type stringclasses 1 value | question stringlengths 13 210 | answer stringlengths 5 521 | ideal_answer stringlengths 9 22.1k | documents listlengths 1 133 | snippets listlengths 0 125 | asq_challenge int64 5 13 | folder_name stringclasses 6 values | concepts listlengths 0 23 ⌀ | triples listlengths 0 4.35k ⌀ | id stringlengths 24 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
factoid | What is the function of the protein calreticulin? | ['chaperone and Ca2+ buffer to assist correct protein folding within the ER'] | ['Calreticulin (CALR) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein involved in a spectrum of cellular processes. In healthy cells, CALR operates as a chaperone and Ca2+ buffer to assist correct protein folding within the ER.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33360823",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34472223",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34495528",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733014"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34495528",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 718,
"offsetInEndSection": 938,
"text": "Subsequently, the N-glycosylated nascent proteins enter the folding step, in which N-glycans contribute largely ... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 623dfd2ef0baec9a1b000004 |
factoid | What is the effect of epiregulin on leptin secretion? | ['induction', 'increase'] | ['Epiregulin induces leptin secretion.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400011"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400011",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 85,
"text": "Epiregulin induces leptin secretion and energy expenditure in high-fat diet-fed mice."
},
{
"beginSection": "abst... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 6237ab873a8413c6530000b6 |
factoid | Which JASPAR release is JASPAR 2022? | ['9th'] | ["JASPAR (http://jaspar.genereg.net/) is an open-access database containing manually curated, non-redundant transcription factor (TF) binding profiles for TFs across six taxonomic groups. In JASPAR 2022, JASPAR's 9th release, the CORE collection was expanded with 341 new profiles (148 for plants, 101 for vertebrates, 85 for urochordates, and 7 for insects), which corresponds to a 19% expansion over the previous release."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34850907"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34850907",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 98,
"text": "JASPAR 2022: the 9th release of the open-access database of transcription factor binding profiles."
},
{
"beginSe... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 6202f600c9dfcb9c0900002b |
factoid | What is the SPRTN protein function? | ['DNA-protein crosslink proteolysis repair'] | ['The protease SPRTN emerged as the essential enzyme for DNA-protein crosslink proteolysis repair.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33348378",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33183910",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34551432",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34189469"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34551432",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 384,
"offsetInEndSection": 512,
"text": "we explored the role of Spartan (SPRTN), a metalloprotease associated with DNA replication, which removes protei... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 622deabc3a8413c6530000a6 |
factoid | What part of the body is associated with Cauda equina | ['spine'] | ['The cauda equina is the sack of nerve roots (nerves that leave the spinal cord between spaces in the bones of the spine to connect to other parts of the body) at the lower end of the spinal cord.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26442520",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25495513",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254963",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27753733",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3356808",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22996855",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.ni... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33261250",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 218,
"offsetInEndSection": 346,
"text": "the right pedicle of L4, moved inside the vertebral canal (bridging the cauda equina) stopping just in front of ... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 6238a0033a8413c6530000b8 |
factoid | What does RUNX1T1 stand for? | ['runt-related transcription factor 1'] | ['RUNX1T1 stands for runt-related transcription factor 1.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32589708"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32589708",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 12,
"offsetInEndSection": 96,
"text": "Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1T1) isoforms are involved in adipogenesis."
}
] | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 62265b4a3a8413c653000083 |
factoid | Is METTL3 an m6A writer, reader or eraser? | ['Writer'] | ['The methyltransferase METTL3 is an m6A writer.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535671"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535671",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 200,
"offsetInEndSection": 401,
"text": "Here we report decreased expression of the m6A \"writer\" METTL3 in tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and a positive ... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 62265c953a8413c653000084 |
factoid | What is the drug gantenerumab targeting? | ['Gantenerumab significantly reduced amyloid plaques, cerebrospinal fluid total tau, and phospho-tau181 and attenuated increases of neurofilament light chain.'] | ['Gantenerumab significantly reduced amyloid plaques, cerebrospinal fluid total tau, and phospho-tau181 and attenuated increases of neurofilament light chain.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33336218",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34198582",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34155411"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34155411",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 1026,
"offsetInEndSection": 1183,
"text": "Gantenerumab significantly reduced amyloid plaques, cerebrospinal fluid total tau, and phospho-tau181 and atte... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 622dfb133a8413c6530000a8 |
factoid | Which protein is targeted by Herceptin? | ['Her2'] | ['Her2 is targeted by Herceptin.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33468562",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34532642"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34532642",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 218,
"offsetInEndSection": 347,
"text": "HER2-targeting agents such as Herceptin®, Kadcyla® and ENHERTU® have been approved by the FDA for the treatment ... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 622b99f73a8413c653000093 |
factoid | What does PCAT6 stand for? | ['rostate cancer-associated transcript 6'] | ['PCAT6 stands for prostate cancer-associated transcript 6.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34620745"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34620745",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 240,
"offsetInEndSection": 391,
"text": "In this work, we investigated the role and regulatory mechanism of lncRNA prostate cancer-associated transcript ... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 622668b13a8413c653000088 |
factoid | What organ is associated with a Gleason pattern or Gleason Score? | ['prostate'] | ['The Gleason score is an important parameter for clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients', 'The Gleason score is an important parameter for clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10652560",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12385930",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25189638",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32350585",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22367295",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228336",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32686748",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 92,
"text": "The Gleason score is an important parameter for clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients"
},
{
"beginSe... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 622b9d593a8413c653000095 |
factoid | Which tool has been developed to identify the glycan shielding of glycosylated proteins? | ['GLYCO'] | ['GLYCO (GLYcan COverage) is an in silico approach to quantify the glycan shielding of a protein surface. The software provides insights into glycan-dense/sparse regions of the entire protein surface or a subset of the protein surface. GLYCO calculates glycan shielding from a single coordinate file or from multiple coordinate files, for instance, as obtained from molecular dynamics simulations or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy structure determination, enabling analysis of glycan dynamics.', 'GLYCO calculates glycan shielding from a single coordinate file or from multiple coordinate files, for instance, as obtained from molecular dynamics simulations or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy structure determination, enabling analysis of glycan dynamics.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34864901"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34864901",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 68,
"text": "GLYCO: a tool to quantify glycan shielding of glycosylated proteins."
},
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"docum... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 621e59ce3a8413c65300004c |
factoid | What does the gene symbol EREG stand for? | ['epiregulin'] | ['The gene symbol EREG stands for the gene epiregulin.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34667080"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34667080",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 268,
"offsetInEndSection": 569,
"text": "We found that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-deficient cells exhibited lower basal ERK activity than the cells de... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 6237a5513a8413c6530000b0 |
factoid | Which tool has been developed for proteome-wide detection of membrane lipid-binding proteins? | ['MBPpred'] | ['MBPpred is a profile Hidden Markov Model based method capable of detecting Membrane Binding Proteins (MBPs) from information encoded in their amino acid sequence.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048983"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048983",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 103,
"text": "MBPpred: Proteome-wide detection of membrane lipid-binding proteins using profile Hidden Markov Models."
},
{
"b... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 62005e02c9dfcb9c09000018 |
factoid | What disease can be treated with Avacopan? | ['ANCA-associated vasculitis'] | ['Avacopan is effective for ANCA-associated vasculitis.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33625803",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28400446",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34484454",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34473462",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34826105",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34006155",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34473462",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 1009,
"offsetInEndSection": 1397,
"text": "Current therapies are often effective in inducing and maintaining remission but are associated with a range of... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 61f7c883882a024a10000026 |
factoid | What disease is also known as Bechterew's Disease? | ['Ankylosing spondylitis'] | ["Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew's disease) is the most typical form of axial SpA whereby sacroiliitis can be found on X-rays of the SI joints."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6461592",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6983935",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25050151",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11803718",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22744304",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650743",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22085520",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 229,
"offsetInEndSection": 373,
"text": "Ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew's disease) is the most typical form of axial SpA whereby sacroiliitis can be f... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 622b9e743a8413c653000097 |
factoid | Through which pathway does epiregulin promote leptin secretion? | ['EGFR/MAPK pathway'] | ['EREG increased leptin production and secretion in a dose-dependent manner in iAb fat explants via the EGFR/MAPK pathway.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400011"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400011",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 724,
"offsetInEndSection": 845,
"text": "EREG increased leptin production and secretion in a dose-dependent manner in iAb fat explants via the EGFR/MAPK ... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 6237ac143a8413c6530000b7 |
factoid | What is the target of Sotorasib? | ['KRASG12C'] | ['Sotorasib is a KRASG12C inhibitor.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34553354",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33547148",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34800654",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34504076",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32955176",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33466360",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520956",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 425,
"offsetInEndSection": 622,
"text": "Encouragingly, the KRASG12C inhibitor AMG510 (sotorasib), which has been approved for treating NSCLC and CRC rec... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 61f7c60c882a024a10000025 |
factoid | What is Luteolin? | ['flavonoid'] | ['Luteolin has been reviewed as a flavonoid possessing potential cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities.', 'Luteolin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, has potent anti-inflammatory properties.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18991571",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21881237",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34460026",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407927",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30119240",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29207088",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32081041",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 185,
"text": "Recently, many studies have reported the anticancer properties of flavonoid luteolin against a variety of tumors, ... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 6226335d3a8413c653000082 |
factoid | Which is the literature-based database of phenotypes? | ['PheneBank'] | ['PheneBank is a Web-portal for retrieving human phenotype-disease associations that have been text-mined from the whole of Medline. This approach exploits state-of-the-art machine learning for concept identification by utilising an expert annotated rare disease corpus from the PMC Text Mining subset. Evaluation of the system for entities is conducted on a gold-standard corpus of rare disease sentences and for associations against the Monarch initiative data.', 'PheneBank is a Web-portal for retrieving human phenotype-disease associations that have been text-mined from the whole of Medline.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34788791"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34788791",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 53,
"text": "PheneBank: a literature-based database of phenotypes."
