a. − 1.0 × 109 N/C 1.0 × 109 N/C b. 1.0 × 1010 N/C c. 1.0 × 1011 N/C d. 68. A positive charge is located at x= 0 . When a negative charge is placed at x= 10 cm, what happens to the electric fiel... |
w, as shown in Figure 19.2. Electrons will then move from the low-potential terminal of the battery (the negativeend) through the wire and enter the high-potential terminal of the battery (the positiveend). Figure 19.2 A battery has a wire connecting the positive and negative terminals, which allows electrons to move f... |
for current, , we can find the average current. Solution The average current is 19.4 19.5 Discussion This small current is typical of the current encountered in circuits such as this. Practice Problems 1. 10 nC of charge flows through a circuit in 3.0 × 10−6 s . What is the current during this time? a. The current pass... |
rmation. Electric circuits are made from many materials and cover a huge range of sizes, as shown in Figure 19.8. Computers and cell phones contain electric circuits whose features can be as small as roughly a billionth of a meter (a nanometer, or pathways that guide the current in these devices are made by ultraprecis... |
capacitors and switches. These are drawn as shown on the left side of Figure 19.12. A switch is a device that opens and closes the circuit, like a light switch. It is analogous to a valve in a water circuit, as shown on the right side of Figure 19.12. With the switch open, no current passes through the circuit. With th... |
t to the combination of the three resistors R1, R2, and R3. We will now try to find a single resistance that is equivalent to the three resistors in series on the left side of Figure 19.14. An equivalent resistor is a resistor that has the same resistance as the combined resistance of a set of other resistors. In other... |
Circuits electric charge must be conserved in a circuit, the sum of the currents going through each branch of the circuit must add up to the current going through the battery. In other words, we cannot magically create charge somewhere in the circuit and add this new charge to the current. Let’s check this reasoning b... |
on The resistor combination and can be reduced to an equivalent resistance of 19.38 by 19.39 Replacing and with this equivalent resistance gives the circuit below. We now replace the two upper resistors their equivalent resistor and . These resistors are in series, so we add them together to find the equivalent resista... |
plied across the lightbulb, what is the current through the lightbulb? STRATEGY We are given the voltage and the power output of a simple circuit containing a lightbulb, so we can use the equation find the current Ithat flows through the lightbulb. to Solution Solving for the current and inserting the given values for ... |
ich it can flow hence decreases the overall resistance. 19.4 Electric Power 9. To draw the most power from a battery, should you connect a small or a large resistance across its terminals? Explain. a. Small resistance, because smaller resistance will lead to the largest power b. Large resistance, because smaller resist... |
100-Ω resistor connected across its terminals? a. 0.1 A 1.0 A b. c. 0 d. 1,000 A 19.3 Parallel Circuits 38. A 10-Ω resistor is connected in parallel to another resistor R . The equivalent resistance of the pair is 8 Ω. What is the resistance R? 10 Ω a. b. 20 Ω 30 Ω c. 644 Chapter 19 • Test Prep d. 40 Ω 39. Are the res... |
liance. c. The appliances are connected in series to provide the same voltage difference across each appliance. d. The appliances are connected in series to provide different voltage differences across each appliance. 19.4 Electric Power 67. A single resistor is connected across the terminals of a battery When you atta... |
rial called domains act like small bar magnets. Within domains, the magnetic poles of individual atoms are aligned. Each atom acts like a tiny bar magnet. Domains are small and randomly oriented in an unmagnetized ferromagnetic object. In response to an external magnetic field, the domains may grow to millimeter size, ... |
strength B of the magnetic field is given by where Iis the current in the wire in amperes. The SI unit for magnetic field is the tesla (T). The symbol —read “mu-zero”—is a constant called the “permeability of free space” and is given by 20.2 20.1 Access for free at openstax.org. 20.1 • Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and... |
