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Red cloak may refer to:
Red Cloak, an industrial area in Scotland
The Red Cloak, a 1955 film
Redcloak, a character in the webcomic The Order of the Stick
Aka Manto, a Japanese urban legend about a spirit who wears a red cloak
Red Cloak (DJ), a Brazilian DJ and music producer | wiki |
Raspberry vinegar is a drink made from raspberry juice, vinegar and sugar.
It is made by filling jars with raspberries, adding vinegar and leaving to stand for 8–10 days then pouring off all the liquid. This process is sometimes repeated several times with fresh fruit each time. Finally the liquid is boiled for 5 minutes with an equal weight of refined sugar.
It is used as with any concentrated squash and simply diluted with water.
See also
Shrub (drink)
Fruit juice
Vinegar
Vinegar | wiki |
Jack Pennington (born September 3, 1953) is a dirt Late Model driver from Augusta, Georgia.
He was an ace in late model dirt track racing before he moved up to the Busch Series in 1989 making six starts, finishing with 2 top tens. He made his Winston Cup debut late in 1989, driving two races that year. He then ran fourteen races in 1990 in the No. 47 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme for Close Racing, he led in the 1990 Daytona 500 at one point with leading 6 laps in that race. He was second in the 1990 Rookie of the Year standings in controversial fashion (because the winner was posthumously awarded after being killed in a drunken driving incident returning home from the September North Wilkesboro round; NASCAR has since added a disciplinary rule that requires drivers to finish the season in good standing, which Pennington would have won the title under current rules). He never raced in NASCAR again after that year, returning to the Georgia dirt Late Model circuit, winning often over 20 features each year for the next decade.
Career award
He was inducted in the National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame in 2006.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
Racing drivers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from Augusta, Georgia | wiki |
Prick may refer to:
Prick (manufacturing), a style of marking tool
Goad or prick, a traditional farming implement
Fingerprick, a wound for blood sample
Prick (slang), vulgar slang for human penis or a derogatory term for a male
Prick (magazine), a free tattoo and piercing monthly in Atlanta, Georgia, US
Music
Prick (band)
Prick (Prick album)
Prick (Melvins album)
"Prick", a song by Something for Kate
People with the surname
Christof Prick, (born 1946), German orchestra conductor
See also
Kicking Against the Pricks, a Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds album
Lilly Wood and the Prick, a French musical band
Pricking the Lites, a ceremony used for appointing English sheriffs
Prickle (disambiguation) | wiki |
Pecker ("someone who or something which pecks") usually refers to the American dialect or slang term for
penis
It may also refer to:
some birds, especially the woodpecker but sometimes flowerpecker, oxpecker or (rarely) berrypecker
Pecker, a 1998 movie directed by John Waters
Pecker’s soundtrack, released as an album
Cory Pecker (born 1981), Canadian ice hockey player
David Pecker (born 1951), American publisher
Jean-Claude Pecker (1923–2020), French astronomer
"Pecker", the nickname of the darts player Brian Woods
1629 Pecker, an asteroid discovered in 1952 by astronomer Louis Boyer
Pecker, a character from the Jak and Daxter video game series
Boris Pecker, a fictional character in Ben Elton's Dead Famous
an electric motor's terminal connection box, in American slang
a nose or courage, in British slang
See also
Pekka (name) | wiki |
Cacio e pepe () is a pasta dish from the cuisine of the city of Rome. Cacio e pepe means "cheese and pepper" in several central Italian dialects. In keeping with its name, the dish contains grated Pecorino Romano cheese and black pepper, together with spaghetti, or traditionally tonnarelli. All the ingredients keep well for a long time, which made the dish practical for shepherds without fixed abode. Rough-surfaced pasta is recommended, to make the sauce adhere well.
Preparation
The pasta is prepared in boiling salted water as usual; it is then poured into the grated pecorino mixed with black pepper, with a little of the hot, starchy, cooking water. The heat melts the cheese, and the starches in the water help bind the pepper and cheese to the pasta.
Variants
While not traditional to cacio e pepe, seafood or bacon may be added, and other shapes of pasta such as rigatoni, always made with a rough surface, may be used.
See also
Carbonara
Italian cuisine
List of pasta dishes
Notes
Sources
Cuisine of Lazio
Italian sauces
Pasta dishes | wiki |
In computer graphics, image order algorithms iterate over the pixels in the image to be produced, rather than the elements in the scene to be rendered. Object order algorithms are those that iterate over the elements in the scene to be rendered, rather than the pixels in the image to be produced. For typical rendering applications, the scene contains many fewer elements (e.g. geometric primitives) than image pixels. In those cases, object order algorithms are usually most efficient (e.g. scan conversion or shear warp). But when the scene complexity exceeds that of the image, such as is the case often in volume rendering, then image order algorithms (e.g., ray casting) may be more efficient.
References
3D rendering | wiki |
The Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA), formerly the Light Railway Transport League (LRTL), is a non-profit organisation whose purpose is to advocate and encourage research into the retention and development of light rail and tramway/streetcar systems. The LRTA publishes the monthly magazine Tramways & Urban Transit (formerly Modern Tramway), and is based in the United Kingdom but with an international membership and remit.
History
The Light Railway Transport League was formed in 1937, and renamed to the LRTA in 1979. It was formed at a time when Britain's urban tramways were starting to decline.
Because of the decline, the association campaigned for modern light rail in the UK, as typified by some "Stadtbahn" systems in Germany. The openings of the Tyne and Wear Metro in 1980, Manchester Metrolink in 1991 and new tram systems in Sheffield, Birmingham, Croydon and Nottingham are very much in line with the aims of the LRTA.
See also
National Tramway Museum
Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
Campaign for Better Transport
References
External links
Light rail in the United Kingdom
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Transport advocacy groups of the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1937 | wiki |
A community cloud in computing is a collaborative effort in which infrastructure is shared between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. This is controlled and used by a group of organizations that have shared interest. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.
The community cloud is provisioned for use by a group of consumers from different organisations who shares same concerns (e.g., application, security, policy, and efficiency demands).
References
See also
FedRAMP
Cloud computing
Cloud | wiki |
Ro07-5220 (6'-Chlorodiclazepam) is a benzodiazepine derivative with sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects, which has been sold as a designer drug.
See also
Diclazepam
Difludiazepam
Ro20-8065
References
Designer drugs
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Fluoroarenes
Benzodiazepines
Chlorobenzenes | wiki |
Clematis flammula (vidiella)
Solanum laxum
Jasminum (gènere botànic)
Jasminum grandiflorum (gessamí de flor gran)
Jasminum officinale (gessamí blanc)
Jasminum fruticans (gessamí groc) | wiki |
An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":
Vulnerable
Definitely endangered
Severely endangered
Critically endangered
References
Indonesia | wiki |
Commons Act is a stock short title used in the United Kingdom for legislation relating to commons.
List
Acts of the Parliament of England
The Commons Act 1236
The Commons Act 1285
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Commons Act 1876
The Commons Act 1899
The Commons Registration Act 1965
The Commons Act 2006
The Metropolitan Commons Acts 1866 to 1878 is the collective title of the following Acts:
The Metropolitan Commons Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vict c 122)
The Metropolis Commons Amendment Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict c 107)
The Metropolitan Commons Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict c 71)
See also
List of short titles
References
Lists of legislation by short title
Law of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Shergold (société), une société de production de guitares britannique
Adrian Shergold, un réalisateur, acteur et scénariste britannique
John H. Shergold, un paléontologue | wiki |
In engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear.
In structural and mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the manufacture or construction of the component (e.g. beams, plates, or bolts). In a reinforced concrete beam, the main purpose of reinforcing bar (rebar) stirrups is to increase the shear strength.
Equations
For shear stress applies
where
is major principal stress and
is minor principal stress.
In general: ductile materials (e.g. aluminum) fail in shear, whereas brittle materials (e.g. cast iron) fail in tension. See tensile strength.
To calculate:
Given total force at failure (F) and the force-resisting area (e.g. the cross-section of a bolt loaded in shear), ultimate shear strength () is:
For average shear stress
where
is the average shear stress,
is the shear force applied to each section of the part, and
is the area of the section.
Average shear stress can also be defined as the total force of as
This is only the average stress, actual stress distribution is not uniform. In real world applications, this equation only gives an approximation and the maximum shear stress would be higher. Stress is not often equally distributed across a part so the shear strength would need to be higher to account for the estimate.
Comparison
As a very rough guide relating tensile, yield, and shear strengths:
USS: Ultimate Shear Strength, UTS: Ultimate Tensile Strength, SYS: Shear Yield Stress, TYS: Tensile Yield Stress
There are no published standard values for shear strength like with tensile and yield strength. Instead, it is common for it to be estimated as 60% of the ultimate tensile strength. Shear strength can be measured by a torsion test where it is equal to their torsional strength.
When values measured from physical samples are desired, a number of testing standards are available, covering different material categories and testing conditions. In the US, ASTM standards for measuring shear strength include ASTM B769, B831, D732, D4255, D5379, and D7078. Internationally, ISO testing standards for shear strength include ISO 3597, 12579, and 14130.
See also
Shear modulus
Shear stress
Shear strain
Shear strength (soil)
Shear strength (Discontinuity)
Strength of materials
Tensile strength
References
Mechanical engineering
Structural engineering | wiki |
Tudor most commonly refers to:
House of Tudor, English royal house of Welsh origins
Tudor period, a historical era in England coinciding with the rule of the Tudor dynasty
Tudor may also refer to:
Architecture
Tudor architecture, the final development of medieval architecture during the Tudor period (1485–1603)
Tudor Revival architecture, or Mock Tudor, later emulation of Tudor architecture
Tudor House (disambiguation)
People
Tudor (name)
Other uses
Montres Tudor SA, a Swiss watchmaker owned by Rolex
United SportsCar Championship, sponsored by the Tudor watch brand in 2014
, a British submarine
Tudor, a fictional city, based on Elizabeth, New Jersey, seen in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV
Tudor, California, unincorporated community, United States
Tudor, Mombasa, Kenya
The Tudors, a TV series
Tudor domain, in molecular biology
Tudor rose, the traditional floral heraldic emblem of England
Avro Tudor, a type of aeroplane
Tudor, a name for two-door sedan body used by some manufacturers
Tudor batteries, a brand of batteries
Tudor Crisps, a brand of potato crisps
See also
Tudor rose (disambiguation)
Tudur (disambiguation)
Tewdwr Mawr (fl. 544–577), Breton king | wiki |
Flag terminology is the nomenclature, or system of terms, used in vexillology, the study of flags, to describe precisely the parts, patterns, and other attributes of flags and their display.
Flag types
Flag elements
Basic patterns
Flags often inherit traits seen in traditional European heraldry designs and as a result patterns often share names.
Techniques in flag display
Illustrations
Flag illustrations generally depict flags flying from the observer's point of view from left to right, the view known as the obverse (or "front"); the other side is the reverse (or "back"). There are some exceptions, notably some Islamic flags inscribed in Arabic, which is written from right to left; for these the obverse is defined as the side with the hoist to the observer's right.
See also
Vexillological symbol
Notes
References
External links
Vexillology
Vexillology
Vexillology
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | wiki |
Inglewood is a neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee. It is located northeast of downtown Nashville, south of Madison and north of East Nashville.
Education
Schools in Inglewood are a part of Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools:
Inglewood Elementary School
Dan Mills Elementary
Isaac Litton Middle
Stratford STEM Magnet High School
A branch of the Nashville Public Library is located in Inglewood.
References
Neighborhoods in Nashville, Tennessee | wiki |
Josh Payne (1990) angol labdarúgó
Josh Payne (1993) angol dartsjátékos | wiki |
English tea may refer to:
English breakfast tea, a strong blend of tea, typical of the English breakfast
English Tea House and Restaurant, a tea house in Malaysia
English Tea Time, a meal in the late afternoon typical of Britain
Tea in the United Kingdom, the general cuisine and culture of tea in Britain | wiki |
Corporation Tax Act may refer to
Corporation Tax Act 2009, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Corporation Tax Act 2010, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Heterosexualism may refer to:
Heterosexism, a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships
Heterosexuality, romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between persons of the opposite sex or gender | wiki |
Income Tax Act may refer to:
United Kingdom
Income Tax Act 1842
Income Tax Act 1952
Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005
Income Tax Act 2007
Elsewhere
Income Tax Act 1976, a Statute of New Zealand
Income Tax Act 1985, an Act governing income taxes in Canada
The Income-tax Act, 1961, an Act of the Parliament of India
Individual Income Tax Act of 1944, an Act raising income tax in the United States | wiki |
Income and Corporation Taxes Act may refer to:
Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Didn't It Rain – album di Songs: Ohia del 2002
Didn't It Rain – album di Hugh Laurie del 2013 | wiki |
Chiltah was a Mughal period outer garment. It resembled a quilted coat. Chiltah was a royal garment. Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor, wore a nadiri garment with a chiltah.
Etymology
Chiltah is a corrupted word of ''Chihalta'' that was a multilayer coat worn by soldiers.
See also
Qaba
References
Coats (clothing)
Mughal clothing | wiki |
Dash Point is an unincorporated community in Pierce County, Washington, United States. Because it is not incorporated, no census population figures are available. Dash Point is a residential area surrounded by Puget Sound to the north, Dash Point State Park to the east, and the city of Tacoma to the south and west. Dash Point is located across Commencement Bay from downtown Tacoma.
Dash Point relies entirely on Tacoma for city services, and lacks a town center of its own. Although Dash Point is located in Pierce County, Dash Point State Park is located in neighboring King County.
History
Prior to being known as Dash Point the area was known as lson Landing, Fairview Beach, and Woodstock Beach. The origin of the name Dash Point is unclear. The area was named Dash Point on official maps by 1877.
The land was sold by the McLeod family to the State of Washington in the late 1940s for use as a park. The park was dedicated and developed in 1962 for the Seattle World's Fair.
Education
The area is served by Tacoma Public Schools, a public school district. It is zoned to Browns Point Elementary School, Meeker Middle School, and Stadium High School.
References
Unincorporated communities in Pierce County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) | wiki |
A person in need of supervision (PINS) is a term frequently used by social services agencies in the United States to describe a juvenile who is not currently in the household of a parent or legal guardian, or is currently not under their control as evidenced by the person's status offense, who is not an emancipated minor. The term is often abbreviated PINS. Usually, a person in need of supervision is a runaway, an orphan, a truant, or an unruly child.
The term is most commonly used as a term of art in New York in the United States, where the term is used in a key statute governing the treatment of juveniles. Hawaii also has the term in its statutes. Virginia has a similar designation which it calls "child in need of supervision" (CHINS), not to be confused with the broader designation "child in need of services" (also abbreviated "CHINS"), the "services" in which may be disciplinary/supervisory (due to the child's misbehavior) or assistive (due to parental neglect or abuse).
References
American legal terminology
Family law | wiki |
A nest box camera, also known as a bird box camera, is a photographic device fitted inside a nest box in order to monitor its inhabitants. Many Internet sites broadcast video streams and still images of nesting birds in real time.
Technology
Most cameras uses visible light to capture images. Infrared cameras may be used alone or in conjunction with visible light cameras if the birds are active at night. Infrared light is not dangerous to nesting birds. Wired and wireless systems are used. A webcam is frequently used by enthusiasts but the quality is usually standard-definition. Wired network cameras allow the streaming of high-definition video to the internet or to internal or external storage. Some nest box cameras have microphones inside them. It is relatively easy to construct a nest box camera because it involves little more than installing a camera in a nest box, remembering only to choose or construct a nest box large enough to contain the camera, to have a box deep enough to enable proper focusing of the camera and to use a camera suitable for outdoor conditions.
References
Ornithological equipment and methods | wiki |
A bauble may be:
Memorabilia
Christmas ornament - British English
trinket
knickknack or Bric-à-brac
frippery
gewgaw
tchotchke
small jewelry
Memorabilia | wiki |
This page consists of a list of wastewater treatment technologies:
See also
Agricultural wastewater treatment
Industrial wastewater treatment
List of solid waste treatment technologies
Waste treatment technologies
Water purification
Sewage sludge treatment
References
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database EPA.
Chemical processes
Environmental engineering
List
Water pollution
Water technology
Waste-water treatment technologies
Sanitation | wiki |
Pay Jail is a jail cell upgrade for non-violent offenders in jail costing from $75 to $171 a night.
Amenities
Inmates are allowed to bring an iPod, cellphone, or laptop in their cell or watch TV in the common room. Some may even get to leave during the day to go to work. Inmates are allowed to roam the prison campus (which are not necessarily fenced). Prisoners are safe from prison gangs and other dangerous prisoners. They may have their food delivered to their cell rather than going the jail's cafeteria or they may choose to enjoy meals brought by their families during visiting hours.
Paris Hilton reputedly said that she chose not to go to a "pay jail."
References
Footnotes
Notations
Clarence Page op ed regarding "pay jail"
Video about Pay Jails in CA
Santa Anna California
Torrance California
Penal system in California | wiki |
A Christmas decoration is any of several types of ornamentation used at Christmastide and the greater holiday season. The traditional colors of Christmas are pine green (evergreen), snow white, and heart red. Gold and silver are also very common, as are other metallic colours. Typical images on Christmas decorations include Baby Jesus, Father Christmas, Santa Claus, and the star of Bethlehem.
In many countries, such as Sweden, people start to set up their Advent and Christmas decorations on the first day of Advent. Liturgically, this is done in some parishes through a Hanging of the Greens ceremony. In the Western Christian world, the two traditional days when Christmas decorations are removed are Twelfth Night and if they are not taken down on that day, Candlemas, the latter of which ends the Christmas-Epiphany season in some denominations. Taking down Christmas decorations before Twelfth Night, as well as leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas, is historically considered to be inauspicious.
History
Christmas decorations are as old as Christmas itself. They are mentioned in ancient descriptions of the Roman feast Saturnalia, which was believed to have originated in the 5th century BC.
The tradition of a decorated tree is old since the Celts already decorated a tree, the symbol of life at the time of the winter solstice. The Scandinavians did the same for the Yule festival, which was held around the same date as Christmas.
Tertullian complained to the 2nd century that Christians in North Africa decorated their homes with greenery, a pagan symbol.
Tree
The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century, with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539, under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer, Martin Bucer. In the United States, these "German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees." When decorating the Christmas tree, many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem, a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897. Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century, it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus. In discussions of folklore, some claim that the Christmas tree is a Christianization of pagan tradition and ritual surrounding the winter solstice, which included the use of evergreen boughs, and an adaptation of pagan tree worship; according to eighth-century biographer Æddi Stephanus, Saint Boniface (634–709), who was a missionary in Germany, took an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Thor and pointed out a fir tree, which he stated was a more fitting object of reverence because it pointed to heaven and it had a triangular shape, which he said was symbolic of the Trinity. However, the English-language phrase "Christmas tree" is first recorded in 1835 and represents an importation from the German language. From Germany the custom was introduced to England, first via Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, and then more successfully by Prince Albert during the early reign of Queen Victoria. The influential 1840s image of the Queen's decorated evergreen was republished in the U.S, and as the first widely circulated picture of a decorated Christmas tree in America, the custom there spread. Christmas trees may be decorated with lights and ornaments.
Types of decorations
Glass ornaments
Figural glass Christmas ornaments originated in the small town of Lauscha, Germany in the latter half of the 19th century. The town had long produced fine glassware. The production of Christmas ornaments became a family affair for many people. Some families invested 16 hours a day in production. For some, it was their sole source of income.
Sometimes competitions were held. Prizes were awarded to the family producing the finest examples. Santa Clauses, angels, birds, animals, and other traditional Yuletide subjects were favorites.
F.W. Woolworth discovered these glass ornaments on a toy and doll buying trip to Sonnenburg, Germany in the 1890s. He sold them in his "five and ten cent" stores in America. The ornaments were said to have contributed to Woolworth's great business success.
For the American market, figures were blown depicting comic book characters as well as patriotic subjects such as Uncle Sams, eagles, and flags. Glassblowers have held on to the old molds. Glass ornaments are still created from these old molds.
Method
A clear glass tube is heated over an open flame. It is then inserted into a mold. The glassblower then blows into the end of the tube. The glass expands to fill the mold. The glass takes on the shape of the mold. It is cooled. A silver nitrate solution is swirled about inside the ornament. This gives the ornament a silver glow. The outside of the ornament is painted or decorated with metal trims, paper clippings, etc.
Cotton batting
Cotton batting Christmas ornaments were popular during the years of the German Christmas toy and decoration boom at the turn of the century. They were exported in large numbers to the United States. These decorations suggested puffs of snow. Fruits and vegetables were popular subjects and often had a realistic appearance. African American and patriotic characters were fashioned for the American market. Some ornaments were used to hide boxes of candy.
Assembling these decorations was a cottage industry. Cotton batting was wound around a wire frame resembling a human or animal. A face was either painted on or a lithograph cut-out was affixed to the batting. Figures were given crepe paper costumes. Some were touched with glue and sprinkled with flakes of mica for a glittering appearance.
Dresden
Dresdens are three-dimensional ornaments. They are made of paper, card, or cardboard. Dresdens were produced mostly in Dresden and Leipzig, Germany, from the 1860s to WWI. They were originally priced between 1 and 60 cents. Subjects included animals and birds, suns and moons, humans, carriages and ships, etc. Some Dresdens were flat, allowing the buyer to collect them in scrapbooks.
