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The Right Man is a 1925 American silent drama film.
The Right Man may also refer to:
The Right Man, a novel by June Boland
The Right Man, a novel by Marie Ferrarella
The Right Man, a novel by Nigel Planer
"The Right Man", a song by Christina Aguilera from Back to Basics
"The Right Man", a song by The Units
The Right Man: The Surprise Presidency of George W. Bush, a book by David Frum
The Right Man a 1960 TV movie starring John Alexander | wiki |
MX IGP may refer to:
GeForce2 MX IGP
GeForce4 MX IGP | wiki |
Assize is a word sometimes used in Scots law to mean a trial by jury.
References
Statutory law by country
Scots law | wiki |
Sonnet 78 is one of 154 sonnets published by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare in 1609. It is one of the Fair Youth sequence, and the first of the mini-sequence known as the Rival Poet sonnets, thought to be composed some time from 1598 to 1600.
Exegesis
Invoking the youth as his muse, the speaker finds, has helped his poetry by providing direct inspiration, and this perhaps also refers to the help provided through patronage. The speaker notes that other poets have appropriated his way of invoking the young man, and this has helped them distribute their poetry, perhaps by being published, or by otherwise finding readers. The poet's strategy in this sonnet is to portray himself as ignorant and lacking in talent, but the second quatrain in lines 5 and 6 introduces sarcastic mock humility, by the ridiculousness of the image of croaking ("taught the dumb on high to sing"), paired with the image of heavy objects flying about ("heavy ignorance aloft to fly"). This is followed by the hyperbole of young men adding double majesty to grace. The poet encourages the youth to appreciate his work more, because the youth has wholly inspired the poet's works, and this primacy of his invocation has elevated him to the level of the most learned.
Structure
Sonnet 78 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the rhyme scheme, abab cdcd efef gg and is composed in iambic pentameter, a metre based on five feet in each line, and two syllables in each foot, accented weak/strong. Most of the lines are regular iambic pentameter, including the 5th line:
× / × / × / × / × /
Thine eyes, that taught the dumb on high to sing (78.5)
/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.
Analysis
According to Helen Vendler, "Shakespeare excels in a form of verbal emphasis pointing up the conceptual oppositions of his verse." In this first poem of the Rival Poet sequence, "a firm antithesis is drawn between the putatively rude speaker and the other poets clustered round the young man." They are all "learned" and practicing both art and style, while "the poor speaker's ignorance is twice insisted on, as is his muteness (he was dumb) before he saw the young man."
The poem gives us directions as to how we should read it and which words we should emphasize: "The words of the couplet tie — art, high, learning [learnèd], ignorance — repeat in little the topics that are under dispute."
Michael Schoenfeldt notes, "the more whimsical complimentary sonnets, such as 78… such sonnets may be fanciful, but they are not frivolous… Read from the right angle, so to speak, they can be very beautiful, or at least delightful; and in them, as elsewhere Shakespeare is inventing some game or other and playing it out to its conclusion in deft and surprising ways.
The words "pen", "feather", and "style" — used in stanza 1, 2, and 3 respectively — seem to be related. The word "pen" derives from the Latin word penna meaning feather, and in the Renaissance referred to a quill pen, and also was occasionally used to indicate a "feather". The word "style" in line 11 means a writer's literary style, though it also could be used as a synonym for "pen"; it derives from the Latin stilus meaning a writing instrument.
"Dumb", "ignorance", "learned's", and "grace" are nouns that occur in the second stanza. The words "dumb" and "ignorance" could indicate the poet. "Learned" and "grace" could indicate a particular rival.
In line 7, the poet uses a "metaphor from falconry and refers to the practice of imping, engrafting extra feathers in the wing of a bird" in order to improve the health and flight of the bird. There are Italian allusions in Sonnet 78. For example, the phrase "penna d'ingegno" in Petrarch's sonnet 307, which means “pen of genius”, is analogous to Shakespeare's phrase “learned's wing”. The reference to falconry is often noted, but not the reference to Petrarch's sonnet.
In line 12's "graces" and "graced", Shakespeare uses a stylistic figure known as polyptoton – the use of words that share the same root. The figure here occurs as a demonstration of what is stated in line 8.
In line 13's phrase "thou art all my art" Shakespeare uses a rhetorical device known as antanaclasis, in which a word is used twice in different senses. The effect of the antanaclasis works as a metaphor for the basic meaning of the clause: "the beloved's being and the speaker's art are one and the same thing". Joel Fineman suggests an alternative interpretation: "Instead of 'thou art all my art', writing itself stands — not subtly, but explictiy —between the poet's first and second persons. Writing itself (the same writing written by "I" the poet and by the "thou" of the young man) gives the poet an ontological and poetic art of interference whose transference both is and is not what it is supposed to be"
Context
Sonnet 78 we find out about a rival who's male and a poet and whose entry initiates an episode of jealousy that comes to a close in only Sonnet 86. The rivalry between the poets may appear to be literary, but, according to the critic Joseph Pequigney, it is in reality a sexual rivalry. This is disturbing because the subject in the sonnet is one that the persona has found erotically profitable, in part because the other poet may be superior in learning and style. Shakespeare is not concerned with poetic triumph he is vying only for the prize of a fair friend. The combat between the two rivals is indirect and the speaker never addresses his literary adversary and only mentions his beloved. It is the body language of Sonnet 78 (the first in the series) 79, 80 and 84 that serves to convert the topic of letters into that of eroticism. Shakespeare is known for his usage of puns and double meaning on words. So it isn't surprising that he uses wordplay in the first quatrain on "pen" for the male appendage, or, as a Stein-cum-Joyce might say, "a pen is a penis a pen," is fully utilized. The poet remarks at 78.4, "every alien pen hath got my use," where "alien" = 'of a stranger' and "use," besides 'literary practice,' can = 'carnal enjoyment.' These sexual allusions are made in passing; they are overtones, restricted to a line or two.
Debate in Sonnet 78
In Sonnet 78, Shakespeare has a mock debate between the young man and himself: "The mock-debate of the sonnet is: should the young man be prouder of Shakespeare's poem compiled out of rude ignorance, or of those of his more learned admirers?" This question is followed by a mock answer: "The mock answer is that the young man should be prouder of having taught a hitherto dumb admirer to sing, and of having advanced ignorance as high as learning, because these achievements on his part testify more impressively to his originally power than his (slighter) accomplishments with respect to his learned poets — he but mends their style and graces their arts." The debate that Shakespeare presents is "in a Petrarchan logical structure, with a clearly demarcated octave and sestet." Shakespeare exhibits his present art as at least equal to that of his rivals. He accomplishes this "by first resorting to a country-bumpkin, fairy-tale idiot-son role, presenting himself as a Cinderella, so to speak, raised from the cinders to the skies."
According to Helen Vendler,
The most interesting grammatical move in the poem is the use in Q2 of aspectual description: not "thou hast" as we would expect — to parallel the later "thou dost" and "thou art" — but thine eyes...have. The eyes govern the only four-line syntactic span (the rest of the poem is written in two-line units). We are made to pause for a two-line relative clause between thine eyes and its verb, have; in between subject and predicate we find ... the poet twice arising, once to sing, once to fly:
Thine eyes, that taught the dumb on high to sing,
And heavy ignorance aloft to fly,
Have added...
Vendler compares the speaker's praise of the young man (sonnet 78) to his praise of the mistress's eyes (sonnet 132): "The speaker's yearning aspectual praise of the young man's eyes is comparable to his praise of the mistress' eyes in 132 (Thine eyes i love) the difference between direct second-person pronominal address to the beloved and third-person aspectual description of one of the beloved's attributes is exploited here and in 132."
Towards the end of the second quatrain, Vendler begins to question some of the metaphors and figurative language that Shakespeare has used: "Does the learned's wing need added feathers? Coming after the first soaring of the speak, the heavy added feathers and given grace seem phonetically leaden, while later the line arts with thy sweet graces graced by suggest that the learned verse has become surfeited with elaboration." Another author, R.J.C. Wait, has a contrasting view of the learned wings. "The learneds wings represents another poet to whom Southampton has given inspiration."
The last two lines of the sonnet, the couplet, begins "but thou art my art." According to Vendler, "the phonetically and grammatically tautological pun — 'Thou art all my art ' — which conflates the copula and its predicate noun, enacts that plain mutual render, only me for thee (125) aspired to by the Sonnets and enacts as well the poet's simplicity contrasted with the affectations of the learned."
Rival Poet
"Shakespeare's sonnets 78-86 concern the Speaker's rivalry with other poets and especially with one 'better spirit' who is 'learned' and 'polished'". In Sonnet 78 we find out about a rival who is male and a poet and whose entry initiates an episode of jealousy that comes to a close in only Sonnet 86 These sonnets are considered to be the Rival Poet sonnets. The rival poet sonnets include three primary figures; the fair youth, the rival poet, and the lady who is desired by both men.
It is not known for certain whether he rival poet of sonnets 78 to 86 is fictional or is based on an actual person. Some suggest he may be George Chapman, Christopher Marlowe, Samuel Daniel, Michael Drayton, Barnabe Barnes, Gervase Markham, or Richard Barnfield.
Notes
Further reading
British poems
Sonnets by William Shakespeare | wiki |
Group F of the 1986 FIFA World Cup was one of the groups of the 1986 FIFA World Cup. The group's first round of matches began on 2 June and its last matches were played on 11 June. Most matches were played at the Estadio Universitario and the Estadio Tecnológico in Monterrey. After the first four matches yielded just two goals, locals dubbed it the "Group of Sleep". Morocco surprisingly topped the group, joined in the second round by England and Poland. Portugal were the other team in this group, making their first appearance since 1966.
Morocco drew their first two matches 0–0 against Poland and England, while Portugal defeated England in their opening match 1–0, but were themselves beaten by Poland by the same scoreline. England's match against Morocco featured their first sending-off in a World Cup, when Ray Wilkins was shown a red card after throwing the ball which struck the referee when an offside decision went against England. Thus, Poland led the group after two games, with Portugal in second place on goals scored. However, England defeated Poland 3–0 with a first half hat-trick from Gary Lineker to take second place behind Morocco, who beat Portugal 3–1 with goals from Abderrazak Khairi and Abdelkrim Merry. Poland, in third, only qualified for the second round as one of the four best third-place finishers.
Standings
Matches
Morocco vs Poland
Portugal vs England
England vs Morocco
Poland vs Portugal
England vs Poland
Portugal vs Morocco
References
Group F
group
Poland at the 1986 FIFA World Cup
Group
Portugal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup | wiki |
Panna Maria may refer to:
Mary (mother of Jesus) (Polish, Czech, and Slovak; literally: Virgin Mary)
Panna Maria, Texas | wiki |
Confections of the English Renaissance span a wide range of products. All were heavily based on sugar, which was a relatively new development. Many were considered to have medicinal properties – a belief that was influenced by the Arabic use of sugar as a medicine and that carried over from medieval sugar usage. In the mid-sixteenth century, sugar became cheaper and more widely available to the general populace due to European colonization of the New World. It began to be used more as a flavouring, preservative, and sweetener, as it is today, rather than as medicine.
Origins
Before the Renaissance era, confections typically consisted of exotic imports from the Mediterranean and the Middle East such as almonds, citrus fruits, rosewater, spices, and sometimes, sugar. The exclusivity and high cost of ingredients made confectionery a respected trade. While sugarcane had been known in Europe since Roman times, it had previously been dismissed in favor of honey as a sweetener. It became more widely used after Arabs and Persians developed the process that produces refined sugar.
Italian traders were instrumental in the trade of sugar and other confections from the Middle East to Europe, especially in the Middle Ages. Venice was a particularly important trading hub, very dominant in the diffusion of Arabic sugar skills and medicine. Sugar became more common in Europe starting in the 1420s, after Portuguese colonies began to cultivate sugarcane and overtook imports from the Middle East. The price of sugar dropped significantly after New World imports began to dominate the market in the mid-sixteenth century. This allowed for the increased production of sweetmeats as desserts, and the confectioner could expand his market to people beyond the upper classes. Originally associated with medicine, sugar's role as a main ingredient in confections and preservatives became more popular in the early Renaissance. Noblewomen would engage in confectionery as a hobby, which partly gave rise to the tradition of banquets in England.
Colonialism
Renaissance confectionery was heavily reliant on sugar. Colonization in the New World did not significantly affect the sugar trade until the mid-sixteenth century. Spanish colonies in the Canaries and Portuguese colonies in the Azores, Madeira, and São Tomé were the first to use slaves to produce sugar. The West Indies soon proved to be more conducive to sugarcane production and colonizing countries sent Africans as slaves to work on sugarcane plantations there from the early sixteenth century. The Atlantic slave trade fuelled sugar production and imports into England and continued for centuries until its abolition in 1807. Voyages were deadly due to torturous conditions on ships, and plantation work was laborious and slaves would often perish from the physical stress. Planting sugarcane involved digging pits in a way that plows could not, then harvesting it and crushing it in sugar mills to produce sugar. Additionally, the crop itself was more labour-intensive that other cash crops such as cotton. The sugar slave trade is considered to be the first occurrence of mass slavery since Roman times.
Types
Sweetmeats
"Sweetmeats" is a term that encompasses a wide range of confections prepared with sugar. Quince was a versatile and popular fruit in the Renaissance. It was used for medicinal preparations and eaten preserved, jellied, and as the main ingredient in marmalades. Marmalade in the Renaissance was a quince paste cooked in sugar, sometimes enhanced with rosewater, spices, perfumes such as musk, and fruit juices. It would be set in decorative moulds and could be served with comfits placed on top.
Syrup is a sugar-based confection made by boiling sugar and water, either served alone or with candied fruits or other flavourings. Syrups as a fruit preservative gained popularity with the lower classes once the price of sugar dropped in the late sixteenth century. Before this, upper-class women made it at home. The use of syrup as a preservative originated in Arabic countries; England was exposed to it through the import of preserved citrus fruits.
Conserves were made "by pounding fresh herbs, flowers or fruits with sugar to form a thick, sticky mass." They were most often made with aromatic flowers and could be enhanced with medicinal ingredients. Some popular examples include the conserves of red roses, marigolds, violets, chicory, rosemary, lavender, barberries, apricots, and oranges.
Biscuits were present both at court banquets and in the household. Their name means "twice-cooked", alluding to the method of baking that gives them a crispy crust. Another method of preparation was to boil the dough in a sugar syrup, resulting in a different texture. Biscuits would be made into a variety of shapes, such as letters and knots, and frequently served at court. Marchpane, made from almond paste, rosewater, and powdered sugar, was easily moulded into any form. Wafers were made by cooking batter between patterned irons and could be rolled into a cone and filled with something sweet. They could be flavoured with orangeflower water or coffee.
Comfits
A comfit was a spice, seed, or nut coated with sugar. One of the first confections, it originated in the Middle East as a medicine for indigestion and reached Europe through Italian merchants. It was the main specialty of confectioners in Renaissance England and was sold in apothecaries as well. To make a comfit, confectioners used a balancing pan to lay out the food being covered and subsequently coated it with gum arabic to prevent oils from disturbing the sugar coat. Finally, multiple layers of sugar syrup were applied and the comfits were dried in the sun. The final layers usually included a colourant such as saffron, beet juice, or spinach juice. The sugar syrup itself could also be flavoured or perfumed with musk, ambergris, rosewater, or other floral distillations.
There were two main types of comfits: smooth and ragged. They differed in the density of sugar syrup that coated them, and thus had different textures. Long comfits, slivers of cinnamon and orange, were used extensively for decoration. The most popular comfits were coated caraway seeds, aniseed, fennel seeds, coriander seeds, and almonds.
Health and medicine
Sugar was originally introduced to Europe as a preservative and a medicine. European apothecaries adopted many of their practices from Arabic physicians.
Renaissance medicine partly relied on diet. Dieticians recommended consuming sugar to prevent adverse effects believed to arise from other foods. Certain properties were assigned to food, and a food's nutritional value was determined by its taste and supposed effect on the body. Sugar, for example, was categorized as "hot and moist" – complementary to the human body. Ken Albala argues that this made sugar "a prime candidate for the miracle food category," being used extensively in feasts at court and praised for its medicinal value.
The apothecary
The Renaissance apothecary was a shop that sold medicines and, at times, prescribed them. Medicines would be prepared with the model of the four humours in mind. Apothecaries would often take an individualized approach, making personalized medicines. The apothecary was the main purveyor of sugar-based concoctions until the confectioner began to sell sugar as a food instead of a medicine in the later Renaissance. Some typical products were syrups, preserves of herbs and roots, floral sugars, lozenges, and comfits. Sugar would be used to preserve and flavour otherwise unpalatable medicines and to make carrier substances for medicines, such as enhanced marmalades.
Examples of medicines
Sticks of pulled sugar called al fänäd were used in the Middle East as a remedy for cough and fever, and English apothecaries frequently sold these as alphenics (the precursors to modern cough drops). Cordial waters, adapted into dessert-like refreshments after the Renaissance, were alcoholic infusions considered as medicine for a wide range of maladies. Sweet foods were frequently prescribed for chest ailments. Floral sugars, flavoured with violets and roses, originated in the Middle East and were touted as cough cures. Similarly, conserves of flowers and herbs were used to treat numerous ailments. Simple quince marmalade was often used as a base for medicinal preparations. One such medicine for "Diseases of the Head" that was considered to cure maladies ranging from fits to epilepsy was called Marmelada Cephalica. Besides quince, it consisted of salt of a man's skull, amber, and mace. Caraway and aniseed comfits, quince marmalades, spiced waters, and cordials were also consumed post-banquet to soothe indigestion in guests who had likely overeaten.
Medicines were not only prepared in the apothecary. A number of recipe books existed for household use, mainly by upper class ladies. One common domestic preparation was syrup. In a medicinal context, syrups were used to concentrate the perceived healing properties of a particular food, make bitter medicines more palatable, and as a carrier for other healing substances. Syrups could be based on a variety of flowers, fruits, spices, and herbs. Their main usage was to "soothe an inflamed organ" and invigorate weakened people, but different syrups focused on different maladies. The two most common syrups were made of violets, for lowering a fever, and roses, for taming the temper.
The banquet
The English sweet banquet was an early form of the modern dessert course, consisting of sweet confections, spiced drinks, and complex sugarwork served after the main meal. It evolved from the medieval "void": a post-dinner course where small treats were served after the table had been cleared, or "voided". Additionally, it was also influenced by the Italian collazione, or "sugar collation", a luxurious presentation of sweetmeats and sugar sculptures.
A banquet was a performance as well as a meal. It originated in court in the early 1500s and quickly became a status symbol among English nobility, often being served in the presence of important guests. Confectioners and hosts would put great effort into decoration and presentation. Purees of fruits such as apricots, citrus fruits, cherries, and gooseberries would be boiled with sugar and poured into intricate moulds. Once set, confectioners would create knots, words, or artificial fruits from the stiff marmalade to use as decoration. Sugar syrups would be solidified into sculptures, sometimes representing historical or mythological figures. These would serve a mainly visual purpose, not always intended for consumption. Jumbals, "intricately knotted biscuits" of Italian origin, would be shaped into letters and used to spell out topics the host wanted to discuss. Contrast between sight and taste was an important feature of presentation. At times, confectioners would purposefully create foods to "fool" the diner. Recipe books from the period include how to make, for example, an imitation ham from sugar, berries, and flowers; artichokes and asparagus from marzipan; and "objects, such as coats of arms".
Sweetmeats frequently served in banquets included fruits preserved in sugar syrup, marmalades, moulded fruit pastes, comfits, conserves, and biscuits. Quince marmalade was a common feature of Elizabethan-era banquets, served in tandem with other preserves. A common practice after a meal would be to "seal" or placate the stomach with quince marmalade. Comfits and cordial waters served a similar purpose, which were consumed to counteract the effects of eating too much.
In literature and onstage
Banquets often appear in Shakespeare's plays. In The Tempest, Ariel taunts shipwrecked sailors by making a banquet appear and disappear. Julia Reinhard Lupton interprets this scene as "a demonstration of the violation of humanist convivial ideals in courtly culture". Romeo and Juliet demonstrates the setting of a banquet in act 1, scene 5, and Capulet acts in a way that suggests it is not important. Critics state that banquet scenes such as these illustrate the divide between servants assembling the banquet and nobility who feast at it.
John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi includes a scene where the title character's last words are "giv'st my little boy/ Some syrup for his cold". This has been interpreted as a transition from a "disobedient wife" to a "tender mother". Wendy Wall focuses on syrup as a domestic symbol and relates it to noblewomen's common practice of making household medicines.
References
Sugar industry in the United Kingdom
History of sugar
English cuisine | wiki |
The name Gilma has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane Gilma (1978) – a Category 3 hurricane.
Hurricane Gilma (1982) – a Category 3 hurricane, which passed south of Hawaii.
Tropical Storm Gilma (1988) – a tropical storm, which made landfall on Hawaii as a tropical depression.
Hurricane Gilma (1994) – a Category 5 hurricane; strongest of its season.
Hurricane Gilma (2000) – a Category 1 hurricane, that did not affect land.
Tropical Storm Gilma (2006) – a weak tropical storm.
Hurricane Gilma (2012) – a Category 1 hurricane that never affected land.
Tropical Storm Gilma (2018) – a weak and short-lived tropical storm.
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
The name Hector has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:
Hurricane Hector (1978) – a Category 4 hurricane
Hurricane Hector (1982) – a Category 1 hurricane
Hurricane Hector (1988) – a Category 4 hurricane; strongest of its season
Tropical Storm Hector (1994) – a tropical storm that affected the Baja California Peninsula
Hurricane Hector (2000) – a Category 1 hurricane whose remnants affected Hawaii
Hurricane Hector (2006) – a Category 2 hurricane that did not affect land
Tropical Storm Hector (2012) – a tropical storm that affected Southwestern Mexico
Hurricane Hector (2018) – a long-lived and strong Category 4 hurricane that crossed into the Western Pacific as a minimal tropical storm.
The name Hector has been used for one tropical cyclone in the Australian region:
Cyclone Hector (1986) – caused significant flooding in western Australia
The name Hector has been used for one European windstorm:
Storm Hector (2018)
Pacific hurricane set index articles
Australian region cyclone set index articles | wiki |
The Women's foil event of the 2017 World Fencing Championships was held on 21 July 2017. The qualification was held on 19 July 2017.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
Bracket
2017 World Fencing Championships
World | wiki |
The name Hilary has been used for ten tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Tropical Depression Hilary (1967)
Hurricane Hilary (1971)
Tropical Storm Hilary (1975)
Hurricane Hilary (1981)
Hurricane Hilary (1987)
Hurricane Hilary (1993)
Hurricane Hilary (1999)
Hurricane Hilary (2005) – formed near Mexico and moved parallel to it
Hurricane Hilary (2011)
Hurricane Hilary (2017)
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Raccoon (Indiana)
Raccoon (Kentucky)
Raccoon (Pennsylvania) | wiki |
Lid lag is the static situation in which the upper eyelid is higher than normal with the globe in downgaze. It is most often a sign of thyroid eye disease, but may also occur with cicatricial changes to the eyelid or congenital ptosis. Lid lag differs from Von Graefe's sign in that the latter is a dynamic process. It can also be the manifestation of chemosis (swelling (or edema) of the conjunctiva).
References
Eye diseases | wiki |
Phillip Granville Spaulding is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera Guiding Light. Phillip has been portrayed by three different actors, most notably by Grant Aleksander.
The character is the adopted son of business mogul, Alan Spaulding, and his first ex-wife, Elizabeth. The role was originated in 1977 by Jarrod Ross, who departed the series in 1981. Aleksander first appeared on December 22, 1982, and left in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, John Bolger played the role of Phillip. Aleksander then returned and played the role from 1986 to February 25, 1991. Five years later, in 1996, he returned again, playing Phillip until November 2004, when the character of Phillip was shot onscreen and presumed to be dead.
In July 2005, Phillip was revealed to be alive (but not shown onscreen) when he was visited by Alan. In February 2009, the character of Phillip returned to Springfield, and remained on the canvas until the series finale on September 18, 2009.
Grant Aleksander has been nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award four times throughout his tenure on the show. In 1998, he was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor and in 2003, 2004 and 2005, Aleksander was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor.
