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causes | What causes Arrhythmia ? | An arrhythmia can occur if the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are delayed or blocked. This can happen if the special nerve cells that produce electrical signals don't work properly. It also can happen if the electrical signals don't travel normally through the heart.
An arrhythmia also c... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Arrhythmia? ? | Arrhythmias are very common in older adults. Atrial fibrillation (a common type of arrhythmia that can cause problems) affects millions of people, and the number is rising.
Most serious arrhythmias affect people older than 60. This is because older adults are more likely to have heart disease and other... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Arrhythmia ? | Many arrhythmias cause no signs or symptoms. When signs or symptoms are present, the most common ones are:
Palpitations (feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or fast)
A slow heartbeat
An irregular heartbeat
Feeli... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Arrhythmia ? | Arrhythmias can be hard to diagnose, especially the types that only cause symptoms every once in a while. Doctors diagnose arrhythmias based on medical and family histories, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.
Specialists Involved
Doctors who specialize in the d... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Arrhythmia ? | Common arrhythmia treatments include medicines, medical procedures, and surgery. Your doctor may recommend treatment if your arrhythmia causes serious symptoms, such as dizziness, chest pain, or fainting.
Your doctor also may recommend treatment if the arrhythmia increases your risk for problems such a... |
information | What is (are) Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease ? | Childhood interstitial (in-ter-STISH-al) lung disease, or chILD, is a broad term for a group of rare lung diseases that can affect babies, children, and teens. These diseases have some similar symptoms, such as chronic cough, rapid breathing, and shortness of breath.
These diseases also harm the lungs ... |
causes | What causes Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease ? | Researchers don't yet know all of the causes of childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD). Many times, these diseases have no clear cause.
Some conditions and factors that may cause or lead to chILD include:
Inherited conditions, such as surfactant disorders. Surfactant is a liquid t... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease? ? | Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) is rare. Most children are not at risk for chILD. However, some factors increase the risk of developing chILD. These risk factors include:
Having a family history of interstitial lung disease or chILD.
Having an inherited surfactant disorder ... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease ? | Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) has many signs and symptoms because the disease has many forms. Signs and symptoms may include:
Fast breathing, which also is called tachypnea (tak-ip-NE-ah)
Labored breathing, which also is called respiratory distress
Low ox... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease ? | Doctors diagnose childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) based on a child's medical and family histories and the results from tests and procedures. To diagnose chILD, doctors may first need to rule out other diseases as the cause of a child's symptoms.
Early diagnosis of chILD may help doctors stop... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease ? | Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) is rare, and little research has been done on how to treat it. At this time, chILD has no cure. However, some children who have certain diseases, such as neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy, may slowly improve over time.
Current treatment approaches in... |
prevention | How to prevent Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease ? | At this time, most types of childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) can't be prevented. People who have a family history of inherited (genetic) interstitial lung disease may want to consider genetic counseling. A counselor can explain the risk of children inheriting chILD.
You and your child can ta... |
information | What is (are) Von Willebrand Disease ? | Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a bleeding disorder. It affects your blood's ability to clot. If your blood doesn't clot, you can have heavy, hard-to-stop bleeding after an injury. The bleeding can damage your internal organs. Rarely, the bleeding may even cause death.
In VWD, you either have low level... |
causes | What causes Von Willebrand Disease ? | Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is almost always inherited. "Inherited" means that the disorder is passed from parents to children though genes.
You can inherit type 1 or type 2 VWD if only one of your parents passes the gene on to you. You usually inherit type 3 VWD only if both of your parents pass the... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Von Willebrand Disease ? | The signs and symptoms of von Willebrand disease (VWD) depend on which type of the disorder you have. They also depend on how serious the disorder is. Many people have such mild symptoms that they don't know they have VWD.
If you have type 1 or type 2 VWD, you may have the following mild-to-moderate bl... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Von Willebrand Disease ? | Early diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) is important to make sure that you're treated and can live a normal, active life.
Sometimes VWD is hard to diagnose. People who have type 1 or type 2 VWD may not have major bleeding problems. Thus, they may not be diagnosed unless they have heavy bleeding... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Von Willebrand Disease ? | Treatment for von Willebrand disease (VWD) is based on the type of VWD you have and how severe it is. Most cases of VWD are mild, and you may need treatment only if you have surgery, tooth extraction, or an accident.
