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into boxes the second that they see each other is that person dangerous are they attractive are they a potential mate are they a potential networking opportunity we do this little interrogation when we meet people to make a mental resume for them what's your name where are you from how old are you what do you do then we get more personal with it have you ever had any diseases have you ever been divorced does your breath smell bad while you're answering my interrogation right now what are you into who are you into what gender do you like to sleep with i get it we are to seek out people like ourselves we start forming cliques as soon as we're old enough to know what acceptance feels like we bond together based on anything that we can music preference race gender the block that we grew up on
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so i went home and i shaved my head and i came back the next day and i said i'm a boy i mean who knows right when you're six maybe you can do that i didn't want anyone to know that i was a girl and they didn't i kept up the charade for eight years so this is me when i was i was playing a kid named walter in a movie called julian po i was a little street tough that followed christian slater around and badgered him see i was also a child actor which doubled up the layers of the performance of my identity because no one knew that i was actually a girl really playing a boy in fact no one in my life knew that i was a girl not my teachers at school not my friends not the directors that i worked with
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we know that money is very important goals are very important we know that happiness is mainly being satisfied with people that we like spending time with people that we like there are other pleasures but this is dominant so if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves you are going to end up doing very different things the bottom line of what i've said here is that we really should not think of happiness as a substitute for well being it is a completely different notion now very quickly another reason we cannot think straight about happiness is that we do not attend to the same things when we think about life and we actually live so if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in california you are not going to get to the correct answer when you ask that question you think people must be happier in california if say you live in ohio
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and my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps this applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is the first of these traps is a reluctance to admit complexity it turns out that the word happiness is just not a useful word anymore because we apply it to too many different things i think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it but by and large this is something that we'll have to give up and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view of what well being is the second trap is a confusion between experience and memory basically it's between being happy in your life and being happy about your life or happy with your life and those are two very different concepts and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness
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option number three option number three was based actually on language it's the idea that read is the past tense of read and they're both spelled the same way so why don't we call this place the red zone i'll meet you at the red zone are you red get red i'm well red
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i don't like unintended consequences people hire me because they have consequences that they really intend and what they intend is for me to help them achieve those consequences so i live in fear of unintended consequences and so this is a story about consequences intended and unintended i got called by an organization called robin hood to do a favor for them robin hood is based in new york a wonderful philanthropic organization that does what it says in the name they take from rich people give it to poor people in this case what they wanted to benefit was the new york city school system a huge enterprise that educates more than a million students at a time and in buildings that are like this one old buildings big buildings drafty buildings sometimes buildings that are in disrepair certainly buildings that could use a renovation robin hood had this ambition to improve these buildings in some way but what they realized was to fix the buildings would be too expensive and impractical
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in this case what they wanted to benefit was the new york city school system a huge enterprise that educates more than a million students at a time and in buildings that are like this one old buildings big buildings drafty buildings sometimes buildings that are in disrepair certainly buildings that could use a renovation robin hood had this ambition to improve these buildings in some way but what they realized was to fix the buildings would be too expensive and impractical so instead they tried to figure out what one room they could go into in each of these buildings in as many buildings that they could and fix that one room so that they could improve the lives of the children inside as they were studying and what they came up with was the school library and they came up with this idea called the library initiative all the students have to pass through the library that's where the books are that's where the heart and soul of the school is so let's fix these libraries so they did this wonderful thing where they brought in first then then more architects each one of whom was assigned a library to rethink what a library was
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then i made a sanitary pad and handed it to shanti my wife's name is shanti close your eyes whatever i give it will be not a diamond pendant not a diamond ring even a chocolate i will give you a surprise with a lot of tinsel paper rolled up with it close your eyes because i tried to make it intimate because it's an arranged marriage not a love marriage
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so what i did i'd gone back to my early marriage days what you did in the early marriage days you tried to impress your wife i did the same on that occasion i found my wife carrying something like this
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okay i'm going to show you again something about our diets and i would like to know what the audience is and so who of you ever ate insects that's quite a lot