Storylines
Seven-year-old Phillip Spaulding's world would change forever in 1977 when his mother befriended Jackie Marler; only he wouldn't know it yet. The son of wealthy Alan Spaulding and Elizabeth Granville, Phillip had his every wish catered to and was exceptionally close to his mother. While his parents were going through a nasty divorce in 1978, Phillip was having chest pains and started receiving treatment from Dr. Justin Marler, Jackie's ex-husband. Phillip bonded with Justin and after his parents divorced, he encouraged his mother to marry Justin in 1979. At about the same time, Alan married Jackie. Phillip was content to have Justin and Jackie as stepparents and became close to both. However, in 1980, Justin and Jackie would divorce their prospective spouses and find love again with each other. In 1981, Elizabeth would unexpectedly leave Springfield for Switzerland and left Phillip in the care of the Marlers. Though confused as to why his mother left and why he was living with his "Aunt Jackie" and "Uncle Justin" instead of his father, Alan, Phillip accepted the situation and soon left Springfield to attend Lincoln Prep School. Late that year, while Phillip was on Christmas break from Lincoln Prep, he finally apologized to Mike Bauer about his treatment of Mike during the time Mike and Elizabeth were lovers.
Thrown out of Lincoln Prep School at 17 (SORAS), Phillip returned to Springfield in 1982 to attend Springfield High. He and Freddie [later calling himself Rick] Bauer became best friends when Phillip covered for Freddie after Freddie, who was driving with Phillip in his car, was pulled over for speeding and didn't have his driver's license. By this time, Jackie had died in a plane crash and Justin was seeing an Italian woman named Helena Manzini, a relationship Phillip disapproved of because he felt it was too soon after Jackie's death. Meanwhile, Phillip was hanging out with a rough crowd. When Phillip and Freddie were nearly involved in an accident, they realized perhaps the crowd they were hanging out with really weren't their friends and they stopped associating with them. Not long afterwards, Phillip met his first love, Melinda "Mindy" Sue Lewis, who in 1983, out of insecurity, staged a rather dramatic accident while riding her horse and was consequently hospitalized. During his visits to Mindy in the hospital, he developed a strong attraction to her roommate, Beth Raines.
Both Phillip and Rick were attracted to Beth, but Phillip backed off and continued to endure Mindy's spoiled behavior in deference to Rick's attraction to Beth. At the senior prom Rick and Beth went together, as did Mindy and Phillip but it was Phillip and Beth who were named King and Queen. Finally on the night of Mindy's 18th birthday party at the Country Club, Phillip and Beth finally confessed their true feelings for each other in the stables. However, Beth's stepfather Bradley found them and shocked Phillip by telling him the truth about his parentage: Alan and Elizabeth weren't his real parents; the Marlers were. Apparently, Alan felt his wife was too fragile to handle the fact their baby was stillborn and he bought the child Jackie was giving up. After Phillip learned the truth, he was not only furious at Justin and Alan, but also at Mindy and Rick, who both knew the truth before he did and didn't tell him. Angry and hurt, Phillip told Rick he was in love with Beth. Though he had initially rejected both his fathers, Phillip, upon learning Justin was flying out of town, tracked him down at the airport and not only forgave him for keeping his parentage a secret, but also gave his blessing for Justin and Helena to marry.
It was at this point Beth was raped by Bradley. Ashamed of what happened, she told no one and rejected Phillip. Phillip turned to Mindy for comfort and she seduced him without using birth control. Alan was also relieved to see Phillip and Beth growing apart since as far as he was concerned Beth was from a lower class and didn't deserve his son. Beth soon moved into the boarding house to try to get away from Bradley, but he got a court order and forced her to return home. When Beth returned home, Phillip was waiting, and they jumped out of a window and ran away to New York. After they had been running for a while they found themselves near Central Park and nearly out of money, Beth was working on some artistic sketches when both came upon a sidewalk Santa Claus (who preferred to be called Nick) who asked if they needed help. Though Phillip rudely tried to decline, Beth told the man they were nearly broke and had nowhere to stay and perhaps could not afford a hotel. Nick being the Good Samaritan he was, took pity on the young teenage couple and urged them to follow him through Central Park. Nick had led them to a place where he had led many people who were lost and homeless or poor or down on their luck. Nick turned them over to the others staying there and asked them to watch over Beth and Phillip. Eventually with Nick (Santa's) help, Beth told Phillip about the rape. Phillip promised to protect her and they pledged to never let anything come between them again. Meanwhile, Mindy and Rick had raced to New York to find the pair and the four friends took odd jobs in order to survive and they enjoyed the sights and sounds of New York. Eventually, in January 1984, Bradley tracked them down and in order to evade him they dressed up as clowns and engaged in a mime act in the park. Bradley saw through their disguise and got in a violent struggle with Phillip in Central Park that ended when Bradley almost fell off a cliff. Beth and Phillip saved him though and warned him to back off. With Bradley apparently no longer a threat, Phillip and Beth returned to Springfield.
Back in Springfield, Alan hired Bradley with the intent of transferring him out of town in order to separate Phillip and Beth. Meanwhile, Phillip's Aunt Alex discovered Alan's schemes and revealed it to Phillip. Alex had become extremely protective of Phillip and Beth and when she found out about the rape, she made sure Bradley was arrested. At this time, Beth began to tutor Lujack, the leader of a street gang named the Galahads. Beth hoped this would help Lujack separate himself from his gang. But Darcy, Lujack's jealous girlfriend, had other ideas. Phillip was jealous but he and Beth still planned to marry. At the same time, Mindy was pregnant and told everyone Rick was the father. Then the day of Beth's wedding, Mindy's father, Billy, went to the church where Beth and Phillip were about to be married and confronted Mindy. He wanted to know if it was true the father of her baby was really Phillip. Beth overheard everything and at the altar she slapped Phillip and called off the wedding. Phillip wanted to be part of the baby's life. Mindy agreed but only if Phillip married her. Phillip married Mindy and they spent their honeymoon at Cross Creek. However, the pair divorced after Mindy miscarried.
Once again, Phillip focused his attention on Beth, who by now was in love with Lujack. Feeling very rejected and angry, Phillip then discovered Lujack and Floyd Parker were turning the Galahads old garage into a night club. Phillip hired a crooked tradesman named Andy Ferris to sabotage the construction of the club but Andy went too far, and when the building blew up Beth was injured and blinded. Phillip felt very guilty but he could not bring himself to admit his wrongdoing so he enrolled Beth in a school for the blind. However, India von Halkein learned of the nightclub incident and threatened to tell Beth, thereby blackmailing her way into becoming his second wife. Phillip complied with India's demand but refused to consummate the union. However, when India started to notice Phillip and Beth renewing their friendship, she told Beth how Phillip had caused her blindness. Beth angrily rejected Phillip, but didn't tell Lujack the reason because she did not want to cause any more bad blood between them. At Lujack and Beth's engagement party in February 1985, Phillip, having grown to appreciate India's tenacity and wanting to gain control of Spaulding, announced India was pregnant (untrue, Phillip lied). Meanwhile, Lujack brought Andy to the party to play the blackmail tape and expose Phillip as the one who caused the accident. A scuffle over the tape occurred and Andy was shot and killed, and the tape was stolen. A lengthy murder mystery ensued with Lujack being erroneously convicted. By this time Phillip and India had consummated their marriage and India had faked a pregnancy test to make Phillip believe she was actually pregnant with his child. With the demands of the trial out of the way and Alex more determined than ever to run her out of town, India was more desperate than ever to cement her bond with Phillip. Conveniently an old family friend, Dr. Lyon, came visiting, and India employed the services of his never-fail love potion (sort of a gypsy version of Viagra). India began to mega-dose Phillip with the potion in hopes of making their previous baby announcement come true. But before India's desires came true, Phillip became ill from the potion and India was exposed for drugging Phillip. Eventually Beth convinced Phillip to come clean about his deal with Andy and they became friends again. Ironically the police didn't believe Phillip's story but by now plenty of people shared the suspicion India had murdered Andy. In the end, the real culprit turned out to be Floyd, who was holding India in a cabin where he forced her to sign a false confession. Luckily, Lujack and Beth eventually tracked them down and Floyd went to jail. Feeling a great deal of compassion for India, Phillip discovered they really did have a lot in common and agreed to remain married.
Still jealous of Phillip's relationship with Beth and mistakenly believing that Phillip was ready to end their marriage, India began an affair with Simon Hall and when Phillip caught them kissing in early 1986, he quickly divorced India. After Phillip wrote a novel based on his and Beth's love, he and Beth found their way back to one another since Lujack was by now deceased. The couple's lives would be forever changed when Beth began working at a local museum for a Professor Blackburn, who had gotten his hands on the cornerstone of the Von Halkein estate in Andorra. India knew it contained gold and tried to steal it back from him. But the Professor protected the cornerstone until his death. He knocked India unconscious, shot Phillip, and held Beth hostage on a boat in Stony Lake. Some time later Blackburn's dead body turned up, Beth's shoe and some fabric from her dress were found but she was nowhere to be found. Phillip was devastated and vowed to find her, but Alan fabricated some evidence to make it look like Beth was really dead.
In 1987, Phillip had a relationship with his assistant Chelsea Reardon and they investigated the black art scene. During their investigation, Chelsea learned Alan was also involved in the black art market but only told her sister, Maureen about this since she feared bad blood between father and son. Though Alan secretly burnt down Phillip's house to stop the investigation, Phillip finally learned about it. When Chelsea and Jackson Freemont discovered Warren Andrews killed the head of the black art market, Paul Valère, Warren kidnapped them and Alan, but luckily Phillip saved them and Warren was arrested. Though Phillip was shot by Warren's hit man and left in critical condition, he survived with Rick's help. Chelsea then quit as Phillip's assistant and began to work for Alan at Spaulding while she and Phillip remained as lovers. There was just one problem. Phillip was still obsessed with the love of his life, the late Beth, and that made Chelsea frustrated. At this time, Jackson, noticing Chelsea's singing talent, became her business manager and began to vie with Phillip for her affections. When Chelsea realized they were fighting an old rivalry for Beth rather than a rivalry for her, she lost interest in both men. Phillip wrote her a letter telling her his true feelings for her, but Jackson intercepted it. When Chelsea found out about the letter, she and Phillip got back together and when Phillip forgave Chelsea for her affair with a married man in New York years ago they became engaged However, at this time Phillip was obsessed with wresting power away from Alan and sought the help of Alexandra and the Lewis's to help him. Finally, in 1988, when Chelsea (who wanted Phillip to reconcile with his father) found out about Phillip's plans to wrest control of Spaulding from Alan, she tried to warn Alan, and Phillip locked her up in the Towers. Disgusted, Chelsea bitterly broke up with Phillip.
Not long after, Phillip had an affair with Rick's girlfriend, Meredith Reade after the couple had broken up. Distraught, Phillip agreed not to tell Rick about it and was genuinely relieved when the couple patched things up and got married. Later Meredith found herself pregnant and although Rick knew he wasn't the father, agreed to raise the child as his own without knowing whom the father was. Along came Blake Lindsey, Phillip's PR-agent at Spaulding. Phillip fell in love with her but didn't know Blake was actually paid by Alan to spy on him. After Alex revealed Blake's schemes and her true identity as the daughter of presumed dead Roger Thorpe, Phillip bitterly left Blake but, later, he forgave her and the couple reconciled. Then tragedy struck in April 1989, when during the delivery of Meredith's baby, Rick was forced to choose between Meredith's life and that of the unborn child. Rick chose Meredith. Later, Rick learned from a letter from Alan that Phillip was the father. Though Phillip tried to explain it happened before the couple had married and after they had had temporarily broken up, Rick still felt betrayed and it took him a long time to forgive Phillip. Prior to Phillip and Blake's wedding, a series of accidents started occurring. The trouble came to a climax at their wedding when gunfire rang out and Phillip was shot! It was then that the truth came out: Alan was behind the accidents in order to keep Blake from marrying Phillip and accidentally shot Phillip after having a struggle with a very much alive Roger. While Roger was exposed to everyone, Alan wasn't exposed immediately as the shooter. Roger was first suspected but finally convinced Ross, Phillip and Alan-Michael of Alan's crimes so the three decided to trick Alan into walking again. While Alex was in Europe, Roger appeared into the Spaulding mansion and appeared to shoot Phillip and Alan-Michael. Shocked, Alan stood up from his wheelchair, was exposed of all crimes and went to jail. Immediately after his arrest Alan told Phillip he'd forged Beth's death certificate: there was no proof Beth was dead.
Though Phillip tried to reassure Blake he was over Beth, he became convinced she was alive. Not long after, a man arrived in town claiming to have kidnapped Beth and demanded a $1 million ransom. Hoping it was true, Phillip paid the money only to learn he'd been lied to by Dana Jones and her lover, Bruce Daly. At this time Bradley was released from prison. Learning the plot, he confronted Dana's lover and was knocked unconscious. Though Phillip suspected Bradley of swindling him first, he later learned the truth. Though Daly was caught, he escaped, and the money (unknowingly pocketed by Roger) was never recovered. Meanwhile, Phillip was becoming obsessed with finding Beth. Unbeknownst to Phillip, Blake discovered an amnesiac and mute Beth was living with Spaulding employee Neil Everest just outside town. Fearing Phillip would leave her for Beth, when Blake learned Phillip had Beth's grave exhumed, she had him committed in the Willow Hills mental institution for his "delusions" about Beth. For Phillip, he seemed to prove Blake right when he reacted violently towards her. Both Gary Swanson and Neil were please with this development: Gary because Blake now had Phillip's power of attorney, and Neil, because the field was clear for him to marry Beth. Of course as with any plans devious, Blake's attempt to take over Phillip's life was about to hit major snags and fall apart and Neil contributed to it.
While Blake had Phillip committed for having defied a court order to exhume Beth Raines's grave, Neil decided to tell Beth about her past and accompanied her to Lillian's house. But, Beth, seeing her childhood home and remembering Bradley refused to go in and then ran away when she saw Bradley. Beth ran away to Clayton where the Willow Hills Sanitarium was and with her aphasia checked herself her into the sanitarium! Eventually, Phillip ended up seeing Beth, as did Lillian and Rick. Later, Blake tried to keep Phillip in Willow Hills, but Rick and Lillian told the court that Phillip was as sane as they were and he was released. But Blake still had his power of attorney. That was until Blake did one more really stupid thing in her plan to retain control. Phillip had the Spaulding mansion phones wired to monitor every call Blake took. Blake took a call from Neil about the upcoming marriage of him and Beth at the courthouse and Blake lied to Phillip saying the phone call was not from Neil! On Christmas Eve, Neil and Beth were about to marry, at the courthouse, with Blake in attendance, when Phillip and Rick on to Blake's plan crashed the ceremony and whisked Beth away! Although Beth tried to explain otherwise, Phillip was convinced Neil had been involved in Beth's kidnapping and fired him from Spaulding Enterprises. Phillip also found out Neil was suspected of causing the death of his wife and stepchildren in Pittsburgh, when the building they were in Neil had helped build collapsed. He also accused Neil of raping Beth! Neil's cause was not helped when WSPR-TV talk show host, Johnny Bauer accused Neil, over the holiday season, of being the mysterious person buying up property along Fifth Street for dubious ends. Determined to prove his innocence, on January 11, 1990, Neil helped Beth relive her kidnapping at the hands of Professor Blackburn. Beth recalled killing Blackburn when he tried to attack her, and she realized her aphasia stemmed from her lack of guilt over his death. At this point, Phillip found Neil and Beth and when the men began fighting, Beth finally spoke, yelling at them to stop.
As the year continued, Neil's true past came to light when he was able to prove the collapse was due not to his design, but to the faulty materials Spaulding had purchased. Grateful to Neil for helping Beth, Phillip voted for him to be rehired. Anxious to have a future with Beth, Phillip ended his calamitous marriage to Blake. She convinced Gary to spy on Phillip and Beth for her, hoping to get evidence of Phillip's unfaithfulness. A devious Gary agreed, and then tried to score points with Phillip by telling him Blake was having an affair. Despite her extracurricular activities with both Gary and Alan-Michael, Blake vehemently refused when Beth asked her to give Phillip an amicable divorce. Phillip asked Beth to marry him anyway. Not wanting to rush into anything, Beth said no, but their feelings ran deep and on Valentine's Day they made love. Meanwhile, one day in March, when Blake and Gary were rummaging through Neil's trailer to find a way to force Beth to stay with Neil, Beth caught them and after having a major verbal fight with Blake over Blake destroying some of her art sketches, Beth collapsed. When Gary and Blake took Beth to Cedars, they were all shocked to learn from Rick that Beth was pregnant! Beth assumed the baby was Neil's and told Phillip, who suggested they pass the child off as his. Unaware the baby really was Phillip's, Beth decided to be honest with Neil, but Blake, who stole Beth's file from the doctor's office, told Neil before Beth could.! A furious Neil refused to allow Phillip to raise his child. In April, Beth was ecstatic when Dr. Sedgwick showed her a sonogram revealing her child had been conceived in February 1990, and not in December 1989, which meant the child was Phillip's! In the meantime, trying to get back on Alan-Michael's good side, Blake agreed to give Phillip a divorce, no strings attached. However, things were about to get very bad for Phillip. The day he was to meet Neil, Neil knocked him out and left him to die. As Neil was leaving up the stairs, a double-crossing Gary confronted Neil and pushed down a flight of stairs into the garage. Blake showed up to see Gary and Neil fighting, and Gary convinced her Neil had to be subdued when he showed her the bomb Neil had set.
After tying up Neil, Blake saw Phillip also unconscious and was sure Gary had knocked him out. Blake then tricked Gary and was able to tie him up next to Neil. Blake called Roger who set Gary free. Meanwhile, Neil mumbled “Phillip”, leading Roger to suspect that was who hit him. Roger tried and failed to defuse the bomb and Neil died in the explosion. With the audiotape of Neil murmuring "Phillip" as the one who knocked him out, Phillip's wallet being found in the wreckage of the garage, and threats Phillip had made against Neil's life, this was all enough to get Phillip arrested for Neil's murder. Trying to avoid prosecution and find out who the real murderer was, Phillip faked his own death, stealing a corpse (with Rick's help) in order to do so. Phillip fled to the island of Capria, near Mexico, and was shocked to meet India there. He promised India his Spaulding stock if she would keep quiet about his being alive and went to Springfield to discover what happened to Beth since she didn't follow him out of town. After trying to get Phillip's assets from Alan and Alex, India finally gave up and helped Phillip. When Phillip returned to town, he was shocked to discover that Beth and Rick had married to throw the police off track. After Phillip threatened Gary whom he suspected was Neil's murderer, Gary paid a killer to kill Phillip. The plan failed and finally Det. A.C. Mallet and Roger discovered Gary was Neil's accomplice and murderer. At the same time, Phillip revealed himself alive after the birth of his daughter, Lizzie. Though innocent, Phillip, Beth and Rick were sentenced to perform community service out of town for fraud. After marrying in February 1991, Phillip and Beth moved to Arizona with Lizzie to carry out their community service.
Over the next few years, Phillip avoided any contact with the Spauldings when suddenly in April 1996, Alex called him to ask him to attend Alan-Michael's wedding to Lucy Cooper in Orlando, Florida. Although Phillip told Alex he wouldn't come, he indeed had plans to attend the wedding to Beth's dismay. Phillip arrived early and exposed himself to only Rick and told him he had plans to find the one who had cost him five years of his life. Phillip had found out someone else was involved in the incident which left him accused of Neil's murder. Gary had asked Phillip to visit him in prison where he gave him note that he had once found in Neil's trailer, which proved Neil had been paid by an "A. Spaulding" to get Phillip's fingerprints on the bomb. Although Rick advised him to drop his investigation, Phillip refused. During the wedding ceremony, Phillip wore a mask and when Alan was about to make a toast, Phillip stopped him and unmasked himself to the shock of all of the guests. Though Amanda, Alan and Alan-Michael weren't happy to see him, Phillip decided to return to Springfield anyway. While conducting his investigation, Phillip then visited Beth in Arizona but she left him for good since he'd refused to drop his vendetta and return home. Meanwhile, Alan-Michael was trying to prevent Phillip's return to Spaulding and, to set him up, he pretended to make up with his brother and tried to send him to a fake business trip to California so that he could spread lies about Phillip to the board. Phillip didn't leave but arrived during a board meeting to see Alan-Michael's actions against him. Not long after, Amanda exposed Alan-Michael as "A. Spaulding" through a letter from Neil to him. After Phillip asked Alan to support him during his fight against Alan-Michael Alan collapsed due to intense pain in his back and was rushed to Cedars. While recovering in his bed, he confessed to the family he was actually "A. Spaulding" and had hired Neil to set Phillip up since he had been disappointed in Phillip.
Furious, Phillip disowned Alan and later made up with Alan-Michael and made plans to move to New York. As for Alan, he was suffering from paralysis, and giving up, refused to attend physical therapy sessions. Although Phillip arranged for him to be transferred to a rehabilitation clinic, he could not be persuaded by Alan to stay in town.. However, Alan still would not admit the seriousness of his injury and refused to heed the doctor's warning he would have to relearn how to use his body. Phillip dropped by the clinic on his way out of town, where Alex tried to convince him of the seriousness of his father's injury. Though Phillip refused to visit Alan, he relented when Alex begged him to stay to see him. The doctor explained to Alan he had a long, arduous journey ahead of him. When Alex and Phillip entered his room, Alan ordered them to leave. Alex left, but Phillip stayed behind and when he saw how resistant Alan was to his physical therapy, Phillip told him how pathetic he was for giving up so easily and he still blamed him for ruining his life. Although Alan-Michael tried to convince Phillip to just leave town and write Alan off for good, Phillip found that he couldn't and remained, staying for a while at the Bauers. Not long after, Phillip was shocked to learn Rick was the father of one of Blake's babies! Although Phillip demanded Ross be told the truth, or else he'd do it, he found he couldn't hurt Ross like that and kept quiet. Meanwhile, Phillip's anger at Alan softened as he sympathized with Alan's physical condition. Knowing Alan was giving up on himself, Phillip and Alan-Michael concocted a plan with Roger and Amanda to make Alan think they were selling Alan's company Advantage Systems to Roger with the hope Alan would get the urge to fight Roger and thus, get the urge to walk again. Their plan was a success. Meanwhile, after Lizzie had visited Phillip on Christmas, Phillip realized how much he missed Beth. It was too late because Lillian had given him divorce papers from Beth. At this time, Roger and Amanda plotted to take Spaulding over while the family tried to stop them. When Alan-Michael and Lucy left town, Phillip became president again.
That spring, Phillip was surprised to see his former sister-in-law, Harley Cooper at the Country Club masquerading as a woman named Starla. In the process of conducting the sting, Phillip and Harley started having feelings for one another which culminated into a kiss. Later, the pair left for New York to trap Jeffrey. Making it seem like "Starla" was going to get money from Phillip, the pair acted as though she was trying to seduce him, proving it by showing Jeffrey a surveillance tape of Phillip and Starla "making love". However, once the camera was shut off, the fake lovemaking became real as Phillip and Harley gave in to their passion. Later Phillip lied to Jeffrey stating he killed Harley during wild sex and when Jeffrey was ready to turn him to the police and to flee with Jenna, he was arrested for fraud when Harley and Jenna exposed him. Meanwhile, Harley and Phillip agreed to forget about happened that night and remain just friends. Then Harley and Jenna decided to join forces and began a detective agency. Their first assignment was to help Reva to find her long-lost sister. Not long after, Harley received a call from Mallet telling her he wanted a divorce since he was in love with another woman. Hurt and angry, Harley was consoled by Phillip. Meanwhile, Jenna and Harley learned Reva's nemesis, Annie Dutton, may have information on Reva's sister, and so they went to the mental hospital where Annie was staying. But when Security caught them snooping around, Jenna passed Harley off as her sister, Caitlin, and, to Harley's dismay, checked her into the mental institution. "Caitlin" then became Annie's roommate and apparently befriended her. Although Phillip tried to get Harley out of there, Harley was determined to follow through with the plan. Annie discovered who her new "friend" was and with help of the guards, drugged Harley with a psychotic drug. Luckily Phillip came to her rescue and admitted he too was falling in love with her.
