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Crystal Castles was a Canadian electronic music group.
Crystal Castles may also refer to:
Crystal Castles (video game), a 1983 arcade game
Crystal Castles (album), a 2008 album by the group
Crystal Castles II, a 2010 album by the group
Crystal Castle, a fictional castle in She-Ra: Princess of Power
See also
Crystal Palace (disambiguation) | wiki |
Emba (rivier), een rivier in Kazachstan
Emba (stad), een stad in Rusland
Emba, nom de plume van Imre Baranyai (Emeriko Baranyai), een Esperanto-auteur | wiki |
Kelvin is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
Arthur Kelvin (born 1869), Scottish footballer
Ray Kelvin (born 1955), British businessman
Rob Kelvin (born 1944), Australian newsman
Kris Kelvin, a fictional character, the protagonist of the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem and in three films based on the novel
See also
Lord Kelvin (William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, 1824–1907), British engineer and physicist, the namesake of the kelvin temperature unit
Kelvin (given name) | wiki |
Tootie may refer to:
People
Albert Heath (born 1935), American jazz drummer
Allison Montana (1922–2005), New Orleans Mardi Gras icon
Tootie Perry (1896–1946), American college football player
Tootie Robbins (born 1958), American former National Football League player
Tootie Smith (born 1957), American politician
Fictional characters
Tootie Ramsey, played by Kim Fields on the sitcom The Facts of Life
Tootie (The Fairly OddParents), a major character on the animated TV series The Fairly OddParents
"Tootie" Smith, in the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me in St. Louis, played by child actress Margaret O'Brien
Other uses
"Tootie", a 1996 song by Hootie & the Blowfish from Fairweather Johnson
See also
Tooty, a character in the video game Banjo-Kazooie
Toodee, a character in the children's TV series Yo Gabba Gabba!
Lists of people by nickname | wiki |
The Lewis Range is a small mountain range in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located north of Mereworth Sound. It has an area of 52 km2 and is a subrange of the Pacific Ranges which in turn form part of the Coast Mountains.
See also
List of mountain ranges
References
Pacific Ranges | wiki |
Split weight training is a type of exercise workout. It involves dividing training routines by body region, muscle group or movement.
Workout Splits
Push/Pull/Legs
Firstly, the push muscles consisting of the chest, shoulder, and triceps. Example exercises are the barbell bench press, incline barbell press, barbell shoulder press, dip, and triceps push down. Separately, the exercises for pull muscles (back, biceps, abdominal, calves and legs) are pull ups, sit-ups, barbell curls and standing calf raises. The two workouts are performed on separate days.
Upper/Lower Body
Workout sessions are usually divided between the upper- and lower body, which often includes the abdominal muscles.
Typical workouts for an upper body routine include the bench press, biceps curls, lateral raises, seated lateral pull-downs and barbell rows. Lower body routines often include the leg-press, squats, leg extensions and leg curls.
Arnold Split
The Arnold Split consists of 3 different workout routines: chest/back, shoulders/arms and core/legs. It is named after Arnold Schwarzenegger, who popularized the routine during his preparations for the second Mr Olympia.
Double Split
Training a full workout in the morning and evening with at least 8 to 10 hours rest between.
Advantages
Advantages of split weight training include:
Less time spent per workout
Less possibility of over-training
More time to individually focus on certain muscle groups
References
External links
Weight training exercises | wiki |
Jante may refer to:
Jante Law, a code of conduct said to be common in Nordic countries
Jante, Nepal, a village | wiki |
"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should" is an advertising slogan that appeared in newspaper, magazine, radio, and television advertisements for Winston cigarettes, manufactured by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Reynolds used the slogan from Winston's introduction in 1954 until 1972. It is one of the best-known American tobacco advertising campaigns. In 1999, Advertising Age included the "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should" jingle in its list of the 10 best radio and television jingles in the United States during the 20th century.
The advertising agency William Esty Co. deliberately, and ungrammatically, used "like" rather than "as" in the slogan and jingle. The Esty executives Wendell Adams and Arline Lunny were in charge of the overall campaign. Lunny produced and directed most of the campaign's content during its early years. Although Adams was a classically trained musician, Margaret Johnson (a singer, pianist, and model) ghost wrote the jingle; Johnson and her husband, Travis Johnson, recorded it with their group, the Song Spinners.
The slogan was included in the 1988 edition of Simpson's Contemporary Quotations.
In a departure for the time, the advertising campaign targeted distinct niche groups within the broader market of smokers, such as American Jews and African Americans.
Beginnings
Bowman Gray Jr., who later became the president of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, was in charge of marketing Winstons, which were a new addition to the R.J. Reynolds line in 1954. Gray listened to advertising employees from the William Esty Co., and the slogan "Winston tastes good like a cigarette ought to" was considered, then replaced by the more succinct "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should."
The first print ad appeared in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in September 1954, with an ad in Life following the next month. In 1955, Winston would take over as the sponsor of Walter Cronkite's news show, as well as Garry Moore's variety show; it was at this time that the first television advertisements aired.
Radio and television
In the radio and television advertisements, the slogan is presented in a singsong fashion with a noticeable two-beat clap near the end, so the jingle would sound like Win-ston tastes good like a (clap clap) cigarette should. The "clap" noise was sometimes substituted for actors in the commercials knocking twice against a truck carrying Winston cigarettes, or an actor flicking his lighter twice to the same conceit.
Winston cigarettes were sponsors of popular television series. In The Beverly Hillbillies, the stars Buddy Ebsen, Irene Ryan, and Nancy Kulp extolled the virtues of Winstons while smoking them and reciting the jingle. The Flintstones was criticized for advertising cigarettes on an animated series watched by many children, and Winston pulled their involvement with it after the Pebbles Flintstone character was born in 1963.
Grammar controversy
During the campaign's long run in the media, many criticized the slogan as grammatically incorrect, asserting that it should say, "Winston tastes good as a cigarette should." Ogden Nash, in The New Yorker, published a poem that ran "Like goes Madison Avenue, like so goes the nation." Walter Cronkite, then hosting The Morning Show, refused to say the line as written, and an announcer was used instead.
Malcolm Gladwell, in The Tipping Point, says that this "ungrammatical and somehow provocative use of 'like' instead of 'as' created a minor sensation" in 1954 and implies that the phrase itself was responsible for vaulting the brand to second place in the U.S. market. Winston overtook Pall Mall cigarettes as the #1 cigarette in the United States in 1966, while the advertising campaign continued to make an impression on the mass media.
In the fall of 1961, a small furor enveloped the literary and journalistic communities in the United States when Merriam-Webster published its Third New International Dictionary. In the dictionary, the editors refused to condemn the use of "like" as a conjunction, and cited "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should" as an example of popular colloquial use. After publication of Webster's Third, The New York Times called the edition "bolshevik," and the Chicago Daily News wrote that the transgression signified "a general decay in values."
When the players in The Beverly Hillbillies spoke the line, they stretched the grammatical boundaries further:
Jed: Winston tastes good...
Granny: Like a cigarette had ought-a!
In 1970 and 1971, Winston sought to revamp its image and chose to respond to many grammarians' qualms with the slogan, "What do you want, good grammar or good taste?" Mad magazine published a parody of this on the back cover of its January 1971 issue; set in a cemetery, it featured four tombstones with epitaphs written in the past tense ("Winston tasted good like a cigarette should've" "You mean 'as a cigarette should've'" "What did you want, good grammar or good taste?" "I wanted to live a lot longer than this!"). With the new slogan in wide use, "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should" was retired permanently in 1972.
In 1981, actor James Garner claimed responsibility for the wording of the slogan during an interview with Playboy magazine. Garner, who narrated the original commercial, stated that his first action ever to be captured on film was to misread the line that had been provided to him. However the advertisements appeared in print before their debut on television, which casts doubt on Garner's claim.
Parodies
The jingle was often parodied. The first line was typically, Winston tastes bad like the one I just had. The second line was commonly some variation on No filter, no flavor, it tastes like toilet paper, or, No filter, no taste, just a fifty-cent waste.
See also
"Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch!"
Legacy Tobacco Documents Library Multimedia Collection
References
Bibliography
External links
Advertising campaigns
American advertising slogans
Jingles
Songs about tobacco
1950s neologisms
American television commercials
Tobacco advertising
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | wiki |
Health Management Associates may refer to one of two unrelated companies:
Health Management Associates (Florida company), which operates hospitals and other health care facilities in the southern United States.
Health Management Associates (Arkansas company), a defunct Arkansas-based company involved in a blood-management scandal during the 1980s. | wiki |
PIP2, or phosphatidylinositol biphosphate, is the products obtained by cleavage of PIP3, or by phosphorylation of PI(3)P, PI(4)P or PI(5)P.
'PIP2' most frequently refers to:
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, also known as PI(4,5)P2
The other PIP2 lipids are:
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate, also known as PI(3,4)P2
Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate, also known as PI(3,5)P2
Phospholipids | wiki |
Four color cards () is a game of the rummy family of card games, with a relatively long history in southern China. In Vietnam the equivalent game is known as tứ sắc (Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation of 四色).
History
The game is similar to various Chinese draw-and-discard card games played since the 18th century. The deck for this particular game originated in the 19th century based on Xiangqi pieces on which the names of said pieces are printed on the cards. The cards were typically used by the lower class to play gambling games, and were intended to be easy and cheap to make because, as gambling was illegal in China, there was a need for cards that could be easily hidden or disposed of. Due to the Chinese Revolution and the fact that the game was typically enjoyed by lower classes, written rules for the game were difficult to find. Therefore, the official rules may vary depending on the region and household.
Deck
A standard deck consists of 112 cards, divided into four colors, 28 cards each, depicting the seven Chinese chess pieces. In each color there are cards printed with each of the seven pieces of Xiangqi, repeated four times each, like in Mahjong.
General （帥 shuài or 將 jiàng in Chinese）
Advisor (仕 or 士, pinyin: shì)
Elephant (象 or 相, pinyin: xiàng)
Chariot (車 or 俥, pinyin: jū )
Horseman (馬 or 傌, mǎ)
Cannon (炮 or 包 or 砲, all read pào)
Soldier (兵 bīng or 卒 zú)
Objective
The objective of this game is very similar to mahjong, which is to achieve a winning hand consisting of melds of the following arrangements. Each player has 20 cards at the start of the game, and a winning hand has 21 cards. Each winning hand must have an odd number of points, which can be used as a rough guide for players to check in case they are short of cards or have extra cards.
Setup
The standard variation of the game is played by four players, although it can be played with two or three. If there are more players, an extra card set is added for each additional player. For example, for five players, a deck (112 cards) and an extra card set (28 cards) is used.
For the first game, a dealer is chosen by an arbitrary method. A typical method is for everyone to draw randomly one card from a face down pile to compare ranks, with the highest rank being the dealer. For subsequent games, the winner of the previous game will be the dealer, and the player across of the winner will do the job of shuffling cards to set up the draw pile.
The dealer is in charge of handing out cards. Typically, they would deal six to themselves first, then go counterclockwise around the table giving five at a time, until a hand of 20 cards is dealt to each player (or 21 in the dealer's case). The dealer has an extra card because they must begin play by throwing out the first card.
The remaining cards are collected and placed in a stack at a central location and becomes the Draw Pile. Future draws are always taken from one end of the Draw Pile.
Typically, a player holds their cards arranged in a fan. Inexperienced players and children may be allowed to put their cards face down on the table. For example, some players can take pre-existing melds that they do not plan to touch and put them in one big facedown stack next to them.
If a player is in possession of a triple or quadruple in their starting hand (three or four cards of the same color and rank), they must indicate it with a marker. Common markers are stones or coins.
Play
Most turns consist of the following sequences of steps, described in detail below:
1. Draw.
2. Meld.
3. Discard.
1. Draw
The player may either take the top card from the previous player's discard pile (see modifications below) or take the top card of the Draw Pile. If the card is taken from a previous player, it must be used right away (see Step 2). The card must be flipped face up in front of them for all to see. The player does not take the card into their hand.
2. Meld
The player may, if they wish, bring out cards from their hand to meld (create a meld) with the drawn card. They may bring out any number of cards up to three and including zero as long as exactly one meld is created that includes the drawn card. Determining who gets to meld the card is done by comparing the priority conditions as described below. The meld is left face up on the table. The player cannot use cards that are not in their hand to meld. Specifically, they cannot use previously opened melds, but they can break up or use melds in their hand.
If, after a meld, a player's hand consists completely of melds or is empty, the player can declare that they have won, and display their hand. The current game is then over and the hand is scored (see below).
3. Discard
If the player decided to meld the drawn card, they may then discard any card they wish from their hand. It is laid face-up on their right hand side so that all players can see it. This becomes that player's discard pile. If the player decided not to or was unable to meld the draw, they must discard the draw. In practice, Generals are never discarded (due to their one-meld nature giving 1 point), and it is reasonable to make a ruling that Generals cannot be discarded.
If, after a discard, a player's hand consists completely of melds or is empty, the player has NOT won, since they have only 20 cards. That player needs another meld to win.
After the Discard, the next player sitting to the right (anti-clockwise), begins their turn.
This is the basic sequence of play.
Modifications
However, there are two other modifications to play that can change this sequence, specifically,
Melding another's Draw; and
Melding another's Discard.
Under certain conditions, a player can meld another player's draw or discard card by "stealing" the card. Play immediately shifts to the player who claimed the card, who then treats the situation as if they had just melded a card, and then discards a card. Play then proceeds to the right of that person, as normal. As a consequence of this, players in between may lose their turn, and a player may even lose the chance to meld their own draw.
When in conflict, a lower number (1) takes priority over a higher number (4).
1. A person winning after receiving a discard or on their own draw takes priority over anything below. They should meld with the card, announce that they have won out loud, and display their cards to count points and verify the win.
2. If a draw or discard is needed to win immediately by any player completing any type of meld, that player must announce it and can meld the other person's card to win. If several players call it out, the player whose turn would come first in normal order gets priority. That player must then display their hand to count points and verify the win.
3. If a draw or discard is needed to finish a Quad (not a Four-Footman Group), the player announces that they currently possess a triple and can meld the other person's card. If the card is needed to finish a Triple, the player announces that they currently possess a double and can meld the other person's card. Any player may "steal" a card this way regardless of whose turn it is. Melds done in this manner must be displayed face up on the table as with any other meld and the game continues with the melding player discarding a card.
4. If the card is needed to finish a Group (Command, Field, Three-Footman, or Four-Footman) or a One-card meld (but not a Pair, a player may claim it after having just drawn that card. A card cannot be "stolen" to complete a Group unless it is to win (see condition 2).
Note that a player may not complete a one card meld (namely the one card General meld) from another player's draw or discard unless it is for a win. Naturally, this means that a player who draws up a General card has to discard another card from the hand and not discard the drawn General card, unless another player has a triple of the said General card in hand and wishes to make a Quad (to get more points). Because a General is inherently worth a point on its own, some variations of the rules do not allow stealing a General under any circumstances, even if a player is completing a Quad, unless it is for an immediate win.
Melds and scoring
One-card meld (general)
Hidden (1 point)
Exposed (1 point)
Example: or or or
This meld can only be formed using the General card. Thus every General card is a one-card meld by itself unless combining them together to make a Quadruple allows the player to get more points. Every one-card meld scores one point, whether it is exposed or in the player's hand.
Two-card meld
Hidden (0 points)
Exposed (0 points)
Example: or
This meld can only be formed with any two identical cards (same character and color). However, this meld scores no points and therefore, two General cards are almost always treated separately as one-card melds to score one point each for a total of two points. For the non-General cards, players often aim to complete a three-card meld by calling "Pong" when a third identical card is drawn by oneself or the opponent.
It is important to note that cards with identical characters but different colors cannot be used to form two-card melds.
Invalid meld example:
Three-card meld
There are a couple of types for three-card melds:
Command group
Hidden (1 point)
Exposed (1 point)
Example: or
This meld consists of a General, Advisor, and Elephant in the same suit (color). This scores one point whether it is exposed or in the player's hand. Thus there is no reason for the General card to be used in this way unless it is to achieve the winning hand quickly and the player has enough points from other melds.
Invalid meld example:
Field group
Hidden (1 point)
Exposed (1 point)
Example: or
This meld consists of a Chariot, Horseman, and Cannon in the same suit (color). This scores one point whether it is exposed or in the player's hand.
Invalid meld example:
Triple
Hidden (3 points)
Exposed (1 point)
Example: or
Analogous to the pong in mahjong, this meld is formed by three identical cards (in both suit and rank). This scores one point when it is exposed and three points when in the player's hand (with the exception of the General card). A triple of the General card scores three points whether it is exposed or in the player's hand (treat each General card as a one-card meld).
Three different color group
Hidden (1 point)
Exposed (1 point)
Example: or
This meld consists of three identical cards in rank but in different colors. It scores one point whether it is exposed or in the player's hand.
Four-card meld
There are a couple of types for four-card melds:
Quadruple
Hidden (8 points)
Exposed (6 points)
Example: or
Analogous to the kong in mahjong, this meld is formed by four identical cards (in both suit and rank). This scores six points when it is exposed and eight points when in the player's hand. This is the only scenario where the General card should not be treated separately as one-card melds since a quadruple scores more points than the four points of the four one-card melds.
Complete color group
Hidden (4 points)
Exposed (4 points)
Example: or
This meld consists of four identical cards in rank but in different colors. It scores four points whether it is exposed or in the player's hand.
Reshuffling
A player who does not have at least one of the following is entitled to declare the current round void and redeal all hands:
One-card Meld of the General (1 point)
Three-card Meld of the Triple (3 points)
Four-card Meld of the Quadruple (8 points) or Complete Color Group (4 points)
Etiquette
Players are expected to call out drawn cards and discards as they are shown. It is considered poor etiquette to:
delay a call just to see what the player will do with a draw.
refuse a player's priority call on your drawn card, even if you have already melded it—players should meld their drawn cards only after everyone has had a chance to see it, but if they don't, it's their own fault.
make a call on a draw or discard after the next draw or discard has been made, i.e., no retroactive calls.
See also
Gnau
Zi pai
External links
Four color cards rules
Four color cards rules
Chinese card games
Gambling games
Rummy | wiki |
Dans une cellule vivante, les sphères pédonculées sont des structures qui contiennent l'atp synthétase qui est une enzyme permettant la synthèse de l'atp (la phosphorylation de l'ADP en ATP). Elles se situent au niveau des crêtes mitochondriales plus précisément au niveau de la membrane mitochondriale interne.
Biologie cellulaire | wiki |
Rescue swimming is the body of skills that enable an individual to attempt a rescue when a swimmer is in difficulty. These include a combination of communication skills, specific "rescue" swimming strokes, and release and evade techniques for self-preservation should the rescue go wrong.
From the outset once a swimmer in difficulty is spotted, eye contact must be maintained at all times.
Assess the situation: environment, available physical equipment, others who can help, etc.
Attempt to establish voice contact, which if successful can often result in a "voice-rescue".
