text stringlengths 790 2.88k |
|---|
studies that current in one direction is called a direct current (DC). A simple DC electric motor consists of three fundamental components: • a stator—a frame with a coil or permanent magnet to provide a magnetic field • an armature or rotor—a rotating loop of conducting wire on a shaft • a commutator—a split metal ri... |
the wire. The experiment was of particular significance for space scientists because it showed that Figure 12.33 A satellite tethered to a NASA space shuttle Chapter 12 Properties of electric and magnetic fields apply in nature and technology. 609 12-PearsonPhys30-Chap12 7/24/08 3:35 PM Page 610 this procedure could p... |
physicssource. 610 Unit VI Forces and Fields 12-PearsonPhys30-Chap12 7/24/08 3:35 PM Page 611 In a simplified version of their experiment, shown in Figure 12.35, a magnet is moved toward a coil of conducting wire connected to a sensitive galvanometer. When the magnet approaches the coil, the galvanometer’s needle defle... |
induction: production of electricity by magnetism Project LINK How would you apply the principle of electromagnetic induction and the operation of commutators to construct a DC generator wire movement Fm B induced current (a) wire movement induced current Fm B A electron flow (b) Figure 12.36 A current can be induced ... |
the coil of conducting wire 4. What is the effect of relative motion between a conducting wire and a magnetic field? 5. Does it make any difference if the magnet or the conducting wire is moved? 6. What are the factors that determine the magnitude and direction of the induced current when there is relative motion betw... |
apply in nature and technology. 613 12-PearsonPhys30-Chap12 7/24/08 3:35 PM Page 614 12.4 Magnetic Fields, Moving Charges, and New and Old Technologies info BIT Michael Faraday built the first electric motor in 1821. This motor had a stiff wire hanging from a stand. The lower end of the wire was immersed in a cup of m... |
converted to a mechanical sound wave in air. 614 Unit VI Forces and Fields superconducting electromagnet jet of water Figure 12.39 MHD uses magnetic fields as a propulsion system for seagoing vessels. The MHD propulsion system is an experimental system for seagoing vessels to replace conventional propeller systems. MH... |
monitor uses induced currents to measure an infant’s breathing (Figure 12.41). A coil of wire attached to one side of the infant’s chest carries an alternating current, which produces a magnetic field. This alternating field cuts another coil taped to the other side of the chest and induces an alternating current in t... |
Magnet Length of Copper (m)(kg) Pipe (d)(m) Average Time Taken for the Magnet to Fall Through the Pipe (t)(s) 2 Measure the mass of the magnet on the scale, and record it in Table 12.4. 3 Measure the length of the copper pipe, and record it in Table 12.4. 4 Holding the pipe in a vertical position, drop the magnet from... |
in a circular motion around the circular pipe, so it creates its own vertical magnetic field, inside the metal tube (the motor effect). The direction of the magnetic field can be directed either upward or downward. The direction of the magnetic field that is produced by the circular induced current in the pipe can hav... |
�s law? The principle behind Lenz’s law also hinders the operation of electric motors and generators. For an electric motor to operate, an electric current must first be supplied through a conducting loop of wire in a magnetic field, causing the motor effect, so the loop will rotate. 618 Unit VI Forces and Fields 12-Pe... |
positive charges around a circle of electrodes. The charges jump around the stator electrodes, that are measured Figure 12.44 A rosette nanotube causing an electrically charged rotor to spin around and rotate a nanotube shaft. This spinning rotor provides mechanical energy, similar to a conventional electric motor. Th... |
to start the operation of the device. (b) Describe what you get out of the operation of the device (generator effect). (c) Using Lenz’s law, explain how the operation of the generator also produces the motor effect to hinder its own operation. 6. Explain why you will feel a force of repulsion if you attempt to move a ... |
ism: (a) William Gilbert (b) Hans Christian Oersted (c) André Ampère (d) Michael Faraday 2. (12.1) State the definition of (a) a magnetic field (b) the direction of a magnetic field 3. (12.1) Compare a magnetic vector arrow at a point near a magnet and a magnetic field line around a magnet. 4. (12.1) How was it determi... |