Just then, Beth returned to town with Lizzie determined to win Phillip. Anxious to get Phillip back, Beth used Lizzie by getting her hopes up and having her lie that she wanted to stay at home rather than go with Phillip for the night. That same evening, Lizzie held up the mistletoe for the pair to kiss; as Phillip leaned in to kiss Beth's cheek, Beth turned and kissed him passionately on the lips. Later, Beth warned Harley she wanted Phillip back, to which Harley responded that would never happen. While pining for Phillip, Beth became friends with attorney Ben Warren, who was far from reputable. When Phillip warned Beth about how unscrupulous Ben was, she told him to mind his own business. However, Ben soon realized Beth was just using him to make Phillip jealous and offered to help. Later, to make Phillip jealous, Beth faked receiving a phone call from Ben, and made New Year's plans with him. Phillip made it known that he didn't want Ben in his house, but Beth said she will go out somewhere with him anyway. She got herself into more trouble by deciding to stay in Springfield and accept a job. Harley, meanwhile, wasn't happy to see Beth either, especially since she was insecure over Phillip's feelings for Beth. Her fears compounded when Phillip expressed his displeasure at Beth's new friendship with Ben Warren. Although Phillip tried to assure Harley his heart belonged to her, Harley couldn't quite be sure. in 1998, Phillip proved his love for Harley by asking her to move in with him. Elated, Harley accepted the offer but was still disconcerted over the bond Phillip and Beth shared. When Beth thanked Harley for finding a lost Lizzie, she antagonized Harley by telling her to give Phillip some time to be with his family and continued to provoke her by mentioning the phone call she made to Mallet. Angry, Harley attacked Beth but was pulled off by Eleni. To Harley's relief, Phillip wasn't angry but instead understood.
Their relationship took a step back when Beth attempted suicide by throwing herself in front of a car. Guilt-ridden, Phillip offered to stay at the mansion to take care of a rattled Lizzie. After overhearing Lizzie ask Phillip not to make her take care of her mommy alone, Harley got suspicious and starting investigating Beth's past in Arizona. In the process she learned Beth had accidents before. She also discovered Beth had a boyfriend in Arizona named Carl. Harley decided to find him in order to ask him about Beth. Learning she was being investigated, Beth blasted Harley, who remained undeterred. Finally, Beth admitted to Harley about her abusive relationship with Carl but left insulted when Harley continued to interrogate her. Beth then told Phillip about Carl and Harley's meddling before Harley got to tell him her side of it. When Harley finally got to Phillip, he knew the whole story and yelled at Harley for interfering and jumped to Beth's defense. Not long after, Carl, upon learning Harley was asking about him, arrived in town threatening Harley to stay out of his business. Although Carl denied hurting Beth, Harley is soon able to trick him into admitting it. Later, she convinced Beth to help her arrest Carl. Using Beth as bait, the plan was for Harley to tape record Carl admitting his abusiveness. Harley, realizing she forgot her gun, left the scene before Carl got there. When she returned, Carl was dead and Beth was the prime suspect. During the investigation, Harley became unnerved at Phillip's attempts to protect Beth, even going as far as him suppressing evidence. Later, when Beth confessed to killing Carl in self-defense, both Harley and Phillip were unconvinced and investigated further. They soon discovered the true killer was Phillip's daughter, Lizzie! Worried about Lizzie, Harley left Phillip so that he could be with his daughter in her time of need. But Phillip wouldn't have it and convinced Harley he could be with her and be a part of his daughter's life at the same time. When Phillip proposed, Harley happily accepted and the couple made plans to marry, however when the wedding plans seemed to get out of hand, the couple decided to elope in New York. However, to their surprise, their elopement wasn't quite the secret they thought it was and they found Buzz and Phillip's Aunt Alex arranged a beautiful wedding for them at City Hall.
Trouble began to brew again with the arrival of Harley's daughter Daisy, now called Susan, who was in search of her real mother now that her adoptive mother had died. In 1999, after telling Harley and Phillip her father had "changed" after her mother's death, Harley allowed Susan to stay the night at her place, to Phillip's disapproval. After calling Susan's father, Jim, Harley suggested they stay in Springfield for the holidays. Pleased to have a mother figure again, Susan was determined to fix Harley up with Jim and kept manipulating them to be alone together. Determined to stay in Springfield, Susan overdosed on medication. The plan worked with a guilt-ridden Harley wishing she could have seen the signs and suggesting that Susan should stay in town. However, Phillip disagreed and tried to encourage Harley to let go and allow Susan and Jim to go on with their lives. As Phillip and Harley continued to debate about Susan's presence in their lives, Harley learned she was pregnant. After learning of Harley's pregnancy, a hurt Susan left Springfield to live with Jim but later corresponded with Harley by phone. Later, Susan called Harley asking for help after she shoplifted a dress, telling her she was at a strange bus station outside Springfield. So, Harley has arrived at the bus station outside of Springfield to collect Susan. While there, a creepy man who had been eyeing Susan turned his attention to Harley. The two of them struggled, and Harley managed to kick him in the groin. Meanwhile, Jim arrived and flattened the perpetrator. When Phillip showed up, he and Jim argued about Harley's involvement in Susan's life with Jim complaining Susan was envious of the life Phillip and Harley lead. Phillip offered to solve the problem by moving the two of them to Springfield and gave Jim a job at Spaulding. Harley was forced to mediate between Phillip and Jim who did not get along with Jim even ended up quitting Spaulding to work at Lewis Construction. However, Phillip continued to grate on Jim, and when Jim threatened to leave town, Harley convinced Phillip to give him a reason to stay. So, to please Harley, Phillip bribed Jim to stay (although by now Jim was dating Beth so he was already planning on staying anyway).
That summer, Harley finally gave birth to a son, who was named Alan Cooper Spaulding, with Harley deciding to nickname him "Zach" after the lead in Phillip's novel. Things couldn't have been better when Harley and her new family agreed to join her best friend, Cassie Layne, and her new fiancé, Prince Richard for a Thanksgiving celebration in San Cristobel. After the celebration, Phillip, Beth and Jim were forced to leave early for business reasons, however, their plane crashed into the mountains. All three were o.k., but Jim opted to leave and brave the cold on his own in an attempt to bring help back. Believing that they were going to die, Phillip and Beth prepared a videotape to be made for Lizzie. Emotions high, they started reminiscing about the past and sought comfort in each other's arms with the video still recording. After being rescued, both decided to keep their lovemaking a secret and go on with their separate lives.
In 2000, the unexpected happened: Beth found herself pregnant with Phillip's child. Convinced Phillip would leave Harley to marry her again, Beth told him about the child. When Phillip refused to marry her, she became afraid Jim would leave her and threatened to have an abortion if Phillip told anyone the child was his. And so worried about Beth's state of mind (as well as his own marriage), Phillip reluctantly agreed to keep the child's true paternity a secret while Beth married Jim, Phillip giving the bride away. Their tryst wasn't a complete secret: the missing video was found by Prince Edmund Winslow who used it to blackmail Phillip when Phillip threatened to fire him from Spaulding. Phillip's hatred of Edmund wasn't lost on Harley and when she demanded to know the cause, Rick covered by saying Edmund was blackmailing him. At the same time, the Spauldings were dismayed when Lizzie was diagnosed with leukemia.. With Lizzie's condition worsening, her only chance of surviving was a bone marrow transfusion from the baby Beth was carrying. When Jim refused to have his child delivered prematurely in order to save Lizzie, Phillip blurted out the horrible truth: the child Beth was carrying wasn't Jim's; it was his. In the end, Harley refused to forgive Phillip and asked for a divorce.
At the same time, Jim died heroically in a fire at Christmastime. Almost immediately after, Beth accepted the friendship and support of Edmund. In 2001, against everyone's advice, Beth became his sole champion and encouraged him to secure the crown for himself when he discovered he was the true heir to the throne. Though Phillip tried to show Beth that Edmund couldn't be trusted by telling her Edmund was fixing the island's election, she went to Edmund who immediately used the information to his advantage and went to the press himself, calling the election invalid and declaring himself ruler of San Cristobel. Edmund had Richard arrested and Phillip talked his way past the prison guard and into Richard's cell. When the guard returned, Richard was gone and Phillip was in his place. When Edmund learned what Phillip had done, he had him shackled in the jail. Although Beth was able to save Phillip by convincing Edmund to simply deport him, Phillip told Beth he was seeking sole custody of their children to keep them away from Edmund. Phillip returned weeks later though when Beth asked that the children come for her and Edmund's coronation. Not long after the coronation, he married Beth who became his princess. Mere weeks later, Beth would learn everything people had been saying about Edmund was true when she learned he was holding Cassie captive! Confronted by Beth, a desperate Edmund locked her away but Beth was able to escape from the tower. Luckily, Phillip and Noah saw what Beth was doing and when she fell to the ground, Luckily, Beth was alright and returned to Springfield. After all those months of intrigue, Phillip returned to Springfield in time to see a very pregnant Harley. Instantly assuming she was pregnant with his child, Phillip railed at her that he was the last to know. On the defensive, Harley pointed out he had spent the better part of the winter consumed with Beth in San Cristobel and then informed him he was not the father of her baby. Weeks later, Phillip would be shocked to learn from Edmund just who was the baby's father: Rick.
Furious, Phillip accused Rick of doing this purposely to hurt him (out of revenge for what happened with Meredith Reade) and refused to forgive him. Not long after, Beth ran to Mexico to get a quickie divorce. Edmund caught up with her and again begged her to go back to him. But Beth refused and ran off. While trying to get away from Edmund, Beth was caught in a flash flood and presumed dead. That fall, Phillip was able to get testimony from two witnesses that Edmund had been chasing after Beth when she died, however, the point became moot when Beth suddenly turned up in Springfield alive! Though she claimed to be suffering from memory lapses, Phillip was increasingly suspicious of her strange behavior and personality change. Not long after Beth's return, Phillip learned Harley had Rick's baby, but refused to see the child. However, around Thanksgiving, when the pair was looking for a lost Lizzie and James, Phillip and Rick talked things over and resumed their friendship. Meanwhile, after doing some digging, in early 2002, Phillip learned the woman in town was an imposter named Lorelei Hills. Though Alan wanted her arrested, Phillip was afraid that would traumatize Lizzie and simply asked Lorelei to leave. Though Alan went against Phillip's wishes and had her arrested anyway, when she became ill, Phillip, against his better judgment, allowed her to be cared for at the mansion. The trouble was, she was now insisting she was Beth! Skeptical at first, the more time he spent with her the more he realized this was truly Beth Raines. Beth was the imposter! By the time Phillip realized this, Beth had left Springfield with Edmund! Tracking her down at an old silver mine, Phillip became trapped. Though Beth reasserted herself and raced to the mine to free Phillip, the mine entrance shut while she was inside, trapping them both. Edmund arrived, causing another split between Beth/Lorelei. Edmund accidentally trapped them in the mine a second time, but Beth managed to free Phillip and they found another exit. After getting Beth, who'd taken on the Lorelei personality to deal with her trauma, the help she needed, the pair reunited.
While Beth and Phillip reunited was a good idea in concept, the reality was more difficult. Phillip was cold and distant, confused by Beth's changes in personality while Beth was skittish and irritated by Phillip's pompous and patriarchal attitude in taking his son Zach away from Harley because of her relationship with Gus Aitoro. Frustrated by Beth, Phillip found himself susceptible to the charms of Olivia Spencer, Alan's fiancée. Then suddenly, a scandal rocked the household: Lorelei's diary was published! Though Beth immediately suspected Olivia, the publisher stated Lorelei had done the deed. Lizzie, Phillip, everyone, including Beth herself, blamed Beth. Confused, Beth went to Alan's lake cottage to clear her head, and ran into Bill Lewis. In an attempt to remember the past, she kissed him passionately. Phillip walked in at just that moment and railed out her. Later, Olivia told Phillip that it was Alan who published Lorelei's diary. To get revenge on Alan, the couple placed themselves on the bed, waiting for him to arrive. Once again they got carried away and began making out. Alan walked in, took one look at them, and had a heart attack. Later when Beth learned the circumstances of Alan's heart attack, she and Phillip agreed they had both changed far too much to be together, and gracefully parted ways.
Though now free, Phillip was too guilty over his father's heart attack and vowed to stay away from Olivia, who agreed to marry Alan as well as sign an extreme prenuptial agreement which said she would lose her half of the Beacon Hotel if she cheated before the wedding. But she and Phillip kissed in the elevator moments before the ceremony, and Alex pocketed the security tape. On Thanksgiving Day, Alexandra revealed Olivia had published Lorelei's Diary. Meanwhile, Alex eventually gave Olivia the security tape. Alan found the tape and saw Olivia and Phillip's smooch was right in front of his eyes. Alan threw her out of the house and into the cold, days before Christmas. Later, after finding out Alan faked his earlier heart attack, Phillip and Olivia saw no reason to deny their feelings now, they wildly made love. The couple's happiness didn't last long. Confused about whether to end her marriage, Olivia went out of town in early 2003 to visit her sister and clear her head. While away, she made her choice and sent Phillip a priority letter saying she wanted to be with him and for him to meet her at the Beacon. Alan intercepted the letter and kept it from Phillip. When Olivia arrived at the Beacon, Alan and not Phillip was there to greet her. Hurt and vulnerable, Olivia let herself be seduced by Alan only to have Phillip arrive at the Beacon the next morning and find the two together. Disgusted that she'd fall into Alan's arms so soon, Phillip walked away. When Olivia tried to explain the situation, Phillip revealed he never got the letter. Though the pair figured out Alan intercepted the letter, that didn't matter to Phillip who decided he'd be better off not chasing after his father's wife. However, when Olivia revealed to Phillip she was pregnant and the child might be his, Phillip agreed to stand by her no matter what. Meanwhile, Phillip swore off Spaulding but was pulled back into the company when Alex informed him Alan was acting erratically.
Faced with a mentally disturbed Alan, Phillip agreed to come back to the company. Not long after, an angry but well Alan was termed innocent of Reva's stalking and informed Phillip he was handing control of Spaulding over to his real son—Gus Aitoro! In addition to his troubles with Alan, Alex's schemes to break up Olivia and Phillip seemed to work after Alex paid someone to doctor the paternity test Phillip had secretly done without Olivia's knowledge which showed Alan was the father. However, Olivia had had her own tests done which proved otherwise. Olivia couldn't forgive Phillip's mistrust and asked him to stay away from her. Weeks later, Olivia would fall down the stairs at the Beacon. Although she and the baby were okay, she refused to see Phillip. Later, Phillip was shocked to learn she thought Lizzie was responsible for her fall. Incredulous, Phillip was dismayed to learn Beth and Lillian shared the fear and spirited the girl away to a cabin without his knowledge. In denial for months over Lizzie's emotional state, Phillip was later horrified when Lizzie threatened to kill herself after being confronted by Beth and Lillian. Though Harley was able to defuse the situation and bring Lizzie home, Phillip finally realized his daughter needed help. The situation with Lizzie brought Phillip to the breaking point and he began making plans for his soon-to-be-born daughter and suffering from panic attacks. Though an anxious Phillip tried to convince Olivia to marry him, she saw he was only asking because he wanted to provide a home for the child she was carrying, not because he loved her. Not long after she gave Phillip a non-answer to his marriage proposal, things finally came to a head with Lizzie. The night of Olivia's baby shower, Lizzie sneaked out of the house on the pretense of giving Olivia a gift. When a frightened Olivia refused the gift and asked Lizzie to leave, Lizzie continued to push the gift on Olivia and finally was escorted home by Christopher. That night, Olivia found something in her baby crib—a doll's head. Though Lizzie tried to deny it and pleaded with her family to believe her, she was unable to convince her family of her innocence.
A horrified Olivia decided she had to get as far away from Lizzie as possible and left Springfield. Convinced he was a horrible father because he couldn't help Lizzie, Phillip's mental state would only get worse. Though agreeing to check himself into Cedars in order to have tests done, Phillip discharged himself early after doctors said there was nothing physically wrong with him. However, those close to Phillip could tell there was something seriously wrong. Phillip finally lost his grip on reality, seeing visions of Olivia everywhere. Finally, Phillip began stalking a pregnant woman and broke into her home, thinking she was Olivia. After that incident, Phillip's family decided to arrange an intervention, the same as they had with Lizzie, in order to convince Phillip to get himself help. By now Phillip had grown increasingly paranoid and delusional, but when he realized that his deteriorating condition was scaring Lizzie, Phillip agreed to go to the hospital for tests. After seeing yet another vision of Olivia (though unbeknownst to him, this one was real), Phillip checked himself into Ravenwood Mental Hospital. By now the family knew Olivia was in town, and believing she could help Phillip, they persuaded her to visit him. Phillip's condition had worsened greatly and unsure of his own sanity, he tried to strangle Olivia, thinking she was an hallucination. Unnerved, days later Olivia returned and told Phillip why she'd come back—their baby had died. Instead of the truth snapping Phillip back into reality, it only made him draw deeper into himself, becoming almost catatonic, and to Olivia's horror Phillip started blaming himself.
As time went by, Phillip seemed trapped in his shell, unaware of what was going on around him. Then in January 2004, his condition seemed to improve somewhat. Although he remained silent, he started responding to people. Meanwhile, Olivia hurriedly got a minister to marry her and Phillip at the institution. Olivia's position as Phillip's wife secure, she set out to solidify her power base at Spaulding and more by having Phillip change his will. Meanwhile, she kept a firm hold on Phillip, limiting his visitors, and often answering questions posed to Phillip herself. Finally, weeks later, Phillip received a shock when Olivia showed Phillip their daughter, Emma, who hadn't died after all. Although Phillip agreed to Olivia's demand of telling no one of Emma's existence, in order to protect the child from Lizzie, in private a vengeful Phillip vowed to make Olivia pay and take the child from her. For Olivia, Phillip proved to be a loose cannon and revealed to others Emma was alive. Although Beth and Rick dismissed Phillip's claims as denial, Lizzie was very suspicious and eventually presented Emma to Phillip.. Soon after, Phillip decided he had to take drastic measures to get his life back on track and, on Rick's recommendation, he underwent ECT therapy. Meanwhile, Phillip and Olivia started playing a dangerous game with each other, with Olivia playing the concerned, dutiful wife and with Phillip physically intimidating her. Finally after weeks of therapy, Phillip was released from the hospital and returned home where he and Olivia continued their cat and mouse game. Although Alan suggested Phillip simply get rid of Olivia, Phillip had something devious in mind for his wife. His plan was to frame her for the Antimonious drug scandal that Spaulding was being investigated for. Phillip's plan was foiled with the Feds dropped the investigation before they discovered the evidence. Not long after Phillip got his revenge on Olivia by blackmailing her with the knowledge she had illegally purchased Spaulding stock. With the choice between prison and staying married, Olivia was forced to bow down to Phillip's wishes. cold and calculating, Phillip to set out to embarrass Olivia and keep her under his thumb. In addition, he had Olivia trailed and cut off access to her bank accounts, in the event she'd try to leave. For his final act of revenge, he demanded Olivia resign from Spaulding, giving her a prepared speech on what to say. Finally, on the day of Harley's almost wedding to Gus, Phillip finally gave Olivia what she wanted—a divorce.
That was the only good thing that would happen that day. For on that day, Harley discovered not only was Alexandra an accomplice in the Antimonious drug deal, but Gus knew. In short order, Harley called the wedding off, Frank (framed for the crime) held a gun on Alan, and Buzz turned Alex in to the police. Seeing a grave injustice to his family, Phillip went after the Coopers, specifically Company. Deciding to rebuild the city of Springfield, Phillip, in a cold and calculating manner worthy of Alan, went through the government and secured permission to go forth with his plans. When Harley and Buzz learned who was behind the takeover of Company, they were furious. However, Phillip remained cold and unapologetic stating it was just business and offered to compensate Buzz fairly. But Buzz refused to give up and decided to fight. Phillip refused to make it easy on the Coopers, visiting Company at every turn and basically rubbing salt in the wound. However, the Coopers weren't the only family Phillip was after. In order to create his own version of Springfield, Phillip needed to acquire more property and made it appear as if he wanted to take over Cross Creek in order to distract them from their other properties. Meanwhile, very soon after, Phillip overheard Bill pleading with one of his employees, to reconsider resigning. Impressed with this middle-aged woman, named Ruth Karloff, Phillip interviewed her and found her to be no-nonsense, efficient and loyal and he hired her as his personal assistant. As the days went by, Phillip was growing more and more callous with each passing day. When he learned Lizzie had drugged her boyfriend, Joey Lupo, he inexplicably took Lizzie's side and blackmailed Joey into leaving town by threatening to foreclose on Mrs. Lupo's house. Days later, Phillip was enraged when his plans for Company were foiled when it was discovered the area was a nesting place for a rare bird. Angry that he'd lost, Phillip vindictively tore down Harley's house. Phillip's malice towards the Coopers wasn't lost on Zach, who distanced himself from Phillip. Although the Coopers denied it, Phillip was certain they were poisoning Zach's mind against him. In the meantime, Lizzie was having her own problems and confessed to Phillip she believed she'd hit Sandy Foster with her car. Desperate to protect his daughter, Phillip urged her to keep quiet while he took care of everything. Meanwhile, Phillip was becoming paranoid that someone at Spaulding was working against him and asked Gus to run a background check on all key employees. In the meantime, Gus was becoming concerned the mole was actually Ruth, Phillip's now trusted assistant. Phillip expressed his doubts.
When Ruth began asking questions about the hit and run, he quickly realized Gus was right and decided Ruth needed to be neutralized to protect Lizzie. To accomplish this, he arranged for a man to run Ruth down! His plan failed however, when Gus ended up saving her life. In the midst of all this, Phillip's diabolical behavior concerned everyone, including those closest to him. In an effort to get through to Phillip, Rick arranged for Phillip to be kidnapped so they could talk. Although Rick tried reasoning, he only succeeded in making Phillip angry. That same day, Phillip learned something startling from Zach—Ruth was Harley in disguise! Still dealing with that revelation, Phillip was shocked to learn Lizzie was at the police station, about to confess to the hit and run! Although he tried to demand she keep quiet, Lizzie openly defied her father and admitted the truth. Believing everyone was against him, Phillip decided to leave Springfield with the only people he cared about—his children. After luring all the children to his private jet, Phillip informed everyone he had the children. Harley attempted to appeal to the human side of him, but to no avail. Not long after, Phillip arranged for Lizzie to be brought to him, however when she refused to go with him, he became enraged and vowed to destroy the people who have cost him his daughter's love. That same night, he asked several people to meet him at Company at 9 pm, telling each person if they came, and told no one else of the meeting, their children would be returned to them. At 9 pm, various citizens of Springfield converged at Company to find Phillip shot. Although he was rushed to the hospital, it was too late and Phillip was declared dead.
After a short investigation, Harley was arrested, and the spring of 2005, convicted of Phillip's murder. Months after her conviction, Phillip's real shooter was revealed—it was Alan. However, that wasn't the end of the story. Having been revealed to be Phillip's killer, Alan knew he had to leave town and paid a visit to an abandoned warehouse where he met with none other than Phillip. Apparently Alan's concerns about Phillip's state of mind caused him to take drastic action in order to protect his son and his grandchildren: he shot Phillip and faked his death. Unknown to everyone else in Springfield, a completely delusional Phillip was living out his life as CEO of Spaulding in an abandoned warehouse office made to look like his Spaulding office. When Alan was arrested no one believed his story about Philip being alive. Not only that, but the medical staff stopped looking after Phillip because Alan couldn't pay. Phillip disappeared and later called Rick, stating he needed his help. Despite Rick's reluctance, Phillip pleaded with his friend to keep his situation a secret. Phillip was almost discovered by Mallet the day Harley married Gus but managed to escape. Meanwhile, frantic that a mentally disturbed Phillip was a danger to himself as well as to others, Alan went to desperate lengths to lure him into the open. To draw Phillip out, Alan married none other than Beth.
In the Spring of 2006, Phillip's Uncle Ross was apparently killed when his plane went down on the way to San Gabriel. After some investigating, Harley learned Alan was telling the truth—Phillip was alive. Rick confirmed it and admitted Ross suspected the truth and set out to find him. Determined not to be found, Phillip asked Rick to have the plane sabotaged so Ross couldn't take off. Tragically, the plane went up anyway and Ross was killed. In late 2007, the specter of Phillip continued to loom over Springfield. It started at Emma's seventh birthday party where she received a gift apparently from her father. Panicked, Olivia went to Alan for protection, unaware it was Alan who sent the gift as a way to manipulate Olivia into helping him. When Olivia tried to bow out, Alan upped the ante by hiring someone to break into her room and trash it. Not long after, Alan unexpectedly hired Harley to find Phillip. Though distressed at the thought of him returning, Harley decided it might be best to know his whereabouts and took the case. It didn't take long to learn Beth had received a gift from Phillip for her unborn baby. However, it came from a courier and she had no clue where Phillip was. At one point, Phillip sent Harley a card telling her to stop looking for him; she'll see him when he is ready. Afterwards, Harley spotted Zach's new sneakers and the boy was forced to admit they came from Phillip. Told Phillip would be at his ballgame, Harley and her partner Cyrus Foley waited and Cyrus tackled a hooded man they thought was Phillip. It was Remy who claimed to have run into Phillip after losing some gambling money in Clayton. Remy claimed Phillip paid him to deliver this package (which contained Phillip's old high school sports jersey) to Zach. Remy told the duo he didn't know where Phillip was, but doubted he was returning to town.