ves The factor q/tin this equation is nothing more than the current in the wire. Thus, using , we obtain 20.5 20.6 This equation gives the force on a straight current-carrying wire of length angle between the current vector and the magnetic field vector. Note that for which as shown in Figure 20.19. in a magnetic field... |
nt of the loop. Again using the right-hand rule, we find that the force exerted on this segment is perpendicular to the magnetic field, as shown in Figure 20.23. This force produces a torque on the shaft. Repeating this analysis on the right vertical segment of the loop shows that the force on this segment is in the di... |
es a current in the secondary coil. LINKS TO PHYSICS Magnetic Rope Memory To send men to the moon, the Apollo program had to design an onboard computer system that would be robust, consume little power, and be small enough to fit onboard the spacecraft. In the 1960s, when the Apollo program was launched, entire buildin... |
Figure 20.33 with Figure 20.33) results in a current in the opposite direction. Figure 20.33 Movement of a magnet relative to a coil produces electric currents as shown. The same currents are produced if the coil is moved relative to the magnet. The greater the speed, the greater the magnitude of the current, and the ... |
flows around the coil. Virtual Physics Faraday’s Electromagnetic Lab Click to view content (http://www.openstax.org/l/Faraday-EM-lab) This simulation proposes several activities. For now, click on the tab Pickup Coil, which presents a bar magnet that you can move through a coil. As you do so, you can see the electrons... |
another; the direction in which the right thumb points is the direction of the resulting vector induction rate at which energy is drawn from a source per unit current flowing through a circuit magnetic dipole term that describes magnets because they solenoid uniform cylindrical coil of wire through which electric curr... |
th pole up, is a current induced in the copper tube? If so, in what direction? Consider when the copper tube is approaching the bar magnet. a. Yes, the induced current will be produced in the clockwise direction when viewed from above. b. No, the induced current will not be produced. Problems 20.1 Magnetic Fields, Fiel... |
rough the loop changes continuously. 46. The plane of a square wire circuit with side 4.0 cm long is at an angle of 45° with respect to a uniform magnetic field of 0.25 T. The wires have a resistance per unit length of 0.2. If the field drops to zero in 2.5 s, what magnitude current is induced in the square circuit? 35... |
ackbody. A perfect blackbody is one that absorbs and re-emits all radiated energy that is incident upon it. Imagine wearing a tight shirt that did this! This phenomenon is often modeled with quite a different scenario. Imagine carving a small hole in an oven that can be heated to very high temperatures. As the temperat... |
, it was the first indication that energy was quantized on a small scale as well. This discovery earned Planck the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 and was such a revolutionary departure from classical physics that Planck himself was reluctant to accept his own idea. The general acceptance of Planck’s energy quantization... |
t as with Planck’s blackbody radiation, Einstein’s concept of the photon could take hold in the scientific community only if it could succeed where classical physics failed. The photoelectric effect would be a key to demonstrating Einstein’s brilliance. Consider the following five properties of the photoelectric effect... |
it. Next time you are at the movie theater, pay close attention to the sound coming out of the speakers. This sound is actually created using the photoelectric effect! The audiotape in the projector booth is a transparent piece of film of varying width. This film is fed between a photocell and a bright light produced b... |
trons. This phenomenon could be handled as a collision between two particles—a photon and an electron at rest in the material. After careful observation, it was found that both energy and momentum were conserved in the collision. See Figure 21.11. For the discovery of this conserved scattering, now known as the Compton... |
ilize mass as a variable in their formulas 23. If solar sails were constructed with more massive materials, how would this influence their effectiveness? a. The effect of the momentum would increase due to the decreased inertia of the sails. b. The effect of the momentum would reduce due to the decreased inertia of the... |
