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A sinkhole is a hole in the earth's surface caused by a collapse in the soil or bedrock.
It can also refer to:
Sinkhole (film), a 2021 South Korean disaster comedy film
Battle of the Sink Hole, a battle in the War of 1812
Drain (plumbing), a hole in a sink for draining
DNS sinkhole, a DNS server that points a domain to bogus internet addresses | wiki |
693 (six hundred [and] ninety-three) is the natural number following 692 and preceding 694.
In mathematics
693 has twelve divisors: 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 21, 33, 63, 77, 99, 231, and 693. Thus, 693 is tied with 315 for the highest number of divisors for any odd natural number below 900. The smallest positive odd integer with more divisors is 945, which has 16 divisors. Consequently, 945 is also the smallest odd abundant number, having an abundancy index of 1920/945 ≈ 2.03175.
693 appears as the first three digits after the decimal point in the decimal form for the natural logarithm of 2. To 10 digits, this number is 0.6931471805. As a result, if an event has a constant probability of 0.1% of occurring, 693 is the smallest number of trials that must be performed for there to be at least a 50% chance that the event occurs at least once. More generally, for any probability p, the probability that the event occurs at least once in a sample of n items, assuming the items are independent, is given by the following formula:
1 − (1 − p)n
For p = 10−3 = 0.001, plugging in n = 692 gives, to four decimal places, 0.4996, while n = 693 yields 0.5001.
693 is the lowest common multiple of 7, 9, and 11. Multiplying 693 by 5 gives 3465, the smallest positive integer divisible by 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
693 is a palindrome in bases 32, 62, 76, 98, 230, and 692. It is also a palindrome in binary: 1010110101.
The reciprocal of 693 has a period of six: = 0..
693 is a triangular matchstick number.
References
Integers | wiki |
A keel is the central beam of the hull of a boat.
Keel may also refer to:
Keel (anatomy), several meanings
Boats
Humber Keel, a type of boat used on the Humber Estuary in England
Keelboat or "keel", a flat-bottomed boat designed for use on rivers
Biology
Keel (bird anatomy), modified sternums of birds
Art, entertainment and media
Keel (band), heavy metal group in the 1980s
Keel (album)
KEEL, AM radio station in Shreveport, Louisiana
Keel Lorenz, a character in Neon Genesis Evangelion
Places
Keel, County Mayo, town on Achill Island, Ireland
Keel, a parish of Castlemaine, County Kerry, Ireland
Keel Creek Bridge, a road bridge near Coalgate, Oklahoma, USA
Keel Island, an island off the Antarctica coast
Keel Mountain (disambiguation)
Other uses
Keel (surname), including a list of people with the name
Keel (unit), a measure of coal in North East England
Studio Keel, Serbian swimwear company specializing in water polo
See also
Keels (disambiguation)
Keal (disambiguation)
Keeill
Keele (disambiguation)
Kiel (disambiguation)
Kil (disambiguation)
Kile (disambiguation)
Kill (disambiguation)
Kyl (disambiguation)
Kyle (disambiguation)
Kyll | wiki |
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11200 | wiki |
The 1876 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 7, 1876, as part of the 1876 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
New Jersey voted for the Democratic nominee, Samuel J. Tilden, over the Republican nominee, Rutherford B. Hayes. Tilden won the state by a narrow margin of 5.65%.
Results
Results by county
See also
United States presidential elections in New Jersey
References
New Jersey
1876
1876 New Jersey elections | wiki |
Taiwan is ruled by various regimes throughout its history. Since 1945, the island is ruled by the Republic of China (ROC).
The ROC was the government of mainland China from 1912 to 1949, when this government fled to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War, and the country today is commonly called Taiwan. The ROC controlled majority parts of China until 1949, but today only controls Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and nearby smaller islands. However, the Republic of China claims all of China as its territory, so some of its official symbols represent China.
Symbols of the Republic of China
See also
National symbols of China
References | wiki |
This is a list of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
References
External links
Historic Bridges–Minnesota Department of Transportation
Minnesota
Bridges
Bridges | wiki |
Speechify is a mobile and desktop app that reads text aloud using a computer generated text to speech voice.
The app also uses optical character recognition technology to turn physical books or printed text into audio. The app lets users take photos of text and then listen to it read out loud.
Speechify was founded by Cliff Weitzman, a dyslexic college student at Brown University who built the first version of the tool himself to help him keep up with his class readings.
References
External Sources
Official Website
Speech synthesis software | wiki |
Canemah may refer to:
Canemah, Oregon an early settlement in Oregon, United States, now part of Oregon City
Canemah (sidewheeler), a steamboat named after the town in Oregon | wiki |
Colorado Street Bridge may refer to:
Colorado Street Bridge (Pasadena, California)
Colorado Street Bridge (Saint Paul, Minnesota) | wiki |
Hill topping may refer to:
Hill-topping (biology), a mate-location behaviour seen in many insects including butterflies, dragonflies, wasps, beetles, and flies
Hill jumping, the act of accelerating a motor vehicle as it approaches the top of a hill, causing the vehicle to go airborne
Hilltopping, a fox hunt by horse but without jumping or in an automobile
See also
Hilltop (disambiguation) | wiki |
A clothing bin is a container in which clothing is placed to be donated to charity organizations (e.g., the Salvation Army or The Smith Family) or for recycling in other ways. They are typically provided by the charities themselves or by local authorities.
Bins are often vandalised or filled with unsuitable materials (including rubbish). These are costly for the organizations concerned to dispose of, and this misuse has at times lead to bins being withdrawn. On-the-spot fines are often threatened through signs on the bins.
See also
Hamper
Sources
Recycling Fact Sheet at zerowaste.sa.gov.au
External links
Clothing containers
Donation | wiki |
Scuticaria is the generic name of two groups of organisms. It can refer to:
Scuticaria (fish), a genus of eels in the family Muraenidae
Scuticaria (plant), a genus of orchids in the family Orchidaceae | wiki |
"Let's Get Serious" is a song written by Lee Garrett and Stevie Wonder and the title track to Jermaine Jackson's 1980 Motown album Let's Get Serious. Released as a single, it became Jackson's first number-one R&B hit and second top-ten pop hit. It also reached the top ten in the UK. The recording was produced by Stevie Wonder, who also provided vocals for the track.
It was ranked number one on the Billboard soul chart for the year in 1980, edging out brother Michael's Platinum-certified mega-hit "Rock with You", which ranked at number two.
Charts
References
1980 singles
1980 songs
Jermaine Jackson songs
Songs written by Stevie Wonder
Songs written by Lee Garrett
Motown singles | wiki |
People
Carlo Maria Michelangelo Nicola Broschi
Marcella Farinelli Fierro
Piergiorgio Farinelli
Roberta Farinelli
In fiction
Lucy Farinelli
Works
Farinelli (film)
Farinelli (opera) | wiki |
Lake Krasnoye () is a lake in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Far Eastern Russia.
It is located near the Anadyr Estuary and is the biggest lake in the Anadyr Lowlands. Historically, it was referred to on maps as Lake Krasnyano ().
See also
Lake Pekulney
List of lakes of Russia
References
K | wiki |
Julia Stewart or Stuart may refer to:
Julia Stewart (businesswoman) (born 1955), American businesswoman
Julia Stewart (actress) (1862–1945), English stage actress
Julia Stuart, English novelist and journalist
Julia Stuart (c.1867–1949), English-born American actress of the silent film era; credits include Saved from the Titanic | wiki |
"Watagatapitusberry" is a collaborative effort by Black Point with American recording artist Pitbull, released on March 9, 2010 as the lead single from his fifth studio album, Armando (2010). The song features guest appearances from Dominican rappers Sensato del Patio, El Cata and Black Point, along with Lil Jon. It combines hip hop and "Latin pop-style theatricality".
Background and composition
After the release of Pitbull's then previous album Rebelution (2009), Pitbull released his first Spanish-language album, titled Armando. The first single from this album was "Watagatapitusberry". This song was produced by DJ Class. The song is a remix, with the original belonging to Dominican hip hop recording artist Sensato del Patio.
Music video
The music video was released onto Pitbull's official VEVO channel on March 10, 2010, and has received over 10 million views as of June 2021.
Credits and personnel
Armando C. Perez – songwriter
Edward Bello Po – songwriter
Lil Jon – songwriter
Daniel Woodis Jr. – songwriter
DJ Class – producer
Source:
Charts
Release history
References
2010 singles
El Cata songs
Lil Jon songs
Pitbull (rapper) songs
Songs written by Lil Jon
Spanish-language songs
Songs written by Pitbull (rapper)
2010 songs
Songs written by El Cata
Sony Music Latin singles | wiki |
The 1994 Champ Car season may refer to:
the 1993-94 USAC Championship Car season, which was just one race, the 78th Indianapolis 500
the 1994 PPG Indy Car World Series, sanctioned by CART, who later became Champ Car | wiki |
The Book of Folly is a 1972 collection of poetry by American writer Anne Sexton.
References
1972 books
Poetry by Anne Sexton
American poetry collections
Houghton Mifflin books | wiki |
The 1993 Champ Car season may refer to:
the 1992–93 USAC Championship Car season, which was just one race, the 77th Indianapolis 500
the 1993 PPG Indy Car World Series, sanctioned by CART, who would later become Champ Car | wiki |
Ralph Johnson (számítógéptudós)
Ralph Johnson (vívó)
Ralph Johnson (zenész) | wiki |
The 1991 Champ Car season may refer to:
the 1990–91 USAC Championship Car season, which was just one race, the 75th Indianapolis 500
the 1991 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, sanctioned by CART, who would later become Champ Car | wiki |
The 1990 Champ Car season may refer to:
the 1989–90 USAC Championship Car season, which was just one race, the 74th Indianapolis 500
the 1990 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, sanctioned by CART, who later became Champ Car | wiki |
Stanley Theater may refer to:
Stanley Theater (Jersey City), New Jersey
Stanley Theater (Newark, New Jersey)
Stanley Theater (Utica, New York)
Stanley Theatre, Pittsburgh, now the Benedum Center
Stanley Industrial Alliance Stage, formerly Stanley Theatre, Vancouver, British Columbia | wiki |
This is a list of South American countries by GDP (nominal) per capita per the International Monetary Fund.
See also
List of South American countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
References
GDP (nominal) per capita | wiki |
The 1985 Champ Car season may refer to:
the 1984–85 USAC Championship Car season, which was just one race, the 69th Indianapolis 500
the 1985 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, sanctioned by CART, who later became Champ Car | wiki |
The 1986 Champ Car season may refer to:
the 1985–86 USAC Championship Car season, which was just one race, the 70th Indianapolis 500
the 1986 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, sanctioned by CART, who would later become Champ Car | wiki |
Marvel's Most Wanted is an unaired American television pilot created by Jeffrey Bell and Paul Zbyszewski for ABC, based on the Marvel Comics characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the continuity of the franchise's films and other television series. A spin-off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., the pilot was written by Bell and Zbyszewski, and directed by Billy Gierhart.
The pilot revolves around the characters of Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and ex-spouses on the run, with Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood reprising their respective roles of Morse and Hunter from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Delroy Lindo, Fernanda Andrade, and Oded Fehr also starred in the pilot. A television series featuring Morse entered development for ABC Family in July 2011, but never materialized. The character subsequently appeared in the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. along with Hunter, and plans for a spin-off centered on the duo, with Palicki and Blood attached, began in April 2015. The series would have been based on storylines occurring at the end of that second season, but ABC passed on the project.
In August 2015, the series was reinvented as Marvel's Most Wanted and received a pilot order from ABC. The cast was filled out in early 2016, and production was completed by late March. The episode was co-produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television. In May 2016, ABC announced that it would not pick up the pilot to series, and would look to develop other series with Marvel instead.
Premise
Ex-spies and ex-spouses Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter are on the run trying to uncover a conspiracy against them. With no help from S.H.I.E.L.D., the peacekeeping and spy agency that previously employed them, they enter into an uneasy partnership with rogue adventurer Dominic Fortune and his niece Christina Santos.
Cast and characters
Main
Adrianne Palicki as Bobbi Morse: Hunter's ex-wife and a former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., who Palicki felt "believes in the universe and things happening for a reason". Palicki knew of the comics version of the character, but said that the writers put "their own spin" on the MCU version.
Nick Blood as Lance Hunter: Morse's ex-husband, a former mercenary and agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., who is "a bit of an outsider" and unsure of his loyalties according to Blood. Palicki added that Hunter "believes that you make things happen yourself".
Delroy Lindo as Dominic Fortune: A "rogue adventurer with a wealth of resources" who agrees to protect Morse and Hunter.
Fernanda Andrade as Christina Santos: A "tough-as-nails woman of mystery" and Fortune's niece. She helps Fortune aide Morse and Hunter while furthering their own agenda. Santos has history with Hunter that would have been explored throughout the series, with Andrade adding that she has "special skills. She just kind of knows how to work things, like weapons and cars."
Oded Fehr as a "well-known character" from the comics, who exudes a "villainous charm" and is "a force to be reckoned with" for Morse and Hunter.