Positive and negative molds were set into a press. A moistened sheet of card was put into the press. The images were pressed. When they had dried, they were sent to cottage workers for the finishing touches. This involved separating the form-halves from the card, trimming ragged edges, and gluing the two halves together. The form was then gilded, silvered, or hand-painted. Sometimes a small gift or sweet was put into the form. Forms were usually no larger than five inches.
Plants
Popular Christmas plants include holly, mistletoe, ivy and Christmas trees. The interior of a home may be decorated with these plants, along with garlands and evergreen foliage. These often come with small ornaments tied to the delicate branches, and sometimes with a small light set.
Wreaths are made from real or artificial conifer branches, or sometimes other broadleaf evergreens or holly. Several types of evergreen or even deciduous branches may be used in the same wreath, along with pinecones and sprays of berries, and Christmas ornaments including jingle bells. A bow is usually used at the top or bottom, and an electric or unlit candle may be placed in the middle. Christmas lights are often used, and they may be hung from door or windows, and sometimes walls, lampposts and light fixtures, or even statuary.
Since the nineteenth century, the poinsettia, a native plant from Mexico, has been associated with Christmas
Different places also have different traditions and superstitions about when and how to remove Christmas decorations. For example, in some parts of England, people believed that if Christmas greenery were thrown away instead of being burned, a ghost would appear, but in other parts, they believed that if the greenery were burned instead of being thrown away, a family member would die.
Outdoors
In North and South America, Australia, and Europe, it is traditional to decorate the outside of houses with lights and sometimes with illuminated sleighs, snowmen, and other Christmas figures. Municipalities often sponsor decorations as well. Christmas banners may be hung from street lights and Christmas trees placed in the town square.
Others
In the Western world, rolls of brightly colored paper with secular or religious Christmas/winter/Hanukkah motifs are manufactured for the purpose of giftwrapping presents. The display of Christmas villages has also become a tradition in many homes during this season. Other traditional decorations include bells, reindeer, candles, candy canes, garland, stockings, wreaths, snow globes, and angels. Snow sheets are made specifically for simulating snow under a tree or village.
In many countries a representation of the Nativity scene is very popular, and people are encouraged to compete and create the most original or realistic ones. Within some families, the pieces used to make the representation are considered a valuable family heirloom. Some churches also perform a live Nativity with volunteers and even live animals.
One of the most popular items of Christmas decorations are stockings. According to legend, Saint Nicolas would creep in through the chimney and slip gold into stockings hanging by the fireplace. Various forms of stockings are available; from simple velvet ones, to sock-shaped bags to animated ones.
Season
Christmas decorations are typically put up in late November or early December, usually to coincide with the start of Advent. In the UK, Christmas lights on the high street are generally switched on in November. In the US, the traditional start of the holiday season is Thanksgiving. Major retailers put their seasonal decorations out for sale after back to school sales, while smaller niche Christmas Stores sell Christmas decorations year round.
In some places Christmas decorations are traditionally taken down on Twelfth Night, the evening of January 5 or January 6. The difference in this date is due to the fact that some count Christmas Day as the first day of Christmas, whereas for others Christmas Day is a feast day in its own right, and the first full day of the Christmas Season is December 26. In Hispanic and other cultures, this is more like Christmas Eve, as the Three Wise Men bring gifts that night, and therefore decorations are left up longer. The same is true in Eastern Churches which often observe Christmas according to the Julian Calendar, thus making it fall 13 days later.
In England, it was customary to burn the decorations in the hearth, however this tradition has fallen out of favour as reusable and imperishable decorations made of plastics, wood, glass and metal became more popular. If a Yule log has been kept alight since Christmas Day, it is put out and the ashes kept to include in the fire on the following Christmas Day. A superstition exists which suggests that if decorations are kept up after Twelfth Night, they must be kept up until the following Twelfth Night, but also that if the decorations for the current Christmas are taken down before the New Year begins, bad luck shall befall the house for a whole year.
In the United States, many stores immediately remove decorations the day after Christmas, as some think of the holiday season as being over once Christmas has passed. A vast majority of Americans who put up home decorations keep them out and lit until at least New Year's Day, and inside decorations can often be seen in windows for several weeks afterward.
References | wiki |
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (臥虎藏龍; Wò Hǔ, Cáng Lóng) is a 2000 Chinese-language film, based on the novel by Wang Dulu.
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon can also refer to:
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (novel), a 1942 novel by Wang Dulu, on which the 2000 film is based
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (TV series), a 2001 Taiwanese TV series based on the novel
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (comics), a 2002-2005 comic book series based on the novel
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (video game), a 2003 video game by Ubisoft based on the 2000 film
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (soundtrack), the 2000 film's soundtrack album
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny, a 2016 sequel to the 2000 film
See also
Crouching Tiger (disambiguation)
Tiger (disambiguation)
Dragon (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a partial list of fictional universes created for comic books and animated film and television.
Animation
This is a partial list of fictional universes created for animated films or series.
Comics
This is a partial list of fictional universes created for comics.
Manga and webcomics
This is a partial list of fictional universes created for manga and webcomics (manhwa, manhua, etc.).
References
Universes | wiki |
Cliff Pennington (1940-2020), joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Cliff Pennington (né en 1984), joueur américain de baseball | wiki |
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the name given to a common and aberrant immune response to infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV).
The virus and pathogenesis of FIP
FCoV is a virus of the gastrointestinal tract. Most infections are either asymptomatic or cause diarrhea, especially in kittens, as maternally derived antibody wanes at between 5 and 7 weeks of age. The virus is a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). From the gut, the virus very briefly undergoes a systemic phase, before returning to the gut where it is shed in the feces.
The pathogenesis of FIP is complex. There is a general consensus that FIPVs arise from mutations enabling them to enter or replicate more successfully in monocytes (a type of white blood cell). However, many aspects of virus–host interactions affecting the disease remain uncertain, such as the factors that influence disease form (wet or dry), outcome (death or resistance), and host susceptibility.
Virus transmission
There is a lack of evidence FIP (Feline infectious peritonitis) is transmissible from cat to cat although it may explain rare mini-outbreaks of FIP. A study on 59 FIP infected cats found that, unlike FCoV, feces from FIP infected cats were not infectious to laboratory cats via oronasal route. FCoV is common in places where large groups of cats are housed together indoors (such as breeding catteries, animal shelters, etc.). The virus is shed in feces, and cats become infected by ingesting or inhaling the virus, usually by sharing cat litter trays, or by the use of contaminated litter scoops or brushes transmitting infected microscopic cat litter particles to uninfected kittens and cats. FCoV can also be transmitted through different bodily fluids. The virus is easily spread through direct contact between cats. The most common form of spreading is through saliva, as most multiple cat homes share food and water dishes. Another major form of spreading is grooming or fighting. When an infected cat grooms a healthy cat, they leave their contaminated saliva on the fur. Later, when the healthy cat goes to groom themselves, they ingest the contaminated saliva and then become infected.
Clinical signs
There are two main forms of FIP: effusive (wet) and non-effusive (dry). While both types are fatal, the effusive form is more common (60–70% of all cases) and progresses more rapidly than the non-effusive form.
Effusive (wet) FIP
The hallmark clinical sign of effusive FIP is the accumulation of fluid within the abdomen or chest, which can cause breathing difficulties. Other symptoms include lack of appetite, fever, weight loss, jaundice, and diarrhea.
Non-effusive (dry) FIP
Dry FIP will also present with lack of appetite, fever, jaundice, diarrhea, and weight loss, but there will not be an accumulation of fluid. Typically a cat with dry FIP will show ocular or neurological signs. For example, the cat may develop difficulty in standing up or walking, becoming functionally paralyzed over time. Loss of vision is another possible outcome of the disease.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing effusive FIP
Diagnosis of the effusive form of the disease has become more straightforward in recent years. Detection of viral RNA in a sample of the effusion (liquid drained from body), such as by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is diagnostic of effusive FIP. However, that does require that a sample be sent to an external veterinary laboratory. Within the veterinary hospital there are a number of tests which can rule out a diagnosis of effusive FIP within minutes:
Measure the total protein in the effusion: if it is less than 35g/L, FIP is extremely unlikely.
Measure the albumin to globulin ratio in the effusion: if it is over 0.8, FIP is ruled out; if it is less than 0.4, FIP is a possible—but not certain—diagnosis.
Examine the cells in the effusion: if they are predominantly lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), then FIP is excluded as a diagnosis.
Diagnosing non-effusive FIP
Non-effusive FIP is more difficult to diagnose than effusive FIP because the clinical signs tend to be more vague and varied: the list of differential diagnoses is therefore much longer. Non-effusive FIP diagnosis should be considered when the following criteria are met:
History: the cat is young (under 2 years old) and purebred: over 70% of cases of FIP are in pedigree kittens.
History: the cat experienced stress such as recent neutering or vaccination
History: the cat had an opportunity to become infected with FCoV, such as originating in a breeding or rescue cattery, or the recent introduction of a purebred kitten or cat into the household.
Clinical signs: the cat has become anorexic or is eating less than usual; has lost weight or failed to gain weight; has a fever of unknown origin; intra-ocular signs; jaundice.
Biochemistry: hypergammaglobulinaemia; raised bilirubin without liver enzymes being raised.
Hematology: lymphopenia; non-regenerative—usually mild—anaemia.
Serology: the cat has a high antibody titre to FCoV: this parameter should be used with caution, because of the high prevalence of FCoV in breeding and rescue catteries.
Non-effusive FIP can be ruled out as a diagnosis if the cat is seronegative, provided the antibody test has excellent sensitivity. In a study which compared various commercially available in-house FCoV antibody tests, the FCoV Immunocomb (Biogal) was 100% sensitive; the Speed F-Corona rapid immunochromatographic (RIM) test (Virbac) was 92.4% sensitive and the FASTest feline infectious peritonitis (MegaCor Diagnostik) RIM test was 84.6% sensitive.
Treatment
Because FIP is an immune-mediated disease, treatment falls into two categories: direct action against the virus itself and modulation of the immune response.
Antiviral drugs
Immunostimulants
Immunostimulants are drugs that make the immune system more active against the virus. The most common drugs of this class for treating FIP are either recombinant feline interferon omega (Virbagen Omega, Virbac) or human
interferon alfa-2b. Since the human version ends up being targeted by the immune system for being a foreign antigen, the feline version feline interferon is more effective.
An experimental polyprenyl immunostimulant (PI) is manufactured by Sass and Sass and tested by Dr. Al Legendre, who described survival over 1 year in three cats diagnosed with FIP and treated with the medicine. In a subsequent field study of 60 cats with non-effusive FIP treated with PI, 52 cats (87%) died before 200 days, but eight cats survived over 200 days from the start of PI treatment for and four of those survived beyond 300 days.
Antivirals
Antivirals (in the narrow sense) act by interfering with the enzymes or other biological processes in the FIP virus.
An experimental drug called GS-441524 was used in a field experiment of 31 cats. After 25 days, five cats had died, eight had been cured and subsequently relapsed, and 18 had been cured without any subsequent relapses. The eight who relapsed were treated again, some with higher doses. Of these eight, one died and seven were cured, meaning that 25 of the 31 cats were ultimately cured of FIP. Although the drug is not yet (as of 2019) commercially available in the United States, this study is considered very promising and may lead to commercially available medication for the treatment of FIP. GS-441524 is available at >99% purity commercially from research chemical suppliers such as Selleckchem, MedKoo and MedChemExpress.
An experimental antiviral drug called GC376 was used in a field trial of 20 cats: 7 cats went into remission, and 13 cats responded initially but relapsed and were euthanized. This drug is not yet (as of 2017) commercially available.
Anti-inflammatory drugs
It is generally recommended to use an anti-inflammatory drug against FIP.
Immunosuppressive drugs dampen the immune system, helping to reduce inflammation. The go-to immunosuppressive drug in FIP is prednisolone, a corticosteroid. There are no placebo-controlled trials showing prednisolone to be better than other anti-inflammatories.
Prevention
Vaccination
There is no effective vaccine against FIPV. DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding FIPV proteins failed to produce immunity. Rather, it was observed that antibodies to the FIPV spike protein exacerbate the disease.
Prevention
Kittens are protected from infection by maternally derived antibody until weaning, usually around 5–7 weeks of age; therefore, it is possible to prevent infection of kittens by removing them from sources of infection. However, FCoV is a very contagious virus and such prevention does require rigorous hygiene.
In film
A 2018 film titled Aeris, by Paul Castro Jr. and Aly Miller, and starring Frank Deal, Arabella Oz and Betsy Aidem, is about a kitten born with FIP that is purchased from a pet store and the owners' twelve days with it. The film received an award at the 2018 Garden State Film Festival in the Narrative Short category and was a Gold Kahuna winner at the 2018 Honolulu Film Awards.
See also
Feline vaccination
Feline leukemia virus
References
External links
Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Coronavirus Website
Why Do Cats Purr? Is It Good Or Bad? - Two Cat Freaks Blog
Feline Infectious Peritonitis from vetinfo.com
Research on Feline Infectious Peritonitis from University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine
FIP: A 2012 Update
FIP Informational Brochure from the Cornell Feline Health Center
UC Davis Center for Companion Animal Health
Animal Health Channel
Feline Advisory Bureau
FIP (Felipedia.org)
Cat diseases
Animal viral diseases
Coronavirus-associated diseases | wiki |
In computing, a legacy port is a computer port or connector that is considered by some to be fully or partially superseded. The replacement ports usually provide most of the functionality of the legacy ports with higher speeds, more compact design, or plug and play and hot swap capabilities for greater ease of use. Modern PC motherboards use separate Super I/O controllers to provide legacy ports, since current chipsets do not offer direct support for them. A category of computers called legacy-free PCs omits these ports, typically retaining only USB for external expansion.
USB adapters are often used to provide legacy ports if they are required on systems not equipped with them.
Common legacy ports
See also
Legacy encoding
Legacy system
References
Computer buses
Legacy hardware | wiki |
Termenul „Condensator” se poate referi la:
Condensator (termodinamică) : utilaj pentru efectuarea procesului de condensare
Condensator electric : element de circuit electric | wiki |
The Milwaukee Brewers of 1894–1901 were an American professional baseball team. They competed as members of the Western League from 1894 to 1899, then as members of the American League in 1900 and 1901. Both leagues were considered minor leagues during those seasons, except for when the American League declared itself a major league.
History
The Western League had previously operated for multiple seasons between 1885 and 1892. It reorganized in November 1893, then operated continuously from 1894 through 1899, during which the Brewers competed. The league renamed itself as the American League for the 1900 season, during which the Brewers again competed.
Prior to the season, the American League declared itself a major league, competing for players and revenue against the only other major league in operation at the time, the National League. Owned by Henry Killilea, the Brewers were managed by Hugh Duffy that season and finished last in the eight-team league. The team played at Lloyd Street Grounds, between 16th and 18th Streets in Milwaukee.
Prior to the season, the Brewers were relocated to St. Louis and renamed as the St. Louis Browns. That franchise played in St. Louis through the 1953 season, then relocated again to become the Baltimore Orioles.
After the major-league team left Milwaukee following the 1901 season, a minor-league Milwaukee Brewers franchise competed in the American Association from 1902 through 1952.
See also
History of the Baltimore Orioles
History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
References
Baseball in Milwaukee
Professional baseball teams in Wisconsin
Defunct baseball teams in Wisconsin
Baseball teams established in 1894
Baseball teams disestablished in 1901
1894 establishments in Wisconsin
1901 disestablishments in Wisconsin
Defunct Western League teams
Defunct Major League Baseball teams | wiki |
Supplemental Arrows-B is a Unicode block containing miscellaneous arrows, arrow tails, crossing arrows used in knot descriptions, curved arrows, and harpoons.
Block
Emoji
The Supplemental Arrows-B block contains two emoji:
U+2934–U+2935.
The block has four standardized variants defined to specify emoji-style (U+FE0F VS16) or text presentation (U+FE0E VS15) for the
two emoji, both of which default to a text presentation.
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Supplemental Arrows-B block:
See also
Unicode symbols
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
References
Unicode blocks | wiki |
Supplemental Arrows-A is a Unicode block containing various arrow symbols.
Block
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Supplemental Arrows-A block:
See also
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
References
Unicode blocks | wiki |
The ball-tailed cat (Felis caudaglobosa) is a fearsome critter of North American folklore most commonly described as having similar traits to that of a mountain lion, except with an exceedingly long tail to which there is affixed a solid, bulbous mass for striking its prey. Tales of ball-tailed cats were common among woodsmen during the turn of the 20th century and many variations exist; two of the more prominent variants are the digmaul and the sliver cat. The latter is distinguishable for not only having a smooth-sided ball for knocking wayfarers unconscious, but in addition a spiked-side for piercing and grappling its victims.
References
Fearsome critters
Mythological felines
Cat folklore | wiki |
Palabra de mujer puede referirse a:
Palabra de mujer, álbum de Mónica Naranjo.
Palabra de mujer, telenovela mexicana. | wiki |
A drug allergy is an allergy to a drug, most commonly a medication, and is a form of adverse drug reaction. Medical attention should be sought immediately if an allergic reaction is suspected.
An allergic reaction will not occur on the first exposure to a substance. The first exposure allows the body to create antibodies and memory lymphocyte cells for the antigen. However, drugs often contain many different substances, including dyes, which could cause allergic reactions. This can cause an allergic reaction on the first administration of a drug. For example, a person who developed an allergy to a red dye will be allergic to any new drug which contains that red dye.
A drug allergy is different from an intolerance. A drug intolerance, which is often a milder, non-immune-mediated reaction, does not depend on prior exposure.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of drug hypersensitivity reactions can be similar to non-allergic adverse effects. Common symptoms include:
Hives
Itching
Rash
Fever
Facial swelling
Shortness of breath due to the short-term constriction of lung airways or longer-term damage to lung tissue
Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening drug reaction (produces most of these symptoms as well as low blood pressure)
Cardiac symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, chest palpitations, light headedness, and syncope due to a rare drug-induced reaction, eosinophilic myocarditis
Causes
Some classes of medications have a higher rate of drug reactions than others. These include antiepileptics, antibiotics, antiretrovirals, NSAIDs, and general and local anesthetics.
Risk factors
Risk factors for drug allergies can be attributed to the drug itself or the characteristics of the patient. Drug-specific risk factors include the dose, route of administration, duration of treatment, repetitive exposure to the drug, and concurrent illnesses. Host risk factors include age, sex, atopy, specific genetic polymorphisms, and inherent predisposition to react to multiple unrelated drugs (multiple drug allergy syndrome).
A drug allergy is more likely to develop with large doses and extended exposure.
People with immunological diseases, such as HIV and cystic fibrosis, or infection with EBV, CMV, or HHV6, are more susceptible to drug hypersensitivity reactions. These conditions lower the threshold for T-cell stimulation.
Mechanisms
There are two broad mechanisms for a drug allergy to occur: IgE or non-IgE mediated. In IgE-mediated reactions, also known as immunoglobulin E mediated reactions, drug allergens bind to IgE antibodies, which are attached to mast cells and basophils, resulting in IgE cross-linking, cell activation and release of preformed and newly formed mediators.
Most drugs do not cause reactions in themselves, but by the formation of haptens.
Types
Drug allergies or hypersensitivities can be broadly divided into two types: immediate reactions and delayed reactions. Immediate reactions take place within an hour of administration and are IgE mediated, while delayed reactions take place hours to weeks after administration and are T-cell mediated. The first category is mostly mediated through specific IgE, whereas the latter is specifically T-cell mediated.
Management
Management of drug allergy consists principally of avoidance or discontinuation of the causative drug. Treatment is largely supportive and symptomatic. It may consist of topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines for cutaneous symptoms such as hives and itching. Mild cutaneous reactions can be managed with antihistamines only. However, antihistamines cannot antagonize activated histamine that has already been released from mast cells. In severe cases of drug allergy, systemic corticosteroids may be used. Corticosteroids are limited by a delayed onset of action of greater than 45minutes as they act via gene modulation. If anaphylaxis occurs, injectable epinephrine is to be used. If a person is allergic to a drug and no suitable alternative exists, a desensitization procedure with the drug, in which the drug is introduced slowly at very low doses such that tolerance to the drug allergy develops, can be employed.
See also
Adverse drug reaction
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
Drug intolerance
Drug tolerance
References
External links
Allergology
Drug safety | wiki |
Reversing type (also reversing, knocking-out, reversed type) is a method of typographic printing with black or colored inks, in which the entire surface is printed, except for text elements. Reversing is one of the special cases of printing on a color solid, when the color of the solid is black or colored, and the color of the letters is white. This means that the colors of letter background and letters change places. As such, reversing is a meaningfulful way to add emphasis and contrast to the page as well as to develop a visible typographic hierarchy.
Use in printing
Reversing greatly affects a text's readability, so it is most often used for printing headings and for highlighting small fragments of text, preferably with bold emphasis. Quite often it is used as a design technique in advertising.
Outside the printing industry
In the computer industry, the inverted text usually displays a selected block of text, the current menu item. Many older people have a slight, comfortable astigmatism. At the high resolution of modern computer screens, they better see black letters on white background rather than vice versa. Therefore, long reversed texts are rare.