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the first problem that we're facing is human health pigs are quite like us they're even models in medicine and we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human that means that pigs also share diseases with us and a pig disease a pig virus and a human virus can both proliferate and because of their kind of reproduction they can combine and produce a new virus this has happened in the netherlands in the during the classical swine fever outbreak you get a new disease that can be deadly we eat insects they're so related from us that this doesn't happen so that's one point for insects
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and there's the conversion factor you take kilograms of feed you can get one kilogram of beef but you can get nine kilograms of locust meat so if you would be an entrepreneur what would you do with kilograms of input you can get either one or nine of output so far we're taking the one or up to five kilograms of output we're not taking the bonus yet we're not taking the nine kilograms of output yet so that's two points for insects
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if you produce insects you have less manure per kilogram of meat that you produce so less waste furthermore per kilogram of manure you have much much less ammonia and fewer greenhouse gases when you have insect manure than when you have cow manure so you have less waste and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign as it is with cow dung so that's three points for insects
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now there's a big if of course and it is if insects produce meat that is of good quality well there have been all kinds of analyses and in terms of protein or fat or vitamins it's very good in fact it's comparable to anything we eat as meat at the moment and even in terms of calories it is very good one kilogram of grasshoppers has the same amount of calories as hot dogs or six big macs so that's four points for insects
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who wouldn't like to eat a shrimp there are a few people who don't like shrimp but shrimp or crabs or crayfish are very closely related they are delicacies in fact a locust is a shrimp of the land and it would make very good into our diet so why are we not eating insects yet well that's just a matter of mindset we're not used to it and we see insects as these organisms that are very different from us that's why we're changing the perception of insects and i'm working very hard with my colleague arnold van in telling people what insects are what magnificent things they are what magnificent jobs they do in nature and in fact without insects we would not be here in this room because if the insects die out we will soon die out as well if we die out the insects will continue very happily
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so we have to get used to the idea of eating insects and some might think well they're not yet available well they are there are entrepreneurs in the netherlands that produce them and one of them is here in the audience marian peeters who's in the picture i predict that later this year you'll get them in the supermarkets not visible but as animal protein in the food and maybe by you'll buy them just knowing that this is an insect that you're going to eat and they're being made in the most wonderful ways a dutch chocolate maker so there's even a lot of design to it
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why not eat insects well first what are insects insects are animals that walk around on six legs and here you see just a selection
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economy benefited by billion dollars per year it's a number very large a contribution to the economy of the united states for free and so i looked up what the economy was paying for the war in iraq in the same year it was billion u s dollars well we know that that was not a cheap war so insects just for free contribute to the economy of the united states with about the same order of magnitude just for free without everyone knowing and not only in the states but in any country in any economy
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small animals eat insects even larger animals eat insects
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small animals eat insects even larger animals eat insects but the small animals that eat insects are being eaten by larger animals still larger animals and at the end of the food chain we are eating them as well there's quite a lot of people that are eating insects and here you see me in a small provincial town in china about two million inhabitants if you go out for dinner like in a fish restaurant where you can select which fish you want to eat you can select which insects you would like to eat and they prepare it in a wonderful way and here you see me enjoying a meal with caterpillars locusts bee delicacies
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and they prepare it in a wonderful way and here you see me enjoying a meal with caterpillars locusts bee delicacies and you can eat something new everyday there's more than species of insects that are being eaten all around the globe that's quite a bit more than just a few mammals that we're eating like a cow or a pig or a sheep more than species an enormous variety and now you may think okay in this provincial town in china they're doing that but not us well we've seen already that quite some of you already ate insects maybe occasionally but i can tell you that every one of you is eating insects without any exception you're eating at least grams per year
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the sticks of crabmeat or is being sold as crab meat is white fish that's being dyed with is a product of an insect that lives off these cacti it's being produced in large amounts to metric tons per year in the canary islands in peru and it's big business one gram of costs about one gram of gold is so it's a very precious thing that we're using to dye our foods now the situation in the world is going to change for you and me for everyone on this earth the human population is growing very rapidly and is growing exponentially where at the moment we have something between six and seven billion people it will grow to about nine billion in