contain material that has high binding energy. c. Because after reaching the peak frequency, the d. A light meter should contain a material that does photons created at a particular frequency are too many for energy intensity to continue to increase. d. Because after reaching the peak frequency, the photons created at ... |
ma rays considered ionizing radiation? a. UV, X-rays, and gamma rays are capable of ejecting photons from a surface. b. UV, X-rays, and gamma rays are capable of ejecting neutrons from a surface. c. UV, X-rays, and gamma rays are capable of ejecting Short Answer 21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light 42. What is the m... |
ld’s swing under such circumstances. a. The child would not be able to swing with particular energies. b. The child could be released from any height. c. The child would be able to swing with constant velocity. d. The child could be released only from particular heights. 69. What is the accelerating voltage of an X-ray... |
through the foil unobstructed, Rutherford and his collaborators Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden found that alpha particles occasionally were scattered to large angles, and some even came back in the direction from which they came! The result, called Rutherford scattering, implied that the gold nuclei were actually very... |
ied by Bohr, has the orbits of the electrons quantized. Only certain orbits are allowed, explaining why atomic spectra are discrete or quantized. The energy carried away from an atom by a photon comes from the electron dropping from one allowed orbit to another and is thus quantized. The same is true for atomic absorpt... |
tron dropping from the third orbital to the ground state of a hydrogen atom? Strategy The ground state of a hydrogen atom is considered the first orbital of the atom. As a result, nf= 1 and ni= 3. The Rydberg constant has already been determined and will be constant regardless of atom chosen. Solution For the equation ... |
h as why the core of Earth remains molten and how the Sun produces its energy, are explained by nuclear phenomena. The exploration of radioactivity and the nucleus has revealed new fundamental particles, forces, and conservation laws. That exploration has evolved into a search for further underlying structures, such as... |
es on one another. Considering that, it seems that the nucleus would be forced apart, not together! The answer is that a previously unknown force holds the nucleus together and makes it into a tightly packed ball of nucleons. This force is known as the strong nuclear force. The strong force has such a short range that ... |
first direct detection of radiation was Becquerel’s darkened photographic plate. Photographic film is still the most common detector of ionizing radiation, being used routinely in medical and dental X-rays. Nuclear radiation can also be captured on film, as seen in Figure 22.22. The mechanism for film exposure by radia... |
not performed on the shroud until 1988, when the process had been refined to the point where only a small amount of material needed to be destroyed. Samples were tested at three independent laboratories, each being given four pieces of cloth, with only one unidentified piece found in from the shroud, to avoid prejudic... |
or design called the pressurized water reactor. 750 Chapter 22 • The Atom Figure 22.28 A pressurized water reactor is cleverly designed to control the fission of large amounts of 235U, while using the heat produced in the fission reaction to create steam for generating electrical energy. Control rods adjust neutron flu... |
nt hydrogen remains. Energy released diffuses slowly to the surface, with the exception of neutrinos, which escape immediately. Energy production remains stable because of negative-feedback effects. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Power The world was in political turmoil when fission was discovered in 1938. Compounding the... |
e the efficiency of the tokamak confinement model. Once the plasma fuses, high-velocity neutrons are ejected from the newly formed helium atoms. Those high velocity neutrons, carrying the excess energy stored within bonds of the original hydrogen, are able to travel unaffected by the applied magnetic field. In doing so... |
y in the tissue they developed to fight, thus localizing the radiation in abnormal tissue. This method is used with radioactive iodine to fight thyroid cancer. While the therapeutic ratio can be quite high for such short-range radiation, there can be a significant dose for organs that eliminate radiopharmaceuticals fro... |