charge is doubled? 17. Use domain theory to explain the difference between a permanent and a temporary magnet. 18. You are told that a straight piece of copper wire has a steady current in it. Given only a compass, describe how you can find the direction of the current in the wire. 19. A drinking straw with a green gr... |
.00 4.02 1.01 0.45 0.25 0.16 (a) Draw a graph of the magnetic force as a function of separation distance. (b) From the shape of the graph, what is the relationship between force and separation? 27. An airplane is flying east over Earth’s magnetic north pole. As a result of its motion, one wing was detected as having mo... |
person is increasing every year, so more efficient methods of electrical energy production are being sought all the time. All DC electrical generators consist of three major parts: coils of wire wrapped around a core to make the armature, a commutator, and an external magnetic field. As you learned in this unit, the o... |
. What modifications did you make in the construction of your model of a generator that affected the magnitude of the generated voltage? 2. What other type of commutator could you have used in the design of your generator? What type of current would be induced by this commutator? 3. 4. Identify at least three risks and... |
3 Electrical Interactions and the Law of Conservation of Energy When a charge is placed in an electric field, it experiences a force that causes it to accelerate in the direction of the field. The acceleration of the charge is different in a non-uniform field surrounding a point charge than the acceleration of the char... |
7 Inquiry Lab Lenz’s law Lenz’s law explains how a motor is really a generator and a generator is really a motor. Minds On Unit VI Forces and Fields 625 12-PearsonPhys30-Chap12 7/24/08 3:35 PM Page 626 UNIT VI REVIEW Vocabulary 1. Use your own words to define the following terms, concepts, principles, or laws. Give exa... |
-PearsonPhys30-Chap12 7/24/08 3:35 PM Page 627 11. Draw the electric field lines around 22. Justify the following statement: “A charge (a) a negative point charge (b) a positive charge and a negative point charge in the same region (c) a negatively charged cone-shaped object 12. Why is there no net electric field insid... |
charged rubber rod. Describe the distribution of charge on each object. 30. Describe how Earth’s surface can become positively charged during a thunderstorm. In your description, include the terms “charging by friction” and “charging by conduction.” 31. Assume you have only a negatively charged ebonite rod. Describe a... |
) 37. Explain how the properties of selenium are essential in the operation of a photocopier. 38. Explain the difference between charge shift and charge migration during the process of charging by induction. 39. The cell membrane of a neuron may be thought of as charged parallel plates. The electric potential differenc... |
00 C be placed so that the net electrostatic force acting on this charge is zero? 48. Two oppositely charged parallel plates have a voltage of 2.5 104 V between them. If 1.24 J of work is required to move a small charge from one plate to the other, calculate the magnitude of the charge. 49. A wire that is 0.30 m long, ... |
An electron with a mass of 9.11 1031 kg and a charge of magnitude 1.60 1019 C is 5.29 1011 m from a proton with a mass of 1.67 1027 kg and a charge of magnitude 1.60 1019 C. Calculate (a) the gravitational force of attraction between the two masses (b) the electrical force of attraction between the two charges (c) how... |
a deuteron with a mass of 3.3 1027 kg and a charge of magnitude 1.6 1019 C from rest to a speed of 8.0 105 m/s. Unit VI Forces and Fields 629 12-PearsonPhys30-Chap12 7/24/08 3:35 PM Page 630 61. A uniform electric field of 7.81 106 N/C exists between two oppositely charged parallel plates, separated by a distance of 3... |
�s law influences the movement of the magnet toward the coil of wire. (c) Explain what happens to the galvanometer readings as the north pole of the magnet is pulled out of the coil of wire. (d) Describe how Lenz’s law influences the movement of the magnet away from the coil of wire. 70. Why is lightning more likely to... |
of gravitational, magnetic, and electric fields. 79. Construct a concept map for solving a two- dimensional electrostatic force problem involving three charges at the corners of a triangle. 80. Design an experiment to show that electrostatic forces vary with the inverse square law. Self-assessment 82. Describe to a cl... |
was taken by the Hubble space telescope (visible part of the spectrum), and image (d) by the Spitzer space telescope (infrared). 632 Unit VII 13-PearsonPhys30-Chap13 7/24/08 3:43 PM Page 633 (d) Unit at a Glance C H A P T E R 1 3 The wave model can be used to describe the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation. ... |