The reversing is widely used in the various equipment design (from television remotes to dump trucks): a half-erased button or plate remains readable.
See also
Negative space
Reverse-contrast typefaces
Type color
References
Printing terminology
Graphic design | wiki |
Jaime Zea (born in Huyro, La Convención, Cuzco, 17 February 1960) was the mayor of Villa El Salvador, one of the most populated districts of Lima, Peru. He began his mayoral term in 2003 and was reelected in 2007.
References
1960 births
Living people
Mayors of places in Peru | wiki |
Fan Dance is part of the Fitness and Navigation phase of the selection process for the United Kingdom's Special Forces, as well as 16 Air Assault Brigade's Pathfinder Platoon and as part of Platoon Commanders' Battle Course (PCBC) for all British Infantry Officers.
The Fan Dance is a load bearing march that takes place at the end of the first week of the selection course. It is used as the first major indicator of whether a candidate has the physical and mental aptitude to complete the selection.
The candidates climb Pen y Fan's west slope (facing Corn Du) and then descend on the far side, known as Jacob's Ladder. The rest of the route follows the old Roman road before going back on itself for the return leg. Candidates are allowed 4 hours 10 minutes to complete the route regardless of weather.
The Fan Dance is a DS (Directing Staff) led group march, the route of the DS must be followed, but it is essentially down to the individual's own effort to complete so long as they come in under the allotted time.
References
External links
The Fan Dance, BBC Radio 4
British military exercises | wiki |
The presidential line of succession defines who may become or act as Constitutional President of the Dominican Republic upon the incapacity, resignation, death or by judge trial of a current President.
Current order
The Presidential line of succession, as specified by the Constitution 2010 in the article 129. The current office-holder is in parentheses:
Current President: Luis Abinader
Government of the Dominican Republic | wiki |
Cruentarens are a group of macrolides secreted by the myxobacteria Byssovorax cruenta. There are two isomers (cruentaren A and B) have been isolated. They each have a molecular formula of C33H51NO8 and molecular weight 589 g/mol. Cruentaren A strongly inhibits the growth of yeasts and filamentous fungi, and inhibits the proliferation of different cancer cell lines in vitro, including a multidrug-resistant KB line. Cruentaren B shows only marginal cytotoxicity and no antifungal activity.
References
Macrolides
Antifungals | wiki |
Paul McCartney (born 1942) is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer.
McCartney may also refer to:
McCartney (surname)
McCartney (album), a 1970 album by Paul McCartney
McCartney (planet), a minor planet
McCartney, Wisconsin, United States
See also
McCartney Library, an academic library of Geneva College
McCartney Productions, a holding company for the business interests of Paul McCartney | wiki |
1000 times may refer to:
"1000×", a 2016 song by Jarryd James
"1000 Times", a song by Gomez from the 2002 album In Our Gun
"1,000 Times", a song by Tahiti 80 from the 2002 album Wallpaper for the Soul
1000X (EP), by Man or Astro-man?, 1997
See also
1000 (disambiguation) | wiki |
Nunatakassaup Sermia (old spelling: Nunatakavsaup Sermia) is a tidewater glacier in Avannaata municipality on the northwestern shore of Greenland. It drains the Greenland ice sheet southwestwards into Tasiusaq Bay. The glacier front is located to the southeast of the Nunatarsuaq nunatak, and to the north of the Qassersuaq Peninsula. Alanngorsuup Sermia, a sibling glacier to the south, drains the icesheet into the same point at the inner end of Tasiusaq Bay.
References
Tasiusaq Bay
Glaciers of the Upernavik Archipelago | wiki |
A pit boss (more commonly known today as the pit manager) is the person who directs the employees who work in a casino pit. The job of the pit boss is to manage the floormen, who are the supervisors for table games dealers in a casino. One pit boss monitors all floormen, dealers, and players in the pit; there is usually one floorman for every six tables. The floormen correct minor mistakes, but if a severe gaming discrepancy arises (such as duplicate cards being found in a deck), it is the job of the pit boss to sort it out.
References
Casinos
Gambling terminology
Management occupations
Managers | wiki |
Chileajo de cerdo is a dish originating from Oaxaca, Mexico. It consists of pieces of pork boiled in water and cooked in a thick sauce made of toasted guajillo chili without seeds, toasted ancho chili without seeds, raw costeño amarillo chili without seeds, roasted and peeled garlic, cloves, oregano, cumin, red and green tomatoes, salt and pepper. This dish may be served with bayo beans.
References
Muñoz Zurita, Ricardo. Pequeño Larousee de la Gastronomía Mexicana. (2013). .
Mexican cuisine | wiki |
Downstream is a 2010 post-apocalyptic film that takes place in a near-future dystopia where gasoline is scarce and a drifter tries to reach a rumored utopian city, Plutopia, powered by clean energy. The film is directed by Simone Bartesaghi and co-directed, written, and produced by Philip Y. Kim.
Cast
Wes - Jonathon Trent
Sara - Elizabeth Roberts
Tobias - Jonno Roberts
Tabitha - Fiona Gubelmann
Elder Daniel - Lenny Von Dohlen
Edward - Billy Drago
Hungry Joe - Joseph Whipp
Food Vendor - Mickey Jones
Frenchy- Emilien De Falco
References
External links
2010 films
2010 science fiction action films
American science fiction action films
American dystopian films
American post-apocalyptic films
Peak oil films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films | wiki |
USA
Red Oak, település Georgia államban
Red Oak, település Iowa államban
Red Oak, település Texas államban | wiki |
Bambusa blumeana, also known as spiny bamboo or thorny bamboo, is a species of clumping bamboo occurring in Tropical Asia.
This bamboo is known locally as: kawayang tinik in the Philippines, buluh duri in Malay and tre gai or tre lá ngắn in Vietnam.
Description
Culms (stems) of Bambusa blumeana are up to long and slightly arched. At the base they are up to thick with walls thick, or may be solid. The stem consists of a number of short sections separated by nodes. The main branches are borne on the upper half of the culms, those on the lower part being slender and armed with thorns. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, and up to long, and one grows from each node, with the lower part of the leaf sheathing the stem.
Distribution and habitat
Where Bambusa blumeana originated is unclear, but it may have been native to Indonesia and Borneo. Its range now includes the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, southern China and Japan. It has also been introduced to Madagascar, Guam, and some other Indo-Pacific islands. Its natural habitat is hillsides, valley bottoms and stream banks, where it forms tangled thickets, at altitudes up to about . It tolerates acid soils, clay and occasional flooding, but not saline soils.
Uses
Young shoots of Bambusa blumeana are boiled and eaten as a vegetable, being harvested when they first emerge from the ground. The plant is used as a living fence between fields, as a windbreak around homesteads and to prevent erosion on river banks. The poles are useful as a lightweight scaffolding but are not durable enough for building construction; other uses include basket-making, furniture manufacture, parquet, toys, chopsticks and kitchen utensils. The culms of this bamboo, along with those of Dendrocalamus asper, are the main source of bamboo pulp used to make paper.
Bambusa blumeana is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant. Propagation can be from seed, but the plant only flowers once every few years, so seed is often unavailable. Clumps can be divided when new growth is commencing, or culms can be cut into sections and used as cuttings.
Gallery
References
External links
blumeana
Flora of Indo-China
Flora of Malesia
Plants described in 1830 | wiki |
List of Indian stock exchange may refer to one of the 9 official operating stock and commodity exchanges by SEBI or the numerous defunct ones.
Operating stock exchanges
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in Mumbai, one of the two principal large stock exchanges of India.It has a big market cap of $3.3 trillion.
Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) founded in Bengal(1863), India's oldest and one of the biggest stock exchange, with market cap of $720 million.
India International Exchange (India INX) in Gift City.
Metropolitan Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (MSE) in Mumbai.
National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) in Mumbai, one of the two principal large stock exchanges of India.With the Market cap of 3.27 trillion dollars.
National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Ltd. (NCDEX)USA in Mumbai.
Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (MCX) in Mumbai.
Former stock exchanges
Ahmedabad Stock Exchange (closed in 2018)
Delhi Stock Exchange (closed in 2017)
Gauhati Stock Exchange (closed in 2015)
Jaipur Stock Exchange (closed in 2015)
Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange (closed in 2015)
Madras Stock Exchange (MSE) (closed in 2015)
OTC Exchange of India (closed in 2015)
Pune Stock Exchange (closed in 2015)
UP Stock Exchange (closed in 2015)
Vadodara Stock Exchange (closed in 2015)
Bangalore Stock Exchange (closed in 2014)
Cochin Stock Exchange, Kochi (trading stopped in 2005, closed in 2014)
Inter-connected Stock Exchange of India (closed in 2014)
Ludhiana Stock Exchange (closed in 2014)
Bhubaneshwar Stock Exchange (closed in 2005)
Coimbatore Stock Exchange (requested exiting trading in 2009)
Hyderabad Stock Exchange (closed in 2007)
Magadh Stock Exchange (closed in 2007)
Mangalore Stock Exchange (closed in 2004)
Raipur Stock Exchange (closed in 2018) | wiki |
A windstorm is a storm, which is a severe weather condition.
Windstorm may also refer to:
European windstorm, a type of storm in Europe
Windstorm (album), a 1978 album by Gloria Jones
Windstorm (film), a 2013 German adventure film | wiki |
Don't Play That Song – album di Ben E. King del 1962
Don't Play That Song (You Lied) – singolo di Ben E. King del 1962, dall'album Don't Play That Song
Don't Play That Song – album di Aretha Franklin del 1970 | wiki |
Chocolate marquise is a rich chocolate dessert made with dark chocolate, butter, sugar, cocoa powder, eggs and cream. It may be flavored with vanilla and espresso.
See also
List of desserts
References
Chocolate desserts | wiki |
The Windows wait cursor, informally the Blue circle of death (known as the hourglass cursor until Windows Vista) is a cursor that indicates that an application is busy performing an operation. It can be accompanied by an arrow if the operation is being performed in the background.
The wait cursor can display on programs using the Windows API.
History
From the first version of Windows to Windows XP, it was represented by an hourglass. Windows Vista introduced a new, animated wait cursor. The wait cursor in Windows 7 was almost identical. It is possible, however, to change the appearance of the cursor into the original hourglass cursor. Windows 8 introduced a new flat wait cursor. The new cursor is light blue on dark blue and removes the fade and the particles from the animated part.
Usage
There are two uses for the wait cursor: short term and long term. The wait cursor is a shared resource in the system across applications and windows. By default, when the mouse cursor is in a window, the cursor shown is controlled by the window's registered window class and handling of WM_SETCURSOR. Different scenarios can be used instead.
In Microsoft Foundation Class Library (MFC) the wait cursor can be controlled by CWaitCursor. If a local instance is created, the wait cursor is reset when the instance goes out of scope. It is used primarily for short term wait cursors.
In Windows Forms, each Control instance has a Cursor property, which can be controlled by the application itself. Control.Cursor is the cursor shown when the mouse is in the control's region; System.Windows.Forms.Cursor.Current is the cursor shown when the mouse enters any window of the application.
For long term wait cursors, the UseWaitCursor property can be set (either Control level or application level) on one occasion and reset at another time.
References
Windows components | wiki |
Salt balance may refer to
Osmoregulation
Soil salinity
Salt balance in the soil
See also
Soil salinity control | wiki |
Reuleaux may refer to:
Franz Reuleaux (1829–1905), German mechanical engineer and lecturer
in geometry:
Reuleaux polygon, a curve of constant width
Reuleaux triangle, a Reuleaux polygon with three sides
Reuleaux heptagon, a Reuleaux polygon with seven sides that provides the shape of some currency coins
Reuleaux tetrahedron, the intersection of four spheres of equal radius centered at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron | wiki |
Boo to a Goose is a 1996 children's picture book by Australian author Mem Fox, and illustrated by David Miller. In this book, published by Hodder and Stoughton Children's Books, a boy states twelve nonsensical things he would rather do than say "boo to a goose".
Publication history
1998, USA, Dial Books for Young Readers
1996, Australia, Hodder Children's Books
Reception
Kirkus Reviews called it "in words and art, a delightful mix of nonsense and verve", and Booklist found it ".. a series of silly rhyming fantasies gorgeously illustrated with dramatic cut-paper collages".
Boo to a Goose has also been reviewed by the following publications:
School Library Journal, and The Horn Book Magazine.
Notes
References
External links
Library holdings of Boo to a Goose
Australian picture books
1996 children's books
Picture books by Mem Fox
Nonsense poetry
Books by Mem Fox | wiki |
Home Fire or Home Fires may refer to:
Literature
Home Fire (novel), a novel by Kamila Shamsie
Home Fires (Katz book), a 1992 book by Don Katz
Home Fires (novel), a 2011 novel by Gene Wolfe
Music
Home Fire, a 1991 album by Ron Kavana
Home Fires (Dead Ringer Band album), an album by Dead Ringer Band
Television
Home Fires (British TV series), a drama series that debuted in 2015
Home Fires (Canadian TV series), a drama series that debuted in 1980
Home Fires (Upstairs, Downstairs), episode 6 of Upstairs, Downstairs series 4
See also
Keep the Home Fires Burning (disambiguation)
Structure fire, a fire in a home or other building | wiki |
Blue Bunny may refer to:
Blue Bunny, ice cream produced by Wells Dairy in Iowa, USA
Blue Bunny, ten-kiloton nuclear mine, later renamed Blue Peacock, using the Blue Danube physics package.
Blue Bunny, flight suit ("Suit, Flyers, Electrically Heated, Type F-1") | wiki |
Atlantean Chronicles is a 1970 study of Atlantis by Henry M. Eichner. It was first published in 1971 by Fantasy Publishing Company, Inc. in an edition of 1,250 copies. An abridged version of the book was later serialized in the Perry Rhodan books.
References
1971 books
Atlantis in fiction
Fantasy Publishing Company, Inc. books | wiki |
Inza may refer to:
a drug with the active ingredient naproxen
Inza, Russia, a town in Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia
Inza, Cauca, town in Colombia
Inza Nelson, wife of Doctor Fate in DC Comics | wiki |
Environmentally sustainable design (also called environmentally conscious design, eco-design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of ecological sustainability and also aimed at improving the health and comfortability of occupants in a building.
Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, the health and well-being of building occupants, thereby improving building performance. The basic objectives of sustainability are to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources, minimize waste, and create healthy, productive environments.
Theory
The sustainable design intends to "eliminate negative environmental impact through skillful sensitive design". Manifestations of sustainable design require renewable resources and innovation to impact the environment minimally, and connect people with the natural environment.
“Human beings don't have a pollution problem; they have a design problem. If humans were to devise products, tools, furniture, homes, factories, and cities more intelligently from the start, they wouldn't even need to think in terms of waste, contamination, or scarcity. Good design would allow for abundance, endless reuse, and pleasure.” - The Upcycle by authors Michael Braungart and William McDonough, 2013.
Design-related decisions are happening everywhere daily, impacting “sustainable development” or provisioning for the needs of future generations of life on earth. Sustainability and design are intimately linked. Quite simply, our future is designed. The term “design” is here used to refer to practices applied to the making of products, services, as well as business and innovation strategies — all of which inform sustainability. Sustainability can be thought of as the property of continuance; that is, what is sustainable can be continued.
Conceptual problems
Diminishing returns
The principle that all directions of progress run out, ending with diminishing returns, is evident in the typical 'S' curve of the technology life cycle and in the useful life of any system as discussed in industrial ecology and life cycle assessment. Diminishing returns are the result of reaching natural limits. Common business management practice is to read diminishing returns in any direction of effort as an indication of diminishing opportunity, the potential for accelerating decline, and a signal to seek new opportunities elsewhere. (see also: law of diminishing returns, marginal utility, and Jevons paradox.)
Unsustainable investment
A problem arises when the limits of a resource are hard to see, so increasing investment in response to diminishing returns may seem profitable as in the Tragedy of the Commons, but may lead to a collapse. This problem of increasing investment in diminishing resources has also been studied as a cause of civilization collapse by Joseph Tainter among others. This natural error in investment policy contributed to the collapse of both the Roman and Mayan, among others. Relieving over-stressed resources requires reducing pressure on them, not continually increasing it whether more efficiently or not.
Negative Effects of Waste
The designer is responsible for choices that place a demand on natural resources, produce waste, and potentially cause irreversible ecosystem damage.
About 80 million tonnes of waste in total are generated in the U.K. alone, for example, each year. And concerning only household waste, between 1991–92 and 2007–08, each person in England generated an average of 1.35 pounds of waste per day.
Experience has now shown that there is no completely safe method of waste disposal. All forms of disposal have negative effects on the environment, public innovation, and local economies. Landfills have contaminated drinking water. Garbage burned in incinerators has poisoned air, soil, and water. The majority of water treatment systems change the local ecology. Attempts to control or manage wastes after they are produced fail to eliminate environmental impacts.
The toxic components of household products pose serious health risks and aggravate the trash problem. In the U.S., about seven pounds in every ton of household garbage contains toxic materials, such as heavy metals like nickel, lead, cadmium, and mercury from batteries, and organic compounds found in pesticides and consumer products, such as air freshener sprays, nail polish, cleaners, and other products. When burned or buried, toxic materials also pose a serious threat to public health and the environment.
The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation. Pollution prevention means changing the way activities are conducted and eliminating the source of the problem. It does not mean doing without, but doing differently. For example, preventing waste pollution from litter caused by disposable beverage containers does not mean doing without beverages; it just means using refillable bottles.
Industrial designer Victor Papanek has stated that when we design and plan things to be discarded, we exercise insufficient care in design.
Waste prevention strategies
In planning for facilities, a comprehensive design strategy is needed for preventing the generation of solid waste. A good garbage prevention strategy would require that everything brought into a facility is recycled for reuse or recycled back into the environment through biodegradation. This would mean a greater reliance on natural materials or products that are compatible with the environment.
Any resource-related development is going to have two basic sources of solid waste — materials purchased and used by the facility and those brought into the facility by visitors. The following waste prevention strategies apply to both, although different approaches will be needed for implementation:
use products that minimize waste and are nontoxic
compost or anaerobically digest biodegradable wastes
reuse materials onsite or collect suitable materials for offsite recycling
consuming fewer resources means creating less waste, therefore it reduces the impact on the environment.
Climate change
Perhaps the most obvious and overshadowing driver of environmentally conscious sustainable design can be attributed to global warming and climate change. The sense of urgency that now prevails for humanity to take action against climate change has increased manifold in the past thirty years. Climate change can be attributed to several faults, and improper design that doesn't take into consideration the environment is one of them. While several steps in the field of sustainability have begun, most products, industries, and buildings still consume a lot of energy and create a lot of pollution.
Loss of Biodiversity
Unsustainable environment design, or simply design, also affects the biodiversity of a region. Improper design of transport highways forces thousands of animals to move further into forest boundaries. Poorly designed hydrothermal dams affect the mating cycle and indirectly, the numbers of local fish.
Sustainable design principles
While the practical application varies among disciplines, some common principles are as follows:
Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably produced, or recycled materials that require little energy to process
Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products that require less energy
Emotionally durable design: reducing consumption and waste of resources by increasing the durability of relationships between people and products, through design
Design for reuse and recycling: "Products, processes, and systems should be designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife'."
Targeted durability, not immortality, should be a design goal.
Material diversity in multicomponent products should be minimized to promote disassembly and value retention.
Design impact measures for total carbon footprint and life-cycle assessment for any resource used are increasingly required and available.^ Many are complex, but some give quick and accurate whole-earth estimates of impacts. One measure estimates any spending as consuming an average economic share of global energy use of per dollar and producing at the average rate of 0.57 kg of per dollar (1995 dollars US) from DOE figures.
Sustainable design standards and project design guides are also increasingly available and are vigorously being developed by a wide array of private organizations and individuals. There is also a large body of new methods emerging from the rapid development of what has become known as 'sustainability science' promoted by a wide variety of educational and governmental institutions.
Biomimicry: "redesigning industrial systems on biological lines ... enabling the constant reuse of materials in continuous closed cycles..."
Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from personal ownership of products to provision of services that provide similar functions, e.g., from a private automobile to a carsharing service. Such a system promotes minimal resource use per unit of consumption (e.g., per trip driven).
Renewable resource: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably managed renewable sources that can be composted when their usefulness has been exhausted.
Bill of Rights for the Planet
A model of the new design principles necessary for sustainability is exemplified by the "Bill of Rights for the Planet" or "Hannover Principles" - developed by William McDonough Architects for EXPO 2000 that was held in Hannover, Germany.
The Bill of Rights:
Insist on the right of humanity and nature to co-exist in healthy, supportive, diverse, and sustainable conditions.
Recognize Interdependence. The elements of human design interact with and depend on the natural world, with broad and diverse implications at every scale. Expand design considerations to recognize even distant effects.
Respect relationships between spirit and matter. Consider all aspects of human settlement including community, dwelling, industry, and trade in terms of existing and evolving connections between spiritual and material consciousness.
Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human well-being, the viability of natural systems, and their right to co-exist.
Create safe objects of long-term value. Do not burden future generations with requirements for maintenance or vigilant administration of potential danger due to the careless creation of products, processes, or standards.
