Unnamed: 0 int64 0 8k | prompt stringlengths 234 1.52k | response stringlengths 1 22.5k | text stringlengths 243 22.9k |
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0 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Ketanserin is -, with the following options: A: 5-HT,1B antagonist, B: 5-HT2 antagonist, C: 5-HT1A antagonist, D: 5-HT1P. antagonist
### Response:
| Ans. is 'b' i.e., 5-HT2 antagonist o Ketanserin and ritanserin are useful as antihypertensive agents. It is important to know that these drugs have additional a receptor blocking property and antihypertensive effect is due to a-blockade, not due to 5HT2A/2C blockade.SEROTONERGIC RECEPTORSo There are four families of 5-... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Ketanserin is -, with the following options: A: 5-HT,1B antagonist, B: 5-HT2 antagonist, C: 5-HT1A antagonist, D: 5-HT1P. antagonist
### Response:
Ans. is... |
1 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: The advantages of cryosurgery over electrocau-terization are all except:, with the following options: A: Less discomfort to the patient, B: Postoperative b... | After cryosurgery there will be profuse vaginal discharge for about 2–3 weeks | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: The advantages of cryosurgery over electrocau-terization are all except:, with the following options: A: Less discomfort to the patient, B: Postoperative b... |
2 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is a plasma expander similar to the albumin, has a molecular weight of 30,000 and causes less hypersensitivity reactions but should b... | Ans. c. Polygeline Polygeline is a plasma expander similar to the albumin, has a molecular weight of 30,000 and causes less hypersensitivity reactions but should be used with caution. Polygeline Polypeptide with average MW 30,000Q Exes oncotic pressure similar to albuminQ Not antigenic, hypersensitivity reactions are r... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is a plasma expander similar to the albumin, has a molecular weight of 30,000 and causes less hypersensitivity reactions but should b... |
3 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not a measure of stroke volume?, with the following options: A: Left ventricular end diastolic volume minus left ventricular end ... | Stroke vol is the volume of blood pumped from left ventricle per beat SV can be calculated by 1) CO =SV*HR 2)Ejection fraction= SV/ End diastolic. volume 3) SV= EDV-ESV of each ventricle | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not a measure of stroke volume?, with the following options: A: Left ventricular end diastolic volume minus left ventricular end ... |
4 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Excessive secretion of ACTH causes:, with the following options: A: Cushing's syndrome, B: Addison's disease, C: Myxoedema, D: Thyrotoxicosis
### Response... | Ans. A. Cushing's syndromeOverproduction of ACTH leads to Cushing's syndrome. It is characterized by hyper-pigmentation and increased production of adrenocorticosteroid. These symptoms lead to negative nitrogen balance, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, edema, muscle atrophy etc. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Excessive secretion of ACTH causes:, with the following options: A: Cushing's syndrome, B: Addison's disease, C: Myxoedema, D: Thyrotoxicosis
### Response... |
5 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: which of following statements are included in 2005 American Heart Association – a) Newborn CPR is applied from first hour after birth until the newborn leav... | Age delineation according to AHA guidelines for CPR and ECC
Differences in the etiology of cardiac arrest between child and adult victims necessitate some differences in the recommended resuscitation sequence for infant and child victims compared with the sequence used for adult victims. Because there is no single an... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: which of following statements are included in 2005 American Heart Association – a) Newborn CPR is applied from first hour after birth until the newborn leav... |
6 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Preferred procedure for obtaining endometrial sample for histopathology is, with the following options: A: Dilatation and curettage, B: Dilatation and evac... | Endometrial aspiration should be the preferred procedure for obtaining endometrial sample for histopathology. If endometrium is thick on imaging, but where HPE is inadequate or atrophic, hysteroscopy should be performed to rule out polyps. Dilatation and curettage should not be the procedure of choice for endometrial a... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Preferred procedure for obtaining endometrial sample for histopathology is, with the following options: A: Dilatation and curettage, B: Dilatation and evac... |
7 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: In a suspected case of death due to which of the following poison cadaveric rigidity lasts longer than usual?, with the following options: A: Lead, B: Arse... | Postmoem rigidity is prolonged in arsenic poisoning. Convulsions prior to death can cause prolongation of rigor mois, arsenic poison is found to cause convulsions resulting in prolongation of rigor mois. Ref: Forensic Medicine and Toxicology By John Dixon Mann, Page 453 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: In a suspected case of death due to which of the following poison cadaveric rigidity lasts longer than usual?, with the following options: A: Lead, B: Arse... |
8 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Aim of damage control laparotomy are:, with the following options: A: Arrest hemorrhage, B: Prevent Coagulopathy, C: Control contamination, D: All
### Res... | Ans is A(Arrest hemorrhage), B(Prevent Coagulopathy) & C(Control contamination) | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Aim of damage control laparotomy are:, with the following options: A: Arrest hemorrhage, B: Prevent Coagulopathy, C: Control contamination, D: All
### Res... |
9 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Magistrate inquest not needed in: JIPMER 14, with the following options: A: Homicide, B: Exhumation, C: Police custody death, D: Dowry death
### Response:... | Ans. Homicide | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Magistrate inquest not needed in: JIPMER 14, with the following options: A: Homicide, B: Exhumation, C: Police custody death, D: Dowry death
### Response:... |
10 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 19 year young patient with sclerotic lesion at diaphysis. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?, with the following options: A: Osteoid osteoma, B: Ewings s... | This patient most likely has osteoid osteoma which is a benign bone forming tumor characterized by small size, limited growth potential and dispropoionate pain. It usually affects children and adolescents. It commonly involves diaphysis of long bones, paicularly in the proximal humerus. Patients usually presents with p... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 19 year young patient with sclerotic lesion at diaphysis. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?, with the following options: A: Osteoid osteoma, B: Ewings s... |
11 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Residual chlorine level after disaster like flood ?, with the following options: A: 0.7 mg/litre, B: 1.5 mg/litre, C: 2 mg/litre, D: 3 mg/litre
### Respon... | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 0.7 mg/litre Principles of chlorination Water should be clear and free from turbidity. Turbidity impedes efficient chlorination. The chlorine demand of the water should be estimated. It is the amount of chlorine that is needed to destroy bacteria and to oxidize all the organic matter and ammoniacal su... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Residual chlorine level after disaster like flood ?, with the following options: A: 0.7 mg/litre, B: 1.5 mg/litre, C: 2 mg/litre, D: 3 mg/litre
### Respon... |
12 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which one of the following influenza is most deadly?, with the following options: A: H1N1, B: H2N2, C: H3N2, D: H3N8
### Response:
| (A) H1N1 > Respiratory infection popularly known as SWINE FLU is caused by an influenza virus first recognized in spring 2009, near the end of the usual Northern Hemisphere flu season.> New virus, 2009 H1N1, spreads quickly and easily. A few months after the first cases were reported, rates of confirmed H1N1-related il... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which one of the following influenza is most deadly?, with the following options: A: H1N1, B: H2N2, C: H3N2, D: H3N8
### Response:
(A) H1N1 > Respiratory ... |
13 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Bitemporal hemianopia can be due to:, with the following options: A: Third ventricle tumour, B: Meningioma of sella diaphragmatica, C: Calcarine coex infar... | Ans. Meningioma of sella diaphragmatica | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Bitemporal hemianopia can be due to:, with the following options: A: Third ventricle tumour, B: Meningioma of sella diaphragmatica, C: Calcarine coex infar... |