Guests
Mckenna Grace as Zoe Abel
Laura Allen as Olivia
Damon Dayoub
Production
Development
At San Diego Comic-Con International 2011, head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Mockingbird was in development at ABC Family. The series, which was described as "Alias meets Felicity", would feature Bobbi Morse as a freshman science major at "a prestigious university in the Silicon Valley... [until h]er life changes when she is recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. and is forced to become a student by day and a super spy by night." By March 2012, Mockingbird was still in development, with Loeb saying, "as with anything that you're doing, particularly when you're starting up a brand new entity [like Marvel Television], things take time and we want to make sure we get it right."
At San Diego Comic-Con International 2014, Morse was revealed to be appearing in the second season of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., while Nick Blood was announced as cast in the role of Lance Hunter, a series regular for the season. In August 2014, Adrianne Palicki was cast as Morse in a guest role, and later promoted to series regular with the season two episode "Aftershocks". By April 2015, Marvel was developing a spin-off series focused on those characters with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. showrunner Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski. The spin-off would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot. Palicki and Blood were in final discussions to headline the potential new series, but ABC passed on the project by May 7, 2015, when they announced their series renewals, cancellations, and pickups. ABC entertainment president Paul Lee explained, "We thought the right thing now is to leave [Palicki and Blood] on S.H.I.E.L.D., because S.H.I.E.L.D. is so strong the moment," though he did not rule out returning to the spin-off in the future.
Blood and Palicki returned as principal cast members for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In August 2015, the spin-off series received new life, reworked as Marvel's Most Wanted and given a pilot order. Bell and Zbyszewski were again developing the series, writing the pilot and executive producing. The pair were set to serve as showrunners for the series, if it was picked up. Loeb and Jim Chory were also attached as executive producers. The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter, with Palicki and Blood both attached, and was described as "a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures." In January 2016, Lee stated that the pilot was "absolutely" moving forward, praising the script and saying production would begin "in the next few months." In the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "Parting Shot", the two characters were written off that series, having them leave and disavow S.H.I.E.L.D. Bell explained that Palicki and Blood had to leave to film the pilot, and "it didn't make sense" to have the story explain their absence for several episodes just to have the pair leave again soon after to begin production on the rest of Marvel's Most Wanted if it was picked up to series.
Writing
Bell compared Marvel's Most Wanted to the Buffy the Vampire Slayer spin-off Angel, saying the series would be more intimate than Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. because at the heart of the series would be the question, "What's the metaphor of the relationship that's going to dramatize over the course of the episode versus the larger machinations of the world that S.H.I.E.L.D. [is] in?" Palicki said the pilot is less based in Marvel mythology and more focused on the two characters, whose dynamic she compared to Mr. and Mrs. Smith. Blood added, "It's exploring how you make a relationship work with the backdrop of all this crazy stuff that goes on" in their world.
Bell and Zbyszewski worked together on Morse and Hunter's storyline for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., preparing them to move over to the spin-off, with Bell explaining that it would set up Marvel's Most Wanted by defining exactly who the characters are, such as Hunter and his lack of loyalty to S.H.I.E.L.D. and to ideologies—"nothing specific about the show, it's just who Hunter is." Blood noted that Hunter is "willing to ignore the rules and regulations to get the right thing done. Sometimes, Bobbi needs that kick up the backside to send her in that direction. By the same token, Hunter needs Bobbi's rationale sometimes to make sure he doesn't get in trouble again." Bell added that for Hunter, "laws are kind of suggestions, and if he's with them he'll follow them, and he's always been much more a loyalist to the guy in the trenches than to any ideology". Palicki remarked that the differences in the character's views and beliefs would be "a big through line throughout the entire show", and that having Morse and Hunter work for Fortune would test both of their morals, with Hunter having "a bit more experience with that, where the line to cross is a bit fluid. It might take Bobbi a bit more to adapt to that." Palicki also thought the pilot was "a little darker [and] grittier" than Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Casting
In August 2015, Palicki and Blood were attached to Marvel's Most Wanted with the pilot order, reprising their Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. roles as Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, respectively. In January 2016, Delroy Lindo was cast as "rogue adventurer" Dominic Fortune. That March, Oded Fehr and Fernanda Andrade were also cast in the pilot, as a "well-known character" from the comics and Fortune's niece Christina Santos, respectively. Additionally, guest stars for the pilot include Mckenna Grace as Zoe Abel, Laura Allen as Olivia, and Damon Dayoub.
Filming
Filming on the pilot took place in early 2016, with Billy Gierhart directing. Production began following that of the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "Parting Shot", and was completed by late March. William O. Hunter, who worked on Marvel's The Avengers, served as production designer, with Christine Bieselin Clark as costume designer.
Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins
On potential crossovers with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Bell said in March 2016, in reference to the way Hunter and Morse were written off of that series, "We want to be clear we're telling a different type of story, and in doing so, you don't want to be telling a story where you go, "Why don't they call Coulson? He can fix this easily," because that line's been cut. Not that you can't bring them back someday or have someone from S.H.I.E.L.D. show up on this show, but it's really setting up a different [part of the] universe". Blood described the situation as "they're on their own, they can make up their own rules, just turn the phones on airplane mode and ignore the calls from back home".
No pick-up and future
In April 2016, Marvel's Most Wanted was seen to be "a no-brainer" for a series pick-up by industry insiders. However, in early May it was said to be "cooling" and "not considered the lock it once was". At that time, the producers were prepping "if-come" orders, "deals with writers that will come into effect in the event a pilot is picked [up] to series". On May 12, 2016, the pilot was passed on by ABC, with Lee's successor Channing Dungey explaining that Marvel's Most Wanted "did not feel as strong as some of the other pilots that we shot. We talked about it with Marvel and we all came to an agreement that we want to figure out what the next show is that we do together, is something that we all feel is as creatively strong as it can be." However, Dungey said that ABC was open to the series being shopped to another network if Marvel found "another home" for it. Loeb also acknowledged this possibility, but said that the series was designed "to do a very specific thing" alongside S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC. In June 2018, Loeb indicated that Marvel did not have the ability to release the pilot, as any potential release was controlled by ABC.
See also
List of unproduced Marvel Comics projects
References
External links
2020s American drama television series
2020s American science fiction television series
American action television series
American television spin-offs
English-language television shows
Espionage television series
Marvel Cinematic Universe television series
Marvel's ABC television series
Serial drama television series
Television pilots not picked up as a series
Television series by ABC Studios
Television series by Marvel Television
Unaired television pilots | wiki |
Separation masters are a method of long-term preservation for most modern color motion picture film. Since monopack color film - (where materials for registering all the colors of the spectrum are contained on one film - its opposite is bipack colour film where two films face each other and the lower spectrum reds and yellows are on one film and the higher spectrum greens and blues are on another film - see Technicolor three strip) used in such processes as ECN, ECP and their successive revisions - contains photographically active color couplers which remain in the film after development, the emulsion will continue to produce chemical reactions in the image which cumulatively create a color fading, usually heavily biased towards the pink spectrum. In order to protect against this occurrence, the technique of separation masters was created.
Separation mastering is essentially an inversion of the Technicolor three-strip system, which used filtration to create three black and white masters each sensitized for one of the RGB spectrums and then printed the negatives with a CMYK colorspace. In separation mastering, the original camera negative is used to create three black and white copies, each one filtered for one of the RGB spectrums. The black and white process is considered inert after development and thus should be more stable for long-term archival, preservation, and restoration (although the film base may eventually decay regardless).
References
Film and video technology | wiki |
The riwana is a type of fretless flute played in Himachal Pradesh, generally with four strings, and an additional string starting from midway down the neck, like the American five-string banjo.
See also
Pamiri rubab, a similar instrument of eastern Tajikistan
Drumhead lutes
Necked bowl lutes
Music of Himachal Pradesh | wiki |
The first season of Top Model aired from July to August 2005. The winner of the competition was 20-year-old Alizée Sorel from Switzerland.
Contestants
(ages stated are at start of contest)
Summaries
Call-out order
The contestant was eliminated
The contestant won the competition
References
External links
Top Model 2005 M6 Official Site
France
2005 French television seasons | wiki |
The 1982 Champ Car season may refer to:
the 1981–82 USAC Championship Car season, which included one race in 1982, the 66th Indianapolis 500
the 1982–83 USAC Championship Car season, which included three races in 1982
the 1982 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, sanctioned by CART, who later became Champ Car | wiki |
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test may refer to:
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate), an entrance examination in India for students who wish to study undergraduate medical and dental courses
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate), an entrance examination in India for students who wish to study postgraduate medical courses | wiki |
The Brian Benben Show is an American sitcom television series that aired on CBS on Mondays from September 21, 1998 to October 12, 1998. The show rated poorly and was dropped after 4 of the 9 episodes made were aired.
Premise
The show centered on Brian Benben, an anchor on KYLA-TV news in Los Angeles, who was replaced in favor of a younger person. Brian was later able to return to the station as a replacement for a human interest reporter who was killed covering an ape exhibit at a zoo.
Cast
Brian Benben as Brian Benben
Susan Blommaert as Beverly Shippel
Wendell Pierce as Kevin La Rue
Lisa Thornhill as Tabitha Berkeley
Charles Esten as Chad Rockwell
Luis Antonio Ramos as Billy Hernandez
Lisa Vidal as Julie
Episodes
References
External links
1998 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
CBS original programming
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios | wiki |
O Ranking Mundial de Títulos de Seleções de Hóquei em Patins é uma listagem que considera os títulos continentais e mundiais das seleções de Hóquei em Patins nas competições oficiais.
Ranking de Títulos
Fontes
Site Internacional de Hóquei em Patins "Rink Hockey" - http://www.rinkhockey.net/scores.htm
Hóquei em patins
Classificações desportivas | wiki |
Euler substitution is a method for evaluating integrals of the form
where is a rational function of and . In such cases, the integrand can be changed to a rational function by using the substitutions of Euler.
Euler's first substitution
The first substitution of Euler is used when . We substitute
and solve the resulting expression for . We have that and that the term is expressible rationally in .
In this substitution, either the positive sign or the negative sign can be chosen.
Euler's second substitution
If , we take
We solve for similarly as above and find
Again, either the positive or the negative sign can be chosen.
Euler's third substitution
If the polynomial has real roots and , we may choose
. This yields
and as in the preceding cases, we can express the entire integrand rationally in .
Worked examples
Examples for Euler's first substitution
One
In the integral we can use the first substitution and set , thus
Accordingly, we obtain:
The cases give the formulas
Two
For finding the value of
we find using the first substitution of Euler, . Squaring both sides of the equation gives us , from which the terms will cancel out. Solving for yields
From there, we find that the differentials and are related by
Hence,
Examples for Euler's second substitution
In the integral
we can use the second substitution and set . Thus
and
Accordingly, we obtain:
Examples for Euler's third substitution
To evaluate
we can use the third substitution and set . Thus
and
Next,
As we can see this is a rational function which can be solved using partial fractions.
Generalizations
The substitutions of Euler can be generalized by allowing the use of imaginary numbers. For example, in the integral , the substitution can be used. Extensions to the complex numbers allows us to use every type of Euler substitution regardless of the coefficients on the quadratic.
The substitutions of Euler can be generalized to a larger class of functions. Consider integrals of the form
where and are rational functions of and . This integral can be transformed by the substitution into another integral
where and are now simply rational functions of . In principle, factorization and partial fraction decomposition can be employed to break the integral down into simple terms, which can be integrated analytically through use of the dilogarithm function.
See also
Integration by substitution
Trigonometric substitution
Weierstrass substitution
References
Integral calculus | wiki |
Black tie is a semi-formal dress code.
Black tie may also refer to:
Black Tie (band)
"Black Tie" (30 Rock), Season 1 2007 episode
"Black Tie", Law & Order Season 4 1993 episode
"Black Tie", 1986 song by Yellowjackets from Shades
Black Tie (album) | wiki |
Camila Ía González Sodi (; born 14 May 1986) is a Mexican singer, actress and model. She is the niece of the singer and actress Thalía and a member of the Sodi family.
Family life
Camila Ía González Sodi was born in Mexico City, Mexico, to Ernestina Sodi Miranda and Fernando González Parra. Through her father, she has two younger half-sisters, actresses Naian Gonzalez Norvind and Tessa Ía.
Career
Sodi began her career as a model and was the host of a music video show on the Mexican cable network TeleHit. She starred in the telenovela Inocente de Ti (2004–2005).
In March 2007, Sodi featured in the film Niñas Mal, directed by Fernando Sariñana, where she shares credits with Martha Higareda, Ximena Sariñana and Blanca Guerra, among other actresses. In August of the same year, Sodi made her feature film debut in the film The Night Buffalo.
In 2015, after 11 years away from soap operas, Sodi confirmed her participation as the protagonist in the production of Carlos Moreno Laguillo entitled A que no me dejas, a version of the successful 1988 telenovela Amor en silencio, produced by Carla Estrada and written by Liliana Abud and Eric Vonn.
In 2020, Sodi starred in the new version of the soap opera Rubí, which featured a 26-episode format under the production of Carlos Bardasano.