Society explain that scientific knowledge may lead to the development of new technologies and new technologies may lead to scientific discovery explain that scientific knowledge is subject to change as new evidence is found and as laws and theories are tested and subsequently restricted, revised, or reinforced based o... |
Chapters 10–12, come together when you consider EMR. You will investigate the generation, speed, and propagation of EMR, and see how light can be reflected, refracted, diffracted, and polarized. In each instance, the wave and particle nature of light is revealed, helping us to understand these complex phenomena and ap... |
. When EMR is absorbed by the tissues in the human eye, a compound called retinal changes in physical form from bent to straight. The retinal molecule, in turn, is connected to a membrane-bound protein called opsin forming the complex molecule called rhodopsin. When the retinal molecule changes its form, it separates f... |
PearsonPhys30-Chap13 7/24/08 3:43 PM Page 637 electromagnetic spectrum: all types of EMR considered in terms of frequency, wavelength, or energy e WEB To learn more about the different types of EMR and the trends seen across the spectrum, follow the links at www.pearsoned.ca/school/ physicssource. Types of Electromagne... |
638 Table 13.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Characteristics Method of Production Characteristics Problems oscillation of electrons in an electric circuit like an antenna oscillation of electrons in special tubes and solid state devices motion of particles, transitions of valence electrons in atoms and molecules highe... |
either spontaneously or by the sudden negative accelerations from highenergy particle accelerators Cosmic f 1024 Hz and greater 1016 m and less relative energy: extremely high bombardment of Earth’s atmosphere by extremely high-energy particles from space 638 Unit VII Electromagnetic Radiation 13-PearsonPhys30-Chap13 ... |
has its origins in the 17th century when the Dutch mathematician and scientist Christiaan Huygens argued that light consisted of waves. He suggested light waves could interfere to produce a wave front, travelling outward in a straight line. At the time, however, Huygens’ wave theory was overshadowed by the immense sci... |
–1947) proposed a radically new model to explain the spectrum of radiation emitted from a perfectly black object. In a mathematical derivation Planck assumed that all of the vibrating molecules, “oscillators,” in the black body could vibrate with only specific, discrete amounts of energy. In doing so, he had to ignore ... |
following best describes the word “model”? (a) simplified description of a complex entity or process; (b) a representation of something on a smaller scale; (c) both a and b. 2. Explain your answer from part 1 and provide several examples of models that are used in a similar way. 3. The EMR spectrum includes many class... |
/08 3:44 PM Page 642 S N Figure 13.11 The number of magnetic field lines that exit a magnetic material is equal to the number of magnetic field lines that enter a magnetic material — forming a closed loop. capacitor: two conductors, holding equal amounts of opposite charges, placed near one another without touching Max... |
wise. Begin with a plane transverse wave that shows an electric field of varying strength (Figure 13.12). Next, consider two of the electric field lines on the transverse wave, an upward one at one location and the corresponding downward one at another. Imagine a path connecting the tips of these two electric field vec... |
of 3.00 108 m/s for the speed of light in a vacuum.) 4. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields will always be perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. 5. Electromagnetic waves should show all the phenomena associated with transverse waves: interference, diffracti... |
.16). 3. Electromagnetic waves create electric current in antenna loop; produces small spark in spark gap. 2. Spark produces electromagnetic waves. 1. Induction coil produces high voltage. e WEB To learn more about details of Hertz’s experiment, follow the links at www.pearsoned.ca/school/ physicssource. Figure 13.16 H... |
new age of technology had dawned. The production of EMR was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 19th century, ushering in new possibilities and technologies that are commonplace today. M I N D S O N Going Wireless e WEB To learn more about Marconi and details of the first trans-Atlantic radio transmissi... |
by Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937). He recognized the potential for transmitting information using electromagnetic waves, by coding the information into dots and dashes, like the Morse code already used in telegraphy. Today, the dots and dashes have been replaced by an analog signal, which uses a continuous spectrum of ... |
and from the cell phone to another subscriber of the same cell phone network or through an interconnected public switched telephone network that uses fibre optic and copper land lines to transmit the data. When in use, a cell phone converts the analog voice signal of the person talking into a stream of digital data, w... |
types of EMR in the spectrum and the ways in which they are classified. 3. Define EMR using the (a) particle model (b) wave model (c) quantum model 4. Describe the evidence that Thomas Young obtained from the two-slit experiment and explain how it supported the wave model of light. 10. If the magnetic field lines held... |
, which describe electric and magnetic forces between moving charged particles. Using today’s currently accepted values of ke and km, we can show that the magnetic field and the electrical field are related by a particular speed. 8.99 109 N 2 m 2 C s2 1.00 107 N 2 C 2 m 8.99 1016 s2 k e k m 8.99 1016 2.99 108 m m2 s2 s... |
of astronomical data collected over many years. Roemer knew that the moon Io should be eclipsed and disappear behind Jupiter at regular, periodic intervals (every 42.5 h). However, he discovered that Io appeared to be eclipsed later than scheduled when Earth was farther away from Jupiter and earlier than scheduled whe... |
.22 Fizeau’s original apparatus for measuring the time it takes light to travel the distance (8.63 km) and back Figure 13.23 Fizeau’s apparatus for measuring the speed of light in water light source Three years later Fizeau conducted an investigation to determine if the speed of light was affected by a moving medium su... |
of others, Albert Michelson performed an experiment in 1905, using a rotating set of mirrors instead of a toothed wheel. A very intense light source was directed at an 8-sided, rotating set of mirrors, which reflected the light toward a curved mirror located 35 km away. After travelling 35 km, the light was reflected ... |
of light in air was found to be 2.98 108 m/s. 13-2 QuickLab 13-2 QuickLab Measuring the Speed of EMR Problem Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation and travel at the speed of light. They have a defined wavelength and frequency when they travel in a vacuum or in air. The universal wave equation v frelates t... |
speed of light, the difference in eclipse times for Jupiter’s moon Io, is measured. If an eclipse occurs 24 min later than expected, and Earth’s orbital diameter is 3.0 1011 m, calculate the speed of light. 5. A communications satellite is in orbit around Earth at an altitude of 2.00 104 km. If the satellite is direct... |
the exact distance between each satellite and the receiver can be determined. (b) Explain how the receiver’s location relative to all three satellites indicates an exact coordinate on Earth’s surface. e TEST To check your understanding of speed and propagation of electromagnetic radiation, follow the eTest links at ww... |
54 e SIM Find out more about the law of reflection from the use of simulations. Follow the eSim links at www.pearsoned.ca/school/ physicssource. plane mirror: a smooth, flat, reflecting surface law of reflection: the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence and is in the same plane mirror plane θ i θ r in... |
of paper behind the mirror where the image appears to be, you would not see the image on the paper. By contrast, a real image is one that can be formed on a diffusely reflecting surface, such as a piece of paper. A projector is a familiar device that produces real images on a screen. Ray diagrams can be used to show h... |
? 2. 3. According to the ray diagram, two sections of the mirror could be removed and her entire face would still be visible. Which two sections are not needed? Explain your reasoning. Chapter 13 The wave model can be used to describe the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation. 655 13-PearsonPhys30-Chap13 7/24/08... |
mirror 656 Unit VII Electromagnetic Radiation 13-PearsonPhys30-Chap13 7/24/08 3:44 PM Page 657 Image Formation in a Curved Mirror Curved mirrors come in a variety of shapes, the most common being spherical. Spherical mirrors, like the ones used for store security, have a unique geometrical shape (Figure 13.34). This s... |
