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Moore railway station may refer to:
Moore railway station, England
Moore Station, Texas | wiki |
États d'amour is francophone Canadian pop singer Isabelle Boulay's second studio album. It was released in Quebec in February 1998 and in France in November 1998, with a somewhat different sequence of tracks. Also, a limited edition was issued consisting of the French release together with a bonus mini-CD.
Track listing (Canadian release)
"Je t'oublierai, je t'oublierai" (Lyrics: Luc Plamondon, music: Richard Cocciante)
"Le banc des délaissés" (Zachary Richard)
"Les yeux au ciel" (Lyrics: Damien Ruzé, music: Jacques Romenski)
"J'ai mal à l'amour" (Mario Peluso)
"L'héroïne de cette histoire" (Zazie)
"N'oubliez jamais" (Lyrics: Jim Cregan, music: Russ Kunkel)
"État d'amour" (Lyrics: Roger Tabra, music: France D'Amour)
"La lune" (Lyrics: Christian Mistral, music: Mario Peluso)
"Tombée de toi" (France D'Amour, Roger Tabra)
"L'amour dans l'âme" (Zazie)
"Le saule" (Lyrics: Francis Basset, music: Franck Langolff)
"Homme sweet homme" (Zazie)
"T'es pas mon fils" (Michel Barbeau)
"C'était l'hiver" (Francis Cabrel)
"L'hymne à la beauté du monde" (Lyrics: Luc Plamondon, music: Christian St-Roch)
"Blanche comme la neige"
Track listing (French release)
"Je t'oublierai, Je t'oublierai" (Lyrics: Luc Plamondon, music: Richard Cocciante) — 3:31
"État d'amour" (Lyrics: Roger Tabra, music: France D'Amour) — 4:06
"Le saule" (Lyrics: Francis Basset, music: Franck Langolff) — 5:26
"L'héroïne de cette histoire" (Zazie) — 4:29
"La lune" (Lyrics: Christian Mistral, music: Mario Peluso) — 3:44
"N'oubliez jamais" (Lyrics: Jim Cregan, music: Russ Kunkel) — 4:15
"L'amour dans l'âme" (Zazie) — 4:47
"Les yeux au ciel" (Lyrics: Damien Ruzé, music: Jacques Romenski) — 4:26
"T'es pas mon fils" (Michel Barbeau) — 2:42
"C'était l'hiver" (Francis Cabrel) — 4:07
"Le banc des délaissés" (Zachary Richard) — 4:57
Bonus mini-CD
This was recorded at the Théâtre Saint-Denis during the FrancoFolies de Montréal.
"D'aventures en aventures" (with Serge Lama)
"Amsterdam"
"La Ballade de Jean Batailleur"
Charts
Certifications
References
1998 albums
Isabelle Boulay albums
V2 Records albums | wiki |
Bank of Bird-in-Hand is an American bank, the first in the United States to open following the passage of the Dodd Frank Act in 2010. It was founded in Pennsylvania by a group of local Amish and non-Amish investors.
History
On November 27, 2013, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation approved the launch of Bank of Bird-in-Hand. At the time of opening, the Bank had $17 million in capital.
The Bank celebrated its first anniversary on December 2, 2014.
Lori Maley replaced Alan Dakey as CEO of the bank on March 1, 2017.
Assets
On June 30, 2020, the bank reported total assets of $527.5 million, total deposits of $453.2 million, total net loans of $425.0 million, and total shareholders’ equity of $57.8 million.
Location and clientele
The Bank is located in Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania, in Pennsylvanian Amish Country. The Bank caters mostly to Amish borrowers, however not exclusively.
Building
The Bank includes a drive-through window designed to accommodate a horse and buggy.
References
External links
Banks established in 2013
Banks based in Pennsylvania
2013 establishments in Pennsylvania | wiki |
Siq al-Barid (en ), surnommé la « Petite Pétra » (en , al-batrā aṣ-ṣaġïra), est un site archéologique de Jordanie. Situé au nord des vestiges de la cité de Pétra, il s'agit également de ruines nabatéennes.
Le site est inclus dans la protection de l'Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO) pour Pétra.
Liens externes
Pétra
Architecture nabatéenne | wiki |
Wilson Medical Center may refer to:
UHS Wilson Medical Center in Greater Binghamton, New York, a part of United Health Services
Wilson Medical Center (North Carolina) | wiki |
Mrs. Danvers is the main antagonist of Daphne du Maurier's 1938 novel Rebecca. Danvers is the head housekeeper at Manderley, the stately manor belonging to the wealthy Maximillian "Maxim" de Winter, where he once lived with his first wife, Rebecca. In the 1940 film version, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, the character was played by Judith Anderson, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Her role in the novel
Nicknamed "Danny" by Rebecca, (but never given a first name), Mrs. Danvers was Rebecca's maid as a child and following the death of her previous mistress, persecutes the new Mrs. de Winter. Danvers resents the new Mrs. de Winter, convinced she is trying to "take Rebecca's place" despite the two women never meeting and being nothing alike. She also resents Maxim for remarrying, and she tries to break up the marriage. Late in the story she suggests that Mrs. de Winter wear a particular dress to a costume ball knowing Rebecca wore it to the costume ball the year before. It angers Mr. de Winter, and when the new wife confronts Mrs. Danvers about her deception Mrs. Danvers attempts to manipulate her into jumping out of the second floor window.
Mrs. Danvers' devotion to Rebecca was not as mutual as Mrs. Danvers believed it to be. Rebecca kept secrets from Danvers as well, including her cancer and the fact Maxim knew about her affairs. In the end, having failed to break up the marriage, Mrs. Danvers disappears and soon after, Manderley is set on fire. In the final scene, Maxim and Mrs. de Winter are driving back from London and see their beloved home in flames. Mrs. Danvers' fate remains unknown; early in the novel, the narrator, looking back on the events of the story, writes, "Mrs. Danvers. I wonder what she is doing now."
Portrayal in screen adaptations
Mrs. Danvers was first, and most famously, portrayed by Judith Anderson in Alfred Hitchcock's film adaptation released in 1940. Anderson was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Mrs. Danvers later was played by several actresses for television adaptations, such as Dorothy Black in 1947, Nina Foch in 1962, Anna Massey in 1979, Diana Rigg in 1997, and by Mariangela Melato in a 2008 Italian TV adaptation. Kristin Scott Thomas portrayed Danvers in the 2020 Netflix film.
In the book, Mrs. Danvers is given a back story. In contrast, the Hitchcock and all subsequent film adaptations never mention her past.
Lesbian overtones
In the 1996 documentary The Celluloid Closet, screenwriter Susie Bright suggests Mrs. Danvers may have harbored romantic and sexual feelings for the late Rebecca. She cites Mrs. Danvers' admiration of Rebecca's underclothes, and Danvers lovingly showing the new Mrs. de Winter Rebecca's lingerie. This is a recurring suggestion amongst analyses of the film.
In popular culture
In film
The characters of Frau Blücher in Young Frankenstein and Nurse Charlotte Diesel in High Anxiety, both played by Cloris Leachman with films directed by Mel Brooks, are parodies of Mrs. Danvers.
In 1971 horror film Night of Dark Shadows, upon arriving at the opulent estate of Collinwood, Quentin Collins' wife Tracy makes a comment about how she may become "one of those women you see in houses with a garden", and comments that the housekeeper at the estate probably looks "just like Mrs. Danvers".
In television
In 1972, in the third episode of the sixth season of The Carol Burnett Show, Vicki Lawrence played Mrs. Dampers in the sketch "Rebecky", a take-off of the film.
In the series Monk, season 1 episode 7 "Mr. Monk and the Billionaire Mugger", during the opening scene, Sidney Teal is walking out of his palatial home. He says goodbye to his servants as he leaves. They are all shown on camera until he looks to the camera and says "Good night, Mrs. Danvers."
David Mitchell portrays Mrs. Danvers in a sketch which parodies the 1940 film in the second series of That Mitchell and Webb Look. In the sketch, instead of the obsession over Rebecca, it is she who is unable to live up to the second wife's lofty expectations.
In the series The Sopranos, season 4 episode 12 "Eloise", during the scene where Meadow and her mother, Carmela, are having tea and pastries at the Plaza Hotel under Eloise's portrait, Carmela begins criticizing Meadow about her boyfriend, Finn, so Meadow says "Well, excuse me, Mrs. Danvers. What do you have against love?"
In music
The band Mrs. Danvers takes its name from the character.
In print
Val McDermid's modern retelling of Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey mentions Mrs Danvers.
Stephen King's book, Bag of Bones, alludes to the character Mrs. Danvers numerous times. Mrs. Danvers serves as something of a bogeyman for the main character, Mike Noonan. King also uses the character's name for the chilly, obedient servant in "Father's Day," a tale in his 1982 film Creepshow.
In Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next series, there are thousands of clones of Mrs. Danvers.
In Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction, Adrian refers to his current girlfriend Marigold Flowers as having the same driving force of Mrs. Danvers.
Ruth Ware's book The Death of Mrs Westaway makes reference to Mrs. Danvers stating that she is very similar to the housekeeper in the book, Mrs. Warren.
References
External links
Mrs. Danvers on IMDb
Article about sexual ambiguity in Rebecca, by Cathy Pryor in the London Independent
Rebecca Book Notes at Literapedia
Rebecca (novel)
Characters in British novels of the 20th century
Literary characters introduced in 1938
Fictional female domestic workers
Fictional lesbians
Drama film characters
Female literary villains
Female film villains
Female characters in literature | wiki |
Palazzine ima više značenja:
Palazzine, Brescia
Palazzine, Rovigo | wiki |
La usurpadora may refer to:
La usurpadora (Venezuelan TV series), a 1971 Salvadorian telenovela starring Marina Baura and Raúl Amundaray.
La usurpadora (1998 TV series), a 1998 Mexican telenovela starring Gaby Spanic and Fernando Colunga.
La usurpadora (2019 TV series), a 2019 Mexican telenovela starring Sandra Martillo and Arap Bethke.
See also
El hogar que yo robé, a 1981 Mexican remake of the series
La intrusa (1986 TV series), a 1986 Venezuelan remake of the 1971 series
¿Quién eres tú?, a 2012 Mexican remake of the series | wiki |
Adherence, Adherer, and derivative terms may refer to:
Healthcare
Adherence (medicine), the obedience of the patient to the medical advice
Adhesion (medicine), abnormal bands of tissue that grow in the human body
Other uses
Adherent point, mathematical notion, also known as closure point, point of closure or contact point
Adhesion, the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another
Religious adherence, when people follow a particular religion | wiki |
Pacific Airways may refer to:
Pacificair (Pacific Airways Corporation), an airline in the Philippines
Pacific Airways Inc., a small airline that operates DHC-2 Beaver float planes in Ketchikan, Alaska, United States
Pacific Airlines may refer to:
Canadian Pacific Airlines (also known as CP Air), a defunct (1942–1987) airline, later known as Canadian Airlines and now forming part of Air Canada
Pacific Airlines an airline in Vietnam
See also
Cathay Pacific Airways | wiki |
Mormon timeline may refer to
Mormon timeline (19th century)
Mormon timeline (20th century)
Mormon timeline (21st century)
Mormon studies | wiki |
Purple Book may refer to:
The Purple Book (Labour Party), a collection of essays by Labour politicians
Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, published by IUPAC
Purple Book, one of the Rainbow Books, defining the double-density compact disc standard | wiki |
Certified Novell Administrator (CNA) är ett certifikat på genomgången utbildning, alternativt självlärd kunskap om Novell Netware.