A rescuer should enter the water only as a last resort.
Rescues should be attempted in the following order: talk, throw, reach, wade, row, swim, tow and carry.
There are four main rescue strokes: front crawl, breaststroke, inverted breaststroke, and sidestroke.
See also
Swiftwater rescue
References
External links
Free Lifesaving Society
Lifesaving Society of Canada
Surf lifesaving
Rescue | wiki |
The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural-fantasy horror television series. The series is based on a book series of the same name by L.J. Smith and was developed for television by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec. The series ran from September 10, 2009, to March 10, 2017, on The CW. The first season was released on both DVD and Blu-ray formats in the United States and Canada on August 31, 2010.
The Vampire Diaries follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev) who lives in Mystic Falls, a fictional town heavily charged with supernatural history. She falls for a handsome century-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their lives grow more and more complicated as Stefan's vicious older vampire brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) also returns to town with a vendetta against his brother and the descendants of the town's founders. However, Damon quickly becomes their greatest ally in their fight against evil.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2009–10)
Season 2 (2010–11)
Season 3 (2011–12)
Season 4 (2012–13)
Season 5 (2013–14)
Season 6 (2014–15)
Season 7 (2015–16)
Season 8 (2016–17)
Specials
Ratings
References
External links
Lists of American fantasy television series episodes
Lists of American horror-supernatural television series episodes | wiki |
George Kipp may refer to:
George Washington Kipp, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
George Kipp III, member of the Montana House of Representatives | wiki |
The 1924 Waterbury Blues season was their first season in existence and their last complete season before relocating to Hartford midway through the 1925 season. The team finished the season with a 7–2–4 record.
Schedule
References
Hartford Blues seasons | wiki |
A trumpet is a brass musical instrument.
Trumpet or The Trumpet may also refer to:
Objects
The characteristic call of any brass instrument
Ear trumpet, a device for assisting hearing
Geography
Trumpet, Herefordshire, a village
Trumpet interchange, a kind of road interchange
Trumpet (satellite), a series of three reconnaissance satellites
Media
Books and magazines
Trumpet (novel), a novel by Jackie Kay
The Philadelphia Trumpet, a monthly news magazine published by the Philadelphia Church of God; thetrumpet.com
Gideon's Trumpet, a book by Anthony Lewis, published in 1965
Trumpet of the Swan by E. B. White
Film
The Trumpet, part of the film project Ten Minutes Older
Music
Trumpet Concerto (disambiguation)
Trumpet (organ stop)
"Trumpets" (Jason Derulo song), 2013
"Trumpets" (Sak Noel and Salvi song), 2016
See also
Trumpet tree (disambiguation)
Gabriel's Horn, also known as Torricelli's trumpet; a three-dimensional geometric figure
Elephant communication
Trumpeter (disambiguation)
La Trompette (disambiguation) | wiki |
Einsteinium(III) bromide is the bromide salt of einsteinium. It has a monoclinic crystal structure and is used to create einsteinium(II) bromide. This compound slowly decays to californium(III) bromide.
References
Einsteinium compounds
bromides | wiki |
The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird. Found across the Northern Hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. This article discusses its physiology, including its homeostasis, respiration, circulatory system, and osmoregulation.
Physiology
Habitat variation and physiological regulation
Maintaining homeostasis through internal regulatory mechanisms is directly affected by habitat variation. The common raven is considered to be a homeotherm, an endotherm, and a regulator, so it is required to adjust its internal physiological state in response to environmental changes. Food habitats influence the metabolic rate of the Common Raven. Since common ravens are omnivores, metabolic rates must fluctuate according to the type of food consumed. According to one study, species that consume only fruit possess lower metabolisms compared to species that ate both fruit and insect material. The high metabolic rate of the common raven is partially due to the diversity of its diet.
Altitude is another factor that requires the common raven to regulate. Organisms existing at elevations below 1,100 m (3,500 ft) feet have lower metabolisms than organisms living at higher altitudes. Generally, warmer temperatures are associated with lower altitudes, so less energy is required to maintain a constant internal temperature. Bergmann’s rule can also be applied to the common raven. Individuals inhabiting higher altitudes and exposed to colder temperatures are usually larger than ravens living at lower latitudes or in warmer temperatures. Also, higher altitudes are associated with lower oxygen partial pressure, so ravens living at high elevations are confronted with reduced oxygen availability. To compensate for less ambient oxygen, common ravens undergo increased respiratory rates, enhanced oxygen loading of hemoglobin at the respiratory surface, and improved oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
Common ravens occupy a widespread geographical range and are found in many different habitats, including tundra, seacoasts, cliffs, mountainous forests, plains, deserts, and woodlands. Due to such a diverse habitat, this species is exposed to various temperatures and amounts of precipitation. Individuals that exist in warmer, drier environments have lower basal metabolic rates than organisms inhabiting non-arid areas. Physiologically, a reduced metabolic rate decreases endogenous heat production to prevent evaporative water loss, or more simply evaporation, and conserve energy in an environment with limited resources. A reduction of total evaporative water loss consists of decreases of both respiratory and cutaneous evaporation. In contrast, common ravens living at higher latitudes in temperate regions experience high basal metabolic rates. A higher metabolism is related to increased thermogenesis and cold tolerance.
In relation to temperature and precipitation, common ravens are exposed to changing seasons with climate extremes. Within the common raven species, the degree of climatic seasonality is related to the magnitude of fluctuations in basal metabolic rate and total evaporative water loss. For instance, populations living in Alberta are subjected to both extremely cold temperatures in the winter and very hot and dry weather during the summer months. Furthermore, the common raven is not known to migrate long distances to avoid the winter season, so it is required to regulate and cope with the environmental conditions.
Habitat variation often leads to changes in activity levels. Ravens engaged in flight are considered metabolically active. During periods of flight, the cells require more oxygen, and the heat generated must be dissipated to avoid hyperthermia. In response, the common raven experiences an increased heart rate and cardiac output. Another method used by many species of birds to regulate thermal conductance is by internally adjusting blood flow through shunt vessels. More specifically, arterial and venous blood vessels are organized to bypass the countercurrent heat exchange occurring in the upper portion of a bird’s legs. Countercurrent heat exchange involves arrangements of blood vessels that allow heat to transfer from warm arterial blood to cooler venous blood travelling to the body’s core. Through this mechanism, arterial blood remains warm before reaching the body’s periphery.
Respiration
Ravens have a high metabolic rate that drives flight. Air flow is directed through the lungs via air sacs. The sacs are used to create a continuous unidirectional flow of fresh air over the respiratory surface. Most birds have nine air sacs, grouped into anterior and posterior sacs, but the common raven as a member of the Passeriformes group only has seven air sacs (missing two cervical air sacs). The common raven can be found in all parts of the globe. At higher altitudes and in warmer climates the oxygen concentration in the air is lower compared to low altitude or colder climate. Also, flight is a much more metabolically demanding movement then walking or running, and therefore we see a proportionally larger respiratory system in birds than in mammals.
The respiratory tract of birds possesses unique air movement properties. Air moves in a unidirectional flow and blood travels in a concurrent direction to air flow. An advantage of this type of system is it minimizes dead space and enables the bird to maintain a highly oxidative, active output. The respiratory system of the common raven is no different.
Flight is a unique feat among birds and provides them with many advantages in terms of food, predation, and movement. It is suggested that cardiovascular variables play a large part in avian flight and were naturally selected over time. Specifically, the avian heart evolved to pump more blood throughout a bird’s body while it is engaged in flight. During rigorous activity, especially when flying, the demand for oxygen is high.
Birds proceed through the four steps of the oxygen cascade:
1. Convection of oxygen to lungs via ventilation
2. The diffusion of oxygen from the lungs into the blood stream
3. Oxygen-rich blood is transported to the peripheral tissues by convection
4. Oxygen diffuses into the mitochondria.
Fick's laws of diffusion can be applied to oxygen cascade events in avian species. There is a proportional relationship between the tissue sheet and the surface area. Finally, in the avian respiratory system, the partial pressure of oxygen between the gas, lung, and the vascular capillaries depends upon the ventilation rate and air that is already inhaled.
Circulation
Like all avian species, the blood of the common raven transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolic waste products, hormones, and heat. Avian blood possesses a more alkaline pH ranging from 7.5 to 7.6, and blood bicarbonate values are between 16 and 32 mmol/L. In addition, pumping blood has a carbon dioxide partial pressure of about 28 mmHg, which is lower than that of placental mammals. Therefore, bird species, including the common raven, seem to be in an acute state of respiratory alkalosis relative to mammals. It is also important to note that alterations of respiratory patterns in response to changing oxygen needs do not severely affect the pH of arterial blood.
Glucose, calcium and proteins are other components of avian blood’s chemical properties. Blood glucose levels range from 200 to 400 mg/dL and can increase with stress. Calcium levels are approximately 8 to 12 mg/dL, and total protein, which consists of albumin and globulins, is between 3 and 5.5 mg/dl. Since the common raven flies at high altitudes, efficient gas exchange between the respiratory and circulatory systems permits this species to tolerate hypoxia. Due to the unidirectional flow of air and the high oxygen affinity of avian hemoglobin, blood leaving the parabronchi has almost equivalent oxygen partial pressure as inhaled air. Avian hearts pump more blood per unit time than mammalian hearts. Cardiac output (mL/minute) can be calculated by multiplying heart rate (beats/minute) by stroke volume (mL/beat).
Like other vertebrates with closed circulatory systems, pumping blood of the common raven can be described by several physiological principles. These principles and laws include diffusion, blood viscosity, osmotic pressure, LaPlace's Law (Young-Laplace Equation), Poiseuille's Law (Hagen-Poiseuille equation), and the Frank-Starling law of the heart. Furthermore, it is important to note that the osmotic pressure of the common raven is low compared to mammalian species. Reduced osmotic pressure is due to a lower concentration of plasma albumin protein.
Blood composition
The blood composition of the common raven is similar to that of most avian species. In general, the blood is composed of plasma and cells. Plasma contains approximately 85% water and 9-11% protein. The remaining components include glucose, amino acids, hormones, electrolytes, antibodies and waste products. The erythrocytes (red blood cells) of the common raven are elliptical with a centrally located oval nucleus. Avian blood has counts of between 2.5 and 4 million red blood cells per cubic millimetre. The red blood cells of birds are larger than those of mammals and have a short life span of 28 to 45 days. Common Ravens’ erythrocytes contain two components of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin A accounts for 60% to 90% of the total, and the remainder is hemoglobin D. Avian thrombocytes contain a nucleus and are involved in hemostasis. Avian white blood cells include lymphocytes, heterophiles, monocytes, and eosinophils.
Osmoregulation
Environmental challenges on osmoregulation
The Corvus corax can live in a wide range of habitats, it is very successful at adapting to different environments. Although the Corvus corax can live in many different habitats, the common raven is hyperosmotic to its habitat as it is always in a terrestrial habitat. Living in a terrestrial habitat causes a few problems for the common raven, it constantly must intake water and salts to balance its water/salt content in the blood. Since the terrestrial habitat is hyposmotic in relation to the Corvus corax it does not have to worry about water loss, it uses kidneys to regulate salt content in the blood and usually excretes a very dilute excrement. The common raven is a very experienced hunter and will hunt anything from bird eggs, to frogs, to the common field mouse and even up to a small chicken. When times are tough for hunting the Corvus corax will rely on its keen sense of sight as well as social clues from other ravens of information learned at communal roosts to find food. The Corvus corax is a master scavenger by trade and has an intake of salt by eating mostly carrion from dead animals though the common raven will easily eat human garbage if available to them.
In the case of most of the populations of Corvus corax which live more in the northern parts of North America, harsh winters can be very advantageous with large death rate of herbivores allowing for easy meals for the raven. In fact food can be so bountiful that the common raven which is usually solitary in nature, only ever living with one partner to actually allow other scavengers such as bald eagles, magpies, crows, and other scavenger to fest with them on a dead pile with little to no competition. The difference in diet between the populations of Corvus corax near the sea compared to the boreal forest is immense; ravens near the more marine based terrestrial habitat prey primarily on gulls eggs and hatchlings as well as supplementing their diet with seaweed; note that the feces of these populations showed huge quantities of seaweed indicating that it was an essential source of nutrition even though it was largely indigestible.
These populations have a much higher intake of salt compared to the populations in the more inland regions and therefore excrete more potent hyperosmotic excrement.
With a diet with sufficient salt concentrations the Corvus corax rarely is desperate for salt intake, instead it focuses on water intake primarily through the food it eats, but if this is not sufficient it will drink water or consume snow in the winter as required. Overall the Corvus corax does quite well in many different terrestrial environments using the adaptations of not only its kidneys but as well its enormously vast and varying diet to keep its osmotic pressures of its blood in check. The Corvus corax truly is the master of its domain, being not only a great hunter but a master scavenger, this species of bird can seemingly withstand any change in its environment and physiological conditions in order to survive and prosper.
Primary osmoregulatory organ or system
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance, or osmoregulation, within the internal environment of common ravens involves the interaction of the kidneys, intestinal tract, skin, and respiratory tracts. However, the kidneys are the primary osmoregulatory organs with the primary function of eliminating wastes and excess water and solutes.
Like other birds, the common raven is considered a uricotelic organism with an osmoregulatory system consisting of a pair of kidneys that constitute 0.8% of its body mass. Similar to mammalian species, the functional units of avian kidneys are the nephrons. Externally, the kidneys are elongated and have three lobes, and the inner portion contains a cortex and medulla. Within the cortex, nephrons are organized around central veins of the efferent venous system. In contrast, the medulla is structured into medullary cones that contain nephron elements, specifically collecting ducts and loops of Henle. As the collecting ducts descend through the medulla, they combine and empty their contents into the ureter.
There are two types of avian nephrons, and nephrons become larger as depth from the kidney surface increases. Reptilian-type nephrons are the smallest nephrons, are found near a kidney’s surface, possess simple glomeruli, and do not have loops of Henle. Conversely, between 10% and 30% of the total nephron population is composed of mammalian-type nephrons, which are located in the innermost area of the kidney, have complex glomeruli, and contain loops of Henle.
Once the kidneys receive blood, filtration of substances from the blood into urine takes place. The glomerular filtration rate of single nephrons in birds is low because avian glomeruli have small surface area. Through the process of reabsorption, the majority of the fluid volume and solutes are transported from the urine to the blood. Next, secretion of materials from the renal epithelia into the urine occurs. Finally, urine as the end product travels to the ureters to be excreted. The kidneys of a common raven filter about eleven times its total body water daily, and more than 95% of the filtered water is reabsorbed. Urine of birds is typically concentrated to an osmolarity that is two to three times the osmolarity of plasma. Glomerular filtration only accounts for 10% to 20% of urinary urate. Greater than 90% of urate excreted by the kidneys is derived from the process of secretion.
Circulation and respiration
The osmoregulatory system is interconnected with the circulatory system to permit effective regulation of salt and water balance. Circulatory fluids function in renal clearance, which is the blood volume that substances are removed from within the kidneys during a certain time period. In addition to filtration, the circulatory system also plays a role in reabsorption. Furthermore, the role of the renal portal system is to regulate renal hemodynamics during times of decreased arterial blood pressure.
Kidneys of common ravens receive arterial and afferent venous blood and are drained by efferent veins. In terms of the arterial blood supply, the arteries entering the kidneys branch into numerous smaller arteries and eventually form afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli. The peritubular blood supply is composed of efferent arterioles leaving the glomeruli of reptilian-type nephrons that drain into sinuses of the cortex. On the other hand, the vasa recta are formed by efferent arterioles exiting the glomeruli of mammalia-type nephrons. Next, the renal portal system, which involves the afferent veins, obtains blood from the ischiadic and external iliac veins. The renal portal valve is situated between the renal portal vein and the common iliac vein which leads to the posterior vena cava. Closing of the valve directs the blood to flow into the renal portal vein, and when the valve is open, blood flows into the vena cava. After entering the renal portal vein, blood enters the peritubular blood supply. Here, blood from the portal veins and the efferent arterioles are mixed and travel out of the kidneys through the efferent veins. Alternatively, blood can also flow towards the liver.
Research indicates that kidneys of avian species receive approximately 10% to 15% of cardiac output. The renal blood of common ravens is composed of various molecules. As was stated earlier, approximately 95% of the filtered water is reabsorbed into the blood supply. Since birds are able to produce hyperosmotic urine, the blood plasma usually contains a lot of water. In normally hydrated birds, the blood concentrations of arginine vasotocin, which is a peptide hormone involved in regulating plasma water concentrations, is 10pg/mL. Other hormones within the blood supply include angiotensin, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide. In addition, plasma sodium concentrations are maintained within normal levels even when dietary sodium intake is altered in order to regulate blood pressure, greater than 98% of filtered calcium is reabsorbed, and about 60% of filtered phosphate is excreted in urine. Before filtration, plasma urate concentration is between 0.1 and 0.7 mM. Finally, the arterial pH of birds is alkaline and maintained at a value of approximately 7.5.
The avian respiratory system is not in direct contact with the osmoregulatory system. However, the respiratory tract participates in osmoregulation through evaporative water loss. Since common ravens are endothermic and have high rates of ventilation, respiratory water loss is inevitable.
Cells and mechanisms of osmoregulation
Filtration into Bowman's capsule
The kidneys in aves are divided into units called lobules. Within each lobule are numerous nephrons responsible for filtering blood. Arterial blood that is directed to the kidney enters the glomerulus under high pressure and leaks out in between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsules. The blood plasma filtrate contains waste along with non-waste essentials like glucose and ions. Once the filtrate enters the proximal tubule reabsorption of metabolically useful molecules into the blood begins.
Reabsorption in proximal tubes
Reabsorption of molecules and ions back into the blood from the proximal tube is done via epithelial cells. The epithelial cell create a low Na+ concentration within the cell by actively pumping out Na+ into the blood via a Na+/K+ ATPase pump on the basolateral membrane. The osmotic gradient allows for the cotransport of Na+ with molecules such as Cl-, glucose, and vitamins into the epithelial cell from the apical side (side facing the proximal tubule). Water freely crosses the apical side into the epithelial cell following the solutes entering actively. With all the essential molecules inside the epithelial cell, some such as Cl-, glucose and vitamins pass through their respective channels on the basal lateral side into the blood. Na+ continues to be pumped into the blood maintaining the osmotic gradient allowing for continuous reabsorption of these molecules and ions.
Terrestrial birds like the Corvus corax produce urine that is osmotically more concentrated then its blood plasma. This is likely due to the fact that water is not as abundant in raven habitat.