Sometime later, Bill Lewis became involved with Lizzie, and was falsely accused of being responsible for Lizzie's kidnapping (orchestrated by Dinah Marler and executed by Grady Foley). Despite her insistence that she believed Bill was not responsible for her kidnapping, Lizzie's faith in Bill began to wain and she slowly turned into Alan's pawn, distancing herself from Bill. In an effort to make Lizzie see reason, Bill (along with his father, Billy), set out to find Phillip in an effort to get him to help her. Bill was unsuccessful in his search, but things would work out in a way he never expected.
On February 9, 2009, in an effort to prevent Beth from marrying Alan, Coop Bradshaw was involved in a car accident on his way to the church. Badly injured, Coop was pulled from the wreckage by Phillip. In the following episode, Phillip spoke with Alan alone, at Phillip's mock grave site. He then pulled a gun on Alan, but told him he had no intention of shooting him. He even thanked Alan for straightening him out during his time of mental illness. Later that day, he stopped an enraged Buzz Cooper from physically attacking Alan.
Phillip's return jolted the entire Spaulding family, and they barely had time to adjust when Beth's and Phillip's 19-year-old son, James, returned from boarding school. James was running a Ponzi scheme and even when Phillip helped clear the charges against him, he resented Phillip's return. Beth was torn between the love of her life and the son who had only known the worst of his father. During this time Beth also helped her daughter Lizzie marry Bill Lewis.
Eventually, Phillip learned he was dying. He didn't tell anyone, aside from Lillian, and tried to repair the relationships in his life with the time he had left. Beth found out in what were supposed to be Phillip's last days, and she felt devastated as well as betrayed by Phillip and by her mother. Fortunately for Phillip, Alan agreed to a bone marrow transplant, and saved his son's life, but a few days later, Alan quietly died after attending the double wedding of Lillian and Buzz Cooper and Vanessa Chamberlain and Billy Lewis. Beth was forced to break the news to her young daughter Peyton. Shortly before Alan's death, Phillip had proposed to Beth, and she had happily accepted. James and Phillip were now reconciled and Lizzie was trying for a baby. Beth also decided to return to her first love, drawing. A year later, Beth and Phillip were happily married, and were celebrating the upcoming nuptials of their best friends Rick and Mindy.
Notable relationships
Mindy Lewis
Phillip's first wife was Mindy Lewis, daughter of Billy Lewis and his deceased first wife Diana. Mindy originally was the lover of Rick Bauer and Phillip was engaged to Beth Raines. However, after Phillip and Mindy had a one-night stand (because they thought Rick and Beth slept together), Mindy became pregnant. Phillip decided to do the right thing by marrying Mindy in 1984. Not long after, Mindy suffered a miscarriage and the marriage crumbled. Phillip maintained his feelings for Beth, while Mindy still longed for Rick. Within six months, the couple opted for an amicable divorce in 1985.
India von Halkein
India, Alexandra's stepdaughter from her marriage to the Baron Leo von Halkein, arrived in town in 1984. India's homeland was Andorra, where she and her father lived. Phillip became smitten with the worldly India. Soon after arriving in Springfield, India began a vendetta against the Spaulding family. She blackmailed Phillip into marriage in 1984, and became a member of the board of directors at Spaulding Enterprises. Phillip and India's wedding is regarded as one of the most memorable nuptials in soap opera history. After India's affair with Simon Hall, she and Phillip divorced in early 1986. India remained on the Spaulding Enterprises board of directors indefinitely. Later, India helped Phillip fake his death and go on the run to discover who killed Neil Everest.
Christina "Blake" Thorpe
Phillip believed Beth to be dead, so he moved on with the scheming Blake Thorpe. They married in mid 1989. Blake and Phillip's marriage immediately began to crumble when it appeared that Beth was in fact alive. Thereafter, Beth and Phillip consummated their relationship. Phillip divorced Blake later that year, and Blake sought revenge by romantically pursuing his brother, Alan-Michael Spaulding.
Elizabeth "Beth" Raines
Phillip married the love of his life, Beth Raines in 1991. Phillip's wedding to Beth is also considered to be memorable, in that it featured one of the show's most popular couples to finally say their "I do's." The couple's first dance as man and wife was to Lionel Richie's 1982 debut solo "Truly," which is also remembered as the song Phillip and Beth danced to at their high school prom where they were named king and queen. In later years, Beth had already given birth to a healthy baby girl named Lizzie Spaulding and together she and Phillip left Springfield. They were happy offscreen for quite a while and Phillip returned to Springfield in 1994 to find out who framed him for a number of criminal acts. Phillip moved on with Harley Cooper, but Beth returned. She and Phillip tried to reconnect, but eventually the marriage failed because of the time apart. They separated in 1995. Beth continued to try to separate Phillip from his attachment to Harley, but their divorce was finalized in 1997 after Beth coaxed Lizzie into trying to interfere with Phillip's newfound happiness.
At the end of the series Phillip and Beth found happiness.
Harley Cooper
Phillip married Harley in a surprise family ceremony officiated by the mayor of New York, Rudy Gulliani, in 1997. The wedding was organized by Phillip's Best Friend, Rick; Harley's stepmother, Jenna and Phillip's Aunt Alexandra. In a surprise moment, Phillip asked Alan to be his best man. Harley gave birth to their son, Alan Cooper "Zach" Spaulding. The marriage had its share of ups and downs; and ultimately, the couple divorced in 2001 after Phillip had lied about his unborn child resulting from an affair with Beth.
Olivia Spencer
Olivia Spencer was married to Phillip's father Alan, but after an affair and a pregnancy, Alan kidnapped Olivia and held her away on an island. Phillip rescued her and ultimately, with the use of blackmail, Alan gave Olivia a divorce in 2003. Olivia and Phillip continued to court each other until they ultimately married in 2004 when she gave birth to Emma Spaulding. Eventually, thanks to Harley, Buzz Cooper, and Frank Cooper, Phillip developed a vendetta against the Cooper family and literally went insane. After having him committed, Olivia divorced him and ran away with her daughter Emma.
References
External links
Phillip Spaulding @ soapcentral.com
Spaulding, Phillip
Adoptee characters in television
Television characters introduced in 1977
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional murderers
Fictional kidnappers
Fictional characters with neurological or psychological disorders
Fictional characters incorrectly presumed dead | wiki |
The name Howard has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane Howard (1980) – Category 2
Tropical Storm Howard (1986)
Tropical Storm Howard (1992)
Hurricane Howard (1998) – Category 4
Hurricane Howard (2004) – Category 4
Tropical Storm Howard (2016)
Hurricane Howard (2022) – Category 1
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
Little by Little: A Musical About Friendship, Hormones ...and Popcorn is a 1999 off-Broadway musical produced by The York Theater Company. The book was written by Annette Jolles and Ellen Greenfield, the music by Brad Ross with lyrics by Ellen Greenfield and Hal Hackady. The cast recording was released on the Varèse Sarabande label. The show is licensed by Samuel French.
References
External links
1999 musicals
Off-Broadway musicals | wiki |
Hoodwink, Hoodwinked, or Hoodwinkers may refer to:
Books
The Hoodwinkers, 13th book in the Romney Marsh series of novels by Monica Edwards, published in 1962
Comics
Hoodwink (comics), fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe
Film
Hoodwink (1981 film), 1981 Australian film
Hoodwinked!, 2005 American action-comedy film
Hoodwinked (soundtrack), from the film
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil, 2011 sequel to the 2005/'06 film
Places
Hoodwink Island, adjacent to Antarctica
See also
Hood (disambiguation)
Wink (disambiguation) | wiki |
The 2001 Gael Linn Cup, the most important representative competition for elite level participants in the women's team field sport of camogie, was won by Munster, who defeated Connacht in the final, played at Bohernabreena.
Arrangements
Munster defeated Ulster 5–16 to 3–7. Connacht defeated Leinster by a point 0–13 to 1–9. Munster, with eight Tipperary players, defeated holders Connacht 1–18 to 1–9 in the final.
Gael Linn Trophy
Munster defeated Ulster 2–8 to 0–5. Leinster defeated Connacht 3–9 to 1–10. Aoife Neary scored the decisive goal as Leinster defeated Munster 1–14 to 1–11 in the final.
Final stages
|}
Junior Final
|}
References
External links
Camogie Association
2001 in camogie
2001 | wiki |
The name Irwin has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Tropical Storm Irwin (1981)
Tropical Storm Irwin (1987)
Tropical Storm Irwin (1993)
Tropical Storm Irwin (1999)
Tropical Storm Irwin (2005) – No threat to land.
Hurricane Irwin (2011) – Category 2 hurricane, no threat to land.
Hurricane Irwin (2017) – Category 1 hurricane, no threat to land.
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
The radial collateral ligament of the thumb extends from the first metacarpal head to the proximal phalanx of the thumb. It is located on the radial side of the joint and is weaker than the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb.
References
Ligaments | wiki |
The Pokotia Monolith (also known as the Pokotia Monument) is a stone statue excavated from the pre-Incan site of Pokotia in 1960 from Tiwanaku in Bolivia. In December 2001 inscriptions and patterns on the front and back of the statue were photographed by a team led by the Bolivian archaeologist Bernardo Biados.
It resides in a small museum in Calle Jaén, La Paz, Bolivia; Museo de metales preciosos "Museo de Oro".
References
1960 archaeological discoveries
Buildings and structures in La Paz Department (Bolivia)
Tiwanaku culture
Monoliths | wiki |
Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia refers to the condition where levels of bilirubin are elevated, for reasons that can be attributed to a metabolic disorder.
An example is Crigler–Najjar syndrome.
Symptoms and signs
UGT1A1 gene mutations causes the condition. As a result, there can be reduced functionality of the bilirubin-UGT enzyme. Eventually it causes unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice as substance accumulates in the body due to the reduced ability of the enzyme.
Diagnosis
Management
References
Further reading
External links
Syndromes
Heme metabolism disorders
Hepatology | wiki |
Inishbiggle () is a small inhabited island off the coast of Ballycroy in County Mayo. Its name in Irish means "Vigil Island"
Geography
The island is situated between the northeast of Achill Island and the mainland, and is accessed by boat from either Doran's point at Ballycroy or Bullsmouth, Dooniver on Achill Island. The island is 2½ km x 1½ km, or in area.
Description
The main activities are sheep and cattle farming, fishing and winkle picking. Facilities on the island included a school and a post office, both now closed.
Plans to build a cable-car link across the Bullsmouth Channel, one of the strongest currents in Europe separating the island from Achill had been under discussion since 1996, but have now been abandoned. Planning permission for the cablecar was denied by Mayo county council on the grounds that "It would be visually obtrusive in an area of special scenic importance, that it would create traffic problems and that it would devalue houses in the vicinity."
Unpredictable currents in the channel during winter months can render the island inaccessible, even though the passage during fair weather is about ten minutes in the traditional boat, the currach. Emergency access is by helicopter.
Demographics
The table below reports data on Inishbiggle's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.
See also
Nevins
Potato Labour Scandal 1971
Ulster Scots dialects
References
External links
Discover Ireland - Inishbiggle
Islands of County Mayo | wiki |
Irene Sloan (19 September 1942, Los Angeles — 20 May 2008, Woodland Hills, California) was an American music critic and journalist and the founder of the Wagner Society of Southern California. Along with her husband, Sherwin Sloan, she founded The Opera Quarterly in 1983. The Sloans oversaw the publication for the first six volumes (1983–89).
References
1942 births
2008 deaths
American music critics
American women journalists
American women music critics
People from Los Angeles
Women writers about music
Journalists from California
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women
21st-century American women | wiki |
Abouna è un film del 2002 diretto da Mahamat Saleh Haroun.
Trama
Collegamenti esterni
Film drammatici | wiki |
The Corn Is Green (1945), film van Irving Rapper
The Corn Is Green (1979), film van George Cukor | wiki |
Jim Wooten is an American journalist for ABC News and an author. He won the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award in 2005 for We Are All the Same.
References
External links
American television journalists
Living people
American male journalists
ABC News personalities
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Tutto quello che voglio (All I Want) è un film del 2002 diretto da Jeffrey Porter.
Trama
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Film commedia drammatica | wiki |
The name Jova has been used for six tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:
Hurricane Jova (1981)
Hurricane Jova (1987)
Hurricane Jova (1993)
Hurricane Jova (2005), passed near Hawaii but did not affect land
Hurricane Jova (2011), a Category 3 hurricane, made landfall in Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane
Tropical Storm Jova (2017), did not affect land
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
Lips on Lips è il primo EP in inglese della cantante sudcoreana Tiffany, pubblicato il 22 febbraio 2019 dalla Transparents Art.
Tracce
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
The name Juliette has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Tropical Storm Juliette (1983)
Tropical Storm Juliette (1989)
Hurricane Juliette (1995)
Hurricane Juliette (2001)
Tropical Storm Juliette (2007)
Tropical Storm Juliette (2013)
Hurricane Juliette (2019)
Juliette has also been used on an European Windstorm
Storm Juliette
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
Cannabis in Utah is illegal for recreational use. Possession of small amounts is punishable as a misdemeanor crime. Medical use was legalized by ballot measure in November 2018, after a CBD-only law was passed in 2014 and a limited "right to try" law was passed in March 2018.
Prohibition (1915)
Utah is frequently cited as the first state to explicitly ban cannabis, which they did in 1915, though other scholars state that California was actually the first, in 1913, and that Utah's claim to be first is based on a misunderstanding of California's earlier law and the lack of public attention its passing received. Scholar David E. Newton notes that Utah law is an area of controversy among cannabis historians: some scholars believe the law was a reaction to cannabis usage by Mormon returnees from Mexico following the 1910 revolution, and based on an August 1915 prohibition on cannabis by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Other scholars however note that cannabis was simply not an issue of public attention in Utah during that period, and submit that Utah simply banned cannabis as part of a larger anti-drug legislation based on earlier California law, rather than as a response to any cannabis situation in Utah.
CBD legalization (2014)
In March 2014, House Bill 105 was signed by Governor Gary Herbert, legalizing possession and use of low-THC CBD oil by registered patients with a physician's recommendation and intractable epilepsy. However, the bill included no provision for patients to legally acquire the oil.
Medical cannabis legislation
2015
Senate Bill 259 was a proposed by Senator Mark B. Madsen (Republican, Saratoga Springs) with eight working days left in the legislative session. Under the bill, those with AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder, cachexia or physical wasting, nausea, or malnutrition associated with chronic disease, cancer, Crohn's disease, epilepsy, or a condition that causes debilitating seizures, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis or a similar condition that causes persistent and debilitating muscle spasms, post-traumatic stress disorder, or severe, chronic pain would be able to use medical marijuana legally.
The bill was defeated in the Senate on a 15–14 vote, with several senators citing the relative rush behind the bill as the reason for their no vote. Madsen stated that he would try again in the 2016 session.
2016
In 2016, Senator Madsen again attempted to pass legislation legalizing the use of medical cannabis through . The legislation would have allowed medicinal use for a host of ailments including HIV, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cancer, cachexia, or such condition manifest by physical wasting, nausea, or malnutrition associated with chronic disease, Crohn's disease or a similar gastrointestinal disorder, epilepsy or a similar condition that causes debilitating seizures, multiple sclerosis or a similar condition that causes persistent and debilitating muscle spasms, post-traumatic stress disorder related to military service; and chronic pain in an individual. The legislation also put into place a more robust cultivation, tracking, distribution, and enforcement models in direct response to this lacking information in the 2015 bill and advocated for whole plant usage.
During debate on the bill in the Senate, Madsen made several concessions and amendments. The bill eventually passed the Senate 17-12. The House Health and Human Services Committee, however, failed to pass the bill out of committee along a 4-8 vote.
Madsen's did not attempt to revive the legislation, and he chose not to run for reelection in 2016.
Also during 2016, Senator Evan Vickers (Republican, Cedar City) proposed Senate Bill 89. Vickers' legislation would expand the use of low-THC CBD oil (as opposed to whole plant use) to additional illnesses and also put into place cultivation, tracking, distribution, and enforcement models, but would also include provisions for product testing and research. The legislation would pass the Senate 18-8 and the House Health and Human Services Committee by a vote of 7-5. The full House, however, did not consider the bill.
Finally, Senator Brian Shiozawa (Republican, Salt Lake City) successfully passed Senate Concurrent Resolution 11. This non-binding resolution unanimously passed the Senate and House and urges Congress to reclassify marijuana as a Schedule II drug, thereby allowing study of the drug for medicinal purposes.
2018
In February 2018, the Utah House of Representatives passed HB 195, a bill to legalize the "right to try" and grow medical marijuana plants for terminally ill patients. On March 7, the bill was passed "easily" by the state senate, and on March 21, the governor signed it into law.
On November 6, 2018, The Utah Medical Cannabis Act was passed as ballot Proposition 2. Provisions must be set by the state for dispensaries to open by January 2021.
On December 3, 2018, the Utah Legislature passed HB3001, amending the Utah Medical Cannabis Act as passed through Proposition 2. The Governor signed HB3001 into law later the same day, causing it to go into immediate effect.
2016 gubernatorial race
In April 2016, police visited the home of Democratic gubernatorial candidate Mike Weinholtz, and seized medical marijuana belonging to his wife Donna. This occurred days before Weinholtz's acceptance of his party's nomination. Local authorities opted to pursue misdemeanor possession charges against Donna Weinholtz, and federal authorities chose not to pursue charges. Donna Weinholtz used medical marijuana to treat pain from arthritis and a degenerative spinal condition In October 2016, she pled guilty to misdemeanor possession, agreeing to a fine and probation. During a news conference, Mike Weinholtz called for reform of Utah's medical marijuana system.
See also
Cannabis and Latter-day Saints
References | wiki |
A cowman is a person who works specifically with cattle.
Usage
Usage of the word "cowman" has significant geographic variation, though is sometimes used interchangeably with terms such as "stockman", "cattleman", "rancher" and "grazier."
In England, where the word cowman originates, the social status of a cowman originally was a minor landowner, a yeoman, rather than a cowherd or herdsman. In medieval Gaelic Ireland a cowman was known as a bóaire and was landed. Today, however, in the British Isles the cowman usually is an employee, synonymous with cowherd. A highly skilled, superior cowman would be equivalent to an American farm or ranch manager, responsible for daily management of the herd. An ordinary cowman would be equivalent to a cowboy in the United States, or a stockman in Australia.
A cowman with a dairy farm may also be known in the British Isles as a milkman. In both the British Isles and the United States milkman commonly means someone who delivers milk to houses.
In the United States and Canada, the term "cowman" is used, but is less common than other terms such as "rancher," "cattleman," "stockgrower" or, in some cases, "cowboy." It is generally defined as an individual who owns cattle. The more common term for a person who owns and works with dairy cattle usually is dairy farmer, while a person with beef cattle is a cattle rancher. Being farmers and ranchers, American cattlemen are generally landowners, though on occasion the terms may include foremen or managers of particularly large operations. The employees of a ranch who work with the livestock may be called cowboys, wranglers, sheepherders, or simply "ranch hands." However, the term "cowman" is occasionally used as a synonym for cowboy.
Etymology
In modern British English, the word cowman is a core term, not part of a dialect. Cowman is not an entry in Dictionary of American Regional English.
This word is the origin of the occupational surname Cowman.
In popular culture
In the Old West there were range wars, conflicts between ranchers and farmers over access to resources, especially water. This is reflected in much of the art, literature, and film in the Western genre. An example is the song "The Farmer and the Cowman" in the musical Oklahoma!
See also
Cowboy
Pastoral farming
References
Animal husbandry occupations | wiki |
The name Lorena has been used for five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane Lorena (1983)
Hurricane Lorena (1989)
Tropical Storm Lorena (2001)
Tropical Storm Lorena (2013)
Hurricane Lorena (2019), which was a Category 1 hurricane that made landfall in Baja California.
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
Corroy () is a village in County Mayo in Ireland. It lies on the R310 regional road between the town of Ballina and the village of Knockmore in the Parish of Backs.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
Towns and villages in County Mayo | wiki |
There are hundreds of different styles of Chinese martial arts, each with their own sets of techniques and ideas. The various movements in kung fu, most of which are imitations of the fighting styles of animals, are initiated from one to five basic foot positions: normal upright posture and the four stances called dragon, frog, horse riding, and snake.
The concept of martial arts styles appeared from around the Ming dynasty (13681644). Before the Ming period, martial skills were commonly differentiated mainly by their lineage. There are common themes among these styles which allow them to be grouped according to generalized "families" (), "fractions" (), "class" (), or "schools" () of martial art styles. There are styles that mimic movements from animals, or otherwise refer or allude to animals or mythical beings such as dragons, and others that gather inspiration from various Chinese philosophies or mythologies. Some deeply internal styles tend to focus strongly on practice relating to harnessing of qi energy, while some more-conspicuously external styles tend more to display skills and abilities in competition or exhibition.
The rich variety of styles has led to the creation of numerous classification schemes.
Geographical location such as regional affiliation is one well-known example.
A particular Chinese martial arts style can be referred to as either a northern fist () or a southern fist () depending on its point of origin. Additional details such as province or city can further identify the particular style. Other classification schemes include the concept of external () and internal (). This criterion concerns the training focus of a particular style. Religious affiliation of the group that found the style can also be used as a classification. The three great religions of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism have associated martial arts styles. There are also many other criteria used to group Chinese martial arts; for example, imitative-styles () and legendary styles; historical styles and family styles. Another more recent approach is to describe a style according to their combat focus.
Geographical classifications
The traditional dividing line between the northern and southern Chinese martial arts is the Yangtze River. A well-known adage concerning Chinese martial arts is the term "Southern fists and Northern kicks" (「南拳北腿」). This saying emphasizes the difference between the two groups of Chinese martial arts. However, such differences are not absolute and there are many Northern styles that excel in hand techniques and conversely, there are many different types of kicks in some Southern styles. A style can also be more clearly classified according to regional landmarks, province, city and even to a specific village.
Northern styles
Northern styles/Běi pài (北派) feature deeply extended postures—such as the horse, bow, drop, and dragon stances—connected by quick fluid transitions, able to quickly change the direction in which force is issued.
The group of Northern martial arts includes many illustrious styles such as Northern Shaolin Kung Fu, Baguazhang, Bajiquan, Chāquán, Chuojiao, Eagle Claw, Northern Praying Mantis and Taijiquan. Chángquán is often identified as the representative Northern style and forms a separate division in modern Wushu curriculum.
Northern styles exhibit a distinctively different flavor from the martial arts practiced in the South. In general, the training characteristics of northern styles put more focus on legwork, kicking and acrobatics. The influence of Northern styles can be found in traditional Korean martial arts and their emphasis on high-level kicks.
Southern styles
Southern Chinese martial arts/Nanquan (南派) feature low stable stances and short powerful movements that combine both attack and defense. In practice, Nanquan focus more on the use of the arm and full body techniques than high kicks or acrobatics moves.
The influence of Southern styles can be found in Goju Ryu, Uechi Ryu, and some other styles of karate from Okinawa and also in kempo both American and Japanese styles.
The term Southern styles typically applies to the five family styles of Southern China: Choy Gar (蔡家), Hung Ga (洪家), Lau Gar (刘家), Ng Ying Kungfu (), Li (Lee) Family (李家) and Mok Gar (莫家). Other styles include: Choy Li Fut, Fujian White Crane, Dog Style Kungfu, Five Ancestors, Wing Chun, Southern Praying Mantis, Hak Fu Mun, Bak Mei and Dragon. There are sub-divisions to Southern styles due to their similar characteristics and common heritage. For example, the Fujian martial arts can be considered to be one such sub-division. This groups share the following characteristics that "during fights, pugilists of these systems prefer short steps and close fighting, with their arms placed close to the chest, their elbows lowered and kept close to the flanks to offer them protection". Nanquan (Southern Fist) became a separate and distinct component of the current Wushu training. It was designed to incorporate the key elements of each major Southern style.