Personal life
Sodi was married to actor Diego Luna from 2008 to 2013. They have two children: Jerónimo (born 9 August 2008) and Fiona (born 1 July 2010), named after Luna's mother.
Filmography
Film roles
Television roles
Album
Ella & El Muerto (2013)
See also
Sodi family
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Mexican child actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican female models
Actresses from Mexico City
Singers from Mexico City
21st-century Mexican actresses
People from Mexico City
21st-century Mexican singers
21st-century Mexican women singers
Camila
Mexican people of Italian descent | wiki |
The Chief Electoral Officer is the person responsible for overseeing elections in some commonwealth countries and provinces, and may refer to:
Canada
Chief Electoral Officer (Canada)
Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec
Office of the Chief Electoral Officer New Brunswick
Haig v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer)
Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer)
Other countries
Chief Electoral Officer (India)
Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh
Chief Electoral Officer (New Zealand)
Chief Electoral Officer for Northern Ireland | wiki |
This is a list of vegetarian or vegan organizations. Vegetarian organizations are located in numerous locations and regions around the globe. Their main goal is to promote vegetarianism among the public and to support and link individuals and organizations that practice, promote or endorse vegetarianism.
The biggest vegetarian organizations are the International Vegetarian Union (IVU) and Vegan World Alliance (VWA), which act as a connecting umbrella organization.
Campaigns and events
Meat-free day
Meatless Monday
Vegetarian week
Veggie Pride
World Vegan Day
World Vegetarian Day
See also
List of vegetarian and vegan companies
List of vegetarian festivals (including vegan festivals)
List of fictional vegetarian characters
References
Vegetarian communities | wiki |
Songs performed on the American television series Glee are listed in the following articles:
List of songs in Glee (season 1)
List of songs in Glee (season 2)
List of songs in Glee (season 3)
List of songs in Glee (season 4)
List of songs in Glee (season 5)
List of songs in Glee (season 6) | wiki |
Circle game may refer to:
The Circle Game (poetry collection), a 1964 poetry collection by Margaret Atwood
"The Circle Game" (song), a song written by Joni Mitchell
covered by Buffy Sainte-Marie on her album Fire & Fleet & Candlelight (1967)
covered by Tom Rush on the eponymous album The Circle Game (1968)
sung by Joni Mitchell on her album Ladies of the Canyon (1970)
"Circle Game" (song), a song on the Pink album Hurts 2B Human (2019)
Children's game involving the OK gesture | wiki |
Empirical Software Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Nature. It was established in 1996 and covers the area of empirical software engineering. The editors-in-chief are Robert Feldt and Thomas Zimmermann.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.762.
Past Editors in Chief
Lionel Briand (University of Ottawa).
Victor Basili (University of Maryland).
Warren Harrison (Portland State University).
See also
List of computer science journals
List of engineering journals and magazines
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
References
External links
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Computer science journals
Software engineering publications
English-language journals | wiki |
NGC 4199-1
NGC 4199-2 | wiki |
The University of the Philippines Cebu (; ; also referred to as UPC or UP Cebu) is a public research university and the youngest constituent university of the University of the Philippines System located in Cebu City, the capital city of Cebu province in the Philippines. It was founded on May 3, 1918, ten years after the founding of UP in 1908.
UP Cebu was formerly under the administrative supervision of UP Visayas, along with three other satellite campuses, namely Miag-ao campus, Iloilo City campus and Tacloban College. On September 24, 2010, the UP Board of Regents elevated the status of UP Cebu to that of an autonomous unit, in preparation for its elevation to the status of a constituent university of the UP System in around five to seven years. On October 27, 2016, UP Cebu was elevated to constituent university status.
The college has two campuses. The Lahug campus is located in Gorordo Avenue, Lahug, Cebu City. It occupies a 12-hectare site which was donated by the Cebu Provincial Government in 1929; however, a fraction of the land is occupied by informal settlers. The new UP Cebu SRP campus features the UP Professional Schools which offers degree programs such as Master of Business Administration, Master of Science in Computer Science, Master of Education and Master of Science in Environmental Studies.
In 2007, the Philippines' Commission on Higher Education (CHED) recognized UP Cebu as a National Center of Excellence (COE) in Information Technology.
Name changes
UP Cebu has undergone multiple name changes as a result of its varied history.
1918: Junior College of Liberal Arts
1922: Junior College of the Philippines
1930: Cebu Junior College, UP
1947: Cebu College, UP
1963: University of the Philippines Graduate School in Cebu
1966: University of the Philippines School in Cebu
1971: Cebu Branch Campus of the University of the Philippines
1975: University of the Philippines College Cebu
1987: Cebu College of the University of the Philippines Visayas
2010: University of the Philippines Cebu College
2016: University of the Philippines Cebu
Administration
As a constituent university of the UP System, UP Cebu is headed by a Chancellor who serves as the chair of the University Council. Management and handling of the College's various administrative functions are divided between the following offices:
Office of the Chancellor
Office of the Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs (OVCAA)
Office of the Vice Chancellorfor Administration (OVCA)
Office of the University Registrar (OUR)
Office of Student Affairs (OSA)
Campus Development and Maintenance Office (CDMO)
Colleges
College of Communication, Art, and Design
School of Management
College of Science
Department of Computer Science
College of Social Science
UP High School Cebu
See also
University of the Philippines High School Cebu
State Universities and Colleges (Philippines)
List of University of the Philippines people
University of the Philippines Baguio
University of the Philippines Manila
University of the Philippines Los Banos
University of the Philippines Visayas
University of the Philippines Mindanao
References
External links
University of the Philippines system
University of the Philippines Cebu
Cebu
State universities and colleges in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in Cebu City
Educational institutions established in 1918
1918 establishments in the Philippines | wiki |
A banana boat (or water sled), is an unpowered, inflatable recreational boat meant to be towed. Different models usually accommodate three to ten riders sitting on a larger, main tube and resting their feet on two laterally flanking tubes which stabilize the boat. The main tube is often yellow and banana-shaped. Some models have two main tubes.
See also
List of boat types
References
Boat types | wiki |
Cinque penny – moneta della sterlina britannica
Cinque penny – moneta fuori corso della sterlina irlandese | wiki |
Top Cat is an animated television series that aired in the early 1960s that was produced by the Hanna-Barbera studios.
Top Cat may also refer to:
Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats, a 1988 film based on two episodes of the original series
Top Cat: The Movie, a 2011 film based on the original series
Top Cat Begins, a 2015 film based on the original series
Top Cat (brand), a British brand of cat food
Topcat, sailing catamaran boat class
HSC Manannan catamaran ferry formerly 'TopCat' sailing between islands in New Zealand
See also
Top Dog (disambiguation) | wiki |
White Oak Park is a county park in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a part of the county's network of nine distinct parks.
It is located southeast of downtown Pittsburgh in White Oak, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
Parks in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
Parks in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
County parks in the United States | wiki |
Top Cat was a British cat food brand that was made by Spillers. It is notable for being the cause of the renaming of the Hanna-Barbera animated television series Top Cat to Boss Cat in the United Kingdom in 1962, so as not to cause confusion or to suggest promotion or defamation. These concerns disappeared when the brand name was discontinued in 1999, allowing the original American title sequence to be used on the animated series, and any future media based on the franchise to use the name.
References
1999 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Cat food brands
Top Cat | wiki |
The Guerrero Nahuatl language is a Nahuan language spoken by about 125,000 people in Mexico.
Language
It is also known as Guerrero Aztec and Náhuatl de Guerrero. It is spoken in various municipalities of along the Balsas River including Tepecoacuilco de Trujano, Huitzuco de los figueroa, Atenango del Río, Copalillo, Mártir de Cuilapan, Zitlala, Tixtla de Guerrero, Mochitlán, Quechultenango, Chilapa de Álvarez, Ahuacuotzingo, Olinalá, Atlixtac, Zapotitlan Tablas, Ayutla de los Libres, Cualác, Huamuxtitlán, Xochihuehuetlán, Tlapa de Comonfort, Alpoyeca, Xalpatláhuac, and Alcozauca de Guerrero. It is written in the Latin script. There is some video material in addition to a dictionary in this language. It is a subject–verb–object ordered language. The words tend to be long with affixes and clitics. Guerrero Nahuatl is not tonal.
"A long 'l' for other variants is pronounced 'j'l (hl) so the word for 'house', which is 'calli' elsewhere in Nahuatl, is pronounced 'cajli' or 'káhli' in Guerrero."
References
Sources
External links
Collections in the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
Audio of Guerrero Nahuatl
. Downloadable book in English or Spanish
Náhuatl de Guerrero Nuevo Testamento, available at Lulu.com
OLAC resources in and about the Guerrero Nahuatl language
Nahuatl, Guerrero
Nahuatl
Guerrero
Subject–verb–object languages
Uto-Aztecan languages | wiki |
Cette liste répertorie les 77 quartiers de référence de Montréal. Pour fins de planification urbaine la ville de Montréal a établis des quartiers de référence en habitation. Cette division présente l'avantage d'incorporer l'ensemble du territoire de chaque arrondissement.
Carte interactive
Notes et références
Articles connexes
Liste des quartiers de Montréal
Quartiers de référence
Montréal
Liste de localités au Québec | wiki |
This is a list of the New York Knicks' National Basketball Association (NBA) draft selections from the first and second rounds.
Key
Selections
References
New York Knickerbockers Draft Register from Basketball-Reference.com
National Basketball Association draft
Basketball Association of America draft
draft history | wiki |
Channel Island milk is a creamy, light-beige coloured cow's milk from the Jersey cattle and Guernsey cattle breeds. As well as in the Channel Islands, Channel Island milk is produced in the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, Denmark, the United States and Canada.
Channel Island milk has a higher fat (5.4 per cent) and protein (3.9 per cent) content than whole milk produced by Holstein Friesian cattle (3.9 per cent and 3.3 per cent respectively), and also contains higher levels of calcium, vitamin A and vitamin D than other types of milk. Milk from Guernsey cows is notable for the levels of beta-carotene, Omega-3 fatty acid and A2 β-casein protein.
The Guernsey and Jersey dairies each have a monopoly on milk supplies on their respective islands, and both distribute a range of full fat, semi-skimmed and skimmed milk from the local pedigree herds. In the UK, Channel Island milk and dairy products are often targeted at the premium end of the market; the UK retail market for Channel Island milk products is more limited than that in Canada and Denmark, where a wider array of yoghurts, cheeses, cream cheeses and ice creams made from Channel Island milk, in full fat and low fat forms, are sometimes available. Channel Island milk can be known as gold top milk from the color of the bottle cap commonly used to distinguish it.
References
Milk
British drinks
Danish drinks
American drinks
Canadian drinks
Australian drinks
South African drinks
Dairy farming in the United Kingdom
Milk | wiki |
Jeffrey Bertan Cohen (n. 1974), attore statunitense
Jeffrey Maxwell Cohen (1939-1978), cestista statunitense | wiki |
Deseret may refer to:
Places
Deseret, Utah, an unincorporated community
Fort Deseret
Deseret Ranches, Florida, US
State of Deseret, a provisional US state, 1849–1851
Arts, entertainment, and media
Deseret (film), a 1995 experimental documentary film
Deseret, a fictional state in The Folk of the Fringe (1989) by Orson Scott Card
Deseret, a fictional state in Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series
Deseret News, a Utah newspaper
Other uses
Deseret (Book of Mormon), meaning "honeybee"
Deseret alphabet, a 19th c. phonemic English spelling reform
Deseret (Unicode block)
Deseret Test Center, 1960s U.S. Army CBW test facility
University of Deseret, 1850–1892, now University of Utah
Deseret Nation, or #DezNat; users described as alt-right Mormons
See also | wiki |
Doc Zone was a documentary series on CBC Television which showed both independently produced and in-house productions. It was presented by the author, actor and playwright Ann-Marie MacDonald.
The series started in 2006 and concluded in 2015, after CBC ended in-house documentary production, because of budget cuts. It was replaced with Firsthand, a series which shows externally produced documentaries.
References
External links
Doc Zone
2000s Canadian documentary television series
2010s Canadian documentary television series
CBC Television original programming
International Emmy Awards Current Affairs & News winners
2006 Canadian television series debuts
2015 Canadian television series endings | wiki |
Treaty of Antwerp may refer to:
Treaty of Antwerp (1609)
Treaty of Antwerp (1715) (also known as the third Barrier Treaty) | wiki |
Pancake – dolce a base di farina, latte e uova
Pancake – tipo di obiettivo fotografico
Pancake Rock – isola statunitense nell'arcipelago delle Aleutine orientali
Breece D'J Pancake – scrittore statunitense | wiki |
Synodontis thamalakanensis is a species of upside-down catfish native to Botswana and Namibia. This species grows to a length of SL.
References
External links
thamalakanensis
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Botswana
Freshwater fish of Namibia
Fish described in 1935
Taxa named by Henry Weed Fowler | wiki |
Loose Booty may refer to:
"Loose Booty", a song by Funkadelic from the 1972 album America Eats Its Young
"Loose Booty", a song by Sly and the Family Stone from the 1974 album Small Talk (Sly and the Family Stone album)
"Loose Booty", a song by Faster Pussycat from the 1992 album Whipped! | wiki |
DiMAGE A2 is a digital camera which was manufactured by Konica Minolta, announced on February 12, 2004.