14 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Flask shaped hea is seen in -, with the following options: A: Ebstein anomaly, B: Pericardial effusion, C: TOF, D: TAPVC
### Response:
| Flask shaped hea / Pear shaped / Money shaped hea is seen in Pericardial effusion. Boot shaped / Coer-en-sabot hea is seen in TOF. Snowman hea / Figure of 8 appearance is seen in TAPVC. Pulmonary oligemia is an xray finding of Ebsteins anamoly. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Flask shaped hea is seen in -, with the following options: A: Ebstein anomaly, B: Pericardial effusion, C: TOF, D: TAPVC
### Response:
Flask shaped hea / ... |
15 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Bilateral loss of ankle jerk and extensor plantar response is seen in:, with the following options: A: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, B: Freidrich's ataxia... | Answer is B (Friedrich's ataxia): Absent deep tendon reflexes despite coicospinal tract involvement with an extensor plantar reflex is characteristic of Friedrich's ataxia. Disorder Pyramidal tract Posterior column Deep tendon Planter Associations involvement involvement reflexes Neurological Others Friedrich's ataxia ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Bilateral loss of ankle jerk and extensor plantar response is seen in:, with the following options: A: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, B: Freidrich's ataxia... |
16 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Least common quadrant of cancer breast, with the following options: A: Superior Outer, B: Inferior Outer, C: Sub areolar, D: Lower inner quadrant
### Resp... | Ans. (d) Lower Inner Quadrant* MC site - Upper outer (60%)* Central/areolar (12%)* Upper Inner (12%)* Lower Outer (10%)* Least Common site - Lower Inner (6%) | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Least common quadrant of cancer breast, with the following options: A: Superior Outer, B: Inferior Outer, C: Sub areolar, D: Lower inner quadrant
### Resp... |
17 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following causes the opening of the eustachian tube, with the following options: A: Salpingopharyngeus, B: Levator veli palatini, C: Tensor ve... | The medial fibres of tensor veli palatini are attached to the lateral lamina of the tube and when they contract they help to open the tube lumen. These fibres also called dilator tube muscles. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following causes the opening of the eustachian tube, with the following options: A: Salpingopharyngeus, B: Levator veli palatini, C: Tensor ve... |
18 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Floating teeth is seen in:, with the following options: A: Hyperparathyroidism, B: Hypoparathyroidism, C: Rickets, D: Scurvy
### Response:
| Ans. Hyperparathyroidism | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Floating teeth is seen in:, with the following options: A: Hyperparathyroidism, B: Hypoparathyroidism, C: Rickets, D: Scurvy
### Response:
Ans. Hyperparat... |
19 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Thickness of lead apron is, with the following options: A: 0.25 mm, B: 0.3 mm, C: 0.4 mm, D: 0.5 mm
### Response:
| Thickness of lead apron is 0.5 mm. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Thickness of lead apron is, with the following options: A: 0.25 mm, B: 0.3 mm, C: 0.4 mm, D: 0.5 mm
### Response:
Thickness of lead apron is 0.5 mm.
### E... |
20 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Neurolathyrism is due to ingestion of -, with the following options: A: Ergot alkaloid, B: Crotolaric seeds, C: Khesari Dal, D: Sanguinarine
### Response:... | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Khesari Dal DiseaseToxinAdulterantLathyrismBOAAKhesari Dal (Lathyrus sativus)Epidemic DropsySanguinarineArgemone mexicana (oil)Endemic AscitesPyrrolizidine alkaloidsCrotolaria seeds (,Jhunjhunia)AflatoxicosisAflatoxinAspergillus flavus/parasiticusErgotismClavine alkaloidsClaviceps fusiformis | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Neurolathyrism is due to ingestion of -, with the following options: A: Ergot alkaloid, B: Crotolaric seeds, C: Khesari Dal, D: Sanguinarine
### Response:... |
21 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Cusco's speculum is -, with the following options: A: Double bladed posterior vaginal speculum, B: Bivalve selfretaining vaginal speculum, C: Double bladed... | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bivalve self retaining vaginal speculumCusco's self-retaining bivalved speculum is a surgical instrument used for vaginal and cervical examinationIt limits the visualization of the vaginal walls.It is used to visualize the cervix and the vaginal fornixes for the local cause of APH.It is also used for ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Cusco's speculum is -, with the following options: A: Double bladed posterior vaginal speculum, B: Bivalve selfretaining vaginal speculum, C: Double bladed... |
22 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which vessel causes Wallenburgs syndrome is:, with the following options: A: Pontine, B: Posterior Cerebral, C: Posterior inferior cerebellar aery, D: Veeb... | Posterior inferior cerebellar aery | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which vessel causes Wallenburgs syndrome is:, with the following options: A: Pontine, B: Posterior Cerebral, C: Posterior inferior cerebellar aery, D: Veeb... |
23 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: An undifferentiated malignant tumour on immunohistochemical stain shows cytoplasmic positivity of most of the tumor cells for cytokeratin. The most probable... | . Carcinoma | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: An undifferentiated malignant tumour on immunohistochemical stain shows cytoplasmic positivity of most of the tumor cells for cytokeratin. The most probable... |
24 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Most common type of emphysema is: March 2013, with the following options: A: Centriacinar, B: Panacinar, C: Paraseptal, D: Irregular
### Response:
| Ans. A i.e. Centriacinar Emphysema It is COPD. It is defined pathologically as an abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by the destruction of alveolar walls and without obvious fibrosis. It frequently occurs in association with chronic bronchitis. Patients have bee... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Most common type of emphysema is: March 2013, with the following options: A: Centriacinar, B: Panacinar, C: Paraseptal, D: Irregular
### Response:
Ans. A ... |
25 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Malignant otitis externa affects which Cranial nerve:, with the following options: A: 7th, B: 8th, C: 9th, D: 10
### Response:
| Ans. (a) 7thRef: Dhingra's ENT 6th edJ 52-53* Malignant otitis externa is an inflammatory condition caused by pseudomonas infection usually in elderly diabetic & those on immune-compromised drugs.* Facial nerve paralysis is common. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Malignant otitis externa affects which Cranial nerve:, with the following options: A: 7th, B: 8th, C: 9th, D: 10
### Response:
Ans. (a) 7thRef: Dhingra's ... |
26 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A child undergone bilateral adrenalectom, later he developed headache, visual field defect, Hyper pigmentation of skin,what is the most probable diagnosis?,... | Nelsom syndrome :
It is complication after bilateral adrenalectomy due to rapid enlargement of pre - existing ACTH producing adenoma with above clinical features. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A child undergone bilateral adrenalectom, later he developed headache, visual field defect, Hyper pigmentation of skin,what is the most probable diagnosis?,... |
27 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All of the following are the markers for malignant germ cell tumors of ovary except:, with the following options: A: CA-125, B: Alpha fetoprotein, C: HCG, ... | - most germ cell tumors secrete some tumor marker. - endodermal sinus tumors secrete alpha fetoprotein. - human chorionic gonadotrophin is secreted by choriocarcinoma. - tumors markers like placental alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase may be elevated in dysgerminoma. - CA-125 is tumor marker in epithelial ov... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All of the following are the markers for malignant germ cell tumors of ovary except:, with the following options: A: CA-125, B: Alpha fetoprotein, C: HCG, ... |
28 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: One-year-old male child presented with poor urinary stream since birth. The investigation of choice for evaluation is –, with the following options: A: Voi... | Poor urinary stream since birth suggests urinary tract obstruction (usually intravesical).