Other geographical classifications
Chinese martial arts can also be identified by the regional landmarks, province, city or even village. Generally, this identification indicates the region of origin but could also describe the place where the style has established a reputation. Well-known landmarks used to characterize Chinese martial arts include the famous mountains of China. The Eight Great Schools of Martial Arts (八大門派/八大门派), a grouping of martial arts schools used in many wuxia novels, is based on this type of geographical classifications. This group of schools includes: Hua Shan (華山/华山), Emei Mountains (峨嵋山), Wudang Shan (武当山), Mt. Kongtong (崆峒山), Kunlun Mountains (崑崙山/昆仑山), Cang Mountain (蒼山/苍山), Mount Qingcheng (青城山) and Mount Song Shaolin (嵩山少林). Historically, there are 18 provinces (省) in China. Each province has its own styles of martial arts. For example, in Xingyi, there are currently three main branches: Shanxi, Hebei and Henan. Each branch has unique characteristics but they can all be traced to the original art developed by Li Luoneng and the Dai family. A particular style can also be identified by the city where the art was practised. For example, in the North, the cities of Beijing or Tianjin have created different martial arts branches for many styles. Similarly, in the South, the cities of Shanghai, Quandong and Foshan all represented centers of martial arts development. Older martial art styles can be described by their village affiliation. For example, Zhaobao t'ai chi ch'uan (趙堡忽靈架太極拳/赵堡忽灵架太极拳) is a branch of Chen-style t'ai chi ch'uan originating from Zhaobao village.
External and internal classifications
The distinction between external and internal (外内) martial arts comes from Huang Zongxi's 1669 Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan.
Stanley Henning proposes that the Epitaph'''s identification of the internal martial arts with the Taoism indigenous to China and its identification of the external martial arts with the foreign Buddhism of Shaolin—and the Manchu Qing Dynasty to which Huang Zongxi was opposed—may have been an act of political defiance rather than one of technical classification.
Kennedy and Guo suggests that external and internal classifications only became popular during the Republican period. It was used to differentiate between two competing groups within The Central Guoshu Academy.
Regardless of the origin of this classification scheme, the distinction becomes less meaningful since all complete Chinese martial art styles have external and internal components. This classification scheme is only a reminder of the initial emphasis of a particular style and should not be considered an absolute division.
External styles
External style () are often associated with Chinese martial arts. They are characterized by fast and explosive movements and a focus on physical strength and agility. External styles includes both the traditional styles focusing on application and fighting, as well as the modern styles adapted for competition and exercise. Examples of external styles are Shaolinquan, with its direct explosive attacks and many Wushu forms that have spectacular aerial techniques.
External styles begin with a training focus on muscular power, speed and application, and generally integrate their qigong aspects in advanced training, after their desired "hard" physical level has been reached. Most Chinese martial art styles are classified as external styles.
Internal styles
Internal styles () focus on the practice of such elements as awareness of the spirit, mind, qi (breath, or energy flow) and the use of relaxed leverage rather than muscular tension, which soft stylists call "brute force".
While the principles that distinguish internal styles from the external were described at least as early as the 18th century by Chang Nai-chou, the modern terms distinguishing external and internal styles were first recorded by Sun Lutang; who wrote that Taijiquan, Baguazhang, and Xingyiquan were internal arts. Later on, others began to include their style under this definition; for example, Liuhebafa, Zi Ran Men, and Yiquan.
Components of internal training includes stance training (zhan zhuang''), stretching and strengthening of muscles, as well as on empty hand and weapon forms which can contain quite demanding coordination from posture to posture. Many internal styles have basic two-person training, such as pushing hands. A prominent characteristic of internal styles is that the forms are generally performed at a slow pace. This is thought to improve coordination and balance by increasing the work load, and to require the student to pay minute attention to their whole body and its weight as they perform a technique. In some styles, for example in Chen style of taijiquan, there are forms that include sudden outbursts of explosive movements. At an advanced level, and in actual fighting, internal styles are performed quickly, but the goal is to learn to involve the entire body in every motion, to stay relaxed, with deep, controlled breathing, and to coordinate the motions of the body and the breathing accurately according to the dictates of the forms while maintaining perfect balance. Internal styles have been associated in legend and in much popular fiction with the Taoist monasteries of Wudangshan in central China.
Religious classifications
Chinese martial arts being an important component of Chinese culture are also influence by the various religions in China. Many styles were founded by groups that were influenced by one of the three great philosophical influences of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.
Buddhist styles
Buddhist (佛教, Fójiào) styles include Chinese martial arts that originated or practised within Chinese Buddhist temples and later spread to laity community. These styles often include Buddhist philosophy, meditation, imagery and principles. The most famous of these are the Shaolin (and related) styles, e.g. Shaolinquan, Choy Li Fut, Fut Gar, Luohanquan, Hung Gar, Wing Chun, Dragon style and White Crane. and recently a contemporary style called wuxingheqidao. One common theme for this group is the association with the philosophy of Chán (Zen) Buddhism and its founder, Bodhidharma.
Shaolin Kung Fu
The term "Shaolin" (少林, Shàolín) is used to refer to those styles that trace their origins to Shaolin, be it the Shaolin Monastery in Henan Province, another temple associated with Shaolin such as the Southern Shaolin Temple in Fujian Province, or even wandering Shaolin monks. More restrictive definitions include only those styles that were conceived on temple grounds or even just the original Henan temple proper. The broadest definition includes just about all external Chinese martial arts, though this has much to do with the attractiveness of the Shaolin "brand name".
Taoist styles
Taoist (道教; Dàojiào) styles are popularly associated with Taoism. They include Chinese martial arts that were created or trained mostly within Taoist Temples or by Taoist ascetics, which often later spread out to laymen. These styles include those trained in the Wudang Mountains, and often include Taoist philosophy, principles and imagery. Some of these arts include Taijiquan, Wudangquan, Baguazhang, Bajiquan and Liuhebafa.
Islamic styles
Islamic (回教; Huíjiào) styles are those that were practiced traditionally solely or mainly by the Muslim Hui minority in China. These styles often include Islamic principles or imagery. Example of these styles include: Chāquán, Tan Tui, some branches of Xingyiquan and Qīshìquán (七士拳).
Historical classifications
Imitative-styles
Imitative-styles are styles that were developed based on the characteristics of a particular creature such as a bird or an insect. Entire systems of fighting were developed based on the observations of their movement, fighting abilities and spirit. Examples of the most well-known styles are white crane, tiger, monkey (Houquan), dog and mantis. In some systems, a variety of animals are used to represent the style of the system; for instance, there are twelve animals in most Xing yi practice.
Legendary and historical styles
Many Chinese martial arts styles are based or named after legends or historical figures. Examples of such styles based on legends and myths are the Eight Immortals and Dragon styles. Example of styles attributed to historical figures include Xing yi and its relationship to Yue Fei and T'ai chi which trace its origins to a Taoist Zhang Sanfeng.
Family styles
Family affiliations are also an important means of identifying a Chinese martial arts system. Heavily influenced by the Confucian tradition, many styles are named in honor of the founder of the system. The five family (Choi, Hung, Lau, Lei, Mok) of Southern Chinese martial arts are representative of family styles. Family styles can also denote branches of a system. For example, the families of Chen, Yang, Wu and Sun represent different training approaches to the art of Tai Chi Chuan.
By main style of application/attack
Another popular method to describe a particular style of Chinese martial arts is to describe the style's emphasis in terms of the four major applications. The four major applications are: kicking (踢), hitting (打), wrestling (摔) and grabbing (Chin na, 拿). A complete system will necessary include all four types of applications but each style will differ in their training focus. For example, most Northern styles are said to emphasize kicking, Southern styles have a reputation for their intricate hand techniques, Shuai jiao practitioners train predominately in full-body close-range techniques, Eagle claw fighters are noted for their grabbing expertise, and Wing Chun focusses on hitting (with the hands/elbows).
Other styles
The variety of classification schemes, like the subject of Chinese martial arts, are endless. Some styles are named after well-known Chinese philosophies. For example, Baguazhang is based on the Taoist philosophy of the eight trigrams (Bagua). Some styles are named after the key insight suggested by the training. For example, Liuhebafa is a system based on the ideas of six combinations and eight methods.
See also
Boxing styles and technique
Comparison of karate styles
Comparison of kobudō styles
Hybrid martial arts
Styles of Japanese martial arts
Styles of wrestling
References
Styles of
Style | wiki |
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Many students attending colleges, universities, and other higher education institutions consume alcoholic beverages. The laws and social culture around this practice vary by country and institution type, and within an institution, some students may drink heavily whereas others may not drink at all. In the United States, drinking tends to be particularly associated with fraternities.
Alcohol abuse among college students refers to unhealthy alcohol drinking behaviors by college and university students. While the legal drinking age varies by country, the high amount of underage students that consume alcohol has presented many problems and consequences for universities. The causes of alcohol abuse tend to be peer pressure, fraternity or sorority involvement, and stress. College students who abuse alcohol can suffer from health concerns, poor academic performance or legal consequences. Prevention and treatment include campus counseling, stronger enforcement of underage drinking or changing the campus culture.
Definitions
Binge drinking
Binge drinking occurs when students drink large amounts of alcohol in a relatively short space of time in order to feel the full effects of alcohol consumption. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above. BAC is the measure of alcohol in one's bloodstream; a BAC of 0.08, therefore, means that 0.08% of the bloodstream consists of alcohol. This is usually seen when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks in a two-hour time period. Factors that can affect a person's BAC include body weight, biological sex, medications, the number of drinks consumed, and the time during which they have been consumed.
Most people younger than age 21 who drink alcohol report binge drinking. The rates of college students binge drinking in the United States have fluctuated for the past years. In college, over 50% of students take part in binge drinking, while 80% of college students report having consumed alcohol during college. Over half of universities' student bodies consist of those under the legal drinking age of 21. Underage drinking is when people below the legal drinking age consume alcohol. This fluctuates for every country: 21 in the United States, 18 in the United Kingdom.
Young adults who participate in binge drinking experience higher rates of physical and sexual assault, and unwanted, unplanned, and unprotected sexual activity. There are also links between heavy alcohol consumption and depression.
The motivations among young students have changed as well. In recent years, more students are drinking with the intended purpose of getting drunk.
Background
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism reported in 2012, that more than 80% of college students drink alcohol, with estimated 40% report binge drinking in the past two weeks, and about 25% report having academic consequences because of their drinking. 56% of students reported binge drinking once a week. In comparison, the comparable figure of alcoholism for American Indian and Alaskan Native youth is approximately 80 percent.
Individual and environmental factors for experiencing alcohol-related consequences have been identified such as drinking during high-risk periods, such as spring break, or belonging to specific student subgroups (e.g., Greek organizations). Drinking throughout high school also played a role, suggesting that binge drinking starts earlier than college for some.
Causes
Peer pressure
In 2001, there were 1,717 unintentional deaths from the consumption of alcohol or other substances, which raised concerns about the excessive use of alcohol. There are many causes of excessive drinking on college campuses. Many students report they felt peer pressured to consume large amounts of alcohol. Peer pressure may occur in multiple forms. One of the more indirect forms of peer pressure is social modelling. In this method, the more “popular” people from a group could be consuming alcohol, and pressure others to drink in excess to fit in and be part of the larger group.
Greek life
A survey taken of one national chapter proved that 97% of their members were drinkers, and 64% of them took part in binge drinking. This is higher than the usual college average of 80% drinkers and 50% binge drinkers. Currently there are over 12,000 fraternity or sorority chapters in the United States with over 750,000 members which raises concerns for student college life at universities. A study showed that members who were part of a fraternity reported two or more symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD) at a rate of 45 for every 100 participants. This number was greater than other participants with the average around 31 per 100 participants. The same change was also seen in women who were part of a sorority with 26.4% of them having symptoms of AUD while close to 18% of other women felt the same effects.
Stress
Stressors could include academic stress, family and relationship stress etc. Penn State released a study that showed that the more daily stressors students have in their lives, the more likely students are to engage in alcohol. In the same study it was there was also a direct correlation with drinking to cope with stress and AUDs. There was a higher percentage of students who drank to cope with stress who developed AUDs through their professional career.
Societal influences
The rise of social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, and streaming platforms like Netflix show advertisements for alcoholic beverages. These parties carry a stigma as everyone in the pictures and movies is seen to be having a great time. This encourages students, both in college and high school, to be more tempted to try alcohol or other substances as they too would like to be part of these events and not excluded from such "great" events. The National Longitudinal Survey conducted an analysis in 1997 which showed that a 28% reduction in alcohol advertising theoretically will reduce adolescent alcohol participation by 2–3% and participation in binge drinking from 12% to between 11%–8%.
Effects
Health concerns
The consequences of binge drinking include alcohol poisoning, nausea and vomiting, unintentional injuries, increased risk of unplanned pregnancies and violent behavior. Each year, 1,825 college students die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor-vehicle crashes, 696,000 college students are assaulted by another student who has been drinking, and 97,000 college students report an alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape. For students under the legal drinking age of 21 in the United States, alcohol use can result in future unhealthy behavior and impaired brain development as early college age is when the brain is developing. According to studies by McLean Hospital, early alcohol drinking indicates serious problems with alcohol later in life.
Academic performance
College students who engage in binge drinking tend to have lower grades than those who do not. According to a study by The Center for the Study of Collegiate Mental Health at Pennsylvania State, students who abuse alcohol showed a clear correlation with a lower GPA. As the frequency of binge drinking increases, the GPA decreases. Another study showed increased alcohol abuse directly links to poor motivation for school and poor academic performance.
Student misconduct
Alcohol use is involved in over half the sexual assault cases on college campuses. For the most part, it is the men being intoxicated that commit acts of sexual assault. In addition, sexual assaults involving alcohol tend to occur between a man and a woman that are not familiar to each other. The very nature of being intoxicated from alcohol tends to make men feel more powerful and privileged, leading to an increase in risk that the man will sexually assault a woman. Furthermore, a professor from Washington State University found through a study that men involved in heavy alcohol consumption are more likely to display acts of sexual aggression.
Alcoholism
As high as 40% of college students could now be considered alcoholics, as defined by the next edition psychiatry's diagnostic manual, but many of these individuals would be regarded as having only a mild drinking problem. Most college binge drinkers and drug users do not develop lifelong problems.
Legal consequences
The legal consequences stemming from underage drinking can have severe impacts on a student's life and career. Students who get caught drinking alcohol underage face various repercussions from loss of driver's license, fines, community service, or even jail time. For those of age who are supplying minors with alcohol could also face severe consequences from being charged with a criminal offense to being arrested. Individual schools might also place their own sanctions on students who drink underage that can range from being on probation to expulsion. Many schools also have strict regulations as to having alcohol or consuming alcohol regardless of age in university owned housing. Doing so may result in warnings, probation, and ultimately removal from university owned housing and expulsion from university owned housing in the future.
At certain U.S colleges, campus police will conduct bar raids by taking a certain number of people from the bar to catch underage students drinking. For example, at the University of Illinois, police will give tickets for underage students for just being an arm's length distance from an alcoholic beverage. At other big universities, such as University of Wisconsin-Madison, students have to pay a ticket of more than $250 and also pay for classes about the problems of drinking. Another major consequence is one's chances for college admission. If an individual has pictures on social media of them drinking or has a record with the police for underage drinking, this will cause a bad image of them and will cause issues when applying to schools.
Though not necessarily legal, college drinking has become so common that there are less legal consequences for students caught drinking as compared to non-campus drinking events. Students are encouraged to prioritize safe drinking over non-drinking. Many schools have transportation services that are specific to drinking so the students are transported safely.
Prevention and treatment
Campus counseling
Offering campus counseling is one way to prevent students from developing long term consequences. Monitoring and prohibiting the use of fake IDs on or around campus is another way to prevent alcohol abuse amongst students. According to recent statistics, the ownership of a fake ID increased from around 12% prior to entering college to about 32% by the end of sophomore year. In addition, 51% of students say that it is incredibly easy to obtain alcohol on and off campus. Fostering a campus culture that fights against binge drinking is another useful preventative method. According to a study done in 2006, 59% of incoming freshman enter college as non-drinkers. A little more than a month into the first semester, 44% of non-drinkers begin drinking. A way to combat the abuse of alcohol, especially among first year students who are not considered to be drinkers, is to create more spaces and events that do not include alcohol.
See also
Alcohol enema
College health
Pregaming
Alcohol advertising on college campuses
American Indian alcoholism
Cigarette smoking among college students
References
Further reading
Bonnie RJ and O'Connell ME, editors. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Committee on Developing a Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Underage Drinking. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2004.
Dodd, L.J., Al-Nakeeb, Y., Nevill, A. and Forshaw, M.J., 2010. Lifestyle risk factors of students: a cluster analytical approach. Preventive medicine, 51(1), pp. 73–77.
Student culture
Alcohol abuse
Drinking culture
Education issues | wiki |
This is a list of current and former lighthouses in Oregon.
See also
Lists of Oregon-related topics
References
External links
Illustrated map showing location, range, photos, height, visiting hours, etc.
Oregon
Lighthouses
Lighthouses
Lighthouses | wiki |
East Guildford may refer to:
East Guildford, Western Australia
East Guildford railway station
See also
Guildford (disambiguation) | wiki |
Elegance is beauty that shows unusual effectiveness and simplicity.
Elegance may also refer to:
Elegance coral, a large polyp stony coral from the western Pacific Ocean
Elegance Garden, a Private Sector Participation Scheme estate in Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
Elegance (mathematics), the notion that some mathematicians may derive aesthetic pleasure from their work, and from mathematics in general
Elegance (typeface), a letterpress typeface by Karlgeorg Hoefer for Ludwig & Mayer
See also
Robert Elegant (born 1928), British-American author and journalist
Petronius ( - 66), Roman courtier, nicknamed elegantiae arbiter or arbiter elegantiarum, "judge of elegance" | wiki |
est une série d'ouvrages éditée depuis le milieu des années 1950 par les éditions Academic Press / Elsevier. Cette colossale collection représente la plus importante somme de connaissance dans le domaine de l'enzymologie, à l'échelle mondiale. Des générations de chercheurs se sont succédé à son élaboration et il s'agit aujourd'hui d'un outils majeur aussi bien dans cette discipline que dans l'ensemble des domaines de la biologie cellulaire et de la biologie moléculaire.
Volumes
Volume 2 (1955) : Preparation and Assay of Enzymes (Nathan Kaplan).
Volume 3 (1957) : Preparation and Assay of Substrates (Nathan Kaplan).
Volume 4 (1957) : Special Techniques for the Enzymologist (Nathan Kaplan).
Volume 12 (1967) : Nucleic Acids, Part A (Lawrence Grossman).
Volume 16 (1970) : Fast Reactions (Kenneth Kustin).
Volume 18A (1970) : Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part A (Donald McCormick).
Volume 20 (1971) : Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis, Part C (Kivie Moldave).
Volume 21 (1971) : Nucleic Acids, Part D (Lawrence Grossman).
Volume 24 (1972) : Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation, Part B (Anthony San Pietro).
Volume 25 (1972) : Enzyme Structure, Part B (C. Hirs).
Volume 36 (1975) : Hormone Action, Part A, Steroid Hormones (Bert O'Malley).
Volume 41 (1975) : Carbohydrate Metabolism, Part B (Willis Wood).
Volume 42 (1975) : Carbohydrate Metabolism, Part C (Willis Wood).
Volume 45 (1976) : Proteolytic Enzymes, Part B (Laszlo Lorand).
Volume 47 (1977) : Enzyme Structure, Part E (C. Hirs).
Volume 48 (1978) : Enzyme Structure, Part F (C. Hirs).
Volume 49 (1978) : Enzyme Structure, Part G (C. Hirs).
Volume 50 (1978) : Complex Carbohydrates, Part C (Victor Ginsburg).
Volume 52 (1978) : Biomembranes, Part C: Biological Oxidations: Microsomal, Cytochrome P-450, and Other Homoprotein Systems (Sidney Fleischer).
Volume 58 (1988) : Cell Culture (William Jakoby).
Volume 61 (1979) : Enzyme Structure, Part H (C. Hirs).
Volume 63 (1979) : Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism, Part A: Initial Rate and Inhibitor Methods (Daniel Purich).
Volume 64 (1980) : Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism, Part B: Isotopic Probes and Complex Enzyme Systems (Daniel Purich).
Volume 79 (1981) : Interferons, Part B (Sidney Pestka).
Volume 83 (1982) : Complex Carbohydrates, Part D (Victor Ginsburg).
Volume 86 (1982) : Prostaglandins and Arachidonate Metabolites (William Lands).
Volume 89 (1982) : Carbohydrate Metabolism, Part D (Willis Wood).
Volume 90 (1982) : Carbohydrate Metabolism, Part E (Willis Wood).
Volume 93 (1983) : Immunochemical Techniques, Part F: Conventional Antibodies, Fc Receptors, and Cytotoxicity (John Langone).
Volume 94 (1983) : Polyamines (Herbert Tabor).
Volume 95 (1986) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 61-74, 76-80 (Martha Dennis).
Volume 98 (1983) : Biomembranes, Part L: Membrane Biogenesis: Processing and Recycling (Sidney Fleischer).
Volume 99 (1983) : Hormone Action, Part F: Protein Kinases (Jackie Corbin).
Volume 102 (1983) : Hormone Action, Part G: Calmodulin & Calcium-Binding Proteins (Anthony Means).
Volume 104 (1984) : Enzyme Purification and Related Techniques, Part C (William Jakoby).
Volume 105 (1984) : Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems (Helmut Sies).
Volume 110 (1985) : Steroids and Isoprenoids, Part A (John Law).
Volume 111 (1985) : Steroids and Isoprenoids, Part B (John Law).
Volume 112 (1985) : Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Part A (Kenneth Widder).
Volume 115 (1985) : Diffraction Methods for Biological Macromolecules, Part B (Harold Wyckoff).
Volume 120 (1986) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 81-94, 96-101 (Nathan Colowick).
Volume 121 (1986) : Immunochemical Techniques, Part I: Hybridoma Technology and Monoclonal Antibodies (John Langone).
Volume 123 (1986) : Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part H (Frank Chytil).
Volume 128 (1986) : Plasma Lipoproteins, Part A: Preparation, Structure, and Molecular Biology (Jere Segrest).
Volume 130C (1986) : Enzyme Structure, Part K (C. Hirs).
Volume 131C (1986) : Enzyme Structure, Part L (C. Hirs).
Volume 132 (1986) : Immunochemical Techniques, Part J: Phagocytosis and Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (Giovanni Di Sabato).
Volume 140 (1988) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 102-119, 121-134 (Nathan Colowick).
Volume 141 (1987) : Cellular Regulators, Part B: Calcium & Lipids (P. Michael Conn).
Volume 142 (1987) : Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids and Amines (Seymour Kaufman).
Volume 143 (1987) : Sulfur and Sulfur Amino Acids (William Jakoby).
Volume 154 (1987) : Recombinant DNA, Part E (Ray Wu).
Volume 158 (1988) : Metallobiochemistry, Part A (James Riordan).
Volume 159 (1988) : Initiation and Termination of Cylic Nucleotide Action (Jackie Corbin).
Volume 161 (1988) : Biomass, Part B: Legnin, Pectin, and Chitin (Willis Wood).
Volume 166 (1988) : Branched Chain Amino Acids (John Sokatch).
Volume 167 (1988) : Cyanobacteria (Alexander Glazer).
Volume 169 (1989) : Platelets: Receptors, Adhesion, Secretion, Part A (Jacek Hawiger).
Volume 175 (1990) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 135-139, 141-167 (John Abelson).
Volume 176 (1989) : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Part A: Special Techniques and Dynamics (Norman Oppenheimer).
Volume 181 (1990) : RNA Processing Part B, Specific Methods (James Dahlberg).
Volume 182 (1990) : Guide to Protein Purification (Murray Deutscher).
Volume 183 (1990) : Molecular Evolution: Computer Analysis of Protein and Nucleic Acid Sequences (Russell Doolittle).
Volume 185 (1990) : Gene Expression Technology (David Goeddel).
Volume 188 (1990) : Hydrocarbons and Methylotrophy (Mary Lidstrom).
