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so i assume that norman doesn't need much of an introduction but ted's audience is global it's diverse so i've been tasked with starting with his bio which could easily take up the entire minutes so instead we're going to do years in seconds or less
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not only are they all commercially successful but many of them push our culture forward by giving the underrepresented members of society their first prime time voice you have seven shows in the top at one time at one point you aggregate an audience of million people per week watching your content that's more than the audience for super bowl which happens once a year holy shit
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then you wipe the slate clean start a third act as a political activist focusing on protecting the first amendment and the separation of church and state you start people for the american way you buy the declaration of independence and give it back to the people you stay active in both entertainment and politics until the ripe old of age of when you write a book and make a documentary about your life story and after all that they finally think you're ready for a ted talk
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my mother what a place to start let me put it this way when i came back from the war she showed me the letters that i had written her from overseas and they were absolute love letters
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to oklahoma with three guys that my mother said i don't want you to have anything to do with them i don't trust those men that's when i heard maybe not for the first time stifle yourself jeanette i'm going and he went it turns out he was picking up some fake bonds which he was flying across the country to sell but the fact that he was going to oklahoma in a plane and he was going to bring me back a hat just like ken maynard my favorite cowboy wore you know this was a few years after lindbergh crossed the atlantic i mean it was exotic that my father was going there but when he came back they arrested him as he got off the plane that night newspapers were all over the house my father was with his hat in front of his face to a detective
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so you had a childhood with little in the way of strong male role models except for your grandfather tell us about him oh my grandfather
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they wrote back but i have shown them myself going way back to phil donahue and others before him literally dozens of interviews in which i told that story this will be the second time i have said the whole story was a lie the truth was my grandfather took me to parades we had lots of those the truth is a tear came down his eye the truth is he would write an occasional letter and i did pick up those little envelopes but my dearest darling mr president all the rest of it is a story i borrowed from a good friend whose grandfather was that grandfather who wrote those letters and i mean i stole arthur marshall's grandfather and made him my own
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even this how about that even this i get to experience when i started to write the memoir and i started to think about it and then i i i did a reasonable amount of crying and i realized how much i needed the father so much so that i appropriated arthur marshall's grandfather so much so the word father i have six kids by the way my favorite role in life
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leave graduate school and i can't work in new york on kind of entertainment and technology because i have to be exiled to california where the remaining jobs are almost to the sea to go to work for apple computer warner of course writes off more than million dollars four hundred million dollars which was real money back in the but they were onto something and they got better at it by the year the process was perfected they merged with aol and in just four years managed to shed about billion dollars of market capitalization showing that they'd actually mastered the art of applying moore's law of successive miniaturization to their balance sheet
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and it's not just what these are doing to each other but it's what the audience thinks that really frames this matter to get a sense of this and it's been a theme we've talked about all week i recently talked to a bunch of
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to get a sense of this and it's been a theme we've talked about all week i recently talked to a bunch of i wrote on cards television radio internet and i said just arrange these from what's important to you and what's not and then tell me why let's listen to what happens when they get to the portion of the discussion on television girl well i think it's important but like not necessary because you can do a lot of other stuff with your free time than watch programs which is more fun internet or tv internet girl i think we the reasons one of the reasons we put computer before tv is because nowadays like we have tv shows on the computer
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story of humans is the story of ideas scientific ideas that shine light into dark corners ideas that we embrace rationally and irrationally ideas for which we've lived and died and killed and been killed ideas that have vanished in history and ideas that have been set in dogma it's a story of nations of ideologies of territories and of conflicts among them but every moment of human history from the stone age to the information age from and babylon to the and celebrity gossip they've all been carried out every book that you've read every poem every laugh every tear they've all happened here here
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our sun is one of billion stars in our galaxy and we know that many other stars have planetary systems we've discovered over in the last years including the small planet announced earlier this week which has a radius just twice the size of the earth and if even all of the planetary systems in our galaxy were devoid of life there are still billion other galaxies out there altogether stars now i'm going to try a trick and recreate an experiment from this morning remember one billion but this time not one billion dollars one billion stars alright one billion stars now up there feet above the stage that's trillion well what about where's the line that marks that that line would have to be million miles above this stage
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if out there others are asking and answering similar questions what if they look up at the night sky at the same stars but from the opposite side would the discovery of an older cultural civilization out there inspire us to find ways to survive our increasingly uncertain technological adolescence might it be the discovery of a distant civilization and our common cosmic origins that finally drives home the message of the bond among all humans whether we're born in san francisco or sudan or close to the heart of the milky way galaxy we are the products of a billion year lineage of wandering stardust we all of us are what happens when a primordial mixture of hydrogen and helium evolves for so long that it begins to ask where it came from