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the situation in the world is going to change for you and me for everyone on this earth the human population is growing very rapidly and is growing exponentially where at the moment we have something between six and seven billion people it will grow to about nine billion in that means that we have a lot more mouths to feed and this is something that worries more and more people there was an fao conference last october that was completely devoted to this how are we going to feed this world and if you look at the figures up there it says that we have a third more mouths to feed but we need an agricultural production increase of percent and that's especially because this world population is increasing and it's increasing not only in numbers but we're also getting wealthier and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more and also starts to eat more meat and meat in fact is something that costs a lot of our agricultural production our diet consists in some part of animal proteins and at the moment most of us here get it from livestock from fish from game
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i grew up with my identical twin who was an incredibly loving brother now one thing about being a twin is it makes you an expert at spotting favoritism if his cookie was even slightly bigger than my cookie i had questions and clearly i wasn't starving
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we sustain psychological injuries even more often than we do physical ones injuries like failure or rejection or loneliness and they can also get worse if we ignore them and they can impact our lives in dramatic ways and yet even though there are scientifically proven techniques we could use to treat these kinds of psychological injuries we don't it doesn't even occur to us that we should oh you're feeling depressed just shake it off it's all in your head can you imagine saying that to somebody with a broken leg oh just walk it off it's all in your leg
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we closed the gap between our physical and our psychological health it's time we made them more equal more like twins speaking of which my brother is also a psychologist so he's not a real doctor either
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we didn't study together though in fact the hardest thing i've ever done in my life is move across the atlantic to new york city to get my doctorate in psychology we were apart then for the first time in our lives and the separation was brutal for both of us but while he remained among family and friends i was alone in a new country we missed each other terribly but international phone calls were really expensive then and we could only afford to speak for five minutes a week when our birthday rolled around it was the first we wouldn't be spending together we decided to splurge and that week we would talk for minutes
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given the time difference i assumed ok he's out with friends he'll call later there were no cell phones then but he didn't and i began to realize that after being away for over months he no longer missed me the way i missed him i knew he would call in the morning but that night was one of the saddest and longest nights of my life i woke up the next morning i glanced down at the phone and i realized i had kicked it off the hook when pacing the day before i stumbled out of bed i put the phone back on the receiver and it rang a second later and it was my brother and boy was he pissed
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he marches me over to the police car and only when he verified i didn't have a police record could i show him i had a twin in the front seat but even as we were driving away you could see by the look on his face he was convinced that i was getting away with something
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loneliness creates a deep psychological wound one that distorts our perceptions and scrambles our thinking it makes us believe that those around us care much less than they actually do it make us really afraid to reach out because why set yourself up for rejection and heartache when your heart is already aching more than you can stand i was in the grips of real loneliness back then but i was surrounded by people all day so it never occurred to me but loneliness is defined purely it depends solely on whether you feel emotionally or socially disconnected from those around you
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it make us really afraid to reach out because why set yourself up for rejection and heartache when your heart is already aching more than you can stand i was in the grips of real loneliness back then but i was surrounded by people all day so it never occurred to me but loneliness is defined purely it depends solely on whether you feel emotionally or socially disconnected from those around you and i did there is a lot of research on loneliness and all of it is horrifying loneliness won't just make you miserable it will kill you i'm not kidding chronic loneliness increases your likelihood of an early death by percent fourteen percent loneliness causes high blood pressure high cholesterol
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chronic loneliness increases your likelihood of an early death by percent fourteen percent loneliness causes high blood pressure high cholesterol it even suppress the functioning of your immune system making you vulnerable to all kinds of illnesses and diseases in fact scientists have concluded that taken together chronic loneliness poses as significant a risk for your long term health and longevity as cigarette smoking now cigarette packs come with warnings saying this could kill you but loneliness doesn't and that's why it's so important that we prioritize our psychological health that we practice emotional hygiene because you can't treat a psychological wound if you don't even know you're injured loneliness isn't the only psychological wound that distorts our perceptions and misleads us
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that as well i once visited a day care center where i saw three toddlers play with identical plastic toys you had to slide the red button and a cute doggie would pop out one little girl tried pulling the purple button then pushing it and then she just sat back and looked at the box with her lower lip trembling the little boy next to her watched this happen then turned to his box and burst into tears without even touching it meanwhile another little girl tried everything she could think of until she slid the red button the cute doggie popped out and she with delight so three toddlers with identical plastic toys but with very different reactions to failure