Datornätverk
Personcertifiering | wiki |
Furryville is a German line of Mattel toys that launched in 2005. Furryville toys are small stuffed animals up to 3 inches in height. The line consists of many types of animals, usually sold in sets. They are typically packaged as either a family of four animals of the same species or as "two-furs", two toys sold together (but not always of the same species). A Furryville toy can also be sold individually, such as "Kangaroo Court" (a tennis-playing kangaroo) or "Sensational Groom" (a wedding skunk). They are available online only.
The families are named for their species, in additions to groups like "Family Moments", "Around the World" and "Town Collection".
In 2006, Mattel came under fire from nurses for a new single called "Nurse Quacktitioner". Thousands of nurses complained to Mattel about the reference to "quacks" – in medicine a common expression for a medical practitioner who is a fraud. Mattel replied that the figure was a duck, and that ducks "quack". The figure was withdrawn from the market.
References
Products introduced in 2005
Mattel
Stuffed toys
Toy animals | wiki |
The Bradburn Affect Balance Scale is a self-report measure of quality of life. The scale consists of ten mood states (for example, item one is "particularly excited or interested in something"), and the subject must report if they have been in that state in the last week.
The scale was included in the 1978-1979 Canada Health Survey.
References
Quality of life | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Pacific Beach (San Diego)
Pacific Beach (Washington) | wiki |
The Queen's Club Pro tennis tournament was held in 1927 and 1928. It went by the name of the Professional Championship of the World in 1927, gaining the tournament great notability. The tournament was held in October on clay courts, at the Queen's Club, with the hopes that it would become a permanent fixture like the amateur championships (Grand Slams), and be considered one of the major pro events like the US Pro and Bristol Cup. It was discontinued and wasn't held in 1929.
Past finals
Singles
See also
Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era
References
Clay court tennis tournaments
Defunct tennis tournaments in the United Kingdom
Tennis in London
Professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era | wiki |
Gum over platinum is a historical chemical photographic process, which was commonly used in art photography. It is a very complex process, in which a specially treated platinum print photograph is coated with washes of gum arabic, then re-exposed to the same photographic negative. The finished process results in a sepia toned print, and is said to impart added luminosity and depth. It is sometimes called "pigment over platinum".
To sensitize the gum arabic it must first be placed in contact with ammonium or potassium dichromate. Gum arabic is not photosensitive by itself. To clear the chromic acid, the print is washed in 1% potassium metabisulfite after proper development in water. Interested individuals should read up on the process before attempting, as the chromic acids are very dangerous to work with.
The mechanics of the gum portion is not entirely known; what occurs is the exposed gum is hardened and becomes water-insoluble. Upon washing, the unexposed portions wash away, leaving the white paper exposed.
The technique is related to platinum printing.
Platinum
Photographic processes | wiki |
A Halfway House Christmas is a 2005 film written and directed by Eric Moyer, produced by Frank Carney, and starring Robert Romanus. Also appearing are Ryan Dunn and Rake Yohn. Evil Jared Hasselhoff plays a nasty Santa. Bobcat Goldthwait narrates.
Plot
In this spoof of reality television, five recovering drug and alcohol addicts try to live in a house together during the holidays. The movie follows the participants as they attempt to stay clean and sober for Christmas, while the network's quest for ratings may endanger their recovery.
Cast
Robert Romanus as Daryl
Ryan Dunn as Buzz
Rake Yohn as Killer
Bob Goldthwait as Narrator (voice)
'Evil' Jared Hasselhoff as Santa
Marisa Kettering as Amanda
Kelly Kunik as Patty
Matteo LeCompte as Barry
Chris Line as Brett
Charles Moffitt as Tweak
Rod Sellers as Rod
Brian Walsh as Ryan
See also
List of Christmas films
External links
A Halfway House Christmas trailer
A Halfway House Christmas numbers
A Halfway House Christmas Review
2005 films
2000s Christmas comedy films
CKY
American Christmas comedy films
2005 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
St. Louis is a city in Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census the population was 7,482.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
It was long recognized that St. Louis sits at the geographic center of Michigan's lower peninsula "as closely as can be determined." A campaign by Clarence and Odessa Smazel in the early 1950s, owners of the St. Louis Leader-Press, a now-defunct local newspaper, resulted in the State of Michigan designating it as such: a sign in Clapp Park on Highway M-46 denotes the city as the official "Middle of the Mitten."
History
Indigenous people lived in this area for thousands of years before European contact. The French were early explorers in present-day Michigan. They established fur trading with the historic First Nations and Native American nations. By the 18th century, the Ojibwe were the dominant tribe in present-day Michigan. After the Seven Years' War, France was forced to cede its New France territory to the victorious English, who increased fur trade at Sault Ste. Marie. After the rebellious colonists' victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory changed hands again, being ceded to the new United States.
It was not until the mid-19th century that much European-American settlement reached this area. In 1848 missionaries established the Bethany Lutheran Mission to serve local American Indians, mostly Anishinaabe-speaking Ojibwe (also known in the US as Chippewa). Following a Native American path to the mission, the European-American Joseph W. Clapp came to the area in 1853, where he built the first house of present-day St. Louis. Over 150 years later, the Mission still stands near Main Street Bridge across the Pine River.
By the late nineteenth century, the discovery of mineral springs made St. Louis a destination for people seeking the health benefits of local mineral-rich water, which had the added feature of magnetizing steel. Famous guests who credited the water with cures included detective Allan Pinkerton and Civil War general "Fighting Joe" Hooker. The Park Hotel became noted as a health spa, and for its duck dinners as well.
St. Louis is the site of the former Michigan Chemical Corporation plant, which helped market and produce DDT as a widely commercial product. After its purchase by Velsicol Chemical Corporation, the plant was responsible for a product mixup in the 1970s. This resulted in contamination of cattle feed with PBB, a flame retardant. The feed was distributed throughout Michigan and the Midwest. The mixup occurred due what was described as a "triple witching hour" of events: a labor strike with management's replacing regular workers; a shortage of bags that helped distinguish between cattle feed additive and the flame-retardant PBB; and storing both the cattle feed and the fire retardant in the same dimly lit warehouse.
Dredging has been underway for years to remove contaminants from the Pine River, which runs alongside the property where the plant was located. Although the plant was disassembled years ago, the land remains vacant to this day.
St. Louis has gained some jobs by inviting the State of Michigan to build a minimum-security prison between Union and Croswell Roads (Pine River Correctional Facility), on the former Reichard "Rainbow Trail" hatchery property.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,482 people, 1,491 households, and 937 families residing in the city. (This includes an institutionalized population of 3,823, mostly in Pine River Correctional Facility.) The population density was . There were 1,638 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 67.7% White, 29.1% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population.
There were 1,491 households, of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in the city was 36.1 years. 13.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 41.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.1% were from 45 to 64; and 8.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 72.7% male and 27.3% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,494 people, 1,468 households, and 964 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,575 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 83.00% White, 10.08% African American, 1.02% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 2.74% from other races, and 2.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.50% of the population.
There were 1,468 households, out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 35.0% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 142.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 155.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,122, and the median income for a family was $39,271. Males had a median income of $29,028 versus $19,272 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,196. About 10.1% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.9% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Notable people
Archibald Bard Darragh (1840–1927), Member of Congress from 1901 to 1909, lived in St. Louis from 1870 until the time of his death. He was a banker and was elected mayor in 1893.
Edward Hartwick (1871–1918), United States Army officer, businessman and namesake of Michigan's Hartwick Pines State Park, was born and reared here.
Jim Northrup (1939-2011), outfielder for the Detroit Tigers 1964–1974, including a major role on its World Championship 1968 team, was born in nearby Breckenridge, Michigan, then moved to St. Louis, where he graduated from high school.
Bradbury Robinson (1884–1949), who threw the first forward pass in football history, lived in St. Louis from September 1926 until his death in March 1949. Dr. Robinson founded the Robinson Clinic on N. East St. in 1935 and was twice elected mayor, in 1931 and 1937.
Lester "Tug" Wilson (1885–1969), who played briefly for the Boston Red Sox during the 1911 season, was born in St. Louis.
References
External links
City of St. Louis official website
Cities in Gratiot County, Michigan | wiki |
Sales transformation is a change management discipline that enables company executives to improve sales performance by aligning resources that relate to sales, management, marketing, and customer service, or improving sales talent and sales operations.
The goals of a sales transformation initiative are typically to help the board drive the company toward its revenue goals, to improve customer intimacy, to allow the head of sales to hit their revenue targets, and to empower salespeople to earn more money.
References
Change management | wiki |
Mark Schwed (September 24, 1955 – January, 31 2008) was an American television critic, journalist and actor. He worked for The Palm Beach Post for 11 years and also as a critic for the Los Angeles Herald Examiner. Associate editor of The Palm Beach Post Jan Tuckwood said Schwed "Had a great instinct for what we call the quick-turn human-interest story".
Schwed died on January 31, 2008, of undisclosed causes. Schwed appeared fine until the beginning of the week when he called in work ill.
References
American television critics
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
1956 births
2008 deaths | wiki |
Protein database may refer to:
Any protein structure database
Any protein sequence database
Exact names
"Protein" database of the National Institute of Health
Protein Database of Bio-Synthesis, Inc. | wiki |
Phanto may refer to:
Phanto, a Mario franchise character which first appeared in the video game Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic
Phanto of Phlius, a 4th-century BC Pythagorean philosopher
"She-Demon of Phantos", an episode of the American animated television series He-Man and the Masters of the Universe | wiki |
NGC 5745-1
NGC 5745-2
NGC 5745-3 | wiki |
Three thirteen is a variation of the card game Rummy. It is an eleven-round game played with two or more players. It requires two decks of cards with the jokers removed. Like other Rummy games, once the hands are dealt, the remainder of the cards are placed face down on the table. The top card from the deck is flipped face up and put beside the deck to start the discard pile.
Gameplay
Each player attempts to meld all of the cards in their hand into sets.
A set may be either:
Three or more cards of the same rank, such as .
A sequence of three or more cards of the same suit, such as .
A flush of 3 or more such as
You can call the win before the play on the turn of the kings.
Sets can contain more than three cards, however, the same card cannot be included in multiple sets.
Once a player has melded all of their cards into sets, they "go out". They must still discard when "going out", and the remaining players are given one more draw to better their hands. The winner of a game of "Three thirteen" is the player who, at the end of the final round, has accumulated the fewest points.
Dealing
The first dealer, chosen at random, deals three cards to each player. In each successive round, the deal passes to the left. In the second round, the dealer deals four cards to each player. With each successive round, the number of cards dealt to start the round increases until the eleventh and final round in which thirteen cards each are dealt.
Playing
The player to dealer's left is the first to play, and the play moves clockwise. When it is a player's turn, they choose to draw either the top card from the discard pile or the top card from the top of the deck. Then the player must discard one card from their hand and place that card on top of the discard pile to conclude their turn. Have to go around once before going out.
Wild cards
In each round there is a designated wild card. The wild card is the card equal to the number of cards dealt. In the first round, three cards are dealt, so Threes are wild cards. In the second round four cards are dealt, so Fours are wild. When 11, 12, and 13 cards are dealt, the J, Q, and K are the respective wild cards. Wild cards can be used in place of any other card in making a group or sequence. A player can only use one wild card in each set.
Scoring
At the end of a given round, each of a player's cards that cannot be placed into a set counts towards their score.
Any wild cards that remain unused in a player's hand at the conclusion of a round count as 15 points.
Variations
According to some rules, Aces can be used as high or low in a sequence. In this case an Ace remaining in your hand at the end costs 15 points, rather than one.