Medicines are used to:
Increase the amount of von Willebrand factor a... |
information | What is (are) Hypotension ? | Hypotension (HI-po-TEN-shun) is abnormally low blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood.
Blood pressure is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures. "Systolic" refers to blood pressure whe... |
causes | What causes Hypotension ? | Conditions or factors that disrupt the body's ability to control blood pressure cause hypotension. The different types of hypotension have different causes.
Orthostatic Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension has many causes. Sometimes two or more factors combine to cause this type of low ... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Hypotension? ? | Hypotension can affect people of all ages. However, people in certain age groups are more likely to have certain types of hypotension.
Older adults are more likely to have orthostatic and postprandial hypotension. Children and young adults are more likely to have neurally mediated hypotension.
... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Hypotension ? | Orthostatic Hypotension and Neurally Mediated Hypotension
The signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) are similar. They include:
Dizziness or light-headedness
Blurry vision
Confusion
Weakne... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Hypotension ? | Hypotension is diagnosed based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results. Your doctor will want to know:
The type of hypotension you have and how severe it is
Whether an underlying condition is causing the hypotension
Specialists Involved
... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Hypotension ? | Treatment depends on the type of hypotension you have and the severity of your signs and symptoms. The goal of treatment is to bring blood pressure back to normal to relieve signs and symptoms. Another goal is to manage any underlying condition causing the hypotension.
Your response to treatment depend... |
information | What is (are) Carotid Artery Disease ? | Carotid artery disease is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the carotid arteries. You have two common carotid arteries, one on each side of your neck. They each divide into internal and external carotid arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to... |
causes | What causes Carotid Artery Disease ? | Carotid artery disease seems to start when damage occurs to the inner layers of the carotid arteries. Major factors that contribute to damage include:
Smoking
High levels of certain fats and cholesterol in the blood
High blood pressure
High levels of s... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Carotid Artery Disease? ? | The major risk factors for carotid artery disease, listed below, also are the major risk factors for coronary heart disease (also called coronary artery disease) and peripheral artery disease.
Diabetes. With this disease, the bodys blood sugar level is too high because the body doesnt make enough insul... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Carotid Artery Disease ? | Carotid artery disease may not cause signs or symptoms until it severely narrows or blocks a carotid artery. Signs and symptoms may include a bruit, a transient ischemic attack(TIA), or a stroke.
Bruit
During a physical exam, your doctor may listen to your carotid arteries with a steth... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Carotid Artery Disease ? | Your doctor will diagnose carotid artery disease based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results.
Medical History
Your doctor will find out whether you have any of the major risk factors for carotid artery disease. He or she also will ask whether you've had any signs o... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Carotid Artery Disease ? | Treatments for carotid artery disease may include healthy lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures. The goals of treatment are to stop the disease from getting worse and to prevent a stroke. Your treatment will depend on your symptoms, how severe the disease is, and your age and overall health.
... |
prevention | How to prevent Carotid Artery Disease ? | Taking action to control your risk factors can help prevent or delay carotid artery disease and stroke. Your risk for carotid artery disease increases with the number of risk factors you have.
One step you can take is to adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle, which can include:
Heart-Healthy... |
information | What is (are) Varicose Veins ? | Espaol
Varicose (VAR-i-kos) veins are swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the surface of the skin. These veins usually occur in the legs, but they also can form in other parts of the body.
Varicose veins are a common condition. They usually cause few signs and symptoms. ... |
causes | What causes Varicose Veins ? | Weak or damaged valves in the veins can cause varicose veins. After your arteries and capillaries deliver oxygen-rich blood to your body, your veins return the blood to your heart. The veins in your legs must work against gravity to do this.
One-way valves inside the veins open to let blood flow throug... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Varicose Veins? ? | Many factors may raise your risk for varicose veins, including family history, older age, gender, pregnancy, overweight or obesity, lack of movement, and leg trauma.
Family History
Having family members who have varicose veins may raise your risk for the condition. About half of all pe... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Varicose Veins ? | The signs and symptoms of varicose veins include:
Large veins that you can see just under the surface of your skin.
Mild swelling of your ankles and feet.
Painful, achy, or "heavy" legs.
Throbbing or cramping in your legs.