Specifications
The Konica Minolta DiMAGE A2 is a discontinued, 8 megapixel CCD digital camera. Sony bought out the Konica Minolta line and from that came the new Sony line called the Sony Alpha series. The A2's features include a manual focus ring, time lapse options, a 922,000 pixel viewfinder, and an articulating rear 1.8 inch screen and a 7× zoom barrel. The camera was produced with a fixed lens and electronic viewfinder.
References
External links
Steves Digicams - A2 Review
DPPreview.com A2 Review
DC Resource - A2 Review
A2
Cameras introduced in 2004 | wiki |
Principle value may refer to:
Principle value (ethics)
Cauchy principal value (mathematics) | wiki |
South West Scotland is an ambiguous term that can include Ayrshire, Galloway, Dumfriesshire, the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, as well as Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire. However the inclusion or exclusion of these areas is to an extent arbitrary: the only unquestionable boundaries of South West Scotland are the border with the nearby county of Cumbria in North West England and the sea, namely the Solway Firth, the North Channel and the Firth of Clyde. The area has a complex cultural history. At one time it formed part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, the last stronghold of the Britons in what is now Scotland, after what was then called Lothian and would now be called South East Scotland succumbed to the Anglo Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria. Later it became subject to settlement by Anglo Saxons, Gaels and perhaps Vikings or Norse Gaels. When all of what would today be called South West Scotland became incorporated within Scotland is not entirely clear.
References
External links
Geography of Scotland | wiki |
Crossplot may refer to:
Cross-plot, a specialized chart
Crossplot (film), a 1969 thriller starring Roger Moore | wiki |
All American is an American sports drama television series which premiered on The CW on October 10, 2018. The series is inspired by the life of professional American football player Spencer Paysinger. On February 3, 2021, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season which premiered on October 25, 2021. On March 22, 2022, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season which premiered on October 10, 2022. On January 11, 2023, The CW renewed the series for a sixth season.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2018–19)
Season 2 (2019–20)
Season 3 (2021)
Season 4 (2021–22)
Season 5 (2022–23)
Ratings
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
References
Lists of American drama television series episodes
Lists of American LGBT-related television series episodes | wiki |
Green blood may refer to:
Green Blood (manga), a Japanese manga series by Masasumi Kakizaki
Hemocyanin, a copper-based system of transporting oxygen in blood found in many molluscs and arthropods
Sulfhemoglobinemia, a rare condition in humans caused by excess sulfhemoglobin in the blood
Prasinohaema (Greek: "green blood"), a genus of skinks whose blood color is caused by an excess of the bile pigment biliverdin
Prasinohaema virens, also known as the green-blooded skink, native to New Guinea
See also
Red blood (disambiguation) | wiki |
Aviary was a photo-editing platform for iOS, Android, Windows, and the web (web application). Aviary powered numerous mobile applications, including its self-titled iOS and Android apps, and a Windows app called Photo Editor. It contained a large collection of easy-to-use editing tools such as custom photo filters, frames, graphics, and overlays. The Aviary platform also had a free SDK that provided developers with a customizable photo editor that could be embedded into apps on iOS, Android, Windows, OS X, and the web. The company was founded by Avi Muchnick, Israel Derdik and Michael Galpert in 2007 with the goal of providing professional-quality photo-editing tools to the general public. In 2009 and 2012, Aviary received millions of dollars in funding from investors such as Spark Capital and Jeff Bezos.
On September 22, 2014, Aviary was acquired by Adobe Systems. Later, on November 13, 2014, Aviary integrated the suite into Adobe's Creative Cloud. In December 2018, Adobe announced that they would remove Aviary from download stores and end support for the product.
References
Photo software
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Windows software | wiki |
Ephedra fasciculata is a species of plant in the Ephedraceae family. Common names are Arizona ephedra, Arizona jointfir, and desert Mormon-tea.
Distribution
The plant is found in the Mojave Desert and Colorado Desert of California, the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, Nevada, southern California, and Utah. Ephedra fasciculata grows in Creosote-bush scrub (Larrea tridentata), below .
Varieties
Ephedra fasciculata var. clokeyi (H. C. Cutler) Clokey
Ephedra fasciculata var. fasciculata
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment: Ephedra fasciculata
Flora of North America
USDA Plants Profile: Ephedra fasciculata (Arizona jointfir)
Ephedra fasciculata herbarium photo
Ephedra fasciculata Photos and Herbarium (SEINet)
fasciculata
North American desert flora
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Plants described in 1934 | wiki |
Janet Beth Evans (born August 28, 1971) is an American former competition swimmer who specialized in distance freestyle events. Evans was a world champion and world record-holder, and won a total of four gold medals at the 1988 and the 1992 Olympics.
Biography
Born in Fullerton, California, Evans grew up in neighboring Placentia, where she started swimming competitively as a child. By the age of 11, she was setting national age group records in distance events. After swimming as a teenager for Fullerton Aquatics Sports Team (FAST Swimming) and graduating from El Dorado High School, Evans attended Stanford University, where she swam for the Stanford Cardinal swimming and diving team from 1989 to 1991. She received the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year in 1988–89. When the NCAA placed weekly hours limits on athletic training time, she quit the Stanford swim team to focus on training. She later attended the University of Texas at Austin before graduating from the University of Southern California with a bachelor's degree in communications in 1994.
Evans was distinctive for her unorthodox "windmill" stroke and her apparently inexhaustible cardio-respiratory reserves. Slight of build and short of stature, she more than once found herself competing and winning against bigger and stronger athletes, some of whom were subsequently found to have been using performance-enhancing drugs.
Janet Evans was the 1989 recipient of the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States. She was named the Female World Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine in 1987, 1989, and 1990. In 1988, as a junior in high school, she was recognized as a "Rising Star" by the Los Angeles Times.
In 2010, Evans returned to competitive swimming in Masters swimming.
Evans married Bill Willson in 2004, with whom she has two children. As of June 2012, the family lives in Laguna Beach, California.
On November 3, 2016, Evans was chosen to serve as co-Grand Marshal of the 2017 Rose Parade.
As of August 2019, Evans works as chief athlete officer for the 2028 Summer Olympics organizing committee.
Career
In 1987, she broke the world records in the 400-meter, 800-meter, and 1,500-meter freestyle distances. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, she won three individual gold medals, and she also earned the nickname "Miss Perpetual Motion".
In these Olympics, Evans set a new world record in the 400-meter freestyle event. This record stood for 18 years until France's Laure Manaudou broke it in May 2006.
Evans held the 1,500-meter freestyle record, set in March 1988, through June 2007, when it was broken by American Kate Ziegler with her time of 15:42.54.
Evans held the world record in the 800-meter freestyle, 8:16:22, that she set in August 1989, until it was broken by Rebecca Adlington of Britain in August 2008. Adlington set the new record with her time of 8:14.10 in winning the race at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Evans's 800-meter record was one of the longest-standing ones ever in swimming, and it went unbroken through four Olympic Games (1992–2004). Only the 100-meter freestyle swimming record set by the Dutch swimmer Willy den Ouden stood longer—from 1936 through 1956, during a period when international competition was interrupted by world war.
Following her outstanding performance of 1988, Evans continued to dominate the world's long-distance swimming competitions (400 meters and above). Evans became the first woman to win back-to-back Olympic and world championship titles in any one swimming event by winning the 1988 and 1992 Olympic gold medals and the 1991 and 1994 world championships in the 800-meter freestyle race. She would astonishingly go undefeated in all of the 400-, 800-, and 1500-meter freestyle events for over five years, only being broken with her shock defeat by Dagmar Hase in the 400-meter freestyle at the Barcelona Olympics, where she led for almost the entire race but was narrowly caught at the end.
Evans won the 400-meter and 800-meter freestyle events at the U.S. National Championships 12 times each, the largest number of national titles in one event by an American swimmer in the 100-year history of the competition. At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, however, she lost the 400-meter freestyle race to German swimmer Dagmar Hase, but she did win the 800-meter freestyle race later on.
Evans ended her swimming career, for all practical purposes, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She did not win any medals, but she did add one more highlight to her life. She was given the honour of carrying the Olympic torch in the opening ceremony, and she handed the torch to the American boxing legend Muhammad Ali to light the cauldron. On July 27, 1996, she was in a building being interviewed by a German newsman when a bomb exploded nearby. The explosion very lightly shook the building and startled Evans. The incident traumatised her so much that she had a panic attack the next day while waiting for a train in an Atlanta subway station.
In the swimming pool, Evans finished ninth in the preliminaries of the 400-meter freestyle. She did not qualify for the finals, as only the top eight finishers advance to the next level. In the final swim of her career, Evans finished in sixth place in the 800-meter freestyle.
At the Atlanta Games, American swimming officials criticized Ireland's Michelle Smith about her unexpected gold medals, suggesting that she might have been using performance-enhancing drugs. When asked about the accusations, Evans said that when anyone like Smith showed such a significant improvement, "there's always that question." American sportswriters sympathetic to Smith took this comment to mean that Evans was accusing Smith of steroid use as well, and they attacked Evans as being a sore loser. Evans later insisted that she meant no such accusation and that her remarks were taken out of context. In 1998, Smith received a four-year suspension for tampering with a urine sample.
At the end of Evans's swimming career, she held seven world records, five Olympic medals (including four gold medals), and 45 American national titles – third only to Tracy Caulkins and Michael Phelps.
In June 2011, it was reported that Evans was in the process of a comeback and had been training for six months with the goal of competing at the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials. At the 2012 Olympic Trials, at the age of 40, she ended up finishing 80th out of 113 swimmers in the 400-meter freestyle and 53rd out of 65 swimmers in the 800-meter freestyle.
Evans was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an "Honor Swimmer" in 2001.
Evans served as Vice Chair and Athletes director for the Los Angeles 2024 Olympic bid committee and traveled with the team to promote Los Angeles as a candidate city. Los Angeles was finally awarded the 2028 Summer Olympics at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru, on September 13, 2017. As of 2020, Evans works with the organizing committee for the 2028 Summer Olympics in the executive leadership role of chief athlete officer.
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
List of Stanford University people
List of University of Southern California people
List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)
World record progression 400 metres freestyle
World record progression 800 metres freestyle
World record progression 1500 metres freestyle
References
External links
Janet Evans (USA) – Honor Swimmer profile at International Swimming Hall of Fame
1971 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
American female medley swimmers
World record setters in swimming
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from Fullerton, California
Stanford Cardinal women's swimmers
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
University of Southern California alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Parkwood (Decatur), Georgia
Parkwood (Kalifornia)
Parkwood (Louisville), Kentucky
Parkwood (Philadelphia)
Parkwood (Washington)
Ausztrália
Parkwood (Perth)
Parkwood (Queensland)
Dél-afrikai Köztársaság
Parkwood (Johannesburg) | wiki |
Ewbank is a United Kingdom company. Ewbank may also refer to:
Ewbank (name)
Ewbank da Câmara, municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Ewbank scale, a numerical scale for grading the difficulty of rock climbing routes, named after John Ewbank
Ewbank, Singleton, heritage-listed building in Singleton, New South Wales, Australia
See also
Eubank (disambiguation)
Ewbanks, Illinois
Ubank Limited, a South African bank operating in the microfinance sector
UBank, an Australian bank | wiki |
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood, engineered lumber, or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings).
The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc. - derive from the properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture, although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work.; in other locales joinery is considered a form of carpentry.
History
Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood, often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives. While every culture of woodworking has a joinery tradition, wood joinery techniques have been especially well-documented, and are celebrated, in the Indian, Chinese, European, and Japanese traditions. Because of the physical existence of Indian and Egyptian examples, we know that furniture from the first several dynasties show the use of complex joints, like the Dovetail, over 5,000 years ago. This tradition continued to other later Western styles. The 18th-century writer Diderot included over 90 detailed illustrations of wood joints for building structures alone, in his comprehensive encyclopedia published in 1765. While Western techniques focused on concealment of joinery, the Eastern societies, though later, did not attempt to "hide" their joints. The Japanese and Chinese traditions in particular required the use of hundreds of types of joints. The reason was that nails and glues used did not stand up well to the vastly fluctuating temperatures and humid weather conditions in most of Central and South-East Asia. As well, the highly resinous woods used in traditional Chinese furniture do not glue well, even if they are cleaned with solvents and attached using modern glues.
As the trade modernized new developments have evolved to help speed, simplify, or improve joinery. Alongside the integration of different glue formulations, newer mechanical joinery techniques include "biscuit" and "domino" joints, and pocket screw joinery.
Properties of wood
Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic: its material properties are different along different dimensions.