Most common cause of urinary tract obstruction in a male child is → posterior urethral valve.
And the best diagnostic method for posterior urethral valve is voiding cystourethrogram. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: One-year-old male child presented with poor urinary stream since birth. The investigation of choice for evaluation is –, with the following options: A: Voi... |
29 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Doges Cap Sign is ?, with the following options: A: Air under Diaphragm, B: Air in Morrisons Pouch, C: Air on either side of Bowel Wall, D: Air under centr... | A) Air in Morrisons Pouch - Doges Cap Sign. B) Air on either side of Bowel Wall - Riglers Sign. C) Air under central tendon of Diaphgram - Cupola Sign. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Doges Cap Sign is ?, with the following options: A: Air under Diaphragm, B: Air in Morrisons Pouch, C: Air on either side of Bowel Wall, D: Air under centr... |
30 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Regarding furosemide true statement is, with the following options: A: Acute pulmonary edema is an indication, B: Acts on PCT, C: Mild diuresis, D: Given o... | Furosemide possesses vasodilatory action which is responsible for quick relief in LVF and pulmonary edema.It can be used orally as well as parenterally | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Regarding furosemide true statement is, with the following options: A: Acute pulmonary edema is an indication, B: Acts on PCT, C: Mild diuresis, D: Given o... |
31 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: True about TGA –, with the following options: A: Cyanotic disease, B: Aorta anterior to pulmonary artery, C: VSD, D: All of these
### Response:
| In TGA aorta lies anterior and to the right of puhnonary artery.
In patients with TGA the oxygenated pulmonary venous blood recirculates in the lungs whereas deoxygenated systemic venous blood recirculates in the systemic circulation --> Pulmonary artery saturation is always higher than aortic saturation (opposite to n... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: True about TGA –, with the following options: A: Cyanotic disease, B: Aorta anterior to pulmonary artery, C: VSD, D: All of these
### Response:
In TGA aor... |
32 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Secretors are those who?, with the following options: A: Secrete enzymes in blood, B: Secrete immunoglobulin in intestine, C: Secrete blood group antigen i... | Ans. is'c'i.e., Secrete blood group antigen in sweat/saliva | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Secretors are those who?, with the following options: A: Secrete enzymes in blood, B: Secrete immunoglobulin in intestine, C: Secrete blood group antigen i... |
33 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Lilliputian hallucinations are seen in, with the following options: A: Alcohol withdrawal, B: Opioid withdrawal, C: LSD withdrawal, D: Cocaine withdrawal
... | Lilliputian hallucinations are the visual type where objects appear tiny than their usual size. delirium is a type of ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME it presents with clouding of consiousness the main cognitive function that is altered is attention impairment and disorientation the main hallucinations that presents in delirium ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Lilliputian hallucinations are seen in, with the following options: A: Alcohol withdrawal, B: Opioid withdrawal, C: LSD withdrawal, D: Cocaine withdrawal
... |
34 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All muscles of the palate are supplied by pharyngeal plexus, EXCEPT?, with the following options: A: Tensor veli palatine, B: Palatoglossus, C: Palatophary... | With the exception of tensor veli palatini, which is supplied by the motor branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal through the nerve to medial pterygoid, the muscles are supplied by the cranial pa of the accessory nerve the pharyngeal plexus. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All muscles of the palate are supplied by pharyngeal plexus, EXCEPT?, with the following options: A: Tensor veli palatine, B: Palatoglossus, C: Palatophary... |
35 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: What is the most common cause of skeletal abnormality in a case of renal osteodystrophy?, with the following options: A: Impaired synthesis of Vitamin D3, ... | Renal osteodystrophy combines features of secondary hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis. The primary retention of phosphate by abnormal kidneys results in hyperphosphatemia, which causes hypocalcemia, resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, the spectrum of clinical and radiograph... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: What is the most common cause of skeletal abnormality in a case of renal osteodystrophy?, with the following options: A: Impaired synthesis of Vitamin D3, ... |
36 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Evidence not used in rape is, with the following options: A: Semen in vagina, B: Semen on clothes, C: Presence of smegma bacilli in vagina, D: Presence of ... | In the uncircumcised penis the presence of smegma under the prepuce and on the corona glandis rules out complete penetration because smegma will be rubbed off during intercourse. Smegma usually requires 24 hours to redeposit. Presence of smegma indicates that no sexual intercourse with full penetration is taken place w... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Evidence not used in rape is, with the following options: A: Semen in vagina, B: Semen on clothes, C: Presence of smegma bacilli in vagina, D: Presence of ... |
37 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Best index of contraceptive efficacy is, with the following options: A: Pearl index, B: Chandelers index, C: Quetlet index, D: Broca index
### Response:
| Pearl index is defined as the number of failures per 100 woman years of exposure (HWY) Failure rate per Hundred Women Years = Total accidental pregnancies X 1200/ Total months of exposure Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page no: 510 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Best index of contraceptive efficacy is, with the following options: A: Pearl index, B: Chandelers index, C: Quetlet index, D: Broca index
### Response:
P... |
38 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Neurons of first order for visual sensations are:, with the following options: A: Rods and cones, B: Bipolar cells, C: Ganglion cells, D: None of the above... | Ans. Bipolar cells | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Neurons of first order for visual sensations are:, with the following options: A: Rods and cones, B: Bipolar cells, C: Ganglion cells, D: None of the above... |
39 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Cause of Unilateral Hypertranslucent hemithorax, with the following options: A: Pleural effusion, B: Pneumonectony, C: Poland's syndrome, D: Collapse
