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100	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Wreden's test is to demonstrate: MP 09; NEET 15, with the following options: A: Live bih, B: Insanity, C: Putrefaction, D: Assault ### Response:	Ans. Live bih	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Wreden's test is to demonstrate: MP 09; NEET 15, with the following options: A: Live bih, B: Insanity, C: Putrefaction, D: Assault ### Response: Ans. Live...
101	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A pateint with cervix cancer is mised by a screeing test and later diagnosed with advanced disease. This time interval is called, with the following options...	.lead time is actually the advantage gained by screening.the priod between the diagnosis by early detection and diagnosis by other means.detection programmes should therfore concentrate on those conditions where the time lag between the disease&;s onset and its final critical point is sufficiently long to be suitable f...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A pateint with cervix cancer is mised by a screeing test and later diagnosed with advanced disease. This time interval is called, with the following options...
102	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Serotonin, a mediator of inflammation in our body, is secreted /released by:, with the following options: A: Leukocytes, B: Endothelial cell, C: Mast cell,...	Answer- D. PlateletSerotonin :It is found in the intestinal mucosa, brain tissue & platelets.Release of serotonin (and histamine) from platelets is stimulated when platelets aggregate after contact with collagen, thrombin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and antigen-antibody complexes.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Serotonin, a mediator of inflammation in our body, is secreted /released by:, with the following options: A: Leukocytes, B: Endothelial cell, C: Mast cell,...
103	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A child presents with abdominal mass. Biopsy showed a triphasic tumour with areas of small blue cells. Which of the following is a feature of this tumour?, ...	Small blue round tumour cells seen in- retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, ALL Microscopically, Wilms tumors are characterized by recognizable attempts to recapitulate different stages of nephrogenesis. The classic triphasic combination of blastemal, stromal, and epithelial cell ...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A child presents with abdominal mass. Biopsy showed a triphasic tumour with areas of small blue cells. Which of the following is a feature of this tumour?, ...
104	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not seen in iron deficiency anemia?, with the following options: A: Hyper-segmented neutrophils, B: Microcytosis and hypochromia ...	- Hypersegmented neutrophils - is a feature of megaloblastic anemia - caused d/t Vit B12 / folic acid deficiency. - Remaining all features given in options are characteristic to Iron deficiency anemia	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not seen in iron deficiency anemia?, with the following options: A: Hyper-segmented neutrophils, B: Microcytosis and hypochromia ...
105	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: MC type of ca vulva is:, with the following options: A: Squamous cell carcinoma, B: Melanoma, C: Adenocarcinoma, D: Adenosquamous carcinoma ### Response:	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Squamous cell carcinoma * MC variety of vulvar cancer= Squamous cell carcinoma.* MC site= labia (majora and minora) followed by clitoris.* Risk factors for Ca vulva=HPV infection, cigarette smoking, lichen sclerosis, squamous hyperplasia, VIN.* Most patients are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: MC type of ca vulva is:, with the following options: A: Squamous cell carcinoma, B: Melanoma, C: Adenocarcinoma, D: Adenosquamous carcinoma ### Response: ...
106	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not a component of APACHE score ?, with the following options: A: Serum Potassium, B: Serum Sodium, C: Serum Calcium, D: Creatini...	.APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) point score is calculated from a patient&;s age and 12 routine physiological measurements: PaO2 Temperature Mean aerial pressure pH aerial Hea rate Respiratory rate Serum Sodium Serum Potassium Creatinine Hematocrit White blood cell count Glasgow Coma Scale...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is not a component of APACHE score ?, with the following options: A: Serum Potassium, B: Serum Sodium, C: Serum Calcium, D: Creatini...
107	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Norplant contains how many capsules of levonorgestrel:, with the following options: A: 4, B: 6, C: 8, D: 10 ### Response:	Norplant contains a set of 6 capsules each containing 36mg levonorgestrel for subcutaneous implantation-placed subcutaneously in the medial aspect of upper arm (Ref.Essentials of medical pharmacology TD Tripathi 6th edition page no.323)	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Norplant contains how many capsules of levonorgestrel:, with the following options: A: 4, B: 6, C: 8, D: 10 ### Response: Norplant contains a set of 6 cap...