Volume 194 (2004) : Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Part A (Christine Guthrie).
Volume 197 (1991) : Phospholipases (Edward Dennis).
Volume 199 (1993) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 168-174, 176-194 (John Abelson).
Volume 200 (1991) : Protein Phosphorylation, Part A: Protein Kinases: Assays, Purification, Antibodies, Functional Analysis, Cloning, and Expression (Tony Hunter).
Volume 201 (1991) : Protein Phosphorylation, Part B: Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, and Protein Phosphatases (Tony Hunter). 8/6/1991
Volume 202 (1991) : Molecular Design and Modeling: Concepts and Applications, Part A: Proteins, Peptides, and Enzymes (John Langone). 10/9/1991
Volume 204 (1991) : Bacterial Genetic Systems (Jeffrey Miller).
Volume 205 (1991) : Metallobiochemistry, Part B: Metallothionein and Related Molecules (James Riordan).
Volume 206 (1991) : Cytochrome P450 (Michael Waterman).
Volume 207 (1997) : Ion Channels (Bernardo Rudy).
Volume 208 (1991) : Protein-DNA Interactions (Robert Sauer).
Volume 209 (1992) : Phospholipid Biosynthesis (Edward Dennis).
Volume 210 (1992) : Numerical Computer Methods (Ludwig Brand).
Volume 211 (1992) : DNA Structures, Part A, Synthesis and Physical Analysis of DNA (David Lilley). 8/4/1992
Volume 213 (1992) : Carotenoids, Part A, Chemistry, Separation, Quantitation, and Antioxidation (Helmut Sies).
Volume 220 (1993) : Membrane Fusion Technique, Part A (Nejat Duzgunes).
Volume 221 (1993) : Membrane Fusion Technique, Part B (Nejat Duzgunes).
Volume 222 (1993) : Proteolytic Enzymes in Coagulation, Fibrinolysis, and Complement Activation, Part A: Mammalian Blood Coagulation Factors and Inhibitors (Laszlo Lorand).
Volume 227 (1993) : Metallobiochemistry, Part D: Physical and Spectroscopic Methods for Probing Metal Ion Environments in Metalloproteins (James Riordan). 10/6/1993
Volume 228 (1994) : Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (Harry Walter).
Volume 229 (1995) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 195-198, 200-227 (John Abelson).
Volume 233 (1994) : Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems, Part C (Helmut Sies).
Volume 234 (1994) : Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems, Part D (Helmut Sies).
Volume 236 (1994) : Bacterial Pathogenesis, Part B: Interaction of Pathogenic Bacteria with Host Cells (Virginia Clark). 7/5/1994
Volume 237 (1994) : Heterotrimeric G Proteins 237 Ravi Iyengar).
Volume 238 (1994) : Heterotrimeric G-Protein Effectors 238 Ravi Iyengar). 9/8/1994
Volume 241 (1994) : Retroviral Proteases 241 Lawrence Kuo).
Volume 242 (1994) : Neoglycoconjugates, Part A, Synthesis 242 Y. Lee).
Volume 243 (1994) : Inorganic Microbial Sulfur Metabolism 243 Harry Peck, Jr.).
Volume 247 (1994) : Neoglycoconjugates, Part B: Biomedical Applications 247 Y. Lee). 12/5/1994
Volume 249 (1995) : Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism, Part D: Developments in Enzyme Dynamics 249 Daniel Purich).
Volume 251 (1995) : Biothiols, Part A: Monothiols and Dithiols, Protein Thiols, and Thiyl Radicals 251 Helmut Sies).
Volume 254 (1995) : Oncogene Techniques 254 Peter Vogt).
Volume 255 (1995) : Small GTPases and Their Regulators, Part A: Ras Family 255 W. Balch). 8/4/1995
Volume 258 (1995) : Redox-Active Amino Acids in Biology 258 Judith Klinman).
Volume 260 (1995) : Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Genetics, Part A 260 Giuseppe Attardi).
Volume 263 (1995) : Plasma Lipoproteins, Part C: Quantitation 263 William Bradley).
Volume 264 (1996) : Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Genetics, Part B 264 Giuseppe Attardi). 3/8/1996
Volume 266 (1996) : Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis 266 Russell Doolittle).
Volume 267 (1996) : Combinatorial Chemistry 267 John Abelson).
Volume 268 (1996) : Nitric Oxide, Part A: Sources and Detection of NO; NO Synthase 268 Helmut Sies). 7/9/1996
Volume 269 (1996) : Nitric Oxide, Part B: Physiological and Pathological Processes 269 Helmut Sies).
Volume 270 (1996) : High Resolution Separation and Analysis of Biological Macromolecules, Part A: Fundamentals 270 Barry Karger).
Volume 271 (1996) : High Resolution Separation and Analysis of Biological Macromolecules, Part B: Applications 271 Barry Karger).
Volume 275 (1996) : Viral Polymerases and Related Proteins 275 Lawrence Kuo).
Volume 276 (1997) : Macromolecular Crystallography, Part A 276 Charles Carter, Jr.).
Volume 278 (1997) : Fluorescence Spectroscopy 278 Ludwig Brand).
Volume 279 (1997) : Vitamins & Coenzymes, Part I 279 Donald McCormick).
Volume 280 (1997) : Vitamins & Coenzymes, Part J 280 Donald McCormick).
Volume 281 (1997) : Vitamins & Coenzymes, Part K 281 Donald McCormick).
Volume 282 (1997) : Vitamins & Coenzymes, Part L 282 Donald McCormick).
Volume 285 (1998) : Cumulative Subject Index: Volumes 263, 264, 266-289 285 John Abelson).
Volume 286 (1997) : Lipases, Part B: Enzyme Characterization and Utilization 286 Byron Rubin).
Volume 287 (1997) : Chemokines 287 Richard Horuk).
Volume 288 (1997) : Chemokine Receptors 288 Richard Horuk). 10/6/1997
Volume 290 (1998) : Molecular Chaperones 290 George Lorimer). 3/5/1998
Volume 291 (1998) : Caged Compounds 291 Gerard Marriott).
Volume 292 (1998) : ABC Transporters: Biochemical, Cellular, and Molecular Aspects 292 Suresh Ambudkar).
Volume 295 (1998) : Energetics of Biological Macromolecules, Part B 295 Gary Ackers).
Volume 296 (1998) : Neurotransmitter Transporters 296 Susan Amara).
Volume 298 (1998) : Molecular Motors and the Cytoskeleton, Part B 298 Richard Vallee).
Volume 299 (1998) : Oxidants and Antioxidants, Part A 299 Helmut Sies). 10/2/1998
Volume 300 (1998) : Oxidants and Antioxidants, Part B 300 Helmut Sies).
Volume 301 (1998) : Nitric Oxide, Part C: Biological and Antioxidant Activities 301 Helmut Sies).
Volume 304 (1999) : Chromatin 304 John Abelson).
Volume 307 (1999) : Confocal Microscopy 307 P. Michael Conn).
Volume 309 (1999) : Amyloid, Prions, and Other Protein Aggregates 309 Ronald Wetzel).
Volume 312 (2000) : Sphingolipid Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Part B 312 Alfred Merrill, Jr.).
Volume 313 (1999) : Antisense Technology, Part A, General Methods, Methods of Delivery, and RNA Studies 313 M. Ian Phillips).
Volume 317 (2000) : RNA - Ligand Interactions, Part A: Structural Biology Methods 317 Daniel Celander).
Volume 318 (2000) : RNA-Ligand Interactions, Part B: Molecular Biology Methods 318 Daniel Celander).
Volume 320 (2000) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 290-319 320 John Abelson).
Volume 321 (2000) : Numerical Computer Methods, Part C 321 Michael Johnson).
Volume 322 (2000) : Apoptosis 322 John Reed). 7/5/2000
Volume 324 (2000) : Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Part B 324 John Sokatch).
Volume 325 (2000) : Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases, Part D: Rho Family 325 W. Balch). 10/2/2000
Volume 327 (2000) : Applications of Chimeric Genes and Hybrid Proteins, Part B: Cell Biology and Physiology 327 Jeremy Thorner). 10/9/2000
Volume 329 (2001) : Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases, Part E: GTPases Involved in Vesicular Traffic 329 John Abelson).
Volume 331 (2001) : Hyperthermophilic Enzymes, Part B 331 Michael Adams). 3/7/2001
Volume 332 (2001) : Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases, Part F: Ras Family I 332 W. Balch). 4/3/2001
Volume 333 (2001) : Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases, Part G: Ras Family II 333 W. Balch).
Volume 335 (2001) : Flavonoids and Other Polyphenols 335 Lester Packer).
Volume 336 (2001) : Microbial Growth in Biofilms, Part A: Developmental and Molecular Biological Aspects 336 Ron Doyle).
Volume 337 (2001) : Microbial Growth in Biofilms, Part B: Special Environments and Physicochemical Aspects 337 Ron Doyle).
Volume 338 (2001) : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Biological Macromolecules, Part A 338 Thomas James).
Volume 339 (2001) : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Biological Macromolecules, Part B 339 Thomas James).
Volume 340 (2001) : Drug-Nucleic Acid Interactions 340 Jonathan Chaires).
Volume 341 (2001) : Ribonucleases, Part A: Functional Roles and Mechanisms of Action 341 Allen Nicholson).
Volume 342 (2001) : Ribonucleases, Part B: Artificial and Engineered Ribonucleases and Speicifc Applications 342 Allen Nicholson).
Volume 343 (2001) : G Protein Pathways, Part A: Receptors 343 Ravi Iyengar). 10/3/2001
Volume 344 (2001) : G Protein Pathways, Part B: G Proteins and Their Regulators 344 Ravi Iyengar).
Volume 345 (2001) : G Protein Pathways, Part C: Effector Mechanisms 345 Ravi Iyengar). 10/3/2001
Volume 346 (2002) : Gene Therapy Methods 346 M. Ian Phillips).
Volume 347 (2002) : Protein Sensors of Reactive Oxygen Species, Part A: Selenoproteins and Thioredoxin 347 Lester Packer). 3/1/2002
Volume 348 (2002) : Protein Sensors and Reactive Oxygen Species, Part B: Thiol Enzymes and Proteins 348 Helmut Sies).
Volume 349 (2002) : Superoxide Dismutase 349 Lester Packer). 3/8/2002
Volume 350 (2002) : Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology, Part B 350 Christine Guthrie).
Volume 350 (2002) : Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, Part B 350 Christine Guthrie).
Volume 351 (2002) : Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology, Part C 351 Christine Guthrie).
Volume 351 (2002) : Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology, Part C 351 Christine Guthrie).
Volume 352 (2002) : Redox Cell Biology and Genetics, Part A 352 Chandan Sen). 7/2/2002
Volume 353 (2002) : Redox Cell Biology and Genetics, Part B 353 Chandan Sen). 6/6/2002
Volume 354 (2002) : Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism, Part F: Detection and Characterization of Enzyme Reaction Intermediates 354 Daniel Purich).
Volume 355 (2002) : Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 321-354 355 John Abelson).
Volume 356 (2002) : Laser Capture in Microscopy and Microdissection 356 P. Michael Conn).
Volume 357 (2002) : Cytochrome P450, Part C 357 Eric Johnson).
Volume 358 (2002) : Bacterial Pathogenesis, Part C: Identification, Regulation and Function of Virulence Factors 358 Virginia Clark).
Volume 359 (2002) : Nitric Oxide, Part D 359 Enrique Cadenas).
Volume 360 (2003) : Biophotonics, Part A 360 Gerard Marriott).
Volume 361 (2003) : Biophotonics, Part B 361 Gerard Marriott).
Volume 362 (2003) : Recognition of Carbohydrates in Biological Systems, Part A : General Procedures 362 Y. Lee).
Volume 363 (2003) : Recognition of Carbohydrates in Biological Systems, Part B: Specific Applications 363 Y. Lee).
Volume 364 (2003) : Nuclear Receptors 364 David Russell).
Volume 366 (2003) : Protein Phosphatases 366 Susanne Klumpp).
Volume 367 (2003) : Liposomes, Part A 367 Nejat Duzgunes).
Volume 368 (2003) : Macromolecular Crystallography, Part C 368 Charles Carter, Jr.). 12/5/2003
Volume 369 (2003) : Combinatorial Chemistry, Part B 369 Guillermo Morales).
Volume 370 (2003) : RNA Polymerase and Associated Factors, Part C 370 Sankar Adhya).
Volume 371 (2003) : RNA Polymerase and Associated Factors, Part D 371 Sankar Adhya).
Volume 372 (2003) : Liposomes, Part B 372 Nejat Duzgunes).
Volume 373 (2003) : Liposomes, Part C 373 Nejat Duzgunes).
Volume 374 (2003) : Macromolecular Crystallography, Part D 374 Charles Carter, Jr.).
Volume 375 (2004) : Chromatin and Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes, Part A 375 Carl Wu).
Volume 377 (2004) : Chromatin and Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes Part C 377 Carl Wu).
Volume 378 (2004) : Quinones and Quinone Enzymes, Part A 378 Helmut Sies).
Volume 379 (2004) : Energetics of Biological Macromolecules, Part D 379 Jo Holt). 3/5/2004
Volume 380 (2004) : Energetics of Biological Macromolecules, Part E 380 Jo Holt). 3/5/2004
Volume 381 (2004) : Oxygen Sensing 381 Chandran Sen).
Volume 382 (2004) : Quinones and Quinone Enzymes, Part B 382 Helmut Sies).
Volume 383 (2004) : Numerical Computer Methods, Part D 383 Ludwig Brand).
Volume 385 (2004) : Imaging in Biological Research, Part A 385 P. Michael Conn).
Volume 386 (2004) : Imaging in Biological Research, Part B 386 P. Michael Conn).
Volume 387 (2004) : Liposomes, Part D 387 Nejat Duzgunes).
Volume 388 (2004) : Protein Engineering 388 Dan Robertson).
Volume 389 (2004) : Regulators of G Protein Signalling, Part A 389 David Siderovski).
Volume 390 (2004) : Regulators of G Protein Signalling, Part B 390 David Siderovski).
Volume 391 (2005) : Liposomes, Part E 391 Nejat Duzgunes).
Volume 392 (2005) : RNA Interference 392 David Engelke).
Volume 393 (2005) : Circadian Rhythms 393 Michael Young).
Volume 394 (2005) : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Biological Macromolecules, Part C 394 Thomas James). 4/6/2005
Volume 395 (2005) : Molecular Evolution, Producing the Biochemical Data, Part B 395 Elizabeth Zimmer).
Volume 396 (2005) : Nitric Oxide Part E 396 Enrique Cadenas).
Volume 397 (2005) : Environmental Microbiology 397 Jared Leadbetter).
Volume 398 (2005) : Ubiquitin and Protein Degradation, Part A 398 Raymond Deshaies).
Volume 399 (2005) : Ubiquitin and Protein Degradation, Part B 399 Raymond Deshaies).
Volume 400 (2005) : Phase II Conjugation Enzymes and Transport Systems 400 Helmut Sies).
Volume 401 (2005) : Glutathione Transferases and gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidases 401 Helmut Sies).
Volume 402 (2005) : Biological Mass Spectrometry 402 A.L. Burlingame).
Volume 403 (2005) : GTPases Regulating Membrane Targeting and Fusion 403 W. Balch).
Volume 404 (2005) : GTPases Regulating Membrane Dynamics 404 W. Balch).
Volume 405 (2005) : Mass Spectrometry: Modified Proteins and Glycoconjugates 405 A.L. Burlingame).
Volume 406 (2006) : Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases: Rho Family 406 W. Balch). 2/7/2006
Volume 407 (2006) : Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases: Ras Family 407 W. Balch). 4/7/2006
Volume 408 (2006) : DNA Repair, Part A 408 Judith Campbell).
Volume 409 (2006) : DNA Repair, Part B 409 Judith Campbell). 5/1/2006
Volume 410 (2006) : DNA Microarrays Part A: Array Platforms & Wet-Bench Protocols 410 Alan Kimmel).
Volume 411 (2006) : DNA Microarrays, Part B: Databases and Statistics 411 Alan Kimmel).
Volume 412 (2006) : Amyloid, Prions, and Other Protein Aggregates, Part B 412 Ronald Wetzel). 10/6/2006
Volume 413 (2006) : Amyloid, Prions, and Other Protein Aggregates, Part C 413 Ronald Wetzel). 10/6/2006
Volume 414 (2006) : Measuring Biological Responses with Automated Microscopy 414 James Inglese).
Volume 415 (2006) : Glycobiology 415 Minoru Fukuda). 11/1/2006
Volume 416 (2006) : Glycomics 416 Minoru Fukuda).
Volume 417 (2006) : Functional Glycomics 417 Minoru Fukuda).
Volume 418 (2006) : Embryonic Stem Cells 418 Irina Klimanskaya).
Volume 419 (2006) : Adult Stem Cells 419 Irina Klimanskaya).
Volume 420 (2006) : Stem Cell Tools and Other Experimental Protocols 420 Robert Lanza).
Volume 421 (2007) : Advanced Bacterial Genetics: Use of Transposons and Phage for Genomic Engineering 421 Kelly Hughes).
Volume 422 (2007) : Two-Component Signaling Systems, Part A 422 Melvin Simon). 7/3/2007
Volume 423 (2007) : Two-Component Signaling Systems, Part B 423 Melvin Simon). 7/3/2007
Volume 424 (2007) : RNA Editing 424 Jonatha Gott). 8/1/2007
Volume 425 (2007) : RNA Modification 425 Jonatha Gott). 8/1/2007
Volume 426 (2007) : Integrins 426 David Cheresh).
Volume 427 (2007) : MicroRNA Methods 427 John Rossi).
Volume 428 (2007) : Osmosensing and Osmosignaling 428 Helmut Sies). 10/1/2007
Volume 429 (2007) : Translation Initiation: Extract Systems and Molecular Genetics 429 Jon Lorsch). .
Volume 430 (2007) : Translation Initiation: Reconstituted Systems and Biophysical Methods 430 Jon Lorsch). 10/9/2007
Volume 431 (2007) : Translation Initiation: Cell Biology, High-throughput and Chemical-based Approaches 431 Jon Lorsch).
Volume 432 (2007) : Lipidomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis 432 H. Alex Brown).
Volume 433 (2007) : Lipidomics and Bioactive Lipids: Specialized Analytical Methods and Lipids in Disease 433 H. Alex Brown).
Volume 434 (2007) : Lipidomics and Bioactive Lipids: Lipids and Cell Signaling 434 H. Alex Brown).
Volume 435 (2007) : Oxygen Biology and Hypoxia 435 Helmut Sies).
Volume 436 (2008) : Globins and Other Nitric Oxide-Reactive Proteins, Part A 436 Robert Poole). .
Volume 437 (2008) : Globins and Other Nitric Oxide-Reactive Proteins, Part B 437 Robert Poole). .
Volume 438 (2008) : Small GTPases in Disease, Part A 438 W. Balch).
Volume 439 (2008) : Small GTPases in Disease, Part B (W. Balch).
Voir aussi
Liens internes
Projet Biologie - Ressources en sciences de la vie
Liens externes
La collection aux éditions Elsevier
Collection d'ouvrages en biologie | wiki |
Most films are subject to copyright, but those listed here are believed to be in the public domain in the United States. This means that no government, organization, or individual owns any copyright over the work, and as such it is common property. This list is not comprehensive; the vast majority of public domain films are not included here for various reasons. Films in this list may incorporate elements from other works that are still under copyright, even though the film itself is out of copyright.
Copyrightable elements of a film
There is no official list of films (or other works) in the public domain. It is difficult to determine the public domain status of a film because it can incorporate any or all of the following copyrightable elements:
Cinematography
Drama
Literature
Music
Art
Graphical characters (e.g., Bugs Bunny)
Fictional characters (e.g., James Bond)
Film copyright involves the copyright status of multiple elements that make up the film. A film can lose its copyright in some of those elements while retaining copyright in other elements. Experts in the field of public domain sometimes differ in their opinions as to whether a particular film is in the public domain.
The use of music in a film can cause uncertainty with regard to copyright. As of 2010, it is not known whether the use of music in a film constitutes publication of the music for the purpose of copyright. Unpublished works are treated differently from published works under US copyright law.
Judicial interpretation of public domain
Judges, too, differ in their interpretation of the laws governing copyright protection. The United States is a "patchwork quilt" of inconsistent copyright rules in different federal judicial districts. The courts of one jurisdiction are not obliged to follow the decisions of another. The Supreme Court of the United States (which could resolve those inconsistencies) very seldom decides copyright cases, and then only when an important principle is involved.
Documenting public domain status
If a film appears on the list below, there is a high probability it has lost some or all of its United States copyright protection or, in the case of U.S. government films, was never protected by copyright.
There is no single method for determining if a film, or parts of it, is in the public domain. There are several methods that can be used to document a film's public domain status. These include the following:
Determining copyright registration
Motion picture copyright registrations prior to 1978 were published in semi-annual Copyright Catalogs. The Library of Congress also published cumulative Copyright Catalogs of motion picture registrations for the periods
1894–1911
1912–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
All are out of print. However, the Film Superlist series is a complete reprint of all registrations in the Copyright Catalogs for 1894 through 1959. There is no cumulative Copyright Catalog for 1970–1977; the Copyright Office published 16 semi-annual Copyright Catalog booklets covering that eight-year period, but all are out of print and extremely rare. All copyright registrations from 1978 onward are online at the Library of Congress website.
Some decades of The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures include copyright registration information for feature films (not shorts) of United States origin. This can include a statement that research failed to disclose copyright registration for a particular film. Copyright registration information is given in the following:
The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures, 1931–1940;
The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures, 1941–1950;
The United States copyright website catalogs all the pre-1978 works that have been renewed in 1978 or later. Several pieces of work have been renewed in the form of collections, thus giving the collection as a whole copyright protection.
Missing or flawed copyright notice
Films published before March 1, 1989, had to contain a valid copyright notice in order to claim copyright. At the bare minimum, the copyright notice had to include the word "copyright" or an acceptable abbreviation (like a circled C), the year of publication (which could not be more than one year ahead of the actual publication), and the name of any entity claiming the copyright.
For example, episodes of the animated TV series The New 3 Stooges were published with an incomplete copyright notice with a year and copyright symbol but no claimant. The series was published prior to 1989, and the lack of an explicit claimant ensured that the series immediately lapsed into the public domain. Had the series been published after this date, the owner of any copyright would have been unclear due to uncertainty over ownership of the series.
As a result of the passage of the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, a copyright notice is not required for films published on March 1, 1989, or later. An invalid notice or a lack of one would not invalidate the copyright to works published between 1978 and March 1, 1989, as long as a proper notice was added to subsequent copies.
Date of publication and renewal status
All motion pictures made and exhibited before are indisputably in the public domain in the United States. This date will move forward one year, every year, meaning that films released in will enter the public domain in , films from in , and so on, concluding with films from 1977 entering the public domain in 2073.
Films registered between and 1963 had to have their copyrights renewed in order for them not to enter the public domain. The semi-annual Copyright Catalog booklets have virtually complete lists of renewals for the films registered 28 years earlier. Those semi-annual booklets all are out of print. However, for through 1959, the Film Superlist books match copyright renewals with earlier registrations. Copyright registrations and renewals can be found in
Volume 1 : Motion Pictures in the U.S. Public Domain 1894–1939
Volume 2 : Motion Pictures in the U.S. Public Domain 1940–1949
Volume 3 : Motion Pictures in the U.S. Public Domain 1950–1959
As a result of the Copyright Renewal Act of 1992, copyrights registered between 1964 and later were automatically renewed.
Before the passage of the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) in 1998, the term of copyright in the U.S. was a maximum of 75 years, with the work entering the public domain on January 1 of the 76th year from creation (so, for example, a film made in 1930 whose copyright was properly registered and renewed would enter the public domain on January 1, 2006). As such, all films released before 1923 would have entered the public domain by January 1, 1998. Although the CTEA added 20 years to the terms of all existing copyrights until 2019, it explicitly refused to revive any copyrights that had expired prior to its passage. On January 1, 2019, the 20-year extension expired and new works began entering the public domain each year thereafter.
Underlying rights
Many of the movies listed below are based on novels, plays, magazine stories or a combination of these sources. In some cases, a film's copyright has lapsed because of non-renewal while the underlying literary or dramatic source is still protected by copyright; for example, the movie His Girl Friday (1940) became a public domain film in 1969 because it was not renewed, but it is based on the 1928 play The Front Page, which is still under copyright until 2024 and thus, as a practical matter, the film cannot be used without permission.