### ... | Poland's (U/L congenital absence of pectoral muscles) - thus hypertransluscency. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Cause of Unilateral Hypertranslucent hemithorax, with the following options: A: Pleural effusion, B: Pneumonectony, C: Poland's syndrome, D: Collapse
### ... |
40 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 60 year old lady comes with blood stained discharge from the nipple with family history of breast cancer. Next best step for her will be, with the followi... | Ans. (d) MRI(Ref Schwart 10th edition Page 527)* Mammography - IOC for women >35 years* Mammography - IOC for Screening purpose* MRI- IOC for screening in High risk Women* Mammography - IOC for detecting Ductal carcinoma In-situ lesions* Mammography - IOC to detect Micro calcifications (Which is the only feature for DC... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 60 year old lady comes with blood stained discharge from the nipple with family history of breast cancer. Next best step for her will be, with the followi... |
41 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 45 day - old infant developed icterus and two days later symptoms and signs of acute liver failure appeared. Child was found to be positive for Hbs Ag. Th... | Ans. is `b' i.e., HBs positive and Hbe Ag positive Perinatal transmission of HBV o Most impoant risk factor that determines perinatal transmission is HBe Ag. HBs Ag carrier mothers who are HBe Ag positive almost invariably (> 90%) transmit hepatitis B infection to their offspring, where as carrier mothers with anti HBe... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 45 day - old infant developed icterus and two days later symptoms and signs of acute liver failure appeared. Child was found to be positive for Hbs Ag. Th... |
42 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not an embryologic structure that contributes to the formation of the face, with the following options: A: Frontonasal prominence... | The face is derived from the following structures that contributes to the formation of the face. The face is derived from the following structures around the stomatodeum (primitive mouth): Mandibular prominences and maxillary prominences of the first arch. Frontonasal prominence formed by the prominence of mesenchyme v... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not an embryologic structure that contributes to the formation of the face, with the following options: A: Frontonasal prominence... |
43 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All cause viral hepatitis except -, with the following options: A: Measles, B: EBV, C: Rhinovirus, D: Reovirus
### Response:
| Ans. is 'c' i.e., Rhinovirus Impoant viruses causing hepatitis:? 1) Hepatotropic viruses : HAV, HBV, HCV, HD V, HEV. 2) Herpes viruses : CMV, EBV, HSV-1, VZV. 3) Flaviviruses : Yellow fever, dengue fever. 4) Filoviruses : Marburg virus, Ebola virus. 5) Occasinal causes Measles virus, adenovirus, Echoviruses, Coxsackiev... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All cause viral hepatitis except -, with the following options: A: Measles, B: EBV, C: Rhinovirus, D: Reovirus
### Response:
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Rhinovirus ... |
44 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Role of somatotropine in fat metabolism, with the following options: A: Antilipolytic, B: Lipolytic, C: Ketogenic, D: Glucogenic
### Response:
| Growth Hormone (GH) - i. It is also called somatotropin. It is a single polypeptide chain with 191 amino acids. GH is synthesized by acidophils (somatotropic cells) of anterior pituitary. ii. Plasma concentration of GH is less than 2 ng/ml during day time, with secretory peak appearing 3 hr after meals. Maximum level o... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Role of somatotropine in fat metabolism, with the following options: A: Antilipolytic, B: Lipolytic, C: Ketogenic, D: Glucogenic
### Response:
Growth Horm... |
45 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Orexins play an impoant role in people with eating disorders. All of the following are orexins, EXCEPT:, with the following options: A: Leptin, B: Orexin-A... | Orexins (A and B) or Hypocretins (1 and 2): They are produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus perifornical area. Regulated by glucose, leptin, neuropeptide Y, and POMC neurons. They stimulate food intake. Leptin: It is produced in adipose tissue. Acts on neuropeptide Y, AgRP-containing neurons, and -MSH neurons ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Orexins play an impoant role in people with eating disorders. All of the following are orexins, EXCEPT:, with the following options: A: Leptin, B: Orexin-A... |
46 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Stereocilia and kinocilium are present in, with the following options: A: Tongue, B: Inner ear, C: Nose, D: Eye
### Response:
| (B) Inner ear > A kinocilium is a special type of cilium on the apex of hair cells located in the sensory epithelium of the vertebrate inner ear. Stereocilia (or stereovilli) are apical modifications of the cell, which are distinct from cilia and microvilli, but closely related to the latter. They are found in three re... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Stereocilia and kinocilium are present in, with the following options: A: Tongue, B: Inner ear, C: Nose, D: Eye
### Response:
(B) Inner ear > A kinocilium... |
47 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Release of histamine and leukotrienes from mast cells is prevented by:, with the following options: A: Zileuton, B: Nedocromil sodium, C: Zafirlukast, D: F... | nedocromil and sod.cromoglycate- mast cell stabilizers Sodium cromoglycate (Cromolyn sod.) is a synthetic chromone derivative which inhibits degranulation of mast cells (as well as other inflammatory cells) by trigger stimuli. Release of mediators of asthma-like histamine, LTs, PAF, interleukins, etc. are restricted. N... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Release of histamine and leukotrienes from mast cells is prevented by:, with the following options: A: Zileuton, B: Nedocromil sodium, C: Zafirlukast, D: F... |
48 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Inheritence of ichthyosis vulgaris is :, with the following options: A: X linked dominant, B: X linked recessive, C: Autosomal dominant, D: Autosomal reces... | C i.e. Autosomal dominant | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Inheritence of ichthyosis vulgaris is :, with the following options: A: X linked dominant, B: X linked recessive, C: Autosomal dominant, D: Autosomal reces... |
49 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Fascia around nerve bundle of brachial plexus is derived from:, with the following options: A: Preveebral fascia, B: Clavipectoral fascia, C: Deep cervical... | The preveebral fascia forms a tubular sheath around the veebral column and the preveebral muscles, which are attached to the veebral column. It,Attaches superiorly from the base of the skull and inferiorly to the endothoracic fascia in the thorax.Extends laterally as the axillary sheath, which surrounds the axillary ve... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Fascia around nerve bundle of brachial plexus is derived from:, with the following options: A: Preveebral fascia, B: Clavipectoral fascia, C: Deep cervical... |
50 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Into how many segments, the infant's gum pad is divided?, with the following options: A: Two in each quadrant, B: Three in each quadrant, C: Two in each ja... | The Gum Pads
The alveolar arches of an infant at the time of birth are called Gum Pads. These are greatly thickened oral mucous membrane of the gums, which soon become segmented, and each segment is a developing tooth site. They are pink in color and firm in consistency.