108	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is associated with -, with the following options: A: Hypoglycemia, B: Hyponatremia, C: Hypokalemia, D: All ### Response:	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hypoglycemia, 'b' i.e., Hyponatremia, 'c' i.e., Hypokalamia o Also see previous explanations : ? o Depending into type of deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) may be divided into : ? 1. Salt retaining (17-a hydroxylase or 11-13 hydroxylase deficiency) Due to excessive mineralocoicoids ther...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is associated with -, with the following options: A: Hypoglycemia, B: Hyponatremia, C: Hypokalemia, D: All ### Response: An...
109	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Positive hepatojugular reflux is found in all of the following conditions except aEUR', with the following options: A: Tricuspid regurgitation, B: Right he...	Associated with decreased afterload Hepatojugular reflux This is done by applying firm pressure with the palm of the hand to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen for 1030 seconds with the patients breathing quietly while the jugular vein is observed. In normal subjects (Negative hepatojugular reflux) - Jugular venou...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Positive hepatojugular reflux is found in all of the following conditions except aEUR', with the following options: A: Tricuspid regurgitation, B: Right he...
110	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: In AIDs control programme. For treatment of STDs, blue colored pack is used for treatment of-, with the following options: A: Urethral discharge, B: Scrota...	Am. is 'c' i.e., Genital ulcersNACO centers providing ART (as of sept 2006)o The National AIDS control organization (NACO) has increased the numbers of centres providing ART from 54 to 91 centres with another 9 more centres also getting operational soon,o All the 91centres have specially appointed and trained doctors, ...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: In AIDs control programme. For treatment of STDs, blue colored pack is used for treatment of-, with the following options: A: Urethral discharge, B: Scrota...
111	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: At isoelectric pH protein, with the following options: A: Have Net charge 'O', B: Are positively charged, C: Are negatively charge, D: Don't migrate ### R...	Proteins are least soluble at their isoelectric pH . Significance of isoelectric proteind : The amonoacid composition will determine the isoelectric pH of protein . The alpha amino acids and carboxyl group are utilized for peptide bond formation, and hence are not ionizable.All other ionizable groups present in the pro...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: At isoelectric pH protein, with the following options: A: Have Net charge 'O', B: Are positively charged, C: Are negatively charge, D: Don't migrate ### R...
112	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Wiskott Aldrich syndrome is characterized by all Except:, with the following options: A: Thrombocytopenia, B: Autosomal recessive, C: Failure of aggregatio...	Answer is B (Autosomal Recessive) Wiskot Aldrich syndrome is an X linked Recessive syndrome and not an autosonzal recessive syndrome. Wiskott Aldrish Syndrome is associated with an impaired platelet aggregation response. `Several platelet abnormalities have been repoed in Wiskott Aldrich syndrome including impaired agg...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Wiskott Aldrich syndrome is characterized by all Except:, with the following options: A: Thrombocytopenia, B: Autosomal recessive, C: Failure of aggregatio...
113	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Wickmann's straie seen in ?, with the following options: A: Lichen planus, B: Psoriasis, C: Dermatomyositis, D: Was ### Response:	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lichen planus	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Wickmann's straie seen in ?, with the following options: A: Lichen planus, B: Psoriasis, C: Dermatomyositis, D: Was ### Response: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lichen...
114	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Embryonic period is upto -, with the following options: A: 8 week, B: 10 week, C: 12 week, D: 6 week ### Response:	Ans. is 'a' i.e., 8 week o Embryonic period = from fertilization to end of 8 week,o Fetal period = from 9 week on ward,o In prenatal period - following events are seen.Milestones of Prenatal DevelopmentWKDevelopmental events1.Fertilization and implantation: beginning of embryonic period2.Endoderm and ectoderm appear (b...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Embryonic period is upto -, with the following options: A: 8 week, B: 10 week, C: 12 week, D: 6 week ### Response: Ans. is 'a' i.e., 8 week o Embryonic pe...
115	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: After an accident a male patient had come for his routine evaluation. His RBCs showed Cabot's ring. What is the likely condition responsible?, with the foll...	Cabot'srings are red cell inclusions consist of mitotic spindle remnants appearing as fine, threadlike filaments of bluish purple color in the shape of a single ring or a double ring (figure-eight shape). They stain red or reddish purple with Wright's stain and have no internal structure. These are arginine rich and ac...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: After an accident a male patient had come for his routine evaluation. His RBCs showed Cabot's ring. What is the likely condition responsible?, with the foll...