Eliminate the concept of waste. Evaluate and optimize the full life-cycle of products and processes, to approach the state of natural systems in which there is no waste.
Rely on natural energy flows. Human designs should, like the living world, derive their creative forces from perpetual solar income. Incorporating this energy efficiently and safely for responsible use.
Understand the limitations of design. No human creation lasts forever and design does not solve all problems. Those who create and plan should practice humility in the face of nature. Treat nature as a model and mentor, not an inconvenience to be evaded or controlled.
Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge. Encourage direct and open communication between colleagues, patrons, manufacturers, and users to link long-term sustainable considerations with ethical responsibility, and re-establish the integral relationship between natural processes and human activity.
These principles were adopted by the World Congress of the International Union of Architects (UIA) in June 1993 at the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Expo 93 in Chicago. Further, the AIA and UIA signed a "Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future." In summary, the declaration states that today's society is degrading its environment and that the AIA, UIA, and their members are committed to:
Placing environmental and social sustainability at the core of practices and professional responsibilities
Developing and continually improving practices, procedures, products, services, and standards for sustainable design
Educating the building industry, clients, and the general public about the importance of sustainable design
Working to change policies, regulations, and standards in government and business so that sustainable design will become the fully supported standard practice
Bringing the existing built environment up to sustainable design standards.
In addition, the Interprofessional Council on Environmental Design (ICED), a coalition of architectural, landscape architectural, and engineering organizations developed a vision statement in an attempt to foster a team approach to sustainable design. ICED states: The ethics, education, and practices of our professions will be directed to shape a sustainable future. . . . To achieve this vision we will join . . . as a multidisciplinary partnership."
These activities are an indication that the concept of sustainable design is being supported on a global and interprofessional scale and that the ultimate goal is to become more environmentally responsive. The world needs facilities that are more energy-efficient and that promote conservation and recycling of natural and economic resources.
Economic and Social Sustainable Design
Environmentally sustainable design is most beneficial when it works hand-in-hand with the other two counterparts of sustainable design – the economic and socially sustainable designs. These three terms are often coined under the title ‘triple bottom line.’
It is imperative that we think about value in not solely economic or financial terms, but also in relation to natural capital (the biosphere and earth's resources), social capital (the norms and networks that enable collective action), and human capital (the sum total of knowledge, experience, intellectual property, and labor available to society). The purely economic capital so many people and organizations strive for, and make decisions by, are often not conducive to these alternative forms of capital. For sustainable design, there is a need to reset how we, as inhabitants of the earth, think about value.
In some countries the term sustainable design is known as ecodesign, green design or environmental design. Victor Papanek, embraced social design and social quality and ecological quality, but did not explicitly combine these areas of design concern in one term. Sustainable design and design for sustainability are more common terms, including the triple bottom line (people, planet and profit).
In the EU, the concept of sustainable design is referred to as ecodesign. Examples. Little discussions have taken place over the importance of this concept in the run-up to the circular economy package, that the European Commission will be tabling by the end of 2015. To this effect, an Ecothis.EU campaign was launched to raise awareness about the economic and environmental consequences of not including eco-design as part of the circular economy package.
Aspects of environmentally sustainable design
Emotionally durable design
According to Jonathan Chapman of Carnegie Mellon University, USA, emotionally durable design reduces the consumption and waste of natural resources by increasing the resilience of relationships established between consumers and products." Essentially, product replacement is delayed by strong emotional ties. In his book, Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences & Empathy, Chapman describes how "the process of consumption is, and has always been, motivated by complex emotional drivers, and is about far more than just the mindless purchasing of newer and shinier things; it is a journey towards the ideal or desired self, that through cyclical loops of desire and disappointment, becomes a seemingly endless process of serial destruction". Therefore, a product requires an attribute, or number of attributes, which extend beyond utilitarianism.
According to Chapman, 'emotional durability' can be achieved through consideration of the following five elements:
Narrative: How users share a unique personal history with the product.
Consciousness: How the product is perceived as autonomous and in possession of its own free will.
Attachment: Can a user be made to feel a strong emotional connection to a product?
Fiction: The product inspires interactions and connections beyond just the physical relationship.
Surface: How the product ages and develops character through time and use.
As a strategic approach, "emotionally durable design provides a useful language to describe the contemporary relevance of designing responsible, well made, tactile products which the user can get to know and assign value to in the long-term." According to Hazel Clark and David Brody of Parsons The New School for Design in New York, “emotionally durable design is a call for professionals and students alike to prioritise the relationships between design and its users, as a way of developing more sustainable attitudes to, and in, design things.”
Beauty and sustainable design
Because standards of sustainable design appear to emphasize ethics over aesthetics, some designers and critics have complained that it lacks inspiration. Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Frank Gehry has called green building "bogus," and National Design Awards winner Peter Eisenman has dismissed it as "having nothing to do with architecture." In 2009, The American Prospect asked whether "well-designed green architecture" is an "oxymoron."
Others claim that such criticism of sustainable design is misguided. A leading advocate for this alternative view is architect Lance Hosey, whose book The Shape of Green: Aesthetics, Ecology, and Design (2012) was the first dedicated to the relationships between sustainability and beauty. Hosey argues not just that sustainable design needs to be aesthetically appealing in order to be successful, but also that following the principles of sustainability to their logical conclusion requires reimagining the shape of everything designed, creating things of even greater beauty. Reviewers have suggested that the ideas in The Shape of Green could "revolutionize what it means to be sustainable." Small and large buildings are beginning to successfully incorporate principles of sustainability into award-winning designs. Examples include One Central Park and the Science Faculty building, UTS.
The popular Living Building Challenge has incorporated beauty as one of its petals in building design. Sustainable products and processes are required to be beautiful because it allows for emotional durability, which increases the probability that they are going to be maintained and preserved, decreasing their carbon footprint. Many people also argue that biophilia is innately beautiful. Which is why building architecture is designed such that people feel close to nature and is often surrounded by well-kept lawns – a design that is both ‘beautiful’ and encourages the inculcation of nature in our daily lives. Or utilizes daylight design into the system – reducing lighting loads while also fulfilling our need for being close to that which is outdoors.
Economic Aspects
Discussed above, economics is another aspect of it environmental design that is crucial to most design decisions. It is obvious that most people consider the cost of any design before they consider the environmental impacts of it. Therefore, there is a growing nuance of pitching ideas and suggestions for environmentally sustainable design by highlighting the economical profits that they bring to us.
"As the green design field matures, it becomes ever more clear that integration is the key to achieving energy and environmental goals especially if cost is a major driver." Building Green Inc. (1999)
To achieve the more ambitious goals of the green design movement, architects, engineers and designers need to further embrace and communicate the profit and economic potential of sustainable design measures. Focus should be on honing skills in communicating the economic and profit potential of smart design, with the same rigor that have been applied to advancing technical building solutions.
Standards of Evaluation
There are several standards and rating systems developed as sustainability gains popularity. Most rating systems revolve around buildings and energy, and some cover products as well. Most rating systems certify on the basis of design as well as post construction or manufacturing.
LEED - Leadership in energy and environmental design.
Living building challenge
HERS - Home energy rating
WELS rating - water efficiency labeling standard
BREEAM - Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method
GBI - Green Building Initiative
EPA WaterSense
Energy Star
FSC - Forest Stewardship Council
CASBEE - Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency
Passive house.
While designing for environmental sustainability, it is imperative that the appropriate units are paid attention to. Often, different standards weigh things in different units, and that can make a huge impact on the outcome of the project.
Another important aspect of using standards and looking at data involves understanding the baseline. A poor design baseline with huge improvements often show a higher efficiency percentage, while an intelligent baseline from the start might only have a little improvement needed and show lesser change. Therefore, all data should ideally be compared on similar levels, and also be looked at from multiple unit values.
Greenwashing
Greenwashing is defined to be “the process of conveying a false impression or providing misleading information about how a company's products are more environmentally sound”. This can be as simple as using green packaging which subconsciously leads a consumer to think that a product is more environmentally friendly than others. Another example are eco-labels. Companies can take advantage of these certifications for appearance and profit, but their exact meanings are unclear and not readily available. Some labels are more credible than others as they are verified by a credible third-party, while others are self-awarded. The labels are badly regulated and prone to deception. This can lead people to make different decisions on the basis of potentially false narratives. These labels are highly effective as a study in Sweden found that a 32.8% of purchase behavior on ecological food can be determined by the presence of an eco-label. Increased transparency of these labels and recycling labels can empower consumers to make better choices.
LCA and Product Life
Life cycle assessment is the complete assessment of materials from their extraction, transport, processing, refining, manufacturing, maintenance, use, disposal, reuse and recycle stages. It helps put into perspective whether a design is actually environmentally sustainable in the long run. Products such as aluminum which can be reused multiple number of times but have a very energy intensive mining and refining which makes it unfavorable. Information such as this is done using LCA and then taken into consideration when designing.
Applications
Applications of this philosophy range from the microcosm — small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm — buildings, cities, and the Earth's physical surface. It is a philosophy that can be applied in the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, fashion design and human-computer interaction.
Sustainable design is mostly a general reaction to global environmental crises, the rapid growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources, damage to ecosystems, and loss of biodiversity. In 2013, eco architecture writer Bridgette Meinhold surveyed emergency and long-term sustainable housing projects that were developed in response to these crises in her book, “Urgent Architecture: 40 Sustainable Housing Solutions for a Changing World.” Featured projects focus on green building, sustainable design, eco-friendly materials, affordability, material reuse, and humanitarian relief. Construction methods and materials include repurposed shipping containers, straw bale construction, sandbag homes, and floating homes.
The limits of sustainable design are shrinking. Because growth in goods and services consistently outpaces gains in efficiency. As a result, the net effect of sustainable design has simply been to improve the efficiency of rapidly increasing impacts. This problem is not solved by the current approach, which focuses on the efficiency of delivering individual goods and services. The fundamental dilemmas are as follows: the increasing complexity of efficiency improvements; the difficulty of implementing new technologies in societies built around old ones; the fact that the physical impacts of delivering goods and services are not localized, but are distributed across economies; and the fact that the scale of resource use is growing and not stabilizing.
Sustainable architecture
Sustainable architecture is the design of sustainable buildings. Sustainable architecture attempts to reduce the collective environmental impacts during the production of building components, during the construction process, as well as during the lifecycle of the building (heating, electricity use, carpet cleaning etc.) This design practice emphasizes efficiency of heating and cooling systems; alternative energy sources such as solar hot water, appropriate building siting, reused or recycled building materials; on-site power generation - solar technology, ground source heat pumps, wind power; rainwater harvesting for gardening, washing and aquifer recharge; and on-site waste management such as green roofs that filter and control stormwater runoff. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages, from site selection, scheme formation, material selection and procurement, to project implementation. This is also called a charrette.
Appropriate building siting and smaller building footprints are vital to an environmentally sustainable design. Oftentimes, a building may be very well designed, and energy efficient but its location requires people to travel far back and forth – increasing pollution that may not be building produced but is directly as a result of the building anyway.
Sustainable architecture must also cover the building beyond its useful life. Its disposal or recycling aspects also come under the wing of sustainability. Often, modular buildings are better to take apart and less energy intensive to put together too. The waste from the demolition site must be disposed of correctly and everything that can be harvested and used again should be designed to be extricated from the structure with ease, preventing unnecessary wastage when decommissioning the building.
Another important aspect of sustainable architecture stems from the question of whether a structure is needed. Sometimes the best that can be done to make a structure sustainable is retrofitting or upgrading the building services and supplies instead of tearing it down. Abu Dhabi, for example has undergone and is undergoing major retrofitting to slash its energy and water consumption rather than demolishing and rebuilding new structures.
Sustainable architects design with sustainable living in mind. Sustainable vs green design is the challenge that designs not only reflect healthy processes and uses but are powered by renewable energies and site specific resources. A test for sustainable design is — can the design function for its intended use without fossil fuel — unplugged. This challenge suggests architects and planners design solutions that can function without pollution rather than just reducing pollution. As technology progresses in architecture and design theories and as examples are built and tested, architects will soon be able to create not only passive, null-emission buildings, but rather be able to integrate the entire power system into the building design. In 2004 the 59 home housing community, the Solar Settlement, and a integrated retail, commercial and residential building, the Sun Ship, were completed by architect Rolf Disch in Freiburg, Germany. The Solar Settlement is the first housing community worldwide in which every home, all 59, produce a positive energy balance.
An essential element of Sustainable Building Design is indoor environmental quality including air quality, illumination, thermal conditions, and acoustics. The integrated design of the indoor environment is essential and must be part of the integrated design of the entire structure. ASHRAE Guideline 10-2011 addresses the interactions among indoor environmental factors and goes beyond traditional standards.
Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Both trends started in the 1980s. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is an award that recognizes efforts in New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture, and is endowed with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.
Green Design
Green design has often been used interchangeably with environmentally sustainable design. It is the practice of creating structures by using environment friendly processes. There is a popular debate about this with several arguing that green design is in effect narrower than sustainable design, which takes into account a larger system. Green design focuses on the short-term goals and while it is a worthy goal, a larger impact is possible using sustainable design. It is included in the process of creating a sustainable design. Another factor to be considered is that green design has been stigmatized by popular personalities such as Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Frank Gehry, but this branding hasn't reached sustainable design. A large part of that is because of how environmentally sustainable design is generally used hand in hand with economically sustainable design and socially sustainable design. Finally, green design is although unintentionally, often associated only with architecture while sustainable design has been considered under a much larger scope.
Engineering Design
Sustainable engineering is the process of designing or operating systems such that they use energy and resources sustainably, in other words, at a rate that does not compromise the natural environment, or the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Common engineering focuses revolve around water supply, production, sanitation, cleaning up of pollution and waste sites, restoring natural habitats etc.
Sustainable Interior Design
Achieving a healthy and aesthetic environment for the occupants of a space is one of the basic rules in the art of Interior design. When applying focus onto the sustainable aspects of the art, Interior Design can incorporate the study and involvement of functionality, accessibility, and aesthetics to environmentally friendly materials. The integrated design of the indoor environment is essential and must be part of the integrated design of the entire structure.
Goals of Sustainable Interior Design
Improving the overall building performance through the reduction of negative impacts on the environment is the primary goal. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Americans spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, where the concentrations of some toxins and impurities are frequently two to five times higher than they are outside. Sustainable interior design solutions strive to create truly inspirational rooms while simultaneously enhancing indoor air quality and mitigating the environmental impact of interior design procedures. This requires interior designers to make ethical design choices and include environmental concerns into their work, as interiors and the environment are closely intertwined.
Reducing consumption of non-renewable resources, minimizing waste and creating healthy, productive environments are the primary objectives of sustainability. Optimizing site potential, minimizing non-renewable energy consumption, using environmentally preferable products, protecting and conserving water, enhancing indoor environmental quality, and optimizing operational and maintenance practices are some of the primary principles. An essential element of Sustainable Building Design is indoor environmental quality including air quality, illumination, thermal conditions, and acoustic. Interior design, when done correctly, can harness the true power of sustainable architecture.
Incorporating Sustainable Interior Design
Sustainable Interior Design can be incorporated through various techniques: water efficiency, energy efficiency, using non-toxic, sustainable or recycled materials, using manufactured processes and producing products with more energy efficiency, building longer lasting and better functioning products, designing reusable and recyclable products, following the sustainable design standards and guidelines, and more. For example, a room with large windows to allow for maximum sunlight should have neutral colored interiors to help bounce the light around and increase comfort levels while reducing light energy requirement. The size should, however, be carefully considered to avoid window glare.
Interior Designers must take types of paints, adhesives, and more into consideration during their designing and manufacturing phase so they do not contribute to harmful environmental factors. Choosing whether to use a wood floor to marble tiled floor or carpeted floor can reduce energy consumption by the level of insulation that they provide. Utilizing materials that can withhold 24-hour health care facilities, such as linoleum, scrubbable cotton wall coverings, recycled carpeting, low toxic adhesive, and more.
Furthermore, incorporating sustainability can begin before the construction process begins. Purchasing items from sustainable local businesses, analyzing the longevity of a product, taking part in recycling by purchasing recycled materials, and more should be taken into consideration. Supporting local, sustainable businesses is the first step, as this not only increases the demand for sustainable products, but also reduces unsustainable methods. Traveling all over to find specific products or purchasing products from over seas contributes to carbon emissions in the atmosphere, pulling further away from the sustainable aspect. Once the products are found, it is important to check if the selection follows the Cradle-to-cradle design (C2C) method and they are also able to be reclaimed, recycled, and reused. Also paying close attention to energy-efficient products during this entire process contributes to the sustainability factors. The aesthetic of a space does not have to be sacrificed in order to achieve sustainable interior design. Every environment and space can incorporate materials and choices to reducing environmental impact, while still providing durability and functionality.
Promotion of Sustainable Interior Design
The mission to incorporate sustainable interior design into every aspect of life is slowly becoming a reality. The commercial Interior Design Association (IIDA) created the sustainability forum to encourage, support, and educate the design community and the public about sustainability. The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute ensures enabling smaller footprints by working with sustainability leaders in various ways in producing and consuming materials. Building Green considers themselves the most trusted voice for sustainable and healthy design, as they offer a variety of resources to dive deep into sustainability. Various acts, such as the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 have been revised and passed to achieve better efforts towards sustainable design. Federal efforts, such as the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to the commitment of sustainable design and the Executive Order 13693 have also worked to achieve these concepts. Various guideline and standard documents have been published for the sake of sustainable interior design and companies like LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) are guiding and certifying efforts put into motion to contribute to the mission. When the thought of incorporating sustainable design into an interior's design is kept as a top goal for a designer, creating an overall healthy and environmentally friendly space can be achieved.
Global Examples of Sustainable Interior Design
Proximity Hotel in North Carolina, United States of America: The Proximity Hotel was the first hotel to be granted the LEED Platinum certification from the U.S. Green Building Council.
Shanghai Natural History Museum in Shanghai, China: This new museum incorporates evaporative cooling and maintained temperatures through is design and structure.
Vancouver Convention Centre West in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: The West location of the Vancouver Convention Centre was the first convention center in the world to be granted LEED Platinum.
Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington, United States of America: Considered "The Greenest Commercial Building in the World," it is the first to achieve the Living Building Challenge certification.
Sydney, Australia became the first city in the country to contribute Green roof and Green wall to their architecture following their "Sustainable Sydney 2030" set of goals.
Sustainable urban planning
Sustainable design of cities is the task of designing and planning the outline of cities such that they have a low carbon footprint, have better air quality, rely on more sustainable sources of energy, and have a healthy relationship with the environment. Sustainable urban planning involves many disciplines, including architecture, engineering, biology, environmental science, materials science, law, transportation, technology, economic development, accounting and finance, and government, among others. This kind of planning also develops innovative and practical approaches to land use and its impact on natural resources.
New sustainable solutions for urban planning problems can include green buildings and housing, mixed-use developments, walkability, greenways and open spaces, alternative energy sources such as solar and wind, and transportation options. Good sustainable land use planning helps improve the welfare of people and their communities, shaping their urban areas and neighborhoods into healthier, more efficient spaces. Design and planning of neighbourhoods are a major challenge when creating a favourable urban environment. The challenge is based on the principles of integrated approach to different demands: social, architectural, artistic, economic, sanitary and hygienic. Social demands are aimed at constructing network and placing buildings in order to create favourable conditions for their convenient use. Architectural-artistic solutions are aimed at single spatial composition of an area with the surrounding landscape. Economic demands include rational utilization of area territories. Sanitary and hygienic demands are of more interest in terms of creating sustainable urban areas.
Sustainable landscape and garden design
Sustainable landscape architecture is a category of sustainable design and energy-efficient landscaping concerned with the planning and design of outdoor space. Plants and materials may be bought from local growers to reduce energy used in transportation.
Design techniques include planting trees to shade buildings from the sun or protect them from wind, using local materials, and on-site composting and chipping not only to reduce green waste hauling but to increase organic matter and therefore carbon in the soil.
Some designers and gardeners such as Beth Chatto also use drought-resistant plants in arid areas (xeriscaping) and elsewhere so that water is not taken from local landscapes and habitats for irrigation. Water from building roofs may be collected in rain gardens so that the groundwater is recharged, instead of rainfall becoming surface runoff and increasing the risk of flooding.
Areas of the garden and landscape can also be allowed to grow wild to encourage bio-diversity. Native animals may also be encouraged in many other ways: by plants which provide food such as nectar and pollen for insects, or roosting or nesting habitats such as trees, or habitats such as ponds for amphibians and aquatic insects. Pesticides, especially persistent pesticides, must be avoided to avoid killing wildlife.
Soil fertility can be managed sustainably by the use of many layers of vegetation from trees to ground-cover plants and mulches to increase organic matter and therefore earthworms and mycorrhiza; nitrogen-fixing plants instead of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers; and sustainably harvested seaweed extract to replace micronutrients.
Sustainable landscapes and gardens can be productive as well as ornamental, growing food, firewood and craft materials from beautiful places.
Sustainable landscape approaches and labels include organic farming and growing, permaculture, agroforestry, forest gardens, agroecology, vegan organic gardening, ecological gardening and climate-friendly gardening.