focal point, measured along the principal axis. The focal length is related to the radius of curvature by f r2. This means that as the radius of curvature is reduced, so too is the focal length of the reflecting surface. Chapter 13 The wave model can be used to describe the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation... |
.38 (a) shows that the converging mirror produces a real image that is inverted and diminished. Figure 13.38 (b) shows that the diverging mirror produces a virtual image that is erect and diminished. Why is one image real and the other virtual? For curved mirrors, a real image is formed where the reflected light rays c... |
, such that it is inside the focal length, as in Figure 13.39(b), then the image becomes virtual, erect, and enlarged. Figure 13.39 Object location affects image characteristics. 1 2 3 mirror object C F V PA image a) A converging mirror with object located outside C (real, inverted, diminished) 2 mirror 3 C 1 F object ... |
? 3. What characteristics do all images formed in a 2 Complete ray diagrams for the image of your nose diverging mirror share? inside F, at F, at C, and at a distance, with respect to the spoon as a converging mirror. (Use a small upright arrow to represent your nose in the ray diagram.) 3 Reverse the spoon so that you... |
mirror vertex and the object, and di is the distance between the mirror vertex and the image. Figure 13.41 Triangles AOV and DIV are similar triangles; triangles FVB and FAO are also similar triangles. When we use the ray OFB, the triangles FVB and FAO (shaded light blue) are also similar. Therefore, AO VB AF VF Since... |
becomes zero. Based on the mirror equation, where will the d o image form in relation to the focal length of the mirror? 2. For a plane, flat mirror, 1 approaches zero. Based on the mirror f equation, where will the image form in relation to the object? 662 Unit VII Electromagnetic Radiation 13-PearsonPhys30-Chap13 7/... |
and it is also the image distance. 3. Measure the distance between the lamp and the mirror. This is the object distance. Using the mirror equation, with the image and object distances, calculate and verify the approximate focal length of the mirror. heat lamp paper do di converging mirror clay Figure 13.42 Locating th... |
magnification, and attributes for the following: (a) a converging mirror with a focal length of 12.0 cm with an object 6.0 cm from the mirror (b) a diverging mirror of focal length 5.00 cm with an object 10.0 cm from the mirror (c) a diverging mirror of focal length 10.0 cm with an object 2.0 cm from the mirror 3. A 5... |
specular” and “diffuse” reflection. 4. Compare “virtual” images with “real” images. 5. Compare “converging” and “diverging” mirrors. 6. Describe the path of the three rays that can be used to determine the characteristics of an image formed in a curved mirror. 7. Why does a diverging, convex mirror have a “virtual” foc... |
from one medium to another. When light rays pass at an angle from air to water, they immediately change direction. However, not all of the light will be refracted. Light rays are partially reflected and partially refracted when they pass from one medium to the next. Figure 13.44 illustrates this phenomenon.. The proce... |
sonPhys30-Chap13 7/24/08 3:44 PM Page 667 Table 13.4 lists the refrac- tive indexes for some common substances. Since the speed of light in air is very close to the speed of light in a vacuum, the refractive indexes for a vacuum and for air are considered to be the same. The following general rules are based on refract... |
medium is denoted as n1 and the index of refraction r) is replaced with PHYSICS INSIGHT On passing through a medium, each wavelength of EMR has a unique refractive index. For this reason, Absolute Refractive Indexes must be quoted for a specific wavelength, as in Table 13.4. Snell’s Law: For any angle of incidence gre... |
passes from air into ruby at an incident angle of 15. Calculate the angle of refraction. 4. A ray of light, travelling in air, is incident on an unknown sample at an angle of 20. If the angle of refraction is 15, determine the index of refraction for the unknown sample. Answers 1. 10 2. 1.2 3. 9.7 4. 1.3 Yellow light ... |
wave equation (v f), if the speed changes and the frequency remains constant, then the wavelength must change as well. To visualize this, consider light waves travelling from air into water as illustrated in Figure 13.46: medium speed v The wavelength in air is given by 1 v1/f; The wavelength in water is given by 2 v2... |