Some rules score 11 points for Jacks, 12 for Queens and 13 for Kings.
An extra round (twelfth) or two (thirteenth) where there are 14 and 15 cards dealt for each player and Aces and 2s are wild respectively. Some call it "Fourteens" or "Fifteens".
Some rules designate Jokers as additional wild cards. In that case, a joker left in a player's hand at the conclusion of a round counts as 20 points.
In other variations, Jokers as wild cards can be discarded onto any pile of any other player and count for no points.
Another variation plays 22 rounds starting from 3 to 13 and then back down from 13 to 3
Some rule state can discard card in front of you. Player has choice to pick from various pile. This makes the game move faster.
In games with a "Redemption round", after a player goes out, the other players get one last play and can lay down any melds on their own table or deadwood cards on other players' tables. If it is possible to get rid of all one's cards in the redemption round, the player will receive 0 points.
Points are doubled on the 11th (Jacks), 12th (Queens), and 13th (Kings) round.
Some rules state that a player can make a set that consists only of wild cards.
Some play that if a player goes out incorrectly, this is counted as +20 points.
Double-naughts: A rule where if each player goes out with zero points on a given hand, the hand is replayed as if it never happened.
Some variations allow for a fixed negative score for the first player to go out each round. Common point values include -5, -10, or a negative value equal to the wild card. (-8 points if the 8 card is wild)
See also
Dummy rummy
Bing rummy
References
From an online database of card games.
Rummy
Year of introduction missing | wiki |
Speed tape is an aluminium pressure-sensitive tape used to perform minor repairs on aircraft and racing cars. It is used as a temporary repair material until a more permanent repair can be carried out. It has an appearance similar to duct tape, for which it is sometimes mistaken, but its adhesive is capable of sticking on an airplane fuselage or wing at high speeds, hence the name.
Properties
Depending on the adhesive layer used, it can be resistant to water and solvents, flames for brief periods, and will reflect heat and UV light. It is also able to expand and contract through a wide range of temperatures.
Speed tape may be formed of soft aluminium with an adhesive layer, or a laminate of aluminium and cloth.
Use
Speed tape is sometimes used to protect sealant while curing, or to patch non-critical components of an aircraft. It can also be used for patching bullet damage to combat aircraft.
Use of speed tape should be authorized by engineering teams and comply with certain requirements. Fines can be levied against airlines that use it to make improper repairs.
See also
List of adhesive tapes
References
Adhesive tape
Aircraft components | wiki |
The Majestic Cinema is the only working cinema in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. It opened in 1937, and has three screens, a large screen with around 330 seats and two small screens with around 80 seats. The upstairs screens previously made up a balcony when the cinema had only one screen.
The cinema is now operated by the Reel Cinemas chain.
References
Reel Cinemas: Majestic Bridgnorth
, Bridgnorth District Council, 2002.
Buildings and structures in Shropshire
Bridgnorth
Cinemas in Shropshire | wiki |
Resusci Anne, also known as Rescue Anne, Resusci Annie, CPR Annie, Resuscitation Annie, Little Annie, or CPR Doll is a model of medical simulator used for teaching both emergency workers and members of the general public. Resusci Anne was developed by the Norwegian toy maker Åsmund S. Lærdal and the Austrian-Czech physician Peter Safar and American physician James Elam, and is produced by the company Laerdal Medical.
The distinctive face of Resusci Anne was based on L'Inconnue de la Seine (English: The unknown woman of Seine), the death mask of an unidentified young woman reputedly drowned in the River Seine around the late 1880s. Åsmund Lærdal chose to use a woman's face on the mannequin as he thought male trainees might be reluctant to kiss a man's face. The face was sculpted by the Norwegian-Danish sculptor Emma Matthiasen (in Norwegian)
The first version of Resusci-Annie was presented by Lærdal at the First International Symposium on Resuscitation at Stavanger, Norway, in 1960. Peter Safar and James Elam were attending the conference. Together they would join Lærdal in refining the design. Later versions would include a simulated carotid pulse, eye-pupils that could dilate and constrict, and a system for recording the trainee's resuscitation performance on a paper tape.
In popular culture
The chorus refrain, "Annie, are you OK?" in Michael Jackson's "Smooth Criminal" was inspired by Resusci Anne.
Trainees learn to say, "Annie, are you OK?" while practicing resuscitation on the dummy.
References
Dummies and mannequins
Medical simulation
Nursing education | wiki |
"Trigger Happy Jack" is a single from the debut album of Poe. The single peaked at 17 on the alternative charts and earned a gold record. The video was quite popular featuring Matt Sorum from Guns N' Roses on drums, co-writer Jeffrey Connor on bass and featured Poe harassing a small man that she keeps in a jar.
Tracks
Psycho Demolition Mix 7:50
Only Poe Mix 3:35
Drive By Remix 3:46
Instrumental 3:47
Original Album Version 3:35
Padre Fear 3:25
Acoustic Version 3:40
Radio Edit 3:47
Charts
Billboard (United States)
Poe (singer) songs
1996 singles
1995 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Songs about fictional male characters | wiki |
Malta competed at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 14 July to 30 July 2017.
Swimming
Malta has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send three swimmers (two men and one woman) to the World Championships.
References
Nations at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships
Malta at the World Aquatics Championships
2017 in Maltese sport | wiki |
Get Big may refer to:
Get Big (album), 2010 album by Dorrough
Get Big (film), 2017 American film | wiki |
Malcolm Maclean may refer to:
Malcolm Alexander MacLean (1842–1895), first Mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia
Malcolm Roderick Maclean (1919–2001), politician from Georgia, USA
Malcolm Maclean, 3rd Chief (fl. 1310s), 3rd Chief of Clan Maclean
Malcolm MacLean (rower), British rower
See also
Malcom McLean (1913–2001), American entrepreneur
Malcolm McLean (politician) (1883–1942), Canadian politician | wiki |
The Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ) is the first generation of the Jeep Grand Cherokee sport utility vehicle. Introduced in 1992 for the 1993 model year, development of the ZJ Grand Cherokee started under American Motors Corporation (AMC) and was continued after the company was acquired by Chrysler in 1987.
Export models produced at the plant in Graz, Austria, were given the vehicle designation of "ZG".
New Features
The all-new 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ offered many new and class-exclusive features that its competitors, such as the Chevrolet S-10 Blazer and Ford Explorer, did not offer.
For example, all Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ models featured a standard front driver's-side SRS airbag in the steering wheel. The Limited model offered a digital climate control system. All models offered a digital Electronic Vehicle Information Center (EVIC) that monitored critical vehicle systems and provided audible and visual feedback when a fault was detected (doors, hood, tailgate, engine coolant level, engine oil level, and front and rear lighting systems were some of the systems monitored by the EVIC). In addition to monitoring vehicle status, the EVIC could also display current date and time information and vehicle service interval reminders, and could be set via buttons on the EVIC screen. An overhead console provided a mini trip computer with current direction of travel and exterior temperature information in Celsius or Fahrenheit, as well as elapsed time, mileage remaining until the fuel tank is empty, and trip mileage for two trips (Trip A and Trip B). In addition to the mini trip computer, the overhead console provided storage for a single garage door opener, and two pairs of sunglasses, and included four overhead map/reading lamps. Keyless entry allowed for easy access to the vehicle without having to insert the vehicle's key into the door lock cylinder, and could also arm or disarm the class-exclusive vehicle security system. The interior lights illuminated whenever a door was opened, and could shut off automatically along with the automatic headlamps. The ignition cylinder was located on the right side of the steering column, and was lighted so that it could be easily located during nighttime driving conditions. Finally, a premium AccuSound factory audio system by Jensen (or Infinity Gold on 1994 and newer models) and 120-watt amplifier located underneath of the rear bench seat could be paired with an in-dash CD player and five-band graphical equalizer for a high-fidelity audio experience.
A fully mechanical full-time four wheel drive system could split torque when a wheel was losing traction, and send all available traction to that wheel in order to keep moving. In addition, the system, called Quadra-Trac, could automatically detect when four wheel drive was needed, and automatically switch from rear wheel drive without input from the driver. The Grand Cherokee ZJ also offered Chrysler's 318 cubic inch (5.2 L) Magnum electronically fuel-injected V8 engine as an option, which produced and of torque for up to 5,000 lbs. of towing capacity, and was the only SUV in its class at the time to offer a V8 engine as an option.
In 1996, even more new features were added to the Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ. The newly available Jeep Memory System utilized a button panel located on the inside of the front driver's door panel to recall driver's seat adjustment, mirror adjustments, and radio preset settings when the corresponding key was inserted into the ignition cylinder (each keyless entry remote was engraved with either a '1' or a '2' to designate which key would automatically recall these settings). Heated seats also became available for the front driver and passenger with slide switches located near the lighting controls on the driver's side. A power tilt-and-sliding sunroof was added to the options list, and remote controls for the audio system were added to the back of the steering wheel on some Grand Cherokee models. For the first time on the Grand Cherokee, buyers could choose a combination cassette and single-disc CD player instead of just either a cassette or a single-disc CD player. Dual front SRS airbags now came standard on all models, and the 5.2 L Magnum V8 engine gained 5 lb. ft. of torque, up to 285 from 280, and remained one of the most powerful SUVs in its class.
Finally, in 1998, the 5.9 L Limited model became available for the Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ, utilizing Chrysler's 360 cubic inch (5.9 L) Magnum electronically fuel-injected V8 engine producing 245 horsepower and 345 lb. ft. of torque, which made the Grand Cherokee ZJ 5.9 L Limited the most powerful SUV in its class.
Production changes
Introduction
The Grand Cherokee (ZJ) was initially available in three trim levels: base, Laredo, and Limited. The base model included features such as full instrumentation, cloth interior, a standard five-speed manual transmission, and was given the "SE" name for the 1994 model year. Power windows and locks were not standard equipment on the base and SE for 1993 and 1994. The minimal difference in price resulted in low consumer demand, so the low-line model was discontinued after 1994. Standard features on all models included a driver-side airbag and four-wheel anti-lock braking system (ABS). The Laredo was the mid-scale model with standard features that included power windows, power door locks, and cruise control. Exterior features included medium-grey plastic paneling on the lower body and five-spoke aluminum wheels. The Limited was the premium model, featuring lower body paneling that was the same color as the rest of the vehicle. The Limited also had standard features such as leather seating, power sunroof, heated mirrors, heated power seats, and a remote keyless system. The "Up-Country" version was also offered between 1993 and 1997. It came with 4WD and the AMC straight-6 4.0 L engine. Package groups included: convenience, fog lamps, skid plate, lighting, luxury, power, security, and trailer towing.
When it was first introduced in April 1992 as an early 1993 model year vehicle, the Grand Cherokee had one powertrain, the AMC-derived 4.0 L Power Tech I6 engine that produced 190 horsepower. Transmission choices were a four-speed automatic transmission (early production ZJs used the AW4; the A500SE (later 42RE) replaced the AW4 during the latter half of the 1993 model year) or an Aisin AX15 manual transmission. Low sales demand for the manual transmission resulted in its discontinuation after the 1994 model year for North America, but it remained on the option list for European ZJs. The drivetrain choices included rear-wheel drive or four-wheel-drive.