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable agriculture adheres to three main goals:
Environmental health,
Economic profitability,
Social and economic equity.
A variety of philosophies, policies and practices have contributed to these goals. People in many different capacities, from farmers to consumers, have shared this vision and contributed to it. Despite the diversity of people and perspectives, the following themes commonly weave through definitions of sustainable agriculture.
There are strenuous discussions — among others by the agricultural sector and authorities — if existing pesticide protocols and methods of soil conservation adequately protect topsoil and wildlife. Doubt has risen if these are sustainable, and if agrarian reforms would permit an efficient agriculture with fewer pesticides, therefore reducing the damage to the ecosystem.
Energy sector
Sustainable technology in the energy sector is based on utilizing renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, hydro, bioenergy, geothermal, and hydrogen. Wind energy is the world's fastest growing energy source; it has been in use for centuries in Europe and more recently in the United States and other nations. Wind energy is captured through the use of wind turbines that generate and transfer electricity for utilities, homeowners and remote villages. Solar power can be harnessed through photovoltaics, concentrating solar, or solar hot water and is also a rapidly growing energy source. Advancements in the technology and modifications to photovoltaics cells provide a more in depth untouched method for creating and producing solar power. Researchers have found a potential way to use the photogalvanic effect to transform sunlight into electric energy.
The availability, potential, and feasibility of primary renewable energy resources must be analyzed early in the planning process as part of a comprehensive energy plan. The plan must justify energy demand and supply and assess the actual costs and benefits to the local, regional, and global environments. Responsible energy use is fundamental to sustainable development and a sustainable future. Energy management must balance justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness, energy conservation, and energy efficiency with the use of primary renewable energy resources.
Water sector
Sustainable water technologies have become an important industry segment with several companies now providing important and scalable solutions to supply water in a sustainable manner.
Beyond the use of certain technologies, Sustainable Design in Water Management also consists very importantly in correct implementation of concepts. Among these principal concepts is the fact normally in developed countries 100% of water destined for consumption, that is not necessarily for drinking purposes, is of potable water quality. This concept of differentiating qualities of water for different purposes has been called "fit-for-purpose". This more rational use of water achieves several economies, that are not only related to water itself, but also the consumption of energy, as to achieve water of drinking quality can be extremely energy intensive for several reasons.
Domestic machinery and furniture
Automobiles, home appliances and furnitures can be designed for repair and disassembly (for recycling), and constructed from recyclable materials such as steel, aluminum and glass, and renewable materials, such as wood and plastics from natural feedstocks. Careful selection of materials and manufacturing processes can often create products comparable in price and performance to non-sustainable products. Even mild design efforts can greatly increase the sustainable content of manufactured items.
Improvements to heating, cooling, ventilation and water heating
Absorption refrigerator
Annualized geothermal solar
Earth cooling tubes
Geothermal heat pump
Heat recovery ventilation
Hot water heat recycling
Passive cooling
Renewable heat
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)
Solar air conditioning
Solar hot water
Superinsulation
Design for sustainable manufacturing
Sustainable manufacturing can be defined as the creation of a manufactured product through a concurrent improvement in the resulting effect on factory and product sustainability. The concept of sustainable manufacturing demands a renewed design of production systems in order to condition the related sustainability on product life cycle and Factory operations.
Designing sustainable production systems imply, on the one hand, the analysis and optimization of intra-factory aspects that are related to manufacturing plants. Such aspects can regard the resource consumption restrain, the process efficiency, the ergonomics for the factory workers, the elimination of hazardous substances, the minimization of factory emissions and waste as well as internal emissions, the integrated management of information in the production facilities, and the technological updating of machines and plants.
Other inter-factories aspects concern the sustainable design of manufactured products, product chain dematerialisation, management of the background and foreground supply chains, support of circular economy paradigm, and the labelling for sustainability.
Advantageous reasons for why companies might choose to sustainably manufacture either their products or use a sustainable manufacturing process are:
Increase operational efficiency by reducing costs and waste
Respond to or reach new customers and increase competitive advantage
Protect and strengthen brand and reputation and build public trust
Build long-term business viability and success
Respond to regulatory constraints and opportunities
Sustainable technologies
Sustainable technologies use less energy, fewer limited resources, do not deplete natural resources, do not directly or indirectly pollute the environment, and can be reused or recycled at the end of their useful life. They may also be technology that help identify areas of growth by giving feedback in terms of data or alerts allowed to be analyzed to improve environmental footprints. There is significant overlap with appropriate technology, which emphasizes the suitability of technology to the context, in particular considering the needs of people in developing countries. The most appropriate technology may not be the most sustainable one; and a sustainable technology may have high cost or maintenance requirements that make it unsuitable as an "appropriate technology," as that term is commonly used.
“Technology is deeply entrenched in our society; without it, society would immediately collapse. Moreover, technological changes can be perceived as easier to accomplish than lifestyle changes that might be required to solve the problems that we face.”
The design of sustainable technology relies heavily on the flow of new information. Sustainable technology such as smart metering systems and intelligent sensors reduce energy consumption and help conserve water. These systems are ones that have more fundamental changes, rather than just switching to simple sustainable designs. Such designing requires constant updates and evolutions, to ensure true environmental sustainability, because the concept of sustainability is ever changing – with regards to our relationship with the environment. A large part of designing sustainable technology involves giving control to the users for their comfort and operation. For example, dimming controls help people adjust the light levels to their comfort. Sectioned lighting and lighting controls let people manipulate their lighting needs without worrying about affecting others – therefore reducing lighting loads.
Innovation and development
The precursor step to environmentally sustainable development must be a sustainable design. By definition, design is defined as purpose, planning, or intention that exists or is thought to exist behind an action, fact, or material object. Development utilizes design and executes it, helping areas, cities, or places to advance. Sustainable development is that development which adheres to the values of sustainability and provide for the society without endangering the ecosystem and its services. “Without development, design is useless. Without design, development is unusable.” – Florian Popescu, How to bridge the gap between design and development.
Eco-innovation is the design and development of products and processes that contribute to sustainable development, applying the commercial application of knowledge to elicit direct or indirect ecological improvements. This includes a range of related ideas, from environmentally friendly technological advances to socially acceptable innovative paths towards sustainability. WIPO GREEN is an online global marketplace for technology exchange connecting providers and seekers of inventions and innovations in sustainable technology innovations.
Several factors drive design innovation in the environmental sphere. These include growing consumer awareness and demand for green products and services, development and (re)discovery of renewable materials, sustainable refurbishment, new technologies for manufacturing and growing use of artificial intelligence-based tools based to map needs and identify areas for improved efficiency.
Whatever the industry or product, design rights (whether registered or unregistered) can harness innovative design. Design rights (known as design patents in some jurisdictions) are widely used to protect everything from marketing logos and packaging to the shape of furniture and vehicles and the user interfaces of computers and smartphones. Design rights are available in many jurisdictions and through regional systems. Protection can also be obtained internationally using the WIPO-administered Hague System for the International Registration of Designs.
See also
Active daylighting
Bright green environmentalism
Building Information Modeling
Building services engineering
Circles of Sustainability
Climate-friendly gardening
Cool roof
Cradle to Cradle
Daylighting
Earth embassy
Ecodistrict
Ecological Restoration
Ecosa Institute
Ecosystem services
Energy plus house
Green chemistry
Green transport
Healthy building
Landscape ecology
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
List of energy storage projects
List of low-energy building techniques
Metadesign
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
Source reduction
Sustainable art
Terreform ONE
Urban vitality
Vertical garden
Zero energy building
References | wiki |
Philatelic expertisation is the process whereby an authority is asked to give an opinion whether a philatelic item is genuine and whether it has been repaired or altered in any way.
Forging and faking, regumming and reperforating of stamps is common in the philatelic marketplace, and increasingly buyers demand an expert certificate before buying a valuable item. Some items are so often faked or altered that they may be almost unsaleable without a certificate.
The process of expertisation
Experts may be individuals or committees but they will all follow a similar process to determine whether an item is genuine. The opinions of experts differ and have evolved over time. Conflicting expert opinions, such as on colour shade or whether a stamp has been reperforated, can have a huge effect on a stamp's value.
Stamps
Experts will attempt to determine whether a questioned stamp is a genuine example of a particular stamp issue; that is, whether it was printed at the same time from the same plate or stone as that stamp issue. Among the factors they may consider are:
Is the stamp's design identical to those of genuine ones? Forged stamps almost invariably differ to a greater or lesser degree from genuine ones.
Is the size of the stamp correct?
Was the stamp printed using the same printing method, e.g., lithography, engraving, etc.?
Is the paper identical to the paper used for genuine stamps? Is the thickness, color, and type of paper (laid or wove) correct?
Does the stamp contain the correct watermark as do genuine ones?
Are the perforations correct, e.g., is the spacing of the perforations correct; are they of the same size, type, and shape as those on the genuine stamp?
Is the color of the stamp correct? Is it printed with the right inks? Some inks may react to ultraviolet light, for example.
Does the stamp have the correct tagging?
Does the stamp have the correct gum?
Even if the stamp was printed from the original plates or stone, is it a reprint made later, either officially or unofficially? There may be subtle differences in color, paper or design.
Experts also will ask whether the stamp been altered in any fashion:
Has the color of the stamp been changed? This sometimes can be done chemically.
Have perforations been added or removed to make it appear imperforate or coil?
Has the design been changed in any fashion? Sometimes, the denomination on a common stamp from a series has been changed to a rare denomination.
Has an overprint been added or removed?
Has a cancellation been added or removed? If the stamp is cancelled, is the cancellation genuine and of the proper period for the stamp?
Has a grill been pressed out? Used grills of the US 1869 Pictorial Issue can be pressed out to appear to be 1875 re-issues.
Have other changes been made? The common 4 annas bicolor stamp of India has been altered by cutting out the image of Queen Victoria and remounting it upside down, or by chemically erasing the image and reprinting it upside down, to make the stamp appear to be the rare invert.
Experts will also attempt to determine whether genuine stamps have been repaired or cleaned:
Has a tear been mended?
Has a missing piece been restored?
Has a thin spot or hole in the paper been repaired?
Has the stamp been cleaned?
Has the stamp been regummed?
Have short or missing perforations been repaired?
Has a crease been repaired?
Covers
Among the factors experts may consider for a cover are:
The cover itself:
Are there any repairs to the cover
Sealed tears
Stains removed by bleaching
Cutting down one side of the envelope to remove a torn edge where the envelope was opened
Erased pencil marks written by earlier stamp collectors
Is the cover faked:
Is the paper from the time period when the cover went through the mail?
The stamps on the cover:
Are the stamps genuine or forged?
Are the stamps correctly used? For example, using a stamp years after it is no longer valid for postage
Have the stamps been repaired (cleaned, bleached, reperforated)?
Have the stamps been removed from the cover and reglued to it? Usually done to identify rare varieties of the stamps
Have stamps been removed from the cover?
Have stamps been added to the cover which were not present when the cover passed through the mail? For example, adding a rarely used stamp to an existing cover to make an ordinary cover extremely valuable
Have the stamps been removed and replaced with different stamps? For example, removing a stamp in excellent condition and replacing it with one having damage to the back, giving that the damaged backside of the stamp will not be visible.
The postal markings on the cover
Are the postal markings genuine?
Are the postal markings appropriate from the time period used?
Have extra faked postal markings been added to the cover to make it more valuable?
Is the ink genuine and from the time period used?
The tools of expertisation
Experts will often maintain their own library of fakes and forgeries, and they also have access to the records of past genuine items that they have seen. They will usually have a large library of philatelic literature to refer to.
Scientific equipment is essential, including:
Binocular and comparison microscopes
Paper micrometers
Ultraviolet and infrared energy sources
Photometric colour determination equipment
X-ray fluorescence and spectro-photometry equipment.
Common sense and above all, experience, are also vital.
Expert certificates and marks
Once an item has been examined, the expert(s) will issue a certificate giving their findings which will include identification, genuineness or otherwise and comments about any alterations or unusual features. The certificate will normally feature a photograph of the item and be signed. It may also be embossed or have other security features. In the past it was common for experts to sign or add their mark to the back of stamps, however, this is nowadays uncommon as it is by some regarded as an undesired alteration. In Germany (BPP) it is still common practise to sign many items, but generally not the most valuable.
There have been instances where expert certificates have themselves been faked and in the "Blüm Case", a forger produced false expertizing marks that were applied to German colony stamps and others.
Finding experts
In the United States, the Philatelic Foundation, American Philatelic Society and numerous specialized stamp collecting organizations have committees who will perform expertisation for a fee. In Great Britain The Royal Philatelic Society London has a renowned expert committee which is also the oldest in the world, and of equal fame is the BPA expert committee. German experts usually belong to the Bund Philatelistischer Prüfer (BPP). Specialized in their countries issues are e.g. the expert committees of NVPH (Netherlands), COMEX (Spain), Isphila (Turkey). - In addition, the International Association of Philatelic Experts (AIEP) is a worldwide organisation for independent stamp experts.
The results of expertisation may be challenged, and in some cases further research has shown the genuineness of an item considered a forgery, or vice versa.
See also
Expertisation
Philatelic fakes and forgeries
References
External links
Aspects of Philatelic Expertising - Part I by Simon Dunkerley
Filatelia.fi list of philatelic experts (Includes more than 1700 experts, past and present, with their marks.)
Philatelic fakes and forgeries | wiki |
Mojito isleño, or mojo isleño, is a Puerto Rican condiment.
Preparation
The sauce is made with water, vinegar, olive oil, olives, capers, tomato, onion, garlic, bay leaves, culantro, and chili peppers. It's simmered for a few minutes
or hours. In some regions basil, wine, coconut milk and a small amount of mashed pigeon peas or kidney beans are added to thicken the sauce. It is used as a topping for fish and shellfish.
Origin
The dish originated in Salinas, Puerto Rico also known as "La Cuna del Mojito Isleño" (the cradle of the islander dip).
See also
Pasta Puttanesca, an Italian pasta dish with similar ingredients in its sauce
References
Chili pepper dishes
Puerto Rican cuisine | wiki |
Mountain Gate – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Kalifornia, w hrabstwie Shasta.
CDP w stanie Kalifornia | wiki |
Julián Castillo Calderón de la Barça (January 23, 1880 - December, 1948) was a Cuban baseball first baseman in the Cuban League and Negro leagues.
Castillo played from 1899 to 1914 with several Cuban League ballclubs, including Almendares, Club Fé and Habana. He also played in the Negro leagues in 1911 for the Cuban Stars (West) and the All Cubans. He was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1943.
References
External links
1880 births
1948 deaths
Cuban League players
Almendares (baseball) players
Club Fé players
Cuban Stars (West) players
Eminencia players
Habana players
Punzo players
San Francisco (baseball) players
Baseball players from Havana | wiki |
Buttiauxella izardii is a bacterium from the genus of Buttiauxella which has been isolated from a snail in Braunschweig in Germany. Buttiauxella izardii is named after the French microbiologist Daniel Izard.
References
Further reading
Enterobacteriaceae
Bacteria described in 1996 | wiki |
Mood repair strategies offer techniques that an individual can use to shift their mood from general sadness or clinical depression to a state of greater contentment or happiness. A mood repair strategy is a cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal psychological tool used to affect the mood regulation of an individual. Various mood repair strategies are most commonly used in cognitive therapy. They are commonly assigned as homework by therapists in order to help positively impact individuals who are experiencing dysphoria or depression. However, these tools can also be used for individuals experiencing temporary unwanted moods. Many factors go into the effectiveness of mood repair strategies on an individual ranging from the client's self-esteem to their experience with the strategy being used. Even the way the mood repair strategy is presented (either to avoid negative moods or to pursue positive moods) may have an effect on that strategy's ability to improve mood.
Background
Mood repair strategies have existed in a casual and unscientific way for basically all of modern human history due to general affect and the desire to change that affect when it is negative. Generally the techniques could be considered "common knowledge" but these techniques were unexplored in research. Concepts such as "think happy thoughts" and "don't listen to sad music" are commonly prescribed by friends or family to those suffering in negative moods. What remained to be seen though, was how the various individuals differed and subsequently, which of these "common knowledge" concepts should be suggested or how they should be phrased when presented. The first scholarly mention of mood repair strategies came from Joseph Forgas and Gorden Bower in 1988. Extensive listing and studying of these techniques started in the mid 1990s. It has primarily focused on the differences in the individuals to whom the mood repair strategies are given and how the strategies prove effective on each type of person. While various personality types may be more receptive to mood repair strategies it appears that there has been some success in working with all types of individuals. While professional use of mood repair strategies began primarily in the clinical cognitive psychology movement the expansion of the positive psychology movement is helping to increase the professional use of these mood repair strategies.
Cognitive mood repair strategies are primarily concerned with the ability of recognizing emotional upset and taking one of three courses of action. An individual can choose to evaluate the feelings of dysphoria and better understand the source of the negative mood to give the individual a sense of control of his or her mood. Re-evaluation can also occur which allows for individuals to take a negative situation that cause a mood and seek to find a positive perspective from the circumstance. Distraction can also occur which allows for individuals to recall mood-incongruent memories or positive thoughts in order to distract from the current upset in mood. Behavioral mood repair strategies allow for individuals to regulate their moods by the utilization of activities or tasks. Working on a task allows for individuals to temporarily distract from their current mood. Exercise also allows for a release of tension and an improvement of mood. Interpersonal mood repair strategies deal primarily with the focus of mood repair deriving from a relationship with other people. This can occur from individuals seeking out emotional support and a deeper processing of the possible circumstance that led to the negative mood. This can also be achieved by distracting the individual and being with individuals that could lift the overall positivity of the individual.
Presentation
Presentation of mood repair strategies has been the primary focus of much of the research studying the efficacy of mood repair strategies. The initial thing to consider when proposing the use of a mood repair strategy is what kind of state the unhappy individual is in. If the individual is depressed, avoidance framed messages have been shown to have the greatest influence on increasing mood. This means that presenting mood repair strategies in such a way that they do not seem like they are attempting to achieve happiness, but rather to avoid sadness, are more effective. Individuals who are not clinically depressed respond better to approach framed messages of mood repair. These individuals are usually more interested in achieving happiness. Individual’s perceptions of the desirability of mood change and the likelihood that a strategy may work are what bring about success.
Directing the individual seeking mood repair to engage in concrete, as opposed to abstract, processing is another important part of presentation. Abstract processing focuses on “why” questions while concrete processing is focused on moment-to-moment experiences. Concrete processing allows people to focus away from their current negative state. This kind of processing naturally coincides with the use of imagery. Pairing highly sensory imagery with emotionally relevant memory has been shown to give people the best chance at experiencing mood repair. This is taken into account when presenting mood repair strategies to people.
Techniques
Retrieving positive memories
Sometimes known as distraction or Mood Incongruent Recollection, this is one of the most common mood repair strategies. Normally people engage in thoughts of mood congruence, which are ones that are in harmony with their mood. Mood incongruent recollection is usually the forced consideration of memories not related to the current mood. The theory behind this thinking is that when the mind is engaged in a track of negative mood, the forced recall of positive memories will break the cycle and force the brain to reorient into a more positive state. There are two ways to recall these memories, abstractly and concretely. An abstract recollection of memories consists of a kind of comparison between an individual's memory and their current situation. This can sometimes be helpful unless the individual suffers from depression. A concrete recollection is when a memory is recalled especially vividly and the individual experiences the phenomenology of this memory more acutely. This has been used extensively even among those suffering with clinical depression.
Music
Music is often used for two different reasons in mood repair strategies. The first is to allow the listener to identify themselves with the current music and to allow for some ventilation or mood attenuation. The other is a form of mood-repair strategy which allows the listener to take action to achieve their desired mood. These two approaches are considered the mood-congruent listening approach and the mood-incongruent listening approach, respectively.
Listening to music in a mood-congruent state with those who are experiencing negative mood states such as dysphoria, or sadness, can allow for those individuals to be more likely to identify with the music that shares their current mood. This mood-congruency effect can allow for individuals engaging in the listening of mood-congruent music to become increasingly aware of their own mood. It is theorized that with a heightened sense of mood recognition, an individual is capable of being empowered by recognizing that the current mood is their own, and they are in control of their mood. With a greater sense of empowerment over one’s emotional state, individuals can take steps in which to take their control and change their current unwanted mood. The acknowledgment of a person’s mood is a critical precursor in attempts made to regulate moods.
Listening to music in a mood-incongruent state, such as someone sad listening to happy music, allows for possible mood attenuation through distraction, and enforces positive thoughts for the individual such as feelings of happiness, encouragement, a sense of hope, a change in perception, etc. In mood attenuation through distraction people are allowed time to “cool off” and let their heightened mood dwindle. Enforcing feelings of positivity can allow for the participant to model his or her actions and behaviors towards ones that are congruent with the type of music that is being used.
Social support
While many forms of mood repair strategies are individualistic in their approach, social support allows for individuals to engage in form of repair that focuses on others. Social support can occur in many ways. Ventilation is a form of social support in which a participant is able to “vent” his or her current cause of the undesirable mood. This allows for the emotion to be released from any form of tension due to an individual ruminating on the issue and open for a reinterpretation by the listener. Gratification is a pleasurable reaction in response to a communication of the cause of unwanted mood. This type of gratification
can be a reward for the participant in releasing the tension carried by the cause of the mood and a feeling of relief. Spending time with someone and engaging in an emotional activity are also considered to be forms of social support. These forms of social support allow for an individual to become distracted from the cause of the issue and allow for time to go by and allow for a process of mood attenuation. Engaging in emotional activities contrary to the emotions the participant is currently experiencing, like helping others or experiencing pleasure things, may also increase the speed of attenuation by diverting the focus of their mood towards other things.