Itchy legs, ... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Varicose Veins ? | Doctors often diagnose varicose veins based on a physical exam alone. Sometimes tests or procedures are used to find out the extent of the problem or to rule out other conditions.
Specialists Involved
If you have varicose veins, you may see a vascular medicine specialist or vascular su... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Varicose Veins ? | Varicose veins are treated with lifestyle changes and medical procedures. The goals of treatment are to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve appearance.
If varicose veins cause few symptoms, your doctor may simply suggest making lifestyle changes. If your symptoms are more severe, your ... |
prevention | How to prevent Varicose Veins ? | You can't prevent varicose veins from forming. However, you can prevent the ones you have from getting worse. You also can take steps to delay other varicose veins from forming.
Avoid standing or sitting for long periods without taking a break. When sitting, avoid crossing your legs. Keep your legs rai... |
information | What is (are) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ? | Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare blood disorder. In TTP, blood clots form in small blood vessels throughout the body.
The clots can limit or block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body's organs, such as the brain, kidneys, and heart. As a result, serious health problems can devel... |
causes | What causes Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ? | A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 enzyme (a type of protein in the blood) causes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The ADAMTS13 gene controls the enzyme, which is involved in blood clotting.
Not having enough enzyme activity causes overactive blood clotting. In TTP, blood clots form in small ... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura? ? | Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder. Most cases of TTP are acquired. Acquired TTP mostly occurs in adults, but it can affect children. The condition occurs more often in women and in Black people than in other groups.
Inherited TTP mainly affects newborns and children. Most peo... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ? | Blood clots, a low platelet count, and damaged red blood cells cause the signs and symptoms of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
The signs and symptoms include:
Purplish bruises on the skin or mucous membranes (such as in the mouth). These bruises, called purpura, are caused b... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ? | Your doctor will diagnosis thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results.
If TTP is suspected or diagnosed, a hematologist will be involved in your care. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating blood disorders.
... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ? | Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) can be fatal or cause lasting damage, such as brain damage or a stroke, if it's not treated right away.
In most cases, TTP occurs suddenly and lasts for days or weeks, but it can go on for months. Relapses (flareups) can occur in up to 60 percent of people who ... |
prevention | How to prevent Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ? | Both inherited and acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) occur suddenly with no clear cause. You can't prevent either type.
If you've had TTP, watch for signs and symptoms of a relapse (flareup). (For more information, go to "Living With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.")
... |
information | What is (are) Mitral Valve Prolapse ? | Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition in which the hearts mitral valve doesnt work well. The flaps of the valve are floppy and may not close tightly. These flaps normally help seal or open the valve.
Much of the time, MVP doesnt cause any problems. Rarely, blood can leak the wrong way through the ... |
causes | What causes Mitral Valve Prolapse ? | The exact cause of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) isn't known. Most people who have the condition are born with it. MVP tends to run in families. Also, it's more common in people who are born with connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome.
In people who have MVP, the mitral valve may be abnorma... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Mitral Valve Prolapse? ? | Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) affects people of all ages and both sexes; however, aging raises the risk of developing the disease.
Certain conditions have been associated with MVP, including:
A history of rheumatic fever
Connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndro... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse ? | Most people who have mitral valve prolapse (MVP) aren't affected by the condition. They don't have any symptoms or major mitral valve backflow.
When MVP does cause signs and symptoms, they may include:
Palpitations (feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating to... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Mitral Valve Prolapse ? | Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) most often is detected during a routine physical exam. During the exam, your doctor will listen to your heart with a stethoscope.
Stretched valve flaps can make a clicking sound as they shut. If the mitral valve is leaking blood back into the left atrium, your doctor may hea... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Mitral Valve Prolapse ? | Most people who have mitral valve prolapse (MVP) dont need treatment because they dont have symptoms and complications.
Even people who do have symptoms may not need treatment. The presence of symptoms doesnt always mean that the backflow of blood through the valve is significant.
Peop... |
prevention | How to prevent Mitral Valve Prolapse ? | You can't prevent mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Most people who have the condition are born with it.
Complications from MVP, such as arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and infective endocarditis (IE), are rare. IE is an infection of the inner lining of your heart chambers and valves.
Pe... |
information | What is (are) Heart Failure ? | Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. In some cases, the heart can't fill with enough blood. In other cases, the heart can't pump blood to the rest of the body with enough force. Some people have both problems.