1993
The all-new, 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee went on sale in April 1992 in Base, Laredo, and Limited trims. At launch all Grand Cherokees were powered by the 4.0 L Power Tech Inline Six-Cylinder engine, and were all four-wheel drive. Starting in early 1993, the Grand Cherokee became available with the 5.2 L Magnum V8 engine, and a Grand Wagoneer model became available with standard four-wheel drive and V8 power, as well as a plush leather-trimmed interior and faux vinyl woodgrain side and tailgate paneling. The 5.2 L Magnum V8 engine was available with the Quadra-Trac four-wheel drive system, which was based around a NV249 transfer case with a viscous coupler. The Quadra-Trac system was a permanent four-wheel drive system that allowed up to 60% of power to the rear wheels and a 50–50 split when loss of rear traction occurred. It also had a low range that still utilized the viscous coupler in the 1993-1995 model years. In 1996 and beyond, the low range provided a true 50-50 lock between the front and rear axles. However, the system required little to no driver input, as it was automatically determined by the viscous coupler when more front bias was required. In addition to Quadra-Trac, a Selec-Trac Full-Time four-wheel drive system was available that was a "Shift-on-the-Fly" four-wheel drive system that had a 4-wheel drive part-time mode (50/50 lock) a 4-wheel drive full-time mode (variable front bias, much like the Quadra-Trac) and a 4 LO. The standard part-time four-wheel drive system in the Grand Cherokee was known as Command-Trac, a part-time only four-wheel drive, modes were 2 wheel drive, 4 HI and 4 LO. All three four-wheel drive systems featured a selector lever that was located next to the transmission gear selector or shifter. Two Wheel Drive Grand Cherokees featured a small storage area in place of the four-wheel drive selector lever.
Late 1992/early 1993 production
In late 1992/early 1993 calendar year, Chrysler made some minor changes to the 1993 model year Grand Cherokee. The changes are shown in The New Jeep, a brochure on the 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee published in 1992. The crimson-colored interior option for the vinyl and cloth seats was no longer available, and the Limited model now had the option of quilted Highland-grain leather seats. The 5.2 L High-Output Magnum Engine V8 producing 220 horsepower was added in early 1993. The only transmission choice was a 46RH, four-speed automatic transmission. The top-of-the-line Grand Wagoneer trim was also shown in the brochure, and became available in early 1993. The radio face was changed for the AM/FM cassette player in early 1993, with raised buttons and rounded knobs, as well as larger green display text to match the rest of the Grand Cherokee's interior. The radio also introduced Dolby noise reduction technology for the cassette player. Full-faced steel wheels replaced the six-spoke version on the Base/SE model.
1994
For 1994, the upgraded Jensen Electronics AccuSound premium amplified audio system was rebranded Infinity Gold, with upgraded components. An AM/FM stereo with in-dash CD player became available for the first time. Mid-level Laredo models gained standard fifteen-inch sport aluminum-alloy wheels. The Grand Wagoneer model was dropped for 1994, while the Base trim level is renamed the SE. The Aisin AW4 four-speed automatic transmission was replaced for 1994, becoming the Chrysler-built 42RE.
1995
In 1995, the performance of the V8 engine was upgraded to from 285. The AMC 4.0 L straight-6 engine, rated to tow , was also refined with more torque and quieter operation.
An uplevel Orvis Edition model of the Grand Cherokee was introduced in partnership with Orvis catalog, adding features to the uplevel Limited model such as perforated tan and Moss Green leather-trimmed seating surfaces and front and rear door panels, an AM/FM stereo with in-dash CD player as an option, and unique exterior trim and fifteen-inch aluminum-alloy wheels with green inserts to the Limited trim. A flip out rear glass hatch was a new option for the Orvis, along with font lettering which was similar to other Chrysler products (which was phased in the following model year). The base SE trim level received more standard equipment such as power windows and door locks, Antilock Braking System (ABS), keyless entry, an AM/FM stereo with cassette player, air conditioning, and upgraded fifteen-inch styled steel wheels. The five-speed Aisin AX15 manual transmission was also no longer available for 1995.
1996 Restyling
For 1996, the Grand Cherokee received a mid-cycle restyling, with new front and rear bumpers and side cladding, a larger front grille, new aluminum-alloy wheel options, and an entirely new interior, now featuring a front passenger side airbag and revised interior fabrics. A combination AM/FM stereo with cassette and CD players became available, as well as a rear-mounted multi-disc CD changer unit. The five-speed manual transmission option was also dropped for 1995. At this time, the part-time Command-Trac four-wheel drive system was dropped, leaving the full-time Selec-Trac and computerized Quadra-Trac four-wheel drive systems as options.
A new steering wheel which featured three-spokes with integrated cruise control buttons, a new dual-note horn, and the horn buttons were deleted in favor of a single horn pad. The front seats were new as well as an upgraded interior with new door panels and interior trim panels, a glove box with more storage space, new tires and wheels, revised headlamps, fog lamps that were directly integrated into the vehicle's front bumper on some models, a new remote keyless system, as well as faux wood interior trim standard on all models. An optional rear lift glass (first introduced with the 1995 Orvis edition where production tailgates manufactured after January 3, 1995 have both provisions for both fixed and lift glass) for the Laredo and Limited were added to the options list (the fixed glass came standard). The Grand Cherokee now offered standard power windows, power door locks, rear door child locks, keyless entry, AM/FM radio with cassette player and compact disc player and four standard speakers, cloth seating surfaces, and more. The manual transmission was no longer offered after the 1994 model year Grand Cherokee sold in North America, but remained as the only transmission for European ZJs (ZG) sold in Europe with the diesel motor.
New front door designs got new side body cladding strips, and the 'Laredo' subtext on the Laredo model was moved down to the cladding. The 'Grand Cherokee' badge was relocated to the front lower doors, and was now larger (using a font style similar to other Chrysler products and initially used with the 1995 Orvis package), replacing the 1974-era American Motors font style used on Jeep vehicles. On V8-equipped Grand Cherokees, there was a new V8 badge on the rear liftgate. The 4X4 badge, on four-wheel-drive-equipped Grand Cherokees, was also changed to raised metal letters instead of the 4X4 decals offered before.
The vehicle featured an OBD II diagnostics port under the dashboard on the driver's side, required for all 1996 model year and newer vehicles, a digital odometer and trip odometer, a 120 miles per hour speedometer rating on some models, and the vehicle now included some user-programmable features such as if the headlamps and tail lamps flashed when a button was pressed on the remote keyless system, how many miles until service intervals, whether the horn sounded when a button was pressed on the remote, and more. The overhead console was somewhat redesigned for the 1996 model year to improve storage space and feature availability. In addition to the cigarette lighter port, a 12-volt power port was added for cellular telephones, coolers, computers, and other devices. The ashtray was also removed from the rear doors, replaced by a solid area. The Limited model and Orvis Edition model both got chrome interior door handles.
The 4.0 engine rating was reduced by 5 horsepower to 185 to meet EPA regulations for the 1996 model year production.
1997
For 1997, a new trim level of Grand Cherokee, the Special Edition, was introduced, adding the Infinity Gold premium amplified audio system, an AM/FM stereo with cassette and CD players, dual power-adjustable front bucket seats, color-keyed exterior trim, and a security system to the base Laredo model. The TSi, also based on the base Laredo model, added unique sixteen-inch sport aluminum-alloy wheels, unique front and rear bumpers and side cladding, an AM/FM stereo with cassette and CD players, dual power-adjustable front bucket seats, luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces with dual heated front bucket seats, dark gray wood interior trim, and a security system to the Laredo trim. The 5.2 L Magnum V8 engine was now available with 2-wheel-drive (Rear-Wheel-Drive). The Orvis Edition was in its last production year for 1997, available in Moss Green and a Birch Silver exterior color.
1998
For 1998, the first-generation Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ) entered its final year of production. The Laredo and other models were carried over, and the new 5.9L Limited Edition was introduced and exclusive to this year model.
Production of the first-generation Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ ended in mid-1998, as production of the next generation Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ) began at Jefferson North Assembly.
Between 1996 and 1998, the export Grand Cherokee Laredo (marketed for Japan) had the optional Aspen package (source: The Story of Jeep).
In 1998, a 5.9 L Limited model featured the 5.9 L V8 Magnum engine producing with all-wheel-drive and a four-speed automatic transmission. This engine and model was only available for the 1998 model year. This Limited model featured the 5.9 L Magnum V8 engine from the Dodge Ram 1500 pickup truck, unique forged sixteen-inch aluminum-alloy wheels, unique ruffled luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces and front and rear door panels, an AM/FM stereo with cassette and CD players, a unique ten-speaker, 180-watt Infinity Gold premium amplified audio system, a unique mesh grille and a vented performance hood to the standard Limited model. The 5.9 also included working hood vents, upgraded alternator, and unique exhaust. The 1998 5.9 L was the then fastest production SUV, having a measured 0-60 time (by Road and Track) of 6.8 seconds—a time that would not be beat until almost ten years later, with Jeep's SRT.
Fleet markets
In the mid-late 2000s (as they passed the 15 year mark), Japanese Domestic Market (JDM) Jeep Grand Cherokees that came in right hand drive became a popular vehicle choice for Canadian Mail Carriers since it shared the same chassis, body, suspension, and engine as the North American left hand drive version.
Models
The 1993-1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ was available in many, distinct trim levels:
The Base and SE (1993-1995) were the most basic trim levels of the Grand Cherokee between 1993 and 1995. The Base was given a name, the SE, in 1994. Standard features included the 4.0L "Power-Tech" Inline Six-Cylinder (I6) engine with 5-speed manual transmission, full instrumentation, vinyl-and-cloth trimmed seating surfaces, front high-back bucket seats, a split-folding rear 60/40 bench seat, an AM/FM stereo with 4 speakers, manual roll-up windows and door locks, and fifteen-inch (15") styled steel wheels. In 1995, the SE gained standard power windows and door locks, as well as keyless entry, air conditioning, an AM/FM stereo with cassette player, warning chimes, and a 4-speed automatic transmission. The SE was dropped after 1995, and in 1996, the Laredo became the base trim level of the Grand Cherokee.
The Laredo (1993-1998) served as the midrange trim level of the Grand Cherokee between 1993 and 1995, and the base trim level of the Grand Cherokee between 1996 and 1998. It added these features to the base SE Grand Cherokee: fifteen-inch (15") alloy wheels, an AM/FM stereo with cassette player, air conditioning, warning chimes, cloth seating surfaces, keyless entry, power windows and door locks, a chrome front grille, and body-side cladding and molding. In 1996, the Laredo became the base trim level of the Grand Cherokee, and remains the base trim level to this day. In 1995, the Laredo gained a standard 4-speed automatic transmission, as the 5-speed manual transmission was dropped after 1994. Many of the features available on the luxurious Limited model could also be had on the midrange or base Laredo model.
The Special Edition (1997-1998) was slotted just above the base Laredo trim Grand Cherokee between 1997 and 1998. It added the following features to the basic Laredo trim: a premium 120-watt Infinity Gold sound system with 6 speakers, an AM/FM stereo with cassette and CD players, power front bucket seats, a security system, color-keyed body-side trim and front and rear bumpers (sourced from the Limited), a 'Special Edition' emblem on both front doors, and more.
The TSi (1997-1998) served as the "sporty" trim level of the Grand Cherokee between 1997 and 1998. Slotted above the base Laredo trim, the TSi added additional features to the basic Laredo trim that included sport alloy wheels, blue front and rear bumper and side trim accents, sport leather-trimmed and perforated seating surfaces, heated front bucket seats, an AM/FM stereo with cassette and CD players, a premium 120-watt Infinity Gold sound system with 6 speakers, and a security system.