Active mood management
Relaxation techniques are often used as mood-repair strategies to help an individual achieve a level of calm and reduce the stress or tension that can come from negative moods. These techniques are often very methodical in their approach and can be actively engaged by willing participants who are aware of how to enact them. Meditation and conscious control of breathing are two common examples.
Exercise is used to help an individual alleviate unwanted moods by physically engaging the body to activate endorphins. These endorphins bring about a sense of euphoria and can alleviate undesirable moods by participants that focus on engaging this euphoria. Exercise can also serve to distract individuals by allowing their focus to be on a specific task, such as focusing on lifting weights, or getting across the finish line, allowing less room for rumination on negative thoughts.
Stress management activities are used for mood repair strategies and the stress that is typically accompanied by them. By coping with stress through a variety of techniques individuals are able to learn how to manage their day-to-day lives and the stimuli that can be known to cause stress.
Sex
Sex is a form of direct tension reduction, which puts it in the same category as things like the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Generally engaging in sexual intercourse is a much safer and less destructive alternative to the other direct tension reducing measures. To those in a healthy, committed relationship it can prove to be a very beneficial mood repair strategy. Sexual intercourse’s main purpose in mood repair is the releasing of tension. It activates the release of oxytocin in the brain that serves to calm nerves, relax muscles, and induce brief euphoria. These results each have a positive effect on unwanted moods and in combination they present a powerful reaction. The second major reason that sex constitutes as a mood repair strategy is because of the feelings of closeness it creates between the two people engaging in the action. The intimacy involved in sex serves as an important counter to the feelings of loneliness and isolation that often contribute to sadness or depression.
Humor
Humor is also a known mood-repair strategy. Humor is able to bring about a sense of attenuation and allow for individuals to engage in pleasurable activities. Engaging in activities that can evoke a humorous response can often lead individuals to laughter. Laughter is able to increase serotonin levels which are known to bring about a greater level of contentment.
References
Mood disorders | wiki |
Best Behaviour may refer to:
"Best Behaviour" (N-Dubz song), 2010
"Best Behaviour" (Louisa Johnson song), 2017 | wiki |
The alternative minimum tax (AMT) is a tax imposed by the United States federal government in addition to the regular income tax for certain individuals, estates, and trusts. As of tax year 2018, the AMT raises about $5.2 billion, or 0.4% of all federal income tax revenue, affecting 0.1% of taxpayers, mostly in the upper income ranges.
An alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) is calculated by taking the ordinary income and adding disallowed items and credits such as state and local tax deductions, interest on private-activity municipal bonds, the bargain element of incentive stock options, foreign tax credits, and home equity loan interest deductions. This broadens the base of taxable items. Many deductions, such as mortgage home loan interest and charitable deductions, are still allowed under AMT. The AMT is then imposed on this AMTI at a rate of 26% or 28%, with a much higher exemption than the regular income tax.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) reduced the fraction of taxpayers who owed the AMT from 3% in 2017 to 0.1% in 2018, including from 27% to 0.4% of those earning $200,000 to $500,000, from 61.9% to 2% of those earning $500,000 and $1,000,000.
The major reasons for the reduction of AMT taxpayers after TCJA include the capping of the state and local tax deduction (SALT) by the TCJA at $10,000, and a large increase in the exemption amount and phaseout threshold. A married couple earning $200,000 now requires over $50,000 of AMT adjustments to begin paying the AMT. The AMT previously applied in 2017 and earlier to many taxpayers earning from $200,000 to $500,000 because state and local taxes were fully deductible under the regular tax code but not at all under AMT. Despite the cap of the SALT deduction, the vast majority of AMT taxpayers paid less under the 2018 rules.
The AMT was originally designed to tax high-income taxpayers who used the regular tax system to pay little or no tax. Due to inflation and cuts in ordinary tax rates, many middle income taxpayers began to pay the AMT. The number of households owing AMT rose from 200,000 in 1982 to 5.2 million in 2017, but was reduced back to 200,000 in 2018 by the TCJA. After the expiry of the TCJA in 2025, the number of AMT taxpayers is expected to rise to 7 million in 2026.
Alternative minimum tax calculation
Each year, high-income taxpayers must calculate and then pay the greater of an alternative minimum tax (AMT) or regular tax. The alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) is calculated by taking the taxpayer's regular income and adding on disallowed credits and deductions such as the bargain element from incentive stock options, state and local tax deduction, foreign tax credits, and passive activity losses. The amount of the AMTI then determines how much of the exemption can be taken, which is subtracted from the AMTI. Finally, the AMTI minus the exemption is taxed at 26% or 28% depending on the level of income.
Table of 2019 AMT tax rates and exemptions for AMT income:
Example calculation
Alice is a single taxpayer who earns $100,000 of W-2 wage income in 2019. She also exercised and held (did not sell) 800 incentive stock options (ISOs) each for her employer, with a strike price of $100 and a current fair market value of $200. She thus incurs an additional $80,000 of bargain element that is not taxed under ordinary income, but is added to AMT income. She has no itemized deductions.
Alice thus must calculate income taxes twice:
Ordinary taxation
Alice calculates $15,246 in ordinary federal income taxes on $100,000: $100,000 - $12,200 standard deduction = $79,800 taxable income, at ordinary rates of 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, would pay $15,246.50 in taxes.
Alternative minimum taxation
Alice takes her $100,000 ordinary income
Adds all AMT adjustments and exclusions. Here, she has $80,000 of incentive stock option bargain element which is taxable under AMT but not ordinary income, to reach a $180,000 AMT income
Alice's AMTI of $180,000 is under the 2019 exemption phaseout of $510,300 for single taxpayers, so she is entitled to the full exemption amount of $71,700.
Alice reduces her $180,000 AMTI by the $71,700 exemption to have $108,300 income that is applied solely at the 26% tax rate for an AMT tax burden of $28,158.
Because Alice's AMT tax burden of $28,158 is greater than her ordinary tax burden of $15,246, she pays a total of $28,158 in federal taxes (i.e., $15,246 in ordinary tax and $12,912 in AMT). Because ISO bargain element is a timing adjustment in AMT parlance, she is able to carry forward her $12,912 in AMT paid to tax year 2020 as a minimum tax credit, where she may receive a credit for the tax paid.
Specifics and adjustments
Due to the effect of the exemption phaseout, there are effective marginal tax rates of 32.5% and 35%. A lower tax rate continues applies to long-term capital gains (and qualifying dividends). While the TCJA amended exemptions and phaseouts for single and married filers, it did not change it for trusts.
Under the AMT the standard deduction does not apply, but the AMT exemption does. State, local, and foreign taxes are not deductible. However, most other itemized deductions apply at least in part. Significant other adjustments to income and deductions apply. Individuals must file IRS Form 6251 if they have any net AMT due. The form is also filed to claim the credit for prior year AMT.
Other adjustments in computing AMT include:
Miscellaneous itemized deductions are not allowed. These include all items subject to the 2% "floor", such as employee business expenses, tax preparation fees, etc.
The home mortgage interest deduction is limited to interest on purchase money mortgages for a first and second residence.
Medical expenses may be deducted only if they exceed 10% of Adjusted Gross Income, as compared to 7.5% for regular tax.
The bargain element of an incentive stock option when exercised and the stock is not sold in the same tax year, regardless of whether the stock can immediately be sold.
Many AMT adjustments apply to businesses. The adjustments tend to have the effect of deferring certain deductions or recognizing income sooner. These adjustments include:
Depreciation deductions must be computed using the straight line method and longer lives than may be used for regular tax. (See MACRS)
Deductions for certain "preferences" are limited. These include deductions related to:
circulation costs,
mining costs,
research and experimentation costs,
intangible drilling costs, and
certain amortization.
Certain income must be recognized earlier, including:
long-term contracts and
installment sales.
To the extent AMT exceeds regular Federal income, a future credit may be provided which can offset future regular tax to the extent AMT does not apply in a future year, if AMT is caused by timing adjustment items such as the exercise of ISOs. However, this credit is limited: see further details in the "AMT credit against regular tax" section.
Regular tax used as a basis for computing AMT is found on the following lines of tax return forms: individual Form 1040 Line 44, less foreign tax credit.
Certain other adjustments apply. In addition, a partner or shareholder's share of AMT income and adjustments flow through to the partner or shareholder from the partnership or S corporation.
AMT is reduced by a foreign tax credit, limited based on AMT income rather than regular taxable income. Certain specified business tax credits are allowed.
History
A predecessor "minimum tax" was enacted by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 and went into effect in 1970. Treasury Secretary Joseph Barr prompted the enactment action with an announcement that 155 high-income households had not paid a dime of federal income taxes. The households had taken advantage of so many tax benefits and deductions that they had reduced their tax liabilities to zero. Congress responded by creating an add-on tax on high-income households, equal to 10% of the sum of tax preferences in excess of $30,000 plus the taxpayer's regular tax liability.
The explanation of the 1969 Act prepared by Congress's Staff of the Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation described the reason for the AMT as follows:
The prior treatment imposed no limit on the amount of income which an individual or corporation could exclude from tax as the result of various tax preferences. As a result, there were large variations in the tax burdens placed on individuals or corporations with similar economic incomes, depending upon the size of their preference income. In general, those individual or corporate taxpayers who received the bulk of their income from personal services or manufacturing were taxed at relatively higher tax rates than others. On the other hand, individuals or corporations which received the bulk of their income from such sources as capital gains or were in a position to benefit from net lease arrangements, from accelerated depreciation on real estate, from percentage depletion, or from other tax-preferred activities tended to pay relatively low rates of tax. In fact, many individuals with high incomes who could benefit from these provisions paid lower effective rates of tax than many individuals with modest incomes. In extreme cases, individuals enjoyed large economic incomes without paying any tax at all. This was true for example in the case of 154 returns in 1966 with adjusted gross incomes of $200,000 a year (apart from those with income exclusions which do not show on the returns filed). Similarly, a number of large corporations paid either no tax at all or taxes which represented very low effective rates.
The AMT has undergone several changes since 1969. The most significant of those, according to the Joint Committee on Taxation, occurred under the Reagan era Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. The law changed the AMT from an add-on tax to its current form: a parallel tax system. The current structure of the AMT reflects changes that were made by the 1982 law. However, participation and revenues from the AMT temporarily plummeted after the 1986 changes. Congress made other notable, but less significant, changes to the law in 1978, 1982, and 1986.
Further significant changes occurred as a result of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of 1990 and 1993, which raised the AMT rate to 24% from the prior level of 21% and then to 26% and 28% for individual filers with incomes that exceeded $175,000. Now, some taxpayers who do not have very high incomes or participate in numerous special tax benefits and/or activities will pay the AMT.
"Patches" to tax rates and exemptions
For years since then, Congress had passed one-year "patches" aimed at minimizing the impact of the tax. While not automatically indexed for inflation until a change in the law in early 2013, the exemption had been increased by Congress many times. In addition, the tax rate was increased for individuals effective 1991 and 1993, and the tax was limited for capital gains and qualifying dividends in 2003.
For the 2007 tax year, the patch was passed on December 20, 2007, but only after the IRS had already designed its forms for 2007. The IRS had to reprogram its forms to accommodate the law change.
The tax rate and exemption increases are reflected in the following table:
From 1986 to 2017, the tax rate for corporations remained at 20%, and the exemption amount has remained at $40,000. In 2018, the corporate AMT was permanently repealed. Before tax year 2018, corporations with average annual gross receipts of $7,500,000 or less for the prior three years are exempt from AMT, but only so long as they continue to meet this test. Further, a corporations were exempt from AMT during its first year as a corporation. Affiliated corporations were treated as if they were a single corporation for all three exemptions ($40,000, $7.5 million, and first year). Previously, corporations filed Form 4626 for AMT. Corporations were also subject to an adjustment (up or down) for adjusted current earnings.
The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 set the 2012 exemption amounts to $78,750 for Married Filing Jointly and $50,600 for Single, and made future exemption amounts indexed for inflation.
AMT details
Alternative minimum tax (AMT) is imposed on an alternative, more comprehensive measure of income than regular federal income tax. Conceptually, it is imposed instead of, rather than in addition to, regular tax.
AMT is imposed if the tentative minimum tax exceeds the regular tax. Tentative minimum tax is the AMT rate of tax times alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) less the AMT foreign tax credit. Regular tax is the regular income tax reduced only by the foreign and possessions tax credits. In any year in which regular tax exceeds tentative minimum tax, a credit (AMT Credit) is allowed against regular tax to the extent the taxpayer has paid AMT in any prior year. This credit may not reduce regular tax below the tentative minimum tax.
Alternative minimum taxable income is regular taxable income, plus or minus certain adjustments, plus tax preference items, less the allowable exemption (as phased out).
Taxpayers and rates
Individuals, estates, and trusts are subject to AMT. Partnerships and S corporations are generally not subject to income or AMT taxes, but, instead, pass-through the income and items related to computing AMT to their partners and shareholders. Foreign persons are subject to AMT only on their income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business.
The rate of AMT varies by type of taxpayer. Through 2018, individuals, estates, and trusts are subject to the same rate of tax on long-term capital gains for regular tax and AMT.
Exemptions
The deduction for personal exemptions is not allowed. Instead, all taxpayers are granted an exemption that is phased out at higher income levels. See above for amounts of this exemption and phase-out points. Due to the phase-out of exemptions, the actual marginal tax rate (1.25*26% = 32.5%) is higher for the income above the phase-out point. The married-filing-separately (MFS) phase-out does not stop when the exemption reaches zero, either in 2009 or 2010. This is because the MFS exemption is half of the joint exemption, but the phase-out is the full amount, so for MFS filers the phase-out amount can be up to twice the exemption amount, resulting in a 'negative exemption'.
For example, using 2009 figures, a filer with $358,800 of income not only gets zero exemption, but is also taxed on an additional $35,475 that was never actually earned (see "Line 29 — Alternative Minimum Taxable Income" in 2009 Instructions for Form 6251 or "Line 28 — Alternative Minimum Taxable Income" in 2010 Instructions for Form 6251). This prevents a married couple with dissimilar incomes from benefiting by filing separate returns so that the lower earner gets the benefit of some exemption amount that would be phased out if they filed jointly. When filing separately, each spouse in effect not only has their own exemption phased out, but is also taxed on a second exemption too, on the presumption that the other spouse could be claiming that on their own separate MFS return.
Depreciation and other adjustments
All taxpayers claiming deductions for depreciation must adjust those deductions in computing AMT income to the amount of deduction allowed for AMT. For AMT purposes, depreciation is computed on most assets under the straight line method using the class life of the asset. When a taxpayer is required to recognize gain or loss on disposal of a depreciable asset (or pollution control facility), the gain or loss must be adjusted to reflect the AMT depreciation amount rather than regular depreciation amounts. This adjustment also applies to additional amounts deducted in the year of acquisition of the assets. For more details on these calculations, see MACRS.
In addition, before 2018 corporate taxpayers may be required to make adjustments to depreciation deductions in computing the adjusted current earnings (ACE) adjustment. Such adjustments only apply to assets acquired before 1989.
Adjustments are also required for the following:
Long-term contracts: taxpayers must use the percentage of completion method for AMT.
Mine exploration and development costs must be capitalized and amortized over 10 years, rather than expensed.
Certain accelerated deductions related to pollution controls facilities are not allowed.
The credit allowed for alcohol and biodiesel fuels is included in income.
Adjustments for individuals
Individuals are not allowed certain deductions in computing AMT that are allowed for regular tax. No deduction is allowed for personal exemptions or for the standard deduction. The phase-out of itemized deductions does not apply. No deduction is allowed for state, local, or foreign income or property taxes. A recovery of such taxes is excluded from AMTI. No deduction is allowed for most miscellaneous itemized deductions.
Medical expenses are deductible for AMT only to the extent they exceed 10% of adjusted gross income (this is not unique to AMT, it applies to regular income tax as well).
Interest expense deductions for individuals may be adjusted. Generally, interest paid on debt used to acquire, construct, or improve the individual's principal or second residence is unaffected. This includes interest resulting from refinancing such debt. In addition, investment interest expense is deductible for AMT only to the extent of adjusted net investment income. Other non-business interest is generally not deductible for AMT.
An adjustment is also made for qualified incentive stock options and stock received under employee stock purchase plans. In both cases, the employee must recognize income for AMT purposes on the bargain or compensation element, the employer is granted a deduction for this, and the employee has basis in the shares received.
Circulation and research expenses must be capitalized and amortized.
Adjusted current earnings for corporations
Before 2018, corporations were required to make an adjustment based on adjusted current earnings (ACE). The adjustment increases or decreases AMTI for 75% of the difference between ACE and AMTI. ACE is AMTI further adjusted for certain items. These include further depreciation adjustments for most assets, adjustments to more closely reflect earnings and profits, cost rather than percentage depletion, LIFO, charitable contributions and certain other items.
Losses
The deduction for net operating losses is adjusted to be based on losses for AMTI.
Farm losses are limited for AMT purposes. Passive activity losses are recomputed for AMT purposes based on income and deductions as recomputed for AMT. Certain adjustments apply with respect to farm and passive activity loss rules for insolvent taxpayers.
Tax preferences
All taxpayers must add back tax preference deductions in computing AMTI. Tax preferences include the following amounts of deduction:
percentage depletion in excess of basis,
the deduction for intangible drilling costs in excess of the amount that would have been allowed if the costs were capitalized and amortized, with adjustments,
otherwise tax exempt interest on bonds used to finance certain private activities, including mutual fund dividends from such interest,
certain depreciation on pre-1987 assets,
7% of excluded gain on certain small business stock.
Taxpayers may elect an optional 10-year write-off of certain tax preference items in lieu of the preference add-back.
Note that in prior years there were certain other tax preference items relating to provisions now repealed.
Credits
Credits are allowed against AMT for foreign taxes and certain specified business credits.
The AMT foreign tax credit limitation is redetermined based on AMTI rather than regular taxable income. Thus, all adjustments and tax preference items above must be applied in computing the AMT foreign tax credit limitation.
AMT credit against regular tax
After a taxpayer has paid AMT, a credit is allowed against regular tax in future years for the amount of AMT. The credit for individuals is generally limited to the amount of AMT generated by deferral items (e.g. exercise of incentive stock options), as opposed to exclusion items (e.g. state and local taxes). This credit is limited so that regular tax is not reduced below AMT for the year. Taxpayers may use a simplified method under which the AMT foreign tax credit limit is computed proportionately to the regular tax foreign tax credit limit. IRS Form 8801 is used to claim this credit.
Stock options
The alternative minimum tax may apply to individuals exercising stock options. Under AMT rules, for incentive stock options at the time of exercise, the "bargain element" or "spread price" (the difference between the strike price and fair market value) is treated as an AMT adjustment, and therefore needs to be added to the AMT calculation even though no ordinary income tax is due at the time of exercise. In contrast, under the regular tax rules capital gains taxes are not paid until the actual shares of stock are sold. For example, if someone exercised a 10,000 share Nortel stock option at $7 when the stock price was at $87, the bargain element was $80 per share or $800,000. Without selling the stock, the stock price dropped to $7. Although the real gain is $0, the $800,000 bargain element still becomes an AMT adjustment, and the taxpayer owes around $200,000 in AMT.
The AMT was designed to prevent people from using loopholes in the tax law to avoid tax. However, the inclusion of unrealized gain on incentive stock options imposes difficulties for people who cannot come up with cash to pay tax on gains that they have not realized yet. As a result, Congress has taken action to modify the AMT regarding incentive stock options. In 2000 and 2001, people exercised incentive stock options and held onto the shares, hoping to pay long-term capital gains taxes instead of short-term capital gains taxes. Many of these people were forced to pay the AMT on this income, and by the end of the year, the stock was no longer worth the amount of alternative minimum tax owed, forcing some individuals into bankruptcy. In the Nortel example given above, the individual would receive a credit for the AMT paid when the individual did eventually sell the Nortel shares. However, given the way AMT carryover amounts are recalculated each year, the eventual credit received is in many cases less than originally paid.
Stock options in non-public companies
In the Nortel example above, the taxpayer could have avoided problems by selling sufficient stock to cover the AMT liability immediately upon exercising the stock options. However, AMT also applies to stock options in pre-IPO or privately held companies: in such cases the IRS calculates the "fair market value" of the stock on the basis of information supplied by the company, and therefore may treat the stock as having significant value even though the employee may be unable to sell it (either because there is no market, or because of contractual restrictions such as lock-up periods). In such a case, it may be effectively impossible for the employee to exercise the option unless he or she has enough cash with which to pay the AMT.
Growth of the AMT
Although the AMT was originally enacted to target 155 high-income households, it grew to affect 5.2 million taxpayers each year by 2017, raising $36.2 billion, or 2.4% of federal income tax revenue. The passage of the TCJA for tax year 2018, reduced the affected number to about 0.1% of all taxpayers. This number is expected to rise again in 2026 with the expiry of the individual provisions of the TCJA.