},
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://w... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 621e63a43a8413c653000051 |
factoid | Idecabtagene vicleucel can be used for treatment of which disease? | ['Multiple Myeloma'] | ['Idecabtagene vicleucel was shown to be effective for Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34461271",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34256668",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33896344",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34527606",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34625232",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33626253",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34461271",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 342,
"text": "B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) has become a key target for antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, chim... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 61f7ce26882a024a1000002d |
factoid | LINC00339 is a diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy biomarker for what disease? | ['cancer'] | ['LINC00339 as a cancer diagnostic, prognostic and treatment efficacy biomarker.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31239716",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31269584",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28171565",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34741346",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31188482",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31128030",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30618083",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 123,
"text": "Long noncoding RNA Linc00339 promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression through miR-377-3p/HOXC6 signaling pathw... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 623345bf3a8413c6530000ab |
factoid | Which disease is caused by repeat expansion in VWA1? | ['Recessive hereditary motor neuropathy'] | ['An ancestral 10-bp repeat expansion in VWA1 causes recessive hereditary motor neuropathy.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33559681"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33559681",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 89,
"text": "An ancestral 10-bp repeat expansion in VWA1 causes recessive hereditary motor neuropathy."
},
{
"beginSection": "... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 61f86c03882a024a10000044 |
factoid | Is PPROM a condition that occurs in males or females? | ['Females'] | ['Preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (PPROM) occurs in pregnant females.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22506729",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23179796",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29727785",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30957602",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599878",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10838338",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30957602",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 104,
"offsetInEndSection": 156,
"text": "preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (PPROM)"
},
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 622a5a7c3a8413c653000090 |
factoid | What is the target of Sutimlimab? | ['C1s'] | ['Sutimlimab is a novel humanized monoclonal antibody directed against classical pathway complement factor C1s.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29737533",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30635392",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33261023",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33512410",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34482398",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31114413",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34482398",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 805,
"offsetInEndSection": 1018,
"text": "Beyond PNH, complement inhibition has also shown efficacy and safety in cold agglutinin disease (CAD), primaril... | 11 | BioASQ-training11b | null | null | 61f7cc0c882a024a1000002a |
factoid | How many injections of CLS-TA did the patients participating in the PEACHTREE trial receive? | ['two', '2'] | ['The patients participating in the PEACHTREE trial received two suprachoroidal injections of CLS-TA at 0 and 12 weeks.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 711,
"offsetInEndSection": 1109,
"text": "Recent results from the PEACHTREE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02595398), a phase III trial with tw... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64403ab057b1c7a31500004d |
factoid | is prosopagnosia inherited or acquired? | ['both inherited and acquired'] | ['Prosopagnosia can be inherited in an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance (congenital prosopagnosia) or acquired following a large unilateral right-hemispheric lesion in frontal (acquired prosopagnosia).', 'There is evidence that prosopagnosia can be inherited in an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, suggesting that it is a genetic condition.', 'Prosopagnosia can be both inherited and acquired', 'Prosopagnosia can be both inherited (congenital) and acquired. Congenital prosopagnosia is a genetic condition present from birth, while acquired prosopagnosia occurs due to brain damage or injury.', 'Prosopagnosia is an acquired condition, usually caused by brain damage, although there is evidence of a genetic component in some cases.', 'Prosopagnosia can be inherited in an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30389553",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115682",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36202621",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26933872",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7091286",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366884",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.ni... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767465",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 204,
"text": "Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize someone by the face alone in the absence of sensory or intellectual im... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6411b678201352f04a000036 |
factoid | Where are promoters typically found in DNA? | ['Upstream of the coding region', 'Directly upstream', "5' end of the transcription initiation site"] | ["Promoters are typically found in the 5' region of a gene, upstream of the transcription start site. They are DNA sequences that bind transcription factors and RNA polymerase, and are necessary for the initiation of transcription.", "A promoter is a short region of DNA (100-1,000 bp) where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. It is typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site.", "A promoter is an important regulatory element which marks the region that transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. It is typically located directly upstream or at the 5' end of the transcription initiation site."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071849",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19258451",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30414142",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15899964",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36099980",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33227813",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31750297",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 204,
"text": "A promoter is a short region of DNA (100-1,000 bp) where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. It is t... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 643bc8f957b1c7a31500002b |
factoid | What was the duration of the follow-up period of patients in the PEACHTREE clinical trial? | ['24 weeks', '6 months'] | ['The patient follow-up period in the PEACHTREE trial lasted 24 weeks (6 months).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 711,
"offsetInEndSection": 1109,
"text": "Recent results from the PEACHTREE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02595398), a phase III trial with tw... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64403be357b1c7a31500004e |
factoid | What is the mode of delivery of the drug XIPERE? | ['microneedle-based delivery in the suprachoroidal space'] | ['XIPERE is administered via a microneedle-based device, the SCS Microinjector, in the suprachoroidal space.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 513,
"text": "Drug delivery to the suprachoroidal space (SCS®) has become a clinical reality after the 2021 FDA approval of CLS-... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6440396957b1c7a31500004b |
factoid | Where does Brain (or B type) Natriuretic Protein, BNP usually originate from? | ['heart', 'left atrium', 'right auricle', 'left ventricle'] | ['Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone that is secreted from the heart. It is synthesized in the heart and circulates in the blood.', 'BNP usually originates from the ventricles of the heart.', 'The Brain or B Type Natriuretic Peptide, BNP is usually derived from neurons within the walls of the left atrium and right auricle.', 'Brain (or B type) Natriuretic Protein, BNP is produced mainly by the ventricles of the heart in response to increased wall stress.', 'BNP usually originates from the left ventricle of the heart in response to volume overload.', 'Stretching of cultured cardiomyocytes up-regulates the expression of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).', 'BNP, or Brain (B-type) Natriuretic Protein, usually originates from the ventricles of the heart.', 'cardiomyocyte stress up-regulates the expression of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14574050",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30135320",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35693619",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12084525",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29859763",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10519161",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35882940",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 203,
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"text": "We explored the direct impact of T1AM on cardiomyocytes with a focus on the regulation of the intracellular temp... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6431708a57b1c7a315000017 |
factoid | Where in the body would Schlemm's canal be found | ['eye'] | ["Schlemm's canal can be found in the anterior chamber of the eye.", "Schlemm's canal is found in the eye.", "Schlemm's canal is in the eye", "Schlemm's canal is found in the eye, specifically in the trabecular meshwork of the anterior chamber of the eye."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291197",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061871",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1426078",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061877",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/729457",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33488009",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33488009",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 184,
"offsetInEndSection": 402,
"text": " This retrospective case series included patients with PCG who underwent trabeculotomy using an illuminated micr... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 640f8641201352f04a00002c |
factoid | What is the mode of inheritance of Friedreich’s ataxia? | ['autosomal recessive'] | ["Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30065630"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30065630",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 155,
"text": "Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting dorsal root ganglia (DR... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 644009c557b1c7a315000041 |
factoid | In prokaryotes, functionally related genes are sometimes positioned adjacent to each other in the genome and can be under the control of the same regulatory machinery. What are these called? | ['Operons'] | ['In prokaryotes, functionally related genes are often organized into operons. Operons are clusters of adjacent genes that are transcribed together under the control of a single promoter, allowing for coordinated gene expression and efficient co-translation of proteins involved in the same cellular pathway. This organization is a fundamental element of how genetic information is arranged in prokaryotes and ensures that coregulated gene expression occurs through co-transcription. The arrangement of functionally-related genes in operons provides spatiotemporal control over cellular processes, contributing to the overall regulation and efficiency of prokaryotic gene expression.', 'In prokaryotes, functionally related genes that are positioned adjacent to each other in the genome and under the control of the same regulatory machinery are called operons. Operons are a unique feature of prokaryotic gene organization, allowing for coordinated expression of multiple genes involved in a specific metabolic pathway or cellular process. An operon typically consists of a promoter region, an operator site, and a cluster of functionally related genes. The promoter region is where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription, while the operator site serves as a binding location for regulatory proteins called repressors or activators. These regulatory proteins modulate gene expression by either inhibiting or promoting transcription based on environmental conditions or cellular needs. One well-known example of an operon is the lac operon in Escherichia coli, which regulates lactose metabolism in response to glucose availability. Overall, operons provide an efficient mechanism for prokaryotes to regulate gene expression and adapt to changing environments.', 'In prokaryotes, functionally related genes are often arranged in operons, which are polycistronic messages transcribed from a single promoter. This organization allows for coordinated gene expression and efficient cotranslation of proteins involved in the same pathway. Operons can be regulated by the same regulatory machinery, ensuring that all genes within an operon are coregulated. The clustering of functionally related genes in operons is a fundamental element of how genetic information is organized in prokaryotes and plays a crucial role in their ability to adapt to changing environments. Overall, operons provide a mechanism for spatiotemporal control of cellular processes and allow prokaryotes to efficiently coordinate gene expression.', 'Prokaryotes often have functionally-related genes joined together under the direction of a single promoter. These structures are called operons. Clustering of functionally-related genes in operons allows for coordinated gene expression and spatiotemporal control of cellular processes.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18269733",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30635413",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671982",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35934590",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12220896",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15487932",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35934590",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 336,