Regulating water loss
A key function of the Loop of Henle is to provide a large distance over which ions are transported out of the nephrons and since water will follow the transport of ions out of the nephrons, the Loop of Henle is an important structure to insure minimal water lose out the ureters. Since not all nephrons of aves have the Loop of Henle, a bird's ability to create a hypertonic filtrate can be more challenging than mammals'. In response to dehydration birds release a hormone known as arginine vasotocin (AVT) into the blood. Among its roles AVT reduces the rate at which blood plasma filters out of the glomeruli and into the Bowman’s capsule. This reduces the total amount of water leaving the blood. Another function of AVT is its ability to increase permeability of the collecting ducts by opening protein water channels. These channels, called aquaporins, allow more solutes to leave the collecting duct and water will follow through osmosis. These two functions of AVT allow birds to maintain a concentrated urine.
Avian kidneys do not send urine to a bladder. Instead it is sent via the ureters to the cloaca to be deposited into the lower intestine. The epithelium of the lower intestine absorbs a large amount of sodium chloride, and water follows osmotically to be reabsorbed into the blood stream. This final step insures a concentrated waste product with minimal water and ion loss from excretion.
Special adaptations
Since the expansion of the human population and urbanization, there have been numerous extinctions of birds. Extinctions threaten nearly 12% of bird species, but this does not account for an additional 12% of species located in small geographical ranges where human actions rapidly destroy habitats.
Due to pressures from humans and the environment, birds have unique features that permit adaptations to changing conditions.
The common raven migrates long distances for food and mating. Since ravens, and birds in general, travel to such extents, they have a unique adaptation for flying in high altitude environments. Specifically, neural mediating reflexes increase breathing. The locomotors system stimulates breathing directly from feed forward stimulation from brainstem centers and feedback stimulation from exercising muscles. In the carotid body, the bird’s chemoreceptors detect low oxygen and stimulate breathing during hypoxia. Also, if breathing is hypoxic, the bird can use /pH-sensitive chemoreceptors to restrain breathing. Due to ventilatory responses, this process leads to secondary hypocapnia. Because birds are exposed to a wide variety of toxic gases and air borne particles in the environment, studies have used birds to measure air quality.
Not only is a bird’s respiration adapted to handle high-altitude flight, but so too is the circulatory system. In general, birds have larger heart sizes and higher cardiac output. During flight, birds can sustain their heart rates, and their myosin flight muscles have better oxygen diffusion because of a high degree of branching between the capillaries.
The common raven lives in a wide variety of climates. Due to its habitat and food, the common raven has unique features that allow it to regulate osmotic challenges. Common ravens can be observed in oceans consuming water. However, when birds consume salt loaded prey or drink salt water, the body’s internal osmoregularity increases. The solution produced is considerably more concentrated than seawater. Birds are the only group of vertebrates that have the ability to produce hyposmotic urine. The ability to produce hyposmotic urine is from the medullary cones. Urine is mixed with digestive fluids rather than directly eliminated. Consequently, the avian gut plays an important role in water and salt regulation. In mammals, the osmotic gradient is urea, whereas in birds, sodium chloride is the major solute in the medullary cones. In birds, the kidneys are not solely responsible for osmoregulation. A unique feature in birds is the lower intestine, which absorbs fluids and electrolytes that were not absorbed by the small intestine or the kidneys. These osmoregulatory adaptations allow the common raven to thrive in diverse habitats.
References
Animal physiology
Ravens | wiki |
Guy Hardy may refer to:
Guy U. Hardy, former United States Representative
Guy Hardy (Canadian politician), member of the National Assembly of Quebec | wiki |
Those marked in bold have now been capped at full International level.
Group 1
England
Head coach: David Platt
Italy
Head coach: Claudio Gentile
''Caps and age as of 17 May 2002, before the start of the tournament
Portugal
Head coach: Agostinho Oliveira
Switzerland
Head coach: Bernard Challandes
Group 2
Belgium
Head coach: Jean-François de Sart
Czech Republic
Head coach: Miroslav Beránek
France
Head coach: Raymond Domenech
Greece
Head coach: Andreas Michalopoulos
Footnotes
Squads
UEFA European Under-21 Championship squads | wiki |
A kier or keeve (or similar spellings) is a large circular boiler or vat used in bleaching or scouring cotton fabric. They were also used for processing paper pulp.
In use they were continuously rotated by an engine, steam being supplied through a rotating joint in the axle. They were usually spherical, sometimes cylindrical, and some were recycled from old boiler shells.
Kier boiling
Kier, the cylindrical-shaped vessel, straight, with egg-shaped ends made of boiler may have the capacity to process one to three tons of material at a time.
Kier boiling and ''Boiling off'' is the scouring process that involves boiling the materials with the caustic solution in the Kier, which is an enclosed vessel, so that the fabric can boil under pressure. Open kiers were also used with temperatures below 100°C (at atmospheric pressure).
Gallery
See also
Textile finishing
Textile bleaching
References
Textile machinery
Cotton production
Bleaches
Boilers | wiki |
James Hoggan may refer to:
James Hoggan (athlete)
James Hoggan (public relations expert) | wiki |
Silver Session for Jason Knuth är en EP av Sonic Youth som släpptes den 14 juli 1998.
Låtlista
Silver Panties
Silver Breeze
Silver Flower
Silver Wax Lips
Silver Loop
Silver Shirt
Silver Son
Silver Mirror
Album av Sonic Youth
Amerikanska EP-skivor
EP-skivor 1998 | wiki |
André Vigneron b.1881 in Paris (Ile de France) - d.1924 in Paris (Ile de France) was a French Archetier / Bowmaker.
André Vigneron learnt his craft with his father, Joseph Arthur Vigneron. He also worked in the workshop of Eugene Sartory. André succeeded his father in 1905.
He used a personal model for the heads of his bows which is characteristic. His work is of excellent quality.
References
Dictionnaire Universel del Luthiers - Rene Vannes 1951,1972, 1985 (vol.3)
Universal Dictionary of Violin & Bow Makers - William Henley 1970
1881 births
1924 deaths
Bow makers
Luthiers from Paris | wiki |
SYR6: Koncertas Stan Brakhage Prisiminimui är en EP av Sonic Youth som är den sjätte EP:n i serien som släpps på det egna skivbolaget SYR. Albumets titel är på litauiska och skivan släpptes den 6 december 2005.
Låtlista
Heavy Jam #1
Heavy Jam #2
Heavy Jam #3
Album av Sonic Youth
Amerikanska EP-skivor
EP-skivor 2005 | wiki |
Herding sheep may refer to:
the activities of a human shepherd
the activities of a herding dog
See also
sheep#Herding | wiki |
From Dusk till Dawn: The Series is an American horror television series developed by Robert Rodriguez. It forms part of the franchise of film, direct-to-video, and comics of From Dusk till Dawn, expanding on the chronicles of the Gecko Brothers, Seth and Richie; The Fuller family; and Santanico Pandemonium. The series adds to the tone of the film, with new characters and backstories, while expanding the snake creatures' Mesoamerican mythology. The series also references the Popol Vuh, drawing on its rich, mythological history and, in particular, on the legend of the Hero Twins Hunahpú and Xbalanqué to add greater depth to the backstories and to fully flesh out the characters of the show's protagonists, the Gecko Brothers, Seth and Richie.
The series premiered on March 11, 2014, on Rodriguez's newly launched El Rey Network. Outside the United States and Latin America, the series is marketed as a Netflix original but was removed in November 2022. It was produced by FactoryMade Ventures in association with Miramax and executive produced by Rodriguez.
The third season aired from September 6 to November 1, 2016. While the series was never officially announced as cancelled, Deadline Hollywood reported that the actors were released from their contracts on October 31. El Rey Network ceased all operations on December 31, 2020, making a revival of the show unlikely.
Plot
In this supernatural crime series, Seth Gecko and his violent, unpredictable brother, Richard "Richie" Gecko, are wanted by the FBI and Texas Ranger Freddie Gonzalez after a bank robbery left several people, including policemen and Gonzalez's mentor Texas Ranger Earl McGraw, dead. Heading for the Mexico border pursued by Gonzalez, the Geckos encounter former minister Jacob Fuller and his family, whom they take hostage by commandeering the Fullers' RV. Drug lord Don Carlos reroutes them to a strip club populated by snakelike people that all must fight for food to survive until dawn.
Cast and characters
Main cast
Recurring cast
Guest stars
Season 1
Lane Garrison as Pete Bottoms
Joanna Going as Jennifer Fuller
Collin Fish as Kyle Winthrop
Edrick Browne as Frost
James Remar as Gecko father
William Sadler as Big Jim
Adrianne Palicki as Vanessa Styles
Jesse Borrego as Chet, Twister Doorman
Sam Medina as Razor Charlie
Season 2
Brian Cage as Snake Creature
David Maldonado as Baltazar Ambrose
Chris Browning as Nathan Blanchard
Hemky Madera as Lord Celestino Oculto
Jere Burns as Winchester Greely
Gabriel Gutierrez as The Arbiter
Gary Busey as Prospector
Neal Kodinsky as J.D.
Danny Trejo as The Regulator
Demi Lovato as Maia
Season 3
Natalie Martinez as Amaru
José Zúñiga as Lord Emilio
Lobo Sebastian as Alonzo
Michael Esparaza as Gecko assistant
Joseph Gatt as Skull Keeper
Shad Gaspard as Olmeca
Gabrielle Walsh as Manola Jimenez
Jimmy Bennett as Fanglorious Bandmate
Daniel Zovatto as Tommy
Alina Vega as Fanglorious Bandmate
Robert Knepper as Ranger Gary Willet
Fernanda Andrade as Solaya/Itzpa
Geno Segers as General Tatuaje
Production
From Dusk till Dawn is the first scripted original series on Robert Rodriguez's El Rey network. Series creator and showrunner Rodriguez, who also directed the pilot and other episodes, stated the original film is "one of the favorite movies that I did in the past with Quentin Tarantino and one that people still ask us about today. There was so much I wanted to explore in that movie that I didn't get to. And I delved a little deeper into Mesoamerican mythologies and Aztec and Mayan mythologies and where a vampire culture could have existed back then and found fascinating stuff".
International broadcast
In Australia, the series premiered on SBS 2 on July 1, 2014.
In the UK, the series has been broadcast on Spike since January 4, 2016, as From Dusk Till Dawn.
Episodes
Reception
From Dusk till Dawn has received mostly favorable reviews. Review aggregator site Metacritic has given the first season a "generally favorable" score of 61 out of 100, based on nine critics.
On another review aggregator site, Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a 75% rating with an average rating of 6.6 out of 10, based on 16 reviews. It was picked #1 on Entertainment Weeklys Must list and as one of the Hottest New Fiction Shows by The Hollywood Reporter.
Accolades
Music
Season 1 soundtrack
The soundtrack for season 1, named From Dusk Till Dawn, Season 1 (Music from the Original Series), was released on May 5, 2015, through Chingon Music. The album features music by Robert Rodriguez's band Chingon (tracks 1–6) and series composer Carl Thiel (tracks 7–20).
See also
Vampire films
List of vampire television series
Notes
References
External links
2014 American television series debuts
2016 American television series endings
2010s American horror television series
American action television series
2010s American anthology television series
2010s American crime drama television series
American horror fiction television series
English-language television shows
Live action television shows based on films
From Dusk till Dawn (franchise)
Horror fiction television series
Television series by Entertainment One
Television series by Miramax Television
Vampires in television
Works about Mexican drug cartels
Works by Fede Álvarez
Television series set in the 2010s
Television shows filmed in Texas
Television series about the Texas Ranger Division | wiki |
The forest tent caterpillar moth (Malacosoma disstria) is a moth found throughout North America, especially in the eastern regions. Unlike related tent caterpillar species, the larvae of forest tent caterpillars do not make tents, but rather, weave a silky sheet where they lie together during molting. They also lay down strands of silk as they move over branches and travel as groups along these pheromone-containing silk trails. The caterpillars are social, traveling together to feed and massing as a group at rest. Group behavior diminishes as the caterpillars increase in size, so that by the fifth instar (molt) the caterpillars are feeding and resting independently.
The adult moths of this species favor oak, sweetgum, tupelo, aspen, and sugar maple for egg laying in the summer. The females lay eggs in masses of up to 300, which are stuck to twigs and covered with a gluey cement called spumaline, which prevents them from desiccating and freezing. Eggs hatch the following spring. The larvae can be found feeding on many other species of deciduous trees or shrubs. High population density outbreaks tend to recur at reasonably regular intervals every decade or so and usually last two to three years, during which time trees and shrubs can be almost completely denuded of leaves. Most plants replace the lost leaves without permanent damage.
Description
Mature (pre-pupating) larvae are 2 to 2.5 inches (50 to 64 mm) in length. The caterpillars are black, dark brown, or gray, with broad blue longitudinal stripes and thin yellow stripes extending along each side. The back of each abdominal segment bears a white spot that is wider toward the head end. The sides are partially covered with fur-like long setae. The adult moth that emerges after pupation is yellow or tan with a thick, short, furry body. The wingspan is about 1.5 inches (30 mm). Coloration is similar for males and females. The female's body is larger than the male's.
The insect is native to North America.
Biology
The forest tent caterpillar moth is nocturnal, taking flight soon after nightfall and returning to rest before dawn. It is not known how far an egg-laden female can fly, but there is one credible report of this species flying hundreds of kilometers with the assistance of an unusually strong wind.
Larval stages
The social caterpillars of M. disstria are nomadic and forage as a group. The fifty to two hundred larvae that result from a single egg-mass live together for most of their larval stages.
Trails of silk heavily loaded with pheromones secreted by other colony members induce larvae to move, while the close presence of other colony members brings them to quiescence. This indicates that there are social cues that are used to increase the locomotive efficiency of each individual larva. Pupation occurs after caterpillars reach a size threshold that is attained more quickly when caterpillars forage in groups. This is particularly important since delayed development to threshold increases the risks of predation and food depletion. However, as larvae proceed into the later instars, they become increasingly independent and by the fifth instar rarely form aggregations.
This ontogenetic change in gregariousness results from an increase in the costs of maintaining grouping due to changes related to predation, thermoregulation, silk production, and foraging.
Thermoregulation
Forest tent caterpillars are ectotherms so they rely on sources of heat from the environment to raise their body temperatures. In order to do this, they bask together and benefit from group thermoregulation. Elevating body temperature is essential in increasing metabolic rates for movement and food processing, so proper thermoregulation leads to an increased rate of development. This is very important for M. distria caterpillars, which rely on fast growth in spite of low environmental temperatures to benefit from the high food quality and the smaller predation risk in the spring. Thus, it is an adaptive advantage to bask in groups. However, as caterpillars grow, thermoregulatory needs decrease and the benefit of group living is gradually overridden by other factors such as food competition.
Behavior
Foraging
Eating times are variable. Foraging trips can occur at any time and are very coordinated: either the entire colony forages or no one does. A small proportion of starved individuals is enough to reach agreement and start group movement. However, this organized behavior and the high fidelity of caterpillars to pheromone hormone trails imply conservative foraging, which may trap caterpillars to poor food sources even if a better one is close by. Some plasticity in this behavior has been reported, which is modulated by the presence of caterpillars that are behaviorally more exploratory or that simply become more adventurous because they are starved, increasing foraging flexibility. With age, competition for food becomes more important, especially as resources become scarce. Grouping decreases growth rate via a decrease in food intake so ontogenetic changes toward more mobility and independence can be viewed as simple "scaling" relationships between caterpillars and food sources evolved to increase the benefits of individual foraging in later stages.
Silk production
Large silk trails help increase adhesion to the host plant. As caterpillars advance in groups, they form thick mats of silk that provide them with secure adhesion. Isolated caterpillars have been observed to fall off their host trees and perish. It has been hypothesized that this is due to the production of thin strands that do not provide a secure grip or due to a faster exhaustion of silk supply. In addition to this, making silk is more costly for larvae in their first instars, so grouping is beneficial in earlier stages. As caterpillars develop, they decrease the use of shared silk.
Mating
The first adults to eclose (emerge from their pupa) in early spring are the males. Starting at around 5:30 p.m., hundreds of males fly vigorously and relentlessly in search for cocoons containing females about to eclose. They approach trees and move around them, zigzagging and crawling on branches. If they do not find females with whom they will have the chance to copulate, they fly off and continue their search. It has been suggested that male activity is dependent on temperature, since below 59 ˚F (15 ˚C) only a small number of males are found to be actively looking for females. It has also been reported that females emit a calling pheromone before they emerge from the pupae, causing an increase in male activity around the cocoon before they eclose. In addition, males have been seen approaching and moving around brown objects, suggesting that males also use visual cues to find females. Within one or two seconds after the tip of the female abdomen clears the cocoon, males begin copulation, which lasts an average of 202 minutes. In order to position himself, the male moves backwards and bends his abdomen towards the female, pushing the tip towards the female's bursa copulatrix. There is a significant positive correlation between the body sizes of copulating pairs, which indicates that mating is not random with respect to size, presumably because of male-male competition for larger females.
Independently of whether they are or not copulating, females do not move more than a few centimeters from their eclosion site until they are able to fly away, usually at twilight. Females start preparing for flight by fanning their wings. Frequently, fanning begins during mating and is often the first sign of its end as females fly away soon after.
Influence of population density on mating behavior
Forest tent caterpillar populations increase periodically to outbreak densities. Not much is known about the factors that lead to the initiation of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks, although some plausible mechanisms are higher temperatures in the spring, phenological synchrony with their host plants, and reduced predation enemies. Whatever the cause, outbreak densities give rise to cyclic population dynamics, characterized by highest fecundity at peak population density and reduced fecundity for several generations during decline.
At low population densities, moths are found mating high above the ground, in the forest canopy. Mating starts late in the day and copulations are short. In contrast, during high-density outbreaks, mating takes place on lower vegetation, presumably because caterpillars descend to forage in less defoliated areas, where they form their pupae. This high population density increases the operational sex ratio and significantly intensifies male-male competition. As a result, copulations begin earlier in the day and last longer in an attempt to minimize sperm competition. In addition, such high densities enhance female opportunities for being selective regarding males.
During high outbreak densities, some males, called "hangers", change their copulation behavior. They do not attach physically to the branch while mating, which allows them to mate longer and counteract their mate's efforts to reject them. This behavior increases the percentage of eggs they fertilize as they delay their mated female from remating and reduce number of potential mates the female can have. This hanging behavior does not appear at low population densities, presumably because it is more energetically costly and more conspicuous, since it can attract more males that can potentially interfere in the copulation process. As a result, males only exhibit this behavior when they are trying to prolong mating to reduce sperm competition.
Oviposition
Females begin ovipositing the day after copulation and do so in one batch during a single oviposition event. Shorter and longer oviposition durations are associated with smaller and larger egg masses, which are directly related to female size. Just before beginning to oviposit, females exhibit dispersal behavior. They position themselves on a branch, spread their wings, and extend their abdominal tip around the branch to prepare for oviposition. As they oviposit, they move around the branch aligning the eggs, forming a ring-like structure around the branch. They then cover their eggs with a foamy substance known as spumaline. It has been hypothesized that the spumaline cover protects eggs from predation and parasitism. Offspring pass the winter inside their eggs. Although cold tolerant, they are susceptible to freezing in extreme cold temperatures, with the risk of mortality varying seasonally with changes in temperature and physiology. Not much is known about parental effects on offspring survival during the winter. The only source of energy for overwintering forest tent caterpillar eggs comes from the parental generation. As a result, overwintering performance of the insect should be viewed in the context of parental fitness.