The pads get divided into a labio/buccal and a ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Into how many segments, the infant's gum pad is divided?, with the following options: A: Two in each quadrant, B: Three in each quadrant, C: Two in each ja... |
51 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Epitheliod granuloma is characterstic of, with the following options: A: Sarcoidosis, B: Eosinohilia, C: T.B., D: Mycosis Fungoides
### Response:
| A i.e. Sarcoidosis | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Epitheliod granuloma is characterstic of, with the following options: A: Sarcoidosis, B: Eosinohilia, C: T.B., D: Mycosis Fungoides
### Response:
A i.e. S... |
52 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Recall bias is more common with, with the following options: A: Coho study, B: Randomized control trial, C: Cross sectional study, D: Case control study
#... | When cases and controls are asked questions about their past history it may be more likely for the cases to recall the existence of ceain events or factors than the controls who are healthy. (refer pgno:73 park 23rd edition) | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Recall bias is more common with, with the following options: A: Coho study, B: Randomized control trial, C: Cross sectional study, D: Case control study
#... |
53 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Delayed pubey seen in -, with the following options: A: Chronic disease, B: Hypothyroidism, C: Turner's syndrome, D: All
### Response:
| Ans. is All Delayed pubey o Delayed pubey is defined as failure of development of signs of sexual development by the age of 14 years in boy and breast budding by 13 years of girls. o Etiology of Delayed Pubey : 1. Chronic systemic diseases : Gluten enteropathy, anorexia nervosa. 2. Constitutional delay in growth and pu... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Delayed pubey seen in -, with the following options: A: Chronic disease, B: Hypothyroidism, C: Turner's syndrome, D: All
### Response:
Ans. is All Delayed... |
54 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Thyroid Ca not diagnosed by FNAC -, with the following options: A: Follicular, B: Medullary, C: Papillary, D: Anaplastic
### Response:
| Ans. is 'a' i.e., Follicular o The diagnosis of follicular carcinoma cannot be made by FNA.o FNAB is unable to distinguish benigs follicular lesions from follicular carcinoma. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Thyroid Ca not diagnosed by FNAC -, with the following options: A: Follicular, B: Medullary, C: Papillary, D: Anaplastic
### Response:
Ans. is 'a' i.e., F... |
55 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not a content of adductor canal?, with the following options: A: Femoral artery, B: Femoral vein, C: Saphenous nerve, D: Nerve to... | Ans: D (Nerve to vatus lateralis) Ref: Grays Anatomy 40th EdExplanation:Adductor canal/subsartorial canal/hunter's canalLocated at the middle of the thighExtends from apex of the femoral triangle to the opening of the adductor magnusBoundaries:Roof - SartoriusFloor - Adductor longusLaterally - Vastus medialisContents:1... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not a content of adductor canal?, with the following options: A: Femoral artery, B: Femoral vein, C: Saphenous nerve, D: Nerve to... |
56 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A chronic alcoholic presents with regurgitation and retrosternal pain. Endoscopic biopsy confirms Barrett's oesophagus. What is most appropriate management ... | Patients who are found to have Barrett's oesophagus may be submitted to regular surveillance endoscopy with multiple biopsies in the hope of finding dysplasia or in situ cancer rather.Annual endoscopy has been widely practised, but two-year intervals are probably adequate, provided no dysplasia has been detected.High-d... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A chronic alcoholic presents with regurgitation and retrosternal pain. Endoscopic biopsy confirms Barrett's oesophagus. What is most appropriate management ... |
57 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: FDA indications of inhaled NO is?, with the following options: A: Malignant hypeension, B: Pulmonary hypeension in newborn, C: Cyanotic CHD, D: None of the... | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pulmonary hypeension in newborn According to Goodman Oilman "Inhaled nitric oxide has been approved by FDA for use in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypeension and has become the first line therapy for this disease. In this disease state NO inhalation has been shown to reduce, significantly, the n... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: FDA indications of inhaled NO is?, with the following options: A: Malignant hypeension, B: Pulmonary hypeension in newborn, C: Cyanotic CHD, D: None of the... |
58 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following can be given as a single weight-based intravenous bolus over 10 seconds?, with the following options: A: Tissue plasminogen activato... | .Tenecteplase is an enzyme used as a thrombolytic drug. Tenecteplase is a tissue plasminogen activator produced by recombinant DNA technology using an established mammalian cell line. Tenecteplase is a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) produced by recombinant DNA technology using an established mammalian cell line (Ch... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following can be given as a single weight-based intravenous bolus over 10 seconds?, with the following options: A: Tissue plasminogen activato... |
59 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Radial keratotomy is used as a treatment modality for –, with the following options: A: Small degree in myopia, B: Progressive non healing ulcer, C: High a... | Radial keratotomy is used for low to moderate myopia (-2 to -6D). | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Radial keratotomy is used as a treatment modality for –, with the following options: A: Small degree in myopia, B: Progressive non healing ulcer, C: High a... |
60 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All are causes of Antepaum hemorrhage (APH) except, with the following options: A: Placenta pre, B: Abruptio placenta, C: Circumvallate placenta, D: Battle... | Causes of APH placenta prae abruptio placenta local causes like polyp,cancer cervix ,varicose veins and local trauma circumvallate placenta vasa prae unclassified or indeterminate haemorrhage (refer pgno:128 sheila textbook of obstetrics 2 nd edition) | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All are causes of Antepaum hemorrhage (APH) except, with the following options: A: Placenta pre, B: Abruptio placenta, C: Circumvallate placenta, D: Battle... |
61 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following indicators involve reproductive woman -, with the following options: A: Bih Rate, B: G.F.R, C: T.F.R, D: Maternal moality rate
### ... | Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 540 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following indicators involve reproductive woman -, with the following options: A: Bih Rate, B: G.F.R, C: T.F.R, D: Maternal moality rate
### ... |
62 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 22-year-old woman nursing her newborn develops a tender erythematous area around the nipple of her left breast. A thick, yellow fluid is observed to drain... | The thick, yellow fluid draining from the breast fissure in this patient represents a purulent exudate. Purulent exudates and effusions are associated with pathologic conditions such as pyogenic bacterial infections, in which the predominant cell type is the segmented neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte). -Mast cel... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 22-year-old woman nursing her newborn develops a tender erythematous area around the nipple of her left breast. A thick, yellow fluid is observed to drain... |