"text": "Coordinated gene expression allows spatiotemporal control of cellular processes and is achieved by the cotranscrip... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64371a4257b1c7a315000029 |
factoid | What is the active ingredient of Xipere? | ['triamcinolone acetonide'] | ['The active ingredient of Xipere is triamcinolone acetonide.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 269,
"text": "Drug delivery to the suprachoroidal space (SCS®) has become a clinical reality after the 2021 FDA approval of CLS-... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6440377c57b1c7a315000049 |
factoid | What is the most commonly used pain scale for the measurement of pain in children? | ['FLACC', 'Face, leg, activity, cry, and consolability', 'COMFORT Behavioural scale', 'Faces Pain Scale - Revised', 'FPS-R', 'FLACC-r'] | ['The most pain scale used to measure pain in children is FLACC (Face, leg, activity, cry, and consolability) score.', 'The most commonly used pain scale for the measurement of pain in children is the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale.', 'The most commonly used pain scale for measuring pain in children is the Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale.', 'The most commonly used pain scale for the measurement of pain in children is the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R).', 'Face, leg, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) pain scale is used for postoperative pain assessment in children.', 'The most commonly used pain scale for the measurement of pain in children is the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale. This scale is reported to be used by 54% of pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) for daily assessment and documentation of pain.', 'The Faces Pain Scale (FPS) is one of the most commonly used scales for measuring pain in children.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33904220",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35361254",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35628840",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34599744",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626783"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35626783",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 634,
"offsetInEndSection": 736,
"text": " Face, leg, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) scores for postoperative pain were also assessed."
},
{... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6441057657b1c7a315000052 |
factoid | What is DILI-CAT used for? | ['Drug induced hepatotoxicity scoring algorithm'] | ["DILI-CAT, ia a clinically intuitive, data-driven, computer-assisted scoring algorithm and is a useful tool for early detection of drug's hepatotoxicity in clinical drug development.", "DILI-CAT, a novel phenotype-based drug-induced liver injury causality assessment tool, is a useful tool for early detection of drug's hepatotoxicity in clinical drug development.", "DILI-CAT, a clinically intuitive, data-driven, computer-assisted scoring algorithm, is a useful tool for early detection of drug's hepatotoxicity in clinical drug development.", "DILI-CAT is a clinically intuitive, data-driven, computer-assisted scoring algorithm used for early detection of drug's hepatotoxicity in clinical drug development. It is a novel phenotype-based drug-induced liver injury causality assessment tool that allows for signal confirmation in early drug development.", 'We utilised a novel DILI causality assessment tool (DILICAT) which uses drugspecific liver injury phenotypes to examine potential DILI in early phase ximelagatran clinical development.A novel p', 'DILI-CAT is a web-based tool used to assess the risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in clinical trials. It uses a combination of clinical and laboratory parameters to predict the risk of DILI.', 'The DILI-CAT is a novel computer-assisted drug induced liver injury causality assessment tool designed to help differentiate drugs causing severe liver injuries from those causing mild or moderate liver damage.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36174069",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266155"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35266155",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 139,
"offsetInEndSection": 327,
"text": "We utilised a novel DILI causality assessment tool (DILI-CAT), which uses drug-specific liver injury phenotypes,... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64257c9c690f196b5100004b |
factoid | What process involves metabolite-sensing mRNAs to control gene expression? | ['Riboswitching', 'Riboswitch', 'Riboswitches'] | ["The process involving metabolite-sensing mRNAs to control gene expression is known as riboswitch regulation. Riboswitches are structured RNA elements typically found in the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs that can directly bind to small metabolites or ions. Upon binding, they undergo conformational changes that modulate gene expression by affecting transcription, translation, or mRNA stability. This mechanism allows cells to rapidly respond to fluctuations in the levels of specific metabolites, ensuring appropriate metabolic adaptation and homeostasis. Riboswitches have been identified in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, with diverse ligands including purines, amino acids, coenzymes, and metal ions. They serve as an efficient means for cells to sense and regulate their internal environment without relying on protein factors such as transcription factors or regulatory enzymes.", 'Metabolite-sensing mRNAs are involved in a process known as riboswitch-mediated gene regulation. Riboswitches are RNA elements that can bind small molecules, such as metabolites, and change their conformation to regulate gene expression. Metabolite-sensing mRNAs contain riboswitches in their untranslated regions (UTRs), which allow them to sense changes in intracellular metabolite concentrations and modulate the translation or stability of the mRNA. This mechanism is particularly important for regulating metabolic pathways, where the availability of specific metabolites can affect the expression of genes involved in those pathways. For example, in bacteria, riboswitches have been identified that control the expression of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, vitamin biosynthesis, and sugar metabolism. The discovery of riboswitches has opened up new avenues for understanding how cells respond to changes in their environment and has potential applications for developing novel antibiotics and other therapeutics that target these regulatory elements.', 'Riboswitches are metabolite-sensing gene-control elements that are typically located in non-coding portions of mRNAs, where they selectively bind their target compound and subsequently modulate gene expression. In eukaryotes, a well-characterized riboswitch senses the vitamin B1 derivative TPP (thiamine pyro-phosphate).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22219369",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36275359",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468745",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610857",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32036061",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24769284",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756322",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 562,
"offsetInEndSection": 756,
"text": "These results suggest that metabolite-binding mRNAs are possibly involved in eukaryotic gene regulation and that... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6429e85e57b1c7a315000009 |
factoid | Which year was XIPERE approved by the FDA? | ['2021'] | ['XIPERE was approved by the FDA in 2021.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35868358",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 269,
"text": "Drug delivery to the suprachoroidal space (SCS®) has become a clinical reality after the 2021 FDA approval of CLS-... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6440393157b1c7a31500004a |
factoid | What color light does the the inhibitory receptor halorhodopsin (eNpHR) respond to? | ['yellow'] | ['The inhibitory receptor halorhodopsin (eNpHR) responds to yellow light.', 'Halorhodopsin (eNpHR) is an inhibitory receptor that responds to yellow-green light (wavelength of 590 nm).', 'Halorhodopsin responds to yellow light.', 'The eNpHR is sensitive to yellow light.', 'eNpHR responds to yellow light.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483674",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23366158",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815873",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27905012",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637949",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375185",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375185",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 529,
"offsetInEndSection": 842,
"text": "Here we report that targeting the codon-optimized form of the light-driven chloride pump halorhodopsin from the ... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6415b3b4690f196b51000009 |
factoid | What regulatory element promotes RNA polymerase II binding as well as the binding of factors that facilitate the unwinding of DNA prior to translation? | ['TATA box'] | ['Found in about 24% of human gene promoters, the TATA box is a critical regulatory element that is mostly found in genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and as such, recruits this enzyme to the promoter. Additionally, the TATA-binding protein aids in unwinding DNA.', 'The TATA box is a critical regulatory element found in many promoters transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Located 25-30 nucleotides upstream of the transcription initiation site, it promotes RNA polymerase II binding and facilitates the unwinding of DNA prior to translation. The TATA-binding protein (TBP), a major component of the human TFIID multiprotein complex, plays an essential role in directing the initiation of RNA transcription at a site immediately downstream of the TATA sequence. Approximately 24% of human genes have a TATA-like element with AT-rich promoters, but only around 10% contain the canonical TATA box (TATAWAWR).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8502653",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16522199",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801666",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2197561",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9618449",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1736286",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1409643",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 181,
"text": "A critical regulatory element in many promoters transcribed by RNA polymerase II is the \"TATA\" box, which is loca... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6429fad757b1c7a31500000e |
factoid | How many patients with Friedreich's ataxia were included in each cohort of the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of RT001. | ['Nine per cohort', '9/cohort', '18 in total'] | ["Each cohort of the phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial of RT001 involved 9 Friedreich's ataxia patients. In total nineteen patients enrolled in the trial, and 18 completed all safety and efficacy measurements."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 352,
"offsetInEndSection": 498,
"text": "We conducted a phase I/II double-blind, comparator-controlled trial with 2 doses of RT001 in Friedreich's ataxia... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64402e7757b1c7a315000044 |
factoid | What is the incidence of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy? | ['1:8000 to 1:20000'] | ['Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy has and incidence of 1:8000 to 1:20000.', 'The incidence of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) is approximately 1 in 8000 individuals.', 'The incidence of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy is approximately 1 in 8,000.', 'The incidence of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy is approximately 1 in 8000 people.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34315378",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496633"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34315378",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 127,
"text": "Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD) is in the top three list of all dystrophies with an approximate 1:80... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64425ce357b1c7a315000059 |
factoid | Risdiplam is used for treatment of which disease? | ['spinal muscular atrophy'] | ['Risdiplam is approved for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34620695",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35614235",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35567422"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34620695",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 513,
"offsetInEndSection": 781,
"text": "Risdiplam (Evrysdi)-an orally bioavailable, small molecule approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and m... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63f581e933942b094c000007 |
factoid | What gene is mutated in Friedreich's ataxia? | ['frataxin', 'FRDA'] | ["Friedrich's ataxia is caused by mutations in the FXN gene.", "Friedreich's ataxia is caused by an intronic guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) triplet expansion in the frataxin (FXN) gene.", "The gene mutated in Friedreich's ataxia is the frataxin (FXN) gene.", "Friedreich's ataxia is caused by a mutation in the FXN gene, which encodes the protein frataxin.", "The gene mutated in Friedreich's ataxia is frataxin (FXN).", "Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited, multisystemic disorder predominantly caused by GAA hyper expansion in intron 1 of the frataxin (FXN) gene", "The gene mutated in Friedreich's ataxia is called FXN (frataxin)", "The gene mutated in Friedreich's ataxia is FRDA (FXN)."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982187",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22798143",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624801",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32582297",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32291635",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10633128",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35573317",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 250,