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the little boy next to her watched this happen then turned to his box and burst into tears without even touching it meanwhile another little girl tried everything she could think of until she slid the red button the cute doggie popped out and she with delight so three toddlers with identical plastic toys but with very different reactions to failure the first two toddlers were perfectly capable of sliding a red button the only thing that prevented them from succeeding was that their mind tricked them into believing they could not now adults get tricked this way as well all the time in fact we all have a default set of feelings and beliefs that gets triggered whenever we encounter frustrations and setbacks are you aware of how your mind reacts to failure you need to be because if your mind tries to convince you you're incapable of something and you believe it then like those two toddlers you'll begin to feel helpless and you'll stop trying too soon or you won't even try at all
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she had met this guy online and he seemed nice and he seemed successful and most importantly he seemed really into her so she was very excited she bought a new dress and they met at an upscale new york city bar for a drink ten minutes into the date the man stands up and says i'm not interested and walks out
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so now we go to mike mcgrew who is a scientist at roslin institute in scotland and mike's doing miracles with birds so he'll take say falcon skin cells turn it into induced stem cells since it's so it can become germ he then has a way to put the germ into the embryo of a chicken egg so that that chicken will have basically the of a falcon you get a male and a female each of those and out of them comes falcons
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now extinction is a different kind of death it's bigger we didn't really realize that until when the last passenger pigeon a female named martha died at the cincinnati zoo this had been the most abundant bird in the world that'd been in north america for six million years suddenly it wasn't here at all flocks that were a mile wide and miles long used to darken the sun
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argument that leaving the house embarking on these grand adventures is joyful and fun however doesn't tally that neatly with my own experience the furthest i've ever got away from my front door was in the spring of i still don't know exactly what came over me but my plan was to make a solo and unsupported crossing of the arctic ocean i planned essentially to walk from the north coast of russia to the north pole and then to carry on to the north coast of canada no one had ever done this i was at the time a lot of experts were saying it was impossible and my mum certainly wasn't very keen on the idea
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the question why that's been dogging me for the last years was credited certainly to this chap the rakish looking gentleman standing at the back second from the left george lee mallory many of you will know his name in he was last seen disappearing into the clouds near the summit of mt everest he may or may not have been the first person to climb everest more than years before edmund hillary no one knows if he got to the top it's still a mystery
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you all know this story in the summer of enrico fermi the italian american physicist and atomic pile builder went to lunch at los alamos national laboratory and joined some colleagues there and asked them a question where is everybody this confused his colleagues obviously because they were sitting right there with him and then he had to clarify that he wasn't talking about them he was talking about the space aliens you see this was only a few years after the supposed flying saucer crash at roswell new mexico and even though that turned out to be nothing nothing at all merely a downed weather balloon piloted by small hairless men with slits for mouths
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still america had gone saucer mad even famous scientists who were eating lunch reasoning if i may paraphrase badly is that the universe is so vast that it stands to reason there should be other intelligent life out there and the universe is so old that unless we were the very first civilization ever to evolve we should have some evidence of their existence by now and yet to the best of our knowledge we are alone where is everybody asked fermi and his colleagues had no answer fermi then went on with the same blunt logic to disprove fairies god the possibility of love and thereafter as you know enrico fermi ate alone
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isn't it a little convenient that in the midst of the world war out of nowhere suddenly an italian scientist showed up with an amazing new technology that would transform everything in the world and darken the history of the human species forever after and isn't it a little strange that he required no payment for this that he asked for only one thing a gift of two healthy sperm whales that's that's not true but it is strange
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oh he said little green men and then his girlfriend joined in too there's no such thing as space men she said
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she had long curly black hair a blue jean jacket i remember she had some sort of injury to her ankle an ace bandage and she had crutches she was very tall i would say
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our last day in portugal we were in the district capital of faro and catherine decided that she wanted to go to the beach one last time now faro is a bustling little city and to get to the beach she explained you would have to take a bus and then a boat and did i want to come with but i was exhausted and dog bitten and so i said no i remember what she looked like before she left the freckles had grown and multiplied on her face and shoulders clustering into a kind of a tan
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and i watched those constellations shift hoping that they would part and i would see her face it was at that moment in that very small town of or so that i truly appreciated the vastness of the universe and the searching we might do in it and that's when the liberians came along
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one of them was named joseph and he asked me what was i doing and i explained and he said don't worry he was sure that catherine would be safe but he did not seem so very sure for he sat down to wait with me and for the next two hours they all waited with me taking turns going up to their room coming back telling me jokes distracting me two hours they gave me a message