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so what exactly is seti well seti uses the tools of astronomy to try and find evidence of someone else's technology out there our own technologies are visible over interstellar distances and theirs might be as well it might be that some massive network of communications or some shield against impact or some huge astro engineering project that we can't even begin to conceive of could generate signals at radio or optical frequencies that a determined program of searching might detect for millennia we've actually turned to the priests and the philosophers for guidance and instruction on this question of whether there's intelligent life out there now we can use the tools of the century to try and observe what is rather than ask what should be believed
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two or three times a year i could get some yellowish apples with brown dots you know signifying thousands of miles traveled warehouses storing to get to me i grew up in the city to very financially comfortable parents so it was my dignified reality exactly the same way or would not regularly feature in an american chinese or indian diet apples didn't count as part of my reality so what this did to me introducing education to me with a is for apple made education an abstraction it made it something out of my reach a foreign concept a phenomenon for which i would have to constantly and perpetually seek the validation of those it belonged to for me to make progress within it and with it that was tough for a child it would be tough for anyone as i grew up and i advanced academically my reality was further separated from my education in history i was taught that the scottish explorer mungo park discovered the niger river and so it bothered me my great grew up quite close to the edge of the niger river
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so the traffic moved a bit and i quickly grabbed a copy and we moved on when i had time to fully open the alphabet sheet and take a more detailed look at it i knew i was not going to use that to teach my daughter i regretted my purchase
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century but perhaps none as significant as the longevity revolution we are living on average today years longer than our great grandparents did think about that that's an entire second adult lifetime that's been added to our lifespan and yet for the most part our culture has not come to terms with what this means we're still living with the old paradigm of age as an arch that's the metaphor the old metaphor you're born you peak at midlife and decline into
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i've spent the last year researching and writing about this subject and i have come to find that a more appropriate metaphor for aging is a staircase the upward ascension of the human spirit bringing us into wisdom wholeness and authenticity age not at all as pathology age as potential and guess what this potential is not for the lucky few it turns out most people over feel better are less stressed less hostile less anxious we tend to see commonalities more than differences some of the studies even say we're happier
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as i was approaching my late when i would wake up in the morning my first six thoughts would all be negative and i got scared i thought oh my gosh i'm going to become a crotchety old lady but now that i am actually smack dab in the middle of my own third act i realize i've never been happier i have such a powerful feeling of well being and i've discovered that when you're inside as opposed to looking at it from the outside fear subsides you realize you're still yourself maybe even more so picasso once said it takes a long time to become young
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i don't want to romanticize aging obviously there's no guarantee that it can be a time of fruition and growth some of it is a matter of luck some of it obviously is genetic one third of it in fact is genetic and there isn't much we can do about that but that means that two thirds of how well we do in the third act we can do something about we're going to discuss what we can do to make these added years really successful and use them to make a difference now let me say something about the staircase which may seem like an odd metaphor for seniors given the fact that many seniors are challenged by stairs
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and here's an example of what i mean this upward ascension can happen even in the face of extreme physical challenges
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in this article mr selinger wrote the following to describe what was happening to him and i quote as my muscles weakened my writing became stronger as i slowly lost my speech i gained my voice as i diminished i grew as i lost so much i finally started to find myself neil selinger to me is the embodiment of mounting the staircase in his third act now we're all born with spirit all of us but sometimes it gets down beneath the challenges of life violence abuse neglect perhaps our parents suffered from depression
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now that's sort of just a very simple chemical form of life but when things got interesting was when these drops learned a trick about abstraction somehow by ways that we don't quite understand these little drops learned to write down information they learned to record the information that was the recipe of the cell onto a particular kind of chemical called so in other words they worked out in this mindless sort of evolutionary way a form of writing that let them write down what they were so that that way of writing it down could get copied the amazing thing is that that way of writing seems to have stayed steady since it evolved two and a half billion years ago in fact the recipe for us our genes is exactly that same code and that same way of writing in fact every living creature is written in exactly the same set of letters and the same code in fact one of the things that i did just for amusement purposes is we can now write things in this code and i've got here a little micrograms of white powder which i try not to let the security people see at airports
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if i look at those programs i can't tell you how they work i've tried looking at them and telling you how they work they're obscure weird programs but they do the job and in fact i know i'm very confident that they do the job because they come from a line of hundreds of thousands of programs that did the job in fact their life depended on doing the job
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what i want to show you is not so much the details of the slide but the general form of it this happens to be a slide of some analysis that we were doing about the power of risc microprocessors versus the power of local area networks