63 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: IV fluid replacement in a trauma patient is determined by, with the following options: A: Urine output, B: Chest condition, C: CVP, D: BP
### Response:
| Adequacy of fluid replacement should be checked with hemodynamic stability and urine output. When very large fluid shifts are expected and the patient has compromised renal insufficiency it is necessary to monitor fluid status using central venous pressure(CVP). Manipal manual of surgery-Shenoy,4th edition,pg | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: IV fluid replacement in a trauma patient is determined by, with the following options: A: Urine output, B: Chest condition, C: CVP, D: BP
### Response:
Ad... |
64 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Pathology of endometriosis is best explained by, with the following options: A: Coelemic metaplasia, B: Endometrial hyperplasia, C: Retrograde menstruation... | Retrograde menstruation is the most acceptable theory | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Pathology of endometriosis is best explained by, with the following options: A: Coelemic metaplasia, B: Endometrial hyperplasia, C: Retrograde menstruation... |
65 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following in the natural course of disease has no reversal of the shunt, with the following options: A: ASD, B: VSD, C: TOF, D: PDA
### Respo... | Ans. c. TOF Infants with acyanotic gradually become cyanotic as a result of worsening condition of the infundinular stenosis a.nd polycythemia Polycythemia develop secondary to cyanosis Hypoxic spells may develop in infants Growth retardation may be present if cyanosis is severe Brain abscess and cerebrovascular accide... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following in the natural course of disease has no reversal of the shunt, with the following options: A: ASD, B: VSD, C: TOF, D: PDA
### Respo... |
66 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which pathway can use propionic acid ?, with the following options: A: Glycolysis, B: Gluconeogenesis, C: Glycogenolysis, D: Glycogenesis
### Response:
| Fats cannot be conveed to carbohydrates because link reaction is irreversible. EXCEPTIONS are: 1. Glycerol breaks down products of triglycerides 2. Propionic acid can be conveed into carbohydrate Odd chain fatty acid can act as substrates of Gluconeogenesis, sincePropionyl CoA,the product of their oxidationcan enter TC... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which pathway can use propionic acid ?, with the following options: A: Glycolysis, B: Gluconeogenesis, C: Glycogenolysis, D: Glycogenesis
### Response:
Fa... |
67 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Ketone body formation without glycosuria is seen in -, with the following options: A: Diabetes mellitus, B: Diabetes insipidus, C: Starvation, D: Obesity
... | Ans. is 'c' i.e.. Starvation o Amongst the given options, DM and starvation are the causes of ketosisDiabetes Ketosis with hyperglycemia and glycosuriaProlonged starvation :- Ketosis with low or normal glucose and without glycosuria.o In diabetic Ketoacidosis:- (i) Positive Rothera's test (due to ketone bodies) (ii) Po... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Ketone body formation without glycosuria is seen in -, with the following options: A: Diabetes mellitus, B: Diabetes insipidus, C: Starvation, D: Obesity
... |
68 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All of the following are pneumatic bone EXCEPT:, with the following options: A: Maxilla, B: Frontal, C: Mandible, D: Ethmoid
### Response:
| Ans. (c) MandibleRef: Gray's 38th ed./431* Pneumatic Bone: Some cranial bones have air filled cavities for making skull light weight, resonance of voice & air conditioning.* Maxilla, Mastoid, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Frontal bones are pneumatic bones.Types of boneSesamoid bonesPneumatic bone (Mn: It has Maximum Spherical Fr... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All of the following are pneumatic bone EXCEPT:, with the following options: A: Maxilla, B: Frontal, C: Mandible, D: Ethmoid
### Response:
Ans. (c) Mandib... |
69 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Buprenorphine is:, with the following options: A: paial agonist at mu Receptor, B: Paial agonist at kappa Receptor, C: Full Agonist at mu Receptor, D: Full... | Ref : Katzung 11/e p546 *Buprenorphine appears to be a paial agonist at mu Receptor and antagonist at kappa Receptor. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Buprenorphine is:, with the following options: A: paial agonist at mu Receptor, B: Paial agonist at kappa Receptor, C: Full Agonist at mu Receptor, D: Full... |
70 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Essential fatty acids, with the following options: A: Linoeic acid, B: Linolenic acid, C: Arachiconic acid Palmitic acid, D: Plamitic acid
### Response:
| ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDSThree polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid are called "essential fatty acids" (EFA). They cannot be synthesised in the body andmust be provided in the diet. Lack of EFA in the diet can produce growth retardation and other deficiency manifestation symptoms.... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Essential fatty acids, with the following options: A: Linoeic acid, B: Linolenic acid, C: Arachiconic acid Palmitic acid, D: Plamitic acid
### Response:
E... |
71 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Daily Iodine requirement during pregnancy is, with the following options: A: 75mcg, B: 150mcg, C: 220mcg, D: 500mcg
### Response:
| Recommendation of the daily requirement of iodine during pregnancy is 220mcg and during lactation is 290mcg.(Ref: William's Obstetrics; 25th edition) | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Daily Iodine requirement during pregnancy is, with the following options: A: 75mcg, B: 150mcg, C: 220mcg, D: 500mcg
### Response:
Recommendation of the da... |
72 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following organism is the most common cause of acute meningitis in an AIDS patient?, with the following options: A: Streptococcus pneumoniae, ... | Oppounistic infections of the CNS generally occur in HIV infected patients with CD4 counts below 200. Most common organism that causes acute meningitis in an AIDS patients is Cyptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated budding yeast that is found worldwide in soil and on dried pigeon dung. Infect... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following organism is the most common cause of acute meningitis in an AIDS patient?, with the following options: A: Streptococcus pneumoniae, ... |
73 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following drug is cell cycle phase specific?, with the following options: A: Ifosfamide, B: Bleomycin, C: Cisplatin, D: Chlorambucil
### Resp... | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bleomycin Bleomycin is specific for G2 phase. o Alkylating agents (Ifosfamide, chlorambucil) and platinum compound (cisplatin) are cell cycle nonspecific. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following drug is cell cycle phase specific?, with the following options: A: Ifosfamide, B: Bleomycin, C: Cisplatin, D: Chlorambucil
### Resp... |
74 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Function of ubiquitin, with the following options: A: Binding, B: Transpo, C: Degradation, D: Assembely
### Response:
| Ubiquitin plays a major role in protein destruction. (Ref: Textbook of physiology N Geetha 2nd edition page no.10) | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Function of ubiquitin, with the following options: A: Binding, B: Transpo, C: Degradation, D: Assembely
### Response:
Ubiquitin plays a major role in prot... |
75 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A patient with abdominal injury presents to the emergency department with signs of signs of peritonitis and shock. Airway and breathing were secured and IV ... | Treatment for abdominal injury includes Emergency laparotomy.