"text": "Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an intronic guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) t... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6431f7de57b1c7a31500001b |
factoid | What is the incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | ['1:5,000 live male births', '1 in 5076 live born males', '1:3500-1:5000', '1 per 3500-6000 males born', '1/3300', '1 in 3,500 to 5,000 male births'] | ['The incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is approximately 1:5,000 live male births', 'The overall incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is 1:5,000 live male births.', 'The incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is estimated to be 1 in 3,500 to 5,000 male births.', 'The incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is estimated to be 1 in 3,500 to 5,000 male births worldwide.', 'The incidence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is approximately 1 in 5,000 live male births.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16114258",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080524",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35754057",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36012442",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28802771",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603849",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35562557",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 12,
"offsetInEndSection": 152,
"text": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD/Duchenne) is a progressive X-linked muscular disease with an overall incidence o... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 643f9eeb57b1c7a31500003c |
factoid | Which cancer is the BCG vaccine used for? | ['Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer'] | ['The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine is used for the teatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36274226"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36274226",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 109,
"text": "Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for the Treatment of Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: History and Current Status."
},
{
... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6415c252690f196b51000011 |
factoid | What disease can be treated with Teclistamab? | ['Multiple Myeloma'] | ['Teclistamab can be used for Multiple Myeloma.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35749004",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35661166"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35661166",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 55,
"text": "Teclistamab in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma."
},
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http:/... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63eeed0af36125a426000007 |
factoid | SER-109 is developed for prevention of which disease? | ['C. difficile'] | ['SER-109 is an investigational microbiome therapeutic composed of purified Firmicutes spores for the treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35789381",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36158136",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35045228"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35789381",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 164,
"offsetInEndSection": 279,
"text": "In ECOSPOR III, SER-109, an investigational oral microbiome therapeutic, was superior to placebo in reducing rCD... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63f03ea0f36125a426000020 |
factoid | Where is the DMD gene located? | ['Xp21 chromosome locus', 'X-linked recessive disorders caused by mutations of the DMD gene located at Xp21', 'X chromosome (Xp21)'] | ['The dystrophin gene (DMD) is located on the X chromosome (Xp21).', 'The dystrophin gene is located at chromosome Xp21.1, near the centromere.', 'The DMD gene is located on the X chromosome at Xp21.2.', 'The DMD gene is located on the X chromosome at the Xp21 locus.', 'The DMD gene is located on the X chromosome, on the Xp21 locus.', 'The DMD gene is located on the Xp21 chromosome locus on the X chromosome.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19078586",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471087",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014122",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461958",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6655672",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31661024",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.ni... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28867298",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 104,
"text": "The dystrophin gene (DMD) is the largest gene in the human genome, mapping on the Xp21 chromosome locus."
},
{... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64179113690f196b5100002e |
factoid | Which form of breast cancer has Keytruda been FDA approved for? | ['triple-negative breast cancer'] | ['Keytruda has been FDA approved for use in combination with chemotherapy for treating PD-L1-positive mTNBC.', 'FDA has approved pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in combination with chemotherapy.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33983696"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33983696",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 497,
"offsetInEndSection": 724,
"text": "The combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is a potential therapeutic option for PD-L1-positive mTNBC, as... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6415c9e9690f196b51000018 |
factoid | Which gene is most frequently mutated in hereditary angioedema ? | ['SERPING1', 'C1NH'] | ['Almost all cases of HAE are caused by mutations in the SERPING1 gene resulting in a deficiency in functional plasma C1 esterase inhibitor (C1EI), a serine protease inhibitor that normally inhibits proteases in the contact, complement, and fibrinolytic systems'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30059156"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30059156",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 232,
"offsetInEndSection": 491,
"text": "Almost all cases of HAE are caused by mutations in the SERPING1 gene resulting in a deficiency in functional pla... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6432fc0457b1c7a31500001f |
factoid | ZF2001 is used for which disease? | ['COVID-19'] | ['ZF2001 is used for COVID-19.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35617368",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35568034",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35634276",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35596222"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35617368",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 217,
"text": "Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boost immunization with an adenovirus type-5-vectored and protein-subunit-base... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63f03c47f36125a42600001e |
factoid | What mammal has the lowest known chromosome number? | ['Indian muntjac'] | ['The Indian muntjac, a placental mammal, has the lowest known chromosome number of 2n = 6 (or n = 3).', 'The mammal with the lowest known chromosome number is the Indian muntjac.', 'Here we used the unique cytological attributes of female Indian muntjac, the mammal with the lowest known chromosome number (2n = 6)', 'The Indian muntjac is the mammal with the lowest known chromosome number, with only 6 chromosomes.', 'The Etruscan Shrew (Suncus etruscus) has the lowest known chromosome number of any mammal, with only 2 pairs of chromosomes.', 'The mammal with the lowest known chromosome number is the Indian Muntjac.', 'The female Indian Muntjac is a placental mammal with only three chromosomes, the lowest known chromosome number of any mammal', 'The mammal with the lowest known chromosome number is the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), which has only 2 chromosomes.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5444269",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8513693",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16791631",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35385739",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31879909",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8485991",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29706521",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 615,
"offsetInEndSection": 748,
"text": "Here we used the unique cytological attributes of female Indian muntjac, the mammal with the lowest known chromo... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 642c82c557b1c7a315000012 |
factoid | Which company produces Ruconest? | ['Pharming'] | ['Ruconest is produced by the company Pharming.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426252"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426252",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 194,
"text": "Recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor (rhC1INH) (Ruconest(®), Pharming) is a new drug developed for the relief o... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 643305b257b1c7a315000025 |
factoid | What is usually the age of diagnosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | ['4.43 years old', '4.9 years old', 'between 3 and 11 years of age', '4.9 years', '3 - 5 years'] | ['The usual age of diagnosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is around 4.9 years.', 'The mean age of diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is around 4.5-5 years old.', 'The mean age of diagnosis is between 3 and 5 years, and the age of 4.9 years is most commonly reported.', 'The age of diagnosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually ranges from 3 to 11 years, with a mean age of 4.43-4.9 years.', 'The mean age for DMD diagnosis was 4.9 years.', 'The age of diagnosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is usually between 1 and 6 years of age.', 'The mean age of onset of symptoms for 22 patients was 2.4 years. The mean age for DMD diagnosis was 4.9 years.', 'The average age of diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is around 3-5 years old.', 'The average age of diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is around 4-5 years old.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35312090",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322188",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23494880",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996334",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31573675",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7557061"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35312090",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 1254,
"offsetInEndSection": 1482,
"text": "The mean [median] ages in years of diagnostic milestones were: first signs, 2.7 [2.0]; first creatine kinase (... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 641635fa690f196b5100001c |
factoid | Which drug was the first recombinant human C1 inhibitor protein (C1INH) for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE)? | ['Conestat alfa', 'Ruconest', 'rhC1INH'] | ['Conestat alfa (Ruconest, rhC1INH) is the first recombinant human C1 inhibitor protein (C1INH) for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556385"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556385",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 12,
"offsetInEndSection": 172,
"text": "Conestat alfa (Ruconest, rhC1INH) is the first recombinant human C1 inhibitor protein (C1INH) for the treatment o... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6433050157b1c7a315000024 |
factoid | What type of DMD can viltolarsen be used for? | ['exon 53'] | ['Viltolarsen can be used for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) by skipping exon 53 of the DMD gene.', 'Viltolarsen is a targeted antisense oligonucleotide indicated for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) caused by a confirmed mutation amenable to exon 53 skipping.', 'Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD gene for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)', 'Viltolarsen can be used for patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy who are amenable to exon 53 skipping therapy.', 'Viltolarsen can be used for patients with DMD amenable to exon 53 skipping.', 'Viltolarsen can be used for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) by restoring the reading frame of the DMD gene by skipping exon 53 and producing a truncated but functional form of dystrophin.', 'Viltolarsen be used for DMD patients that have mutations amenable to exon 53 skipping.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34938127",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32519222",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33285037",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401027",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32453377",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401022",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401022",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 174,
"text": "Viltolarsen is a phosphorodiamidate morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (PMO) designed to skip exon 53 of the DMD... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6417900b690f196b5100002a |
factoid | What types of DMD can eteplirsen be used for? | ['exon-51 amenable genetic mutations', 'exon 51-amenable patients'] | ['Eteplirsen can be used for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) who have a mutation in exon 51.', 'Eteplirsen can be used for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene amenable to exon 51 skipping.', 'Eteplirsen is approved for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 51 skipping.', 'Eteplirsen can be used for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients with confirmed exon-51 amenable genetic mutations.', 'Eteplirsen can only be used for patients with exon-51 amenable DMD.', 'Eteplirsen be used for DMD patients with mutations amenable to exon 51 skipping.', 'Eteplirsen can be used for patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy who have a mutation in exon 51.', 'Eteplirsen can be used for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene amenable to exon 51 skipping.', 'Eteplirsen can be used for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and confirmed exon-51 amenable genetic mutations.', 'Eteplirsen is approved for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) caused by a specific genetic mutation known as a deletion of exon 51.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33523015",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34420980"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34420980",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 53,