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what i want to show you is not so much the details of the slide but the general form of it this happens to be a slide of some analysis that we were doing about the power of risc microprocessors versus the power of local area networks and the interesting thing about it is that this slide like so many technology slides that we're used to is a sort of a straight line on a semi log curve in other words every step here represents an order of magnitude in performance scale and this is a new thing that we talk about technology on semi log curves something really weird is going on here and that's basically what i'm going to be talking about so if you could bring up the lights if you could bring up the lights higher because i'm just going to use a piece of paper here
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but when something like this happens things are qualitatively changing so if transportation technology was moving along as fast as microprocessor technology then the day after tomorrow i would be able to get in a taxi cab and be in tokyo in seconds it's not moving like that and there's nothing in the history of technology development of this kind of self feeding growth where you go by orders of magnitude every few years now the question that i'd like to ask is if you look at these exponential curves they don't go on forever things just can't possibly keep changing as fast as they are one of two things is going to happen either it's going to turn into a sort of classical s curve like this until something totally different comes along or maybe it's going to do this that's about all it can do
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it turns out they make this wonderful material which is called in simple words which is a protein is the most elastic rubber on earth you can stretch it you can it and it doesn't lose almost any energy to the environment when you release it snap it brings back all the energy so i'm sure everybody would like to have that material but here's the problem to catch cat fleas is difficult
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this is amazing actually it's happening now today in israel we grow it in square meters of greenhouses all over the country the farmers receive small of tobacco it looks exactly like regular tobacco except that they have five human genes they're responsible for making type i collagen we grow them for about to days we harvest the leaves and then the leaves are transported by cooling trucks to the factory there the process of extracting the collagen starts now if you ever made a essentially the same thing
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two hundred years of modern science we have to admit that our performance is not great the machines we build continue to suffer from mechanical failures the houses we build do not survive severe earthquakes but we shouldn't be so critical of our scientists for a simple reason they didn't have much time two hundred years is not a lot of time while nature had three billion years to perfect some of the most amazing materials that we wish we had in our possession
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example sequoia trees they carry hundreds of tons for hundreds of years in cold weather in warm climates light yet if you look at the structure by high resolution electron microscopy and you ask yourself what is it made of surprisingly it's made of sugar well not exactly as we drink in our tea it's actually a called cellulose and this cellulose is so strong on a weight basis it's about times stronger than steel
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so scientists all over the world believe that is going to be one of the most important materials for the entire industry but here's the problem say you want to buy a half a ton of to build a boat or an airplane well you can you can you can even you won't find it of course you're going to find thousands of scientific papers great papers where scientists are going to say this is a great material there are lots of things we can do with it but no commercial source
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so what i did and he said you shouldn't worry jim because there are a lot of trailer parks so i put out another exhaustive list of going to trailer parks i went to one after another after another and i got the same kind of rejection there that i received when i was looking for the apartment and as a result the kind of comments that they made to me in addition to saying that they didn't have any slots open one person said jim the reason why we can't rent to you we already have a negro family in the trailer park he said and it's not me because i like you people
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it didn't have any paved roads in it it didn't have the concrete slabs it didn't have fencing to portion off your trailer slot from other trailer slots it didn't have a laundry facility but the conclusion i reached at that moment was that i didn't have a lot of other options so i called my wife and i said we're going to make this one work and we moved into it and we became homeowners in mountain home idaho and of course eventually things settled down four years after that i received papers to move from mountain home idaho to a place called goose bay labrador we won't even talk about that it was another great location
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here it is years later i now have nine grandchildren two great grandchildren five of the grandchildren are boys i have master's ph d undergrad one in medical school i have a couple that are trending they're almost there but not quite
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and that was a really important thing he said so here is a list of people that you can call and then they will then allow you to select the apartment that you want
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the people down there love us because they know if they have an airman who is coming in to rent one of their apartments they'll always get their money and that was a really important thing he said so here is a list of people that you can call and then they will then allow you to select the apartment that you want so i got the list i made the call the lady answered on the other end and i told her what i wanted she said oh great you called we have four or five apartments available right now she said do you want a one bedroom or two bedroom then she said let's not talk about that just come on down select the apartment that you want
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i jumped in my car i went downtown and knocked on the door when i knocked on the door the woman came to the door and she looked at me and she said can i help you i said yes i'm the person who called about the apartments i was just coming down to make my selection