Predation
Individual risk is lower in larger groups due to collective defense from predators, the dilution effect, and the selfish herd theory. All of these effects provide supplementary protection to individuals in the middle of the group. To compensate for group conspicuousness, caterpillars minimize movement, reducing their chances of being located by invertebrate predators. This behavior has associated costs because it decreases individual caterpillars’ selectiveness regarding food sources, as they will not be able to work to get better food sources. Caterpillar grouping behaviors change depending on food source; on less favorable food sources, caterpillar groups tend to splinter, thereby potentially increasing the risk for predation. Ontogenetic changes in caterpillars reduce the risk of predation and as a consequence, predation-related benefits of group foraging decrease with time. Moreover, grouping in later instars has the extra cost of an increased risk of pathogen transmission.
The entomophthoralean fungus Furia gastropachae has long been associated with Forest tent caterpillar population decline in North American forests, including Florida, Maryland and New York (state). Furia crustosa is now classed as a synonym of Furia gastropachae. The species of fungus rarely infects species outside the genus Malacosoma. In 2002, Resting spores were observed even within the cadavers infected by other resting spores, a phenomenon not previously observed among the Entomophthorales. This allows the fungus to initiate cycles of secondary infection via conidia'. Also, host infection by resting spores was highest at intermediate levels of soil moisture. Infection of fourth instar larvae by resting spores and conidia was maximized at cooler temperatures (of 10 to 20°C).
Outbreaks
The caterpillars are considered a problem when the larva population explodes in the spring. They can completely consume the foliage of a tree. Trees usually recover from this, refoliating within a month and resuming photosynthesis. Under most circumstances, little lasting damage is caused to the trees; however, the disappearance of foliage is considered to be an unattractive nuisance. On those rare occasions when infestations last for three years or more, tree mortality rates can become significant. Multiple outbreaks in Northern Ontario, Canada, in the 1990s resulted in over six consecutive years of aspen defoliation in some areas. One outbreak in upstate New York and Vermont began in 2002, with 650,000 acres (2600 km²) defoliated in New York and 230,000 acres (930 km²) in Vermont by 2005.
Forest tent caterpillar outbreaks tend to recur at reasonably regular intervals every decade or so, with the precise interval varying somewhat in time and space. Outbreaks usually last two to four years. Although the insect's distributional range is quite large, the area over which decadal outbreak cycles are synchronized (i.e. oscillating with the same phase) varies substantially. Outbreak cycles are more strongly synchronized in eastern Canada than in western Canada. Where spatially separated populations are phase-synchronized, the synchronization is thought to be due to the process of entrainment, that is, the synchronization of a circadian clock with the external environment.
The cause of the outbreak cycle is not known with certainty. There are a large number of natural mortality agents which could be responsible for population cycling, including parasitoids, predators, starvation, disease, and severe weather. Most infestations subside after one or two years as a result of a combination of these factors. The most common parasitoids associated with population decline are flies of the families Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae.
References
External links
Terrence D. Fitzgerald: Forest tent caterpillar
Forest tent caterpillar on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Malacosoma
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1820
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner | wiki |
Shepherd's hook may refer to:
A form of crochet hook used to produce slip-stitch crochet fabric
Shepherd's crook, an implement used by shepherds
Earwire, a bow of wire looped to fasten an earring to a pierced ear | wiki |
This is a list of actors and actresses who have had roles on the soap opera One Life to Live. For a full historical character listing, see List of One Life to Live characters.
Cast members
Celebrity guests
External links
One Life to Live
One Life to Live | wiki |
Citra may refer to:
Citra, a historic art that includes paintings, sketching with or without multiple colors
Citra (drink), a lemon flavored soda sold in India in the late 1980s and early '90s, owned by the Parle group
Citra (emulator), an experimental Nintendo 3DS emulator
Citra Awards, or Piala Citra, the annual awards for cinematic achievements in Indonesia
Citra, Florida, town
Citra, a beverage by The Coca-Cola Company later rebranded as Fanta Citrus
Coca-Cola Citra, a Coca-Cola variant manufactured by The Coca-Cola Company
Astro Citra, Malaysian pay-TV channel 131
Citra, a variety of hops
the English guitar
Citra, the name for PK-CLC, the aircraft involved in the crash of Sriwijaya Air Flight 182 | wiki |
Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks, known in Japan as is a TV special anime based on Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball manga series. Originally airing in Japan on February 24, 1993, between episodes 175 and 176, the special is based on an extra chapter of the manga series. It depicts the original post-apocalyptic future in which Goku dies from the heart virus and a teenage Trunks tries to defeat Androids 17 and 18 (native name:人造人間), humanoid robots who were originally designed to murder Goku and his allies, before their immense destructive power destroys the Earth completely.
Plot
In an alternate timeline, two years after defeating Frieza and King Cold, Goku succumbs to a viral heart disease. Goku's death, being the result of natural causes, means that he can no longer be revived with the Dragon Balls. Six months later, Piccolo, Vegeta, Krillin, Tien Shinhan, Yamcha, and Chiaotzu are killed by Android 17 and Android 18. With the death of Piccolo, Earth's guardian, Kami, dies as well and the Dragon Balls are rendered permanently useless - making it impossible for anyone to be revived.
Thirteen years later, the androids terrorize the planet while the sole survivor of the battle, Gohan, unsuccessfully attempts to stop them. He agrees to train Trunks, the teenage son of Vegeta and Bulma, who is eager to help. Gohan attempts to provoke Trunks enough to trigger his transformation into a Super Saiyan so that they will stand a better chance, but all are unsuccessful. The androids attack an amusement park and Gohan challenges them once again. However, Gohan is overwhelmed and Trunks intervenes. Android 18 easily defeats Trunks requiring Gohan to protect him. As Gohan hides with his unconscious pupil in his arms, the androids, unable to find their targets, bombard the entire area with energy blasts and leave. The pair are nearly killed and Gohan gives Trunks his final healing Senzu bean in order to save his life. Trunks awakens to find that Gohan has lost his left arm and brings him home to Bulma who saves his life. Once healed, Gohan resumes Trunks' training.
One day, a huge explosion erupts within a nearby city. Gohan seemingly allows Trunks to join him, but renders him unconscious and departs alone. Gohan fights the androids but he is eventually overwhelmed and killed. Alerted by Gohan's energy signal suddenly vanishing, Trunks awakens and hurries into the city, where he finds Gohan's corpse. In his anger and grief, Trunks finally awakens his Super Saiyan transformation.
Three years pass and Trunks assists Bulma with building a time machine, when a warning on the television indicates that the androids are attacking a nearby city. Despite Bulma's warnings, Trunks confronts them but is easily defeated and nearly killed. He awakens in his house with his mother at his side, and finally decides that the time machine is their best hope to find a way to stop the androids. Once healed, Trunks prepares to depart with medicine to cure Goku's heart disease in hand. He travels twenty years into the past with the hopes of changing his future.
Cast
Notes
Goku is listed in the credits of this special, despite not having any lines.
Music
Funimation Soundtrack
The following songs were present in the English version of Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks, as well as its accompanying soundtrack CD, with exception to most of Dream Theater's music, "Home" being the only track showcased in the soundtrack from them and "Prelude" by Slaughter. The soundtrack also contained remixes of other songs.
Bootsy Collins with Buckethead - Shackler
Neck Down - Garden of Grace
Triprocket - Immigrant Song
Dream Theater - Regression
Dream Theater - Overture 1928
Dream Theater - Fatal Tragedy
Dream Theater - Through Her Eyes
Dream Theater - Home
Dream Theater - The Dance of Eternity
Dream Theater - Beyond This Life
Slaughter - Prelude
Slaughter - Unknown Destination
However, the TV special on Double Feature, there is an alternate audio track containing the English dub with original Japanese background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi.
Reception
Anime News Network's reviewer Chris Shepard stated: "It is interesting... Gohan and Trunks are both understandable characters who I was really able to get into and sympathize for during their battles" but also felt a "good understanding of the happenings of the TV series is recommended". He also felt that the action sequences were exceptional and did not "overdo themselves". He expressed some disappointment in the English dub as the storyline sounded "completely alien" to the Japanese subtitles. For his final grade he noted "[the] Dub doesn't contain the original music... [it] isn't true to the original" but was pleased overall.
John Sinnott of DVDTalk praised the television special, seeing it as being separate from the other episodes of Dragon Ball. He believed this to be a positive attribute. Regarding the Blu-ray release of the film he was less impressed with the color and aspect ratio, citing them as not particularly "exciting". However he expressed joy at Funimation leaving the original Japanese soundtrack and the English voice dubs in, describing them as "enveloping". For fans of Dragon Ball he recommended watching the episode as it "worked a lot better than the average theatrical film since they follow DBZ continuity and expand the story while filling in details". Like Shepard the Sinnott review advised those who are not familiar to the Dragon Ball franchise to avoid the episode but that fans will enjoy it. In conclusion he felt the film was enjoyable at best.
Releases
It was released on DVD and VHS in North America on October 24, 2000. Later a double feature was released with a second special and Bardock – The Father of Goku with digitally remastered widescreen format on DVD on February 19, 2008, then on Blu-ray released on July 15, 2008. The second special was re-released to DVD on September 15, 2009, in a remastered-widescreen single-disc edition.
References
External links
1993 films
1993 anime films
1993 television films
1993 television specials
Alternate history television episodes
Anime spin-offs
History of Trunks, The
Funimation
Television episodes about time travel
Films directed by Yoshihiro Ueda
Japanese animated films
Japanese television specials
1990s animated television specials
Films scored by Shunsuke Kikuchi | wiki |
The Samsung Galaxy Note 8 is an Android-based smartphone phablet designed, developed, produced and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The successor to the discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7, Samsung Galaxy Note Fan Edition and Samsung Galaxy Note 5, it was unveiled on 23 August 2017 and became available on 15 September 2017.
The Note 8 improves on the core device specifications and hallmark S Pen features of earlier devices. While retaining the same overall look and approximate size of the Galaxy S8+, it features an upgraded processor and, for the first time in Samsung's smartphone history, a dual-camera system on the rear of the device; one functions as a wide-angle lens and the other as a telephoto lens, with both featuring 12 MP resolution and optical image stabilization. The S Pen has increased pressure sensitivity levels and its software has been upgraded to offer improved note taking capabilities on the always-on display, as well as animated GIF and improved translation features.
History
On 20 July 2017, Samsung tweeted a teaser video showing a darkened device with a stylus, stating the date of its next "Unpacked" event as 23 August 2017. The Galaxy Note 8 was unveiled at that event, with a release date on 15 September 2017. Samsung Galaxy Note 7 owners could buy this phablet at a special discount of $524.
Specifications
Hardware
Chipsets
The Note 8 is powered by a pp Exynos 8895 or Snapdragon 835 processor, depending on geographic region, along with 6 GB of RAM.
Battery
The Galaxy Note 8 is equipped with a non-user-replaceable 3300 mAh battery with up to 15 Watts of charging performance using Qualcomm Quick Charge 2.0.
Display
The Note 8 has a 6.3-inch 1440p Super AMOLED display with curved edges similar to the Galaxy S8, but with a slightly more flat surface area. Samsung marketed it as an "Infinity Display".
Camera
It is Samsung's first phone to feature a dual-lens camera system, which comes with a 12 MP wide-angle lens with f/1.7 aperture and a 12 MP telephoto lens with f/2.4 aperture and twice the focal length, both equipped with optical image stabilization.
Like the predecessor, it supports video recording with 2160p (4K) at 30fps (limited to 10 minutes each video), 1080p (Full HD) at up to 60 frames per second and 720p (HD) slow motion at up to 240 frames per second.
Storage
In the United States, it is sold with 64 GB of internal storage, along with microSD card support, but increases storage to 128 GB and 256 GB internationally.
Biometrics
The handset features a fingerprint scanner next to the rear camera, and retains facial recognition and iris recognition similar to the S8.
Audio
The Note 8 comes bundled with high-end AKG-tuned earbuds as well as the Note series' proprietary S Pen. Compared to the Note 5, the S Pen in the Note 8 has enhanced levels of pressure sensitivity (4,096 distinct levels of pressure), though The Verge noted that those enhancements were featured in the defunct Note 7. Ports include a 3.5 mm headphone jack and a USB-C port for charging and data transfer. It has support for Samsung DeX as well, letting Note 8 users connect their device to a dock and monitor to enable a PC-like computing environment with mouse and keyboard input.
Exterior
Both the Note 8 and its S Pen are certified with IP68 rating for water and dust resistance, and is available in five color variants: "Midnight Black," "Orchid Gray," "Maple Gold," "Deepsea Blue," and "Blossom Pink" – which is often dubbed "Star Pink." However, the Maple Gold, Deep-Sea Blue, and Blossom Pink variants are not available worldwide, and are limited to certain regions and/or countries. Similar to the Galaxy S8, the Note 8 has a dedicated physical key for launching the Bixby virtual assistant.
A limited edition version for the 2018 Winter Olympics was made, with a white back, gold accents, and themed wallpapers.
Software
The Note 8 came with Android 7.1.1 "Nougat" with Samsung's own custom user interface pre-installed. The S Pen offers expanded software features, including "Live Message" for the creation of handwritten notes combined with emojis resulting in short animated GIFs. Users can remove the S Pen from the device and immediately write notes on the display through "Screen Off Memo," which works due to the screen's always-on capabilities. The screen can collect up to 100 notes and allows the user to easily go back to notes pinned directly on the always-on screen. A "Translate" feature now recognizes punctuation marks, letting users highlight entire sentences rather than single words, and supports 71 different languages. The edges of the screen on the Note 8 allow the user to open two apps at once in a multi-window view, dubbed "App Pair." In the Camera application, a new "Live Focus" effect lets users adjust the intensity of background blur both before and after capturing photos, while "Dual Capture" makes both rear cameras take individual photos of the same subject, with one acting as a close-up shot and the other from a distance capturing the whole scene.
The Samsung Galaxy Note 8 received an Android 8.0 "Oreo" update on March 30, 2018 with Samsung's custom skin overlaid. The software update brought enhancements and changes in the user interface with the menu options in the home screen and settings streamlined. The Edge lighting has also been improved with introductions to new lighting options. The Oreo update also brought enhanced stability to the Samsung DEX (UI/UE) docking system as well as introduced improvements to the DEX interface, where the Apps screen displays in full screen instead of in a pop-up window. An update to Android 9 Pie was released on 26 February 2019.
Reception
Camera testing company DxOMark gave the Note 8 a rating of 94, the joint-highest score of any phone, shared with the iPhone 8 Plus. Just a few days after the report of the Note 8 published was, the Pixel 2 tested was and given a 98 score, besting them both. It was noted that the Note 8 had better optical image stabilization than the IPhone X.
Like the Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+, the Note 8 was heavily criticized for its placement of the fingerprint scanner, which unlike most other Android phones that have the fingerprint scanner placed underneath the rear camera, the S8, S8+ and Note 8 instead had it placed next to the camera, making it uncomfortable and forces many users to shift their hands upwards in order to reach it.
Due to the battery incident with the Note 7, Samsung was more cautious with the Note 8, implementing a slightly smaller battery than the Note 7, which had a 3500 mAh battery; a non-removable 3300mAh lithium-ion battery was used in the Note 8. As a result, the Note 8 did not have the best battery life, and many users did not hold back from complaining about it.
The Note 8 was praised by both consumers and critics for the "Infinity Display" (meaning the display has much smaller bezels than the traditional smartphone), for its "punchy colors" and brightness, which is approximately 1200 nits.
Multiple tech reviewers pointed out that the Note 8 had a weak mono speaker. However, it was also praised for being one of the few 2017 flagships left that still included a headphone jack, unlike most flagships that followed Apple's 2016 controversial decision to remove the headphone jack entirely from the IPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which required users to use the included 3.5 mm headphone jack adapter or use wireless ear buds instead.
See also
Samsung Galaxy Note series
Samsung Galaxy S8
References
Further information
Android Authority Review
BGR — Tests show the Note 8 will survive almost anything – even flames
External links
Official website
Mobile phones introduced in 2017
Samsung Galaxy
8
Samsung mobile phones
Samsung smartphones
Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with stylus
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Discontinued smartphones
Mobile phones with pressure-sensitive touch screen | wiki |
Spy Game is a 2001 American action thriller film directed by Tony Scott.
Spy Game or Spy Games may also refer to:
Spy Game (soundtrack), the soundtrack album to the film
Spy Game (TV series), a 1997 American action TV series
Spy Games, a 1999 American action film
Spy Games (TV series), a 2020 American reality TV series
Spy Games: Elevator Mission, a 2007 Japanese video game
"Spy Game" (Bluey), an episode of the first season of the animated TV series Bluey | wiki |
Monmouth railway station may refer to two former stations in Monmouth, Wales:
Monmouth Troy railway station
Monmouth Mayhill railway station | wiki |
The Boston Tea Party was a 1773 colonial protest action which presaged the American Revolution.
Boston Tea Party may also refer to:
Boston Tea Party (political party), a libertarian U.S. political party founded in 2006
Boston Tea Party (café chain), a chain of cafés in England
Boston Tea Party (concert venue), a concert venue in Boston, Massachusetts, during the late 1960s
Boston Tea Party (TV series), a Swedish TV show
The Boston Tea Party (1908 film), a film by Edwin S. Porter
The Boston Tea Party (1915 film), a film by Eugene Nowland
The Boston Tea Party, a 1934 film narrated by John B. Kennedy
Boston Tea Party, an educational Disney film excerpted from Johnny Tremain
The Boston Tea Party, a 1976 play by Allan Albert
"Boston Tea Party", a song by the Sensational Alex Harvey Band from SAHB Stories
See also
Boston T. Party or Kenneth W. Royce, American libertarian author
Tea party (disambiguation)
Tea Party protests, a series of hundreds of protests first organized in 2009 | wiki |
Forestdale ist die Bezeichnung mehrerer Orte
in England:
ein Stadtteil des London Borough of Croydon
in den Vereinigten Staaten:
Forestdale (Alabama)
Forestdale (Massachusetts)
Forestdale (Mississippi)
Forestdale (New York)
Forestdale (Ohio)
Forestdale (Rhode Island) | wiki |
Fufu is a dough-like food found in West African and Caribbean cuisines.
Fufu may also refer to:
Fufu (album), a 1999 album by BANTU
Fufu (dog) (1997–2015), a pet dog of Vajiralongkorn
Fufu (Tanzanian ward), an administrative ward in Tanzania | wiki |
Cool Cat is a 2009 Children's picture book by Nonny Hogrogian. In this wordless book, a cat is joined by other animals to colourfully paint a ruined brown landscape.