, what is the refractive index of the crystal? Answers 1. (a) 2.26 108 m/s (b) 2.19 108 m/s (c) 1.95 108 m/s (d) 1.97 108 m/s 2. 16.7, 501 nm 3. 1.11 670 Unit VII Electromagnetic Radiation A ray of yellow light with a wavelength of 570 nm travels from air into diamond at an angle of 30. Determine the following: (a) the... |
it ray box or laser semicircular plastic dish Procedure 1 Design a data table or spreadsheet with the headings: angle of incidence (i), angle of refraction (r), sin angle of incidence (sin i), sin angle of refraction (sin r), and ratio sin i / sin r. 2 Fill the semicircular dish with water and place it on the polar coo... |
° 50° 50° 0° 0° light source air n 1.00 water n 1.33 Total Internal Reflection If you look down a long straight tube, you should be able to see what is at the other end. If the tube has a bend in it, a set of mirrors could be used to reflect the light through to your eye. This is how the periscope on a submarine works.... |
of refraction is 90. Concept Check 1. Is light refracted toward or away from the normal line when passing from a medium with a low refractive index like air, into a medium with a high refractive index like water? 2. Based on your answer above, can total internal reflection occur when light travels from a low-index med... |
using a graphing calculator or a spreadsheet program, visit www.pearson.ca/ school/physicssource. cladding Total internal reflection has many applications. Most notable are optical fibres (Figure 13.51). An optical fibre consists of a central core of glass with a refractive index of approximately 1.5, surrounded by a ... |
double Porro prism A double Porro-prism system is used in binoculars to reorient an inverted image while at the same time producing a longer, folded pathway for the light to travel between the objective lens and the eyepiece, producing a greater magnification. Fibre-optic systems also have drawbacks. The complex desig... |
and periodicals. 2. Group all the applications by industry and identify what you believe to be the most important applications in each industry. 3. For each of the most important applications, identify the social, political, economic, and environmental impact of the technology. 4. New applications of fibre optics are ... |
, only exposed to the red (monochromatic) light coming from the first prism. The second prism did not produce any more colours; only the red light emerged. As a second test, Newton placed a converging lens into the path of the spectrum of light and observed the resulting white light as an image on a sheet of white pape... |
Table 13.5 Wavelength of each colour in the spectrum e SIM To learn more about the effects of prisms through the use of simulations, follow the eSim links at www.pearsoned.ca/school/ physicssource. Colour violet blue green yellow orange red Wavelength (nm) 400-450 450-500 500-570 570-590 590-610 610-750 676 Unit VII E... |
ents depending on where they contact the lens. Rays that are incident near the edge of the lens will be refracted at larger angles than those that are incident near the centre, where the two faces of the lens are almost parallel. For a converging lens, rays that travel parallel to the principal axis will be refracted i... |
travels through (or appears to be directed toward) the secondary focus, F, and is refracted such that it emerges and travels parallel to the principal axis. Ray 3 travels straight through the optical centre of the lens and is not bent. The ray diagram is not only used to identify the location of an image relative to t... |
:44 PM Page 680 e WEB Equations for Thin Lenses To learn more about thin lenses, follow the links at www.pearsoned.ca/ school/physicssource. An equation relating object distance, image distance, and the focal length of a curved lens can be derived using an analysis nearly identical to that for curved mirrors. In Figure... |
and Solution The thin lens equation can be used to determine the image distance, image height, and attributes. A ray diagram can verify the answer hi 1 1 1 hi 10. 5.0 0 cm d i cm ih d o d o (3.33 cm)(2.5 cm) 10.0 cm 3 0 cm 10. di cm 10.0 3 3.3 cm 0.83 cm Paraphrase The image distance is 3.3 cm and height is 0.83 cm, i... |
and a Galilean telescope, with one converging lens and one diverging lens, are explored. Question What are the differences between Keplerian and Galilean telescopes? Variables manipulated: type of lens used responding: magnification of the image controlled: focal length of double concave and double convex lenses Mater... |
in between two of the vertical arrows observed in the telescope. Record this as the estimated magnification. Analysis 1. Prepare a table that compares the attitude, magnification, and brightness of the image in each telescope. 2. Complete a ray diagram to show how the image is formed in each telescope. 3. Suggest a di... |