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i jumped in my car i went downtown and knocked on the door when i knocked on the door the woman came to the door and she looked at me and she said can i help you i said yes i'm the person who called about the apartments i was just coming down to make my selection she said you know what i'm really sorry but my husband rented those apartments and didn't tell me about them i said you mean he rented all five of them in one hour she didn't give me a response and what she said was this she said why don't you leave your number and if we have some openings i'll give you a call needless to say i did not get a call from her nor did i get any responses from the other people that they gave me on the list where i could get apartments so as a result of that and feeling rejected i went back to the base and i talked to the squadron commander
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so as a result of that and feeling rejected i went back to the base and i talked to the squadron commander his name was mcdow major mcdow i said major mcdow i need your help i told him what happened and here's what he said to me he said james i would love to help you but you know the problem we can't make people rent to folks that they don't want to rent to and besides we have a great relationship with people in the community and we really don't want to damage that he said so maybe this is what you should do why don't you let your family stay home because you do know that you get a leave
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we need a global registry of financial assets more coordination on wealth taxation and even wealth tax with a small tax rate will be a way to produce information so that then we can adapt our policies to whatever we observe and to some extent the fight against tax havens and automatic transmission of information is pushing us in this direction now there are other ways to redistribute wealth which it can be tempting to use inflation it's much easier to print money than to write a tax code so that's very tempting but sometimes you don't know what you do with the money this is a problem expropriation is very tempting just when you feel some people get too wealthy you just expropriate them but this is not a very efficient way to organize a regulation of wealth dynamics so war is an even less efficient way so i tend to prefer progressive taxation but of course history history will invent its own best ways and it will probably involve a combination of all of these
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it's very nice to be here tonight so i've been working on the history of income and wealth distribution for the past years and one of the interesting lessons coming from this historical evidence is indeed that in the long run there is a tendency for the rate of return of capital to exceed the economy's growth rate and this tends to lead to high concentration of wealth not infinite concentration of wealth but the higher the gap between r and g the higher the level of inequality of wealth towards which society tends to converge so this is a key force that i'm going to talk about today but let me say right away that this is not the only important force in the dynamics of income and wealth distribution and there are many other forces that play an important role in the long run dynamics of income and wealth distribution also there is a lot of data that still needs to be collected we know a little bit more today than we used to know but we still know too little and certainly there are many different processes economic social political that need to be studied more
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what i know from he's working really hard in his lab and coming up with crazy stuff i know i was one of the first people to have this surgery and when i was i didn't realize how amazing it was i was a little kid and i was like yeah i'll have that i'll have that surgery
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there's actually a major health crisis today in terms of the shortage of organs the fact is that we're living longer medicine has done a much better job of making us live longer and the problem is as we age our organs tend to fail more and so currently there are not enough organs to go around in fact in the last years the number of patients requiring an organ has doubled while in the same time the actual number of transplants has barely gone up so this is now a public health crisis so that's where this field comes in that we call the field of medicine
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that's where this field comes in that we call the field of medicine it really involves many different areas you can use actually scaffolds biomaterials they're like the piece of your blouse or your shirt but specific materials you can actually implant in patients and they will do well and help you regenerate or we can use cells alone either your very own cells or different stem cell populations or we can use both we can use actually biomaterials and the cells together and that's where the field is today but it's actually not a new field
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ideas are meant to be shared so one idea can serve one world one market one idea one world one market well how else can we create new ideas that's one reason globalize trade how else can we create new ideas well more idea creators now idea creators they come from all walks of life artists and innovators many of the people you've seen on this stage i'm going to focus on scientists and engineers because i have some data on that and i'm a data person now today less than one tenth of one percent of the world's population are scientists and engineers
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it was only in the second half of the century that we slowly began to pull ourselves out of this abyss trade walls began to come tumbling down here are some data on tariffs starting at percent coming down to less than percent we globalized the world and what does that mean it means that we extended cooperation across national boundaries we made the world more cooperative transportation walls came tumbling down you know in the typical ship carried to tons worth of goods today a container ship can carry tons it can be manned with a smaller crew and unloaded faster than ever before
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it creates a culture and a society that values what make us special and unique it values what makes us human our flaws and our imperfections and this way of thinking allows us to see our differences with respect instead of fear and it generates the empathy that we need to overcome all the ways that we try to hurt one another stigma shame prejudice discrimination oppression pro voice is contagious and the more it's practiced the more it spreads so last year i was pregnant again this time i was looking forward to the birth of my son and while pregnant i had never been asked how i was feeling so much in all my life
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it was the middle of summer and well past closing time in the downtown berkeley bar where my friend polly and i worked together as bartenders usually at the end of our shift we had a drink but not that night i'm pregnant not sure what i'm going to do yet i told polly without hesitation she replied i've had an abortion before polly no one had ever told me that she'd had an abortion