res) in which nucleons in a nucleus act like atoms in a drop mass number number of nucleons in a nucleus nuclear fission reaction in which a nucleus splits SECTION SUMMARY 22.1 The Structure of the Atom • Rutherford’s gold foil experiment provided evidence that the atom is composed of a small, dense nucleus with electr... |
much lower than that in air. c. While the alpha particle has a lesser charge than a beta particle, the electron density in lead is much greater than that in air. Access for free at openstax.org. 11. Provide an example of something that decreases in a manner similar to radioactive decay. a. The potential energy of an o... |
a rays. b. The penetration distance, which depends on energy, is long for both X-rays and gamma rays. c. The penetration distance, as determined by their high mass, is different for both X-rays and gamma rays. d. The penetration distance, as determined by their low mass, is the same for both X-rays and gamma rays. 770 ... |
lation of conservation of mass-energy, travels from the proton to the neutron and is recaptured. It is not 774 Chapter 23 • Particle Physics directly observable and is called a virtual particle. Note that the proton and neutron change identity in the process. The range of the force is limited by the fact that the pion ... |
own limitations provided by nature. While some expected reactions do occur, others do not, and still other unexpected reactions may appear. New laws are revealed, and the vast majority of what we know about particle physics has come from accelerator laboratories. It is the particle physicist’s favorite indoor sport. Ou... |
for transmitting fundamental forces between their interacting masses. Leptons are a group of six particles not bound by the strong nuclear force, of which the electron is one. As for quarks, they are the fundamental building blocks of a group of particles called hadrons, a group that includes both the proton and the n... |
proton and neutron shown here, are composed of three quarks. All mesons, such as the pions shown here, are composed of a quark–antiquark pair. Arrows represent the spins of the quarks. The colors are such that they need to add to white for any possible combination of quarks. You may have noticed that while the proton a... |
you have an innate desire to unravel life’s great mysteries and further understand the nature of the physical world, a career in particle physics may be for you! Particle physicists have played a critical role in much of society’s technological progress. From lasers to computers, televisions to space missions, splittin... |
stances Access for free at openstax.org. 23.3 • The Unification of Forces 791 (going from left to right), with 100 GeV corresponding to approximately 10−18 m, for example. At that distance, the strengths of the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces are the same. To test this, energies of about 100 GeV are put into th... |
is considered a precursor to the Grand Unified Theory? a. The grand unified theory seeks relate the electroweak and strong nuclear forces to one another just as related energy and mass. b. The grand unified theory seeks to relate the electroweak force and mass to one another just as related energy and mass. c. The gra... |
combined such that the sum of their charges results in an 798 Chapter 23 • Chapter Review integral value. 7. Why do leptons not feel the strong nuclear force? a. Gluons are the carriers of the strong nuclear force that interacts between quarks through color interactions, but leptons are constructed of quarks that do no... |
ng force will start moving randomly. As a result, the force between them will decrease. 29. If some unknown cause of the red shift, such as light becoming tiredfrom traveling long distances through empty space, is discovered, what effect would there be on cosmology? a. The effect would be substantial, as the Big Bang i... |
four fundamental forces incorporated into the Standard Model of the atom? a. The four fundamental forces are represented by their carrier particles, the electrons. 60. Which particles in the Standard Model account for the majority of matter with which we are familiar? a. particles in fourth column of the Standard Model... |
by the equation . Access for free at openstax.org. Appendix A • Reference Tables 807 APPENDIX A Reference Tables Figure A1 Periodic Table of Elements Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value tera giga T G mega M kilo hecto k h deka da 1012 deci d c centi milli m micro nano pico µ n p 109 106 103 102 101 10–1 10–2 10–3 ... |