The Limited (1993-1998) served as the "luxury" trim level of the Grand Cherokee between 1993 and 1998. It added these features to the midrange Laredo Grand Cherokee: premium leather-trimmed seating surfaces, premium low-back front bucket seats, power front seats, a premium 120-watt Infinity Gold sound system with 6 speakers, fifteen-inch (15") or sixteen-inch (16") luxury alloy wheels, a security system, 4-speed automatic transmission, an Electronic Vehicle Information Center (EVIC or VIC), carpeted floor mats, body-colored front grille, front and rear bumpers, gold-plated badging, and body-side cladding and trim, and more.
The Orvis Edition (1995-1997) was a partnership between the Orvis catalog and Jeep. Based on the Limited model, and available between 1995 and 1997, it offered two exterior color options, either Moss Green Pearl Coat or Light Driftwood Pearl Coat, an AM/FM stereo with CD player, unique beige-and-green luxury leather seating surfaces with red piping and matching door panel accents, luxury fifteen-inch (15") or sixteen-inch (16") alloy wheels with Moss Green-painted accents, a power sunroof, heated front bucket seats, unique beige-and-green carpeted floor mats with red piping, a beige-and-green leather spare tire and spare wheel cover with integrated storage pockets, and more. Jeep ended their partnership with Orvis in 1997, and thus, the Orvis Edition Grand Cherokee was discontinued after 1997.
The 5.9 L Limited (1998 only) The 5.9 Limited was a Jeep Grand Cherokee produced only for the 1998 model year, having more luxury and performance than that of the regular Limited. Chrysler manufactured nearly a quarter million Grand Cherokees in 1998. Of those, fewer than fifteen thousand were 5.9s. It housed a Magnum 5.9 L V8 engine with an output of 245 hp (183 kW) and 345 lb·ft (468 N·m) of torque, going from zero to 60 mph (100 km/h) in 7.3 seconds[6] (Motor Trend measured this at a slightly faster 6.8 seconds[7]), making it the quickest SUV available that year. The performance of the 1998 5.9 L V8 has been surpassed by Jeep only with the introduction of the 2006 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT-8, which housed a 6.1 L Hemi Engine.[8] The 5.9 Jeep Grand Cherokee was named the 1998 four-wheel drive vehicle of the year by Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road magazine.[6]
The 5.9 Limited was available only in Deep Slate, Stone White, Bright Platinum. European version named 5.9 Limited LX and had two additional colors: Forest Green and Deep Amethyst.
The 5.9 Jeep Grand Cherokee included a number of improvements over the top of the line "limited" Grand Cherokee, that were unique to the 5.9. This included, in addition to the premium motor, all the options found on the limited edition, in addition to:[7]
a higher output alternator
revised low profile roof racks (used on the next generation)
unique wood grain accents
full calf nap leather interior
chrome tipped exhaust
unique front grille
unique side rocker panels
fully functional heat extractor hood louvers
rear leather armrest
higher output Infinity premium stereo system with trunk speakers bar
leather wrapped shift and e-brake handles
unique leather door inserts, armrests and console lid
unique five star wheels
black sidewall (BSW) tires
electric cooling fan in lieu of a mechanical clutch fan used with the 5.2
The Grand Wagoneer served as the most luxurious Grand Cherokee trim level for 1993, offering features in addition to the luxurious Limited features: quilted leather seating surfaces, faux vinyl wood side paneling, 'Grand Wagoneer' emblems on both upper front fenders, more wood interior trim, the deletion of the body-side cladding panels, the 5.2 L Magnum V8 engine, 4X4 only, and a chrome front grille. Meant to pay homage to the then-recently discontinued Jeep Grand Wagoneer SJ, the Grand Wagoneer was discontinued after 1993.
Engines
Transmissions
4x4 systems
Four-wheel drive systems included Command-Trac, a part-time unit offering temporary 4-wheel assistance; Command-Trac was dropped from lineup in conjunction with the SE trim in 1996. Selec-Trac had the option of either full-time or part-time operation; both shift-on-the-fly Command-Trac and Selec-Trac were already available for the Cherokee, and they were adapted to the Grand Cherokee. Exclusive to the Grand Cherokee was the introduction of Quadra-Trac system with permanent all-time four-wheel assistance. This was optional on all models. Low-range required using a manual shift lever for all three systems.
Suspension
The Quadra-Link suspension design was used on both the front and rear axles. This design uses four control arms, two above the axle and two below it, to control longitudinal movement and rotation about the lateral axis (drive and braking reaction). A panhard rod, also referred to as a track bar, is used to locate the axle laterally. Two coil springs are seated on top of the axle housing as well as two gas-charged shock absorbers. The optional "Up Country" package included heavier duty German made gas charged shocks installed upside down, taller coil springs and longer bump stops; thereby increasing ride height by one inch.
Special edition ZJs
There were several different "one-off" and special edition models of the ZJ.
Grand Wagoneer (1993)
Following the introduction of the all-new 1993 Grand Cherokee ZJ, Jeep introduced an "ultra-luxury" model of its all-new midsize SUV, called the Grand Wagoneer. Based on the Grand Cherokee Limited and paying tribute to the Jeep Grand Wagoneer SJ of which the Grand Cherokee ZJ replaced, the Grand Wagoneer included a standard 5.2L "Magnum" High-Output V8 engine and the new "Quadra-Trac" computerized full-time four wheel drive (4X4) system, both of which were optional on all other Grand Cherokees. Additional features on top of the Limited included exclusive faux woodgrain vinyl decals on the front fenders, doors, and rear tailgate, chrome Grand Wagoneer emblems on both front fenders, deletion of the lower textured body side cladding, unique pinstripes on the front and rear bumpers and above the woodgrain decals on both sides of the vehicle, color-keyed heated power-adjustable side mirrors, a chrome front grille, front bumper-mounted driving (fog) lamps, a color-keyed leather-wrapped tilt steering wheel with cruise control, ultra-luxury quilted leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a security system, and a full-size, matching cargo area-mounted spare tire and wheel with vinyl cover. The Grand Wagoneer was available in several different exterior color options, although all interiors were beige in color, regardless of exterior color. Options were very limited, as the Grand Wagoneer had a long list of standard equipment, although an A/M-F/M radio with graphic equalizer and single-disc CD player was available as an option (the Grand Cherokee ZJ was one of the first midsize SUV's to offer a factory-installed, in-dash CD player as an option). As there was not a large market for the Grand Cherokee ZJ-based Grand Wagoneer, it was discontinued after the 1993 model year, once again leaving the Limited as the top-of-the-line Grand Cherokee trim level.
Orvis Edition (1995–1997)
The Orvis (1995–1997) was a Grand Cherokee Limited package that featured an exterior color scheme of Moss Green, or in 1997 the (less common) Light Driftwood, with roan red and maize side strip accents (1995). Moss Green paint accents on the road wheels (matching the moss green body color) and the special "Orvis" brand badging were the only significant exterior visual differences. In performance, the 5.2 V8 engine became standard, but was available with a 4.0 inline 6-cylinder engine. Also, some Orvis editions came with a rear liftglass (which in 1996 became a mainstream option), tow hooks, and the Up-Country suspension group. However, the interior was special. Two-tone green and tan leather seats were complemented with roan red accent piping and Orvis insignia. There was a slight difference between the 1996 and 1997 years' interior compared to each other. The 1996 had a black dash where the 1997 had a tan dash, The Orvis Edition luxury trim package was optional on the Limited version, and when equipped with all the other options was the most expensive of all the Grand Cherokee versions until 1998 when the 5.9 Limited was introduced. Jeep ended their relationship with Orvis Catalog in 1997, and the Orvis Edition was discontinued. However in Europe, the ZJ (ZG) Orvis Special Edition in RHD form now became the ultimate. Boasting all the Orvis extras, plus features such as Bonnet (Hood) vents from the 5.9, this exclusively high output 4.0 6 cylinder (195 bhp) 3:73 standard gearing car was offered in Platinum Mist Metallic with Black Leather and wood trim, complete with an Option Free list (except Tow Pack), 0-60 of 8.1, and a factory top speed of 132 mph.
Production numbers of the Orvis Editions are:
1995: 10,020
1996: 2,341
1997: 2,733
(Note - European (ZG) 4.0 HO model Orvis - estimated at a couple of hundred in RHD).
TSi (1997–1998)
A sporty TSi model (1997–1998) was briefly offered, with exterior features that included single color body paneling with lower indigo blue striping, a body colored grille, and TSi accents. The TSi trim level was first used on the turbocharged, intercooled version of the 1986-89 Chrysler Conquest before it transferred to Eagle and was applied to performance-oriented 1990-98 Talons and 1993-97 Visions from Jeep's sister brand. The TSi trim was applied to the Grand Cherokee to create a stronger connection between Jeep and Eagle, as Eagle sales had been in the doldrums by 1997.
The TSi could only be ordered in select colors, which included Black, Platinum, and Deep Amethyst. TSi packages came equipped with 5 spoke alloy wheels, 225/70R16 Goodyear Eagle GA tires, fog lights, Luxury group, featuring: "Highland" perforated, power, leather seats, overhead computer, and a premium sound system with steering wheel mounted controls. Contrary to popular belief, the suspension used on the TSi was the standard duty Quadra-Coil suspension used on all non-UpCountry ZJs. Both the 4.0 I6 and the 5.2 V8 were available. Quadra-Trac was standard with the TSi package for both engines, while Selec-Trac was optional with the I6. Both engine options could also be special ordered in 2 wheel drive configurations. The TSi was priced between the Laredo and the Limited and was discontinued after a two-year run.
5.9 Limited (1998)
The 5.9 Limited was produced only for the 1998 model year, having more luxury and performance than that of the regular Limited. Chrysler manufactured nearly a quarter million Grand Cherokees in 1998. Of those, fewer than fifteen thousand were 5.9s. Standard was a Magnum 5.9 L V8 engine producing and of torque and capable of accelerating from zero to in 6.8 seconds, making it the quickest SUV available that year (That time was not bested until almost ten years later, when Jeep introduced the SRT). Because of this, unlike other Grand Cherokee models, the 5.9 Limited required premium unleaded gasoline. The 5.9 Jeep Grand Cherokee was named the 1998 four-wheel drive vehicle of the year by Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road magazine.
The 5.9 Limited was available only in Deep Slate, Stone White, and Bright Platinum. European version named 5.9 Limited LX and had two additional colors: Forest Green and Deep Amethyst.
The 5.9 Jeep Grand Cherokee included unique features. These included all the options from the Limited and the following:
a higher output alternator
Low profile roof rack (used on the next generation)
Unique wood grain accents
Calf's leather interior
Chrome exhaust tip
Unique front grille
Unique side rocker moldings
Functional heat extracting hood louvers
Leather arm rest in rear seating position
6-channel Infinity premium stereo (includes rear door subwoofers, and cargo area soundbar)
Leather wrapped shifter and emergency brake handles
Unique leather door inserts, armrests and console lid
Unique five star wheels
46RE 4-speed automatic transmission
3.73 differential gearing with rear Trac-Loc
Requires premium gasoline
Safety
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
NHTSA
Awards
The Grand Cherokee V8 was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list and was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 1993.
It was also Petersen's 4x4 of the Year in 1993, 1996 (with the redesigned NV249 transfer case), 1998 (with the newly available 5.9 L V8), 1999 (with its acclaimed second generation model), 2001 (with the new 5-speed transmission), and 2005 (with its third generation model).
The Grand Cherokee V8 received many awards from smaller enterprises, newspapers, and blogs such as Best Vehicle of the Year from the Asheville Chronicle 1996–2000, Beta Blog's Best Family 4X4 1995–1998, and "Best 4x4" from Bearded Monthly.