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this is a system called tamper which is a slightly whimsical look at what the future of editing and media manipulation systems might be we at oblong believe that media should be accessible in much more fine grained form so we have a large number of movies stuck inside here and let's just pick out a few elements we can zip through them as a possibility we can grab elements off the front where upon they come to life and drag them down onto the table here we'll go over to jacques here and grab our blue friend and put him down on the table as well we may need more than one and we probably need well we probably need a cowboy to be quite honest
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that's a good question and we ask ourselves that every day at the moment our early customers and these systems are deployed out in the real world do all the big data intensive data heavy problems with it so whether it's logistics and supply chain management or natural gas and resource extraction financial services pharmaceuticals those are the topics right now but that's not a killer app and i understand what you're asking c'mon c'mon martial arts games c'mon
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we're years after the advent of the macintosh which was an astoundingly seminal event in the history of human machine interface and in computation in general it fundamentally changed the way that people thought about computation thought about computers how they used them and who and how many people were able to use them it was such a radical change in fact that the early macintosh development team in had to write an entirely new operating system from the ground up now this is an interesting little message and it's a lesson that has since i think been forgotten or lost or something and that is namely that the os is the interface the interface is the os it's like the land and the king i
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it's like the land and the king i e arthur they're inseparable they are one and to write a new operating system was not a capricious matter it wasn't just a matter of tuning up some graphics there were no graphics there were no mouse drivers so it was a necessity but in the quarter century since then we've seen all of the fundamental supporting technologies go berserk
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i remember today from this is that objects tell stories so storytelling has been a really strong influence in my work and then there was another influence i was a teenager and at or i guess like all teenagers we want to just do what we love and what we believe in and so i fused together the two things i loved the most which was skiing and those are pretty good escapes from the drab weather in switzerland so i created this compilation of the two i took my skis and i took a board and i put a mast foot in there and some foot straps and some metal fins and here i was going really fast on frozen lakes it was really a death trap i mean it was incredible it worked incredibly well but it was really dangerous and i realized then i had to go to design school
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they didn't want to change the insides they were really looking for us the designers to create the skins to put some pretty stuff outside of the box and i didn't want to be a it wasn't what i wanted to do i didn't want to be a stylist in this way and then i saw this quote advertising is the price companies pay for being
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and here's another project another partnership type approach this is called y water and it's this guy from los angeles thomas arndt austrian originally who came to us and all he wanted to do was to create a healthy drink or an organic drink for his kids to replace the high sodas that he's trying to get them away from so we worked on this bottle and it's completely symmetrical in every dimension and this allows the bottle to turn into a game the bottles connect together and you can create different shapes different forms
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nigeria and you see them in uruguay with their computers and in mongolia and we went away from obviously the beige i mean it's colorful it's fun in fact you can see each logo is a little bit different it's because we were able to run during the manufacturing process colors for the x and the o which is the name of the computer and by mixing them on the manufacturing floor you get times you get different options there so the lessons from seeing the kids using them in the developing world are incredible but this is my nephew anthony in switzerland and he had the laptop for an afternoon and i had to take it back it was hard
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so a pretty big endeavor and we worked on the dispensers these are the dispensers there's this friendly shape it's a little bit like designing a fire hydrant and it has to be easily serviceable you have to know where it is and what it does and we also designed the condoms themselves and i was just in new york at the launch and i went to see all these places where they're installed this is at a puerto rican little mom store at a bar in christopher street at a pool hall i mean they're being installed in homeless clinics everywhere of course clubs and discos too and here's the public service announcement for this project
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what i remember today from this is that objects tell stories so storytelling has been a really strong influence in my work and then there was another influence
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and then finally the leaf lamp for herman miller this is a pretty involved process it took us about four and a half years but i really was looking for creating a unique experience of light a new experience of light so we had to design both the light and the light bulb and that's a unique opportunity i would say in design and the new experience i was looking for is giving the choice for the user to go from a warm sort of glowing kind of mood light all the way to a bright work light so the light bulb actually does that it allows the person to switch and to mix these two
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but designers are really the glue that brings these things together so jawbone is a project that you're familiar with and it has a humanistic technology
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is a project that you're familiar with and it has a humanistic technology it feels your skin it rests on your skin and it knows when it is you're talking and by knowing when it is you're talking it gets rid of the other noises that it knows about which is the environmental noises but the other thing that is humanistic about jawbone is that we really decided to take out all the techie stuff and all the nerdy stuff out of it and try to make it as beautiful as we can i mean think about it the care we take in selecting sunglasses or jewelry or accessories is really important so if it isn't beautiful it really doesn't belong on your face and this is what we're pursuing here but how we work on jawbone is really unique