116	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Biochemical test in thiamine deficiency is:, with the following options: A: FIGLU test, B: Histidine test, C: Erythrocyte transketolase test, D: Ferric chl...	Ans. C. Erythrocytes transketolase testa. In thiamine deficiency - the most reliable is the measurement of whole blood or Erythrocytes Transketolase activity.b. FIGLU test and Histidine test - Formimino-glutamate (FIGLU), a catabolite of histidine, transfers its formimino group to H4- to form N5 formimino-H4 folate. In...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Biochemical test in thiamine deficiency is:, with the following options: A: FIGLU test, B: Histidine test, C: Erythrocyte transketolase test, D: Ferric chl...
117	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: At the level of Arch of aoa, the relationship of left vagus nerve and left phrenic nerve?, with the following options: A: Phrenic nerve anterior, vagus ner...	Phrenic nerve anterior, vagus nerve posterior	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: At the level of Arch of aoa, the relationship of left vagus nerve and left phrenic nerve?, with the following options: A: Phrenic nerve anterior, vagus ner...
118	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Problem of bias is maximum with, with the following options: A: Coho study, B: Case study, C: Case control study, D: Experimental study ### Response:	Bias is any systemic error in the determination of the association between exposure and disease. The relative risk may increase or decrease as a result of the bias it reflects some type of no compatibility between the study and control groups. The possibility of bias must be considered when evaluating a possible cause ...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Problem of bias is maximum with, with the following options: A: Coho study, B: Case study, C: Case control study, D: Experimental study ### Response: Bias...
119	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is a strategy used to increase the yield of protein produced in recombinant protein synthesis?, with the following options: A: Promo...	B i.e. Genes for protease inhibitors Expression vector is a vector which synthesize/produce/express the protein coded by a gene introduced DNA recombination technology. So it is used to produce protein by genetic engineering and detect specific c-DNA molecules in library. Expression vectors are specially constructed so...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is a strategy used to increase the yield of protein produced in recombinant protein synthesis?, with the following options: A: Promo...
120	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Route of administration of BCG for bladder cancer is:, with the following options: A: Oral, B: Subcutaneous, C: Intravenous, D: None of the above ### Resp...	(Ref: Goodman & Gilman 11/e p1422) Intravesical route is used for BCG in the treatment of bladder carcinoma.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Route of administration of BCG for bladder cancer is:, with the following options: A: Oral, B: Subcutaneous, C: Intravenous, D: None of the above ### Resp...
121	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Dicumarol interferes with-, with the following options: A: Vitamin K, B: Antithrombin, C: Platelets, D: Plasminogen ### Response:	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vitamin K o Dicumarol (an oral anticoagulant) acts by inhibiting Vitamin K dependent clotting factors.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Dicumarol interferes with-, with the following options: A: Vitamin K, B: Antithrombin, C: Platelets, D: Plasminogen ### Response: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vitami...
122	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Pulmonary lymph flow rate is, with the following options: A: 20 ml/hour, B: 40 ml/hour, C: 50 ml/hour, D: 60 ml/hour ### Response:	Pulmonary lymph flow rate is 20 ml per hour Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Pulmonary lymph flow rate is, with the following options: A: 20 ml/hour, B: 40 ml/hour, C: 50 ml/hour, D: 60 ml/hour ### Response: Pulmonary lymph flow ra...
123	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Warthin Finkeldey giant cells are seen in?, with the following options: A: Tuberculosis, B: Sarcoidosis, C: Herpes, D: Measles ### Response:	Ans. is 'd' i.e., Measles o Warthin-Finkeldey cell is a type of giant multinucleate cell found in hyperplastic lymph nodes early in the course of measles.Also found ino HIV-infectiono Kimura disease,o lymphoma and non-neoplastic lymph node disorders.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Warthin Finkeldey giant cells are seen in?, with the following options: A: Tuberculosis, B: Sarcoidosis, C: Herpes, D: Measles ### Response: Ans. is 'd' i...