Since 2011, the latest WK2 Grand Cherokee has been dubbed the "Most Awarded SUV Ever" due to the number of awards it received when it was redesigned in 2011.
2017 Jeep Grand One Concept
Jeep introduced several concept vehicles for its annual Easter Safari in Moab, Utah. One such vehicle was the Jeep Grand One, which was created to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Jeep Grand Cherokee. This vehicle was based on a stock Stone White 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ Laredo 4X4 equipped with the 5.2 L Magnum High-Output V8 engine and 46RH 4-speed automatic transmission, which the automaker purchased off of Craigslist specifically for the project. The Grand One was repainted a robin's-egg blue with a light woodgrain-style treatment underneath of the paint, paying homage to the 1993 Jeep Grand Wagoneer ZJ, and the wheelbase was stretched to accommodate new front and rear axles (however, this is only noticeable if one looks at the slightly modified rear doors that had to be modified to accommodate the longer wheelbase). Large front and rear fender flares conceal the extended wheelbase. The Grand One also receives large, off-road capable tires, custom eighteen-inch laced aluminum-alloy wheels, a slight lift, an eight-slot gloss black-finished front grille, 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee-style 'GRAND CHEROKEE' emblems on the front doors and rear tailgate, and a new '5.2' emblem on the rear tailgate. Pinstripes on the side and rear of the body were removed, as was the textured side cladding, and the 'Jeep' emblem on the hood. Underneath the Grand One's hood, all components are stock Jeep except for a Mopar air filter and intake. Inside, the interior of the Grand One is mostly stock, except for new upholstery (the stock seats of the Grand One were re-wrapped in a modern gray leather-and-microfiber-suede with bright blue accent stitching), and a plaid headliner. Retro touches, such as the factory AM/FM radio with cassette player that has a cassette tape sticking out of the tape deck, an Audiovox car phone, and an original Nintendo Game Boy on the rear seat are eminent on the Grand One, paying tribute to the Jeep Grand Cherokee's history.
References
External links
Grand Cherokee (ZJ)
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1992
Mid-size sport utility vehicles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States | wiki |
Aguinaldo is a thirteenth salary paid to workers in Latin American countries during the Christmas season.
Aguinaldo may also refer to:
Aguinaldo (name), a surname and given name
Aguinaldo (music), a folk genre of Christmas music found in Latin America
Aguinaldo, Ifugao, a municipality in the Philippines
General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite, a municipality in the Philippines
Aguinaldo Highway, a primary and secondary highway in Cavite, Philippines | wiki |
Lawrence Hall may refer to:
People
Larry Hall (North Carolina politician), American politician
Lawrence Hall (Oregon politician), member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature, 1851
Lawrence Hall (tennis), American tennis player
Lawrence Kendall Hall (1940–1997), known as Larry Hall, American singer
Lawrence M. Hall (1908–1973), Minnesota Democratic politician
Lawrence Sargent Hall (1915–1993), American author
Lawrence W. Hall (1819–1863), U.S. Representative from Ohio
Places
Lawrence Hall of Science, a public science center above the University of California, Berkeley
Lawrence Hall, London, a Grade II listed building
Lawrence Hall, Oxford, a historic hall
David Lawrence Hall, an academic building at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lawrence Hall, a 1929 high-rise building at Point Park University, in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lawrence Hall, a historic hall at St. Cloud State University
Lawrence Hall (University of Oregon), home of the University of Oregon School of Architecture and Allied Arts
Lawrance Hall, (so spelled), a hall on the Old Campus of Yale University
Lawrence Hall, a hall on the main quad of Colgate University
See also
St. Lawrence Hall, a meeting hall in Toronto, Canada
Hall, Lawrence
Architectural disambiguation pages | wiki |
Greeves may refer to:
Greeves (motorcycles), British motorcycle manufacturer
Greeves (surname), includes a list of people with the name
See also
Greeve (Old French for Greave), a piece of armour that protects the leg
Greaves (disambiguation)
Greve (disambiguation)
Grieves (disambiguation) | wiki |
Guryev porridge (Guriev kasha) is a Russian sweet porridge (kasha) prepared from semolina and milk with the addition of candied nuts (hazelnut, walnuts, almonds), honey and dried fruits (or fruit preserves).
Traditional preparation of the dessert is made by baking milk or cream until a golden milk skin forms. Then, this skin is lifted and used to separate the dish's ingredients by layers with the skin between each layer. It's sprinkled on top with sugar and browned in a broiler.
History
The name of Guriev porridge comes from the name of Count Dmitry Alexandrovich Guriev (1751–1825), Minister of Finance and member of the State Council of the Russian Empire.
It has been stated that Guryev porridge was invented by Zakhar Kuzmin, a serf chef of the retired major of the Orenburg dragoon regiment Georgy Jurisovsky, who was visited by Guryev. Subsequently, Guriev bought Kuzmin with his family and made him a regular chef in his court. According to another version, Guryev himself came up with a recipe for porridge.
It was a beloved dish of Emperor Alexander III. Prior to the October 17, 1888 train crash that Alexander III was on, the emperor was served this dish for dessert. When the waiter came to the emperor to pour the cream, a terrible blow occurred, and the train derailed.
See also
List of porridges
List of Russian desserts
List of Russian dishes
References
Porridges
Russian desserts | wiki |
Page One may refer to:
Page One (bookstore), a bookstore chain and publisher founded in Singapore
Page One (Joe Henderson album), a 1963 album by Joe Henderson
Page One (Steven Page album), a 2010 album by Steven Page
Page One Records, a 1960s UK record label
Page One: Inside the New York Times, a 2011 documentary film about The New York Times
"Page One" (song) by Katie Noonan, 2010 | wiki |
This list comprises all players who have participated in at least one league match for Tulsa Roughnecks FC since the team's first USL season in 2015.
A "†" denotes players who only appeared in a single match.
B
Brady Ballew
Gibson Bardsley
Laurie Bell
Adam Black
Chad Bond
Ben Brewster
C
Lucas Cordeiro
D
Iarfhlaith Davoren
F
Jake Feener
G
Eli Galbraith-Knapp
Mason Grimes
J
Oscar Jimenez
L
Andy Lorei
Zac Lubin
M
Henri Manhebo
Cristian Mata
Steven Miller
N
Kyrian Nwabueze
O
Sammy Ochoa
P
Julian Portugal
Ryan Price
V
Kyle Venter
External links
Tulsa Roughnecks FC
Association football player non-biographical articles | wiki |
Mozzarella sticks are elongated pieces of battered or breaded mozzarella, usually served as hors d'oeuvre.
Origins
The history of frying cheese in a batter dates back to at least 1393 in Medieval France, when a recipe for fried cheese sticks appeared in Le Ménagier de Paris. However, food historians believe that Medieval French fried cheeses had little in common with the preparation and development of modern mozzarella sticks.
Mozzarella sticks likely have their origins in the United States during the 1970s, through a combination of two factors, as per historian Joel Jensen: "the increasing availability of mass-produced mozzarella cheese beginning in the 1960s", and the development of new efficient frying technologies to be used in fast-paced food-serving businesses (such as bowling alleys and sports bars).
Preparation
Mozzarella sticks are prepared by coating cheese strings in breadcrumbs or batter. They may be baked or fried in oil. Mozzarella sticks are often served with tomato sauce or marinara sauce. However, they may be served with other dipping sauces such as plum sauce, jalapeño jelly, ketchup, barbecue sauce, honey mustard sauce, and ranch dressing. Restaurants often serve fried mozzarella sticks with a marinara sauce.
Variations
Popular fried cheeses other than mozzarella include provolone, Edam, cheddar, and American. Mozzarella sticks with raspberry sauce are part of the regional cuisine of New York's Capital District.
References
French cuisine
American cuisine
Appetizers
Cheese dishes
Deep fried foods
Italian-American cuisine
Fast food | wiki |
Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period. The more complex polytonic orthography (), which includes five diacritics, notates Ancient Greek phonology. The simpler monotonic orthography (), introduced in 1982, corresponds to Modern Greek phonology, and requires only two diacritics.
Polytonic orthography () is the standard system for Ancient Greek and Medieval Greek. The acute accent (´), the circumflex (ˆ), and the grave accent (`) indicate different kinds of pitch accent. The rough breathing (῾) indicates the presence of the sound before a letter, while the smooth breathing (᾿) indicates the absence of .
Since in Modern Greek the pitch accent has been replaced by a dynamic accent (stress), and was lost, most polytonic diacritics have no phonetic significance, and merely reveal the underlying Ancient Greek etymology.
Monotonic orthography () is the standard system for Modern Greek. It retains two diacritics: a single accent or tonos (΄) that indicates stress, and the diaeresis ( ¨ ), which usually indicates a hiatus but occasionally indicates a diphthong: compare modern Greek (, "lamb chops"), with a diphthong, and (, "little children") with a simple vowel. A tonos and a diaeresis can be combined on a single vowel to indicate a stressed vowel after a hiatus, as in the verb (, "I feed").
Although it is not a diacritic, the hypodiastole (comma) has in a similar way the function of a sound-changing diacritic in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing (, "whatever") from (, "that").
History
The original Greek alphabet did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what are now known as capitals—were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the Athenians decided to employ a version of the Ionian alphabet. With the spread of Koine Greek, a continuation of the Attic dialect, the Ionic alphabet superseded the other alphabets, known as epichoric, with varying degrees of speed. The Ionian alphabet, however, also only consisted of capitals.
Introduction of breathings
The rough and smooth breathings were introduced in classical times in order to represent the presence or absence of an in Attic Greek, which had adopted a form of the alphabet in which the letter Η (eta) was no longer available for this purpose as it was used to represent the long vowel .
Introduction of accents
During the Hellenistic period (3rd century BC), Aristophanes of Byzantium introduced the breathings—marks of aspiration (the aspiration however being already noted on certain inscriptions, not by means of diacritics but by regular letters or modified letters)—and the accents, of which the use started to spread, to become standard in the Middle Ages. It was not until the 2nd century AD that accents and breathings appeared sporadically in papyri. The need for the diacritics arose from the gradual divergence between spelling and pronunciation.
Uncial script
The majuscule, i.e., a system where text is written entirely in capital letters, was used until the 8th century, when the minuscule polytonic supplanted it.
Grave accent rule
By the Byzantine period, the modern rule which turns an acute accent (oxeia) on the last syllable into a grave accent (bareia)—except before a punctuation sign or an enclitic—had been firmly established. Certain authors have argued that the grave originally denoted the absence of accent; the modern rule is, in their view, a purely orthographic convention. Originally, certain proclitic words lost their accent before another word and received the grave, and later this was generalized to all words in the orthography. Others—drawing on, for instance, evidence from ancient Greek music—consider that the grave was "linguistically real" and expressed a word-final modification of the acute pitch.
Stress accent
In the later development of the language, the ancient pitch accent was replaced by an intensity or stress accent, making the three types of accent identical, and the sound became silent.
Simplification
At the beginning of the 20th century (official since the 1960s), the grave was replaced by the acute, and the iota subscript and the breathings on the rho were abolished, except in printed texts. Greek typewriters from that era did not have keys for the grave accent or the iota subscript, and these diacritics were also not taught in primary schools where instruction was in Demotic Greek.
Official adoption of monotonic system
Following the official adoption of the demotic form of the language, the monotonic orthography was imposed by law in 1982. The latter uses only the acute accent (or sometimes a vertical bar, intentionally distinct from any of the traditional accents) and diaeresis and omits the breathings. This simplification has been criticized on the grounds that polytonic orthography provides a cultural link to the past.
