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source is at least 3 m away from the radiation detector. Switch on the detector and measure the background radiation level for 5 min or more. Record this measurement, including the units. If you are using an interface with a computer or graphing calculator, check with your teacher about recording your data electronica... |
concentrated in a nucleus that is typically only a few femtometres (1015 m) in diameter. In 1918, Rutherford began a new series of experiments in which he bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles. He found that some of the nitrogen transmuted into oxygen and that the process also produced hydrogen nuclei. Rutherfor... |
.1 How many neutrons are contained in a gold nucleus 197 79Au? Given Z 79 A 197 Required neutron number (N ) Analysis and Solution Since A Z N, N A Z 197 79 118 Paraphrase There are 118 neutrons in a nucleus of 197 79Au. Concept Check Practice Problems 1. How many neutrons are in a nucleus of 24 12Mg? 2. Find the atomi... |
atomic Particles (to Six Decimal Places) Particle Electron Proton Neutron Charge (C) Mass (kg) Mass (u) 1.602 177 1019 1.602 177 1019 0 9.109 383 1031 1.672 622 1027 1.674 927 1027 5.485 799 104 1.007 276 1.008 665 Forces in the Nucleus Aside from hydrogen, all nuclei consist of two or more protons and a number of neut... |
-Chap16 7/24/08 4:32 PM Page 793 strong nuclear force: the force that binds together the protons and neutrons in a nucleus PHYSICS INSIGHT Measurements of interactions between subatomic particles suggest that there is a fourth fundamental force, the weak nuclear force. This force acts on electrons. binding energy: the ... |
Thus, 1 u is equivalent to about 149.2 pJ or 931.5 MeV. The binding energy of most nuclei is equivalent to only a small fraction of an atomic mass unit. Nuclear reactions can involve conversions between mass and energy. The law of conservation of energy still applies if the conversions are taken into account. For any ... |
, the 1H includes the mass of Z electrons, matching the mass of the term Zm1 electrons included in matom. The differences in the binding energy of the electrons are small enough to ignore in most nuclear calculations. mass defect: difference between the sum of the masses of the separate nucleons and the mass of the nuc... |
Binding Energy per Nucleon You can compare the stability of different nuclei by dividing the binding energy of each nucleus by the number of nucleons it contains. The, the more stable the nucleus greater the binding energy per nucleon is. Figure 16.4 is a graph of binding energy per nucleon versus atomic mass number f... |
strength and range of the electromagnetic force and the strong nuclear force. (b) Explain how the nature of these forces limits the maximum possible size for nuclei. 12. Suppose that the electrostatic force were much stronger. Describe how this change would affect the stability of nuclei. 1.20 fm and A is 13. Experime... |
a process within the uranium nucleus. Rutherford and others identified three forms of nuclear radiation: Alpha (): the emission of a helium nucleus Beta (): the emission of a high-energy electron Gamma (): the emission of a high-energy photon Initially, this classification was based on how much material each type of r... |
4:32 PM Page 799 Example 16.5 Determine which of these radioactive decay processes are possible. (a) 214Po → 82 84 208Pb 4 2 226Ra 4 2 28Ni 1 0n (b) 230Th → 88 90 27Co → 60 (c) 60 (1 0n represents a neutron) Analysis and Solution Compare the charge and atomic mass number of the original nucleus to those of the decay p... |
sonPhys30-Chap16 7/24/08 4:32 PM Page 800 Example 16.6 Practice Problems Write the -decay process for these elements, and name the parent and daughter elements. 1. 2. 3. 230Th 90 238U 92 214Po 84 Answers 1. 90 2. 92 3. 84 230Th → 226 238U → 90 214Po → 82 88Ra 4 ; thorium, radium 2 234Th 4 ; uranium, thorium 2 210Pb 4 ;... |
1 2 Edaughter Concept Check Explain why E must be positive in order for -decay to occur. Example 16.7 Show that -decay of radium-226 is possible, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted alpha particle. Given Parent atom is radium-226. Required maximum kinetic energy of the alpha particle Practice Proble... |
absorb some of the -particles. So, the alpha radiation ionizes fewer air molecules Figure 16.7 This smoke detector uses alpha radiation to sense smoke particles. and the current between the metal plates decreases. This drop in current triggers the alarm circuit in the smoke detector. Questions 1. Why is it safer for a... |