"offsetInEndSection": 192,
"text": "treatment effects of eteplirsen over 4 years in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and confirmed exon-51 a... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64178fea690f196b51000028 |
factoid | In what organ would you find the Ashwell receptor? | ['liver'] | ['The Ashwell receptor is found in the hepatocytes of the liver.', 'The Ashwell receptor is a cell-surface receptor found in the liver and intestine.', 'The Ashwell receptor is found in the liver, specifically on the surface of hepatocytes.', 'The Ashwell receptor would be found in the liver (specifically, on hepatocytes).', 'the Ashwell receptor is an asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) found on hepatocytes. It mediates removal of potentially hazardous glycoconjugates from blood in health and disease.', 'The Ashwell receptor is found in the liver, specifically on hepatocytes.', 'The Ashwell receptor is found in the liver.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3089897",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20816169",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26185093",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3610047",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22919488",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33762439",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3089897",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 612,
"offsetInEndSection": 781,
"text": "From these data, we inferred an additional hepatic uptake mechanism, competing with the Ashwell-receptor-mediated... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6426d131690f196b5100004e |
factoid | What type of DMD can casimersen be used for? | ['exon 45', 'confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping', 'amenable to exon 45', 'amenable to exon 45 skipping'] | ['Casimersen can be used for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a mutation in the DMD gene that is amenable to exon\xa045 skipping.', 'Casimersen can be used for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping.', 'Casimersen can be used for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients who have a mutation in the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping.', 'Casimersen can be used for the treatment of DMD in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon\xa045 skipping.', 'Casimersen can be used for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a mutation in the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping.', 'Casimersen is approved for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping.', 'Casimersen received its first approval on 25 February 2021, in the USA, for the treatment of DMD in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping.', 'Casimersen can be used for the treatment of DMD in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping.', 'Patients with a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861387"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861387",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 568,
"offsetInEndSection": 760,
"text": "Casimersen received its first approval on 25 February 2021, in the USA, for the treatment of DMD in patients who... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64178ffb690f196b51000029 |
factoid | What is targeted by CIS43LS? | ['Plasmodium falciparum'] | ['CIS43LS is a monoclonal antibody that targets Plasmodium falciparum.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34379916",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36317783",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33332286"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36317783",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 151,
"text": "BACKGROUND: CIS43LS is a monoclonal antibody that was shown to protect against controlled Plasmodium falciparum in... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63eeefc5f36125a426000009 |
factoid | To which region of a gene does an RNA polymerase bind to initiate transcription? | ['Promoter', 'DNA sequences called promoters', 'Promoter region'] | ['RNA polymerases initiate transcription at DNA sequences called promoters. Polymerases are integral factors of gene expression and are essential for the maintenance and transmission of genetic information.', 'RNA polymerases bind to the upstream region of genes on their promoters to initiate the process of transcription.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18521075",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2497942",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3309340",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32297955",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6537904",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311784",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32297955",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 73,
"text": "RNA polymerases initiate transcription at DNA sequences called promoters."
},
{
"beginSection": "abstract",... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64172bb2690f196b5100001e |
factoid | At what range of ages usually occurs the loss of independent ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? | ['7-13 years of age', 'between 7-13 years of age'] | ['The loss of independent ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 13 years.', 'The age of loss of ambulation is between 7-13 years of age.', 'The loss of independent ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually occurs between 7-13 years of age.', 'The loss of independent ambulation typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 12 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.', 'The loss of independent ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually occurs between the ages of 7-13 years.', 'The loss of independent ambulation usually occurs between 7-13 years of age in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.', 'The average age of loss of independent ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is 8-12 years.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12026233",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440719",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21784636",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12466073",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33215271",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26022172",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34924398",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 11,
"offsetInEndSection": 195,
"text": " Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder, that is characterized by progressiv... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 641790d6690f196b5100002d |
factoid | What is the process that generates multiple transcripts from the same gene? | ['Alternative splicing', 'Alternative splicing (AS)'] | ['The process that generates multiple transcripts from the same gene is called alternative splicing (AS). AS is a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that allows for the production of different mRNA isoforms from a single gene. This process can increase proteome diversity and regulate mRNA levels, which is important for expanding proteomic complexity and functional diversity in higher eukaryotes. In plants, AS may also serve as a buffer against stress-responsive transcriptomes to reduce the metabolic cost of translating all AS transcripts. While the contribution of AS to proteome complexity remains elusive in plants, it is clear that this process plays an important role in regulating gene expression and generating protein isoforms with distinct functions.', 'Alternative splicing generates multiple transcripts and potentially more than one protein from the same gene. It markedly enhances the coding capacity of the genome and can increase protein diversity which plays a crucial role in controlling development and stress responses.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369186",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30014301",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2788825",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611169",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28064309",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20815140",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.ni... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30852095",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 151,
"text": "Alternative splicing (AS) generates multiple transcripts from the same gene, however, AS contribution to proteome ... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6428da74690f196b51000052 |
factoid | What is the life expectancy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients? | ['28.1 years of age', '28.1 years (95% CI 25.1, 30.3)'] | ['The life expectancy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients varies depending on the time period they were born in, but patients born after 1990 have a median life expectancy of 28.1 years.', 'The life expectancy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients is around 28.1 years.', 'The life expectancy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients is typically between the late teens and early 30s.', 'The median life expectancy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients born after 1990 is 28.1 years (95% CI 25.1, 30.3).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34645707",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193393",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17939910",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26153505",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34802091",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1450492"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34645707",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 1083,
"offsetInEndSection": 1315,
"text": "Analyses stratified by 3 time periods in which patients were born showed markedly increased life expectancy in... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64179aac690f196b51000037 |
factoid | What cells produce erythroferrone? | ['erythroid precursors', 'Erythroblasts'] | ['The cells that produce erythroferrone are erythroid cells or erythroblasts.', 'Erythroferrone is produced by erythroid cells, specifically erythroblasts.', 'Erythroferrone is produced by erythroid progenitor cells.', 'Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone.', '. Erythroferrone, a factor produced and secreted by erythroid precursors in response to erythropoietin, has been identified and characterized as a suppressor of hepcidin synthesis to allow iron mobilization and facilitate erythropoiesis.', 'Erythroferrone is a hormone produced by erythroid progenitor cells in response to erythropoietin.', 'The hormone erythroferrone (ERFE) is produced by erythroid precursor cells in response to hemorrhage, hypoxia, or other erythropoietic stimuli.', 'Erythroferrone is produced by erythroid precursors or erythroid cells in response to certain stimuli such as erythropoietin, hemorrhage or hypoxia.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35628152",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31649559",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34772005",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31723763",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34002695",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28739636",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35628152",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 892,
"offsetInEndSection": 1129,
"text": ". Erythroferrone, a factor produced and secreted by erythroid precursors in response to erythropoietin, has bee... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6422ee03690f196b51000046 |
factoid | What does FBDD stand for? | ['fragment-based drug discovery'] | ['FBDD stands for fragment-based drug discovery.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33226222"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33226222",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 147,
"text": "Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has grown and matured to a point where it is valuable to keep track of its ex... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6415c0df690f196b51000010 |
factoid | What are PROTACs? | ["bifunctional molecules that hijack the cell's ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)"] | ["Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are bifunctional molecules that hijack the cell's ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255625"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255625",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 188,
"offsetInEndSection": 313,
"text": "Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are bifunctional molecules that hijack the cell's ubiquitin-proteasome ... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6412331b201352f04a000038 |
factoid | Which form of cancer have paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, and epirubicin been approved for? | ['Triple negative breast cancer'] | ['Paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, and epirubicin have been longstanding, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies against \nTriple negative breast cancer.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35976445"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35976445",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 631,
"offsetInEndSection": 773,
"text": "Paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, and epirubicin have been longstanding, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-ap... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6415c8f1690f196b51000017 |
factoid | Talquetamab was developed for treatment of which disease? | ['multiple myeloma'] | ['Talquetamab was developed for treatment of multiple myeloma.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36352205",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36006441"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36006441",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 116,
"text": "Effects of teclistamab and talquetamab on soluble BCMA levels in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma."
... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63eeec79f36125a426000006 |
factoid | What human cells are usually targeted with a Gal-Nac conjugated siRNA or ASO | ['hepatocytes', 'liver cells'] | ['Gal-Nac conjugated siRNAs or ASOs are usually targeted to human hepatocytes, as they have a high affinity with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) on the surface of these cells.', 'GalNAc-conjugated siRNA or ASO typically target human liver cells, specifically hepatocytes, through the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) mediated uptake.', 'Gal-Nac conjugated siRNA or ASO are usually targeted to human hepatocytes, which are the main target for gene therapy.', 'Gal-Nac conjugated siRNAs or ASOs are usually targeted to liver cells.', 'GalNAc conjugated siRNA or ASO are usually targeted towards liver hepatocytes.', 'N-acetylgalactosamine is a targeting moiety for liver hepatocytes,'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992960",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30576769",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31303442",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35819583",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33928570",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35997897",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33928570",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 166,
"offsetInEndSection": 672,
"text": "Most siRNA therapeutic efforts to date have focused on the treatment of liver diseases due to major breakthrough... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6422e2f1690f196b51000043 |
factoid | The X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) gene is responsible for mediating the X-chromosome inactivation in females, where one X-chromosome is silenced and transcriptionally inactivated. What does Xist encode? | ['Long non-coding RNA', 'lncRNA', 'long non-coding (lnc) RNA', 'long noncoding RNA'] | ['Xist is a gene that encodes a long noncoding RNA molecule, which plays a central role in inducing X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals. The Xist RNA has two major splicing variants: long and short isoforms. It is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome and required for the silencing of most genes on that chromosome. The specific localization of Xist transcripts to the inactive X is important for silencing, but it is not known how these transcripts localize to the inactive X chromosome. Silencing on the inactive X chromosome coincides with the acquisition of chromatin modifications, resulting in the formation of extraordinarily stable facultative heterochromatin that is faithfully propagated through subsequent cell divisions. The integration of all these processes requires a region of the X chromosome known as the X-inactivation center, which contains the Xist gene and its cis-regulatory elements.', 'The Xist gene encodes a long non-coding (lnc) RNA that is expressed exclusively from the inactive X chromosome in female mammals and is required for the silencing of most of the genes on the chromosome.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16679409",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28947655",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29302591",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950563",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33348832",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30539545",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.n... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29237010",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 160,
"offsetInEndSection": 347,
"text": "Xist encodes a long noncoding RNA which is a central player to induce X-chromosome inactivation in female mammal... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6429ad3857b1c7a315000003 |
factoid | Which amino acid in implicated in the Blue diaper syndrome? | ['tryptophan'] | ['Blue diaper syndrome is an extremely rare disorder with characteristic finding is a bluish discoloration of urine spots in the diapers of affected infants. An intestinal defect of tryptophan absorption was postulated as the underlying pathology.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29610180",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1818237"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29610180",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 477,
"text": "Blue diaper syndrome (BDS) (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 211000) is an extremely rare disorder that ... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63f57d9b33942b094c000004 |
factoid | What is the cause of Friedreich's Ataxia (FA)? | ['triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene', 'triplet repeat in the FXN gene', 'GAA repeat expansion', 'GAA repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene', 'FXN Gene Mutation', 'riplet guanine-adenine-adenine (gaa) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the fxn gene', 'frataxin deficiency'] | ["Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, which leads to decreased levels of the frataxin protein.", "Friedreich's Ataxia is caused by a triplet GAA repeat expansion in the FXN gene.", "Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, which leads to decreased levels of the frataxin protein.", "Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, leading to decreased levels of the frataxin protein.", "Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is caused by an autosomal recessive inheritance of a GAA repeat expansion in the FXN gene. This results in decreased levels of the frataxin protein, leading to the disorder.", "Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, which leads to decreased levels of the frataxin protein.", "Friedreich's Ataxia (FA) is caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene, which leads to decreased levels of the frataxin protein.", "Friedreich's Ataxia is caused by a triplet guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene.", "Friedreich's Ataxia is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a GAA repeat expansion in the FXN gene. This results in decreased levels of the frataxin protein."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35289725",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9630233",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35850241",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16344344",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581313",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152405",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.ni... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35850241",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 232,
"text": "Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a triplet guanine-adenin... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6450ec0c57b1c7a31500008f |
factoid | What are positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated called? | ['Proto-oncogenes'] | ['Proto-oncogenes are normal regulatory genes that can be transformed - by gain-of-function mutations - to oncogenes which are important contributors to human carcinogenesis.', 'Positive cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated are called oncogenes. These genes are gain-of-function mutations of normal regulatory genes or proto-oncogenes, which are altered by point mutation, amplification or rearrangement. Oncogenes were originally discovered in retroviruses initiating a variety of animal and avian cancers, and they are believed to be important contributors to human carcinogenesis. When activated, oncogenes promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, leading to uncontrolled growth and tumor formation. Some examples of well-known oncogenes include HER2/neu, KRAS, BRAF, and MYC. Mutations in these genes have been implicated in various types of cancer such as breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, and leukemia. Understanding the role of oncogenes in cancer development is crucial for the development of targeted therapies aimed at inhibiting their activity and preventing tumor growth.', 'Oncogenes are gain-of-function mutations of normal regulatory genes or proto-oncogenes. Originally discovered in retroviruses initiating a variety of animal and avian cancers, oncogenes are believed to be important contributors to human carcinogenesis.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12665054",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546217",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8143345",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10697588"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10697588",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 331,
"text": "Oncogenes are gain-of-function mutations of normal regulatory genes or proto-oncogenes. Originally discovered in r... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 644ef46557b1c7a315000083 |
factoid | What is the inheritance pattern of hereditary angioedema? | ['autosomal dominant'] | ['Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant disorder.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27965672"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27965672",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 125,
"text": "Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations of the SERPING1 or the Facto... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6432fdd857b1c7a315000020 |
factoid | What is usually the onset age of Friedreich's Ataxia? | ['first or second decade', 'before age 25', 'the first or second decade'] | ["The onset of Friedreich's Ataxia is usually in the first or second decade.", "Friedreich's Ataxia typically has an onset age in the first or second decade.", "Friedreich's ataxia typically has an onset age in the first or second decade of life.", "The usual onset age of Friedreich's Ataxia is before the age of 25.", "The onset age of Friedreich's Ataxia is typically in the first or second decade of a person's life.", "During the first or second decade is usually the onset age of Friedreich's Ataxia.", 'The classical form of FRDA typically presents between 10 to 20 years of age. \nHowever, it can also present much later than this, including into adulthood.', "Friedreich's ataxia is classically considered a disease with onset in the first or second decade.", "The onset age of Friedreich's Ataxia is typically in the first or second decade of life.", "the onset age of friedreich's ataxia is classically considered to be in the first or second decade.", "Friedreich's ataxia is usually considered a disease with onset in the first or second decade."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26388117",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586299",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9553847",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31467149",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092110",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677022",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31467149",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 97,
"text": "Friedreich's ataxia is classically considered a disease with onset in the first or second decade."