Modern use of polytonic system
Some individuals, institutions, and publishers continue to prefer the polytonic system (with or without grave accent), though an official reintroduction of the polytonic system does not seem probable. The Greek Orthodox church, the daily newspaper Estia, as well as books written in Katharevousa continue to use the polytonic orthography. Though the polytonic system was not used in Classical Greece, these critics argue that modern Greek, as a continuation of Byzantine and post-medieval Greek, should continue their writing conventions.
Some textbooks of Ancient Greek for foreigners have retained the breathings, but dropped all the accents in order to simplify the task for the learner.
Description
Polytonic Greek uses many different diacritics in several categories. At the time of Ancient Greek, each of these marked a significant distinction in pronunciation.
Monotonic orthography for Modern Greek uses only two diacritics, the tonos and diaeresis (sometimes used in combination) that have significance in pronunciation. Initial is no longer pronounced, and so the rough and smooth breathings are no longer necessary. The unique pitch patterns of the three accents have disappeared, and only a stress accent remains. The iota subscript was a diacritic invented to mark an etymological vowel that was no longer pronounced, so it was dispensed with as well.
The transliteration of Greek names follows Latin transliteration of Ancient Greek; modern transliteration is different, and does not distinguish many letters and digraphs that have merged by iotacism.
Accents
The accents (, singular: ) are placed on an accented vowel or on the last of the two vowels of a diphthong (ά, but αί) and indicated pitch patterns in Ancient Greek. The precise nature of the patterns is not certain, but the general nature of each is known.
The acute accent ( or "high") '' marked high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel.
The acute is also used on the first of two (or occasionally three) successive vowels in Modern Greek to indicate that they are pronounced together as a stressed diphthong.
The grave accent ( or "low", modern varia) '' marked normal or low pitch.
The grave was originally written on all unaccented syllables. By the Byzantine period it was only used to replace the acute at the end of a word if another accented word follows immediately without punctuation.
The circumflex () '' marked high and falling pitch within one syllable. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a tilde () or an inverted breve (). It was also known as "high-low" or "acute-grave", and its original form ( ) was from a combining of the acute and grave diacritics. Because of its compound nature, it only appeared on long vowels or diphthongs.
Breathings
The breathings were written over a vowel or ρ.
The rough breathing (; Latin )—''—indicates a voiceless glottal fricative () before the vowel in Ancient Greek. In Greek grammar, this is known as aspiration. This is different from aspiration in phonetics, which applies to consonants, not vowels.
Rho (Ρρ) at the beginning of a word always takes rough breathing, probably marking unvoiced pronunciation. In Latin, this was transcribed as rh.
Upsilon (Υυ) at the beginning of a word always takes rough breathing. Thus, words from Greek begin with hy-, never with y-.
The smooth breathing (; Latin )—''—marked the absence of .
A double rho in the middle of a word was originally written with smooth breathing on the first rho and rough breathing on the second one (). In Latin, this was transcribed as rrh (diarrhoea or diarrhea).
Coronis
The coronis () marks a vowel contracted by crasis. It was formerly an apostrophe placed after the contracted vowel, but is now placed over the vowel and is identical to the smooth breathing. Unlike the smooth breathing, it often occurs inside a word.
Subscript
The iota subscript ()—''—is placed under the long vowels ᾱ, η, and ω to mark the ancient long diphthongs ᾱι, ηι, and ωι, in which the ι is no longer pronounced.
Adscript
Next to a capital, the iota subscript is usually written as a lower-case letter (Αι), in which case it is called iota adscript ().
Diaeresis
In Ancient Greek, the diaeresis ( or ) – – appears on the letters and to show that a pair of vowel letters is pronounced separately, rather than as a diphthong or as a digraph for a simple vowel.
In Modern Greek, the diaeresis usually indicates that two successive vowels are pronounced separately (as in , "I trick, mock"), but occasionally, it marks vowels that are pronounced together as an unstressed diphthong rather than as a digraph (as in , "I boycott"). The distinction between two separate vowels and an unstressed diphthong is not always clear, although two separate vowels are far more common.
The diaeresis can be combined with the acute, grave and circumflex but never with breathings, since the letter with the diaeresis cannot be the first vowel of the word.
In Modern Greek, the combination of the acute and diaeresis indicates a stressed vowel after a hiatus.
Vowel length
In textbooks and dictionaries of Ancient Greek, the macron—''—and breve—''—are often used over , , and to indicate that it is long or short, respectively.
Nonstandard diacritics
Caron
In some modern non-standard orthographies of Greek dialects, such as Cypriot Greek and Griko, a caron (ˇ) may be used on some consonants to show a palatalized pronunciation. They are not encoded as precombined characters in Unicode, so they are typed by adding the to the Greek letter. Latin diacritics on Greek letters may not be supported by many fonts, and as a fall-back a caron may be replaced by an iota ⟨ι⟩ following the consonant.
Examples of Greek letters with a combining caron and their pronunciation: α̌ , γκ̌ & , ζ̌ , κ̌ & , λ̌ , μ̌ , μπ̌ , νγκ̌ , ντ̌ , ν̌ , ξ̌ , ο̌ , π̌ , ρ̌ , σ̌ ς̌ , τ̌ , τζ̌ , τσ̌ τς̌ & , ψ̌ , ω̌ .
Dot above
A dot diacritic was used above some consonants and vowels in Karamanli Turkish, which was written with the Greek alphabet.
Position in letters
Diacritics are written above lower-case letters and at the upper left of capital letters. In the case of a digraph, the second vowel takes the diacritics. A breathing diacritic is written to the left of an acute or grave accent but below a circumflex. Accents are written above a diaeresis or between its two dots. Diacritics are only written on capital letters if they are at the beginning of a word with the exception of the diaeresis, which is always written. Diacritics can be found above capital letters in medieval texts.
Examples
Computer encoding
There have been problems in representing polytonic Greek on computers, and in displaying polytonic Greek on computer screens and printouts, but these have largely been overcome by the advent of Unicode and appropriate fonts.
IETF language tag
The IETF language tags have registered subtag codes for the different orthographies:
for monotonic Greek.
for polytonic Greek.
Unicode
While the tónos of monotonic orthography looks similar to the oxeîa of polytonic orthography in most fonts, Unicode has historically separate symbols for letters with these diacritics. For example, the monotonic "Greek small letter alpha with tónos" is at U+03AC, while the polytonic "Greek small letter alpha with oxeîa" is at U+1F71. The monotonic and polytonic accent however have been de jure equivalent since 1986, and accordingly the oxeîa diacritic in Unicode decomposes canonically to the monotonic tónos—both are underlyingly treated as equivalent to the multiscript acute accent, U+0301, since letters with oxia decompose to letters with tonos, which decompose in turn to base letter plus multiscript acute accent. For example:
U+1F71 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA
➔ U+03AC GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS
➔ U+03B1 GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA, U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT.
Below are the accented characters provided in Unicode. In the uppercase letters, the iota adscript may appear as subscript depending on font.
Upper case
Lower case
See also
Acute accent
Voiceless glottal fricative
Diaeresis – Synaeresis
Greek language
Koine Greek phonology
Modern Greek grammar
Greek alphabet
Greek language question
Greek ligatures
Greek braille
Greek minuscule
Textual criticism
Aristarchian symbols
Obelism
Dagger (typography)
Greek numerals
Attic numerals
Isopsephy
Ancient Greek Musical Notation
Byzantine Musical Symbols
References
Further reading
Panayotakis is critical of the adoption of monotonic, and also provides a useful historical sketch.
See also: .
External links
General information:
Accentuation history and tutorial
Citizens' Movement for the Reintroduction of the Polytonic System, in Greek and English
How the law to abandon polytonic orthography was passed in the Greek parliament, in Greek
Greek polytonic to monotonic converter (free online tool)
Program that converts (correct) written monotonic texts into polytonic texts
Polytonic Greek fonts:
Greek Font Society public domain polytonic fonts
Public domain Greek polytonic unicode fonts
Athena, public domain polytonic Greek font
How-to guides for polytonic keyboard layouts:
Google Docs guide for Linux Covers installation of layouts, use of dead-keys etc. Updated to 2010.
Diacritics
Diacritics
Diacritics
Diacritics
Orthographies by language
Orthography
Spelling reform
Keyboard layouts | wiki |
A yaw damper is a transverse mounted shock absorber used to prevent railcars and locomotives from swaying excessively from side to side. Yaw dampers prevent locomotives and passenger railcars from striking station platforms as they roll past them and reduce the gap that must be left between the railroad vehicle and the platform, improving safety.
References
External links
Railroad Yaw Damper Field Manual
Rail technologies | wiki |
Parupeneus est un genre de poissons marins de l'ordre des Perciformes. La plupart sont dénommés « rougets » voire « rougets-barbets » pour ceux pourvus de barbilles.
Liste d'espèces
Références taxinomiques
Notes et références
Mullidae | wiki |
Inostranceviinae is an extinct subfamily of gorgonopsid therapsids that lived during the Late Permian. Only two genera are known, both from Russia.
References
Gorgonopsia
Prehistoric animal subfamilies
Therapsid subfamilies | wiki |
William J. Esposito (born February 28, 1946) is an American former FBI agent who served as Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1997.
References
1946 births
Living people
Deputy Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation | wiki |
San Gregorio House is a building that sits on 7495-7587 Old Stage Road near San Gregorio Road (CA 84) in San Gregorio, San Mateo County, California. The building is listed as a National Register of Historic Places in San Mateo County since 1977. The building still stands, but is no longer a functioning hotel.
History
By the 1850s San Gregorio was a booming town, when wealthy San Franciscans would travel to the San Gregorio House by stagecoach to enjoy activities such as fishing, hunting, sea bathing, and boat races. The structure was expanded in the 1850s, to accommodate the crowds and included a saloon with a dance hall, liveryman's cottage, laundry, smoke house, granary, carriage sheds, power house, water tower, and numerous barns. All of the original structures still stand with the exception of the cookhouse and livery stable.
George Washington Tully Carter purchased an existing house in 1865 and added a second floor in order to open a hotel. In 1875, John Evans purchased the building and added seven bays to the three-bay house. From 1888 until the 1930s, Jesse Palmer and Frank Bell ran the hotel. It's previously known as the Palmer Hotel and the Bell Hotel.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in San Mateo County, California
References
National Register of Historic Places in San Mateo County, California
Protected areas of San Mateo County, California | wiki |
Mononoke – spirito della mitologia giapponese
Princess Mononoke – film d'animazione giapponese del 1997, diretto da Hayao Miyazaki
Monokoke – serie televisiva anime del 2007, diretta da Kenji Nakamura | wiki |
The unit cost is the price incurred by a company to produce, store and sell one unit of a particular product. Unit costs include all fixed costs and all variable costs involved in production. Cost unit is a form of measurement of volume of production or service.
Cost unit vs unit cost
Cost unit is the standard unit for buying the minimum of any product. Unit cost is the minimum cost for buying any standard unit.
References
Costs | wiki |
The list of fantasy novels has been divided into the following three parts:
List of fantasy novels (A–H)
List of fantasy novels (I–R)
List of fantasy novels (S–Z)
Novels | wiki |
Burg (Nedersorbisch: Bórkowy) is een gemeente in de Duitse deelstaat Brandenburg, en maakt deel uit van de Landkreis Spree-Neiße.
Burg (Spreewald) telt inwoners.
Gemeente in Brandenburg | wiki |
In larger school systems, a head teacher principal is often assisted by someone known as a vice-principal, deputy principal, or assistant/associate principal. Unlike the principal, the vice-principal does not have quite the decision-making authority that the principal carries. Although they still carry nearly the same authority among students, vice-principals do not have the same power on the board. Experience as an assistant principal is often a prerequisite for advancement to a principalship.