Reception
A reviewer in The Seattle Times of Cool Cat wrote "Hogrogian’s art can seem deceptively simple, but she is a picture-book master who knows how to keep readers turning the pages.", and School Library Journal wrote "Both visually and conceptually, this is a gem.".
Cool Cat has also been reviewed by Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, The Horn Book Magazine, Library Media Connection, and The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books.
References
External links
Library holdings of Cool Cat
2009 children's books
American picture books
Books about cats | wiki |
Jazz Guignard was a popular Haitian jazz musician in the 1930s. He was distinguished by his completion of one of the first noncommercial recordings of Haitian music.
References
Haitian musicians | wiki |
Lake Norman of Catawba – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Karolina Północna, w hrabstwie Catawba.
CDP w stanie Karolina Północna | wiki |
Vals licht (roman), een roman van Joost Zwagerman
Vals licht (film), de verfilming van de roman
Vals licht (optica), onzuiver of verstorend licht (bijvoorbeeld door reflectie of een storende lichtbron. Zie Falschlicht/Stray light
Vals Licht (band), een Nederlandse band | wiki |
The Beatles were a rock group from Liverpool, England. This timeline chronicles their activities.
Codes
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Album and single releases
References
Sources
Timelines of music | wiki |
Loot is a 2008 documentary film directed by Darius Marder. It follows amateur treasure hunter Lance Larson in search of buried treasure from World War II, with the help of the two US war veterans—Darrel Ross and Andrew Seventy—responsible for burying them. A major theme of the film involves the emotional risks of digging up one's past.
The film premiered on HBO2 on May 20, 2009. It won Best Documentary at the 2008 Los Angeles Film Festival.
External links
Loot Movie Official Webpage
IMDB: Loot
HBO: Loot
2008 LA Film Festival: Loot
Documentary films about veterans | wiki |
A bogie bolster wagon is a British railway term for a wagon designed to carry long thin cargoes such as timber or rails and other steel sections. The sides and ends are minimal and there is no roof. The load is carried longitudinally and borne by three or more bolsters (half baulks of timber) fixed transversely. The load is constrained sideways by movable metal stanchions fitted into the ends of the bolsters, and secured with chains and shackles.
Design
A bogie bolster has both bogies and bolsters.
Bogies are four-wheeled, articulated carriages beneath the main load bed. They allow a long wagon to carry long loads, but still have individually short wheelbases, and so go round tight curves.
Bolsters are baulks of timber fixed across the bed. The bed is thus not flat, but most loads such as girders, rails, timber lengths, signal posts etc. are stiff enough that they only need to be supported at intervals, not continuously across a flat planked bed. The space between baulks allows room for tie-down chains or lifting straps, making the bolster design easier to work with than a completely flat bed.
Bolsters could be fixed in place, or be removable. Some had as many as five bolsters. Some designs had multiple sockets and a pair of bolsters could be moved between them. The bolsters could even be allowed to swivel around a central locating pin, and curved steel rubbing strips on the wagon deck. The design of bogie bolster wagons had developed from earlier timber wagons, which were short four-wheeled wagons, each carrying a single swivelling bolster. A pair of such wagons could carry a large tree trunk to a sawmill, but they required either the tree to take the full tension of the train, or a suitable number of match wagons to be marshalled between the two bolster wagons. The long, but relatively lightweight, bogie bolster replaced that arrangement with a single wagon.
Most designs also had "stakes", which are removable vertical steel bars to restrain a load from rolling or sliding sideways. They could be either fixed through the bolsters, or inserted into pockets along the edge girders of the wagon body.
Bolster wagons are relatively lightweight. Heavier well wagons, used for machinery loads, had deeper and stronger side girders. They had a cranked side profile, so that the centre of gravity was of the load was lower. Bogie bolsters could carry typical loads of .
The GWR telegraphic code word for a bogie bolster was 'Macaw'. Other codes for specific types were 'Beaver' or 'Gane'.
Rail wagons
Bogie bolsters were particularly useful for permanent way loads, such as rail. Many such wagons were not part of the railway's commercial stock, but were included as part of departmental stock (stock used for engineering works on the railway itself).
Codes for these wagons included 'Salmon', Bobol and 'Gane'
A number of bogie bolsters have been preserved on British heritage railways, as they are convenient for moving rails, telegraph poles and other permanent way loads.
See also
Skeleton car (US)
References
Freight rolling stock | wiki |
GOTJ 2005 è un EP della Psychopathic Family.
Tracce
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Sidestreet is a Canadian television drama, which aired Sundays on CBC from 1975 to 1978. It stars Sean McCann and Donnelly Rhodes as police working in Toronto.
Background
Sidestreet succeeded The Collaborators as the CBC's main series drama. Program developers aimed to move Sidestreet away from the violence that The Collaborators had by focusing on protagonists who were community service officers instead of ordinary detectives. They aimed to concentrate on issues such as: blockbusting, strikebreaking, rape, poverty, and the problems of the elderly in the city, instead of major crimes.
Theme song
Jazz musician Chuck Mangione composed the show's theme song. The two-minute theme appears on his 1977 hit album Feels So Good.
External links
Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series
1970s Canadian crime drama television series
Canadian police procedural television series
CBC Television original programming
1975 Canadian television series debuts
1978 Canadian television series endings
Television shows set in Toronto | wiki |
A surcingle is a strap made of leather or leather-like synthetic materials such as nylon or neoprene, sometimes with elastic, that fastens around the horse's girth.
A surcingle may be used for ground training, some types of in-hand exhibition, and over a saddle or horse pack to stabilize the rider's weight. It also is a primary component of a horse harness.
A basic surcingle is unpadded, attaches around the horse by means of buckles or rings, and has no other hardware. A training surcingle, sometimes called a "roller," has many extra rings attached, running from the ribcage up to the withers area. It usually has padding to relieve pressure on the horse's spine. A variation of this design is used for equestrian vaulting.
Uses
Many trainers first teach a young horse to accept girth pressure by strapping on a surcingle before a saddle and girth. The surcingle is commonly used for longeing, often as a base from which to attach training equipment such as side reins, overcheck, lauffer reins (sliding side reins), or chambons. A surcingle is also important in long lining or ground driving, as it provides rings for the long reins to run through. Double longeing, using two longe lines, requires the use of a surcingle to thread the longe lines through the rings.
Compared to a saddle, a surcingle allows more precise adjustment of side reins due to the placement of additional rings. While a saddle only provides one height to attach the rings (the girth buckles), and can be uneven or at the wrong position, a training surcingle places rings at more appropriate locations for ground work. Many surcingle designs allow the side reins to be attached at several different heights along the sides of the horse.
Placement
When used without a saddle, a surcingle sits just behind the withers. When used with a saddle, the surcingle runs over the seat near the pommel. A surcingle is also used over the top of certain types of pack saddle and pack to keep the pack bags and swag in place. A surcingle is usually used with a pad, and fit to the horse's back as carefully as a saddle would be. It is tightened enough to prevent slipping, more when used with a saddle and rider, less when used for ground training.
See also
Longeing
Horse harness
Bitting rig
References
Sources
Price, Steven D. (ed.) The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated New York:Fireside 1998
Saddles
Horse harness
Horse tack | wiki |
Livid is a medium bluish-gray color. This color name comes from the Latin color term lividus meaning "'a dull leaden-blue color', and also used to describe the color of contused flesh, leading to the English expression 'black and blue'". The first recorded use of livid as a color name in English was in 1622.
There is a range of colors called livid colors that combine the colors blue and gray. Some of these colors are shown below.
Livid (blue-gray) is the opposite concept from brown. Brown colors are mainly dark orange and dark red colors—warm colors on the warm color side of the color wheel, while blue-gray (livid) colors are mainly dark blue and dark azure colors—colors on the opposite side of the color wheel—cool colors on the cool color side of the color wheel.
Alternate names are blue-gray (American English) or blue-grey (British English), which was a name introduced by Crayola for a crayon color used from 1958 to 1990. Thus, the normalized color coordinates for livid and blue-gray are identical.
Variations of blue-gray
The colors below are arranged according to value (brightness) (the v code in hsv), lightest at the top and darkest towards the bottom.
Iceberg
The color iceberg is displayed at right.
The first recorded use of iceberg as a color name in English was in 1921.
Slate blue
Displayed at right is the web color slate blue.
The first recorded use of slate blue as a color name in English was in 1796.
Blue bell
Blue bell is a shade of blue-gray. It is also a Crayola color. It represents the bluebell flower.
The first recorded use of bluebell as a color name in English was in 1920.
Glaucous
Glaucous is a shade of blue-gray found on the surfaces of some plants and animals.
The first recorded use of glaucous as a color name in English was in the year 1671.
Steel blue
Steel blue is a color that resembles blue steel.
The first recorded use of steel blue as a color name in English was in 1817.
Cadet grey
Cadet grey, shown at right, and cadet blue, are shades of color used in military uniforms.
The first recorded use of cadet grey as a color name in English was in 1912. Before 1912, the word cadet grey was used as a name for a type of military issue uniform.
Cool gray
Cool gray is a medium light color gray mixed with the color blue.
Another name for this color is gray-blue.
This color is a dull shade of blue-gray.
This color is identical with color sample #203 (identified as "gray blue") at the following website: https://web.archive.org/web/20170810183646/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-g.htm—The ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names (1955), a website for stamp collectors to evaluate the colors of their stamps.
Air Force blue
Air force blue is a grayish shade of blue or azure used by the RAF.
There are other tones of air force blue, such as the darker one used by the United States Air Force.
Shadow blue
The color shadow blue is displayed at right. Shadow blue is a color formulated by Crayola in 1990 as one of the colors in its Silver Swirls specialty box of metallic colors.
Although this is supposed to be a metallic color, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a computer.
Dark blue-gray
The color dark blue-gray is displayed at right.
Roman silver
At right is displayed the color Roman silver.
Roman silver is one of the colors on the Resene Color List, a color list widely popular in Australia and New Zealand.
This color is supposed to be a metallic color; however, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a flat computer screen.
Rhythm
Displayed at right is the color rhythm.
Rhythm is one of the colors on the Resene Color List, a color list widely popular in Australia and New Zealand. The color "rhythm" was formulated in 2004.
Payne's gray
Payne's gray is a dark blue-gray color used in painting.
The first recorded use of Payne’s grey as a color name in English was in 1835.
Blue-gray in nature
Insects
Calliphora livida
Arachnids
Haplopelma lividum
Birds
Blue-grey gnatcatcher
Blue-grey tanager
Mammals
Blue-gray mouse
Blue-gray in culture
Animal husbandry
Blue Grey is a type of beef cattle popular in Scotland and the north of England.
Medicine/sociology
Upper-class families who used silver eating utensils every day gradually ingested small pieces of silver into their bodies and eventually developed a mild form of a condition called argyria, in which the skin takes on a blue-gray color, thus becoming known as bluebloods.
Sports
The Blue–Gray Football Classic was an annual American college football all-star game held in Alabama usually on Christmas Day. It was begun in 1939 and held annually through 2001 at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery, Alabama. It pitted players from the former Confederacy against players from the northern and western states of the United States.
Transportation planning
In the Muni Metro, San Francisco's light rail system, the K Ingleside line, which goes to the Ingleside neighborhood, is represented by the color blue-gray.
See also
RAL 5008 Grey blue
RAL 7031 Blue grey
List of colors
References
Shades of blue
Shades of gray | wiki |
The AAAW Tag Team Championship is a women's professional wrestling championship formerly contested in the Japanese women's professional wrestling promotion Gaea Japan. The title which was originally known as the AAAW Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship before weight classes were dropped in 1998, was abandoned when GAEA closed in 2005. It was revived in May 2022 and began being sanctioned by Marvelous That's Women Pro Wrestling ever since.
Title history
Names
Reigns
Combined reigns
As of , .
By team
By wrestler
References
External links
GAEA Japan AAAW Tag Team Championship history
Women's professional wrestling tag team championships
Gaea Japan championships | wiki |
French conjugation refers to the variation in the endings of French verbs (inflections) depending on the person (I, you, we, etc), tense (present, future, etc) and mood (indicative, imperative and subjunctive). Most verbs are regular and can be entirely determined by their infinitive form (ex. parler) however irregular verbs require the knowledge of more than just the infinitive form known as the principal parts of which there are seven in French. With the knowledge of these seven principal parts of a verb one can conjugate almost all French verbs. However, a handful of verbs, including être, are highly irregular and the seven principal parts are not sufficient to conjugate the verb fully.
French verbs are conventionally divided into three conjugations (conjugaisons) with the following grouping:
1st group: verbs ending in -er (except aller, envoyer, and renvoyer).
2nd group: verbs ending in -ir, with the gerund ending in -issant
3rd group: verbs ending in -re (with the exception of irregular verbs).
1st section: verbs ending in -ir, with the gerund ending in -ant
2nd section: verbs ending in -oir.
3rd section: verbs ending in -re
aller, envoyer, and renvoyer.
The first two groups follow a regular conjugation, whereas the third group is more complex. The third group is considered a closed-class conjugation form, meaning that most new verbs introduced to the French language are of the first group (téléviser, atomiser, radiographier), with the remaining ones being of the second group (alunir).
The verbs aller, envoyer, and renvoyer are the only verbs ending in -er belonging to the third group.
Moods and tenses
There are seven different moods in French conjugation: indicative (indicatif), subjunctive (subjonctif), conditional (conditionnel), imperative (impératif), infinitive (infinitif), participle (participe), and gerund (gérondif). The infinitive, participle, and gerundive are not verbal moods.
Tenses are described under the mood to which they belong, and they are grouped as follows. Other tenses are constructed through the use of an auxiliary verb:
Indicative
Present (présent)
Present perfect (passé composé): literally "compound past", formed with an auxiliary verb in the present
Imperfect (imparfait)
Pluperfect (plus-que-parfait): literally "more than perfect", formed with an auxiliary verb in the imperfect
Simple past (passé simple)
Past perfect (passé antérieur): formed with an auxiliary verb in the simple past
Simple future (futur simple)
Future perfect (futur antérieur): formed with an auxiliary verb in the simple future
Subjunctive
Present
Past (passé): formed with an auxiliary verb in the subjunctive present
Imperfect
Pluperfect: formed with an auxiliary verb in the subjunctive imperfect
Imperative
Present
Past: formed with an auxiliary verb in the present imperative
Conditional
Present
Past (form 1): formed with an auxiliary verb in the present conditional
Past (form 2): formed with an auxiliary verb in the imperfect subjunctive
Infinitive
Present
Past: formed with an auxiliary verb in the present infinitive
Participle
Present
Past
Gerund: (constructed by preceding the present participle with the preposition en)
Auxiliary verbs
There are two auxiliary verbs in French: avoir (to have) and être (to be), used to conjugate compound tenses according to these rules:
Transitive verbs (direct or indirect) in the active voice are conjugated with the verb avoir.
Intransitive verbs are conjugated with either avoir or être (see French verbs#Temporal auxiliary verbs).
Reflexive verbs (or "pronominal verbs") are conjugated with être.
être is used to form the passive voice. Être is itself conjugated according to the tense and mood, and this may require the use of avoir as an additional auxiliary verb, e.g. Il a été mangé (It was eaten).
Compound tenses are conjugated with an auxiliary followed by the past participle, ex: j'ai fait (I did), je suis tombé (I fell). When être is used, the participle is inflected according to the gender and number of the subject. The participle is inflected with the use of the verb avoir according to the direct object, but only if the direct object precedes the participle, ex:
il a marché, elle a marché, nous avons marché (he walked, she walked, we walked)
il est tombé, elle est tombée, nous sommes tombés, elles sont tombées (he fell, she fell, we fell, they (fem.) fell)
Il a acheté une voiture. Voilà la voiture qu'il a achetée. (He bought a car. Here is the car he bought)
As stand-alone verbs, the conjugation of the two auxiliaries is listed in the table below:
Avoir
This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are imperfect av- ; present subjunctive ai- ; future and conditional aur- ; simple past and past subjunctive e- (not pronounced: eus, eusse are pronounced as bare inflections ). Although the stem changes, the inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb.
In the present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
* Notice that the imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.
Non-finite forms:
Infinitive: avoir
Present participle: ayant
Gerundive: en ayant
Verbal adjective: ayant(s) , ayante(s)
Past participle: eu(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: avoir
Être
This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: imperfect ét- ; present subjunctive soi- ; future and conditional ser- ; simple past and past subjunctive in f- . The inflections of these tenses are as a regular -oir verb (that is, as an -re verb but with the vowel u in the f- forms). For example, subjunctive soyons, soyez is pronounced with the y sound () of other -re and -oir verbs.
In the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
* The imperative form uses the subjunctive conjugation.
The non-finite forms use the stem êt- (before a consonant)/ét- (before a vowel):
Infinitive: être
Present participle: étant
Gerundive: en étant
Verbal adjective: étant(e)(s)
Past participle: été
Auxiliary verb: avoir
First-group verbs (-er verbs)
French verbs ending in -er, which constitute the largest class, inflect somewhat differently from other verbs. Between the stem and the inflectional endings that are common across most verbs, there may be a vowel, which in the case of the -er verbs is a silent -e- (in the simple present singular), -é or -ai (in the past participle and the je form of the simple past), and -a- (in the rest of simple past singular and in the past subjunctive). In addition, the orthographic -t found in the -ir and -re verbs in the singular of the simple present and past is not found in this conjugation, so that the final consonants are -Ø, -s, -Ø rather than -s, -s, -t.
Parler
Non-finite forms:
Infinitive: parler
Present participle: parlant
Gerundive: en parlant
Verbal adjective: parlant(s) , parlante(s)
Past participle: parlé(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: avoir
(arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, and tomber use être)
Exceptional contexts:
When the first-person singular present tense form of the indicative or subjunctive is found in inversion, the writer must change the final e to either é (traditional usage) or è (rectified modern usage), in order to link the two words : « Parlè-je ? », , "Am I speaking?" (This is a very rare construction, however.)
When the second-person singular form of the imperative is followed by its object y or en, a final s is added: « Parles-en ! », , "Talk about it!"
Exceptional verbs:
The verb aller, though it ends in -er is completely irregular and belongs to the third group.
In -cer verbs, the c becomes a ç before endings that start with a or o, to indicate that it is still pronounced /s/ (je déplace - nous déplaçons); similarly, in -ger verbs, the g becomes ge before such endings, to indicate that it is pronounced /ʒ/ (je mange - nous mangeons).
In -oyer and -uyer verbs, the y becomes an i before endings that start with a silent e (nous envoyons - j'envoie); in -ayer verbs, the writer may or may not change the y to an i before such endings (je paye - je paie). Additionally, the future and conditional forms of envoyer start with enverr- rather than envoyer-; and similarly with renvoyer.
In -é.er verbs, the é becomes an è before silent endings, and optionally in the future and conditional tenses.
In -e.er verbs other than most -eler and -eter verbs, the e becomes an è before endings that start with a silent e (including the future and conditional endings). For example: peler (to peel) -> je pèle (present) / je pèlerai (futur) / je pèlerais (conditional).