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but how we work on jawbone is really unique i want to point at something here on the left this is the board this is one of the things that goes inside that makes this technology work but this is the design process there's somebody changing the board putting tracers on the board changing the location of the as the designers on the other side are doing the work so it's not about slapping skins anymore on a technology it's really about designing from the inside out and then on the other side of the room the designers are making small adjustments sketching drawing by hand putting it in the computer and it's what i call being design driven
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never done and this is the other new way that is unique in how we work is because it's never done you have to do all this other stuff the packaging and the website and you need to continue to really touch the user in many ways but how do you retain somebody when it's never done and rahman the of jawbone you know really understands that you need a different structure so in a way the different structure is that we're partners it's a partnership
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i think really that this is the one laptop per child the laptop this picture is incredible in nigeria people carry their most precious belongings on their heads this girl is going to school with a laptop on her head i mean to me it just means so much but when nicholas and he has spoken about this project a lot he's the founder of came to us about two and a half years ago there were some clear ideas
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you know all these great technologies really happened because of the passion and the people and the engineers they fought the suppliers they fought the manufacturers
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and so i bought a building the building was really affordable we tricked it out we made it as beautiful as we could to try to just get some activity happening on my block once i bought the building for about dollars i didn't have any money left so i started sweeping the building as a kind of performance this is performance art and people would come over and i would start sweeping because the broom was free and sweeping was free it worked out
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two of the largest that have come out of this site some of you might be familiar with are these just silly pictures of cats with text and this resonates with millions of people apparently because there are tens of thousands of these and there is a whole empire now dedicated to pictures like these and rick kind of rebirth these past two years was this bait and switch really simple classic bait and switch somebody says they're linking to something interesting and you get an pop song that's all it was and it got big enough to the point where there was a float last year at the macy's thanksgiving day parade and rick astley pops out and millions of people on television
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a site like this have rules we do they're the codified rules that i've come up with which are more ignored by the community and so they've come up with their own set of rules the rules of the internet and so there are three that i want to show you specifically rule one is you don't talk about b two is you do not talk about b and this one's kind of interesting if it exists there is porn of it no exceptions
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b is the first board we started with and it is in many ways the beating heart of the website it is where a third of all the traffic is going and b is known for more than anything not just the they've created but the exploits and chris just touched on one of those a second ago and that was the time poll so somebody at time at the magazine thought it would be fun to nominate me for this thing they did last year and so they placed me on it and the internet got wind of it my community decided they wanted me to win it i didn't instruct them to do it they just decided that that's what they wanted and so you know percent approval rating ain't so bad
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and i ended up on top i ended up at this really fancy party but that's not what's interesting about this it's that they weren't putting me at the top of this list they were actually it got so sophisticated to the point where they all of the top places to spell also the game
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and marble cake is significant because it is the channel that this group called anonymous organized anonymous is this group of people that protested very famously scientology the story is scientology had this embarrassing video of tom cruise it went up online they got it taken and managed to piss off part of the internet and so these people over people less than one month later organized in a hundred cities around the globe and this is l a protested the church of scientology and they have continued to do so now two full years after the fact they are still protesting
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there are certainly but tell me about what i mean i think you asked the board what you might say at ted right yeah i posted a thread on sunday and within hours it had over responses and the thing is i didn't make it into that presentation because i can't read to you anything that they said more or less
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i got out of mom's and i'm back in school right now but what conversations did you or do you have with your mother about at first very kind of pained awkward conversations the content is not dinner table conversation in the least but my parents i think part of why they kind of are able to appreciate it is because they don't understand it
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that's a thing these kids on the internet they have this group of kids and they like to say funny words like barrel roll it's a video game move from star fox star fox assistant star fox tom green yeah
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it's a video game move from star fox star fox assistant star fox tom green yeah and they've been dogging me for a year i got to tell you it's driving me nuts actually sometimes i wake up in the middle of the night and i scream when i was i found this website called channel and it was a japanese forum and that format of forum at that time was not well known outside of japan and so what i did is i took it i translated it into english and i stuck it up for my friends to use
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that format of forum at that time was not well known outside of japan and so what i did is i took it i translated it into english and i stuck it up for my friends to use now six and a half years later over seven million people are using it contributing over posts per day and we've gone from one board to boards this is what it looks like so what's unique about the site is that it's anonymous and it has no memory there's no archive there are no barriers there's no registration these things that we're used to with forums don't exist on and that's led to this discussion that's completely raw completely unfiltered