This must be taken into account when joining wood parts together, otherwise the joint is destined to fail. Gluing boards with the grain running perpendicular to each other is often the reason for split boards, or broken joints. Some furniture from the 18th century, while made by master craftsmen, did not take this into account. The result is a masterful work that may suffer from broken bracket feet, which was often attached with a glued block, which ran perpendicular to the base pieces. The glue blocks were fastened with both glue and nails, resulting in unequal expansion and contraction between the pieces. This was also the cause of splitting of wide boards, which were commonly available and used during that period.
In modern woodworking it is even more critical, as heating and air conditioning causes more severe respiration demands between the environment and the wood's interior fibers. All woodworking joints must take these changes into account, and allow for the resulting movement. Each wood species has a general respiration rate; a generally-assumed time length for acclimating a board to its locale is 1 year per inch of thickness. In preparing raw wood for eventual usage as furniture or structures, one must account for uneven respiration and changes in the wood's dimensions, as well as cracking or checking.
Strength
Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across the grain (radially and tangentially). Wood is a natural composite material; parallel strands of cellulose fibers are held together by a lignin binder. These long chains of fibers make the wood exceptionally strong by resisting stress and spreading the load over the length of the board. Furthermore, cellulose is tougher than lignin, a fact demonstrated by the relative ease with which wood can be split along the grain compared to across it.
Different species of wood have different strength levels, and the exact strength may vary from sample to sample. Species also may differ on their length, density and parallelism of their cellulose strands.
Dimensional stability
Timber expands and contracts in response to humidity, usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions. As tracheophytes, trees have lignified tissues which transport resources such as water, minerals and photosynthetic products up and down the plant. While lumber from a harvested tree is no longer alive, these tissues still absorb and expel water causing swelling and shrinkage of the wood in kind with change in humidity. When the dimensional stability of the wood is paramount, quarter-sawn or rift-sawn lumber is preferred because its grain pattern is consistent and thus reacts less to humidity.
Materials used for joining
Dowels can secure wood joints hold without the use of glue or mechanical fasteners, as in a pinned mortise and tenon.
Glue is highly effective for joining timber when both surfaces of the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong or stronger than a single piece of wood. Animal glue is soluble in water, producing joints that can be disassembled using steam to soften the bond.
Various mechanical fasteners may be used, the simplest being nails and screws. Glue and fasteners can be used together.
Reinforcing joints
Dowel: A small rod is used internal to a joint both to help align and to strengthen the joint. Traditional joints are used with natural timbers as they do not need materials other than the timber itself. for example: Butt joints. Dowel joints are also useful for pegging together weaker, cheaper composite materials such as laminate-faced chipboard, and where limited woodworking tools are available (since only simple drilled holes are needed to take the dowels). The wood species of a dowel may be different than the overall piece to balance strength with cost, and some joinery may leave a dowel end visible as part of the piece's design.
Biscuit joints: A small preformed wooden 'biscuit' is inserted in a pre-cut slot to help align an edge or butt joint when gluing.
Domino joiner: A trademarked form of biscuit joiner, where a larger piece of preformed wood than a traditional biscuit - referred to as a "domino" - has some of the advantages of dowels and some of biscuits.
All reinforcements using wood as the introduced spanning material make use of the item's cellulose fibers to resist breakage. Biscuits or Dominos may provide only slight strength improvement while still forming a strong alignment guide for the joint's pieces.
Types of wood joints
Traditional
Most-commonly referenced joints carried forward from historical Western traditions.
Modern
Joinery as a profession
A joiner is an artisan and tradesperson who builds things by joining pieces of wood, particularly lighter and more ornamental work than that done by a carpenter, including furniture and the "fittings" of a house, ship, etc. Joiners may work in a workshop, because the formation of various joints is made easier by the use of non-portable, powered machinery, or on job site. A joiner usually produces items such as interior and exterior doors, windows, stairs, tables, bookshelves, cabinets, furniture, etc. In shipbuilding a marine joiner may work with materials other than wood such as linoleum, fibreglass, hardware, and gaskets.
The terms joinery and joiner are in common use in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. The term is not in common use in North America, although the main trade union for American carpenters is called the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
In the UK, an apprentice of wood occupations could choose to study bench joinery or site carpentry and joinery. Bench joinery is the preparation, setting out, and manufacture of joinery components while site carpentry and joinery focus on the installation of the joinery components, and on the setting out and fabrication of timber elements used in construction.
History of joinery
In the history of technology in Europe, joinery was the medieval development of frame and panel construction, as a means of coping with timber's movement owing to moisture changes. Framed panel construction was utilised in furniture making. The development of joinery gave rise to "joyners", a group of woodworkers distinct from the carpenters and arkwrights (arks were an intermediate stage between a carpenter's boarded chest and a framed chest).
The original sense of joinery is only distantly related to the modern practice of woodworking joints, which are the work of carpenters. This new technique developed over several centuries and joiners started making more complex furniture and panelled rooms. Cabinetmaking became its own distinct furniture-making trade too, so joiners (under that name) became more associated with the room panelling trade.
By the height of craft woodworking (late 18th century), carpenters, joiners, and cabinetmakers were all distinct and would serve different apprenticeships.
In British English, a joiner is colloquially known as a "chippy".
Woodworking professions
The Institute of Carpenters recognizes the following professionals working in wood:
Carpenters
Furniture and cabinet makers
Boat builders (woodworking skills)
Joiners
Shopfitter
Structural post and beam carpenters (timber framing)
Wheelwrights
Wood carvers
Wood turners
See also
Footnotes
References
Lee A. Jesberger (2007). Woodworking Terms and Joints. Pro Woodworking Tips.com
Bernard Jones (Ed.) (1980). The Complete Woodworker.
Peter Korn (1993). Working with Wood.
Sam Allen (1990). Wood Joiner's Handbook. Sterling Publishing.
Wolfram Graubner (1992). Encyclopedia of Wood Joints. Taunton Press.
US Forestry Service (1985) Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr50.pdf
External links
Pro Woodworking Tips - Woodworking
British Woodworking Federation - not for profit woodworking body advice on joinery in the UK
Terms and Joints
Dimensioning woodworking and carpentry joints Craftsmanspace
List of French timber framing joints, in French language
custom furniture dubai
Joints
Joints | wiki |
In woodworking and carpentry, hand saws, also known as "panel saws", are used to cut pieces of wood into different shapes. This is usually done in order to join the pieces together and carve a wooden object. They usually operate by having a series of sharp points of some substance that is harder than the wood being cut. The hand saw is a bit like a tenon saw, but with one flat, sharp edge.
Handsaws have been around for thousands of years. Egyptian hieroglyphics exist depicting ancient woodworkers sawing boards into pieces. Ancient bow saws have been found in Japan. The cut patterns on ancient boards may be observed sometimes to bear the unique cutting marks left by saw blades, particularly if the wood was not 'smoothed up' by some method. As for preservation of handsaws, twenty-four saws from eighteenth-century England are known to survive.
Materials for saw blades have varied over the ages. There were probably bronze saws in the time before steel making technology became extensively known and industrialized within the past thousand years or so.
The most popular material for handles of hand saws is applewood, with 2,000,000 board feet used annually for this purpose.
Sometimes cultures developed two main types of saw teeth: the cross cut saw teeth and the rip saw teeth. These cut into the wood using different mechanisms. Wood is composed of many long cells running length-ways. Thus, crosscut saws have sawteeth that are usually shaped, often with a metal file, in such a way that they form a series of tiny knifelike edges. The wood cells are contacted by the knife-edge of the tooth and cut. Rip saws, on the other hand, are usually shaped so that they form a series of tiny chisel-like edges. The wood cells are contacted by the chisel and 'ripped' apart from the bundle of other cells. It is common that people do not recognize the difference and use saws both ways. However, a rip saw is much faster than a cross-cut saw when cutting with the grain but leaves a very rough cut, often with splinters on the surface, and has more difficulty maintaining a straight cut when cutting across the grain. The cross-cut saw can cut in any direction but is much slower than needs be when cutting with the grain.
The development of saws was also affected by several factors. The first was the importance of wood to a society, the development of steel and other saw-making technologies and the type of power available. These factors were, in turn, influenced by the environment, such as the types of ores available, the types of trees nearby and the types of wood which was in those trees. Finally, the types of jobs the saws were to perform was also important in the development of the technology.
Among Basques and Australians, traditional hand sawing has generated rural sports. The Basque variant is called tronral.
See also
Types of saws
Musical saws
Saw set
References
External links
How to Sharpen a Saw Blade , article on how to sharpen a handsaw yourself
Hand tools
Saws
Woodworking hand tools
de:Fuchsschwanz (Säge) | wiki |
On the Level is a 1975 album by English rock band Status Quo.
On the Level may also refer to:
On the Level, a 1915 American silent film directed by William Worthington
On the Level (1917 film), an American silent Western film
On the Level (1930 film), an American action film
"On the Level", a 2000 single by Yomanda | wiki |
Numerous articles relate to short-term interest rates, including:
Bank rate
Certificate of deposit
Discount window
Eurodollar
Federal funds rate
Libor
Official bank rate of the United Kingdom
Overnight rate
Payday loan
Primary dealer
Prime rate
Repurchase agreement, also known as "Repo"
TED spread
Treasury bill
Vigorish
Yield curve | wiki |
This is a list of the longest-running television presenters in the United Kingdom, on their respective programmes. List excludes newsreaders and voice work.
References
British television-related lists
United Kingdom-related lists of superlatives | wiki |
Women's 3 metre synchro springboard event at the 2019 European Diving Championships was contested on 11 August.
Results
7 pairs of athletes participated at the single-round event.
References
W | wiki |
Sanitization is the cleaning and disinfection of an area or an item. Sanitizing involves the use of heat or chemicals to reduce the number of microorganisms to safe levels. It can also refer to:
Data sanitization, preventing recovery of erased information
Sanitization (classified information), in government/military contexts
Censorship, preventing publication of information
HTML sanitization, removing potentially unsafe constructs from web pages
Sanitation harvest, or sanitation cutting, removing plants to counter insects or diseases
See also
Sanitation, provision of drinking water and disposal of sewage
Data cleansing, detecting and correcting corrupt or inaccurate data | wiki |
The Life Line – film del 1915 diretto da Arthur V. Johnson
The Life Line – film del 1919 diretto da Maurice Tourneur | wiki |
The Island of the Colorblind is a 1997 book by neurologist Oliver Sacks about achromatopsia on the Micronesian atoll of Pingelap. It was published in the UK as The Island of the Colour-blind. The second half of the book is devoted to the mystery of Lytico-Bodig disease in Guam.
The subject was also presented in an episode of the BBC documentary series The Mind Traveller.
External links
The Island of the Colorblind
C-SPAN book discussion on The Island of the Colorblind, February 9, 1997
The Case of the Colorblind Painter
References
1997 non-fiction books
Books by Oliver Sacks
Books with cover art by Chip Kidd | wiki |
DVD-by-mail is a business model in which customers rent DVDs and similar discs containing films, television shows, video games and the like, ordering online for delivery to the customer by mail. Generally, all interaction between the renter and the rental company takes place through the company's website, using an e-commerce model. Typically, a customer chooses from a list of titles online and adds titles to a queue. As a customer's requested titles become available, the company sends them out. When the customer is finished with the disc, they mail it back to the company.
Background
Most companies operate on the following model:
The customer joins the rental service, typically through an online e-commerce system and a website, and agrees to abide by a list of conditions, and provides some form of electronic payment (e.g., a credit card number).
Once the customer has registered, they create a list of titles they wish to watch, which are ranked by the customer by priority.
Titles from the list are mailed to the customer as they become available.
The customer watches the films or uses the media and then sends the discs back to the rental company using the mail.
Most companies let customers keep the films for as long as they want; customers are, however, limited to a set number of discs out at any one time. Commonly, once a disc is returned, another is sent out. Some companies or plans may have a limit on the total number of movies rented in a month. Memberships are usually billed monthly, and includes postage both ways.
Variations exist; for example, some companies also offer video game rentals while others offer music. Redbox allows a user to reserve DVDs or Blu-ray discs online to retrieve and return the DVD at interactive kiosks located in various retail establishments.
Netflix began an online streaming program allowing for the online viewing of select movies and TV shows. However, around 4.2 million individuals in the U.S. still rent DVDs via mail from the company.
Throttling
Given sufficiently fast mail delivery, customers on "unlimited" plans who return their discs quickly enough can receive enough shipments in a month that the company's cost of delivery exceeds the fixed monthly subscription fee, making this type of customer unprofitable. Even below this point, higher volume customers are less profitable than customers who receive fewer discs per month. If these customers become too numerous, there are various measures which the rental company can take.
One is the so-called "throttling" approach, which received significant publicity with regard to Netflix (which refers to the practice as a "fairness algorithm"). In this case, high-volume customers may experience a greater likelihood of (slower) shipments from alternative warehouses, when the nearest shipment center does not have the requested disc. Also, if there is a high demand for a particular disc, it is more likely that an infrequent renter will get priority over the frequent renters, with the latter receiving a movie further down on their list. They are also less likely to receive replacement shipments on the same day a disc is received. Similar "fair use" caveats can be found in the terms and conditions of leading UK companies such as LOVEFiLM. In Canada, Zip.ca switched to "capped" plans (with additional shipping charges for rentals over the cap) in part to avoid implementing throttling.