Work of the United States government
All works made by United States government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain from their creation. The status of works made by contractors is dependent on the terms of their contract. Note that this applies only to the federal government, and not to state or local governments, which may or may not claim copyright depending on state laws.
Films
Some films are not listed here in order to keep this list to a manageable size. These include films that were released before (see :Category:Films by year for pre- films) and works of the United States government. Films released under a free license such as Creative Commons are also excluded on the basis they are not technically in the public domain, despite being free to share and use.
See also
History of film
List of open-source films
Lists of films
List of animated films in the public domain in the United States
List of years in film
Open-source film
Outline of film
List of public domain works with multimedia adaptations
Public domain in the United States
The Story of Film: An Odyssey
Notes
Public domain in the U.S. from creation as work of the United States government
References
Bibliography
Public domain
Public domain
Public domain in the United States | wiki |
Robert Moran (constructeur naval)
Robert Moran (compositeur) | wiki |
Viola hastata, commonly known as the halberd-leaved yellow violet, is a perennial plant in the violet family found in the eastern United States. It blooms from March to May with yellow flowers.
References
External links
hastata | wiki |
Adrian Thomas may refer to:
Adrian Thomas (composer), composer and professor of music at Cardiff University School of Music
Adrian P. Thomas, American victim of miscarriage of justice
Adrian Thomas (zoologist) (born 1963), British professor of zoology at Oxford University | wiki |
The name Norma has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Tropical Storm Norma (1970)
Hurricane Norma (1974)
Hurricane Norma (1981)
Hurricane Norma (1987)
Tropical Storm Norma (1993)
Tropical Storm Norma (2005)
Hurricane Norma (2017)
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
Dimension Jump may refer to:
"Dimension Jump" (Red Dwarf episode), an episode of the British television sitcom Red Dwarf
Dimension Jump (convention), convention organised by the official Red Dwarf fan club | wiki |
The name Patricia was used for five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific:
Hurricane Patricia (1970) – remained in the open ocean
Hurricane Patricia (1974) – caused no known damage or deaths
Hurricane Patricia (2003) – remained at sea, causing no damage
Tropical Storm Patricia (2009) – briefly affected parts of Baja California Sur, causing no damage
Hurricane Patricia (2015) – strongest storm ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere, the second-strongest worldwide in terms of pressure, and the strongest in terms of 1-minute sustained winds.
After the 2015 storm, the name Patricia was retired and replaced with Pamela for the 2021 season.
The name Patricia was also used for one tropical cyclone in the Western Pacific:
Typhoon Patricia (1949) - A category 4 typhoon
References
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
Hurricane Pauline may refer to one of four tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:
Hurricane Pauline (1961), remained well out at sea
Hurricane Pauline (1968), made landfall on Baja California
Hurricane Pauline (1985), threatened Hawaii
Hurricane Pauline (1997), a Category 4 hurricane that made landfall in Mexico, killing between 230 and 500 people, and causing 447.8 million (1997 USD) in damage.
Following the hurricane in 1997, the name Pauline was retired from use in the Eastern Pacific, and replaced with Patricia for the 2003 season.
The name Pauline has also been used for one tropical cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean:
Typhoon Pauline (1947)
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
A pochade (from French poche, pocket) is a type of sketch used in painting. As opposed to a croquis, which is line art, a pochade captures the colors and atmosphere of a scene.
Generally, pochades use a small, portable format. Robert Henri and James Wilson Morrice, for example, painted such sketches on small wood panels that would fit in a coat pocket along with oil paint tubes. Others artists, such as landscape painter John Constable, made pochades the size of the intended painting. The French artist Alphonse Chigot produced a series of pochades of the towns people of Valenciennes that he sold from his studio which were later collected and publish in two volumes.
References
Drawing | wiki |
The name Priscilla has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:
Hurricane Priscilla (1967)
Hurricane Priscilla (1971)
Tropical Storm Priscilla (1975)
Hurricane Priscilla (1983)
Tropical Storm Priscilla (1989)
Tropical Storm Priscilla (2013)
Tropical Storm Priscilla (2019)
The name Priscilla has also been used for one tropical cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean:
Typhoon Priscilla (1946)
Pacific hurricane set index articles
Pacific typhoon set index articles | wiki |
Tropical Storm Rachel may refer to:
In the Eastern Pacific Ocean
Tropical Storm Rachel (1984) - Moderate tropical storm, no effect on land
Tropical Storm Rachel (1990) - Strong tropical storm, made landfall in Mexico twice, caused 18 deaths
Hurricane Rachel (2014) - Category 1 hurricane, no effect on land
Western Pacific Ocean
Tropical Storm Rachel (1999) - Minimal tropical storm; stuck Taiwan, regenerated, before dissipating over the Yellow Sea
Southwest Pacific Ocean
Cyclone Rachel (1997) - Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone that struck Port Hedland at peak intensity
Pacific hurricane set index articles
Pacific typhoon set index articles
Australian region cyclone set index articles | wiki |
Image Composite Editor is an advanced panoramic image stitcher made by the Microsoft Research division of Microsoft Corporation.
The application takes a set of overlapping photographs of a scene shot from a single camera location and creates a high-resolution panorama incorporating all the source images at full resolution. The stitched panorama can be saved in a wide variety of file formats, from common formats like JPEG and TIFF to multi-resolution tiled formats like HD View and Deep Zoom, as well as allowing multi-resolution upload to the Microsoft Photosynth site. It can also be saved to a web page with a zoomable viewer using a third-party template. As of 2021 the program is no longer available for download from Microsoft though it can be found on various other sources.
Features
Stitching algorithms automatically place source images and determine panorama type
Advanced orientation adjustment view allows planar, cylindrical, and spherical projections
Support for different types of camera motion
Panorama stitching from video
Exposure blending using Microsoft Research fast Poisson algorithm
Automatic lens vignette removal
Automatic cropping to maximum image area
Optional automatic completion of missing image parts (helpful for sky, clouds, grass, gravel etc.)
No image size limitation - stitch Gigapixel images
Constrained assembly of image sets taken on a known regular grid, e.g. with a Gigapan head
Native support for 64-bit operating systems
Support for exporting the results to HD View, Deep Zoom, TIFF, JPEG, PNG and layered Photoshop file formats
Panorama publishing to Microsoft Photosynth
However, Microsoft ICE currently does not provide any anti-ghosting-mechanism, like other panorama stitching programmes do, e.g. the open source programme Hugin (software) and various commercial applications.
See also
Microsoft Research
Windows Live Photo Gallery
References
External links
Microsoft Research ICE
Windows Live Photo and Video Blog - Official Windows Live Photo Gallery team blog
Windows-only freeware
Photo software
Photo stitching software
Panorama photography
Image Composite Editor
Free photo stitching software | wiki |
The name Trudy has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane Trudy (1990), a Category 4 hurricane that churned in the open ocean.
Tropical Storm Trudy (2014), a short-lived tropical storm that made landfall in Mexico.
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
In architecture, patera (pl. paterae) is an ornamental circular or oval bas-relief disc. The patera is usually used to decorate friezes and walls, and to interrupt moldings. Patera is also used in furniture-making. It can be carved, incised, inlaid, or even painted.
Overview
The patera is found in the ancient Roman architecture and in almost all later western styles of architecture. The patera is used both within the civil and church architecture is usually made of marble or Istrian stone. It has a variable diameter between 20 and 80 cm, while the thickness is around 10 cm. The subject represented in the bas-relief is generally of floral or animal type, but there are also figures symbolizing trades or people. Being mainly a decorative element, the patera may also perform an apotropaic function to keep away evil spirits.
Gallery
References
Architectural sculpture
Visual motifs
Amulets
Talismans | wiki |
The name Seymour has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane Seymour (1992)
Hurricane Seymour (2016)
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
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84500 | wiki |
The United States Census Bureau defines census-designated places as unincorporated communities lacking elected municipal officers and boundaries with legal status.
As of the 2020 census, Kansas has 114 census-designated places, up from 44 in the 2010 census. While most CDPs in Kansas are small, rural communities, there are also a handful of CDPs included in this list that are inside of Indian Reservations, as well as some military bases. A total of 26,153 people live in Kansas' CDPs, or 0,89% of the population.
Census-designated places
See also
List of counties in Kansas
List of townships in Kansas
List of cities in Kansas
List of unincorporated communities in Kansas
List of ghost towns in Kansas
Lists of places in Kansas
Kansas locations by per capita income
Kansas census statistical areas
Kansas license plate county codes
References
Kansas | wiki |
Fast and Furious is a 1927 American silent comedy film directed by Melville W. Brown and written by Raymond Cannon and Reginald Denny. The film stars Reginald Denny, Barbara Worth, Claude Gillingwater, and Armand Kaliz. The film was released on June 12, 1927 by Universal Pictures.
Cast
Reginald Denny as Tom Brown
Barbara Worth as Ethel
Claude Gillingwater as Smithfield
Armand Kaliz as Dupont
Lee Moran as Joe
Charles K. French as Hodge
Wilson Benge as Coachman
Robert E. Homans as Doctor
Kingsley Benedict as Shorty
Edgar Norton as Englishman
Preservation
A copy of Fast and Furious is housed at the Cineteca Italiana film archive in Italy.
References
External links
1927 comedy films
1927 films
American auto racing films
Silent American comedy films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by Melville W. Brown
1920s American films | wiki |
The Modern Maximum refers to the period of relatively high solar activity which began with solar cycle 15 in 1914. It reached a maximum in solar cycle 19 during the late 1950s and may have ended with the peak of solar cycle 23 in 2000, as solar cycle 24 is recording, at best, very muted solar activity. Another proposed end date for the maximum is 2007, with the decline phase of Cycle 23. In any case the low solar activity of solar cycle 24 in the 2010s marked a new period of reduced solar activity.
This maximum period is a natural example of solar variation, and one of many that are known from proxy records of past solar variability. The Modern Maximum reached a double peak once in the 1950s and again during the 1990s. For example, Scientists theorized that the Modern Solar Maximum which occurred in 1950-1980 brought a significant cooling phase through parts of the North Atlantic region with Greenland experiencing a major cooling cycle. During this particular Modern Solar Maximum, scientists stated that the sun had a very high solar activity during this time.
References
20th century
2000s
Solar phenomena | wiki |
Braquenié et Cie was a French fabric designer and manufacturer. The company was founded in 1823.
History
The company was founded in 1823 by Pierre-Antoine Doineau and his wife Louise-Desirée Doineau.
Around 1840 the company opened a factory at Aubusson, France.
In 1842 the company renamed itself Demy-Doineau et Braquenié, Manufacture Royale de Tapis et de Tapisserie. Two years later, Demy-Doineau et Braquenié exhibited at the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 in Paris.
In 1858 the brothers Alexandre and Charles-Henri Braquenié took over the company, renaming it Braquenié frères; In 1873 this was changed to Braquenié et Cie. In 1898 the company purchased land and a former fabric factory in Felletin, France.
Its clients included the Kings Louis-Philippe, Napoléon III and his wife Eugénie, the family Rothschild and the Vatican.
Examples of their work are included in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and the National Gallery of Art, Washington.
Closure
The factory at Felletin closed in 1958 or 1959. Its factories at Malines and d'Aubusson closed in 1987 and 1990, respectively. In 1991 the company and its designs were acquired by Pierre Frey.
References
French companies established in 1823
Textile designers
Textile companies of France | wiki |
Chlorox, Ammonia and Coffee () is a 2004 Norwegian comedy film written and directed by Mona J. Hoel, starring Benedikte Lindbeck, Kjersti Holmen and Fares Fares. The film follows multiple storylines, and is about having the courage to take chances in life.
External links
Chlorox, Ammonium and Coffee! at the Norwegian Film Institute
2004 films
2004 comedy films
Norwegian comedy films | wiki |
Slaphappy: Pride, Prejudice, and Professional Wrestling is a book written by reporter Thomas Hackett that describes, with a sociological and philosophical bent, the industry of professional wrestling.
Reception
The New York Times gave the book a mediocre review. Kirkus Reviews said the book is a "punch-drunk saga of showbiz ugliness". Publishers Weekly called the title a "fascinating study".
References
Sources
Hackett, Thomas. Slaphappy: Pride, Prejudice, and Professional wrestling. Harper Collins. New York, NY. 2006.
2006 non-fiction books
Professional wrestling books
HarperCollins books | wiki |
Battle Ground vagy Battleground:
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Battle Ground (Indiana)
Battle Ground (Washington)
Battleground (Alabama) | wiki |
The following is a list of notable UK noise musicians and bands.
Hwyl Nofio
Nurse With Wound
Skullflower
Throbbing Gristle
Whitehouse
Noise | wiki |
A supermodel is a fashion model with a worldwide reputation.
Supermodel may also refer to:
Supermodel (album), a 2014 album by Foster the People
"Supermodel (You Better Work)", a 1992 song by RuPaul
"Supermodel" (Jill Sobule song), a 1995 song by Jill Sobule
"Supermodel" (Måneskin song), 2022
Supermodels (Romanian TV series) a 2015 reality-TV series
Supermodel (Swiss TV series), a 2007 reality-TV series
Super Model (film), a 2013 Hindi film
Supermodel (film), a 2015 American film
"Super Model", an episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force
See also
Supermodelo | wiki |
Final boss may refer to:
, the final opponent a player challenges in a video game
Final Boss (album), a 2008 album by nerdcore rapper MC Frontalot
Final Boss (Halo team), an American Halo electronic sports team
Seung-hwan Oh (born 1982), Colorado Rockies relief pitcher
The original name of the PC game ZeroRanger | wiki |
Cold Lunch () is a 2008 Norwegian drama film directed by Eva Sørhaug, starring Ane Dahl Torp, Pia Tjelta and Aksel Hennie. It was Sørhaug's début as a director.
Plot
The plot of Cold Lunch has multiple dramatic threads set off when Christer (Aksel Hennie) tries to stop a communal washing machine to retrieve rent money left in one of his pockets.
Removing a fuse from the building's main power supply sets in motion a number of events affecting the lives of residents in the building.
Reception
Reviewers were somewhat split in their assessment of the film. In a review for Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet, Eirik Alver gave the movie a "die throw" of five and called it thematically "recognizable". Jon Selås of Verdens Gang gave it only three points, calling it a "uneven mix of ambitious, uncompromising will".
References
External links
Cold Lunch at the Norwegian Film Institute
2008 films
2008 drama films
Norwegian drama films
2008 directorial debut films
2000s Norwegian-language films | wiki |
Le terme emmonsite peut désigner :
l'emmonsite , dite aussi emmonsite de Hillebrand, un minéral de fer et de tellure ;
l'emmonsite de Thomson, un synonyme de la strontianite , un minéral de strontium.
Notes et références | wiki |
Stereocidaris is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Cidaridae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
Stereocidaris alcocki
Stereocidaris baileyi
Stereocidaris bolli
Stereocidaris canaliculata
Stereocidaris capensis
Stereocidaris cudmorei
Stereocidaris destefanii
Stereocidaris excavata
Stereocidaris fosteri
Stereocidaris grandis
Stereocidaris granularis
Stereocidaris hawaiiensis
Stereocidaris hispida
Stereocidaris hudspethensis
Stereocidaris hutchinsoni
Stereocidaris indica
Stereocidaris inermis
Stereocidaris ingolfiana
Stereocidaris intricata
Stereocidaris jaekeli
Stereocidaris keertii
Stereocidaris leucacantha
Stereocidaris microtuberculata
Stereocidaris monilifera
Stereocidaris nascaensis
Stereocidaris opipara
Stereocidaris purpurascens
Stereocidaris reducta
Stereocidaris rugensis
Stereocidaris sarracenarum
Stereocidaris sceptriferoides
Stereocidaris squamosa
Stereocidaris stylifera
Stereocidaris sulcatispinis
Stereocidaris trigonodus
Stereocidaris tubifera
References
Cidaridae
Cidaroida genera | wiki |
Supermodel is a 2015 film directed by Shawn Baker and Datari Turner and starring Tyson Beckford, Sessilee Lopez, Tatyana Ali, Fat Joe and Roger Guenveur Smith. It was produced by Datari Turner.
Notes
External links
2015 films
American drama films
Films about fashion
2015 drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films | wiki |
Closed-loop communication is a communication technique used to avoid misunderstandings.
When the sender gives a message, the receiver repeats this back. The sender then confirms the message; thereby common is using the word “yes”. When the receiver incorrectly repeats the message back, the sender will say “negative” (or something similar) and then repeat the correct message. If the sender, the person giving the message, does not get a reply back, he must repeat it until the receiver starts closing the loop. To get the attention of the receiver, the sender can use the receiver's name or functional position, touch his or her shoulder, etc.
References
Communication studies
Social groups
Teams
Risk management
Human communication | wiki |
Richard Warner (24 May 1911 - 14 January 1989) was an English actor. He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1938 to 1988. Also active on stage, his theatre work included Gerald Savory's George and Margaret on Broadway in 1937, and the original production of J.B. Priestley's When We Are Married in London's West End in 1938. He portrayed a judge in several episodes of Granada television's Crown Court from 1972 to 1973.
Filmography
References
External links
1911 births
1989 deaths
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English male television actors | wiki |
The following are the ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Enlisted personnel for each member nation.
Other Ranks (OR 1–9)
See also
NATO
Ranks and insignia of NATO
Ranks and insignia of NATO armies enlisted
Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers
Ranks and insignia of NATO air forces officers
Ranks and insignia of NATO navies enlisted
Ranks and insignia of NATO navies officers
Notes
References
External links
History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance - UK Government site
Military ranks of NATO
Air force ranks | wiki |
The following table lists the ranks and insignia of officers in NATO air forces.
Officers (OF 1 - 10)
1 Honorary/War time rank.
Note that the NATO officer rank codes (OF-1 to OF-10) are differently numbered from the US officer rank codes (O-1 to O-10).
See also
NATO
Ranks and insignia of NATO
Ranks and insignia of NATO armies enlisted
Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers
Ranks and insignia of NATO air forces enlisted
Ranks and insignia of NATO navies enlisted
Ranks and insignia of NATO navies officers
Notes
References
External links
History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance—UK Government site
Military ranks of NATO
Air force ranks | wiki |
French verbs are a part of speech in French grammar. Each verb lexeme has a collection of finite and non-finite forms in its conjugation scheme.
Finite forms depend on grammatical tense and person/number. There are eight simple tense–aspect–mood forms, categorized into the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods, with the conditional mood sometimes viewed as an additional category. The eight simple forms can also be categorized into four tenses (future, present, past, and future-of-the-past), or into two aspects (perfective and imperfective).
The three non-finite moods are the infinitive, past participle, and present participle.
There are compound constructions that use more than one verb. These include one for each simple tense with the addition of or as an auxiliary verb. There is also a construction which is used to distinguish passive voice from active voice.
Conjugation
French verbs are conjugated by isolating the stem of the verb and adding an ending. In the first and second conjugation, the stem is easily identifiable from the infinitive, and remains essentially constant throughout the paradigm. For example, the stem of ("speak") is parl- and the stem of ("finish") is fin-. In the third group, the relationship between the infinitive form and the stem is less consistent, and several distinct stems are needed to produce all the forms in the paradigm. For example, the verb ("drink") has the stems boi-, boiv-, bu-, and buv-.
The ending depends on the mood, tense, aspect, and voice of the verb, as well as on the person and number of its subject. Every conjugation exhibits some degree of syncretism, where the same (homophonous, and possibly also homographic) form is used to realize distinct combinations of grammatical features. This is most noticeable for -er verbs. For instance, the conjugated form parle can be the 1st or 3rd person singular indicative or subjunctive form of parler, or the singular familiar imperative. Furthermore, the 2nd person singular indicative and subjunctive form parles and the 3rd person plural form parlent are pronounced the same way as parle (except in liaison contexts). The prevalence of syncretism in conjugation paradigms is one functional explanation for the fact that French does not allow null subjects, unlike most of the other Romance languages.
Classification
Aside from and (considered categories unto themselves), French verbs are traditionally grouped into three conjugation classes (groupes):
The first conjugation class consists of all verbs with infinitives ending in -er, except for the irregular verb and (by some accounts) the irregular verbs and ; the verbs in this conjugation, which together constitute the great majority of French verbs, are all conjugated similarly, though there are a number of subclasses with minor changes arising from orthographical and phonological considerations.
The second conjugation class consists of all verbs with infinitives in -ir or -ïr and present participles in -issant or -ïssant, as well as the verb . There are somewhat over 300 such verbs, all conjugated identically, with some minor exceptions. The -iss- or -ïss- in much of their conjugation is a reflex of the Latin inchoative infix -isc-/-esc-, but does not retain any aspectual semantics.
The third conjugation class consists of all other verbs: aller, arguably (r)envoyer, a number of verbs in -ir (including all verbs in -oir, which is an etymologically unrelated ending), and all verbs in -re. Nonetheless, this class is very small compared to the other two, though it does contain some of the most common verbs. This class has a few dozen subclasses, often differing substantially; indeed, this class is essentially a catch-all for verbs, besides and , that do not fit into the first two classes. There are about 370 verbs in this group, though a much smaller number are still in frequent use.
Moods
As with English verbs, French verbs have both non-finite moods (les modes impersonnels), also called verbals, and finite ones (les modes personnels).
Finite moods
The finite moods are the indicative (l'indicatif), the imperative (l'impératif), and the subjunctive (le subjonctif). As discussed below, sometimes the conditional is recognized as a fourth mood. While the rules that determine the correct mood are quite complex, they are simplified and summarized in the following table:
Many linguists recognize a fourth mood, the conditional (le conditionnel), which is used in almost exactly the same circumstances as the conditional in English. In French, « Je le ferais si j'avais assez de temps » is "I would do it if I had enough time" in English. The conditional can also be used evidentially, to express reservations about the verb: « Il serait suivi par un psychologue », "He is apparently/is said to be/[etc.] under the care of a psychologist." Other linguists consider the conditional to be a tense of the indicative mood. The two camps do not disagree on the rules for when and how to use the conditional. A third camp recognizes both "conditionnel présent/conditionnel passé" (for use in conditional sentences), and "indicatif futur du passé / indicatif futur antérieur du passé" (for tense concords, "future from a past point of view"; e.g. « Il m'a dit qu'il le ferait le lendemain », "He told me he would do it the next day"), but they recognize also that both are conjugated the same.
Non-finite moods
The infinitive has a present tense, with a perfect: "faire" means "to do", while "avoir fait" means "to have done".
There is a present participle, with a perfect construction: "faisant" means "doing", while "ayant fait" means "having done". As noted above, this participle is not used in forming a continuous aspect. Further, it cannot be used as a noun, in the way that present participles in English have the same form as gerunds; the only verbal noun is the infinitive.
There is a gérondif ("gerundive", but different from the Latin gerundive), formed with the clitic en and the present participle: "en faisant" means "by doing" or "while doing". (It is analogous to the English "in doing", but in English, since "doing" can act as a noun, "in doing" is taken as a prepositional phrase rather than as a separate verb form. That interpretation is not available for "en faisant".) Similarly, "en ayant fait" means "by having done".
There is a separate past participle: "fait" means "done". As in English, it can be used in the passive voice, in the perfect form, or on its own as an adjective. The past participle has no perfect, except arguably in the special surcomposé tense.
Tenses and aspects
Tenses and aspects of the indicative mood
The indicative mood has five "simple" (synthetic) tense-aspect forms, conveying four tenses (times of action) (future, present, past, and future-of-past) and two aspects (fabrics of time) (perfective, conveying an action viewed in its entirety without its time frame being considered in more detail, and imperfective, conveying an action that occurs repeatedly or continuously). The tense-aspect forms of the indicative mood in French are called the present (le présent: present tense, imperfective aspect), the simple past (le passé simple: past tense, perfective aspect), the imperfect (l'imparfait: past tense, imperfective aspect), the future (le futur: future tense, unspecified aspect), and the conditional (le conditionnel: future-in-past tense, unspecified aspect). Note that, as discussed above, in some uses the conditional can be considered a separate mood completely, while in other uses it is the future-in-past tense of the indicative. The use of the various tense forms is described in the following table:
Additionally, the indicative has five compound (two-word) tense-aspect forms, each of which is formed analogously to the perfect in languages such as English (e.g., "have done") (though in French this form does not indicate the perfect aspect) as applied to one of the above simple tense forms. These tense forms are used to indicate events before the corresponding simple tense forms; for example, « À ce moment-là, il se souvint de ce qu'il avait promis » ("At that moment, he remembered what he had promised"). In addition, except in literature or very formal speeches, the present perfect form is used in modern French wherever the simple past would have been used in older or more literary writing. Since this use is much more common than its use as a true present perfect, it is usually called the compound past (le passé composé). Further, where older or more literary French would have used the perfect form of the simple past tense (le passé antérieur) for the past-of-the-past, modern non-literary French uses the pluperfect (le plus-que-parfait; the perfect of the imperfect), or sometimes a new form called the surcomposé (literally, "over-compound"), which re-applies the perfect to the compound past, resulting in a structure like « Je lai eu fait » (literally, "I it have had done").