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and you know this didn't sit well with people and so there was this outpouring of support for people to do something about this so what they did is they i mean they put to shame here the internet detectives came out they matched they found his
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and you know this didn't sit well with people and so there was this outpouring of support for people to do something about this so what they did is they i mean they put to shame here the internet detectives came out they matched they found his they took the video and they mashed everything in the video within hours they had his name and within hours he was arrested and so what i think is really intriguing about a community like is just that it's this open place as i said it's raw it's unfiltered and sites like it are kind of going the way of the dinosaur right now they're endangered because we're moving towards social networking
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as i said it's raw it's unfiltered and sites like it are kind of going the way of the dinosaur right now they're endangered because we're moving towards social networking we're moving towards persistent identity we're moving towards you know a lack of privacy really we're sacrificing a lot of that and i think in doing so moving towards those things we're losing something valuable thank you thank you got a couple questions for you
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don't tell but seriously this issue on anonymity is i mean you made the case there but anonymity basically allows people to say anything all the rules gone
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but seriously this issue on anonymity is i mean you made the case there but anonymity basically allows people to say anything all the rules gone you've had to wrestle with issues like child pornography and i'm just curious whether you sometimes lie awake in the night worrying that you've opened pandora's box yes and no i mean for as much good that kind of comes out of this environment there is plenty of bad there are plenty of downsides but i think that the greater good is being served here by just allowing people there are very few places now where you can go and not have identity to be completely anonymous and say whatever you'd like and saying whatever you like i think is powerful
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now i'm going to step back in history this is from july i was a freshman in college and this was when we first landed on the moon and it was the first time we had ever seen from another surface that's the place where you and i are right now where we live the world was changing it was about to change in ways that nobody could foresee a few weeks later woodstock happened three days of fun and music here just for historical authenticity is a picture of me in that year
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i went in for the cat scan it turns out there were five of these things in both my lungs so at that point we knew that it was cancer we knew it wasn't lung cancer that meant it was metastasized from somewhere the question was where from so i went in for an ultrasound i got to do what many women have the jelly on the belly and the my wife came with me she's a veterinarian so she's seen lots of i mean she knows i'm not a dog
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an image this is much sharper than an ultrasound would be what we saw in that kidney was that big blob there there were actually two of these one was growing out the front and had already erupted and latched onto the bowel one was growing out the back and it attached to the muscle which is a big muscle in the back that i'd never heard of but all of a sudden i cared about it
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i went home now i've been i've been online since on compuserve i went home and i know you can't read the details here that's not important my point is i went to a respected medical website because i know how to filter out junk i also found my wife online before i met her i went through some search results
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studied health care like me she came to realize there were a lot of people who'd written patient advocate books that you just don't hear about at medical conferences patients are such an underutilized resource well as it said in my introduction i've gotten somewhat known for saying that patients should have access to their data i actually said at one conference a couple of years ago give me my damn data because you people can't be trusted to keep it clean and here she has our damned data it's a pun which is starting to break out starting to break through the water symbolizes our data and in fact i want to do a little something improvisational for you there's a guy on that i know a health it guy outside boston and he wrote the e patient rap and it goes like this
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this book's subtitle is access to tools it talked about how to build your own house how to grow your own food all kinds of things in the this young doctor tom ferguson was the medical editor of the whole earth catalog he saw that the great majority of what we do in medicine and health care is taking care of ourselves in fact he said it was to percent of how we actually take care of our bodies well he also saw that when health care turns to medical care because of a more serious disease the key thing that holds us back is access to information and when the web came along that changed everything because not only could we find information we could find other people like ourselves who could gather who could bring us information and he coined this term e patients equipped engaged empowered enabled obviously at this stage of life he was in a somewhat more dignified form than he was back then
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i was an engaged patient long before i ever heard of the term in i went to my doctor for a regular physical and i had said i have a sore shoulder well i got an x ray and the next morning you may have noticed those of you who have been through a medical crisis will understand this this morning some of the speakers named the date when they found out about their condition for me it was on january i was at the office my desk was clean i had the blue partition carpet on the walls
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my first year of grad school i found myself in my bedroom eating lots of ben jerry's watching some trashy tv and maybe maybe listening to taylor swift i had just gone through a breakup