Indications include
Frank haemoperitoneum
Significant diagnostic peritoneal lavage
Haemodynamically unstable patient
U/S or CT scan shows significant intra-abdominal injuries | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A patient with abdominal injury presents to the emergency department with signs of signs of peritonitis and shock. Airway and breathing were secured and IV ... |
76 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Surfactant deficiency occurs in NOT RELATED, with the following options: A: Infant of diabetic mother, B: Meconium aspiration syndrome, C: Transient tachyp... | . | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Surfactant deficiency occurs in NOT RELATED, with the following options: A: Infant of diabetic mother, B: Meconium aspiration syndrome, C: Transient tachyp... |
77 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Pompholyx affects?, with the following options: A: Flexors, B: Extensors, C: Palms and soles, D: Face
### Response:
| Ans. is 'c' i.e., Palms and soles Pompholyx (vesicular endogenous eczema/ dyshidrotic eczema)* It is a form of hands and feet eczema characterised by vesicles or bullae (blisters). It is sometimes subclassified as cheiropompholyx (hands) and pedopompholyx (feet).Predisposing factors* Females sex, palmoplantar hyperhidr... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Pompholyx affects?, with the following options: A: Flexors, B: Extensors, C: Palms and soles, D: Face
### Response:
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Palms and soles Pomp... |
78 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Most common cause of death in Klinefelter's syndrome is?, with the following options: A: Infections, B: Cardiovascular, C: Respiratory, D: suicide
### Res... | ANSWER: (A) InfectionsREF: www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pubmed/15292313 None of the text books mention it directly.On searching various studies, it was found that only two studies by far have been conducted to find increased mortality in klienfelter's syndrome, there for a larger cohort study was done where patients were foll... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Most common cause of death in Klinefelter's syndrome is?, with the following options: A: Infections, B: Cardiovascular, C: Respiratory, D: suicide
### Res... |
79 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Methionine is synthesised in human body from -, with the following options: A: Cysteine, B: Homocysteine, C: Cystine, D: Tryptophan
### Response:
| Ans. is 'b' i.e., Homocysteine* Homocysteine in the presence of methionine synthase and methyl B12, gets converted to methionine. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Methionine is synthesised in human body from -, with the following options: A: Cysteine, B: Homocysteine, C: Cystine, D: Tryptophan
### Response:
Ans. is ... |
80 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Ascaris lumbricoides causes deficiency of:, with the following options: A: Iron, B: Vitamin B 12, C: Folic acid, D: Vitamin A
### Response:
| Vitamin A | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Ascaris lumbricoides causes deficiency of:, with the following options: A: Iron, B: Vitamin B 12, C: Folic acid, D: Vitamin A
### Response:
Vitamin A
### ... |
81 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Unconjugated hvperbilirubenemia is seen in all except, with the following options: A: Gilbert's syndrome, B: Dubin Johnson's syndrome, C: Criggle Najar syn... | (B) Dubin Johnson's syndrome# Common causes of raised bilirubin and urobilinogen> Raised conjugated bilirubin (bilirubinuria)> Hepatocellular disease and post-hepatic or cholestatic disease (intrahepatic and extrahepatic), including drug toxicity as well as pancreatic causes of obstructive jaundice.> Inherited defects ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Unconjugated hvperbilirubenemia is seen in all except, with the following options: A: Gilbert's syndrome, B: Dubin Johnson's syndrome, C: Criggle Najar syn... |
82 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Iron supplementation in a healthy term breast fed baby should be staed at the age of -, with the following options: A: 2 weeks, B: 4 weeks, C: 8 weeks, D: ... | Ans. is NoneCorrect answer is 6 months. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Iron supplementation in a healthy term breast fed baby should be staed at the age of -, with the following options: A: 2 weeks, B: 4 weeks, C: 8 weeks, D: ... |
83 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Singers Alkali denaturation test is done with :, with the following options: A: Maternal Hb, B: Fetal Hb, C: Amniotic fluid, D: Menstrual fluid
### Respon... | Ans. is b i.e. Fetal Hb Ref. Dutta Obs. 6/e, p 247-248: Williams Obs. 23/e, p 583, 584; Text book of Ohs. by Sheila Balakrishnan, p 167-168 Fetal hemoglobin can be distinguished from Adult hemoglobin by : Wright stain : On staining blood with wright stain if RBC's appear nucleateddeg the blood is of fetal origindeg. Si... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Singers Alkali denaturation test is done with :, with the following options: A: Maternal Hb, B: Fetal Hb, C: Amniotic fluid, D: Menstrual fluid
### Respon... |
84 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Subendothelial electron dense deposits within the glomerulus are seen -, with the following options: A: MPGN type I, B: Crescentic glomerulonephritis, C: D... | Repeated Question. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Subendothelial electron dense deposits within the glomerulus are seen -, with the following options: A: MPGN type I, B: Crescentic glomerulonephritis, C: D... |
85 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is the causative organism for Baholin's cyst?, with the following options: A: Candida, B: Anaerobes, C: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, D: Tr... | Ducts of Baholin's gland are lined with transitional epithelium and their obstruction secondary to inflammation may lead to the development of a Baholin's cyst or abscess. Infections are often polymicrobial; sexually transmitted Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are often implicated. Abscesses usually present as... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is the causative organism for Baholin's cyst?, with the following options: A: Candida, B: Anaerobes, C: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, D: Tr... |
86 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Laryngeal cailage forming complete circle is ?, with the following options: A: Thyroid, B: Cricoid, C: Corniculate, D: Arytenoid
### Response:
| Ans. is 'b' i.e., CricoidCricoid cailage is the only cailage forming a complete ring, therefore is shaped like a ring.Laryngeal cailages Thyroid (unpaired)o It is the largest of all laryngeal cailages. It is 'V' shaped with right and left lamina. Both laminae (alae) meet anteriorly forming an angle of 90deg in males an... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Laryngeal cailage forming complete circle is ?, with the following options: A: Thyroid, B: Cricoid, C: Corniculate, D: Arytenoid
### Response:
Ans. is 'b'... |
87 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Mode of inheritance of ichthyosis Vulgaris is:, with the following options: A: Autosomal dominant, B: Autosomal recessive, C: X-linked, D: Codominant gene
... | Ichthyosis Vulgaris: Autosomal dominant Filaggrin synthesis is defective. At bih, skin may appear normal Skin gradually becomes dry, rough and scaly, with most signs and symptoms appearing by the age of 5 The scale is white or grey, small, flaky or branny, and semi-adherent with turned-up edges Most pronounced on the e... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Mode of inheritance of ichthyosis Vulgaris is:, with the following options: A: Autosomal dominant, B: Autosomal recessive, C: X-linked, D: Codominant gene
... |