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which brings us back to harriet we met her on our first family vacation she came over to meet my young daughter and she was tickled to learn that my daughter's name is also harriet she asked me what i did for a living and i told her i work with utilities to help people save energy it was then that her eyes lit up she looked at me and she said you're exactly the person i need to talk to you see two weeks ago my husband and i got a letter in the mail from our utility it told us we were using twice as much energy as our neighbors
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now how about your household energy use anybody check that today this week last week a few energy geeks spread out across the room it's good to see you guys but the rest of us this is a room filled with people who are passionate about the future of this planet and even we aren't paying attention to the energy use that's driving climate change the woman in the photo with me is harriet we met her on our first family vacation
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please meet jane she has a high risk pregnancy within weeks she's on bed rest at the hospital being monitored for her preterm contractions she doesn't look the happiest that's in part because it requires technicians and experts to apply these clunky belts on her to monitor her uterine contractions another reason jane is not so happy is because she's worried
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i don't know what the hell i'm doing here i was born in a scots presbyterian ghetto in canada and dropped out of high school i don't own a cell phone and i paint on paper using which hasn't changed in years but about three years ago i had an art show in new york and i titled it serious nonsense so i think i'm actually the first one here i lead i called it serious nonsense because on the serious side i use a technique of painstaking realism of editorial illustration from when i was a kid
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nerd i think some of you were too
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i grew up in a small town in the dusty plains of north texas the son of a sheriff who was the son of a pastor getting into trouble was not an option and so i started reading calculus books for fun
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you did too that led me to building a laser and a computer and model rockets and that led me to making rocket fuel in my bedroom now in scientific terms we call this a very bad idea
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career that led me from the air force academy to space command to now i became a systems engineer and recently i was drawn into an engineering problem associated with nasa's mission to mars now in space flights to the moon we can rely upon mission control in houston to watch over all aspects of a flight however mars is times further away and as a result it takes on average minutes for a signal to travel from the earth to mars if there's trouble there's not enough time and so a reasonable engineering solution calls for us to put mission control inside the walls of the orion spacecraft another fascinating idea in the mission profile places robots on the surface of mars before the humans themselves arrive first to build facilities and later to serve as collaborative members of the science team now as i looked at this from an engineering perspective it became very clear to me that what i needed to architect was a smart collaborative socially intelligent artificial intelligence in other words i needed to build something very much like a hal but without the homicidal tendencies
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argument to unpack and i don't have time to unpack them all but very briefly consider this super knowing is very different than super doing hal was a threat to the discovery crew only insofar as hal commanded all aspects of the discovery so it would have to be with a it would have to have dominion over all of our world this is the stuff of from the movie the terminator in which we had a that commanded human will that directed every device that was in every corner of the world practically speaking it ain't gonna happen we are not building ais that control the weather that direct the tides that command us capricious chaotic humans and furthermore if such an artificial intelligence existed it would have to compete with human economies and thereby compete for resources with us and in the end don't tell siri this we can always unplug them
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now hal was a fictional character but nonetheless he speaks to our fears our fears of being subjugated by some unfeeling artificial intelligence who is indifferent to our humanity i believe that such fears are unfounded
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let's pause for a moment is it really possible to build an artificial intelligence like that actually it is in many ways this is a hard engineering problem with elements of ai not some wet hair ball of an ai problem that needs to be engineered to paraphrase alan turing i'm not interested in building a machine i'm not building a hal
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the art and the science of computing have come a long way since hal was onscreen and i'd imagine if his inventor dr chandra were here today he'd have a whole lot of questions for us is it really possible for us to take a system of millions upon millions of devices to read in their data streams to predict their failures and act in advance yes can we build systems that converse with humans in natural language yes can we build systems that recognize objects identify emotions themselves play games and even read lips yes
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question you must ask yourself is should we fear it now every new technology brings with it some measure of trepidation when we first saw cars people lamented that we would see the destruction of the family when we first saw telephones come in people were worried it would destroy all civil conversation at a point in time we saw the written word become pervasive people thought we would lose our ability to memorize these things are all true to a degree but it's also the case that these technologies brought to us things that extended the human experience in some profound ways
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so let's take this a little further i do not fear the creation of an ai like this because it will eventually embody some of our values consider this building a cognitive system is fundamentally different than building a traditional software intensive system of the past we don't program them we teach them in order to teach a system how to recognize flowers i show it thousands of flowers of the kinds i like in order to teach a system how to play a game well i would