The term "heart failure" doesn't... |
causes | What causes Heart Failure ? | Conditions that damage or overwork the heart muscle can cause heart failure. Over time, the heart weakens. It isnt able to fill with and/or pump blood as well as it should. As the heart weakens, certain proteins and substances might be released into the blood. These substances have a toxic effect on the heart and blood... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Heart Failure? ? | About 5.7 million people in the United States have heart failure. The number of people who have this condition is growing.
Heart failure is more common in:
People who are age 65 or older. Aging can weaken the heart muscle. Older people also may have had diseases for many years that led... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Heart Failure ? | The most common signs and symptoms of heart failure are:
Shortness of breath or trouble breathing
Fatigue (tiredness)
Swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen, and veins in the neck
All of these symptoms are the result of fluid buildup in your body.... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Heart Failure ? | Your doctor will diagnose heart failure based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and test results. The signs and symptoms of heart failure also are common in other conditions. Thus, your doctor will:
Find out whether you have a disease or condition that can cause heart failure, such... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Heart Failure ? | Early diagnosis and treatment can help people who have heart failure live longer, more active lives. Treatment for heart failure depends on the type and severity of the heart failure.
The goals of treatment for all stages of heart failure include:
Treating the conditions underlying cau... |
prevention | How to prevent Heart Failure ? | You can take steps to prevent heart failure. The sooner you start, the better your chances of preventing or delaying the condition.
For People Who Have Healthy Hearts
If you have a healthy heart, you can take action to prevent heart disease and heart failure. To reduce your risk of hea... |
information | What is (are) Broken Heart Syndrome ? | Broken heart syndrome is a condition in which extreme stress can lead to heart muscle failure. The failure is severe, but often short-term.
Most people who experience broken heart syndrome think they may be having a heart attack, a more common medical emergency caused by a blocked coronary (heart) arte... |
causes | What causes Broken Heart Syndrome ? | The cause of broken heart syndrome isnt fully known. However, extreme emotional or physical stress is believed to play a role in causing the temporary disorder.
Although symptoms are similar to those of a heart attack, what is happening to the heart is quite different. Most heart attacks are caused by ... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Broken Heart Syndrome? ? | Broken heart syndrome affects women more often than men. Often, people who experience broken heart syndrome have previously been healthy. Research shows that the traditional risk factors for heart disease may not apply to broken heart syndrome.
People who might be at increased risk for broken heart syn... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Broken Heart Syndrome ? | All chest pain should be checked by a doctor. Because symptoms of broken heart syndrome are similar to those of a heart attack, it is important to seek help right away. Your doctor may not be able to diagnose broken heart syndrome until you have some tests.
Common Signs and Symptoms
Th... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Broken Heart Syndrome ? | Because the symptoms are similar, at first your doctor may not be able to tell whether you are experiencing broken heart syndrome or having a heart attack. Therefore, the doctors immediate goals will be:
To determine whats causing your symptoms
To determine whether youre having or abou... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Broken Heart Syndrome ? | Even though broken heart syndrome may feel like a heart attack, its a very different problem that needs a different type of treatment.
The good news is that broken heart syndrome is usually treatable, and most people make a full recovery. Most people who experience broken heart syndrome stay in the hos... |
prevention | How to prevent Broken Heart Syndrome ? | Researchers are still learning about broken heart syndrome, and no treatments have been shown to prevent it. For people who have experienced the condition, the risk of recurrence is low.
An emotionally upsetting or serious physical event can trigger broken heart syndrome. Learning how to manage stress,... |
information | What is (are) Narcolepsy ? | Narcolepsy (NAR-ko-lep-se) is a disorder that causes periods of extreme daytime sleepiness. The disorder also may cause muscle weakness.
Most people who have narcolepsy have trouble sleeping at night. Some people who have the disorder fall asleep suddenly, even if they're in the middle of talking, eati... |
causes | What causes Narcolepsy ? | Most people who have narcolepsy have low levels of hypocretin. This is a chemical in the brain that helps promote wakefulness. What causes low hypocretin levels isn't well understood.
Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause a lack of hypocretin. These factors may include:
... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Narcolepsy? ? | Narcolepsy affects men and women. Symptoms usually begin during the teen or young adult years. The disorder also can develop later in life or in children, but it's rare before age 5.
Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause narcolepsy. If these factors affect you, you may be at... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Narcolepsy ? | The four major signs and symptoms of narcolepsy are extreme daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (muscle weakness) while awake, and hallucinations and sleep paralysis during sleep.
If you have narcolepsy, you may have one or more of these symptoms. They can range from mild to severe. Less than one-third of pe... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Narcolepsy ? | It can take as long as 10 to 15 years after the first symptoms appear before narcolepsy is recognized and diagnosed. This is because narcolepsy is fairly rare. Also, many narcolepsy symptoms are like symptoms of other illnesses, such as infections, depression, and sleep disorders.
Narcolepsy sometimes ... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Narcolepsy ? | Narcolepsy has no cure. However, medicines, lifestyle changes, and other therapies can relieve many of its symptoms. Treatment for narcolepsy is based on the type of symptoms you have and how severe they are.
Not all medicines and lifestyle changes work for everyone. It may take weeks to months for you... |
information | What is (are) Bronchiectasis ? | Bronchiectasis (brong-ke-EK-ta-sis) is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred. The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs.
Bronchiectasis usually is the result of an infection or other condition that injures the walls of your air... |
causes | What causes Bronchiectasis ? | Damage to the walls of the airways usually is the cause of bronchiectasis. A lung infection may cause this damage. Examples of lung infections that can lead to bronchiectasis include:
Severe pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah)
Whooping cough or measles (uncommon in the United States due to vaccina... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Bronchiectasis? ? | People who have conditions that damage the lungs or increase the risk of lung infections are at risk for bronchiectasis. Such conditions include:
Cystic fibrosis. This disease leads to almost half of the cases of bronchiectasis in the United States.
Immunodeficiency disorders, such as ... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Bronchiectasis ? | The initial airway damage that leads to bronchiectasis often begins in childhood. However, signs and symptoms may not appear until months or even years after you start having repeated lung infections.
The most common signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis are:
A daily cough that occurs o... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Bronchiectasis ? | Your doctor may suspect bronchiectasis if you have a daily cough that produces large amounts of sputum (spit).
To find out whether you have bronchiectasis, your doctor may recommend tests to:
Identify any underlying causes that require treatment
Rule out other causes o... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Bronchiectasis ? | Bronchiectasis often is treated with medicines, hydration, and chest physical therapy (CPT). Your doctor may recommend surgery if the bronchiectasis is isolated to a section of lung or you have a lot of bleeding.
If the bronchiectasis is widespread and causing respiratory failure, your doctor may recom... |
prevention | How to prevent Bronchiectasis ? | To prevent bronchiectasis, it's important to prevent the lung infections and lung damage that can cause it.
Childhood vaccines for measles and whooping cough prevent infections related to these illnesses. These vaccines also reduce complications from these infections, such as bronchiectasis.
... |
information | What is (are) Coronary Microvascular Disease ? | Coronary microvascular disease (MVD) is heart disease that affects the tiny coronary (heart) arteries. In coronary MVD, the walls of the heart's tiny arteries are damaged or diseased.
Coronary MVD is different from traditional coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease. In CHD, a... |
causes | What causes Coronary Microvascular Disease ? | The same risk factors that cause atherosclerosis may cause coronary microvascular disease. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include:
Diabetes. It is a disease in which the bodys blood sugar level is too high be... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Coronary Microvascular Disease? ? | Coronary microvascular disease can affect both men and women. However, women may be at risk for coronary microvascular disease if they have lower than normal levels of estrogen at any point in their adult lives. (This refers to the estrogen that the ovaries produce, not the estrogen used in hormone therapy.) Low estrog... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Coronary Microvascular Disease ? | The signs and symptoms of coronary microvascular disease (MVD) often differ from the signs and symptoms of traditional coronary heart disease (CHD).
Many women with coronary MVD have angina (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh). Angina is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when your heart muscle doesn't get enou... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Coronary Microvascular Disease ? | Your doctor will diagnose coronary microvascular disease (MVD) based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will check to see whether you have any risk factors for heart disease.
For example, your doctor may measure your weight and height to check for overweight or obesit... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Coronary Microvascular Disease ? | Relieving pain is one of the main goals of treating coronary microvascular disease (MVD). Treatments also are used to control risk factors and other symptoms. Treatments may include medicines, such as:
ACE inhibitors and beta blockers to lower blood pressure and decrease the hearts workload
... |
prevention | How to prevent Coronary Microvascular Disease ? | No specific studies have been done on how to prevent coronary microvascular disease.