energy a beta decay will release. Example 16.9 How much energy would you expect the decay of a thorium-234 nucleus to release? Given Parent element is 234 90Th. Required Energy released by decay (E) Practice Problems 1. (a) What element does the decay of cobalt-60 produce? (b) How much energy would you expect the deca... |
decay. neutrino: an extremely small neutral subatomic particle e WEB To learn more about the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, follow the links at www.pearsoned.ca/school/ physicssource. info BIT Each second, more than 100 trillion neutrinos pass through your body! Almost all of these neutrinos were formed by nuclear reac... |
a neutron into a proton involves a fundamental force called the weak nuclear force. Although it is less powerful than the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force acts on electrons and neutrinos, whereas the strong nuclear force does not. The second difference is that beta decay involves antimatter. An antimatter ... |
released by the decay of the thallium-202 nucleus if the mass of the thallium nucleus decreases by 0.001 463 u? Answers 1. (a) mercury-202 81Tl → 80 (b) 202 (c) 0.3400 MeV 202Hg 0 1 m mparent m 13 7N m 13 7N mproducts 6C m 0 (m 13 m 0 (m 13 6C 1 ) m 0 1 Note that again we use an ion notation indicating the presence of... |
9). However, the difference in energy is much greater for a nucleus. Gamma () decay does not change the atomic number or the atomic mass number. Gamma decays can be written using this general form: A AX Z ZX* → where * indicates an excited state and represents a gamma ray. Often, alpha or beta decay leaves the daughter... |
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Atomic Number, Z 90 100110 Figure 16.10 The black dots represent the band of stable isotopes. 806 Unit VIII Atomic Physics 16-PearsonPhys30-Chap16 7/24/08 4:32 PM Page 807 Radioactive Decay Series Often, a radioactive nucleus will decay into a daughter nucleus that is it... |
the lining of the intestine are particularly vulnerable. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, inflammation, and bleeding. Severe radiation sickness is often fatal. • Genetic Damage: High-energy particles and gamma rays can alter DNA, and lead to the development of cancers or harmful mutations. These ... |
3, nuclear radiation has many beneficial industrial and medical applications. Measuring Radiation Exposure The effects of a given dose of radiation depend on the type of radiation. For example, a dose of infrared radiation that delivered 1 J/kg to living tissue would do little more than heat the tissue slightly. The sa... |
alpha-decay process for 234 91Pa. (b) Identify the parent and daughter nuclei in this decay. 4. (a) Which type of beta decay transmutes carbon-14 into nitrogen? 11. Identify each type of decay in this series, and name the parent and daughter elements. (b) (a) 232 (d) 228 90Th → 228 22Na → 10 11 88Ra* → 228 (c) 228 88R... |
Chap16 7/24/08 4:32 PM Page 811 16.3 Radioactive Decay Rates How can an archaeologist confidently tell you that a bison head found in southern Alberta provides evidence that First Nations peoples were here more than 5000 years ago? Why do doctors sometimes inject patients with radioactive dyes? In this section, you wil... |
of radium-226 has a probability of 1.4 1011 of decaying in 1 s. The greater the decay constant, the faster an isotope will decay. decay constant: probability of a nucleus decaying in a given time Chapter 16 Nuclear reactions are among the most powerful energy sources in nature. 811 16-PearsonPhys30-Chap16 7/24/08 4:32... |
half-life of about 192 h. Out of a dose of 20 g of iodine-131, 10 g will decay within 192 h. Only 5 g of iodine-131 will remain after the next 192 h, then 2.5 g after the next 192 h, and so on (see Figure 16.13). A common symbol for half-life is t1/2. half-life: the time it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei in ... |
a sample to drop to one-eighth of its original value. Chapter 16 Nuclear reactions are among the most powerful energy sources in nature. 813 16-PearsonPhys30-Chap16 7/24/08 4:32 PM Page 814 Example 16.13 Radon-222 has a half-life of 3.82 days. What percent of a sample of this isotope will remain after 2 weeks? Practic... |
. Radiotherapy is particularly useful for treating cancer because cancer cells are more susceptible to the effects of radiation than healthy tissue is. Also, the radiation is concentrated on the cancer, and kept away from the surrounding tissue as much as possible (Figure 16.14). γ rays Figure 16.14 Rotating the radiat... |