LOVEFiLM came under scrutiny from users over its claim to offer "unlimited" movie rentals. Some users reportedly found the company used long delays at the shipping stage to reduce the number of films a month a customer can rent. The company was subject to a dispute by the Advertising Standards Authority over the use of the word "unlimited" in their advertising. It was revealed that they practised throttling. The company itself claimed that this "fair usage" policy means all customers get a similar service.
On March 2, 2006, Blockbuster announced that their service does not implement throttling. "We don't prioritize our customers' movie fulfillment based on how often they use our service, and we don't limit the number of movies a subscriber receives each month," according to Senior Vice-President Shayne Evangelist. However, the terms and conditions each customer has to agree to in order to subscribe to the service states, "Blockbuster Online reserves the right to determine product allocation among members in its sole discretion. In determining product allocation, we use various factors including, but not limited to, (i) the historical rental volume for each subscriber, (ii) historical number of outstanding rentals relative to the maximum number of outstanding Blockbuster Online Rentals allowed under a subscriber's plan, and (iii) the average rental queue position of Blockbuster Online rentals that have shipped to a subscriber in the past."
Major markets
The following is a summary of the major DVD-by-mail markets.
Americas
United States
Netflix ended 2008 with 9.39 million customers. Blockbuster Video claimed 1 million online customers in August 2005, 2 million by March 2006, and finished the first quarter of 2007 with 3 million. By the end of 2013, Blockbuster had withdrawn from the DVD-by-mail market. Walmart briefly entered the market as well, but withdrew in 2005 and now has a cross-promotional agreement with Netflix. There are a number of smaller companies, some of which target specific niches:
eHit, the first such niche company, came online in 2000 targeting fans of Asian films; specifically Japan, China, and Korea, expanding to include other countries' films over time.
Canada
Estimates put the number of Canadian subscribers at 70–80,000, with Zip.ca having had around 50,000 before ceasing operations. Other competitors include Kaku.ca and DVDlink.ca. Cinemail.ca announced it would cease operations at the end of June 2013.
Mexico
Blockbuster Online started DVD Rentals in Mexico during 2007, after the chain acquired a local startup called MovieNet.
Brazil
Blockbuster Online started DVD rentals in Brazil during 2006 and now offers Blu-ray plans as well. The 3-disc unlimited rental plan costs R$49.90/month with unlimited exchanges. Along the decade, the number of online rental services in Brazil has rocketed up. Among the most popular are NetMovies and Pipoca Online.
Europe
United Kingdom
Given the relatively small geographical area and high population density of the UK, online DVD rentals have some differences from the US, as a single shipping facility can serve the entire country. In April 2006, LoveFilm merged with its major rival Video Island, which had operated ScreenSelect and other brands, and in February 2008, LoveFilm acquired Amazon's DVD rental business in the UK and German markets. In return, Amazon became the largest shareholder of LoveFilm. LoveFilm ceased operating on 31st October 2017. Cinema Paradiso is now the only remaining supplier of rental DVDs in the UK.
Asia/Oceania
Australia
The most prominent Australian provider was Quickflix, which provided the service alongside online streaming of movies until it ceased operations in 2021. Other companies which operated in Australia included HomeScreen, which Quickflix acquired in 2005, and BigPond Movies, which sold their library of 50,000 titles to Quickflix in 2011.
New Zealand
There were three online DVD rental companies in New Zealand, all offering flat-rate packages. The three companies were DVD Unlimited, Fatso and Movieshack. On June 7, 2008 all three companies merged into Fatso, owned by SKY Network Television. Fatso ceased operations on 23 November 2017 due to declining membership.
Singapore
Hollywoodclicks and Videohub are the two most established online DVD rental services in Singapore. Hollywoodclicks was the first to market, followed by Video Ezy Online. Video Ezy Online rental service was shut down at the start of 2009 and was converted to a home delivery service.
India
There are several online DVD rental services in India, all running their own delivery systems and logistics. Unlike online DVD rental companies in other countries, online DVD rental services in India do not use the postal service as a means of delivery or exchange. India's first online DVD rental service Clixflix started in August 2004. Cinesprite, Seventymm and Reliance BigFlix have closed their operations. Clixflix (the oldest) is still in operation in Mumbai.
Japan
Major online rental Blu-ray Disc and DVD companies are Rakuten Rental, Tsutaya Discas, and Posren.
See also
Blu-ray Disc
DVD
HD DVD
Interactive kiosk
VCD
VHS
References
Business models
Mail
Video game distribution | wiki |
Madhuca pallida is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The specific epithet pallida means "pale in colour", referring to the leaves.
Description
Madhuca pallida grows up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is dark brown. Inflorescences bear up to eight bright yellowish-green flowers.
Distribution and habitat
Madhuca pallida is native to Sumatra and Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest to altitude.
Conservation
Madhuca pallida has been assessed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List. The species is threatened by logging and conversion of land for palm oil plantations.
References
pallida
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Borneo
Plants described in 1885
Taxa named by Charles Baehni
Taxa named by William Burck | wiki |
Ann Inc. is an American group of specialty apparel retail chain stores for women. The company headquartered in New York City and currently operates as a subsidiary of Ascena Retail Group. The stores offer classic-styled suits, separates, dresses, shoes and accessories. The brand is marketed under five divisions: Ann Taylor, Loft, Lou & Grey, Ann Taylor Factory, and Loft Outlet.
History
Richard Liebeskind, the founder of Ann Taylor, opened his first Ann Taylor store in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1954. "Ann Taylor" was the name of a best-selling dress at Liebeskind's father's store. Both the best-selling dress and the name Ann Taylor were given by the father to his son, Richard Liebeskind, for good luck. Liebeskind decided to go with the name Ann Taylor because Ann was considered a very New England name, and Taylor evoked the image of tailored clothing. The name supposedly created the ideal identity of classic women's apparel.
In May 1991, the company completed an initial public offering resulting in aggregate net proceeds of approximately $166.5 million.
In March 2011, the company changed its name to Ann Inc., from Ann Taylor Stores Corporation. As of October 27, 2012, the total store count was 981: of 278 Ann Taylor stores, 101 Ann Taylor Factory stores, 510 Loft stores, and 92 Loft Outlet stores, as well as online at AnnTaylor.com and Loft.com.
On May 18, 2015, Ascena Retail Group announced a $2.16 billion acquisition of Ann Inc. The buyout was completed on August 21, 2015. Ann Inc. will operate as an Ascena Retail Group subsidiary going forward.
In 2017, Ann Taylor launched a subscription rental service called Infinite Style. Loft followed up in 2019 with Infinite Loft subscription, a size inclusive subscription business.
Divisions
Ann Taylor is a small US chain of clothing stores for women. Clothing is targeted for fashion forward career women. Ann Taylor was founded in 1954.
Loft, originally Ann Taylor Loft, was established in 1998 as an extension of the original Ann Taylor brand, offers more relaxed fashions for work and home, in the "moderate" priced category. The selection provided at Loft initially was a more casual replica to that of the regular Ann Taylor, however has developed into its own brand, and now is known as a casual lifestyle brand. Loft also offers maternity clothing.
Lou & Grey sells relaxed, comfortable athleisure items and active-wear inspired fashion.
Ann Taylor Factory offers merchandise inspired by Ann Taylor stores, but manufactured for Ann Taylor Factory.
Loft Outlet offers a Loft-based outlet environment, similar to the current Ann Taylor Factory stores, with unique Loft Outlet merchandise mirrored from popular and best-selling Loft products. There are currently 128 Loft Outlet stores throughout the United States.
Special collections
Ann Taylor Celebrations was launched in August 2005; it is a signature collection featuring dresses, wraps, sashes, shoes, and bags. Each piece in the collection is dyed to match. The collection can be worn for occasions from wedding parties to black tie and special events. In 2009, this line began being offered online only and was phased out in 2011.
Ann Taylor Collections was launched 2007 and consists of luxury apparel, accessories, and shoes made using Italian made fabrics and yarns. The craftsmanship is of an elevated value and the price point is higher than other pieces. It is no longer produced.
Ann Taylor Beauty consists of fragrance and bath and body products that were to be available in all Ann Taylor stores beginning late 2007 or early 2008. The Possibilities fragrance was released in November 2007. The body care line consisted of body mist, lotion, and body wash, and came in six scents. It is no longer produced.
Loft Maternity was released in Summer 2007 under the motto "Because you have a LOFT to expect." While at first the LOFT Maternity line included only mid-range sizes, it expanded to include all Loft sizes (00–18) in Fall 2007. As of Summer 2010, LOFT Maternity operates exclusively online, using the tag line, "Clothes so stylish and comfortable you'll wish you could wear them for more than nine months."
Flagship stores
Ann Taylor has two flagship locations:
Store 0362: 645 Madison Avenue in New York City
Store 0547: 600 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois on the Magnificent Mile
The company also has a Loft flagship store:
Store 1614: 1459 Broadway at Times Square in New York City
Bankruptcy of Ascena
On July 23, 2020, Ascena, parent company of Ann Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent shutdowns as having "severely disrupted" its financial foundation. Stores with locations to be closed include Ann Taylor, LOFT, Lane Bryant and Lou & Grey stores, including all stores across brands in Canada, Puerto Rico and Mexico, as well as all Catherine Stores and a "significant number" of Justice stores.
Emergence from bankruptcy
On Dec. 23, 2020, Ascena announced that it had completed the sale of the Ann Taylor, LOFT, Lou & Grey, and Lane Bryant brands to Premium Apparel LLC, an affiliate of private equity firm Sycamore Partners. Premium Apparel stated that it had committed to retaining a substantial portion of the retail stores, associates, and corporate operations affiliated with these brands.
See also
Retail apocalypse
List of retailers affected by the retail apocalypse
References
External links
Official website
Ann Taylor Loft official website
Ann Taylor Celebrations official website
Ann Taylor SEC Filings
WWD.com Profile: Ann Taylor Stores
1954 establishments in Connecticut
Clothing retailers of the United States
Companies based in New York City
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Retail companies established in 1954
2015 mergers and acquisitions
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020
Ascena Retail Group | wiki |
The Coney Island Polar Bear Club is the oldest winter bathing organization in the United States, whose members regularly take polar bear plunges in the winters. The club was founded by famed health advocate Bernarr McFadden in 1903.
The club began using the event to raise funds for Special Olympics starting in 2005, and Camp Sunshine in 2007. In 2018, the club decided to support local groups and charities and began partnering with the Alliance for Coney Island to raise funds for local nonprofit organizations.
Members swim in the Atlantic Ocean at Coney Island, New York, United States every Sunday from November through April. Every New Year's Day, the Club is joined by participants from around the country, who partake in an annual swim. The 2005 event had 300 participants and 6000 onlookers. The Chief Polar Bear blows a conch shell to gather the swimmers before they run into the water.
The club was mentioned in popular culture. It is mentioned on the season three episode of Seinfeld, "The Pez Dispenser". In the episode Kramer informs Jerry that he has joined the club, claiming it to be 'invigorating'. It was also publicized on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, in a taped segment by Dan Bakkedahl about the effects of global warming on the club in faux-nature documentary style.
References
External links
Coney Island
Swimming clubs
Swimming in New York City
Sports clubs established in 1903
Open water swimming | wiki |
The M'laya () is a black veil that covers the whole body, it originated in Algeria.
The origin of the M'laya goes back to the 18th century and is connected to the death of Salah Bey who was the Bey of Constantine. Following his tragic death a tradition emerged in Constantine of wearing the M'laya. The M'laya is black in colour unlike the haik which is white. The M'laya covers the entire body and is said to have been a symbol of modesty.
See also
Haik
Ghlila
Algerian Kaftan
Djebba Fergani
References
Algerian clothing | wiki |
Ashgate is a UK-based academic publishing company.
Ashgate may also refer to:
Ashgate, Derbyshire, an area within the district of Chesterfield, Derbyshire county, UK | wiki |
The Greater Western Sydney Giants joined the Australian Football League (AFL) in 2012. Greater Western Sydney's first game was played against the Sydney Swans at ANZ Stadium in Sydney, New South Wales on 24 March 2012. Greater Western Sydney played in their first AFL finals series in 2016, making the preliminary final.
Greater Western Sydney Giants players
Other players
Currently listed players yet to make their debut for GWS
Listed players who did not play a senior game for GWS
See also
List of Greater Western Sydney Football Club coaches
Notes
References
General
Specific
Players
Lists of players of Australian rules football
Sydney-sport-related lists | wiki |
The 1979 Northern Iowa Panthers football team represented the University of Northern Iowa in the 1979 NCAA Division II football season.
Schedule
References
Northern Iowa
Northern Iowa Panthers football seasons
Northern Iowa Panthers football | wiki |
The following is a list of the Greater Western Sydney Giants senior coaches in each of their seasons in the Australian Football League.