88 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A patient has just been admitted to hospital for observation. Based on patient's laboratory results. What is the patient's primary problem?Hematocrit 45%Hem... | Due to low platelet count of 50×109/L. There is recurrent nose bleeds
Normal platelet count = 1,50,000 - 4,00,000/ L | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A patient has just been admitted to hospital for observation. Based on patient's laboratory results. What is the patient's primary problem?Hematocrit 45%Hem... |
89 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: During which of the following prenatal stages, are leukocytes not present in the developing embryo?, with the following options: A: Hepatic stage, B: Bone ... | Leukocytes are absent during the mesoblastic (yolk-cell) stage, but appear at approximately two months gestation in the liver and somewhat late in the spleen. The bone marrow first paicipates in hematopoiesis at approximately six months gestation and assumes an increasingly larger role thereafter. The liver and spleen ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: During which of the following prenatal stages, are leukocytes not present in the developing embryo?, with the following options: A: Hepatic stage, B: Bone ... |
90 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 23 year old male patient complains that his face appears too long. Extra-oral examination reveals a retrognathic mandible, steep mandibular plane angle an... | By convention, the rotation of either jaw is considered "forward" and given a negative sign if there is more growth posteriorly than anteriorly. The rotation is "backward" and given a positive direction if it lengthens, anterior dimensions more than posterior ones, bringing the chin downward and backward.
Contemporary ... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: A 23 year old male patient complains that his face appears too long. Extra-oral examination reveals a retrognathic mandible, steep mandibular plane angle an... |
91 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: The presence of large quantities of un-reabsorbed solutes in the renal tubule causes an increase in urine volume is called:, with the following options: A:... | Osmotic diuresis | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: The presence of large quantities of un-reabsorbed solutes in the renal tubule causes an increase in urine volume is called:, with the following options: A:... |
92 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Pavlov's experiment is an example of ?, with the following options: A: Operant conditioning, B: Classical conditioning, C: Learned helplessness, D: Modelin... | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Classical conditioningClassical conditioningIn classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (which usually does not produce the response), when paired with unconditioned stimulus (stimulus which usually produces a response), directly produces a response.The typical example of classical conditionin... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Pavlov's experiment is an example of ?, with the following options: A: Operant conditioning, B: Classical conditioning, C: Learned helplessness, D: Modelin... |
93 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is the most common cause of perforation of uterus in non-pregnant state?, with the following options: A: IUCD, B: Dilatation and cur... | In the non pregnant state,perforation of the uterus occurs usually during dilatation and curettage Dilatation and curettage procedure is a primary tool for diagnostic evaluation and treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding. Perforation of the uterus is common during a state of pregnancy or malignancy ( Soft Uterus) The a... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is the most common cause of perforation of uterus in non-pregnant state?, with the following options: A: IUCD, B: Dilatation and cur... |
94 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Compounds with a large amount of carbohydrate & small amount of protein -, with the following options: A: Glycoprotein, B: Glycosaminoglycan, C: Proteoglyc... | A large amount of carbohydrate small amount of protein → Proteoglycans.
A large amount of protein small amount of carbohydrate → Glycoproteins. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Compounds with a large amount of carbohydrate & small amount of protein -, with the following options: A: Glycoprotein, B: Glycosaminoglycan, C: Proteoglyc... |
95 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Lisengang rings are present in, with the following options: A: CEOT, B: OKC, C: CGCG, D: All of the above
### Response:
| Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor (Pindborg tumor) is a rare, benign odontogenic lesion. This is rare benign tumor which was first described in 1955 by Dutch pathologist Or J J Pindborg. | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Lisengang rings are present in, with the following options: A: CEOT, B: OKC, C: CGCG, D: All of the above
### Response:
Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic ... |
96 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Following is the management of vulvar varices during pregnancy :, with the following options: A: Pressure, B: Cautery, C: Simple vulvectomy, D: Observation... | Varicosities (lower leg, vulva, rectum) may appear for the first time or aggravate during pregnancy usually in later months Its due to obstruction in the venous return by the pregnant uterus. Specific treatment is better to be avoided Usually disappears following delivery Ref . Dutta Obs 6/e p103 Williams Obs 23/e p 21... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Following is the management of vulvar varices during pregnancy :, with the following options: A: Pressure, B: Cautery, C: Simple vulvectomy, D: Observation... |
97 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All of the following comes under primordial prevention of myocardial infarction except, with the following options: A: Maintenance of normal body weight, B... | A novel approach to primary prevention of CHD is primordial prevention. It involves preventing the emergence and spread of CHD risk factors and lifestyles that have not yet appeared or become endemic. Ref: Park; 23rd ed; Pg 370 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: All of the following comes under primordial prevention of myocardial infarction except, with the following options: A: Maintenance of normal body weight, B... |
98 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Lambda phage which of the following is true ?, with the following options: A: It causes mad cow disease, B: Lysogenic to lytic conversion cannnot occur, C:... | Ans. is 'c' i.e., lysogenic form incorporates in host DNA and remain dormant . Lambda phase is nothing else but prototype of bacteriophage. . It has already been explained in previous explaination that lysogenic form is incorporated into the host genome ( not in lytic phase). In lytic phase,there is replication of phag... | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Lambda phage which of the following is true ?, with the following options: A: It causes mad cow disease, B: Lysogenic to lytic conversion cannnot occur, C:... |
99 | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of these Is not an FDA approved indication for use of modafinil as an adjunct?, with the following options: A: Major depression and associated lethar... | Ref: KD Tripathi 7th edition Page no 487 Modafinil is a newer psychostimulant and it's approved indications are narcolepsy, sleep apnea syndrome and shift work syndrome. It is being evaluated as a drug to prevent relapse of cocaine dependence. It is not used for depression | Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
### Instruction:
Answer the following medical question: Which of these Is not an FDA approved indication for use of modafinil as an adjunct?, with the following options: A: Major depression and associated lethar... |
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