},
{
"be... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6450ede757b1c7a315000090 |
factoid | What disease was the topic of the World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) trial? | ['hip fracture'] | ['The World Hip Trauma Evaluation (WHiTE) was set up to measure outcome of patients with hip fracture.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33630700",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909375",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26825319",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797994"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35909375",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 219,
"text": "Cost-utility analysis of cemented hemiarthroplasty versus hydroxyapatite-coated uncemented hemiarthroplasty for the trea... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63f03d58f36125a42600001f |
factoid | What is the alternative name of RTA 408? | ['Omaveloxolone'] | ['RTA 408 is also known as omaveloxolone.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573098"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34573098",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 690,
"offsetInEndSection": 854,
"text": "Omaveloxolone (RTA 408) is an activator of Nrf2 and an inhibitor of NFκB, possessing antioxidative and anti-infl... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 644008a657b1c7a31500003f |
factoid | What is the cause of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)? | ['mutations in SMN1 (encoding survival motor neuron protein (SMN))', 'Reduced expression of SMN', 'Loss or deletion of survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1)', 'defects in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene', 'loss of the SMN1 gene', 'loss of the SMN1 gene in most cases or mutations in rare cases'] | ['Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene.', 'Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by loss or deletion of survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN) 1 or mutations in rare cases.', 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by defects in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene.', 'Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is caused by loss or deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene.', 'Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by defects in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which encodes survival motor neuron protein (SMN).', 'Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in SMN1 (encoding survival motor neuron protein (SMN)).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11528396",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9225684",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34217376",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30065610",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28811488",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29799103",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.ni... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36375840",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 167,
"offsetInEndSection": 285,
"text": "SMA is a monogenic pathology that originates from the loss of the SMN1 gene in most cases or mutations in rare c... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 644640de57b1c7a31500006b |
factoid | What was the phase of the clinical trial PEACHTREE? | ['three', 'III'] | ['The PEACHTREE trial was a phase III clinical trial.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34322164",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 711,
"offsetInEndSection": 1109,
"text": "Recent results from the PEACHTREE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02595398), a phase III trial with tw... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64403a5857b1c7a31500004c |
factoid | In what type of clinical trial has RT001 been evaluated against Friedreich's ataxia? | ['phase I/II double-blind, randomized, comparator-controlled trial'] | ["RT001 was evaluatd in a phase I/II double-blind, randomized, comparator-controlled trial in Friedreich's ataxia patients."] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624723",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 86,
"text": "Randomized, clinical trial of RT001: Early signals of efficacy in Friedreich's ataxia."
},
{
"beginSection": "abs... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64402bb057b1c7a315000043 |
factoid | L9LS was developed for which disease? | ['malaria'] | ['L9LS was developed for malaria.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36260982",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921449"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921449",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 165,
"offsetInEndSection": 464,
"text": "METHODS: We conducted a phase 1 clinical trial to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of L9LS, a next-generat... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63eef8d6f36125a42600000f |
factoid | What does PROTACs stand for? | ['proteolysis targeting chimeras'] | ['PROTACs are proteolysis targeting chimeras.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35594654"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35594654",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 102,
"text": "Design and synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as an EGFR degrader based on CO-1686."
},
{
"be... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64121f44201352f04a000037 |
factoid | What is the incidence of Leigh syndrome? | ['1:40,000 - 1:77,000 liveborn infants a year'] | ['The incidence of Leigh syndrome ranges from 1:40,000 to 1:77,000 liveborn infants annually.', 'The incidence of Leigh syndrome is 1:40,000 - 1:77,000 liveborn infants a year.', 'The estimated incidence of Leigh syndrome is 1:40,000 - 1:77,000 liveborn infants a year.', 'Leigh syndrome has an estimated incidence of 1:40,000 to 1:77,000 liveborn infants per year.', 'the estimated incidence of leigh syndrome is 1:40,000 - 1:77,000 liveborn infants per year.', 'Leigh syndrome has an estimated incidence of approximately 1:40,000 to 1:77,000 liveborn infants per year.', 'Leigh syndrome affects 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 77,000 liveborn infants annually.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34868319",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299589",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18651330",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26725255",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30392038"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24299589",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 253,
"text": "Leigh syndrome (LS), or subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, is the most common childhood mitochondrial encep... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6451029f57b1c7a315000094 |
factoid | What does Zanubrutinib inhibit? | ['Bruton tyrosine kinase'] | ['Zanubrutinib is a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35651781"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35651781",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 543,
"offsetInEndSection": 892,
"text": "In the United States, zanubrutinib, a next-generation BTK inhibitor, has been approved for treating adults with ... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6432f5f257b1c7a31500001c |
factoid | What is Apretude used for? | ['HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis'] | ['Cabotegravir extended-release (ER) injectable suspension (Apretude™) is the first long-acting injectable option to be approved for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255686"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36255686",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 96,
"text": "Cabotegravir Extended-Release Injectable Suspension: A Review in HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis."
},
{
"beginSect... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6440420857b1c7a315000050 |
factoid | What disease is treated with Ublituximab? | ['multiple sclerosis'] | ['Ublituximab is being tested for multiple sclerosis.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35779372",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35570581",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35869335",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36001711",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35378683"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35779372",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 100,
"text": "Outcomes of Ublituximab compared to Teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis."
},
{
"begi... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63eef4f5f36125a42600000b |
factoid | What is Palmar Erythema? | ['redness of the palms', 'liver palms'] | ["Palmar erythema refers to symmetrical, reddish discoloration on the palms of the hands, often accompanied by slight warmth but no scaling or thickening of the skin. It can be caused by various conditions including autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease.", 'Palmar erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness of the palms of the hands. It is commonly seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other internal diseases.', 'Palmar Erythema also known as liver palms is redness of the palms', "Palmar erythema, also known as 'liver palms,' is a reddening of the palms, usually linked to several conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and liver diseases. It is characterized by redness on the palms and may be caused due to increased blood flow to the area.", 'Palmar erythema, also known as "liver palms," is a condition characterized by redness or flushing of the skin on the palm of the hand. It has been observed in some individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, but its exact cause and significance are still unclear.', 'Palmar erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness of the palms.', "Palmar Erythema, also known as 'liver palms', is a reddening of the palms, usually on the thenar and hypothenar eminences. It can be associated with various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, liver diseases, and other internal disorders.", 'Palmar erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness of the palms of the hands. It is seen more commonly in patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis than in patients with other internal diseases.', 'Palmar erythema, also known as redness of the palms, is a medical condition characterized by redness of the palms of the hands.', 'Palmar erythema is a redness on the palms of the hands caused by inflammation or injury to the skin. It can be associated with several conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, infections, drug reactions, etc.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3830522",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22474732"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3830522",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 186,
"text": "Palmar erythema (\"liver palms\") was seen in 32/100 consecutive patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis and i... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 640c842f201352f04a000025 |
factoid | What is the cause of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD)? | ['expansion of the alanine-encoding (GCN)n trinucleotide repeat in the exon 1 of the polyadenosine (poly[A]) binding protein nuclear 1 gene', 'abnormal expansion of GCN repeat in PABPN1 gene', 'abnormal expansion of the GCN repeat in the polyadenosine binding protein nuclear 1 gene', 'GCA trinucleotide repeat in PABPN1 gene', 'short expansion of a GCG or GCA trinucleotide repeat in PABPN1 gene'] | ['The cause of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is an abnormal expansion of the alanine-encoding (GCN)n trinucleotide repeat in the exon 1 of the polyadenosine (poly[A]) binding protein nuclear 1 gene (11-18 repeats in OPMD instead of the normal 10 repeats).', 'Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is caused by the abnormal expansion of the alanine-encoding (GCN)n trinucleotide repeat in the exon 1 of the polyadenosine (poly[A]) binding protein nuclear 1 gene (PABPN1).', 'The most common cause of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is an expansion of a GCG/GCA trinucleotide repeat in the PABPN1 gene. However, some cases may also be caused by a single nucleotide point mutation, such as the PABPN1 c.35G > C mutation described in the report.', 'The most common cause of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is an expansion of a GCG/GCA trinucleotide repeat in the PABPN1 gene. However, some cases may be caused by a single nucleotide point mutation, such as the PABPN1 c.35G > C mutation described in the report.', 'Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is caused by an abnormal expansion of a trinucleotide repeat in the poly(A) binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) gene.', 'The cause of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is the short expansion of a GCG or GCA trinucleotide repeat in the PABPN1 gene.', 'Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is caused by the abnormal expansion of the alanine-encoding (GCN)n trinucleotide repeat in the exon 1 of the polyadenosine (poly[A]) binding protein nuclear 1 gene (11-18 repeats in OPMD instead of the normal 10 repeats).'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33805441",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34225694"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33805441",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 387,
"text": "Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset intractable myopathy, characterized by slowly progressiv... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64468b0757b1c7a315000070 |
factoid | Which viral disease can be treated with EDP-938? | ['Respiratory Syncytial Virus'] | ['Respiratory Syncytial Virus can be treated with EDP-938.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33720995",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35172056",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401806"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35172056",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 77,
"text": "EDP-938, a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibitor, in a Human Virus Challenge."