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also the person to your left is a liar also the person sitting in your very seats is a liar we're all liars what i'm going to do today is i'm going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars how you can become a and why you might want to go the extra mile and go from to truth seeking and ultimately to trust building now speaking of trust ever since i wrote this book no one wants to meet me in person anymore no no no no no they say it's okay we'll email you
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all kind of hate to admit it we wish we were better husbands better wives smarter more powerful taller richer the list goes on lying is an attempt to bridge that gap to connect our wishes and our fantasies about who we wish we were how we wish we could be with what we're really like and boy are we willing to fill in those gaps in our lives with lies on a given day studies show that you may be lied to anywhere from to times now granted many of those are white lies but in another study it showed that strangers lied three times within the first minutes of meeting each other
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it's woven into the fabric of our daily and our business lives we're deeply ambivalent about the truth we parse it out on an as needed basis sometimes for very good reasons other times just because we don't understand the gaps in our lives that's truth number two about lying we're against lying but we're covertly for it in ways that our society has sanctioned for centuries and centuries and centuries it's as old as breathing it's part of our culture it's part of our history think dante shakespeare the bible news of the world
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lying has evolutionary value to us as a species researchers have long known that the more intelligent the species the larger the the more likely it is to be deceptive now you might remember koko does anybody remember koko the gorilla who was taught sign language koko was taught to communicate via sign language here's koko with her kitten it's her cute little fluffy pet kitten koko once blamed her pet kitten for ripping a sink out of the wall
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it right freud said look there's much more to it than speech no mortal can keep a secret if his lips are silent he with his fingertips and we all do it no matter how powerful you are we all chatter with our fingertips i'm going to show you dominique strauss kahn with who's chattering with his fingertips
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i can't even get a coffee date at starbucks my husband's like honey deception maybe you could have focused on cooking how about french cooking so before i get started what i'm going to do is i'm going to clarify my goal for you which is not to teach a game of gotcha aren't those kids those kids in the back of the room that are shouting gotcha gotcha your eyebrow twitched
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so before i get started what i'm going to do is i'm going to clarify my goal for you which is not to teach a game of gotcha aren't those kids those kids in the back of the room that are shouting gotcha gotcha your eyebrow twitched you flared your nostril i watch that tv show to me i know you're lying no are armed with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception they use it to get to the truth and they do what mature leaders do everyday they have difficult conversations with difficult people sometimes during very difficult times
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no are armed with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception they use it to get to the truth and they do what mature leaders do everyday they have difficult conversations with difficult people sometimes during very difficult times and they start up that path by accepting a core proposition and that proposition is the following lying is a cooperative act think about it a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance its power emerges when someone else agrees to believe the lie so i know it may sound like tough love but look if at some point you got lied to it's because you agreed to get lied to truth number one about lying a cooperative act now not all lies are harmful sometimes we're willing participants in deception for the sake of social dignity maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret secret
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now not all lies are harmful sometimes we're willing participants in deception for the sake of social dignity maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret secret we say nice song honey you don't look fat in that no or we say favorite of the you know i just fished that email out of my spam folder so sorry but there are times when we are unwilling participants in deception and that can have dramatic costs for us last year saw billion dollars in corporate fraud alone in the united states
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and that can have dramatic costs for us last year saw billion dollars in corporate fraud alone in the united states that's an eyelash under a trillion dollars that's seven percent of revenues deception can cost billions think enron madoff the mortgage crisis or in the case of double agents and traitors like robert hanssen or aldrich ames lies can betray our country they can compromise our security they can undermine democracy they can cause the deaths of those that defend us deception is actually serious business this con man henry oberlander he was such an effective con man british authorities say he could have undermined the entire banking system of the western world
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so of course in reality we were then panicked being the biologists and we should know this already we said well what do tails do well we know that tails store fat for example we know that you can grab onto things with them and perhaps it is most well known that they provide static balance
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see that tail that's incredible marc built a hopping robot and it was unstable without its tail now mostly tails limit maneuverability like this human inside this dinosaur suit
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if we could have the lights on it okay there it goes and show the video there it is and it works just like it does in the animal so all you need is a swing of the tail to right yourself now of course we were normally frightened because the animal has no gliding adaptations so we thought oh that's okay we'll put it in a vertical wind tunnel we'll blow the air up we'll give it a landing target a tree trunk just outside the glass enclosure and see what it does