In 1997, for example, 605,000 taxpayers paid the AMT; by 2008, the number of affected taxpayers jumped to 3.9 million, or about 4% of individual taxpayers, raising $26 billion of $1,031 of federal income tax revenue. A total of 27% of households that paid the AMT in 2008 had adjusted gross income of $200,000 or less.
The primary reason for AMT growth from 1978 to 2013 is that the AMT exemption, unlike regular income tax items, was not indexed to inflation before 2013. This means that income thresholds did not keep pace with the cost of living. As a result, the tax has affected an increasing number of households each year, as workers' incomes adjusted to inflation and surpassed AMT eligibility levels. While not indexed for inflation, Congress often passed short-term increases in exemption amounts. The Tax Policy Center (a research group) estimated that if the AMT had been indexed to inflation in 1985, and if the Bush tax cuts had not gone into effect, only 300,000 taxpayers—instead of their projected 27 million—would be subject to the tax in 2010. President Barack Obama included indexing the AMT to inflation in his FY2011 budget proposal, which did not pass.
The 2001–2006 Bush tax cuts also exacerbated the effects of AMT by reducing marginal tax rates (for instance, the top rate from 39.6% to 35%) without making corresponding changes to AMT rates. Economists often refer to this as the "take-back effect" of the Bush tax cuts.
As the AMT expanded from 1978 to 2017, the inequalities created by the structure of the tax have become more apparent. Taxpayers are not allowed to deduct state and local taxes in calculating their AMT liability; as a result, taxpayers who live in states with high income tax rates are up to 7 times more likely to pay the AMT than those who live in states with lower income tax rates. Similarly, taxpayers are not allowed to deduct personal exemptions in calculating their AMT liability, resulting in large families being more likely to pay the AMT than smaller families. With the passage of the TCJA which eliminated personal exemptions in favor of an expanded standard deduction, this was no longer an issue.
Opinions about AMT
In recent years, the AMT has been under increased attention.
The AMT rate has not been changed at the same time as regular income tax rates. The tax cut passed in 2001 lowered regular tax rates, but did not lower AMT rates. As a result, certain people are affected by the AMT who were not the intended targets of the laws. People with large deductions, particularly those resident in states or cities with high income tax rates, or those with nonqualifying mortgage interest deductions, are most affected. The AMT also has the potential to tax families with large numbers of dependents (usually children), although in recent years, Congress has acted to keep deductions for dependents, especially children, from triggering the AMT.
Because the AMT was not indexed to inflation until 2013, and because of recent tax cuts, an increasing number of middle-income taxpayers have been finding themselves subject to this tax. The lack of indexing produces bracket creep. The recent tax cuts in the regular tax have the effect of causing many taxpayers to pay some AMT, reducing or eliminating the benefit from the reduction in regular rates. (In all such cases, however, the overall tax payable will not increase.)
In 2006, the IRS's National Taxpayer Advocate's report highlighted the AMT as the single most serious problem with the tax code. The Advocate noted that the AMT punishes taxpayers for having children or living in a high-tax state and that the complexity of the AMT leads to most taxpayers who owe AMT not realizing it until preparing their returns or being notified by the IRS. A brief issued by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) (No. 4, April 15, 2004), concludes:
Over the coming decade, a growing number of taxpayers will become liable for the AMT. In 2010, if nothing is changed, one in five taxpayers will have AMT liability and nearly every married taxpayer with income between $100,000 and $500,000 will owe the alternative tax. Rather than affecting only high-income taxpayers who would otherwise pay no tax, the AMT has extended its reach to many upper-middle-income households. As an increasing number of taxpayers incur the AMT, pressures to reduce or eliminate the tax are likely to grow.In 2013, the IRS's National Taxpayer Advocate recommended repealing the AMT, arguing that it was burdensome, complex, and did not achieve its intended goal.
However, CBO's rules state that it must use current law in its analysis, and at the time the above text was written, the AMT threshold was set to expire in 2006 and be reset to far lower values. Critics of the AMT argue that various features are flaws, though others defend some of these features:
The AMT exemption and AMT exemption phase-out threshold are not indexed for inflation so that over time, the real values decline and the fraction of taxpayers subject to the AMT rises. However, on January 1, 2013 the AMT is now adjusted for inflation. This was known as fiscal drag or bracket creep.
The AMT eliminates state and local tax deductions. (Arguments have been produced for and against deducting such taxes. For example, an argument against a deduction is that if taxes are viewed as a payment for government services, they should not be treated differently from other consumption.)
The AMT disallows a portion of the foreign tax credit, creating some degree of double taxation for the more than 8 million American citizens living abroad. Some modest income families owe AMT solely because of currency fluctuations.
Businesses and individuals have to do twice the amount of tax planning when considering whether to sell an asset or start a business. They must first consider whether a particular path of action will increase their regular income tax and then also must calculate if alternative tax will increase.
Taxes are often owed in the year that an exercise of ISO stock options occurs, even if no stock is sold (which, for private or pre-IPO companies, may be because it is impossible to sell the stock). Although many taxpayers believe that in such a case no actual income exists, the bargain element of the exercise is considered income under the AMT system. In extreme cases, if the stock is private or the value drops, it may be impossible to realize the money the AMT demands.
In 1986, when President Ronald Reagan and both parties on Capitol Hill agreed to a major change in the tax system, the law was subtly changed to aim at a wholly different set of deductions, the ones that everyone gets, like the personal exemption, state and local taxes, the standard deduction, certain expenses like union dues and even some medical costs for the seriously ill. At the same time it removed and revised some of the exotic investment deductions. A law for untaxed rich investors was refocused on families who own their homes in high tax states.
– David Cay Johnston, The New York Times
A further shift, involving many definitional changes and extensive reorganization, occurred with the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
A further criticism is that the AMT does not even affect its intended target. Congress introduced the AMT after it was discovered that 21 millionaires did not pay any US income tax in 1969 as a result of various deductions taken on their income tax return. Since the marginal rate of persons with one million dollars of income is 39.6% and the AMT uses a 26% or 28% rate on all income, it is unlikely that millionaires would get tripped by the AMT as their effective tax rates are already higher. Those that do pay by the AMT are typically people making approximately $200,000–500,000.
Determining whether one is subject to the AMT can be difficult. According to the IRS's taxpayer advocate, determining whether someone owes the AMT can require reading nine pages of instructions, and completing a 16-line worksheet and a 55-line form.
Complexity
The AMT is a tax of roughly 28% on adjusted gross income over $186,300 plus 26% of amounts less than $186,300 minus an exemption depending on filing status after adding back in most deductions. However, taxpayers must also perform all of the paperwork for a regular tax return and then all of the paperwork for Form 6251. Furthermore, affected taxpayers may have to calculate AMT versions of all carryforwards since the AMT carryforwards may be different than regular tax carryforwards. Once a taxpayer qualifies for AMT, he or she may have to calculate AMT versions of carryforward losses and AMT carryforward credits until they are used up in future years. The definitions of taxable income, deductible expenses, and exemptions differ on Form 6251 from those on Form 1040.
The complexity of the AMT paired with the history of last minute annual patches adjusting the law create tax liability uncertainty for taxpayers. For the last ten years, Congress has passed one-year patches to mitigate negative effects, but they are typically passed close to the end of the year. This makes it difficult for taxpayers to determine their tax liability ahead of time. In addition, because the AMT was not indexed for inflation until 2013, the cost of annual patches rises every year.
Taxpayer incomes
The AMT's former lack of indexation was widely conceded across the political spectrum as a flaw. In 2005, the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center and the US Treasury Department estimated that around 15% of households with incomes between $75,000 and $100,000 must pay the AMT, up from only 2–3% in 2000, with the percentage increasing at high incomes. That percentage was set to increase quickly over the coming years if no changes had been made, most notably indexing for inflation. Currently, households with incomes below $75,000 are subject to the AMT only very rarely (and thus most tax advisors do not recommend computing AMT for such households). That was set to change in only a few years, however, if the AMT had remained unindexed.
The median household income in the United States was $44,389 in 2005, and households making over $75,000 per year made up the top quartile of household incomes. Because those are the households generally required to compute the AMT (though only a fraction currently have to pay), some argue that the AMT still hits only the wealthy or the upper middle class. However, some counties, such as Fairfax County, Virginia ($102,460), and some cities, such as San Jose, California ($76,354), have local median incomes that are considerably higher than the national median, and approach or exceed the typical AMT threshold.
The cost-of-living index is generally higher in such areas, which leads to families who are "middle class" in that area having to pay the AMT, while in poorer locales with lower costs of living, only the "locally wealthy" pay the AMT. In other words, many who pay the AMT have incomes that would place them among the wealthy when considering the United States as a whole, but who think of themselves as "middle class" because of the cost of living in their locale.
As early as the first Tax Reform study in 1984, arguments were made for eliminating the deduction for state and local taxes: The current deduction for State and local taxes in effect provides a Federal subsidy for the public services provided by State and local governments, such as public education, road construction and repair, and sanitary services. When taxpayers acquire similar services by private purchase (for example, when taxpayers pay for water or sewer services), no deduction is allowed for the expenditure. Allowing a deduction for State and local taxes simply permits taxpayers to finance personal consumption expenditures with pre-tax dollars.
Proponents of eliminating the state and local tax deduction lost out in the 1986 Tax Reform, but they won a concession by eliminating these deductions in the AMT computation. That, coupled with the non-indexation of the AMT, created a slow-motion repeal of the deduction for state and local income taxes.
The AMT's partial disallowance of the foreign tax credit disadvantages even low-paid American citizens and green card holders who work abroad or who are otherwise paid in foreign currency. Particularly as the dollar falls around the world, those working abroad see their incomes (when reported to the IRS in terms of US dollars) skyrocket, even if their actual incomes fall from year to year, and even if their foreign tax liabilities increase. They are in effect being taxed solely on changes in exchange rates, from which they do not benefit because their household expenses are all in foreign currency.
Avoiding AMT
AMT affects very few individual taxpayers (0.1%) as of 2018, and may be avoided by limiting exercising and holding of incentive stock options, and avoiding tax credits or deductions that are allowed under regular tax but not AMT, such as private activity municipal bonds.
For taxpayers who owe AMT, IRA (Individual Retirement Account)/Qualified plan contributions, charitable deductions and home mortgage interest (but not "hard money" refinancing interest) are especially valuable. They reduce tax liability by the full tentative minimum tax effective marginal rate of 32.5% or 35% (for those in the AMT exemption phase-out range) plus the full state income tax marginal rate. This may be quite a bit better than under the regular tax.
Arguments against repealing the AMT
While many parties agree that the AMT needs to be changed, some argue against its outright repeal.
A 2007 study by a left-leaning think tank indicated that 90% of the tax would fall on households making more than $100,000 a year, even if AMT were not inflation adjusted through 2010.
The AMT could be amended so as to have little or no effect on those with lower incomes.
The reduction in tax revenues from repeal is relatively large. The loss is expected to be between $800 billion and $1.5 trillion in federal revenues over 10 years. According to The Washington Post, "By 2008, it would cost the Treasury considerably less to repeal the ordinary income tax system than the alternative minimum tax, according to the Tax Policy Center, jointly run by the Brookings Institution and Urban Institute." In 2007, an analysis in The New York Times claimed that (1) Annual cost of repealing the AMT, and maintaining the regular income tax, would be $70 billion, while (2) Annual cost of making everyone pay the AMT, and repealing the regular income tax, would be the lesser amount of $63 billion.
AMT reform
Policy analysts are divided over the best way to address the criticisms of the AMT. Len Burman and Greg Leiserson of The Tax Policy Center, a joint program of the Urban Institute and Brookings Institution, have proposed a revenue-neutral, highly progressive replacement for the AMT. They suggest an "option [that] would repeal the AMT and replace it with an add-on tax of four percent of adjusted gross income above $100,000 for singles and $200,000 for couples. The thresholds would be indexed for inflation after 2007." This plan, the authors contend, would share the original goal of the AMT—that is, to ensure a certain level of taxation for high earners.
Other groups advocate repealing the AMT rather than attempting to reform it. One such group, the Cato Institute, notes that:
Many tax loopholes the AMT was designed to address have since been closed;
The AMT is needlessly complex and burdensome to taxpayers;
A full repeal would leave Federal revenues as a fraction of GDP at about 18%, its average value in recent decades.
The right-leaning National Taxpayers Union also supports repeal. "It is wholly unfair for policymakers to promote certain social and fiscal ideas through exemptions, credits, and deductions, only to take these incentives away when a taxpayer takes advantage of them too well."
The conservative-leaning Tax Foundation says that the AMT could be effectively repealed simply by correcting the deficiencies in the regular tax code. Economist Patrick Fleenor argues that
it is usually the unjustifiable limitations on taxable income...that cause the AMT backstop to kick in. If income were taxed comprehensively by the regular tax code, there would be no way of legally avoiding taxation, and not one taxpayer would have to file the AMT form even if the law were still on the books.
Some have proposed abolishing the regular tax and modifying and indexing the AMT. A proposal to the 2005 President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform advocated increasing the AMT exemption to $100,000 ($50,000 for singles) and indexing it thereafter, applying a flat 25% rate, and allowing appropriate exemptions for income-producing activities, in addition to repeal of the regular tax.
References
Further reading
Standard tax texts
Willis, Eugene, Hoffman, William H., Jr., et al., South-Western Federal Taxation, published annually (cited as Willis & Hoffman). 2009 edition included (student) and (instructor).
Pratt, James W., Kulsrud, William N., et al., Federal Taxation, updated periodically (cited as Pratt & Kulsrud). 2010 edition .CBO issue brief'''
CBO Issue Brief – The Individual Alternative Minimum Tax, January 2010
External links
IRS: AMT Assistant for Individuals (online software)
Personal taxes in the United States
Tax terms | wiki |
Fußnoten
Strassennamen Flensburg F
F | wiki |
Leafy spurge may refer to several species of plant in the genus Euphorbia, including:
Euphorbia esula, native to central and southern Europe
Euphorbia virgata, native to Europe and Asia | wiki |
Frank George Seyfang (June 17, 1890 - February 10, 1963) was a pioneer balloonist who developed the windsock balloon. He was a protégé of Thomas Scott Baldwin.
Patent
Emergency Radio (1957)
References
1890 births
1963 deaths
American balloonists | wiki |
The Copyright Act of 1831 was the first major revision to the U.S. Copyright Law. The bill is largely the result of lobbying efforts by American lexicographer Noah Webster.
The key changes in the Act included:
Extension of the original copyright term from 14 years to 28 years, with an option to renew the copyright for another 14 years
Addition of musical compositions to the list of statutorily protected works (though this protection only extended to reproductions of compositions in printed form; the public performance right was not recognized until later)
Extension of the statute of limitations on copyright actions from one year to two
Changes in copyright formality requirements
Amendments
The law was amended a number of times for a wide variety of purposes.
In 1834, Congress allowed a copyright to be transferred to someone else, a record of which had to be made within 60 days.
In 1846, Congress established the requirement of depositing copies of the work at the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian, in addition to the copies already required to be deposited with the Secretary of State.
In 1855, Congress provided free postage for sending works to be deposited.
In 1856, copyright was expanded to the right to restrict public performance of a work.
In 1859, the requirement of depositing copies of the work at the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian was repealed.
In 1861, copyright cases were allowed to be heard by the United States Supreme Court, regardless of the amount of money at stake.
In 1865, Congress made photographs copyrightable. The constitutionality of this amendment was challenged, but upheld by the Supreme Court in Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony.
Also in 1865, the practice of depositing a copy with the Library of Congress was reestablished, requiring deposit within one month.
In 1867, the Librarian of Congress Ainsworth Spofford lobbied for a penalty of $25 for books that failed to be deposited within one month.
See also
United States copyright law
Copyright Act of 1790
Copyright Act of 1909
References
Further reading
Patry, William F. (2009), Patry on Copyright § 1:23
Bracha, O. (2008) 'Commentary on the U.S. Copyright Act 1831', in Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer
External links
Full text of the Copyright Act of 1831, as passed
United States federal copyright legislation
1831 in American law | wiki |
In the year 2010, there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format, with releases such as Alice in Wonderland, Clash of the Titans, My Name is Khan, Jackass 3D, all animated films, with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats. 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010.
Evaluation of the year
In his article highlighting the best movies of 2010, Richard Brody of The New Yorker said:
"At times it feels as if we’re living in something of a cinematic golden age, but one that’s altogether different from earlier halcyon days. Where some celebrate the former genius of the system to explain an earlier day’s proliferation of fine movies, now the system is something of a blunderer that often flings itself into follies or even crushes inspiration under its weight, but sometimes gets carried away, for reasons good or bad, and hands surprising control of vast resources over to artists who make stunningly audacious and personal use of them. The best filmmakers working in Hollywood have a passionate grasp of the cinematic past, but they don’t swoon over its polish or emulate its styles, they excavate it for its raw materials. There’s also a ferment here of independent filmmaking that liberates young people who, in earlier times, might have had to scuffle or supplicate for years while angling for a practical chance that now, with video, and with adequate effort, they can seize for themselves. Some of these independents have developed distinctive methods as well as aesthetics—regarding subject matter, picture, and performance—that are apt for the means of production. They make their lives, their homes, their families, their problems, and even their art the focus of their movies, and because, in their individuality, they share much with others in their generation, their stories, at their best—reflecting the age-old clashes and strivings of talented and ambitious youths in life, love, and art—reverberate deeply and widely. Meanwhile, the proliferation of arthouse cinemas and the sudden availability of classics on DVD and via Netflix go hand in hand with the rise of their art: their fierce focus on the immediate and the intimate includes the intensely personal experience of movies—whether treasures from the history of cinema or instant classics newly arrived from around the world. And, thanks to the Internet’s rapidity of ripple-effects that carry word from bloggers and enthusiasts to the world at large, the independent aesthetic and its artists have quickly had an impact on the Hollywood mainstream, in salutary ways."
Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 2010 by worldwide gross are as follows:
Box office records
Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland both grossed more than $1 billion, marking the first time that two films released in the same year grossed more than $1 billion at the box office. Both films were also released by the same studio, Walt Disney Pictures.
Toy Story 3 was the first animated film to gross $1 billion, and is currently the seventh highest-grossing animated film ever worldwide. This is also the first time that five animated films have been present in the Top 10 highest-grossing films of the year; two of them are in the Top 5.
The year saw four films debut with more than $100 million, breaking the opening record of 2007 with three releases, and 2004 with two.
Events
January
17 – The 67th Golden Globe Awards winners were announced.
21 – The nominations of the 63rd BAFTA Awards were announced.
23 – The 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards winners were announced.
February
1 – The nominations of the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards were announced.
2 – The nominations of the 82nd Academy Awards were announced.
11 to 21 – The 60th Berlin International Film Festival was held.
21 – The 64th BAFTA Awards winners were announced
March
6 – The 30th Golden Raspberry Awards winners were announced.
7 – The 82nd Academy Awards winners were announced.
28 – The 15th Empire Awards winners were announced.
May
12 to 23 – The 63rd annual Cannes Film Festival was held.
June
6 – The 2010 MTV Movie Awards winners were announced.
July
22 to August 1 – The 10th Era New Horizons Film Festival was held.
September
1 to 11 – The 67th annual Venice Film Festival was held.
9 to 19 – The 35th annual Toronto Film Festival was held.
October
8 to 17 – The 26th Warsaw International Film Festival was held.
20 to 24 – The 1st American Film Festival was held in Wrocław.
November
26 to 28 – The 4th Dawn Breakers International Film Festival was held.
26 to December 5 – The 12th Jakarta International Film Festival was held.
December
4 – The 23rd European Film Awards was held.
11 – The 52nd Australian Film Institute Awards winners were announced.
Awards
2010 films
The list of films released in 2010, arranged by country, are as follows:
List of American films of 2010
List of Argentine films of 2010
List of Australian films of 2010
List of British films of 2010
List of Egyptian films of 2010
List of French films of 2010
List of Hong Kong films of 2010
List of Italian films of 2010
List of Indian films of 2010
List of Assamese films
List of Bengali films of 2010
List of Bollywood films of 2010
List of Gujarati films
List of Kannada films of 2010
List of Malayalam films of 2010
List of Marathi films of 2010
List of Odia films of 2010
List of Punjabi films of 2010
List of Tamil films of 2010
List of Telugu films of 2010
List of Tulu films
List of Japanese films of 2010
List of Lebanese films
List of Mexican films of 2010
List of Pakistani films of 2010
List of Swedish films of the 2000s
List of South Korean films of 2010
List of Spanish films of 2010
Deaths
References
Film by year | wiki |
In computing, an aperture is a portion of physical address space (i.e. physical memory) that is associated with a particular peripheral device or a memory unit. Apertures may reach external devices such as ROM or RAM chips, or internal memory on the CPU itself.
Typically, a memory device attached to a computer accepts addresses starting at zero, and so a system with more than one such device would have ambiguous addressing. To resolve this, the memory logic will contain several aperture selectors, each containing a range selector and an interface to one of the memory devices.