In most -eler and -eter verbs, the writer must either change the e to an è before endings that start with a silent e, or change the l or t to ll or tt. In the rest of these verbs, only one or the other form is allowed. For example: appeler (to call) -> j'appelle (present) / j'appellerai (futur) / j'appellerais (conditional).
The verbal adjective of following verbs is irregular: adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger - négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s).
Second-group verbs (-ir verbs / gerund ending in -issant)
The -ir verbs differ from the -er verbs in the following points:
The vowel of the inflections is always -i-, for example -isse in the past subjunctive rather than the -asse of the -er verbs.
A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.
choisir
Non-finite forms:
Infinitive: choisir
Present participle: choisissant
Gerundive: en choisissant
Verbal adjective: choisissant(s) , choisissante(s)
Past participle: choisi(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être)
Third group
Most verbs of the third group end in -re. A few end in -ir and three end in -er. There are more irregularities in the third group than in the first two.
There is no single pattern that is followed by third group verbs, but rather a number of different paradigms. The verb perdre and its endings are frequently presented as an example for the third group conjugations. See the irregular verb section for more details.
perdre
Non-finite forms:
Infinitive: perdre
Present participle: perdant
Gerundive: en perdant
Verbal adjective: perdant(s) , perdante(s)
Past participle: perd-u(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: avoir
Irregular verbs and their paradigms
First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts
Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.
The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.
1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
Non-finite forms:
Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
Present participle: 1P-ant
Gerundive: en 1P-ant
Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
1 Only in Quebec French
2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).
3 Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.
The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".
Non-finite forms:
Infinitive: recevoir
Present participle: recevant
Gerundive: en recevant
Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
Past participle: reçu(e)(s)
Verbs with eleven principal parts
Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.
The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.
Non-finite forms:
Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
Past participle: PP(e)(s)
The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)
Aller
The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own.
The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- ; conditional and future ir- . The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:
The non-finite forms are all based on all- :
Infinitive: aller
Present participle: allant
Gerundive: en allant
Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
Past participle: allé(e)(s)
Auxiliary verb: être
1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.
Inflectional endings of the three verb groups
1. In an interrogative sentence, the final e is written é (traditional spelling) or è (rectified spelling), and is pronounced as an open è . Additionally, the e in je becomes silent. For example: je marche (I walk), marchè-je? (do I walk?)
2. Only in je/tu peux (I/you can), je/tu veux (I/you want), and je/tu vaux (I am/you are 'worth').
. Verbs in -dre have a final d for the 3rd singular person, except for those ending in -indre and -soudre which take a final t. The verbs vaincre (defeat) and convaincre (convince) are conjugated as vainc and convainc, respectively, in 3rd singular person.
3. The only verbs having this ending are: assaillir (assail), couvrir (cover), cueillir (pluck), défaillir (default), offrir (offer), ouvrir (open), souffrir (suffer), tressaillir (shiver), and in the imperative only, avoir (have), savoir (know), and vouloir (want).
4. Except for je vins (I came), je tins (I held), etc..., que je vinsse (that I come), que je tinsse (that I hold), etc...
See also
Bescherelle, a reference book for (usually French) verb conjugation
Notes
References
Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.
External links
Verb2Verbe - French/English verb conjugation with translations
Language Atlas - overview of all the different types of conjugations and corresponding Anki files
A two-page PDF reference guide of the 681 most common French/English verbs
Le Conjugueur - online conjugation for all French verbs
Bescherelle - conjugation & conjugation books.
WordReference - French conjugation (Beta)
Conjugation-FR - French conjugation
Open source XML database of French verb conjugation rules. RegEx based.
French verb practice at UT Austin
schoLINGUA - Conjugation trainer - over 12,000 French verbs
Comment-conjuguer.fr - online conjugation for all French verbs and conjugation rules
Conjugations
Indo-European verbs | wiki |
Dorothea Dreams is a 1986 novel by American author Suzy McKee Charnas.
1986 American novels | wiki |
The Ruby Tear is a 1997 novel by award winning American author Suzy McKee Charnas writing as Rebecca Brand.
References
1997 American novels | wiki |
Besler may refer to:
People
Basilius Besler (1561–1629), German apothecary and botanist
George Besler ( ? - ? ), American steam power entrepreneur in the 1930s and 1940s, son of William George Besler
Matt Besler (b. 1987), American soccer player
Peter Besler (b. 1963), American investment advisor and author
William Besler ( ? - ? ), American steam power entrepreneur in the 1930s and 1940s, son of William George Besler
William George Besler (1865-1942), American railroad manager
Igor Bezler (b. 1965), supposed pro-Russian rebel in Ukraine
Other
Besler (mountain)
See also
Bessler
Beseler | wiki |
Fraternity row or Fraternity Row may refer to:
An area with a concentration of fraternities and sororities, frequently found in college towns:
Piedmont Avenue (Berkeley)
Also:
Fraternity Row (Film)
Fraternity Row, a "soap within a soap" on ABC's One Life to Live | wiki |
This is a list of AM radio stations in the United States having call signs beginning with the letters WA to WF.
WA--
WB--
WC--
WD--
WE--
WF--
See also
North American call sign
AM radio stations in the United States by call sign (initial letters WA-WF) | wiki |
A ghost ship is a vessel with no living crew aboard.
Ghost Ship may also refer to:
Film and television
The Ghost Ship, a 1943 film
Ghost Ship (1952 film), a British thriller
Ghost Ship (2002 film), an American supernatural horror film
"The Ghost Ship" (Stingray), a 1964 television episode
"Ghost Ship", an episode of MacGyver (1985 TV series, season 3)
"Ghost Ship", an episode of Quantum Leap (season 4)
Literature
Ghost Ship (Cussler novel), 2014
Ghost Ship (novella), a 2002 Doctor Who novella by Keith Topping
Ghost Ship, a 1988 Star Trek: The Next Generation novel by Diane Carey
The Ghost Ship, a 1990 book of poetry by Henry Hart
"The Ghost Ship", a 1912 short story by Richard Barham Middleton
Ghost Ship, a 2011 science fiction novel by Sharon Lee and Steve Miller
Music
Ghost Ship (album), by Sultans, 2000
Ghost Ships (album), by James Reyne, 2007
Ghost Ship (Theocracy album), 2016
Ghostship EP, by The Fall of Troy, 2004
Ghost Ship (band), a contemporary worship music band from Seattle
"Ghost Ship", a song by Blur from the 2015 album The Magic Whip
"Ghost Ship", a song by Nox Arcana from the 2008 Phantoms of the High Seas
"Ghost Ship", a song by Robyn Hitchcock from the 1995 album You & Oblivion
"Ghost Ship", a 2011 song by Neverending White Lights
"Ghostship", a song by Shadow Gallery from the 2009 album Carved in Stone
Other uses
Ghost Ship (beer), by Adnams brewery
Ghost Ship, an imprint of Seven Seas Entertainment
Ghost Ship (sculpture), a 2001 sculpture in Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Ghost Ship warehouse fire, Oakland, California, U.S., in 2016
Juliet Marine Systems Ghost, an advanced super-cavitating stealth ship
See also
Ghost boat (disambiguation)
Death Ship (disambiguation)
Phantom Ship (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Comment Section is a weekly American infotainment television series which premiered on the E! network, on August 7, 2015. Announced in May 2015, the show is hosted by Michael Kosta and "explores the biggest stories of the week and all of the outrageous and hilarious comments made about them on social media."
References
External links
2010s American satirical television series
2015 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
E! original programming
English-language television shows
Infotainment
Television series about television
2010s American video clip television series | wiki |
The Walker Gilmore site, designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 22CC28, is a prehistoric archaeological site near Murray, Nebraska. First formally investigated in 1915, it is the type site for the Sterns Creek focus, the first Woodland period culture identified in Nebraska. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
Description
The Walker Gilmore site is a deeply stratified archaeological site on a terrace above Sterns Creek in eastern Cass County. The area consists of repeated habitation layers, interspersed with materials washed down from the hillside above. Finds at the site include evidence of dwelling lodges using poles as support and finished in wattle and daub or bark, as well as a diversity of tools, tool-making artifacts, pottery, and remnants of dietary plants and animals. Radiocarbon dating has yielded occupation dates as late as 1100 CE. One particular set of post-holes are unusually small, and have been interpreted as possibly supporting a rack-like structure for drying meat.
The Walker Gilmore site was found in 1915 by Walker Gilmore, the son of a local physician, who then informed archaeologist Frederick Sterns, then doing graduate field research in Nebraska. It was the first site in the state where evidence of a pre-village culture was identified. Sterns also made key observations about the nature of the terrain, leading to the conclusion that the streambed above which the site lies was probably wider at the time of the site's occupation. In the 1930s, William Duncan Strong investigated the site further, and connected its inhabitants to Woodland cultures of the northeastern United States.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Nebraska
References
Archaeological type sites
National Historic Landmarks in Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Cass County, Nebraska
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska
National Register of Historic Places in Cass County, Nebraska | wiki |
Living the Dream or variants may refer to:
Television and film
Living the Dream (New Zealand TV series), a 2004 New Zealand reality show parody
Living the Dream (British TV series), a comedy drama series, 2017
Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream, an American reality series
"Living the Dream" (Big Little Lies), an episode of the HBO series Big Little Lies
"Living the Dream" (Dexter), an episode of the American series Dexter
"Living the Dream" (House), an episode of the American series House
"Living the Dream" (My Family), an episode of the UK series My Family
"Livin' the Dream", an episode of the American series The Office
Living the Dream (film), a 2006 film directed by Christian Schoyen
Goal! 2: Living the Dream, a 2007 film
Music
Living the Dream (Jennylyn Mercado album), 2004
Living the Dream (Luca Hänni album), 2013
Livin' the Dream (album), a 2017 album by Nathan Carter
Living the Dream (Slash album), 2018
Living the Dream (Uriah Heep album), 2018
"Livin' the Dream" (song), a 2015 song by Drake White
"Living the Dream" (Five Finger Death Punch song) 2020
See also
Living a Dream, a 2005 album by Katherine Jenkins
LTD (disambiguation)
Living in a Dream (disambiguation) | wiki |
De gouden populierenvouwmot (Phyllonorycter connexella) is een vlinder uit de familie mineermotten (Gracillariidae). De wetenschappelijke naam is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1846 door Zeller.
De soort komt voor in Europa.
Mineermotten
Dier uit het Palearctisch gebied | wiki |
Dual control can refer either to a concept in government, or a concept in airplane operation:
Dual control (politics)
Dual control (aviation)
See also
Dual control stand
Dual control theory
Dual mandate | wiki |
Unemployment Insurance Act may refer to:
Unemployment Insurance Act 1920, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1921, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 2) Act 1921, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1922, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 2) Act 1922, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1923, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1924, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 2) Act 1924, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 3) Act 1924, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1925, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1926, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1927, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1928, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1929, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1930, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 2) Act 1930, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 3) Act 1930, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 4) Act 1930, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1931, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 2) Act 1931, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance (No. 3) Act 1931, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1935, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1938, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1939, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Unemployment Insurance Act 1940, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Duck confit ( ) is a French dish made with whole duck. In Gascony, according to the families perpetuating the tradition of duck confit, all the pieces of duck are used to produce the meal. Each part can have a specific destination in traditional cooking, the neck being used for example in an invigorating soup, the garbure. Duck confit is considered one of the finest French dishes.
Traditional preparation
While it is made across France, it is seen as a specialty of Gascony. The confit is prepared in a centuries-old process of preservation that consists of salt curing a piece of meat (generally goose, duck, or pork) and then cooking it in its own fat.
To prepare a confit, the meat is rubbed with salt, garlic, and sometimes herbs such as thyme, then covered and refrigerated for up to 36 hours. Salt-curing the meat acts as a preservative.
Prior to cooking, the spices are rinsed from the meat, which is then patted dry. The meat is placed in a cooking dish deep enough to contain the meat and the rendered fat, and placed in an oven at a low temperature (76 – 135 degrees Celsius/170 – 275 Fahrenheit). The meat is slowly poached at least until cooked, or until meltingly tender, generally four to ten hours.
The meat and fat are then removed from the oven and left to cool. When cool, the meat can be transferred to a canning jar or other container and completely submerged in the fat. A sealed jar of duck confit may be kept in the refrigerator for up to six months, or several weeks if kept in a reusable plastic container. To maximize preservation if canning, the fat should top the meat by at least one inch. The cooking fat acts as both a seal and preservative and results in a very rich taste. Skipping the salt curing stage greatly reduces the shelf life of the confit.
Confit is also sold in cans, which can be kept for several years. The flavourful fat from the confit may also be used in many other ways, as a frying medium for sautéed vegetables (e.g., green beans and garlic, wild or cultivated mushrooms), savory toasts, scrambled eggs or omelettes, and as an addition to shortcrust pastry for tarts and quiches.
A classic recipe is to fry or grill the legs in a bit of the fat until they are well-browned and crisp, and use more of the fat to roast some potatoes and garlic as an accompaniment.
The potatoes roasted in duck fat to accompany the crisped-up confit is called pommes de terre à la sarladaise. Another accompaniment is red cabbage slow-braised with apples and red wine.
Use in other dishes
Duck confit is also a traditional ingredient in many versions of cassoulet.
See also
List of duck dishes
References
External links
Three-in-One Recipe: How to Render Duck Fat, Create Duck Rinds, and Make Duck Confit (with pics)
Duck Confit Part 1 Prep and Roast
French cuisine
Duck dishes | wiki |
Lauren Joy Jorgensen (Atlanta, 18 de outubro de 1989) é uma atriz norte-americana, mais conhecida do público pela personagem Danielle Van De Kamp na série de televisão Desperate Housewives.
Filmografia
Ligações externas
JoyLauren.com
Atores dos Estados Unidos
Naturais de Atlanta | wiki |
The Mango Tree is a novel by Australian author Ronald McKie. In 1974, it won the Miles Franklin Award. In 1977, it was adapted into a film of the same name. The story follows the childhood of a young man, named Jamie, growing up in a country town in Australia during the early 20th century.
References
1974 Australian novels
Miles Franklin Award-winning works
William Collins, Sons books | wiki |
Bluelight may refer to:
Billy Bluelight (1859–1949), English boat racer
Bluelight!, a novel series
Bluelight (web forum), a web forum dedicated to discussing controlled drugs
See also
Blue Light (disambiguation) | wiki |
This article contains A-Z tables of the incidence of intentional homicide in multi-municipal metropolitan areas and standalone municipalities with a predominantly urbanized population. It does not take into consideration capricious political divisions widely used in the media to represent a city, such as city proper or suburban municipalities. The urban population for each entry is required to be at least 100,000.
Some cities are considered to be larger than the official metropolitan area or municipality determined by a country's respective government. Conversely, some cities are also considered to be significantly smaller than their official metro area(s) designations. Because of this and the continual growth of most cities that might not immediately be captured, the widest neutrally-sourced boundaries for each city are used. This includes the crossing of international borders.
1980s by count
1980s by rate per 100,000
1990s by count
1990s by rate per 100,000
2000s by count
2000s by rate per 100,000
2010s by rate
2010s by count
See also
List of countries by intentional homicide rate
List of cities by murder rate
List of United States cities by crime rate (2012). 250,000+
United States cities by crime rate (100,000–250,000)
United States cities by crime rate (60,000-100,000)
List of federal subjects of Russia by murder rate
List of Brazilian states by murder rate
List of Mexican states by homicides
References
Homicide
Homicide by city
City | wiki |
An Akers' clasp is the classic direct retainer for removable partial dentures. Named after its inventor, Polk E. Akers, this suprabulge clasp consists of a rest, a guide plate, a retentive arm and a reciprocal arm. Akers' clasps, as a rule, face away from an edentulous area. Should they face the edentulous area, they are termed reverse Akers' clasps.
References
Prosthodontology
Dental equipment | wiki |
Bulgaria Air serves the following destinations for winter and summer seasons as of 2012/2013.
References
Lists of airline destinations | wiki |
Tripylella is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Tripylidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
Tripylella australis
Tripylella dentata
Tripylella fatimaensis
Tripylella incunda
Tripylella intermedia
Tripylella intermedia
Tripylella iucunda
Tripylella jianjuni
Tripylella mexicana
Tripylella muscusi
Tripylella quitoensis
Tripylella subintermedia
References
Nematodes | wiki |
Quadragesima Sunday (also known as Invocabit Sunday) is the first Sunday in Lent, occurring after Ash Wednesday.
The term Quadragesima is derived from the Latin word for "fortieth", as there are exactly forty days from Quadragesima Sunday until Good Friday. However, like Quinquagesima, Sexagesima and Septuagesima, the numeral is more likely an approximation of how many days there are until Easter Sunday, in this case 42. While Quadragesima includes both Sundays and weekdays, the beginning of Lent was later changed to the preceding Wednesday, "Ash Wednesday", to get in forty weekdays.
'Invocabit' is the opening word of the introit for the day.
Quadragesima Sunday may occur as early as February 8 or as late as March 14.
In both the ordinary form of the Roman rite and common English parlance it is known as the First Sunday of Lent.
The buergbrennen festivities centred on a large bonfire are celebrated in the towns and villages of Luxembourg on the first Sunday of Lent to herald the coming of spring.
References
Lent
Christian Sunday observances
February observances
March observances | wiki |
In music, Op. 57 stands for Opus number 57. Compositions that are assigned this number include:
Beethoven – Piano Sonata No. 23
Chopin – Berceuse
Dvořák – Violin Sonata
Fauré – Shylock
Glazunov – Raymonda
Medtner – Violin Sonata No. 3
Nielsen – Clarinet Concerto
Prokofiev – Symphonic Song
Reicha – L'art de varier
Schumann – Belsatzar, ballad (Heine)
Shostakovich – Piano Quintet | wiki |
General Airey may refer to:
George Airey (1761–1833), British Army lieutenant general
James Talbot Airey (1812–1898), British Army general
Terence Airey (1900–1983), British Army lieutenant general
Richard Airey, 1st Baron Airey (1803–1881), British Army general
See also
Christopher Airy (born 1934), British Army major general
Ved Prakash Airy (1935–2007), Indian Army lieutenant general | wiki |
Angst («miedo» o «angustia» en alemán y otras lenguas germánicas) puede referirse a:
Literatura
Miedo (Angst), relato de Stefan Zweig publicado en 1920;
Música
Angst, álbum de Lacrimosa publicado en 1991;
Angst, álbum de KMFDM publicado en 1993;
«Angst», canción de Rammstein de 2022;
Cine
Angst, película austríaca de 1983 dirigida por Gerald Kargl;
Apellido
Heinrich Angst (1915-1989), piloto suizo de bobsleigh;
Jules Angst (n. 1926), psiquiatra y profesor suizo;
Max Angst (1921-2002), piloto suizo de bobsleigh;
Richard Angst (1905-1984), director de fotografía suizo. | wiki |
General Andrews may refer to:
Avery D. Andrews (1864–1959), U.S. Army brigadier general
Christopher Columbus Andrews (1829–1922), Union Army brigadier general and brevet major general
Frank Maxwell Andrews (1884–1943), U.S. Army Air Forces lieutenant general
George Andrews (adjutant general) (1850–1928), U.S. Army brigadier general
George Leonard Andrews (1828–1899), Union Army brigadier general
Lincoln Clark Andrews (1867–1950), U.S. Army brigadier general
Timothy Andrews (general) (1794–1868), U.S. Army brevet brigadier general | wiki |
The Port of Whitman County is a port authority in Whitman County in the U.S. state of Washington. It operates Port of Wilma on the Snake River near the Idaho state line (), where it owned a grain elevator as of 1996. The port authority was created by voters in 1958.