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and the way it does it is it takes its tail and it swings it one way to yaw left and it swings its other way to yaw right so we can maneuver this way and then we had to film this several times to believe this it also does this watch this it oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin it can actually swim through the air but watch its front legs can you see what they are doing what does that mean for the origin of flapping flight maybe it's evolved from coming down from trees and trying to control a glide stay tuned for that
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let me share with you today an original discovery but i want to tell it to you the way it really happened not the way i present it in a scientific meeting or the way you'd read it in a scientific paper it's a story about beyond to something i'm calling i define that as an association between biology and another discipline where each discipline advances the other but where the collective discoveries that emerge are beyond any single field now in terms of as human technologies take on more of the characteristics of nature nature becomes a much more useful teacher engineering can be inspired by biology by using its principles and analogies when they're advantageous but then integrating that with the best human engineering ultimately to make something actually better than nature
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now being a biologist i was very curious about this these are gecko toes and we wondered how they use these bizarre toes to climb up a wall so quickly we discovered it and what we found was that they have leaf like structures on their toes with millions of tiny hairs that look like a rug and each of those hairs has the worst case of split ends possible about to split ends that are nano size and the individual has billion of these nano size split ends they don't stick by velcro or suction or glue
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what she did on rough surfaces but she actually used these on smooth surfaces two of them to climb up and pull herself up and you can try this in the lobby and look at the gecko inspired material now the problem with the robots doing this is that they can't get unstuck with the material this is the solution they actually peel their toes away from the surface at high rates as they run up the wall well i'm really excited today to show you the newest version of a robot using a new hierarchical dry adhesive
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he talked about the tail being a whip for communication it can also be used in defense
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we wanted to do more than just make people aware of it we wanted people to get involved so we took all of our computer code and made that available online under an open source license to anybody that wanted it and you guys can download it today if you want to run your own experiments to see if this would work and that was really effective because people that didn't believe our assumptions could try their own and see how it would work now there's an obvious problem which is is there enough money in the world to fund this i've told you there's enough drugs but is there enough money there's trillion dollars of capital currently invested in fixed income securities that's a hundred thousand billion there's plenty of money
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of my dad and me at the beach in far rockaway or actually rockaway park i'm the one with the blond hair my dad's the guy with the cigarette it was the a lot of people smoked back then in the summer of my dad was diagnosed with lung cancer
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i was pondering this question i came across this urban legend about ernest hemingway who allegedly said that these six words here for sale baby shoes never worn were the best novel he had ever written and i also encountered a project called six word memoirs where people were asked take your whole life and please sum this up into six words such as these here found true love married someone else or living in existential vacuum it sucks i actually like that one so if a novel can be put into six words and a whole memoir can be put into six words you don't need more than six words for a ted talk we could have been done by lunch here
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some of you might actually right now be thinking it's downright crazy to have ted talks summarized into just six words but it's actually not because there's an example by statistics professor hans i guess many of you have seen one or more of his talks he's got eight talks online and those can basically be summed up into just four words because that's all he's basically showing us our intuition is really bad he always proves us wrong so people on the internet some didn't do so well and when i asked them to summarize the ted talks at the same time some took the easy out they just had some general comment there were others and i found this quite cheeky they used their six words to talk back to me and ask me if i'd been too much on lately
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oh well in the end however and this is really amazing for each of those ted talk clusters that i submitted i actually received meaningful summaries here are some of my favorites for example for the ted talks about food someone summed this up into food shaping body brains and environment which i think is pretty good or happiness striving toward happiness moving toward unhappiness so here i was i had started out with a thousand ted talks and i had six word summaries for those actually it sounded nice in the beginning but when you look at summaries it's quite a lot it's a huge list
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and if you did this for all thousand ted talks you would get from million words down to so i thought this was quite worthwhile so i started asking all my friends please take your favorite ted talk and put that into six words so here are some of the results that i received i think they're quite nice for example dan talk on motivation which was pretty good if you haven't seen it drop carrot