124	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: _______________ of Fluid is required to produce costophrenic angle bluting** on erect chest X-ray, in cases of pleural effusion:, with the following options...	At least 100ml of fluid is required to detect by USG. A minimum of 300ml is required to produce bluttening of costophrenic angle on erect chest X-ray. About 500ml of effusion is required for detection on clinical examination.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: _______________ of Fluid is required to produce costophrenic angle bluting** on erect chest X-ray, in cases of pleural effusion:, with the following options...
125	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which aery is formed by joining of 2 veebral aeries?, with the following options: A: Basal aery, B: Middle cerebralaery, C: Posterior cerebral aery, D: Bas...	Basilar aery is formed by the union of two veebral aeries at the lower border of pons. Middle cerebral aery is a branch of internal carotid aery. Posterior cerebral aery is a branch of basilar aery. (Ref: Vishram Singh textbook of clinical neuroanatomy, second edition pg-174,176)	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which aery is formed by joining of 2 veebral aeries?, with the following options: A: Basal aery, B: Middle cerebralaery, C: Posterior cerebral aery, D: Bas...
126	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Prolactin levels are highest in which of the following?, with the following options: A: After 24 hrs of ovulation, B: After 24 hrs of paurition, C: After n...	Prolactin levels in maternal plasma increase markedly during normal pregnancy. Concentrations are usually 10 fold greater at term- about 150 ng/mL compared to non pregnant women. Paradoxically, plasma concentrations drop after delivery even in women who are breast feeding. During lactation, pulsatile bursts of prolacti...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Prolactin levels are highest in which of the following?, with the following options: A: After 24 hrs of ovulation, B: After 24 hrs of paurition, C: After n...
127	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which one of the following statements regarding water reabsorption in the tubules is true?, with the following options: A: The bulk of water reabsorption o...	Maximum of filtered water (60-70%) is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, with or without Vasopressin. This is independent of the fluid and electrolyte status of the body and is caused by the osmotic gradient created by Na+ reabsorption. Obligatory water reabsorption- (Independent of ADH)- 85% - Proximal tubule- ...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which one of the following statements regarding water reabsorption in the tubules is true?, with the following options: A: The bulk of water reabsorption o...
128	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: PID does not include:, with the following options: A: Cervicitis, B: Endometritis, C: Peritonitis, D: Salpingitis ### Response:	Ans: A (Cervicitis) Ref: Dutta Textbook of Gynecology 5th Ed pg 124Explanation:PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)Infection of upper genital tract involvingEndometriumFallopian tubesOvariesPelvic peritoneum and surrounding structuresCervicitis is not included in PIDRisk factorsMenstruating teenagersMultiple sexual partne...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: PID does not include:, with the following options: A: Cervicitis, B: Endometritis, C: Peritonitis, D: Salpingitis ### Response: Ans: A (Cervicitis) Ref: D...
129	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Reactive depression is similar to:, with the following options: A: Dysthymia, B: Double depression, C: Adjustment disorder, D: Post-traumatic stress disord...	Reactive depression: * Type of non-endogenous depression It is depression secondary to external events leading to significant psychological stress. External events like - Breakup, job loss, death of a close relative or friend In ideal case, the depression would not have occured without the stress to which it is a react...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Reactive depression is similar to:, with the following options: A: Dysthymia, B: Double depression, C: Adjustment disorder, D: Post-traumatic stress disord...
130	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A test has high false positive rate in a community.True is, with the following options: A: High specificity, B: High sensitivity, C: High prevalence, D: Lo...	Low prevalence Repeat form Nov 08 "In a population with a low prevalence of a paicular disease, it is likely that most of the positive results in a screening program for that disease would be falsely positive."- Epidemiology, biostatistics, and preventive medicine By James F. Jekel, David L. Katz, Joann G. Elmore 2/e p...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A test has high false positive rate in a community.True is, with the following options: A: High specificity, B: High sensitivity, C: High prevalence, D: Lo...
131	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: The following types of reaction occur in glycolysis, except, with the following options: A: Hydration, B: Isomerisations, C: Phosphoryl transfer, D: Aldol ...	Step 1: Uptake and Phosphorylation of Glucose Glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate. The reaction is catalysed by the specific enzyme glucokinase in liver cells and by non-specific enzyme hexokinase in liver and extrahepatic tissue. The enzyme splits the ATP into ADP, and the Pi is added to the glucose....	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: The following types of reaction occur in glycolysis, except, with the following options: A: Hydration, B: Isomerisations, C: Phosphoryl transfer, D: Aldol ...