Key
Coaches
AFL
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2021 season
AFL Women's
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season
References
Coaches
Sydney-sport-related lists
Lists of Australian Football League coaches by club | wiki |
A photographic album or photo album, is a series of photographic prints collected by an individual person or family in the form of a book. Some book-form photo albums have compartments which the photos may be slipped into; other albums have heavy paper with an abrasive surface covered with clear plastic sheets, on which surface photos can be put. Older style albums often were simply books of heavy paper on which photos could be glued to or attached to with adhesive corners or pages.
History
The oldest photograph albums in the collection of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. are from the 1850s. Early family photo albums were often displayed in the home. "Families who could only afford a couple of pictures would put them into an album, to which other family members would add theirs."
Coffee table books / photo-books
Coffee table books get their name from the intended purpose of being placed on a coffee table for the entertainment of guests. Coffee table books are photo-books, and come in various sizes from very small to very large. They are printed books with soft and thin pages like normal books. A coffee table book is typically larger and is bound in a hard cover, whereas a smaller photo book is normally bound in a soft cover. The print quality of photo books varies from photographic paper prints to inkjet prints on normal paper.
Digital photo books
Digital photo books have digitally printed pages as opposed to albums that consist of traditional photos. Both flush-mount albums as well as coffee table books are printed digitally. The photos of flush mount albums are printed on photographic paper, which is comparable to the quality of traditionally developed photos. Coffee table books, on the other hand, are printed with inkjet on ordinary paper and are therefore of a lower quality. Digital printing gives the album designer a vast number of design possibilities, for example magazine-style or montage albums are only possible with digital printing.
Digital photo books are increasingly popular because they allow anyone with a digital camera to create coffee table books of their photos. Also, it is often considered easier to print photos onto pages directly, rather than position and secure individual prints onto the pages of a traditional album. Aesthetically, digital photo books seem neater and more professional than albums. This has led to their growing popularity among both professional and amateur photographers. Digital photo book printing companies have used the internet to make designing and producing photo books very easy for the general consumer.
Flush mount albums
Flush mount albums have hard covers with thick, unbending pages. They consist of photographic prints that were dry-mounted on cardboard. The covers are mostly made of leather, leatherette or glass. The photos lie completely flat and extend across the whole page. Flush mount albums are usually designed in magazine-style. They are most often used for special occasions such as weddings and anniversaries due to the fact that they are produced at a higher quality and are more expensive to produce than coffee table books.
Magazine-style albums / montage albums
The term magazine-style refers to the design style inspired by fashion magazines, but the style can differ greatly between albums dependent on the designer. The layout is usually referred to as digital montage, hence the alternative name montage albums. The layout is designed on the computer, utilizing custom- or template- generated images.
Storybook albums
Storybook albums narrate a story, like the story of a wedding day or a vacation from beginning to end. If they are digitally printed the designer can use images as well as text, graphics and color for the narration of the story.
Scrapbooking albums
Scrapbooking albums describe a history, like the history of a particular field or a digital console from beginning to end or present day. If they are digitally printed the designer can use images as well as text, graphics and color for the sequential theme of the history.
Homemade decorative albums
Homemade decorative albums can easily be made at home. The items needed to make this type of album may already be a part of the home office supplies. Items consist of: binder folders, clear sheet protectors or picture sleeves, fabric of choice, and a hot glue gun. Some may choose to use stuffing to give a fluff to the album. This type of album is simple to make; and allows the crafter to explore their creative side, while adding a personal touch.
Matted album
Matted albums are albums with recessed frames, in which each photo is hand-mounted. The photos are digitally or traditionally printed and can also be changed also after completion of the album.
Self-mount album
Self-mount albums are the most common form of a traditional album. They contain manually mounted digital or traditional photos that can be rearranged. Self-mount albums are easy to produce and can be used for any occasion.
Software
There are many software programs available to organize images in folders or albums. These programs generally allow for sorting and ordering of different images, tagging the images, and viewing them in slideshows or printing them. These programs commonly allow the user to perform basic edits such as cropping, red-eye removal, and some basic "one touch" enhancements for color and lighting. Some online albums have introduced techniques of separating special effects from the original picture so that the picture is not edited - effects are applied when displayed without destroying the original picture.
There are also many other, lay-up software programs available for making photo-books. These are generally offered free as a design tool but require the user to pay for the production of their printed photobook. These programs are generally not specifically designed for photo editing, more for the express purpose of creating a book that will eventually be printed and bound into a photo-book. These programs are generally provided by the company that print and bind the photobooks. Therefore, the home printing function is generally not available.
See also
Face book
Image organizer
References
External links
Album | wiki |
This is a list of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in the U.S. state of Tennessee.
Bridges
Notes
References
List
List
Tennessee
Bridges, HAER
Bridges, HAER | wiki |
Discography of Funkadelic, influential George Clinton-led funk music group.
Albums
Studio albums
Funkadelic
Fuzzy Haskins, Calvin Simon, and Grady Thomas recording as Funkadelic
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
References
General
Specific
References
External links
Funkadelic albums
Rhythm and blues discographies
Rock music group discographies
Discographies of American artists
Funk music discographies | wiki |
Laribee may refer to:
Laribee, California, former name of Larabee, California
Russ Laribee, baseball player | wiki |
Disband may refer to:
Disband (TV series) stylized as disBand, show on MuchMusic
Disband (band), American band | wiki |
McDowell's may refer to:
McDowell's, alcohol brand produced by United Spirits
McDowell's, fictional restaurant in movie Coming to America.
See also
McDowell (disambiguation) | wiki |
There are thousands of programming languages. These are listed in various ways:
Lists of language lists | wiki |
Mash ingredients, mash bill, mashbill, or grain bill are the materials that brewers use to produce the wort that they then ferment into alcohol. Mashing is the act of creating and extracting fermentable and non-fermentable sugars and flavor components from grain by steeping it in hot water, and then letting it rest at specific temperature ranges to activate naturally occurring enzymes in the grain that convert starches to sugars. The sugars separate from the mash ingredients, and then yeast in the brewing process converts them to alcohol and other fermentation products.
A typical primary mash ingredient is grain that has been malted. Modern-day malt recipes generally consist of a large percentage of a light malt and, optionally, smaller percentages of more flavorful or highly colored types of malt. The former is called "base malt"; the latter is known as "specialty malts" .
The grain bill of a beer or whisky may vary widely in the number and proportion of ingredients. For example, in beer-making, a simple pale ale might contain a single malted grain, while a complex porter may contain a dozen or more ingredients. In whisky production, Bourbon uses a mash made primarily from maize (often mixed with rye or wheat and a small amount of malted barley), and single malt Scotch exclusively uses malted barley.
Variables
Each particular ingredient has its own flavor that contributes to the final character of the beverage. In addition, different ingredients carry other characteristics, not directly relating to the flavor, which may dictate some of the choices made in brewing: nitrogen content, diastatic power, color, modification, and conversion.
Nitrogen content
The nitrogen content of a grain relates to the mass fraction of the grain that is made up of protein, and is usually expressed as a percentage; this fraction is further refined by distinguishing what fraction of the protein is water-soluble, also usually expressed as a percentage; 40% is typical for most beermaking grains. Generally, brewers favor lower-nitrogen grains, while distillers favor high-nitrogen grains.
In most beermaking, an average nitrogen content in the grains of at most 10% is sought; higher protein content, especially the presence of high-mass proteins, causes "chill haze", a cloudy visual quality to the beer. However, this is mostly a cosmetic desire dating from the mass production of glassware for presenting serving beverages; traditional styles such as sahti, saison, and bière de garde, as well as several Belgian styles, make no special effort to create a clear product. The quantity of high-mass proteins can be reduced during the mash by making use of a protease rest.
In Britain, preferred brewers' grains are often obtained from winter harvests and grown in low-nitrogen soil; in central Europe, no special changes are made for the grain-growing conditions and multi-step decoction mashing is favored instead.
Distillers, by contrast, are not as constrained by the amount of protein in their mash as the non-volatile nature of proteins means that none is included in the final distilled product. Therefore, distillers seek out higher-nitrogen grains to ensure a more efficiently-made product. Higher-protein grains generally have more diastatic power.
Diastatic power
Diastatic power (DP), also called the "diastatic activity" or "enzymatic power", is a property of malts (grains that have begun to germinate) that refers to the malt's ability to break down starches into simpler fermentable sugars during the mashing process. Germination produces a number of enzymes, such as amylase, that can convert the starch naturally present in barley and other grains into sugar. The mashing process activates these enzymes by soaking the grain in water at a controlled temperature.
In general, the hotter a grain is kilned, the less its diastatic activity. As a consequence, only lightly colored grains can be used as base malts, with Munich malt being the darkest base malt generally available.
Diastatic activity can also be provided by diastatic malt extract or by inclusion of separately-prepared brewing enzymes.
Diastatic power for a grain is measured in degrees Lintner (°Lintner or °L, although the latter can conflict with the symbol °L for Lovibond color); or in Europe by Windisch-Kolbach units (°WK). The two measures are related by
.
A malt with enough power to self-convert has a diastatic power near 35 °Lintner (94 °WK). Until recently, the most active, so-called "hottest", malts currently available were American six-row pale barley malts, which have a diastatic power of up to 160 °Lintner (544 °WK). Wheat malts have begun to appear on the market with diastatic power of up to 200 °Lintner. Although with the huskless wheat being somewhat difficult to work with, this is usually used in conjunction with barley, or as an addition to add high diastatic power to a mash.
Color
In brewing, the color of a grain or product is evaluated by the Standard Reference Method (SRM), Lovibond (°L), American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) or European Brewery Convention (EBC) standards. While SRM and ASBC originate in North America and EBC in Europe, all three systems can be found in use throughout the world; degrees Lovibond has fallen out of industry use but has remained in use in homebrewing circles as the easiest to implement without a spectrophotometer. The darkness of grains range from as light as less than 2 SRM/4 EBC for Pilsener malt to as dark as 700 SRM/1600 EBC for black malt and roasted barley.
Modification
The quality of starches in a grain is variable with the strain of grain used and its growing conditions. "Modification" refers specifically to the extent to which starch molecules in the grain consist of simple chains of starch molecules versus branched chains; a fully modified grain contains only simple-chain starch molecules. A grain that is not fully modified requires mashing in multiple steps rather than at simply one temperature as the starches must be de-branched before amylase can work on them. One indicator of the degree of modification of a grain is that grain's Nitrogen ratio; that is, the amount of soluble Nitrogen (or protein) in a grain vs. the total amount of Nitrogen (or protein). This number is also referred to as the "Kolbach Index" and a malt with a Kolbach index between 36% and 42% is considered a malt that is highly modified and suitable for single infusion mashing. Maltsters use the length of the acrospire vs. the length of the grain to determine when the appropriate degree of modification has been reached before drying or kilning.
Conversion
Conversion is the extent to which starches in the grain have been enzymatically broken down into sugars. A caramel or crystal malt is fully converted before it goes into the mash; most malted grains have little conversion; unmalted grains, meanwhile, have little or no conversion. Unconverted starch becomes sugar during the last steps of mashing, through the action of alpha and beta amylases.
Malts
The oldest and most predominant ingredient in brewing is barley, which has been used in beer-making for thousands of years. Modern brewing predominantly uses malted barley for its enzymatic power, but ancient Babylonian recipes indicate that, without the ability to malt grain in a controlled fashion, baked bread was simply soaked in water .
Malted barley dried at a sufficiently low temperature contains enzymes such as amylase, which convert starch into sugar. Therefore, sugars can be extracted from the barley's own starches simply by soaking the grain in water at a controlled temperature; this is mashing.
Pilsner malt
Pilsner malt, the basis of pale lager, is quite pale and strongly flavored. Invented in the 1840s, Pilsner malt is the lightest-colored generally available malt, and also carries a strong, sweet malt flavor. Usually a pale lager's grain bill consists entirely of this malt, which has enough enzymatic power to be used as a base malt. The commercial desirability of light-colored beers has also led to some British brewers adopting Pilsner malt (sometimes described simply as "lager malt" in Britain) in creating golden ales. In Germany, Pilsner malt is also used in some interpretations of the Kölsch style. ASBC 1-2/EBC 3–4, DP 60 °Lintner.
Pale malt
Pale malt is the basis of pale ale and bitter, and the precursor in production of most other British beer malts. Dried at temperatures sufficiently low to preserve all the brewing enzymes in the grain, it is light in color and, today, the cheapest barley malt available due to mass production. It can be used as a base malt—that is, as the malt constituting the majority of the grist—in many styles of beer. Typically, English pale malts are kilned at 95–105 °C. Color ASBC 2-3/EBC 5–7. Diastatic power (DP) 45 °Lintner.
Mild malt
Mild malt is often used as the base malt for mild ale, and is similar in color to pale malt. Mild malt is kilned at slightly higher temperatures than pale malt to provide a less neutral, rounder flavor generally described as "nutty". ASBC 3/EBC 6.
Amber malt
Amber malt is a more toasted form of pale malt, kilned at temperatures of 150–160 °C, and is used in brown porter; older formulations of brown porter use amber malt as a base malt (though this was diastatic and produced in different conditions from a modern amber malt). Amber malt has a bitter flavor that mellows on aging, and can be quite intensely flavored. In addition to its use in porter, it also appears in a diverse range of British beer recipes. ASBC 50-70/EBC 100–140; amber malt has no diastatic power.