010 y 3.28 × 104 y 1.59 × 103 y 7.04 × 108 y 2.34 × 107 y Atomic number, Z Name Atomic Mass Number, A Symbol Atomic Mass (u) Percent Abundance or Decay Mode Halflife, t1/2 Appendix A • Reference Tables 819 β– β– α α α 238 239 239 Neptunium 238.050 784 99.2745%, α 238U 239U 239.054 289 239Np 239.052 933 Plutonium 239 23... |
ctivity 744 air resistance 162 alpha (α) decay 738 alpha particle 738 alternating current 606 ampere 604 amplitude 180, 390, 417, 457 amplitude modulation 461 analytical method 153 Anger camera 758 angle of incidence 478 angle of reflection 478 angle of refraction 491 angle of rotation 198 angular acceleration 212, 261... |
simple pendulum 181 Simultaneity 310 Single-photon-emission computer tomography 758 slope 36 Snap Lab 54 Snell’s law 491 solenoid 657 sonic boom 432 Sound 416 sound intensity 423 sound intensity level 424 south pole 650 special relativity 305, 310 specific heat 332 specular 479 speed 54, 62, 122, 417 Spin 198 Standard... |
s and prototypes on the basis of established criteria 4 Unit I 01-PearsonPhys20-Chap01 7/23/08 11:43 AM Page 5 1-1 QuickLab 1-1 QuickLab Match a Motion Problem What types of motions can you generate using ticker tape? Questions 1. Describe the spacing between dots on each ticker Materials clacker power supply ticker ta... |
t her hand travels during that time. Answers 1. 160.0 m [N] 2. 2.75 m [left] 3. 6.80 m, 0 m Chapter 1 Graphs and equations describe motion in one dimension. 9 01-PearsonPhys20-Chap01 7/23/08 11:43 AM Page 10 For all subsequent problems in this book, you will be using plus and minus signs to indicate direction. This met... |
1.0 0.0 0.0 Position vs. Time 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Time (s) Figure 1.15(b) Compare this graph with the graph in Figure 1.12. If you change your reference frame, the position-time graph also changes. From the graph, slope v d t d d i f ti tf 0.0 m (5.0 m) 5.0 s 0.0 s 1.0 m/s The velocity of the golf ball is 1.0 m/s. What... |
uniform motion, how far would car 1 travel in 15 s? 9. Assuming uniform motion, how long would it take car 2 5 Turn the spark timer on as you release the car from its to travel 30 m? initial position. 6 Observe the path of car 1 until the ticker tape is used up. Label the ticker tape “car 1.” 7 Repeat steps 2–6 for car... |
in Table 1.4. The position-time graph for this data is shown in Figure 1.28. From the graph, note that the object is speeding up because the displacement between data points increases for each successive time interval. Which ticker tape in Figure 1.25 matches the graph in Figure 1.28? ▼ Table 1.4 Time (s) Position (m [... |
directions (signs), the object slows down. Concept Check (a) Think of two more examples of objects not mentioned in this text that are speeding up and slowing down. In each case, indicate the signs or directions of velocity and acceleration. (b) Under what circumstances can an object have a negative acceleration and b... |
is negative. For eastward displacement (above the time axis), Velocity vs. Time Time (h) 1.0 2.0 3. 400 200 0 200 400 Figure 1.41 To calculate net displacement, add the areas above and below the time axis. area dd 300 vt km h 600 km (2.0 h) Chapter 1 Graphs and equations describe motion in one dimension. 33 01-PearsonP... |
’s total displacement. (c) Find the average velocity of the object. Answers 1. (a) 6 m [N], 18 m [N], 6 m [N], 6 m [N], 9 m [N] (b) 15 m [N] (c) 1.5 m/s [N] A: A l w bh 1 2 d (2.0 m s 1 )(1.0 s) (1.0 s)(2.0 2 m s ) 3.0 m B: A l w d (4.0 m s 8.0 m )(3.0 s 1.0 s) C: A l w bh 1 2 d (4.0 m s 1 )(1.0 s) (1.0 s)(2.0 2 m s ) ... |
cylindrical piston the length of a football field controls the launch of a fighter plane from the deck of a carrier ship (Figure 1.52). Too much pressure and the nose gear is ripped off; too little pressure and the plane crashes into the ocean. This propulsion system accelerates a 20 000-kg plane from rest to 74 m/s (2... |
oise covered 5.48 m in 43.7 s at the National Tortoise Championships in Tickhill, UK, to set a world record on July 2, 1977. It was moving at 0.45 km/h. The more standard form of the fifth kinematics equation is vf 2 vi 2 2ad This equation is applied in the next example. Example 1.16 Practice Problems 1. A jetliner lan... |