132	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Cinnarizine used for motion sickness is a, with the following options: A: 5HT4 - antagonist, B: H2 - antagonist, C: Antihistamine, D: NK1 antagonist ### R...	Cinnarizine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic property given for motion sickness & also used in the treatment of vertigo.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Cinnarizine used for motion sickness is a, with the following options: A: 5HT4 - antagonist, B: H2 - antagonist, C: Antihistamine, D: NK1 antagonist ### R...
133	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: What is the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of osteoporosis?, with the following options: A: Bone mineral density less than 1 standard deviation...	Ans. D. (B) and (C).In 1994, the WHO introduced definitions for osteoporosis and osteopenia in terms of T score thresholds of -2.5 and -1 respectively. A T score of -2.5 means that the bone mineral density in the lumbar spine (L2-L4) is at least 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of a young (age 25-35), healthy fem...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: What is the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of osteoporosis?, with the following options: A: Bone mineral density less than 1 standard deviation...
134	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is false about Calciphylaxis, with the following options: A: It is Calcific arteriopathy in chronic kidney disease, B: Livedo reticu...	Hyperparathyroidism , increased use of oral Calcium and warfarin treatment are risk factors.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following is false about Calciphylaxis, with the following options: A: It is Calcific arteriopathy in chronic kidney disease, B: Livedo reticu...
135	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following drugs are used for smoking cessation?, with the following options: A: Bupropion, B: Buspirone, C: Venlafaxine, D: Fluoxetine ### Re...	Ans. (A) Bupropion(Ref: Harrison 16th/e p2575; Katzung 11th/e p521,1110)Drugs used for smoking cessation are:Nicotine (gum, patch, nasal inhaler, oral inhaler)BupropionClonidine (oral, patch)NortriptylineRimonabantVarenicillineAmfebutamoneMecamylamine	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Which of the following drugs are used for smoking cessation?, with the following options: A: Bupropion, B: Buspirone, C: Venlafaxine, D: Fluoxetine ### Re...
136	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Black piedra is caused by -, with the following options: A: Piedraia hortae, B: Trichosporon asahii, C: Trichosporon ovoides, D: Trichosporon inkin ### Re...	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Piedraia hortae o Piedra is an asymptomatic superficial fungal infection of the hair shaft also known as trichomycosis nodu- laris. Black piedra is caused by Piedraia hortae, whereas white piedra is caused by pathogenic species of the Trichosporon genus, namely Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon ovoide...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Black piedra is caused by -, with the following options: A: Piedraia hortae, B: Trichosporon asahii, C: Trichosporon ovoides, D: Trichosporon inkin ### Re...
137	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Vitamin E deficiency is associated with, with the following options: A: Ataxia, B: Cholestasis, C: Hyperkeratosis, D: Pseudotumour cerebri ### Response:	Vitamin E deficiency causes axonal degeneration of the large myelinated axons results in posterior column & spino cerebellar symptoms	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: Vitamin E deficiency is associated with, with the following options: A: Ataxia, B: Cholestasis, C: Hyperkeratosis, D: Pseudotumour cerebri ### Response: V...
138	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency depament with 2 days of haemoptysis. He repos that he has been coughing up 1-3 tablespoons of blood each day. H...	The patient presents with classic symptoms for granulomatosis with polyangiitis. C/F: Vasculitis of 1. U= Epistaxis (Oral cavity Strawberry gingivitis) 2. L= Haemoptysis (Cavity formation in lungs) 3. Kidney = Haematuria The average age of diagnosis is 40 years. Male predominance. The diagnosis is made by demonstration...	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency depament with 2 days of haemoptysis. He repos that he has been coughing up 1-3 tablespoons of blood each day. H...
139	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: At equilibrium the concentrations of Cl- inside and outside a cell are 8 mmol/L and 120 mmol/L, respectively. The equilibrium potential for Cl- at 37oC is c...	Nernst equation Ei - Eo = 61/-1 x log10 120/8 = -61 x 1.176 = -71.7 mV inside the cell. Note that for Cl-, the value for z (valence) is -1	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Answer the following medical question: At equilibrium the concentrations of Cl- inside and outside a cell are 8 mmol/L and 120 mmol/L, respectively. The equilibrium potential for Cl- at 37oC is c...