Stout malt
Stout malt is sometimes seen as a base malt for stout beer; light in color, it is prepared so as to maximize diastatic power in order to better convert the large quantities of dark malts and unmalted grain used in stouts. In practice, however, most stout recipes make use of pale malt for its much greater availability. ASBC 2-3/EBC 4–6, DP 60–70 °Lintner.
Brown malt
Brown malt is a darker form of pale malt, and is used typically in brown ale as well as in porter and stout. Like amber malt, it can be prepared from pale malt at home by baking a thin layer of pale malt in an oven until the desired color is achieved. 50–70 °L, no enzymes.
Chocolate malt
Chocolate malt is similar to pale and amber malts but kilned at even higher temperatures. Producing complex chocolate and cocoa flavours, it is used in porters and sweet stouts as well as dark mild ales. It contains no enzymes. ASBC 450-500/EBC 1100–1300.
Black malt
Black malt, also called patent malt or black patent malt, is barley malt that has been kilned to the point of carbonizing, around 200 °C. The term "patent malt" comes from its invention in England in 1817, late enough that the inventor of the process for its manufacture, Daniel Wheeler, was awarded a patent. Black malt provides the colour and some of the flavour in black porter, contributing an acrid, ashy undertone to the taste. In small quantities, black malt can also be used to darken beer to a desired color, sometimes as a substitute for caramel colour. Due to its high kilning temperature, it contains no enzymes. ASBC 500-600/EBC >1300.
Crystal malt
Crystal malts, or caramel malts are prepared separately from pale malts. They are high-nitrogen malts that are wetted and roasted in a rotating drum before kilning. They produce strongly sweet toffee-like flavors and are sufficiently converted that they can be steeped without mashing to extract their flavor. Crystal malts are available in a range of colors, with darker-colored crystal malts kilned at higher temperatures producing stronger, more caramel-like overtones. Some of the sugars in crystal malts caramelize during kilning and become unfermentable. Hence, adding crystal malt increases the final sweetness of a beer. They contain no enzymes. ASBC 50-165/EBC 90–320; the typical British crystal malt used in pale ale and bitter is around ASBC 70–80.
Distiller's malt
Standard distiller's malt or pot still malt is quite light and very high in nitrogen compared to beer malts. These malts are used in the production of whiskey/whisky and generally originate from northern Scotland.
Peated malt
Peated malt is distiller's malt that has been smoked over burning peat, which imparts the aroma and flavor characteristics of Islay whisky and some Irish whiskey. Recently, some brewers have also included peated malt in interpretations of Scotch ales, although this is generally ahistorical. When peat is used in large amounts for beer making, the resulting beer tends to have a very strong earthy and smoky flavor that most mainstream beer drinkers would find irregular.
Vienna malt
Vienna malt or Helles malt is the characteristic grain of Vienna lager and Märzen; although it generally takes up only ten to fifteen percent of the grain bill in a beer, it can be used as a base malt. It has sufficient enzymatic power to self-convert, and it is somewhat darker and kilned at a higher temperature than Pilsner malt. ASBC 3-4/EBC 7–10, DP 50 °Lintner.
Munich malt
Munich malt is used as the base malt of the bock beer style, especially doppelbock, and appears in dunkel lager and Märzens in smaller quantities. While a darker grain than pale malt, it has sufficient diastatic power to self-convert, despite being kilned at temperatures around 115 °C. It imparts "malty," although not necessarily sweet characteristics, depending on mashing temperatures. ASBC 4-6/EBC 10–15, DP 40 °Lintner.
Rauchmalz
Rauchmalz is a German malt that is prepared by being dried over an open flame rather than via kiln. The grain has a smoky aroma and is an essential ingredient in Bamberg Rauchbier.
Acid malt
Acid malt, also known as acidulated malt, whose grains contain lactic acid, can be used as a continental analog to Burtonization. Acid malt lowers the mash pH and provides a rounder, fuller character to the beer, enhancing the flavor of Pilseners and other light lagers. Lowering the pH also helps prevent beer spoilage through oxidation.
Other malts
Honey malt is an intensely flavored, lightly colored malt. 18–20 °L.
Melanoidin malt, a malt like the Belgian Aromatic malt, adds roundness and malt flavor to a beer with a comparably small addition in the grain bill. It also stabilizes the flavor.
Unmalted barley
Unmalted barley kernels are used in mashes for some Irish whiskey.
Roast barley are un-malted barley kernels toasted in an oven until almost black. Roast barley is, after base malt, usually the most-used grain in stout beers, contributing the majority of the flavor and the characteristic dark-brown color; undertones of chocolate and coffee are common. ASBC 500-600/EBC >1300 or more, no diastatic activity.
Black barley is like roast barley except even darker, and may be used in stouts. It has a strong, astringent flavor and contains no enzymes.
Flaked barley is unmalted, dried barley rolled into flat flakes. It imparts a rich, grainy flavor to beer and is used in many stouts, especially Guinness stout; it also improves head formation and retention.
Torrefied barley is barley kernels that have been heated until they pop like popcorn.
Other grains
Wheat
Wheat malt
Beer brewed in the German Hefeweizen style relies heavily on malted wheat as a grain. Under the Reinheitsgebot, wheat was treated separately from barley, as it was the more expensive grain.
Torrefied wheat
Torrefied wheat is used in British brewing to increase the size and retention of a head in beer. Generally it is used as an enhancer rather than for its flavor.
Raw wheat
Belgian witbier and Lambic make heavy use of raw wheat in their grist. It provides the distinctive taste and clouded appearance in a witbier and the more complex carbohydrates needed for the wild yeast and bacteria that make a lambic.
Wheat flour
Until the general availability of torrefied wheat, wheat flour was often used for similar purposes in brewing. Brewer's flour is only rarely available today, and is of a larger grist than baker's flour.
Oats
Oats in the form of rolled or steel-cut oats are used as mash ingredients in Oatmeal Stout.
Rye
The use of rye in a beer typifies the rye beer style, especially the German Roggenbier. Rye is also used in the Slavic kvass and Finnish sahti farmhouse styles, as readily available grains in eastern Europe. However, the use of rye in brewing is considered difficult as rye lacks a hull (like wheat) and contains large quantities of beta-glucans compared to other grains; these long-chain sugars can leach out during a mash, creating a sticky gelatinous gum in the mash tun, and as a result brewing with rye requires a long, thorough beta-glucanase rest. Rye is said to impart a spicy, dry flavor to beer.
Sorghum and millet
Sorghum and millet are often used in African brewing. As gluten-free grains, they have gained popularity in the Northern Hemisphere as base materials for beers suitable for people with Celiac disease.
Sorghum produces a dark, hazy beer. However, sorghum malt is difficult to prepare and rarely commercially available outside certain African countries.
Millet is an ingredient in chhaang and pomba, and both grains together are used in oshikundu.
Rice and maize
In the US, rice and maize (corn) are often used by commercial breweries as a means of adding fermentable sugars to a beer cheaply, due to the ready availability and low price of the grains. Maize is also the base grain in chicha and some cauim, as well as Bourbon whiskey and Tennessee Whiskey; while rice is the base grain of happoshu and various mostly Asian fermented beverages often referred to as "rice wines" such as sake and makgeolli; maize is also used as an ingredient in some Belgian beers such as Rodenbach to lighten the body.
Maize was originally introduced into the brewing of American lagers because of the high protein content of the six-row barley; adding maize, which is high in sugar but low in protein, helped thin out the body of the resulting beer. Increased amounts of maize use over time led to the development of the American pale lager style. Maize is generally not malted (although it is in some whiskey recipes) but instead introduced into the mash as flaked, dried kernels. Prior to a brew, rice and maize are cooked to allow the starch to gelatinize and thereby render it convertible.
Non-cereal grains
Buckwheat and quinoa, while not cereal grasses (but are whole grains), both contain high levels of available starch and protein, while containing no gluten. Therefore, some breweries use these plants in the production of beer suitable for people with Celiac disease, either alone or in combination with sorghum.
Syrups and extracts
Another way of adding sugar or flavoring to a malt beverage is the addition of natural or artificial sugar products such as honey, white sugar, Dextrose, and/or malt extract. While these ingredients can be added during the mash, the enzymes in the mash do not act on them. Such ingredients can be added during the boil of the wort rather than the mash, and as such, are also known as copper sugars.
One syrup commonly used in mash, however, is dry or dried malt extract or DME. DME is prepared by mashing malt in the normal fashion, then concentrating and spray drying the resulting wort. DME is used extensively in homebrewing as a substitute for base malt. It typically has no diastatic power because the enzymes are denatured in the production process.
Regional differences
Britain
British brewing makes use of a wide variety of malts, with considerable stylistic freedom for the brewer to blend them. Many British malts were developed only as recently as the Industrial Revolution, as improvements in temperature-controlled kilning allowed finer control over the drying and toasting of the malted grains.
The typical British brewer's malt is a well-modified, low-nitrogen barley grown in the east of England or southeast of Scotland. In England, the best-known brewer's malt is made from the Maris Otter strain of barley; other common strains are Halcyon, Pipkin, Chariot, and Fanfare. Most malts in current use in Britain are derived from pale malt and were invented no earlier than the reign of Queen Anne. Brewing malt production in Britain is thoroughly industrialized, with barley grown on dedicated land and malts prepared in bulk in large, purpose-build maltings and distributed to brewers around the country to order.
Continental Europe
Before controlled-temperature kilning became available, malted grains were dried over wood fires; Rauchmalz () is malt dried using this traditional process. In Germany, beech is often used as the wood for the fire, imparting a strongly smoky flavor to the malt. This malt is then used as the primary component of rauchbier; alder-smoked malt is used in Alaskan smoked porters. Rauchmalz comes in several varieties, generally named for and corresponding to standard kilned varieties (e.g. Rauchpilsener to Pilsener); color and diastatic power are comparable to those for an equivalent kilned grain.
Similarly to crystal malts in Britain, central Europe makes use of caramel malts, which are moistened and kilned at temperatures around 55–65 °C in a rotating drum before being heated to higher temperatures for browning. The lower-temperature moistened kilning causes conversion and mashing to take place in the oven, resulting in a grain's starches becoming mostly or entirely converted to sugar before darkening. Caramel malts are produced in color grades analogous to other lager malts: carapils for pilsener malt, caravienne or carahell for Vienna malt, and caramunch for Munich malt. Color and final kilning temperature are comparable to non-caramel analog malts; there is no diastatic activity. Carapils malt is sometimes also called dextrin malt. 10–120 °L.
United States
American brewing combines British and Central European heritages, and as such uses all the above forms of beer malt; Belgian-style brewing is less common but its popularity is growing. In addition, America also makes use of some specialized malts:
6-row pale malt is a pale malt made from a different species of barley. Quite high in nitrogen, 6-row malt is used as a "hot" base malt for rapid, thorough conversion in a mash, as well as for extra body and fullness; the flavor is more neutral than 2-row malt. 1.8 °L, 160 °Lintner.
Victory malt is a specialized lightly roasted 2-row malt that provides biscuity, caramel flavors to a beer. Similar in color to amber and brown malt, it is often an addition to American brown ale. 25 °L, no diastatic power.
Other notable American barley malts include Special Roast and coffee malt. Special Roast is akin to a darker variety of victory malt.
Belgium
Belgian brewing makes use of the same grains as central European brewing. In general, though, Belgian malts are slightly darker and sweeter than their central European counterparts. In addition, Belgian brewing uses some local malts:
Pale malt in Belgium is generally darker than British pale malt. Kilning takes place at temperatures five to ten °C lower than for British pale malt, but for longer periods; diastatic power is comparable to that of British pale malt. ASBC 4/EBC 7.
Special B is a dark, intensely sweet crystal malt providing a strong malt flavor.
Biscuit malt is a lightly flavored roasted malt used to darken some Belgian beers. 45–50 EBC/25 °L.
Aromatic malt, by contrast, provides an intensely malty flavor. Kilned at 115 °C, it retains enough diastatic power to self-convert. 50–55 EBC/20 °L.
See also
Roasted grain drink
Sour mash
List of barley-based drinks
References
Notes
Bibliography
Daniels, Ray, Designing Great Beer, 1996, 2000, Brewers Publications.
External links
"Understanding Malt Analysis Sheets – How to Become Fluent in Malt Analysis Interpretation" by Greg Noonan
How to Brew by John Palmer, an online book detailing all the basics of homebrewing beer.
Brewing ingredients
sv:Malt | wiki |
Miss Congeniality may refer to:
Miss Congeniality (film), 2000 film, directed by Donald Petrie, starring Sandra Bullock and Benjamin Bratt
Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous, a 2005 sequel
A special award, the "Miss Congeniality Award", given at beauty pageants, specifically at:
Miss Universe
Miss World
Miss USA
Miss International Queen
Miss America
Miss Teen USA
RuPaul's Drag Race
Amy Dumas, Miss Congeniality, professional wrestler | wiki |
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