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now as it turns out i'm a neuroscientist so i knew that the memory of that person and the awful emotional undertones that color in that memory are largely mediated by separate brain systems and so i thought what if we could go into the brain and edit out that nauseating feeling but while keeping the memory of that person intact then i realized maybe that's a little bit lofty for now so what if we could start off by going into the brain and just finding a single memory to begin with could we jump start that memory back to life maybe even play with the contents of that memory all that said there is one person in the entire world right now that i really hope is not watching this talk
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that's true so it looks like indeed we need to find a better way to impact the brain at the speed of light sr so it just so happens that light travels at the speed of light so maybe we could activate or inactive memories by just using light that's pretty fast sr and because normally brain cells don't respond to pulses of light so those that would respond to pulses of light are those that contain a light sensitive switch now to do that first we need to trick brain cells to respond to laser beams yep you heard it right we are trying to shoot lasers into the brain
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we were looking at this mouse here trying to activate a memory for the first time using our technique and this is what we saw when we first put the mouse into this box it's exploring sniffing around walking around minding its own business because actually by nature mice are pretty curious animals they want to know what's going on in this new box it's interesting but the moment we turned on the laser like you see now all of a sudden the mouse entered this freezing mode it stayed here and tried not to move any part of its body clearly it's freezing so indeed it looks like we are able to bring back the fear memory for the first box in this completely new environment while watching this steve and i are as shocked as the mouse itself
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finally so much more to come virtual reality neural manipulation visual dream emulation neural coding and re writing of memories' mental illnesses the future is awesome sr so the first thing that you'll notice is that people have really strong opinions about this kind of work now i happen to completely agree with the optimism of this first quote because on a scale of zero to morgan freeman's voice it happens to be one of the most evocative accolades that i've heard come our way
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and also there's way more cells in your brain than the number of straws in a typical haystack so yeah this task does seem to be daunting
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11,790
and also there's way more cells in your brain than the number of straws in a typical haystack so yeah this task does seem to be daunting but luckily we got help from the brain itself it turned out that all we need to do is basically to let the brain form a memory and then the brain will tell us which cells are involved in that particular memory sr so what was going on in my brain while i was recalling the memory of an ex if you were to just completely ignore human ethics for a second and slice up my brain right now you would see that there was an amazing number of brain regions that were active while recalling that memory now one brain region that would be robustly active in particular is called the which for decades has been implicated in processing the kinds of memories that we hold near and dear which also makes it an ideal target to go into and to try and find and maybe reactivate a memory when you zoom in into the of course you will see lots of cells but we are able to find which cells are involved in a particular memory because whenever a cell is active like when it's forming a memory it will also leave a footprint that will later allow us to know these cells are recently active sr so the same way that building lights at night let you know that somebody's probably working there at any given moment in a very real sense there are biological sensors within a cell that are turned on only when that cell was just working
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when you zoom in into the of course you will see lots of cells but we are able to find which cells are involved in a particular memory because whenever a cell is active like when it's forming a memory it will also leave a footprint that will later allow us to know these cells are recently active sr so the same way that building lights at night let you know that somebody's probably working there at any given moment in a very real sense there are biological sensors within a cell that are turned on only when that cell was just working they're sort of biological windows that light up to let us know that that cell was just active so we clipped part of this sensor and attached that to a switch to control the cells and we packed this switch into an engineered virus and injected that into the brain of the mice so whenever a memory is being formed any active cells for that memory will also have this switch installed sr so here is what the looks like after forming a fear memory for example the sea of blue that you see here are densely packed brain cells but the green brain cells the green brain cells are the ones that are holding on to a specific fear memory so you are looking at the of the fleeting formation of fear you're actually looking at the cross section of a memory right now
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it should act at the speed of the brain in milliseconds sr so what do you think xu could we use let's say pharmacological drugs to activate or inactivate brain cells nah drugs are pretty messy they spread everywhere and also it takes them forever to act on cells so it will not allow us to control a memory in real time so steve how about let's zap the brain with electricity sr so electricity is pretty fast but we probably wouldn't be able to target it to just the specific cells that hold onto a memory and we'd probably fry the brain oh that's true
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you heard it right we are trying to shoot lasers into the brain sr and the technique that lets us do that is gave us this light switch that we can use to turn brain cells on or off and the name of that switch is seen here as these green dots attached to this brain cell you can think of as a sort of light sensitive switch that can be artificially installed in brain cells so that now we can use that switch to activate or inactivate the brain cell simply by clicking it and in this case we click it on with pulses of light so we attach this light sensitive switch of to the sensor we've been talking about and inject this into the brain so whenever a memory is being formed any active cell for that particular memory will also have this light sensitive switch installed in it so that we can control these cells by the flipping of a laser just like this one you see sr so let's put all of this to the test now what we can do is we can take our mice and then we can put them in a box that looks exactly like this box here and then we can give them a very mild foot shock so that they form a fear memory of this box
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