half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 t1 2 t1 2 10 000 t1 2 t1 2 20 000 Time (years) 30 000 40 000 Figure 16.15 Carbon-14 content as a function of the age of an artifact Chapter 16 Nuclear reactions are among the most powerful energy sources in nature. 815 16-PearsonPhys30-Chap16 7/24/0... |
. For example, beta radiation from tritium powers runway lights and emergency exit signs that require no electricity. However, several people have received harmful doses of radiation when tritium lights have been damaged. Critics of these lights argue that other technologies can provide reliable lighting during power f... |
�authentic” dinosaur bone for a mere $100. He shows you a certificate indicating that carbon-14 dating determined that the bone is 65 million years old. Why should you be suspicious? 10. Do a Web search on use of irradiation in food production and distribution. Prepare a summary of the arguments for and against this te... |
. For both nuclear fission and fusion, the energy released, E, is E Ebf (net change in mass defect) c2 Ebi where Ebi is the total binding energy of the original nucleus or nuclei, and Ebf is the total binding energy of the product(s). Since the binding energies correspond to the mass defects for the nuclei, the energy ... |
released by the reaction 92U 1 235 0n → 94 40Zr 139 52Te 3 1 0n. 35Br), a 2. A uranium-235 nucleus absorbs a neutron and then splits into a bromine nucleus (87 146La), and lanthanum nucleus ( 57 additional neutrons. How many neutrons are released in this fission reaction? Express this reaction as a balanced equation. ... |
on. Use the atomic mass of uranium-235 to calculate the number of atoms in 1 kg of this isotope. Then calculate the potential energy per kilogram for comparison with gasoline. m235 92 U 235.043 930 u 1.660 539 1027 kg 1 u 3.902 996 1025 kg Number of atoms in 1 kg of 235 92U 1 kg 3.902 996 1025 kg Energy content of 235 ... |
and a gamma ray. Then, two of the helium-3 nuclei combine to produce a helium-4 nucleus, two hydrogen nuclei, and a gamma ray. In the final step, annihilation of two positron-electron pairs occurs. Each of these annihilations produces a pair of gamma photons. In order for these reactions to occur, the nuclei must have... |
per helium atom Practice Problems 1. (a) How many helium nuclei does a star with a power of 1.6 1025 W produce every second? (b) Estimate how much helium this star has produced if it is 4 billion years old. Answers 1. (a) 4.1 1036 (b) 3.4 1027 kg 4 1026 W 26.71 MeV/atom J 4 1026 s V1.60 26.71 0 1 e M V e M 1 m to a 13... |
fusion process, the hydrogen has to be heated to a temperature between 45 million and 400 million kelvins, depending on which isotopes are used. Then, this extremely hot gas has to be contained so that the fusion reactions can continue. Some researchers are using powerful lasers to generate the necessary temperatures ... |
-6 nuclear reactor can generate 700 MW of electrical power. A CANDU power plant transforms about 27% of its nuclear energy into electrical energy, with the rest being lost primarily as heat. 824 Unit VIII Atomic Physics (a) If the plant uses uranium-235 as fuel and the average energy released per uranium nucleus is 200... |
2Y 4 2 decay: A ZX* → AX Z Activity: A N t N Nuclear energy released: E (mi mf) c2 Mass defect: m mnucleons mnucleus Nmneutron matom Zm1 1H decay: A ZX → A Z1Y 1 0 decay: A ZX → A 1 Half-life: N N0 Z1Y 0 t t1 /2 1 2 Conceptual Overview Summarize this chapter by copying and completing this concept map. nuclear structure... |
? 7. (16.1) Calculate the energy equivalent for 22. (16.4) What is the primary energy source for 1 g of matter. most stars? 8. (16.1) Calculate the energy equivalent for 23. (16.4) List the steps in the proton-proton chain. Applications 24. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for the following nuclei: (a) 4 (b) 28... |
paint containing radium-226 was used to make the dials on some clocks, watches, and aircraft instruments glow in the dark. Radium-226 has a decay constant of 1.98 1011 s1. (a) If the activity of one of these clocks is 0.10 MBq, how many atoms of radium-226 are on the dial? (b) Calculate the mass of radium on the dial.... |
Sun likely to end? Consolidate Your Understanding 1. Explain how atomic number, atomic mass number, and neutron number are related to the structure of the nucleus. 2. Use the concept of binding energy to explain why some nuclei are more stable than others. 3. Describe the differences between the alpha, beta, and gamma... |
learn that experiments are showing that in some profound ways the universe is stranger than anyone could have imagined a century ago. The theories that you will explore next are exhilarating, difficult, weird, and yet elegant. They are a key to the next century of atomic physics. ▲ Figure 17.1 Recent findings in atomi... |