},
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63f0494cf36125a426000028 |
factoid | What is the generic name for Imfinzi? | ['Durvalumab'] | ['Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is used to treat locally advanced or metastatic cancer.', 'the generic name for imfinzi is durvalumab.', 'The generic name for Imfinzi is durvalumab.', 'durvalumab (Imfinzi®)'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30917623",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32727810",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34731446",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29571563",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643244"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643244",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 12,
"offsetInEndSection": 168,
"text": "durvalumab (Imfinzi™; AstraZeneca) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks programmed cell death ligand-... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 640ddbe9201352f04a000027 |
factoid | What are negative cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated called? | ['Tumor suppressor genes', 'Tumor-suppressor genes', 'tumor suppressors', 'antioncogenes', 'anti-oncogenes'] | ["Negative cell-cycle regulators that can cause cancer when mutated are commonly referred to as tumor suppressor genes. These genes play a crucial role in controlling cell division and preventing uncontrolled proliferation, which could lead to the formation of tumors. Tumor suppressor genes function by inhibiting cell cycle progression, promoting DNA repair, and inducing apoptosis in response to cellular stress or damage. Some well-known examples of tumor suppressor genes include TP53 (p53), RB1 (retinoblastoma protein), and CDKN2A (p16INK4a). Mutations or loss of function in these genes can disrupt their ability to regulate the cell cycle, thereby contributing to the development of cancer. In many cases, both copies of a tumor suppressor gene must be inactivated for a complete loss of function, following Knudson's two-hit hypothesis. The identification and study of tumor suppressor genes have significantly advanced our understanding of cancer biology and provided potential targets for therapeutic interventions.", 'The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division and duplication. Cell division requires cell cycle checkpoints that are used by the cell to both monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle. Deregulation of the cell cycle underlies the aberrant cell proliferation that characterizes cancer and loss of cell cycle checkpoint control promotes genetic instability.\n\nTumor suppressor genes are genes that protect the cell from a single event or multiple events leading to cancer. When these genes mutate, the cell can progress to a cancerous state. We now recognize that tumor suppressor genes regulate diverse cellular activities, including cell cycle checkpoint responses, detection and repair of DNA damage, protein ubiquitination and degradation, mitogenic signaling, cell specification, differentiation and migration, and tumor angiogenesis.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26573797",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21990031",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399577",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492666",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140509",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2046748",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.... | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26110128",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 474,
"text": "The cell cycle (or cell-division cycle) is a series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division a... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 644e81fa57b1c7a315000079 |
factoid | When was Keytruda approved for the treatment of melanoma? | ['September 4, 2014'] | ['On September 4, 2014, the FDA approved pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who have progressed following treatment with ipilimumab and, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235882"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235882",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 346,
"text": "On September 4, 2014, the FDA approved pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.) with a recommended dose... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6415c7fb690f196b51000016 |
factoid | What is the incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD)? | ['1:600 to 1:80,000'] | ['OPMD affects approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide. However, in some populations, it can affect as much as 1 in 600 individuals due to a strong founder effect.', 'Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset rare muscle disease affecting approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide. However, it can affect as much as 1:600 individuals in some populations due to a strong founder effect.', 'The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide. However, in some populations with a strong founder effect, it can affect as much as 1 in 600 individuals.', 'The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide, but it can affect as much as 1:600 individuals in some populations due to a strong founder effect.', 'The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide, but can affect as much as 1:600 individuals in some populations due to a strong founder effect.', 'The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide, but can be as high as 1:600 individuals in some populations due to a strong founder effect.', 'OPMD has an incidence of approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide, although in some populations it can affect as much as 1:600 individuals due to a strong founder effect.', 'The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is 1:600 to 1:80,000.', 'The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) varies depending on population, but globally it affects approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals. In certain populations, the prevalence can be as high as 1 in 600 individuals.', 'The incidence of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) is approximately 1 in 80,000 individuals worldwide. However, in some populations, it can affect as many as 1 in 600 individuals due to a strong founder effect.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401050"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401050",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 241,
"text": "Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset rare muscle disease affecting approximately 1 in 80,000 ... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 64468e0d57b1c7a315000071 |
factoid | Donidalorsen was tested for which disease? | ['hereditary angioedema'] | ['Donidalorsen is tested for hereditary angioedema.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36172291",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35294812"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35294812",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 306,
"text": "BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema is characterized by recurrent and unpredictable swellings that are disabling and... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63f04716f36125a426000025 |
factoid | What are the proteins that are necessary for the use of lactose in E. coli collectively called? | ['Lac operon'] | ['The proteins necessary for the use of lactose in E. coli are collectively called the lac operon. This gene regulatory circuit controls the transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism and is nearly ubiquitous in E. coli strains, making it a useful phenotype for species identification. The activity of the lac operon is controlled by both cis- and trans-acting regulators, which integrate environmental signals such as glucose and lactose availability to fine-tune gene expression. While most studies of lac operon regulation have focused on a few closely related strains, this system remains an important model for understanding how bacteria adapt their metabolism to changing nutritional conditions.', 'Transcription of bacterial genes is controlled by the coordinated action of cis- and trans-acting regulators. The activity and mode of action of these regulators can reflect different requirements for gene products in different environments. The lac operon is one of the best-known gene regulatory circuits and constitutes a landmark example of how bacteria tune their metabolism to nutritional conditions. It is nearly ubiquitous in Escherichia coli strains justifying the use of its phenotype, the ability to consume lactose, for species identification.', 'The proteins necessary for the use of lactose in Escherichia coli (E. coli) are collectively referred to as the lac operon. The lac operon is a well-known gene regulatory circuit that serves as a landmark example of how bacteria adjust their metabolism according to nutritional conditions. It is nearly ubiquitous in E. coli strains, and its phenotype, the ability to consume lactose, is used for species identification. The transcription of bacterial genes within the lac operon is controlled by the coordinated action of cis- and trans-acting regulators, which integrate environmental availability of glucose and lactose to regulate gene expression. Most studies on lac operon regulation have focused on a few closely related strains of E. coli.', 'The proteins necessary for the use of lactose in Escherichia coli (E. coli) are collectively called the lac operon. The lac operon is a set of genes that encode proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of lactose, allowing E. coli to utilize this sugar as an energy source when glucose is scarce. The primary components of the lac operon include three structural genes: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The lacZ gene encodes β-galactosidase, an enzyme responsible for cleaving lactose into glucose and galactose. The lacY gene encodes lactose permease, a membrane protein that facilitates the transport of lactose into the cell. Lastly, the lacA gene encodes thiogalactoside transacetylase, which detoxifies certain byproducts generated during lactose metabolism. Additionally, regulatory elements such as the promoter region (lacP), operator region (lacO), and repressor protein (LacI) play crucial roles in controlling the expression of these genes in response to environmental conditions like lactose availability and glucose levels.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31719176",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367115",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34891476",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34953812",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26415599"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34367115",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 313,
"text": "The lac operon is one of the best known gene regulatory circuits and constitutes a landmark example of how bacteri... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 644ec7fe57b1c7a315000082 |
factoid | Alternative microexon splicing is associated with metastasis in which cancer? | ['Colorectal cancer'] | ['Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346508"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "title",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34346508",
"endSection": "title",
"offsetInBeginSection": 0,
"offsetInEndSection": 102,
"text": "Alternative microexon splicing by RBFOX2 and PTBP1 is associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer."
},
{
"be... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 63fa16d8201352f04a000002 |
factoid | What is the cause of spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy? | ['mutations in the androgen receptor encoding gene (AR)', 'CAG repeat expansion mutation', 'CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene', 'a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion', 'Androgen receptor gene mutations'] | ['Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene.', 'Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy is caused by a CAG repeat expansion mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. This genetic mutation leads to the neuromuscular disorder.', 'Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy is caused by mutations, i.e., a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion, in the androgen receptor encoding gene (AR).', 'Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene.', 'Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Mutant AR is presumed to act in motoneurons to cause SBMA.', 'spinal bulbar muscular atrophy is caused by a cag repeat expansion mutation in the androgen receptor (ar) gene.', 'Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the androgen receptor gene.', 'Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene.'] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689246",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35996994",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32773451"
] | [
{
"beginSection": "abstract",
"document": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35996994",
"endSection": "abstract",
"offsetInBeginSection": 109,
"offsetInEndSection": 213,
"text": "Kennedy's disease is nearly exclusively caused by mutations in the androgen receptor encoding gene (AR)."
},
... | 12 | BioASQ-training12b | null | null | 6451060c57b1c7a315000096 |
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