Tenants
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories manufacturing has been located at the Port's Pullman Industrial Park in Pullman, Washington since 1988.
References
External links
1958 establishments in Washington (state)
Ports and harbors of Washington (state)
Whitman County, Washington | wiki |
Dominion Stores may refer to:
Dominion (supermarket), a former national chain in Canada, more recently operating only in the Greater Toronto Area, with the remaining locations rebranded as Metro in 2008
Dominion Stores (Newfoundland), a division of the Loblaw Companies which continues to operate in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, separated from the national chain since 1987 | wiki |
General Newton may refer to:
John Newton (engineer) (1823–1895), Union Army major general
Lloyd W. Newton (born 1942), U.S. Air Force four-star general
Paul Raymond Newton (fl. 1970s–2010s), British Army lieutenant general
Philip Newton (fl. 1910s), American-born Russian Ambulance Corps general during World War I
Robert C. Newton (1840–1877), Confederate States Army acting brigadier general and later Arkansas State Militia major general
William Newton (British Army officer) (died 1730), British Army brigadier general | wiki |
Marching lines are a pair of lines drawn on the glass of a compass, and arranged at 45 degrees to each other. These are an essential component in hiking through the wilderness. Most modern compasses have adjustable luminous marching lines.
History
See also
Azimuth
Beam compass
Circumferentor, or surveyor's compass
Coordinate system
Fluxgate compass
Gyrocompass
Inertial navigation system
Pelorus
Radio direction finder
References
External links
Navigational equipment
Hiking equipment
Orientation (geometry) | wiki |
Cranberry sauce or cranberry jam is a sauce or relish made out of cranberries, commonly served as a condiment or a side dish with Thanksgiving dinner in North America and Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom and Canada. There are differences in flavor depending on the geography of where the sauce is made: in Europe it is generally slightly sour-tasting, while in North America it is typically more heavily sweetened.
History
The recipe for cranberry sauce appears in the 1796 edition of The Art of Cookery by Amelia Simmons, the first known cookbook authored by an American.
In 1606, the Mi'kmaq people introduced the French settlers in Port Royal, Nova Scotia to Cranberries. They would have been sweetened with maple sugar and served at the settlers first Thanksgiving in North America that year. The settlers described eating what they called “small red apples" in letters send back to France. Port-Royal reports contained menus describing cranberries. They are still called “pommes de prés”, or meadow apples, today in Acadia.
Although the Pilgrims may have been aware of the wild cranberries growing in the Massachusetts Bay area, it is unlikely that cranberry sauce would have been among the dishes served at the First Thanksgiving meal. Cranberries are not mentioned by any primary sources for the First Thanksgiving meal. The only foods mentioned are "Indian corn", wild turkey and waterfowl, and venison. The rest remains a matter of speculation among food historians. Although stuffings are not mentioned in primary sources, it was a common way to prepare birds for the table in the 17th century. According to a "Thanksgiving Primer" published by the Plimoth Plantation, cranberries may have been used in the stuffing recipes, but it is unlikely they would have been made into a sauce because sugar was very scarce.
Cranberry sauce was first offered to consumers in North America in 1912 in Hanson, Massachusetts. Canned cranberry sauce appeared on the market in 1941, allowing the product to be sold year-round. Cranberry sauce can be used with a variety of meats, including turkey, pork, chicken, and ham.
Cranberry sauce is often eaten in conjunction with turkey for Christmas in the United Kingdom and Canada or Thanksgiving in the United States and Canada, and it is only rarely eaten or served in other contexts there.
Preparation
The most basic cranberry sauce consists of cranberries boiled in sugar water until the berries pop and the mixture thickens. Some recipes include other ingredients such as slivered almonds, orange juice, orange zest, ginger, maple syrup, port, or cinnamon.
Commercial cranberry sauce
Commercial cranberry sauce may be loose and uncondensed, or condensed or jellied and sweetened with various ingredients. The jellied form may be slipped out of a can onto a dish, and served sliced or intact for slicing at the table.
See also
Lingonberry jam
Ocean Spray (cooperative)
Redcurrant sauce
References
Sauces
Christmas food
Thanksgiving food
Jams and jellies
Sauce | wiki |
Sharpiegate can refer to two separate controversies:
Hurricane Dorian–Alabama controversy, about a comment made by President Trump about Hurricane Dorian
Donald J. Trump for President v. Hobbs, alleging that Sharpies were used on some ballots, causing them to be rejected | wiki |
The Last Airbender Prequel: Zuko's Story is a graphic novel written by Dave Roman and Alison Wilgus and illustrated by Nina Matsumoto. It is a prequel to the 2010 The Last Airbender film, directed by M. Night Shyamalan, and was released on May 18, 2010. It is set before the events of The Last Airbender and centers around the character of Zuko immediately following his banishment. The characters were drawn to look as they do in the film, but characters who weren't in the film—such as Mai and Ty Lee—were drawn according to their original designs from the Avatar: The Last Airbender animated series.
Plot
An hour after the Agni Kai with Ozai, Prince Zuko wakes up in an infirmary. The comic starts with him running to his room, chased by Iroh. He dreams about the Agni Kai, crying violently, when he hears a knock on the door, he thinks is Ozai, but it is actually his 11-year-old sister, Azula, who has come to taunt him about his banishment. Through later events, she gets Zuko a ship, a crew and Iroh to come along. He scours the Western Air Temple, and visits Fire Sage Shyu, looking for information on the Avatar. In the Colonies, a man in a Red mask (the Red Spirit) steals from him, later teaching him to rely on swords rather than firebending to become the Blue Spirit. Then, Zuko goes to the Eastern Air Temple, and mistakes Pathik for the Avatar, due to his age. After a fight, Zuko demands Pathik to airbend, but winds up finding him not to be the Avatar. That night, Avatar Yangchen gives Pathik a vision of Zuko and the Avatar together, facing the world. Three years have passed since Zuko's journey began, with his intentions becoming less sinister. However, as he sees a light come from a distant iceberg in the Southern Water Tribe, the need to restore his honor returns to him. He smiles and says, "Finally".
References
2010 graphic novels
Zuko's Story
Prequel comics
Del Rey Manga | wiki |
The Illustrated Usk Observer (established in 1855) was a weekly English language newspaper with a conservative editorial point-of-view. It contained reports focusing on local news and information, with a special focus on agricultural matters and family interests. It was later succeeded by 'The Usk Observer'. Associated titles: The Usk Observer (1855–1866).
References
Newspapers published in Wales | wiki |
are issued to Japanese citizens to facilitate international travel. As of 2022, with holders able to travel visa-free to 193 countries and territories, it has been ranked as the most powerful passport in the world.
History
The first travel documents for overseas travel by Japanese citizens were introduced in 1866, near the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. These documents took the form of a stamped "letter of request" allowing Japanese citizens to travel overseas for business and educational purposes. The first person to be issued with a Japanese travel document was the acrobat and magician Namigorō Sumidagawa (ja:隅田川浪五郎), who received his travel document on 17 October 1866 in order to perform at the 1867 World's Fair held in Paris, France. The term "passport" was formally introduced into the Japanese language in 1878, and in 1900 the first regulations governing the usage of Japanese passports were introduced. The modern form of the Japanese passport first came about in 1926, and the first ICAO-compliant, machine-readable Japanese passports were introduced in 1992.
Types of passports
Ordinary passport: Issued to normal Japanese citizens.
Ordinary passports are issued in two different lengths of validity: 5 and 10 years. Japanese citizens up to 16 years of age can only be issued a 5 years passport, while those who are 17 years of age or older can choose either a 5 years (blue) or 10 years (red) passport for different registration fees.
Official passport: Issued to members of the National Diet and public servants.
Diplomatic passport: Issued to members of the Imperial Family, diplomats and their family members, and high-level government officials.
By convention, the Emperor and Empress of Japan do not hold a passport, as they cannot travel on a document issued in their own name.
Emergency passport: Issued to overseas Japanese nationals when machine-readable passports are unable to be issued by a diplomatic mission of Japan due to a malfunction and there is no time to wait for the passport to be issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, or to overseas Japanese nationals who failed to be issued a Travel Document for Return to Japan, valid for 1 year from date of issuance.
Travel Document for Return to Japan (ja:帰国のための渡航書): Emergency single-use travel document issued to overseas Japanese nationals to return to Japan, features a white cover with the Paulownia Government Seal of Japan. Invalidated immediately after use.
All Japanese passports issued after 20 March 2006 are biometric passports.
Japanese passports have the Chrysanthemum Imperial Seal of Japan inscribed in the centre of the front cover, with the Japanese characters reading Nipponkoku Ryoken (日本国旅券) inscribed above in seal script and its English translation JAPAN PASSPORT in Latin letters below the Seal. Ordinary passports valid for five years feature dark blue covers, and those valid for ten years feature crimson-coloured covers. Additionally, official passports feature dark green covers, and diplomatic passports feature dark brown covers.
Data page
Photo of the passport holder
Type
Issuing country
Passport number
Surname (possibly followed by a former surname or an alternative surname written in brackets)
Given name (possibly followed by an alternative give name written in brackets)
Nationality (Japan)
Date of birth
Sex
Registered Domicile
Date of issue
Date of expiry
Issuing authority
Signature of bearer
The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone.
Passport photo requirements
Photo for Japan passport should meet specific requirements:
Size: 35mm by 45mm and(pixels): 600 dpi minimum.
Head size and position: From chin to forehead should be 32mm to 36mm.
Photo must be in color.
Must be taken in the last 6 months.
Background: Solid white only. No other objects visible, like door, windows etc.
Neutral face expression.
2 passport photos per application.
Head cover is allowed for religious or medical reasons.
Passport note
The passports contain a note from the issuing country that is addressed to the authorities of all other countries, identifying the bearer as a citizen of that country and requesting that he or she be allowed to pass and be treated according to international norms. The note inside of Japanese passports states:
In Japanese:
日本国民である本旅券の所持人を通路故障なく旅行させ、かつ、同人に必要な保護扶助を与えられるよう、関係の諸官に要請する。 日本国外務大臣
In English:
The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan requests all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer, a Japanese national, to pass freely and without hindrance and, in case of need, to afford him or her every possible aid and protection.
Language
Japanese passports are entirely printed in both Japanese and English, except for the note of caution that is found at the end of the passport (e.g. on page 51 of the ten-year biometric ordinary passport), which is only printed in Japanese. This note contains information about what the bearer should know when encountering various situations in a foreign country.
The surname, given name and other personalised mentions (like registered domicile) are only indicated in Latin uppercase letters. Japanese names are in principle transcribed according to the Hepburn romanisation system, but exceptions are admitted in certain cases, notably when the name is the katakana transcription of a foreign name (such as Japanese spouse or Japanese child of a foreigner), in which case the original spelling of the name in the Latin alphabet may be used.
The signature may be written in any language and in any spelling the individual desires.
Visa requirements
Visa requirements for Japanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states which are placed on citizens of Japan. As of 6 August 2022, Japanese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 193 countries and territories, ranking the Japanese passport the strongest passport in the world in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Additionally, Arton Capital's Passport Index ranks the Japanese passport third strongest in the world with a mobility score of 169 (tied with Belgian, Danish, Irish, New Zealand, Polish, Portuguese and United States passports), as of 6 August 2022. However, suspension of visa waivers and travel restrictions toward Japanese passport holders since January 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic puts this statement into doubt.
As of , the passports of Japan, Brunei, Singapore and San Marino are the only ones to allow either visa-free entry or electronic travel authorisation to the world's four largest economies (based on purchasing power parity), namely China, India, the European Union and the United States.
Gallery of Japanese passports
See also
Japan Re-entry Permit
Foreign relations of Japan
Japanese nationality law
Visa requirements for Japanese citizens
Notes
References
External links
Passports by country
Law of Japan | wiki |
The most popular sport in Cameroon is football. The national team is traditionally one of the strongest teams on the African continent. They have participated in the World Cup 8 times, and in 1990 they reached the quarter-finals. It took extra time before England won the game 3–2. They have also won the African Cup of Nations 5 times as well as winning Olympic gold in Sydney in 2000. Among the most famous players are Roger Milla, Thomas N'Kono and Samuel Eto'o.
Competitions
National competitions
Cameroonian Football Federation, nicknamed Fécafoot, has been organizing the Cameroon Football Championship since 1961. The most titled Club is the Cotonsport Garoua, 12 times champion. The championship has been renamed "MTN Elite One" Since the 2007 season and sponsorship by the South African telephone operator MTN.
Cup
The Cameroonian Cup was created in 1960. The Canon Yaoundé won it eleven times.
National team
Cameroon national football team, dubbed "the Indomitable Lions", is one of the most successful in Africa, winning five times the African Cup of Nations (1984, 1988, 2000, 2002, 2017). in 1990, Cameroon became the first African country to reach the quarter-finals of the World Cup. In 2000, it won the Olympic Games.
International competitions
Cameroon organized the African Cup of Nations (CAN) in 1972, Yaoundé and Douala. The competition was won by the Congo. At that time congo was a single country
It also hosted the CEMAC Cup in 1988 and 2008.
Women's football
Cameroon women's national football team played its first game on 15 June 1991 in Nigeria (defeated 2–0) as Martin Spirit as Captain
. Cameroon has been runners up in Africa Women Cup of Nations in 1991, 2004 and 2014. The national team competed for the first time at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and first qualified for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.
References | wiki |
Achira may refer to:
Canna indica, also called achira and Canna edulis
Achyra, a village in western Greece
Achira, an antagonist from the animated series Extreme Ghostbusters | wiki |
ThinkFree Office é uma suíte de escritório escrito em Java que corre em plataformas Windows, Linux, Macintosh e Android.
Suítes de programas de escritório
Programas Unix
Programas para macOS
Programas para Windows | wiki |
An acharya is a guide or instructor in religious matters.
Acharya or Aacharya may also refer to:
Acharya (2022 film), an 2022 Indian Telugu film
Aacharya (2006 film), a 2006 Indian Tamil film
Acharya (Jainism), the head of an order of ascetics
Acharya (moth), a genus of moths of the family Erebidae
Acharya (surname), including a list of notable people with the name
Acharya Institute of Technology, an Indian educational institution
Acharya S (1960–2015), American Christ myth theorist
T. G. Raghavachari, known by the pseudonym Acharya | wiki |
Crime Classification Manual: A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes (1992) is a text on the classification of violent crimes by John E. Douglas, Ann W. Burgess, Allen G. Burgess and Robert K. Ressler. The publication is a result of a project by the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.
A second edition of the book was published in 2006, and added 155 pages of new information and research.
See also
FBI method of profiling
Offender profiling
Forensic psychology
References
External links
Crime Classification Manual
Crime Classification Manual
Criminology handbooks and manuals
Classification systems
Law enforcement techniques
Offender profiling
Criminal investigation
Forensic psychology
1992 non-fiction books | wiki |
Miniature Pigs, also called mini pig, or American Mini Pig. Pygmy pig, are small breeds of domestic pig, such as the Vietnamese Pot-Bellied pig, Göttingen minipig, Juliana pig, Choctaw hog, or Kunekune (and specimens derived by crossbreeding these breeds). Miniature pigs can usually be distinguished from other pigs by their pot belly, a swayed back, a chubby figure, a rounded head, a short snout, short legs, a short neck, and a tail with thick hair at the end. Typically, miniature pigs will range in weight from about to .
History
In the 1960s, Chinese pigs that grew to be were sent to zoos in Western cities and were used for medical research in the fields of toxicology, pharmacology, pulmonology, cardiology, aging, and as a source of organs for organ transplantation. These comparatively smaller pigs were easier to work with than larger pig breeds, which typically reach weights of .
In the mid-1980s, Keith Connell of the Bowmanville Zoo in Ontario imported breeding Vietnamese Pot-Bellied pigs to Canada, which became the foundation for the pot-bellied pig in North America. The breed is known for its small stature, swayed back, and pronounced pot belly. Because of custom laws, only their offspring could be sold in the United States. U.S. zoos were the main target for the piglets, but private owners soon began purchasing them as pets. Pet pot-bellied pigs started to appear everywhere; from New York apartment complexes to small suburban residences. Up to five additional imports were made in the following 10 years. To track the pedigrees, the Potbellied Pig Registry Service, Inc (PPRSI) was created to preserve these bloodlines and establish a breed registry in the United States. This registry was dissolved in the late 1990s. Today, most pot-bellied pigs are little to never purebred, as the pure breed is critically endangered.
The Miniature Potbellied Pig Registry Service, Inc (MPPRSI) was established in 1993 to provide a registry for those pigs who were pedigreed in the PPRSI and met the breed standard, when fully grown not being more than tall and weighing under . All of the foundation pigs were dual registered in the PPRSI and MPPRSI.
Beginning in the late 1960s at the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics (Institut für Tierzucht und Haustiergenetik) at the University of Göttingen, Germany, the Göttingen minipig was developed by crossbreeding the Minnesota minipig, the Vietnamese Pot-Bellied pig and the German Landrace pig. It is considered the smallest breed of domestic pig in the world.
Medical research
Miniature pigs have been used for medical research, including toxicology, pharmacology, experimental surgery, pulmonology, cardiology, xenotransplantation, orthopedic procedures and aging studies. Mini pigs are mainly used for biochemical, anatomical, and physiological similarities to humans. They are also quick to develop, making it easier to breed and have more genomic background compared to other animal models of toxicology. Today, more than 60,000 pigs are used for scientific research. For example, scientists are working on studying the possibility of utilizing pig hearts for human heart organ transplants, and work has been done to genetically modify the tissues of pigs to be accepted by the human immune system.
As pets
Miniature pigs are commonly kept as pets.
Realistic sizes of pigs vary from pig to pig; genetics drives the growth, along with appropriate nutrition and care. Domesticated miniature pigs can vary from 75 lbs to 200lbs. About Micro Pigs and their size - UK</ref> However, since pigs can breed years before they fully mature, unscrupulous or ignorant breeders may show off parent pigs which are not fully grown themselves, so have not reached their full adult size.
Domesticated pigs are often trained to urinate and defecate in litter boxes, which they learn very quickly. Typically, pine pellets or pine shreds are used. They also can be trained on dog pee pads. They can also be trained to ring a bell by a door when they need to go outside.