particles? Think About It 1. How can you tell if a particle is fundamental? 2. What did the measurement of beta decays reveal about the structure of matter? 3. How many fundamental particles are there? Discuss your answers in a small group and record them for later reference. As you complete each section of this chapt... |
(1869–1969) made the first observations of particle tracks in a cloud chamber in 1910 (Figure 17.5). For the next 50 years, cloud chambers were the principal tools of atomic physics. They are to atomic physics what telescopes are to astronomy. The bubble chamber (Figure 17.6) was developed in 1952 by the physicist Don... |
. Materials and Equipment clear glass container flat glass or plastic cover black blotting paper to fit the bottom of the container dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide) reagent grade ethanol (ethyl alcohol) foam plastic insulation tape silicone grease lamp with reflector radiation sources CAUTION: The temperature of dry ice... |
-PearsonPhys30-Chap17 7/24/08 4:34 PM Page 833 Extending 6. Hold a strong magnet against the side of the cloud chamber and observe the magnetic field’s effect on tracks from the three radiation sources. Explain whether you could use the magnet to help distinguish between different types of radiation. 7. Make a hypothes... |
circular? Chapter 17 The development of models of the structure of matter is ongoing. 833 17-PearsonPhys30-Chap17 7/24/08 4:34 PM Page 834 Given v 0.10c 3.0 107 m/s 30 mT 0.030 T B r 5.7 mm 0.0057 m Required q m identification of each particle Analysis and Solution • Applying the right-hand rule shows that the particl... |
1011 C/kg. Since this ratio matches the ratio for an electron, this particle very likely is an electron. However, the other particle has a charge-to-mass ratio of 1.8 1011 C/kg. This particle appears to be a positron, an antimatter particle. 834 Unit VIII Atomic Physics 17-PearsonPhys30-Chap17 7/24/08 4:34 PM Page 835... |
/physicssource. Chapter 17 The development of models of the structure of matter is ongoing. 835 17-PearsonPhys30-Chap17 7/24/08 4:34 PM Page 836 17.2 Quantum Theory and the Discovery of New Particles fundamental particle: a particle that cannot be divided into smaller particles; an elementary particle Early in the 20th... |
general, charged antiparticles are represented by simply reversing the sign of the charge on the symbol for the corresponding ordinary particles. Antiparticles for neutral particles are indicated by adding a bar over the symbol for the corresponding ordinary matter. Thus, the symbol for an antineutron is n. ▲ Figure 1... |
on a very slippery surface, such as a smooth, wet sheet of ice. Throwing and catching the ball pushes the two people farther and farther apart (Figure 17.13(a)). In this analogy, the people correspond to ordinary particles and the ball corresponds to a mediating particle. For an attractive force, picture the same two ... |
force as acting a bit like the shared electron holding two atoms together in a covalent chemical bond. In the latter part of the 20th century, calculations using a refined version of quantum electrodynamics gave results that matched observed values with amazing accuracy — sometimes to 10 significant digits. Mediating ... |
the two particles have the same speed. (a) What evidence suggests that a photon created the two particles? (b) Describe the path of this photon. (c) Which of the tracks shows the path of a positively charged particle? (d) Give two reasons why the other track must show the path of a negatively charged particle. (e) How... |
the energy requirements are much greater because the probe particles have to overcome the strong nuclear force. Within the nucleus, this short-range force is about a hundred times stronger than the electromagnetic force. The fundamental forces within individual subatomic particles are stronger still. So, probing the s... |
particles pass through each tube, so the particles are always attracted to the next tube in the line. • Cyclotron: A magnetic field perpendicular to the paths of the charged particles makes them follow circular paths within two hollow semicircular electrodes. An alternating voltage accelerates the charged particles ea... |
have medical and industrial uses as well. Many hospitals use accelerated particles for generating intense beams of X rays that can destroy cancerous tumours. Bombarding elements with particles from cyclotrons produces radioactive isotopes for diagnostic techniques, radiation therapy, testing structural materials, and ... |