The set of selector address ranges of the apertures are disjoint. When the CPU presents a physical address within the range recognized by an aperture, the aperture unit routes the request (with the address remapped to a zero base) to the attached device. Thus, apertures form a layer of address translation below the level of the usual virtual-to-physical mapping.
See also
Address bus
AGP aperture
Memory-mapped I/O
External links
Flash Memory Solutions
Computer memory
Computer architecture | wiki |
Two Men in Town can refer to:
Two Men in Town (1973 film), a 1973 French drama film
Two Men in Town (2014 film), a 2014 American drama, based on the 1973 French film | wiki |
The Armenian Taekwondo Federation (), is the regulating body of taekwondo in Armenia, governed by the Armenian Olympic Committee. The headquarters of the federation is located in Yerevan.
History
The Federation is currently led by president Karen Grigoryan. The Federation became a member of World Taekwondo in 1996, and subsequently became a full member of the European Taekwondo Union and the International Taekwon-Do Federation.
The Federation organizes national and international competitions, while Armenian taekwondo athletes have won medals in both world and European championships. There are seven taekwondo clubs in Armenia, several of which train athletes to compete in Olympic competitions.
See also
Sport in Armenia
References
External links
Armenian Taekwondo Federation on Facebook
Sports governing bodies in Armenia
Taekwondo in Armenia
National members of World Taekwondo | wiki |
A signalman is a person who historically made signals using flags and light. In modern times, the role of signalmen has evolved and now usually uses electronic communication equipment. Signalmen usually work in rail transport networks, armed forces, or construction (to direct heavy equipment such as cranes). Many armed forces now use the rank of signaller instead.
Transport occupations | wiki |
B-cell may refer to :
B cells, lymphocytes that mature in bone
Beta cells (β cells), in the pancreatic islets that produce insulin | wiki |
A shade house is a horticultural structure which provides a mix of shade and light to provide suitable conditions for shade-loving plants, or to reduce the temperatures under the cover. Typically it will have a frame which supports mesh fabric or wood lath.
Shade houses may also be used in commercial horticulture. For example, vanilla vines need 50% shade and, in deforested areas of Mexico, this is provided by shade houses of 1,000 – 10,000 square metres. These have tree-like support posts or actual living trees. From these, shade cloth walls of 3–5 metres height are suspended and these are black or red to cut the luminosity by half.
References
Gallery
Agricultural buildings
Garden features | wiki |
Looney Tunes Collection : Les Meilleures Aventures de Bip-Bip et Coyote est un DVD incluant 15 cartoons Looney Tunes et Merrie Melodies avec en vedette Bip-Bip et Vil Coyote. Il est sorti en juin 2005.
Liste des cartoons
Tous les cartoons sont réalisés par Charles M. Jones.
Notes et références
Bip Bip et Coyote | wiki |
Universe Online may refer to:
Marvel Universe Online, a cancelled multiplayer game by Cryptic Studios
Universe Online, an in-development multiplayer game by Colony Studios, using the HeroEngine | wiki |
This is a list of manga that topped The New York Times Manga Best Seller list in 2013.
See also
The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 2013
The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Sellers of 2013
References
2013
2013 in the United States
2013 in comics
Lists of manga | wiki |
Amateur Night is a 2016 American comedy film written and directed by Lisa Addario and Joe Syracuse. Their early experiences in Hollywood were the basis for the plot of the film. The film stars Jason Biggs, Jenny Mollen, Janet Montgomery, Ashley Tisdale and Bria Murphy.
Amateur Night held its world premiere in Los Angeles on July 25, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 5, 2016, by Cinedigm. The film was met with negative reviews from critics.
Plot
Guy Carter (Jason Biggs) is an unemployed architect struggling to make ends meet. With bills pilling up, his wife Anne (Jenny Mollen) finds a job posting on Craigslist for a driver and sends Guy, against his will, for the job. Guy then goes for the interview expecting to be a pizza driver but finds himself as a chauffeur for a prostitute named Nikki (Janet Montgomery).
Nikki tells Guy that their first stop would be a regular of hers, a kinky doctor in Bel Air (Steven Weber). She tells Guy to wait in the car for her but when she doesn't respond for hours, Guy decides to break into the house. He finds Nikki in a compromising bondage position and thinks that the doctor is torturing Nikki, and tries to rescue her by spraying him with air freshener. They both then flee from the scene after the doctor falls over the ground and hits his head.
Guy is horrified by the situation but is calmed down by Nikki. She then informs him about the duties that came with the job and that he gets a cut of the "take", which prompts Guy to now be very interested in the job. They then proceed to pick up two other prostitutes, Jaxi (Bria Murphy) and Fallon (Ashley Tisdale), for a bachelor party. At the house, Guy is ordered to wash the "hardware," referring to a large bag filled with very messy sex toys.
The four then head to a fancy hotel in Beverly Hills for the bachelor party. The party is filled with over excited testosterone-driven former frat boys. The girls then appoint Guy to play "pimp" to get the frat boys in line. What follows is various strip teases and sexually explicit dancing, followed by a "main event," involving Fallon ejaculating directly on Guy.
Guy leaves the party momentarily when Anne goes into false labor. To his dismay, he runs into the doctor he assaulted, who ends up holding him hostage with a syringe filled with a paralyzing drug, and orders Guy to take him to Nikki. At their arrival, the doctor's plans are foiled when Nikki causes him to stab himself with the syringe. The bachelor party then resumes at full speed but comes to a halt when the girls find themselves robbed. The girls then hold the entire bachelor party at gun point, demanding the return of their money. They chase the culprit down long halls and end up urinating on him before taking back their money.
As they leave the hotel, one of the bachelor party guy approaches Nikki and asks for a "quickie." It is then revealed that he is an undercover cop and he attempts to arrest Nikki. This prompts Guy to once again rescue her and they are caught in a cop car chase. The four manage to escape the cops but end up crashing Guy's car. They continue to escape on a bus.
They return, exhausted, to their homes in the early morning. Nikki thanks Guy by hiring him to design a house for her and tells him the "hardware" will be awaiting him for the next round. Guy expects arresting cops to be at his house but it turns out his car was found by "repo men" and hauled away before the cops could find it.
Being based on a true story, the credits play over scenes that actually took place.
Cast
Production
Casting
In late 2014, Entertainment Weekly announced that Jason Biggs and Ashley Tisdale would lead the cast of Drive, She Said. Janet Montgomery, Bria Murphy, Jenny Mollen, Adrian Voo and Steven Weber would round out the cast.
Filming
Drive, She Said was one of the few productions in 2014 to receive a California State Tax Credit for filming in Los Angeles.
On November 22, Tisdale was photographed arriving to an undisclosed film set in Los Angeles, script in hand. On December 5, The Hollywood Reporter announced that the film had wrapped production. E! Online published a NSFW still of Murphy in character the following day.
Release
In January 2016, it was announced Cinedigm had acquired North American distribution rights to the film and planned a mid-2016 domestic theatrical release. On May 5, People magazine announced that film would be released in theaters on August 5 and shared the first official trailer and poster.
Home media
In North America, Amateur Night was released on digital download on August 12, 2016, and DVD on October 4, 2016.
The film was released in the United Kingdom as The Escorts on June 12, 2017.
Reception
Amateur Night received negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 0% based on reviews from 6 critics. On Metacritic the film has a score of 38 out of 100 based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
J Don Birnam of Latino Review gave the film a B− grade and noted that "to deny that Amateur Night made me laugh in its crass immaturity would be dishonest. I laughed." Michael Rechtshaffen of Los Angeles Times noted that "the film insistently asserts its autobiographical roots at the expense of sharper plotting and characterizations, not to mention more energetic pacing." Chris Packham of Village Voice called the film "uninspired" but praised the script's narrative reversal and Montgomery's performance. Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter commented that the film "gives sex comedies a bad name" but praised Biggs and Montgomery's chemistry. Keith Watson of Slant Magazine commented that "the film is peppered with interesting true-life details, but these are overwhelmed by frantic comedic sequences." Jason Ooi of The Playlist gave the film a C− grade and wrote "though based on a true story, Amateur Night still feels like just another raunchy comedy."
References
External links
2016 films
2010s action comedy-drama films
American action comedy films
American comedy-drama films
Films set in Los Angeles
Films scored by the Newton Brothers
2010s English-language films
2010s American films | wiki |
Beef or is a French dish of a piece of beef braised in stock and wine with carrots and onions.
In French recipes, the preferred cut is the pointe de culotte, the rump cap. In older recipes, it is invariably larded. Most recipes start by marinating the meat in wine. It is first browned in fat then braised in a liquid composed primarily of stock or broth and red or white wine with carrots, onions, and herbs. Modern recipes often include celery. Some recipes add tomatoes, while others add brandy or other distilled spirits. Most French recipes include a boned calf's foot to add gelatin to the braising liquid, which serves to thicken the resulting sauce.
To finish the dish, the braised beef is removed and set aside to rest. Meanwhile, the braising liquid is strained and reduced to a sauce. The beef is sliced and served with this sauce. In simple versions à la ménagère 'housewife style', the vegetables from the braising liquid are served as the garnish. In more elaborate versions à la bourgeoise 'classy style', the vegetables that have cooked with the meat are strained out, and freshly cooked carrots and onions are added.
The braising liquid varies from all-stock, to about 1:3 wine to stock, to all wine. One American recipe from 1896 uses just water.
History
In English, the dish was formerly called both "beef à la mode" and "à la mode beef" (sometimes spelled "alamode"). In French, it is now often called boeuf mode.
See also
References
External links
French cuisine
Beef dishes
Wine dishes | wiki |
Break action is a type of firearm action in which the barrel or barrels are hinged much like a door and rotate perpendicularly to the bore axis to expose the breech and allow loading and unloading of cartridges. A separate operation may be required for the cocking of a hammer to fire the new round. There are many types of break-action firearms; break actions are universal in double-barrelled shotguns, double-barrelled rifles, combination guns, and are commonly found in single shot pistols (especially derringers), rifles, shotguns, including flare guns, grenade launchers, air guns, and some older revolver designs. They are also known as hinge-action, break-open, break-barrel, break-top, or, on old revolvers, top-break actions.
Description
Break action
The first break-action revolver was patented in France and Britain at the end of December in 1858 by Devisme. A substantial hinge pin joins the two parts of the rifle or shotgun; the stock with its firing mechanism and the fore-piece and barrel, which hold the round to be fired. In some cases the hinging pin may be easily removable, allowing the two portions of the weapon to be compactly and safely stored. In other cases the hinge will consist of a hook over a pin; releasing an auxiliary latch will allow sufficient travel to allow the hinge to be unhooked.
A latch is operated to release the two parts of the weapon, allowing the breech to be exposed. Rounds are inserted into the breech, loading as many barrels (rifle or shotgun) or chambers (revolver) as desired, and the mechanism is closed and latched. The hammer is then pulled back and latched. The weapon can now be fired by squeezing the trigger.
After firing the rounds, the break action is unlatched and the barrel and forearm are allowed to fall forward. This causes an extractor catch to remove the spent shells so that they fall to the ground, leaving the weapon ready for reloading.
Tip-up action
The tip-up was the first revolver design for use with metallic cartridges in the Smith & Wesson Model 1, on which the barrel pivoted upwards, hinged on the forward end of the top strap. On S&W tip-up revolvers, the barrel release catch is located on both sides of the frame in front of the trigger.
Advantages
A break action is one of the most compact firearm actions. Since there are no parts to reciprocate, it is shorter than repeating designs, and generally more compact than other non-repeating firearms such as falling block and rolling block actions. This compactness results in reductions in weight and size compared to larger actions; this can also allow a longer barrel in a firearm of similar size.
Since the cartridge extractor or ejector is built into the barrel assembly in break action weapons, the breech face is simply a flat plate with a hole for the firing pin to protrude through. This makes break actions ideal for interchangeable barrel firearms, such as the popular Thompson/Center Arms Contender and Encore pistols. The simplicity of the break open design, especially with an external hammer, also reduces the cost of manufacture. There were a number of companies, such as H&R Firearms, that produced break action rifles at lower costs than comparable bolt-action rifles.
While most firearms are designed for right-handed shooters, break action guns operate identically when fired from either shoulder.
Another advantage of the break action is the ability to insert longer cartridges into the chamber. This allows cartridges of a length impractical in other designs; as well as easy use of caliber conversion sleeves. It is common to find conversion sleeves for double barrel shotguns, allowing the firing of smaller gauge shells as well as sub-bore pistol and rifle cartridges (and thus allowing the same gun to be used with, for example, 12 gauge through 28 gauge, as well as .410 bore shells).
Disadvantages
The break action design is best suited for non-repeating firearms. To get multiple shots requires either multiple barrels or a revolver cylinder; while this is fairly simple for shotguns, with double-barreled shotguns being quite common and even four-barreled designs like the FAMARS Rombo are available, double rifles require very precise alignment of the barrels in order to achieve consistent accuracy. Modern double rifles are very expensive and designed for short-range use; the barrels are often regulated for ranges under for use against dangerous game.
Wear in the mechanism is focused upon the small contact area of the latch, and the breech is difficult to seal properly once the latch wears. In some firearms, such as Thompson/Center guns, the latch is a removable part that could be replaced when worn. Designs without a replaceable latch may be fixed by building up the worn part with a welder, then filing it back into shape.
Break-open actions are also not as inherently strong as other action types, rendering them capable of withstanding only relatively low pressure pistol and rifle cartridges. The action is usually held closed by a single locking lug, usually below the barrel in a single barrelled gun or between the barrels of a double barreled gun. The single lug must carry all of the force of firing the cartridge. For shotguns shells, which operate at very low pressures, this is not an issue.
Some centerfire pistol and rifle cartridges, however, can generate pressures that may be too great for a single locking lug, if it is not stout enough. The Thompson/Center Contender, for example, was limited to .30-30 Winchester level cartridges. To fire more powerful cartridges requires a much larger locking lug, such as that which Thomson Center used on the larger Encore model. By comparison, while bolt-action shotguns may only use a single locking lug, almost all bolt-action rifles use multiple locking lugs around the perimeter of the bolt to provide an even distribution of the forces of firing, providing a much higher intrinsic strength. Since many break action pistols and rifles, such as the inexpensive H&R models, are built on large frames originally meant for shotguns, the action is very heavily built and capable of handling moderate to high pressures. Still, belted magnum cartridges such as .300 Winchester Magnum are generally only found in the highest-quality break action rifles.
Break open designs work best with rimmed cartridges, which can use a solid extractor. Rimless cartridges require a spring-loaded extractor, which can slide out of the way for cartridge insertion, and spring back to engage the recessed rim. While these spring-loaded extractors are found on even inexpensive models, they are not as strong as solid extractors, and increase the likelihood that failures to extract will occur.
Other long gun actions
Bolt action
Falling-block action
Lever action
Pump action
Rolling block
Semi-automatic firearm
Straight-pull action
See also
Combination gun
References
Firearm actions | wiki |
Target House may refer to:
Target House, London, a modern commercial building
Target House, Memphis, a long-term housing solution for families of patients at the city's St. Jude Children's Research Hospital | wiki |
Comes a time
Comes a time (album van Neil Young) (1978), muziekalbum van Neil Young
Comes a time (single van Neil Young) (1978), single van Neil Young
There comes a time
There comes a time (Gil Evans) (1976), een muziekalbum van Gil Evans
There Comes a Time (1985), televisieserie | wiki |
"Oh Heart" is a debut song written by Kathie Baillie, Michael Bonagura and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music group Baillie & the Boys. It was released in June 1987 as the first single from the album Baillie & the Boys. The song reached #9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Chart performance
References
1987 debut singles
Baillie & the Boys songs
Songs written by Don Schlitz
Song recordings produced by Kyle Lehning
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Michael Bonagura
1987 songs | wiki |
Cold calling is the solicitation of business from potential customers who have had no prior contact with the salesperson conducting the call. It is an attempt to convince potential customers to purchase either the salesperson's product or service. Generally, it is referred as an over-the-phone process, making it a source of telemarketing, but can also be done in-person by door-to-door salespeople. Though cold calling can be used as a legitimate business tool, scammers can use cold calling as well.
Evolution
Cold calling has developed from a form of giving sales pitch using a script into a targeted communication tool. Salespeople call from a list of potential customers that fit certain parameters built to help increase the likelihood of a sale. This modern cold calling, sometimes called "warm calling", tries to "dig deeply to understand" the potential customer.
Criticisms
With the development of newer technology and the Internet, cold calling has gained some criticism. Jeffrey Gitomer wrote in a 2010 article for The Augusta Chronicle that "the return on investment on cold calling is under zero." Gitomer believes that cold calling will only annoy customers and will not attract business. Gitomer also believes that referral marketing is a better form of selling and marketing. According to Gitomer, there are "2.5 basic understandings of a cold call":
Cold calling is the lowest percentage sale call.
Cold calling has a very high rejection rate.
Multiple rejections can change the salesperson's mentality and make it more difficult to act friendly and complete calls.
Since the rise of the Internet, social media and instant text messaging, a significant portion of people tends to prefer texting over calling and ignores incoming phone calls from unfamiliar numbers.
Cold calling has also been used by scammers. One such example was when groups of impostors posed as members of the Microsoft support team. The impostors called several homes from a database of Microsoft owners. The Microsoft customers were then told that there was a virus on their computers, and in order to fix it, they had to download a specific program. The program gave access to the computer files for the impostors. In July 2006, a survey conducted by Lactofree determined that cold callers were the most annoying thing in the UK. Cold calling has been a hallmark in the proliferation of boiler room scams selling fraudulent investment and sports betting schemes from Australia's Gold Coast.
Rules and regulations
Many countries have rules and regulations that limit and control how, when and whom companies can cold call. These rules and regulations are often implemented by government bodies that deal with telecommunication laws in their specific country.
United States
The United States telecommunication laws are developed and enacted by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC aims to "puts consumers in charge of the number of telemarketing calls they get at home". The United States, along with many individual states, have enacted various "Do Not Call" lists. These lists are based on the national US Do Not Call List which was enacted in 2003. Every month, since January 2005, companies are required by law to check the "Do Not Call List" database. They are required to remove the registered numbers from their leads lists. However the "Do Not Call List" has certain limitations. Even if a person is registered for the "Do Not Call List", certain organizations can still call. These organizations include:
Telephone surveyors, charities, and political organizations
Organizations that one has had a business relationship with over the previous 18 months
Any company one has given written permission
The FTC has also set certain regulations on when one can be called. Cold calling can only be done in between 8a.m. and 9p.m. The caller is also required by law to tell the customer who they are and what organization they represent. This includes clarifying if the organization is a for-profit organization or charity. The salesperson also must reveal all information about the product they are selling. This means that they are legally required not to lie.
Many other government organizations monitor cold calling within their jurisdiction including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC specializes in monitoring cold calling that deals with stocks, specifically stockbrokers. When investing over the phone, the SEC states that written banking information must be given. This means that an investment cannot be made over the phone.
Canada
The National Do Not Call List (DNCL) is administered by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). As with the U.S. version, the rules exclude surveyors, charities, political organizations/candidates, organizations that one has had a business relationship with over the previous 18 months or has otherwise granted permission, as well as newspapers seeking subscribers.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has its own version of the "Do Not Call List" known as the Telephone Preference Service (TPS). Any citizen of the United Kingdom can register for the list that aims to eliminate its participants from receiving unsolicited calls from organizations including charities and political parties unlike the United States and Canada. TPS was first enacted in 1999 and eventually saw changes in 2003 that ultimately created the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003. While the TPS prevents unsolicited sales and marketing calls, it does not prevent "recorded/automated messages, silent calls, market research, overseas companies, debt collection, scam calls" according to the TPS website.
In 2012, Richard Herman from Middlesex sent an invoice to a company for the time they had kept cold-calling him. He eventually took the company to the small claims court, leading to the company settling out of court. He had been phoned several times by the company despite being listed with the Telephone Preference Service.
Australia
Australia has its own version of the "Do Not Call List" known as the Do Not Call Register. The "Do Not Call Register" is under the jurisdiction of the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) which acts as the supreme telecommunications authority in Australia. Registering for the "Do Not Call Register" prevents telemarketers and fax marketers from contacting registered members. Registration for the program is free and will last for eight years. Similar to other countries, there are exceptions to the "Do Not Call Register". These exceptions include: political parties, charities and educational institutions. The "Do Not Call Register" takes effect 30 days after registration.
Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the "National Directory Database" is an index of numbers that cannot be called for the purposes of 'cold calls' and/or sales and advertising. An unsolicited marketing call to a number on the National Directory Database is a criminal offence.
Japan
Some financial products are totally not permitted to cold-call, but the practice is generally permitted within a guideline which requires stating the name of the business, full name of the caller, name of the product and intention of solicitation. There is no do-not-call list. The Japanese government's Financial Services Agency maintains a list of known fraudulent entities involved in financial cold-calling scams.
European Union
On May 25, 2018, the European Union passed the General Data Protection Regulation which imposes obligations onto organizations anywhere, so long as they target or collect data related to people in the EU.
References
External links
UK (Free) Anti-Cold Calling Register to Help Stop Unwanted Marketing Calls
US Federal Do Not Call List
US Federal Trade Commission (FTC), National Do Not Call Registry Information
Direct marketing
Selling techniques
ja:電話勧誘販売
no:Telefonsalg | wiki |
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