the image on the screen? (c) If the screen is moved 3.0 m closer to the projector, how far must the object now be from the lens in order to generate a focussed image? Applications 9. What is the speed of light in water (n 1.33)? Extensions 19. Explain why jewellery crystals, such as 10. A light ray is incident on a bl... |
interference patterns produced by electromagnetic radiation and analyze the patterns to further our understanding of the wave model of light. Huygens’ Principle Robert Hooke proposed the Wave Model of Light in his Micrographica of 1665. The first major improvement to this model was made by Christiaan Huygens (Figure 1... |
opening, one or more secondary point sources exist. Draw the line tangent across the wavelets that would exist a short time after the secondary point sources pass through the opening. Explain what has happened to the shape and direction of the wave front after it passed through the barriers in Figure 13.69 (a) and (b)... |
observed using traditional means. In addition, to produce an interference pattern, the waves must be in phase. When there are two incandescent lights, each source emits light in random bursts not necessarily in phase with the other source. These bursts of light have a variety of wavelengths that make up all the colour... |
To understand how the interference pattern is created, consider three different points. The first point is the central antinode (Figure 13.72). This point occurs at the centre of the pattern, along the perpendicular bisector. The perpendicular bisector is an imaginary straight line that runs from the midpoint of a lin... |
experiment and interference patterns in general contain mathematical information about the waves that create them. For instance, the interference pattern that Young observed can be used to determine the wavelength of the light that created it. dark nodes (destructive interference) bright central antinode bright antino... |
to P can be measured in multiples of wavelengths. From Figure 13.75, the path S1P is 10 and the path S2P is 9. The difference in path length from point P to the two sources is 10 9 1 Therefore, for any point along the first antinodal line (on either side of the bisector), the following relationship is true: S1P S2P 1 ... |
can be used to determine the wavelength of the light used to produce the interference pattern, where n is the number of the nth antinodal line and d is the distance between the two sources. For a point Pn located far away from the two point sources, the angle n is equivalent to the angle, located between the perpendic... |
Solution The angle given is relative to the central antinode, which occurs along the perpendicular bisector; therefore, the angle given is relative to the perpendicular bisector. The first bright fringe is a region of constructive Chapter 13 The wave model can be used to describe the characteristics of electromagnetic... |
less than 0.2) making tan nearly equal to sin (see Infobit). Therefore, it is acceptable to assume sin x/l in this case. By replacing sin with the ratio x/l, we arrive at the following equation for antinodal (bright) fringes: x d l n xd nl Applying the same analysis to nodal (dark) fringes gives: x d l 1 n 2 xd 1 l n ... |
distance between the third node and the central antinode was 1.00 101 m. If the screen was located 1.20 m away from the slits, how far apart are the slits? Answers 1. 5.4 107 m 2. 6.20 107 m, red 3. 1.50 105 m Poisson’s Bright Spot Using an analysis similar to that in Example 13.9, Young calculated the wavelength of v... |
source. Figure 13.81 Diffraction grating info BIT The concentric circles cut into a CD when it is made make it behave as a diffraction grating. So, the rainbow pattern you see when you look at a CD is the product of interference caused by diffraction. Figure 13.80 Poisson’s Bright Spot (a) Constructive interference at... |
antinode will appear as a rainbow because each wavelength is diffracted Figure 13.82 692 Unit VII Electromagnetic Radiation 13-PearsonPhys30-Chap13 7/24/08 3:44 PM Page 693 at a slightly different angle. The relationship between the wavelength and the angle is: n d sin n as was derived earlier for Young’s double-slit ... |
imetre given for the diffraction grating. Line separation is very small, and the first-order bright fringe is n 1 because it is an antinode, or line of constructive interference. Therefore, this equation applies: Practice Problems 1. An unknown wavelength of light is incident on a diffraction grating with 2500 lines/cm... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.