those that have integer spin 2 2 (such as 0, 1, or 2) are called bosons. Leptons and baryons are fermions. Mesons and mediating particles are bosons. Spin can affect the interactions and energy levels of particles. ▼ Table 17.2 Classification of Subatomic Particles Leptons Hadrons Meditating Particles Fermions all lep... |
ranging E. It follows that mass can be expressed in this equation gives m 2 c energy terms of units of speed of light squared. info BIT A pion will decay in the time it takes light to travel across a classroom. e MATH To better understand the relative sizes of subatomic particles, visit www.pearsoned.ca/school/ physics... |
10. How has the development of superconducting electromagnets aided research into the structure of matter? 11. (a) What relativistic effect limits the energy of particles accelerated in an ordinary cyclotron? (b) Describe three different ways this limit can be overcome. e TEST To check your understanding of particle a... |
This theory required that the quarks have fractional charges that are either one-third of the charge on an electron or two-thirds of the charge on a proton. Understandably, many physicists had trouble accepting this radical concept. Using the quark model, Gell-Mann accurately predicted not only the existence of the om... |
of models of the structure of matter is ongoing. 845 17-PearsonPhys30-Chap17 7/24/08 4:34 PM Page 846 THEN, NOW, AND FUTURE Small Particles and Big Science In the summer of 1936, Carl Anderson and his first graduate student, Seth Neddermeyer, lugged a cloud chamber and photographic equipment to the summit of Pikes Pea... |
arks Generation Name Symbol Mass (MeV/c2) Charge First up down Second strange Third charm bottom (or beauty) top (or truth) u d s c b t 1.5–4* 4–8 80–130 1.15–1.35 103 4.1–4.9 103 1.7–1.9 104 Some physicists think the up quark may be essentially massless. info BIT To name quarks, physicists chose words that would not b... |
u 2 3 e Proton Neutron d 1 3 e ▲ Figure 17.17 The quarks making up protons and neutrons Meson Composition Baryon Composition Antibaryon Composition pion () pion (o) pion () kaon () ud uu ud us proton (p) neutron (n) sigma-plus () sigma-minus () uud udd uus dds antiproton (p) antineutron (n) uud udd Describing Beta Dec... |
forces The term standard model now refers to a model originally proposed in 1978 to explain the nature of matter and the fundamental forces. Here are some key concepts of this model: electroweak force: a fundamental force that combines the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force colour: a quantum property rel... |
life, such theories could have a great effect on calculations about the origin of the universe. Another challenge is to develop a theory that unifies gravity with the other three forces. One of the most promising approaches is string theory, which treats all particles as exceedingly tiny vibrating strings of mass-ener... |
tube accelerator cyclotron synchrotron muon Key Equations Electron-positron annihilation: e e → 2 Mass units: 1 eV/c2 1.7827 1036 kg pion lepton hadron meson baryon spin fermion boson quark strange particle standard model electroweak force colour quantum chromodynamics grand unified theory string theory decay: udd → u... |
two reasons why Millikan did not detect any quarks with his oil-drop experiment. 12. (17.4) (a) Why did physicists suspect that there might be a sixth quark? (b) What is the name of this sixth quark? (c) Why was a huge accelerator necessary for the discovery of this quark? 15. (17.4) How does the string theory explain... |
a positive or negative charge? Explain your reasoning. (b) Estimate the initial radius of the particle’s path. (c) Determine the initial momentum of the particle. Assume that the particle is an electron or a positron. (d) Why does the particle’s path spiral inward? (e) What could cause the short tracks that branch off... |
, tunnel diodes, and quantum computers • nanotechnologies such as nanotubes and atomic force microscopes • power technologies, such as nuclear reactors, tokamaks, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) Decide upon a topic to research. Often, you will find it easier to deal with a specific topic rather than a... |
books, movies, or television series that use some of the concepts in this unit. How accurate is their treatment of atomic physics? *Note: Your instructor will assess the project using a similar assessment rubric. Unit VIII Atomic Physics 853 18-PearsonPhys30-U8-Closer 7/25/08 7:36 AM Page 854 UNIT VIII SUMMARY Unit Co... |