Researchers dont yet know how or in what way preventing coronary microvascular disease differs from preventing coronary heart disease. Coronary microvascular disease affects the tiny coronary arteries; coronary heart d... |
information | What is (are) Pneumonia ? | Pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah) is an infection in one or both of the lungs. Many germssuch as bacteria, viruses, and fungican cause pneumonia.
The infection inflames your lungs' air sacs, which are called alveoli (al-VEE-uhl-eye). The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough wi... |
causes | What causes Pneumonia ? | Many germs can cause pneumonia. Examples include different kinds of bacteria, viruses, and, less often, fungi.
Most of the time, the body filters germs out of the air that we breathe to protect the lungs from infection. Your immune system, the shape of your nose and throat, your ability to cough, and f... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Pneumonia? ? | Pneumonia can affect people of all ages. However, two age groups are at greater risk of developing pneumonia:
Infants who are 2 years old or younger (because their immune systems are still developing during the first few years of life)
People who are 65 years old or older
... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Pneumonia ? | The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe. Many factors affect how serious pneumonia is, including the type of germ causing the infection and your age and overall health. (For more information, go to "Who Is at Risk for Pneumonia?")
See your doctor promptly if you:
H... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Pneumonia ? | Pneumonia can be hard to diagnose because it may seem like a cold or the flu. You may not realize it's more serious until it lasts longer than these other conditions.
Your doctor will diagnose pneumonia based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results.
Medical History
... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Pneumonia ? | Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia you have and how severe it is. Most people who have community-acquired pneumoniathe most common type of pneumoniaare treated at home.
The goals of treatment are to cure the infection and prevent complications.
General Treatment
... |
prevention | How to prevent Pneumonia ? | Pneumonia can be very serious and even life threatening. When possible, take steps to prevent the infection, especially if you're in a high-risk group.
Vaccines
Vaccines are available to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia and the flu. Vaccines can't prevent all cases of infection. However,... |
information | What is (are) Pernicious Anemia ? | Pernicious anemia (per-NISH-us uh-NEE-me-uh) is a condition in which the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 is a nutrient found in some foods. The body needs this nutrient to make healthy red blood cells and to keep its nervous system ... |
causes | What causes Pernicious Anemia ? | Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor or other causes, such as infections, surgery, medicines, or diet.
Lack of Intrinsic Factor
Intrinsic factor is a protein made in the stomach. It helps your body absorb vitamin B12. In some people, an autoimmune response causes a... |
susceptibility | Who is at risk for Pernicious Anemia? ? | Pernicious anemia is more common in people of Northern European and African descent than in other ethnic groups.
Older people also are at higher risk for the condition. This is mainly due to a lack of stomach acid and intrinsic factor, which prevents the small intestine from absorbing vitamin B12. As p... |
symptoms | What are the symptoms of Pernicious Anemia ? | A lack of vitamin B12 (vitamin B12 deficiency) causes the signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. Without enough vitamin B12, your body can't make enough healthy red blood cells, which causes anemia.
Some of the signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia apply to all types of anemia. Other signs and symp... |
exams and tests | How to diagnose Pernicious Anemia ? | Your doctor will diagnose pernicious anemia based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and test results.
Your doctor will want to find out whether the condition is due to a lack of intrinsic factor or another cause. He or she also will want to find out the severity of the condition, s... |
treatment | What are the treatments for Pernicious Anemia ? | Doctors treat pernicious anemia by replacing the missing vitamin B12 in the body. People who have pernicious anemia may need lifelong treatment.
The goals of treating pernicious anemia include:
Preventing or treating the anemia and its signs and symptoms
Preventing or ... |
prevention | How to prevent Pernicious Anemia ? | You can't prevent pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, you won't be able to absorb vitamin B12 and will develop pernicious anemia.
Although uncommon, some people develop pernicious anemia because they don't get enough vitamin B12 in their diets. You can take... |
information | What is (are) Sleep Apnea ? | Espaol
Sleep apnea (AP-ne-ah) is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.
Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They may occur 30times or more an hour. Typically, normal breathing then starts again, somet... |
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