t 0.20 s t 0.30 s d 1 d 2 Figure 1.59(b) e LAB d 3 For a probeware activity, go to www.pearsoned.ca/school/physicssource. Chapter 1 Graphs and equations describe motion in one dimension. 55 01-PearsonPhys20-Chap01 7/23/08 11:43 AM Page 56 e TECH Use graphical analysis to determine acceleration due to Earth’s gravity. G... |
urled up and about 201 km/h [down] with arms and legs fully extended to catch the wind. v lands on the ground is v a i t at v f f i v 0.00 m/s (9.81 m/s2)(1.02 s) 10.0 m/s The negative sign means that the direction is downward. Paraphrase (a) It takes the ball 1.02 s to return to the clown’s hand. (b) The final velocit... |
m to the south, sees the event and gives chase. If the officer is a good sprinter, going 7.5 m/s, how far will she have to run to catch the thief? Chapter 1 Graphs and equations describe motion in one dimension. 65 01-PearsonPhys20-Chap01 7/23/08 11:43 AM Page 66 Maintaining that acceleration, how long will it take the... |
ll spends in the air? 5. Two objects start from the same height at the same time. One is dropped while the other is given an initial horizontal velocity. Which one hits the ground first? Discuss your answers in a small group and record them for later reference. As you complete each section of this chapter, review your ... |
what is the length of the scale vector diagram of 20 m [S]? 4. What scale is being used if 5.0 cm represents 100 km? Applications 5. The scale on a National Geographic world map is 1.0 cm : 520 km. On the map, 4.0 cm separates Alberta’s north and south provincial boundaries. What is the separation in kilometres? 6. Du... |
re non-collinear (Figure 2.22). To determine the magnitude and direction of the sum of two or more non-collinear vectors graphically, use an accurately drawn scale vector diagram. Imagine you are walking north a distance of 40 m. Your initial 1. You stop, head west a distance position from your starting point is d 2. T... |
ctors. Consider the following scenario. During a lacrosse game, players pass the ball from one person to another (Figure 2.32). The ball can then be redirected for a shot on goal. Each of the displacements could involve different angles. In order to find the net displacement, you would use the following sequence of cal... |
ion is motion measured with respect to an observer. Concept Check An observer is on a train moving at a velocity of 25 m/s [forward]. A ball rolls at 25 m/s [forward] with respect to the floor of the moving train. What is the velocity of the ball relative to the observer on the train? What is the velocity of the ball r... |
2.25 h. If the wind is blowing at 40.0 km/h [65° N of W], what should be the plane’s air velocity in order to reach the airstrip on time? d = 350.0 km [W] vground vwind = 40.0 km/h [65º N of W] Figure 2.53 96 Unit I Kinematics 02-PearsonPhys20-Chap02 7/24/08 10:17 AM Page 97 40.0 km/h [65 N of W] wind Given v d t 2.25 ... |
arsonPhys20-Chap02 7/24/08 10:17 AM Page 102 2.4 Projectile Motion Sports are really science experiments in action. Consider golf balls, footballs, and tennis balls. All of these objects are projectiles (Figure 2.60). You know from personal experience that there is a relationship between the distance you can throw a ba... |
m/s Figure 2.68 y d y x d x Figure 2.69 Given For convenience, choose forward and down to be positive because the motion is forward and down (Figure 2.69). x direction vix 18.0 m/s y direction ay dy 9.81 m/s2 [down] 9.81 m/s2 20.0 m Required distance from the base of the cliff (dx) Analysis and Solution Since there is ... |
vectors are parallel? Explain. 4. Water safety instructors tell novice swimmers to put their toes over the edge and jump out into the pool. Explain why, using concepts from kinematics and projectile motion. Applications 5. Participants in a road race take water from a refreshment station and throw their empty cups awa... |
and its initial horizontal speed is 4.50 m/s? Extensions 26. During the Apollo 14 mission, Alan Shepard was the first person to hit a golf ball on the Moon. If a golf ball was launched from the Moon’s surface with a velocity of 50 m/s [35] and the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is 1.61 m/s2, (a) how long was t... |
5.0 0 0 2.0 4.0 8.0 6.0 Time (s) 10.0 12.0 7. Sketch a position-time graph for each statement below. Assume that right is positive. (a) object accelerating to the right (b) object accelerating to the left (c) object travelling at a constant velocity left (d) object at rest (e) object travelling with constant velocity ... |
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