into the other. binding energy, mass defect The binding energy and mass defect of a nucleus indicate how tightly its nucleons are bound together. nuclear decay, transmutation 16.2 Radioactive Decay Some nuclei spontaneously transmute into a different element by emitting an alpha or beta particle. Nuclei can also give ... |
. What is the activity of a sample that contains 1.5 1022 nuclei of an element with a decay rate of 1.5 1013 Bq? 16. Write the decay process for 18 9F, and identify the daughter element. 17. The half-life of sulfur-35 is 87.51 days. How much of a 25-g sample of this isotope will be left after a year? 18. Write the alph... |
(a) Sketch an orientation of the electric and magnetic fields that could let the protons pass undeflected through the chamber. (b) What speed must the protons have if they are not deflected by this orientation of the fields? 28. Find the magnetic field strength that will deflect a sodium ion (Na) in an arc of radius 0... |
ope 144 element does this decay produce? 60Nd? What daughter 39. A radioactive sample has an activity of 0.50 MBq and a half-life of 6 h. What will the activity of the sample be after 3.0 days? 40. The proportion of carbon-14 in charcoal used in a cave painting is only 12.5% of the proportion in living trees nearby. Es... |
b) At what distance from the spill would the annual absorbed dose be less than 0.1 mSv? (c) A newspaper headline reads “Dangerous Spill at Local Factory.” Is this description fair? Explain why or why not. 52. (a) What is the fundamental difference between a fusion process and one that combines matter and antimatter? (b... |
VIII Atomic Physics 18-PearsonPhys30-U8-Closer 7/25/08 7:36 AM Page 859 59. An electron jumping from the n 3 to the n 2 state in a hydrogen atom emits a 656-nm photon. (a) Which state has the greater energy? (b) Find the energy difference between the Self-assessment 64. Outline how you would describe Rutherford’s gold... |
Organizers........................... 869 Graphing Data................................... 872 5.1 Graphing Techniques......................... 872 5.2 Using the Graphing Tools...................... 874 Math Skills...................................... 875 6.1 Measurement: Accuracy and Precision........... 875 6.2 Mat... |
........ 881 860 Appendix Student References 19-PearsonPhys-Appendix(SR) 7/25/08 7:35 AM Page 861 SR 1 Safety In our modern society, safety has become much more than just protecting one’s well being. Issues around safety have become extremely important to industry, business, governments, and all kinds of institutions i... |
place Hazardous Materials Information System) was developed. The symbols belonging to this system appear on materials and products used both in workplaces and our schools. Appendix Student References 861 19-PearsonPhys-Appendix(SR) 7/25/08 7:35 AM Page 862 2. Precautions with Mechanical Hazards a) Rotating machinery or... |
contact lenses. 1. General Precautions and Safety Equipment a) Identify all safety equipment in the laboratory. b) Know the location of and how to operate safety equipment, including the fire extinguisher, fire blankets, eyewash fountains, sand, and the first-aid kit. c) Know how and where to get help if needed. d) We... |
a common occurrence in Alberta, especially in the winter. Often they are coloured and associated with a coloured ring, or halo, around the sun. They seem to occur in thin clouds or in frosty air. You may have noticed that they are always the same distance from the sun and the colours are always in the same order: red ... |
inquiry question, propose a thesis or hypothesis, identify variables or related factors, create a data or information gathering process (experiment or research strategy), and recognize where your results may end up. Sometimes, this is the most difficult or lengthy part of the entire process, but very important. Retrie... |
until you can share the ideas with others. How you share will depend in part on how you created your final product. There are many modes of sharing: oral presentation, poster display, written report, demonstration, art work, working model, skit… Your job will be to choose a method that best fits you, your results, you... |
then I will be able to see colours located in different directions. Experiment: Shine light through ice crystals, prisms, or other transparent solids, and look for colours in different directions. Sharing I will give a short presentation to my class to explain my question and results, and model the path of light with ... |
is Given The first step in solving numerical problems involves answering the question, “What information are we given?” This is sometimes referred to as data extraction. To answer this question, read the problem carefully, study the information given, and represent physical quantities and numerical data with appropria... |