Unlike English or Spanish, French does not mark for a continuous aspect. Thus, "I am doing it" (continuous) and "I do it" both translate to the same sentence in French: « Je le fais. » However, the distinction is often clear from context; and when not, it can be conveyed using periphrasis; for example, the expression être en train de [faire quelque chose] ("to be in the middle of [doing something]") is often used to convey the sense of a continuous aspect. (For example, "I am doing it" might be expressed as « Je suis en train de le faire », "I am in the middle of doing it.") In the case of the past tense, neither the simple nor the compound past tense is ever used with a continuous sense; therefore, the imperfect often indicates a continuous sense (though it does have other uses, as discussed above).
Similarly to English, the verb (to go) can be used as an auxiliary verb to create a near-future tense (le futur proche). Whereas English uses the continuous aspect (to be going), French uses the simple present tense; for example, the English sentence "I am going to do it tomorrow" would in French be « Je vais le faire demain ». As in English, this form can generally be replaced by the present or future tense: "I am doing it tomorrow", "I shall do it tomorrow", « Je le fais demain », « Je le ferai demain ».
Much like the use of (to go) to create a near-future tense, the verb (to come) can be used as an auxiliary verb to create a near-past tense (le passé proche). As in the near-future tense, the auxiliary verb is in the present tense. Unlike , needs the preposition de before the infinitive. Hence the English sentence "I [just] did it a minute ago" would in French be « Je viens de le faire il y a une minute ».
Tenses and aspects of the subjunctive mood
Forms
The subjunctive mood has only two simple tense-aspect forms: a present (le présent du subjonctif) and an imperfect (l'imparfait du subjonctif). Of these, only the present is used nowadays; like the simple past indicative, the imperfect subjunctive is only found in older and more literary works. When both tense-aspect forms are used, there is no difference in meaning between the two; the present is used in subordinate clauses whose main clauses are in a present or future tense, as well as in the few main clauses that use the subjunctive, and the imperfect is used in subordinate clauses whose main clauses are in a past tense form (other than present perfect). Except in literature and very formal speeches, modern French uses the present subjunctive even where an older or more literary work would use the imperfect subjunctive.
As with the indicative, the subjunctive also has one compound tense form for each simple tense form. The difference between the present perfect subjunctive (le passé du subjonctif) and the pluperfect subjunctive (le plus-que-parfait du subjonctif) is analogous to the difference between the present subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive; of the two, only the present perfect subjunctive is found in modern French.
Uses
The subjunctive in French is used almost wherever it would be in English, and in many other situations as well. It is used in que ("that") clauses to indicate emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity, desire, and so forth. For example, as in English one says
Je préfère qu'il le fasse, "I prefer that he it do", "I prefer that he do it"
But also, unlike in English, the subjunctive is used in, for example,
Je veux qu'il le fasse "I want that he it do", "I want him to do it"
Je crains qu'il (ne) parte "I fear that he (optional subjunctive particle) leave", "I am afraid that he will leave"
Je cherche un homme qui sache la vérité "I seek a man who knows the truth", "I am looking for a man who knows the truth"
Sometimes the subjunctive is used in the interrogative and the negative but not in the affirmative:
Penses-tu qu'il soit sympa ? (subjunctive) "Do you think that he is nice?"
Oui, je pense qu'il est sympa. (indicative) "Yes, I think that he is nice."
Non, je ne pense pas qu'il soit sympa. (subjunctive) "No, I do not think that he is nice."
In addition to situations of doubt, negatives stated with certainty take the subjunctive:
Il n'y a rien que nous puissions faire. "There is nothing that we can do."
Superlatives also can optionally be accompanied by the subjunctive in a que clause, if the speaker feels doubt:
C'est le meilleur livre que j'aie pu trouver. "That is the best book that I could find."
Finally, as in English, counterfactual conditions in the past are expressed by backshifting the apparent time reference. In English this backshifted form is called the pluperfect subjunctive, and unless it is expressed in inverted form it is identical in form to the pluperfect indicative; it is called subjunctive because of the change in implied time of action. In French, however, there is a distinction in form between the seldom used pluperfect subjunctive and the pluperfect indicative, which is used in this situation. For example,
Si on l'avait su (pluperfect indicative), on aurait pu (conditional perfect) l'empêcher. "Had we known (pluperfect subjunctive) it, we would have been able (conditional perfect) to prevent it.
Tenses and aspects of the imperative mood
The imperative only has a present tense, with a rarely used perfect: "fais-le" and "aie-le fait" both mean "do it", with the latter implying a certain deadline (somewhat like English "have it done").
Voice
Like English, French has two voices, the unmarked active voice and the marked passive voice. As in English, the passive voice is formed by using the appropriate form of "to be" (être) and the past participle of the main verb.
Temporal auxiliary verbs
In French, all compound tense-aspect forms are formed with an auxiliary verb (either "to be" or "to have"). Most verbs use avoir as their auxiliary verb. The exceptions are all reflexive verbs and a number of verbs of motion or change of state, including some of the most frequently used intransitive verbs of the language:
— to go
— to arrive
— to pass away
1 — to descend
— to become
1 — to enter
1 — to climb/mount
— to die
— to be born
— to leave or part
1 — to pass by
— to stay
1 — to return
revenir - to return/ to come back
1 — to go out
1 — to fall
— to come
These verbs are often remembered by the acronym MRS VANDER TRAMP or DR & MRS VANDER TRAMP. In the former acronym, devenir and revenir aren't mentioned because they are often thought of as variations of venir.
Verbs that are derived from these by prefixation may continue to select être, but this is not always the case. For example:
(with être)
derived from venir: , , , ,
prefix re-: , 1, , 1, 1, , etc.
(with avoir)
derived from venir: , , , ,
transitive verbs: , , , , , etc.
(The verbs marked with "1" above combine with être in their intransitive uses, and avoir when used transitively.)
A small number of verbs, including some already mentioned above, can in fact be found with either auxiliary (, , , , , , ). There may be a subtle change of meaning depending on the auxiliary chosen, and one auxiliary is usually more literary or archaic than the other.
The distinction between the two auxiliary verbs is important for the correct formation of the compound tense-aspect forms and is essential to the agreement of the past participle.
Past participle agreement
The past participle is used in three ways in French: as an adjective, in the passive construction, and in the compound tense-aspect constructions. When it is used as an adjective, it follows all the regular adjective agreement rules. In passive constructions, it always agrees with the passive subject.
In compound tense-aspect forms, more complicated agreement rules apply, reflecting the subtle priority rules between the attribute meaning (which implies an agreement) and the compound tense construction (which by itself does not imply any agreement).
A. The auxiliary verb is avoir.
B. The auxiliary is être, and the verb is not reflexive. The past participle agrees with the subject:
Elles sont arrivées. ("They (fem.) arrived.")
C. The auxiliary is être and the verb is reflexive. The agreement rules are in fact the same as those for structures with avoir in A, keeping in mind that the reflexive pronoun corresponds to either the direct object or the indirect object of the verb.
See also
Romance verbs – shows the development of French verbs from Latin
English verbs
References
External links
Verbe Du Jour - French/English verb conjugation with translations, audio and examples
Verb2Verbe - French/English verb conjugation with translations
Verb Conjugation Trainer by Très Bien French
French conjugation & grammar of verbs
Le Conjugueur - online conjugation for all French verbs
Bescherelle - Reference book for French Conjugation
Comment-conjuguer.fr - online conjugation for all French verbs and conjugation rules
Verbs
Indo-European verbs | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Badger (Alaszka)
Badger (Dél-Dakota)
Badger (Iowa)
Badger (Kalifornia)
Badger Hill (Kalifornia)
Badger (Minnesota)
Badger (Washington)
Badger (Wisconsin)
Egyesült Királyság
Badger (Shropshire)
Kanada
Badger (Új-Fundland és Labrador) | wiki |
Mi Pay — это система бесконтактных мобильных платежей на основе NFC, которая поддерживает кредитные, дебетовые карты и карты общественного транспорта в Китае. Сервис был запущен Xiaomi в партнерстве с UnionPay.
В декабре 2018 года Xiaomi запустила Mi Pay в Индии в партнерстве с ICICI Bank. Помимо отправки и получения денег, можно оплачивать счета за коммунальные услуги, мобильную и широкополосную связь.
См. также
Mir Pay
Apple Pay
Google Pay
Samsung Pay
Примечания | wiki |
The Late Show, een Amerikaans praatprogramma van CBS
Late Show with David Letterman, een Amerikaans praatprogramma dat van 1993 tot 2015 werd uitgezonden
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, een Amerikaans praatprogramma dat sinds 2015 wordt uitgezonden
The Late Show (film), een Amerikaanse filmkomedie uit 1977
Late Show (film), een Duitse filmkomedie uit 1999 | wiki |
South Side High School is a public high school in Greene Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the only high school in the South Side Area School District. Athletic teams compete as the South Side Rams in the Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League.
Notes and references
External links
District Website
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Education in Pittsburgh area | wiki |
Italy participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Their entry was selected internally by the Italian broadcaster Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI). Emma represented Italy with the song "La mia città". In the final, Italy placed 21st, scoring 33 points.
Background
Prior to the 2014 contest, Italy had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty times since its first entry during the inaugural contest in 1956. Since then, Italy has won the contest on two occasions: in 1964 with the song "Non ho l'età" performed by Gigliola Cinquetti and in 1990 with the song "Insieme: 1992" performed by Toto Cutugno. Italy has withdrawn from the Eurovision Song Contest a number of times with their most recent absence spanning from 1998 until 2010. Their return in 2011 with the song "Madness of Love", performed by Raphael Gualazzi, placed second—their highest result, to this point, since their victory in 1990. The nation saw further success in 2012 and 2013, placing ninth and seventh, respectively.
The Italian broadcaster for the 2014 Contest, who broadcast the event in Italy and organised the selection process for its entry, was RAI. Italy has previously organised national finals and internal selections to select their Eurovision entry. Between 2011 and 2013, the broadcaster used the Sanremo Music Festival as an artist selection pool where a special committee would select one of the competing artist, independent of the results in the competition, as the Eurovision entrant. The selected entrant was then responsible for selecting the song they would compete with. This method was again used for 2014.
Before Eurovision
On 22 January 2014, RAI announced that they had internally selected Emma Marrone to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. On 24 January 2014, RAI revealed that Emma would perform "La mia città" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014.
At Eurovision
As a member of the "Big Five", Italy automatically qualified for a place in the final, held on 10 May 2014. In addition to their participation in the final, Italy was assigned to vote in the second semi-final on 8 May 2014. During the Italian delegation's press conference on 6 May 2014, Italy was allocated to compete in the second half of the final. In the final, the producers of the show decided that Italy would perform 16th, following Russia and preceding Slovenia.
Italy placed 21st in the final out of 26, scoring 33 points. This represented one of the lowest placements in Italy's Eurovision Song Contest history – its lowest ever by absolute finishing position, but not its lowest relative finish or score (having previously finished 17th and joint-last with 0 points in the 1966 contest with Domenico Modugno's "Dio, come ti amo").
On stage, Emma was joined by two guitarists, one keyboard player, one drummer and one backing vocalist, Arianna Mereu. The Italian performance is based on a concept of glam rock from the 70s combined with futuristic elements.
In Italy, the broadcast of the first and second semi-finals aired on Rai 4 with commentary by Marco Ardemagni and Filippo Solibello, while the final aired on Rai 2 with commentary by Linus and Nicola Savino. The Italian spokesperson revealing the result of the Italian vote in the final was Linus.
Voting
Points awarded to Italy
Points awarded by Italy
Detailed voting results
The following members comprised the Italian jury:
(jury chairperson)Vice president Talent & Music of MTV Italy
Andrea Laffranchijournalist
singer
songwriter, composer, musician
Francesco Pasqueromusic manager
References
2014
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
Eurovision
Eurovision
Articles containing video clips | wiki |
The North Georgia Conference is a regional episcopal area, (similar to a diocese) of the United Methodist Church. (Not to be confused with the "Annual Conference" which is the yearly meeting of the North Georgia Conference itself.) This conference serves the northern half of the state of Georgia, with its administrative offices and the office of the bishop located in Atlanta, GA. It is part of the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference. The bishop is Sue Haupert-Johnson.
Bishops
1996 - 2008: Bishop G. Lindsey Davis
2008 - 2016: Bishop B. Michael Watson
Bishop B. Michael Watson began service on September 7, 2008.
2016 - Current: Sue Haupert-Johnson
Bishop Sue Haupert-Johnson began service on September 1, 2016.
Districts
The North Georgia Annual Conference is further subdivided into 8 smaller regions, called "districts," which provide further administrative functions for the operation of local churches in cooperation with each other. This structure is vital to Methodism, and is referred to as connectionalism. The Districts that comprise the North Georgia Conference are:
(1) Central West
(2) Central North
(3) Central East
(4) Central South
(5) North West
(6) North East
(7) South East
(8) South West
See also
Annual Conferences of the United Methodist Church
External links
North Georgia Conference of The United Methodist Church
Methodism in Georgia (U.S. state)
United Methodism by region
United Methodist Annual Conferences | wiki |
Blue and Gold may refer to:
Blue & Gold, the school newspaper of Taipei American School
"Navy Blue and Gold", the alma mater of the United States Naval Academy
Nocturne: Blue and Gold – Old Battersea Bridge, an 1870s painting
An Annapolis Story, alternatively known as The Blue and Gold, a 1955 American war/drama film
Winnipeg Blue Bombers, a football team in the Canadian Football League
See also
"The Blue and the Gold March", the official fight song of the University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos
Blue & Gold Fleet an American ferry company
Blue Gold (disambiguation)
The dress, a viral internet phenomenon over whether a dress was black and blue or white and gold. | wiki |
Sherman Creek may refer to:
Sherman Creek (New York)
Sherman Creek (Pennsylvania) | wiki |
The name Bonny has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Tropical Storm Bonny (1960), formed southwest of Mexico and moved northwestward; did not make landfall.
Tropical Storm Bonny (1968), moved parallel to Mexico but did not affect land.
Tropical Storm Bonny (1972), never came near land and caused no known impact.
Hurricane Bonny (1976), a Category 1 hurricane that formed near Mexico but moved out to sea.
See also
Tropical Storm Bonnie, alternate spelling of the name, which is used for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean.
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
In the United States, an exclusive provider organization (EPO) is a hybrid health insurance plan in which a primary care provider is not necessary, but health care providers must be seen within a predetermined network. Out-of-network care is not provided, and visits require pre-authorization. Doctors are paid as a function of care provided, as opposed to a health maintenance organization (HMO). Also, the payment scheme is usually fee for service, in contrast to HMOs in which the healthcare provider is paid by capitation and receives a monthly fee, regardless of whether the patient is seen.
History
Exclusive provider plans existed as early as 1983 as a variation of preferred provider plans, which emerged in the early 1980s.
See also
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Preferred provider organization
References
Health insurance in the United States | wiki |
Bug Adventure is an educational video game about bugs by Knowledge Adventure. It was released in 1994 for MS-DOS and Macintosh, then for Windows in 2015. The interactive nature almanac and encyclopedia presents facts and media related to bugs (e.g., insects and spiders). It includes a quiz game.
References
1994 video games
DOS games
Educational video games
Classic Mac OS games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Children's educational video games
Video games about insects
Multiplayer and single-player video games | wiki |
FlexATX is a motherboard form factor derived from ATX. The specification was released in 1999 by Intel as an addendum to the microATX specification. It uses a subset of the motherboard mounting holes required for microATX and the same I/O plate system as ATX and microATX.
FlexATX specifies that a motherboard be no larger than , and can have no more than three expansion slots.
The term is used also for the form factor of a PSU that is smaller than a standard ATX PSU and is used in small cases that host a FlexATX or Mini-ITX motherboard or in thin rackmount servers such as 1U racks.
References
External links
Komponen motherboard lengkap
Motherboard form factors | wiki |
Cherry ice cream is a common ice cream flavor, prepared using typical ice cream ingredients and cherries. Various types of cherries and cherry cultivars are used. In the United States, where the flavor is especially popular, it has been mass-produced since at least 1917.
Overview
Cherry ice cream is a common ice cream flavor in the United States consisting of typical ice cream ingredients and cherries. Whole or sliced or chopped cherries are used, and cherry juice or cherry juice concentrate is sometimes used as an ingredient. Cherry extract and cherry pit oil have also been used as ingredients. Various cherry cultivars are used, such as black cherries, bing cherries and sour cherry cultivars. Maraschino cherries are also used. Cherry gelato has also been produced, and the dish can be prepared as a soft serve ice cream. Chocolate is sometimes used as an ingredient in cherry ice cream.
History
André Viard in Le Cuisinier Impérial, first published in 1806, gives a recipe for glace de cerises. Cherry ice cream has been produced in the United States since at least 1892. A version of the dish created in 1932 included bitter almond extract, which is used as an additive on sour cherries, and was described as providing the flavor of maraschino cherry to the sour cherries.
It has become a tradition for cherry ice cream to be served at the International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon, Georgia.
Mass production
Cherry ice cream has been mass-produced in the United States since at least 1917.
See also
List of cherry dishes
List of ice cream flavors
References
External links
Old-fashioned Maraschino Cherry Ice Cream Recipe. Ahundredyearsago.com.
Flavors of ice cream
ice cream | wiki |
Perfil: Os Paralamas do Sucesso é um álbum-coletânea dos Paralamas do Sucesso, lançado em 2006.
Referências
Álbuns de Os Paralamas do Sucesso | wiki |
A military tiara is a type of ceremonial headdress worn by female military officers during formal occasions. It is authorized for indoor wear by some senior, female officers of the United States' uniformed services while in mess dress. Beginning with the Marine Corps in 1973, individual service branches have gradually abolished use of the tiara. The United States Air Force does not wear tiaras and has never authorized wear of a military tiara.
NOAA Corps
The NOAA Corps authorizes the optional wear of a black tiara by female commanders and higher-ranked officers with mess dress while indoors.
Public Health Service
The PHS Commissioned Corps abolished use of the tiara as an optional uniform accessory effective August 1, 2009.
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force has not adopted a tiara as a uniform component.
United States Army
The United States Army tiara was blue with gold oak leaves and was authorized for optional wear by female colonels and higher-ranked officers with mess dress while indoors.
United States Coast Guard
In 2011 the United States Coast Guard deauthorized use of the Coast Guard tiara as an optional uniform item. At this time the tiara was also deauthorized for use by the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary.
United States Marine Corps
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) tiara was originally patterned in red with gold embellishments. It was designed by Mainbocher for Colonel Katherine Amelia Towle and debuted by her, along with Mainbocher's prototype of the first Marine Corps women's evening dress uniform, at the Marine Corps Birthday Ball in November 1950. Following the promotion of Colonel Margaret Henderson to Director of Women Marines, the tiara was refashioned in black; Henderson reportedly found the red tiara unflattering to her as she had red hair. Always an optional uniform item, in 1973 it was abolished altogether.
United States Navy
The United States Navy tiara was a crescent shaped hat made of black velvet and authorized for optional wear by female commanders and higher-ranked officers with mess dress while indoors. By 2015 the Navy reported very few sales of tiaras and the item was discontinued as an optional uniform accessory effective October 1, 2016.
See also
Tiara
References
Military uniforms
Hats
Women in the United States military | wiki |
The Consumer First Energy Act of 2008 () is a set of initiatives laid out by the US Democratic Party on Wednesday May 7, 2008. The plan was first mentioned by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on April 27, 2006.
The few details that have been released include:
A 25% windfall profit tax on any energy company that didn't invest in new energy sources.
End $17 billion in tax breaks to energy companies.
Prevent the Dept of Energy from adding to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve until the price of crude oil averaged under $75 for 90 days.
Require the CFTC to boost Margin requirements for Oil futures.
The bill was debated on 5 June 2008, and filibustered in the Senate on 10 June 2008
References
Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress
Law articles needing an infobox
United States federal energy legislation | wiki |
Max Havelaar is an 1860 Dutch novel written by Multatuli.
Max Havelaar may also refer to:
Max Havelaar, a character from the novel Max Havelaar
Max Havelaar (film), a 1976 Dutch film adaption of the novel Max Havelaar
Stichting Max Havelaar, a Dutch Fairtrade organisation
Association Max Havelaar France, a French Fairtrade organisation
Max Havelaar-Stiftung (Schweiz), a Swiss Fairtrade organisation
Max Havelaar label or International Fairtrade Certification Mark, a trade certification mark of FLO International | wiki |
Cherry pit oil, also referred to as cherry kernel oil, is a seed oil that is derived from the pits of cherries. It is used for culinary purposes as a flavorant, as a fragrance and as an ingredient in cosmetics, such as lipstick.
Properties
The oil has a brownish to yellow color in its natural state, and after it is purified, its color is pale golden. It has been described as having a "nutty" odor.
Culinary uses
Culinary uses of cherry pit oil include serving as a flavorant in beverages, ice cream and condiments.
References
Further reading
94 pages.
Cherries
Vegetable oils | wiki |
Master engineer may refer to:
Master engineer (rank), a warrant officer rank in the Royal Air Force
Mastering engineer, a technician in the music industry | wiki |
Andy Roddick was the defending champion and won in the final 7–6(9–7), 7–6(7–4) against Ivo Karlović.
Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
2005 Stella Artois Championships Draw (Archived 2009-05-28)
2005 Stella Artois Championships Qualifying Draw
Singles | wiki |
A creditor is a party that has a claim on the services of a second party.
Lender may also refer to:
Companies
Lender's Bagels, brand of bagels
People
Elfriede Lender (1882–1974), Estonian teacher and pedagogue
Frantz Lender (1881-1927), Russian weapons designer
Jay Lender (born 1969), American television writer
Marcelle Lender (1862–1926), French singer, dancer and entertainer
Murray Lender (1930–2012), American businessman
Voldemar Lender (1876–1939), Estonian engineer and mayor
See also
Commercial lender (disambiguation)
Ivan Lenđer (born 1990), Serbian swimmer
Lander (surname) | wiki |
Unipept is an open source research tool for biodiversity analysis of metaproteomics samples. It also contains a tool to select peptides to use as biomarker and a tool to compare the genome of organisms based on their protein content. The software is developed at Ghent University.
Unipept consists of a web application and a stand-alone command line tool. The web application uses interactive data visualizations to explore datasets. The command line tool contains the same functionality, but is designed for use in automated data processing pipelines.
References
External links
Unipept home page
Unipept command line tool
Unipept open source project
Bioinformatics
Proteomics | wiki |
Kevin Smith: Burn In Hell is the fifth installment of Kevin Smith's Q&A series and was broadcast on Epix on February 11, 2012.
The special was filmed after a showing of Smith's film Red State at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas, where he answers questions on the making of the film and dealing with the Westboro Baptist Church.
Reception
"Burn in Hell, the fifth installment in the Q&A specials, left me feeling absolutely awe-struck by the deep reverence for life and art and genuinely sage wisdom Smith possesses and shares with his loyal fans."
References
External links
American documentary films
Documentary films about film directors and producers
Works by Kevin Smith
SModcast Pictures films | wiki |
Toofan is a 2002 Pakistani Urdu film starring Shaan, Saima, Resham, Laila, and Arbaaz Khan.
Cast
Shaan as Mujrem Daud
Saima
Resham
Nargis
Laila
Arbaaz Khan as ASP Arbaaz
Moammar Rana as Ashwani
Asif Khan
Shafqat Cheema as (Ashwani partner)
References
External links
2002 films
Pakistani action films
2002 action films
2000s Urdu-language films | wiki |
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