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i think they're quite nice for example dan talk on motivation which was pretty good if you haven't seen it drop carrot drop stick bring meaning it's what he's basically talking about in those minutes or some even included references to the speakers such as nathan speaking style or the one of tim ferriss which might be considered a bit strenuous at times the challenge here is if i try to systematically do this i would probably end up with a lot of summaries but not with many friends in the end so i had to find a different method preferably involving total strangers and luckily there's a website for that called mechanical turk which is a website where you can post tasks that you don't want to do yourself such as please summarize this text for me in six words
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so what if i don't let people summarize individual ted talks to six words but give them ted talks at the same time and say please do a six word summary for that one i would cut my costs by percent
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metaphor lives a secret life all around us we utter about six metaphors a minute metaphorical thinking is essential to how we understand ourselves and others how we communicate learn discover and invent but metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words now to assist me in explaining this i've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers the reigning king of the a man whose contributions to the field are so great that he himself has become a metaphor i am of course referring to none other than elvis presley
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it's also a great example of how whenever we deal with anything abstract ideas emotions feelings concepts thoughts we inevitably resort to metaphor in all shook up a touch is not a touch but a chill lips are not lips but volcanoes she is not she but a buttercup and love is not love but being all shook up in this elvis is following aristotle's classic definition of metaphor as the process of giving the thing a name that belongs to something else this is the mathematics of metaphor and fortunately it's very simple x equals y
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what do you see three wayward pac men and three pointy brackets are actually present what we see however are two overlapping triangles metaphor is not just the detection of patterns it is the creation of patterns second step conceptual now is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ in another sense organ as well such as colored hearing people with colored hearing actually see colors when they hear the sounds of words or letters we all have abilities this is the test what you have to do is identify which of these shapes is called and which is called kiki
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take the three most famous words in all of western philosophy ergo sum that's translated as i think therefore i am but there is a better translation the latin word is derived from the prefix co meaning together and the verb meaning to shake so the original meaning of is to shake together and the proper translation of ergo sum is i shake things up therefore i am
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what we see however are two overlapping triangles metaphor is not just the detection of patterns it is the creation of patterns
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and many of the metaphors we use everyday are silence is sweet neckties are loud sexually attractive people are hot sexually unattractive people leave us cold metaphor creates a kind of conceptual in which we understand one concept in the context of another third step is cognitive dissonance
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i have two missions here today the first is to tell you something about pollen i hope and to convince you that it's more than just something that gets up your nose and secondly to convince you that every home really ought to have a scanning electron microscope
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is this is a plant which i've always thought to be rather tedious named after morin who was an enterprising french gardener who issued the first seed catalog in but anyway take a look at its pollen this is amazing i think that little hole in the middle there is for the pollen tube and when the pollen finds its special female spot in another flower just on the right species what happens like i said pollen carries the male sex cells if you actually didn't realize that plants have sex they have rampant promiscuous and really quite interesting and curious sex really
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okay so this is another species evolved to be dispersed by insects you can tell that from the little barbs on there all these pictures were taken with a scanning electron microscope actually in the lab at kew laboratories no coincidence that these were taken by rob who is an artist and i think it's someone with a design and artistic eye like him that has managed to bring out the best in pollen
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pollen is produced by the of flowers each can carry up to grains of pollen so it's quite prolific stuff and it isn't just bright flowers that have pollen it's also trees and grasses and remember that all our cereal crops are grasses as well here is a scanning electron of a grain of pollen the little hole in the middle we'll come to a bit later but that's for the pollen tube to come out later on a very tiny tube so that's across that pollen grain there that's about a of a millimeter
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yes we know that it's also very biologically active as anyone with hay fever will understand now pollen from plants which are wind dispersed like trees and grasses and so on tend to cause the most hay fever and the reason for that is they've got to chuck out masses and masses of pollen to have any chance of the pollen reaching another plant of the same species here are some examples they're very smooth if you look at them of tree pollen that is meant to be carried by the wind again this time sycamore wind dispersed so trees very boring flowers not really trying to attract insects cool pollen though this one i particularly like
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pollen is tiny it gets on to things and it sticks to them
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design is a slippery and elusive phenomenon which has meant different things at different times but all truly inspiring design projects have one thing in common they began with a dream and the bolder the dream the greater the design feat that will be required to achieve it and this is why the greatest designers are almost always the biggest dreamers and rebels and renegades this has been the case throughout history all the way back to the year when a old became the king of a remote very poor and very small asian country he dreamt of acquiring land riches and power through military conquest
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