Then brainstorm differences and list these in the non- overlapping sections. Used to clarify concepts and ideas by clustering them Cluster words and/or information around a central object, concept, or idea. Pie Chart Used to estimate the relationship of parts to the whole Estimate/research the importance or amount of ... |
: Plus (), Minus (), and Interesting. Gathering Grid Used to make distinctions between ideas or events Concept Hierarchy Diagram Used to identify and sequence the subordinate concepts needed to understand a higher-order concept Gather information on a number of ideas or events and arrange it on a grid. Each idea or eve... |
400 200 ) g ( m s s a M 0 0 Total Mass of System vs. Volume of Sand in Beaker m 640 g 165 g 475 g V 200 mL 20 mL 180 mL 100 200 Volume V (mL) 300 Figure SR 5.2 as students chose how much to add for each trial. The mass of the system depended on how much sand was added, thus the mass was the responding or dependent var... |
variable. To interpolate, first locate the point on the appropriate axis for the value of the variable in which you are interested. Next, draw a line perpendicular to this axis to intercept the line of best fit. From this point on the line of best fit, draw a second line perpendicular to the second axis. Read the valu... |
sand. Writing the Equation of the Line If the trend of the curve is a straight line, then changes in the plotted variables are directly proportional to each other. As the change in one variable doubles, the change in the other doubles, and vice versa. The general equation for a straight line is y mx b, where y is the ... |
spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel. The eMath activities in this textbook provide opportunities for you to use the graphing calculator or a computer spreadsheet. 874 Appendix Student References 19-PearsonPhys-Appendix(SR) 7/25/08 7:35 AM Page 875 SR 6 Math Skills 6.1 Measurement: Accuracy and Precision Measurement is... |
.1 Figure SR 6.2 shows the measurement of the same object using a ruler calibrated in millimetres. The reading estimated to the nearest tenth of a millimetre appears closest to 6.74 cm. It might be tempting to record the length as either 6.7 cm or 6.8 cm. This would be wrong. We can tell that the length is between the ... |
textbook, angle measures will have a precision no better than 0.1° (that is, angle measures are either whole numbers or to one decimal place only). Significant Digits The accuracy of a measurement is indicated by the number of significant digits. Significant digits are the specific number of digits used to communicate... |
least accurate number in the calculation. For example, 0.6 0.32 0.9, not 0.92. This procedure for using only meaningful digits is called rounding off. The procedure for rounding off digits is as follows: • When the first digit discarded is less than five, the last digit retained is left the same. Notice that we start ... |
in a time of 4.8 s. The average speed is calculated by (34.28 m)/(4.8 s) 7.141 666 m/s, rounded off to 7.1 m/s to two significant digits because the time of 4.8 s has only two significant digits. When a series of calculations is performed, each interim value should not be rounded before carrying out the next calculati... |
is a special kind of exponential notation. For a number to be in scientific notation, the coefficient must be greater than or equal to 1, and less than 10. This means that 6.38 106 is expressed in scientific notation and 0.638 107 is not. Scientific notation enables us to show the correct number of significant digits.... |
all exponents are the same. The decimal point is moved so that all have the same exponent as the largest number in the group. Then, the coefficients are added or subtracted accordingly. The 878 Appendix Student References (1.00 103) (2.00 104) (400 105) (1.00 103) (0.200 103) (4.00 103) (1.00 0.200 4.00) 103 4.80 103 ... |
is called the hypotenuse. The other two sides are called the legs. There are several important relationships that allow us to solve right triangles as long as we know the lengths of any two sides, or the length of one side and the measure of one of the acute angles. φ a Figure SR 6.4 c b Pythagorean Theorem The square... |
per second newtonsecond Energy, Work E, W Power Electric charge Electric potential Electric resistance Activity Absorbed dose Equivalent absorbed dose P q V R A D E joule watt coulomb volt ohm becquerel gray sievert Unit Symbol Expression in terms of SI Base Units m2 m3 m/s m/s2 Hz N — — — — s1 kgm/s2 kgm/s — Ns J W C... |
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