In the U.S. as well as Canada, laws may vary on if a pet pig can be kept, depending on the location. If there are no laws regarding pet pigs, some areas may consider a pig to be exclusively known as livestock; some towns and cities have ordinances disallowing farm animals within city limits. However, one can petition city councils and have outdated ordinances amended before a pig is introduced into a household, since many ordinances were put into place before the pot-bellied pig was even introduced to the U.S.
Pig therapy
Pigs have been used in various types of animal-assisted therapy to perform duties in facilities including airports, hospitals, nursing homes, and special-needs schools, or as emotional support animals for individuals with conditions such as autism or anxiety and veterans with PTSD. Two well-known miniature pigs named Thunder and Bolt trained by children to certified animal therapy status have been put to work in a number of nursing homes, schools and a hospital.
Other notable references
A Yucatan miniature pig is the unofficial mascot of the Animal Rescue League of Boston.
The world's smallest wild pig species is the long wild pygmy hog which lives in Assam, India. It is a critically endangered wild species, not appropriate for domestication.
See also
Wuzhishan pig
References
Mammals as pets
Pig breeds originating in Canada | wiki |
The Royal Households of the United Kingdom consists of royal officials and the supporting staff of the British Royal Family, as well as the Royal Household which supports the Sovereign. Each member of the Royal Family who undertakes public duties has his own separate Household.
King George V (1865–1936) was created Duke of York in 1892, and received a separate household together with his brother. Courtiers appointed to assist the Prince George of Wales until that year had been part of his parents´ household. After his marriage to Princess Mary of Teck in 1893 they shared the Household of the Duke and Duchess of York.
On the accession of his father, King Edward VII in January 1901, George automatically inherited the dukedom of Cornwall and was known as the Duke of Cornwall and York until the following November, when he was appointed Prince of Wales. From 1901 until his accession in 1910 he and his wife shared the Household of the Prince and Princess of Wales, but several appointments were to either the Prince or the Princess (e.g. they each had separate Lords Chamberlain and Private Secretaries).
When he became King, his household was known as the Household of the Sovereign 1910–1936.
Queen Mary (1867–1953) received a separate household upon her husband's accession, the Household of the Queen. From 1936, it was known as the Household of Queen Mary.
Household of the Duke of York 1892–1893 and Household of the Duke and Duchess of York 1893–1901
Controller and Treasurer
1892–1901: Major General Sir Francis Walter de Winton, GCMG, CB
Household of the Prince and Princess of Wales 1901–1910
Comptroller and Treasurer
1901–?: Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Sir William H. P. Carington, KCVO, CB
Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales
1901–1910: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Arthur Bigge, GCVO, KCB, KCSI, KCMG, ISO (later Baron Stamfordham)
Lords of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales
1901–?: Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock, GCSI, GCIE, KCB
1901–1907: Charles Cavendish, 3rd Baron Chesham, KCB
1908–1910: Luke White, 3rd Baron Annaly
Master of the Stables
1901–1910: Captain the Hon. William Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam
Equerries to the Prince of Wales
1901–?: Commander Sir Charles L. Cust, Bart., CMG, MVO, Royal Navy
1901–1910: the Hon. Derek V. G. Keppel, CMG, CIE, MVO, VD
1901–?: Captain the Viscount Crichton, DSO
1901–1910: Captain Bryan G. Godfrey-Faussett, CMG, MVO, Royal Navy
Extra Equerries to the Prince of Wales
1901–1910: Captain Rosslyn Erskine-Wemyss, MVO, Royal Navy
1901–?: Major James Henry Bor, CMG, Royal Marine Artillery
1901–1910: Captain the Hon. William Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam
Groom of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales
1902–1910: Edward William Wallington, CMG
Lord Chamberlain to the Princess of Wales
1901–1910: Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, KCVO
Private Secretary to the Princess of Wales
1901–1910: Honourable Alexander Nelson Hood
Equerry to the Princess of Wales
1901–?: Frank Dugdale, Esq.
Ladies of the Bedchamber to the Princess of Wales
1901–1910: Mabell Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie
1901–1902: Ida Frances Bridgeman, Countess of Bradford
1902–1903: Mary Cochrane-Baillie, Baroness Lamington
Women of the Bedchamber to the Princess of Wales
1901–?: Lady Eva Dugdale
1901–?: Lady Mary Forbes-Trefusis
Extra Women of the Bedchamber to the Princess of Wales
1901–?: Lady Katharine Coke
Domestic Chaplain
1901–1910: Reverend Canon John Neale Dalton, CVO, CMG
Household of King George V 1910–1936
Master of the Horse
1910–1915: Bernard Forbes, 8th Earl of Granard, KP, GCVO
1915–1922: Edwyn Scudamore-Stanhope, 10th Earl of Chesterfield, KG, GCVO
1922–1924: Thomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath, KG, CB
1924–1936: Bernard Forbes, 8th Earl of Granard, KP, GCVO
Lord Steward
1910–1915: Edwyn Scudamore-Stanhope, 10th Earl of Chesterfield, KG, GCVO
1915–1922: Horace Farquhar, Viscount Farquhar, GCB, GCVO (later Earl Farquhar)
1922–1936: Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, KP, GCVO, CBE
Lord Chamberlain
1910–1912: Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer, GCVO
1912–1921: William Mansfield, 1st Viscount Sandhurst, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO
1921–1922: John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, KT, GCVO, CB
1922–1936: Rowland Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer, GCB, GCIE, GCVO
Master of the Household
1910–1912: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Arthur Frederick, GCVO, KCB
1912–1936: Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Sir Derek W. G. Keppel, GCVO, KCB, CMG, CIE, VD
Deputy Master of the Household
1910–1912: the Hon. Sir Derek W. G. Keppe, KCVO, CMG, CIE, VDl
Crown Equerry
1910–1924: Captain the Hon. Sir William Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam, GCVO
Equerries
1910–1936: Captain Sir Bryan G. Godfrey-Faussett, GCVO, CMG, Royal Navy
1927–? : Colonel George Camborne Beauclerk Paynter, CMG, DSO
Household of Queen Mary 1910–1953
Lord Chamberlain to the Queen
1910–1922: Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, KP, KCVO, CBE
1922–1947: Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey, GCVO
1947–1953: ?
Treasurers to the Queen
1910–1919: Honourable Sir Alexander Nelson Hood, KCVO
Ladies of the Bedchamber to the Queen
1910–?: Mabell Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie, GCVO, GBE
1910–27: Lady Mary Forbes-Trefusis
See also
Royal Households of the United Kingdom
Household of Edward VII and Alexandra
References
George V
Royal households
Mary of Teck | wiki |
Office Office is an Indian Hindi-language television sitcom that premiered on SAB TV on 3 September 2001. The show was a satirical take on the prevalent corruption in India. The series starred Pankaj Kapur in the role of Mussadilal.
Cast
Pankaj Kapur as Mussadi Lal
Manoj Pahwa as Bhatia
Deven Bhojani as Patel
Asawari Joshi as Ushaji
Sanjay Mishra as Shukla
Hemant Pandey as Pandeyji
Vrajesh Hirjee as Patel (Season 2)
Eva Grover as Tina Sharma
Production
The filming took place at Gemini studios and Kamalistan studio in Mumbai.
Reception
This show received positive responses for its storyline and won the 'Best Comedy' award at the 'RAPA Awards' in 2001 and 2002.
Sequels and film adaptation
A follow up series to Office Office, Naya Office Office was launched on Star One in 2007. A comic book series based on the show was also launched The books were published by Prakash Books.
A film based on series titled Chala Mussaddi... Office Office was released on 5 August 2011 and opened to mostly negative reviews from critics.
References
External links
Hindi comedy shows
Sony SAB original programming
Indian comedy television series
Indian television sitcoms
Workplace comedy television series
Television shows adapted into films
2001 Indian television series debuts
2000s satirical television series
Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming | wiki |
Chilombo may refer to:
Albums
Chilombo (album), 2020 studio album by Jhené Aiko
American singers
Miyoko Chilombo (born 1981) the 1990–1993 (former) Kidsongs Kid
Jahi Chilombo (born 1984) the 1992–1993 (former) Kidsongs Kid
Miyagi Chilombo (born 1986) the 1993 (former) Kidsongs Kid
Jamila Chilombo (born 1982), a.k.a. Mila J
Jhene Aiko Chilombo (born 1988), a.k.a. Jhené Aiko | wiki |
A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or ink. A paintbrush is usually made by clamping bristles to a handle with a ferrule. They are available in various sizes, shapes, and materials. Thicker ones are used for filling in, and thinner ones are used for details. They may be subdivided into decorators' brushes used for painting and decorating and artists' brushes use for visual art.
History
Paintbrushes were used by man as early as the Paleolithic era in around 2.5 million years ago in order to apply pigment.
Ancient Egyptian paintbrushes were made of split palm leaves and used by ancestors to beautify their surroundings. The oldest brushes ever found were also made of animal hair.
Brush parts
Bristles: Transfer paint onto the substrate surface
Ferrule: Retains the bristles and attaches them to the handle
Handle: The intended interface between the user and the tool
Trade painter's brushes
Brushes for use in non-artistic trade painting are geared to applying an even coat of paint to relatively large areas. Following are the globally recognized handles of trade painter's brushes:
Gourd Handle: Ergonomic design that reduces stress on the wrist and hand whilst painting.
Short Handle: The shorter handle provides greater precision when painting small spaces such as corners, trims & detail areas.
Flat Beavertail Handle: This shape is rounded and slightly flattened to fit perfectly into the palm of the hand whilst painting.
Square Handle: Square shaped handle with bevelled corners is featured mainly in trim or sash brushes and is comfortable to hold when painting.
Rat Tail Handle: This handle is longer & thinner than the standard making it easy to hold to give greater control.
Long Handle: Rounded and thin, a long handle is easy to hold like a pencil giving great control & precision when cutting in & painting tricky spaces.
Decorators' brushes
The sizes of brushes used for painting and decorating.
Decorators' brush sizes
Decorators' brush sizes are given in millimeters (mm) or inches (in), which refers to the width of the head. Common sizes are:
Metric: 10 mm, 20 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm, 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, 100 mm.
Customary: in, in, in, in, in, in, in, 1 in, in, in, 2 in, in, 3 in, in, 4 in.
Decorators' brush shapes
Angled: For painting edges, bristle length viewed from the wide face of the brush uniformly decrease from one end of the brush to the other
Flat: For painting flat surfaces, bristle length viewed from the wide face of the brush does not change
Tapered: Improves control, the bristle length viewed from the narrow face of the brush is longer in the center and tapers toward the edges
Striker: Large round (cylindrical) brush for exterior painting difficult areas
Decorators' brush bristles
Bristles may be natural or synthetic. If the filaments are synthetic, they may be made of polyester, nylon or a blend of nylon and polyester.
Filaments can be hollow or solid and can be tapered or untapered. Brushes with tapered filaments give a smoother finish.
Synthetic filaments last longer than natural bristles. Natural bristles are preferred for oil-based paints and varnishes, while synthetic brushes are better for water-based paints as the bristles do not expand when wetted.
A decorator judges the quality of a brush based on several factors: filament retention, paint pickup, steadiness of paint release, brush marks, drag and precision painting. A chiseled brush permits the painter to cut into tighter corners and paint more precisely.
Brush handles may be made of wood or plastic while ferrules are metal (usually nickel-plated steel).
Artists' brushes
Short handled brushes are usually used for flat or slightly tilted work surfaces such as watercolor painting and ink painting, while long handled brushes are held horizontally while working on a vertical canvas such as for oil paint or acrylic paint.
Artist's brush shapes
The styles of brush tip seen most commonly are:
Round: pointed tip, long closely arranged bristles for detail.
Flat: for spreading paint quickly and evenly over a surface. They will have longer hairs than their Bright counterpart.
Bright: shorter than flats. Flat brushes with short stiff bristles, good for driving paint into the weave of a canvas in thinner paint applications, as well as thicker painting styles like impasto work.
Filbert: flat brushes with domed ends. They allow good coverage and the ability to perform some detail work.
Fan: for blending broad areas of paint.
Angle: like the filbert, these are versatile and can be applied in both general painting application as well as some detail work.
Mop: a larger format brush with a rounded edge for broad soft paint application as well as for getting thinner glazes over existing drying layers of paint without damaging lower layers to protect the paintbrush
Rigger: round brushes with longish hairs, traditionally used for painting the rigging in pictures of ships. They are useful for fine lines and are versatile for both oils and watercolors.
Stippler and deer-foot stippler: short, stubby rounds
Liner: elongated rounds
Dagger looks like angle with longish hairs, used for one stroke painting like painting long leaves.
Scripts: highly elongated rounds
Egbert : a filbert with extra long hair, used for oil painting
Some other styles of brush include:
Sumi: Similar in style to certain watercolor brushes, also with a generally thick wooden or metal handle and a broad soft hair brush that when wetted should form a fine tip. Also spelled Sumi-e (墨絵, Ink wash painting).
Hake (刷毛): An Asian style of brush with a large broad wooden handle and an extremely fine soft hair used in counterpoint to traditional Sumi brushes for covering large areas. Often made of goat hair.
Spotter: Round brushes with just a few short bristles. These brushes are commonly used in spotting photographic prints.
Stencil: A round brush with a flat top used on stencils to ensure the bristles don't get underneath. Also used to create texture.
Artists' brush sizes
Artists' brushes are usually given numbered sizes, although there is no exact standard for their physical dimensions. From smallest to largest, the sizes are: 20/0, 12/0, 10/0, 7/0, 6/0, 5/0, 4/0 (also written 0000), 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 2 inch, 4 inch, 6 inch, and 8 inch. Brushes as fine as 30/0 are manufactured by major companies, but are not a common size. Sizes 000 to 20 are most common.
Artists' brush bristles
Bristles may be natural—either soft hair or hog bristle—or synthetic.
Types include:
watercolor brushes which are usually made of sable, synthetic sable or nylon;
oil painting brushes which are usually made of sable or bristle;
acrylic brushes which are almost entirely nylon or synthetic.
Turpentine or thinners used in oil painting can destroy some types of synthetic brushes. However, innovations in synthetic bristle technology have produced solvent resistant synthetic bristles suitable for use in all media. Natural hair, squirrel, badger or sable are used by watercolorists due to their superior ability to absorb and hold water.
Soft hair brushes The best of these are made from kolinsky sable, other red sables, or miniver (Russian squirrel winter coat; tail) hair. Sabeline is ox hair dyed red to look like red sable and sometimes blended with it. Camel hair is a generic term for a cheaper and lower quality alternative, usually ox. It can be other species, or a blend of species, but never includes camel. Pony, goat, mongoose and badger hair are also used.
Hog bristle Often called China bristle or Chungking bristle. This is stiffer and stronger than soft hair. It may be bleached or unbleached.
Synthetic bristles These are made of special multi-diameter extruded nylon filament, Taklon or polyester. These are becoming ever more popular with the development of new water based paints.
Artists' brush handles
Artists' brush handles are commonly wooden but can also be made of molded plastic. Many mass-produced handles are made of unfinished raw wood; better quality handles are of seasoned hardwood. The wood is sealed and lacquered to give the handle a high-gloss, waterproof finish that reduces soiling and swelling.
Metal ferrules may be of aluminum, nickel, copper, or nickel-plated steel. Quill ferrules are also found: these give a different "feel" to the brush, and are staple of French-style aquarel wash brushes.
References
Painting materials
Hand tools | wiki |
Ganzeltopf is a traditional Alsatian goose dish, popular at Christmas, prepared much like a conserve and simmered in the oven with winter vegetables and eaten with a bottle of Sylvaner. Alsace is a region situated in the East of France along the Rhine river. It was part of Germany until being annexed by France after the Thirty Years' War.
External links
Idée recette pour les fêtes; la ganzeltopf
References
Christmas food
Alsatian cuisine | wiki |
A welcoming congregation can be:
Any of several LGBT-affirming religious groups and their LGBT welcoming programs such as,
Unitarian Universalist (UU) communities that have gone through the UU Welcoming Congregation program | wiki |
The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league, which as of the end of its 2021 season, consists of 32 teams. These teams are divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC), and both conferences contain four divisions with four teams each. Since its formation in 1920, as the American Professional Football Association (APFA), NFL game results have been recorded. Games in the NFL can either end with a winner and a loser, or the two teams can tie. Ties are registered as a half-win and a half-loss when calculating the win–loss percentage.
One of only two charter members of the NFL still in existence, the Chicago Bears have played the most games (1,452) and recorded the most ties (42) in NFL regular season history. Their NFC North divisional rivals, the Green Bay Packers have recorded the most wins (790) in NFL history. The league's other still-active charter member, the Arizona Cardinals, have recorded the most regular season losses (790), through the end of the 2022 season. The Dallas Cowboys hold the highest regular season win–loss percentage (), with a 550–408–6 record through the end of the 2022 season. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers maintain the lowest regular season win–loss percentage (), holding a 299–442–1 record through 2022. Being the most-recently founded franchise in the NFL, the Houston Texans have recorded the fewest games played (338) and wins (142). The Baltimore Ravens have recorded the fewest losses (190). Through the end of the 2022 regular season, the Jacksonville Jaguars are the only team yet to record a tie.
Following the regular season, teams that won their respective divisions, in addition to three wild card teams determined by a conference's next best three teams—regardless of division—qualify for the league's postseason, called the playoffs. Ties cannot occur in the playoffs. The Dallas Cowboys have played in the most playoff games (65), through the end of 2022–23 NFL Wild Card round. The New England Patriots have the most playoff wins (37) and the highest playoff win–loss percentage (), with a 37–22 record, as of the end of the same Wild Card round. The Minnesota Vikings have recorded the most playoff losses (31), whereas the Detroit Lions have the lowest playoff win–loss percentage (), holding a 7–13 record. The Houston Texans have the fewest games played (10), wins (4), and losses (6) in NFL playoff history.
The NFL officially counts and includes the statistical records logged by teams that played in the American Football League (AFL) as part of NFL history. Therefore, these teams' pre-merger win–loss records are accounted for. However, the NFL does not officially count All-America Football Conference statistics, despite the 1950 NFL–AAFC merger.
Regular season
The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their regular season win–loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of week 18 of the 2021 NFL season.
Playoffs
The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their playoff win–loss percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2022–23 AFC and NFC Conference Championship Games.
Notes
References
National Football League lists
NFL
National Football League records and achievements | wiki |
This is a list of hotels that have 3,000 or more guest accommodation rooms. Since 2020, the largest hotel in the world is the First World Hotel in Malaysia with 7,351 rooms divided between two buildings. The largest single hotel building is MGM Grand Las Vegas, with 5,124 rooms in one building.
Largest hotels in the world
See also
List of largest hotels in Europe
List of tallest hotels
Lists of hotels
List of motels
Notes
References
Largest
Hotels
Hotels | wiki |
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