Job description
Assistant principals aid the principal in the overall administration of the school. However, Deputy Principals are higher than Assistant Principals as it will be the DP (Deputy Principal)'s responsibility to step in in case of the Principal's: absence, illness, temporary leave or resignation to step forward as Principal. Some assistant principals hold this position for several years to prepare for advancement to principal jobs; others are career assistant principals. They are primarily responsible for scheduling student classes, ordering textbooks and supplies, and coordinating transportation, custodial, cafeteria, and other support services. They usually handle student discipline and attendance problems, social and recreational programs, and health and safety matters. They also may counsel students on personal, educational, or vocational matters. With the advent of site-based management, assistant principals are playing a greater role in ensuring the academic success of students by helping to develop new curricula, evaluating teachers, and dealing with school-community relations—responsibilities previously assumed solely by the principal. The number of assistant principals that a school employs may vary, depending on the number of students.
Education
Most schools require elementary, middle, and high school principals to have a master's degree in education administration or leadership. Most principals also have experience as teachers. Master's degrees in educational administration are offered at a number of universities around the United States including the University of North Texas, Ball State University, Drexel University, Ashland University, Northeastern University, and the University of Scranton.
Duties
In American schools, it is often his or her duty to handle matters such as student discipline, parent conference meetings, asset inventory and ordering, school improvement planning, bus and lunch supervision, and teacher observations. Additionally, assistant principals frequently serve as testing coordinators, training staff on procedures related to standardized assessment, as well as accounting for testing materials. In addition to these duties, assistant principals are instructional leaders.
Most importantly however, if something happens to the principal, such as an extended leave of absence, then the assistant principal would act as the interim principal. Because of this, many see this position as a stepping-stone to the larger role of principal and is often used as such. In most schools, the vice principal forgoes all teaching duties in order to address broader educational issues. However, in Canada, during an extended leave of absence of the principal, usually a retired principal will be assigned to a school by the school board/district to oversee the management of the school until the actual principal returns; thus, the roles and responsibilities of the Vice-Principal(s) will remain the same.
In the United Kingdom, most secondary schools have Assistant Principals (or traditionally known as Assistant Headteachers), with the Vice-Principals (or traditionally known as Deputy Headteachers) managing them. Their duties vary from school to school; however, usually Assistant Principals and Vice-Principals support school initiatives in maintaining/overseeing standards, behavior, Key Stages 3–5, teaching and exam timetabling, inclusion, the curriculum and student learning, and overall accountability in the school. They can also carry out performance appraisals and lesson observations. Furthermore, principals/head teachers/headmasters/headmistresses are beginning to have more autonomy on how they will structure their school's senior leadership team and what each member's role will be. These additional roles that are found in English secondary schools can lead to senior leadership/administrative teams to be as large as 8–12 people, depending on the school's size and its demographics (e.g., 1-2 Headteacher(s), 2–4 Deputy Headteachers, 3–8 Assistant Headteachers). In contrast to the US and Canada, most Assistant Headteachers and/or Deputy Headteachers teach 1–2 courses on top of their administrative duties.
See also
Dean (education)
References
External links
Infusing Management Tasks with Instructional Leadership by Dr. Angie McQuaig, Assistant Principal
US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics
The National Association of Elementary School Principals, 1615 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3483
The National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1904 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-1537
Education and training occupations
Educational administration
Principal | wiki |
Public security may refer to:
Public safety
Public security in the general sense
Organizations whose names include the words "Public Security"
Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, law enforcement agency of People's Republic of China
Public Security Bureau, local bureaus
Public Security Intelligence Agency, an intelligence agency of Japan | wiki |
Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) ist eine Prüfungsorganisation und ein Departement der University of Cambridge. CIE bietet weltweit anerkannte Examina und Qualifikationen zur Studienzulassung an Universitäten an; so wie beispielsweise das Cambridge International General Certificate of Education - Advanced Level.
Daneben bietet CIE Bildungsprogramme auf Primar- und Sekundarschulstufe an. CIE Qualifikationen werden an bis zu 10.000 Schulen in 160 Ländern weltweit unterrichtet.
Einzelnachweise
Weblinks
http://www.cie.org.uk
University of Cambridge
Englische Sprache
Organisation (Cambridge) | wiki |
Càrn Mòr (804 m) is the highest mountain of the Ladder Hills on the border of Aberdeenshire and Moray, Scotland. It is located northeast of the Cairngorm Mountains near Strathdon.
It rises high above Glenlivet in an area once renowned for its whisky smuggling.
References
Mountains and hills of Aberdeenshire
Mountains and hills of Moray
Marilyns of Scotland
Corbetts | wiki |
A guitar technician (or 'guitar tech') is a member of a music ensemble's road crew who maintains and sets up the musical equipment for one or more guitarists. Depending on the type and size of band, the guitar tech may be responsible for stringing, tuning, and adjusting electric guitars and acoustic guitars, and maintaining and setting up guitar amplifiers and other related electronic equipment such as effect pedals.
Once the guitar equipment has been set up onstage, the guitar tech does a soundcheck to ensure that the equipment is working well. If there are any problems, the guitar tech replaces or repairs the faulty components or equipment. Since guitar techs need to soundcheck the instruments and amplifiers, they must have basic guitar-playing skills, a musical "ear" for tuning, and a familiarity with the way guitars, amplifiers, and effect pedals are supposed to sound in the style of music of their band.
Guitar techs learn their craft either "on the job", by working in a range of music, sound engineering, and instrument repair jobs; by completing a guitar repair program at a college or lutherie school; or from a combination of these two routes. The salaries and conditions of work for guitar techs vary widely, depending on whether a guitar tech is working for a minor or regional touring bar band or a major international touring act.
Duties
Setting up and soundchecking
The duties of a guitar technician depend on the type of band they are working for, and on a range of other factors such as the size and nature of the stage show and the length of the show. Guitar technicians who work for an acoustic band, such as a folk group or bluegrass ensemble may be responsible for setting up and stringing, and tuning a range of stringed, fretted instruments including acoustic guitars, dobros, and mandolins. A guitar tech for a heavy metal band, on the other hand, may focus mainly on electric guitars, guitar amplifiers, and effects pedals. A guitar tech may change the sequence of effects pedals or alter the settings on effects pedals during the show, to assist the guitarist in creating different tone colours or sounds. For example, a guitarist may ask the guitar tech to connect a chorus effect and reverb before a guitar solo. In an indie rock band, a guitar technician would likely configure the equipment to evoke through tone a modern yet historically evocative sound. In an acid rock band, a guitar tech might have to manipulate the controls on a ring modulator or a rotating Leslie speaker cabinet to create unusual sounds while the guitarist is performing.
Once the guitars have been tuned with an electronic tuner and strummed to ensure that they are in tune, the guitar tech usually sets up the different guitars on guitar racks, ensures that the leather or nylon straps are properly connected, and that the patch cords are plugged in properly. During the show, the guitar tech hands instruments to the guitarist or guitarists according to the types of guitar that are required in the songs that they are playing. For example, a hard rock guitarist may use a "flying-V" guitar for a fast song, and then switch to an acoustic 12-string guitar for a soft ballad. The guitar tech retunes all of the instruments before they are used, because even if an instrument was perfectly in tune during the soundcheck, the heat from stage lights and the humidity from the stage conditions may render the instrument slightly out of tune.
After each guitar is used, the guitar tech cleans the strings with a cloth and replaces the instrument on a rack. During the show, the tech stands ready to replace any guitars in case a string breaks or if there is an equipment malfunction. The guitar tech may hand fresh towels to the guitarist so that the guitarist can remove sweat from the hands and ensure that the guitarist has ready access to bottles of cool water or other beverages. If a guitar technician is working for a guitarist who uses picks, the guitar tech may lay out a variety of picks on a guitar amplifier or tape the picks to the mic stands with double-sided tape, so that they are within easy reach. At the end of the show, the guitar tech disconnects all of the patch cords, cleans the instruments and puts them back into their cases.
Maintenance and repair
The guitar tech also might perform any of a variety of maintenance tasks, such as checking that the string height of the guitars is set properly, modifying ("dressing") the height and arc of the frets, adjusting the intonation of the instruments, checking that tubes (valves) on tube amplifiers are working properly, and that cables are in good condition and free from crackles and hum caused by nicks and abrasions in the shielding or cable insulation. Techs also check the batteries on "outboard" devices — effects boxes, tuners, and pre-amps — and wireless transmitters, and change them as necessary. Depending on the size of a band's road crew, the guitar tech may either do this maintenance him- or herself, or, in a large touring act, delegate tasks to more-junior personnel.
The guitar tech does a basic soundcheck with the different guitars, amplifiers, and effects, to ensure that the equipment is functioning properly and that all of the connections between the equipment (which are made with patch cords) are plugged in correctly. This may be as simple as plugging an electric guitar into an amplifier or plugging an acoustic guitar into a DI box and preamp/equalizer. On the other hand, a tech may have to set up ten or more electric guitars, a variety of amplifiers, and connect them to an intricate sequence of effects pedals.
When all of the instruments and equipment are set up and soundchecked, if there are problems — crackles, hum, no signal from the guitar, no sound from an amplifier — the tech may have responsibility for troubleshooting to determine the cause or causes. Common problems include damaged patch cords, ground loops in connection between instruments and amplifiers, weak batteries in effects boxes or on-board preamps, bad vacuum tubes in tube amplifiers or overdrive effects, broken electrical connectors or solder joints, speaker voice coils damaged from the previous concert, or equipment damaged during transport. Tuning problems may come from old or dirty strings, damaged or worn machine heads or frets, or mis-adjusted bridges.
A guitar tech is often a "jack of all trades," expected to make simple repairs: resolder a loose wiring connection inside a guitar, replace an amplifier tube, swap out a damaged speaker for a new one, reglue a loose part on an acoustic guitar, or adjust a truss rod. In cases where there is either not enough time to make the repair, or if the equipment is damaged beyond repair, the guitar tech is may be responsible for finding a replacement instrument or part, either by purchasing or renting it from a local music store or by borrowing it from another band. While another member of the road crew may be dispatched to pick up an item, the tech usually writes down which models or brands are acceptable replacements.
On rare occasions, guitar technicians may be asked to fill in for the guitarist they are teching for.
Conditions of work
The conditions of work for guitar techs vary widely. Some guitar techs for small touring acts may set up guitars for all of the stringed-instrument performers—rhythm guitar, lead guitar, bass, and so on; they may even take on a large variety of tasks beyond guitar tech work, such as helping to set up sound equipment or soundcheck the microphones. On the other hand, guitar techs for major touring bands may be part of a large road crew team that includes amplifier technicians, guitar technicians for each guitarist (rhythm guitarist and lead guitarist), and a variety of people who set up the stage equipment. In a major touring band, a guitar tech's duties might be more narrowly circumscribed. They might only have to set up the guitars for a single performer, and there might be other staff who set up and maintain the amplifiers, effects, and guitar stands, and electronics technicians who solder and repair connections and wiring.
The salary, benefits, and accommodations of guitar techs vary widely. The first jobs that a guitar tech does may be on a volunteer basis in a garage band or amateur group, to gain experience, or alternatively the guitar tech might work in return for a small cash payment that is more of a symbolic honorarium than a real salary. In regional-level bar bands or minor touring acts, the guitar techs may be paid on a contractual basis during the weeks or months that the group is on tour, and there may not be health or dental benefits. A guitar tech working for this type of band must find other work to fill in months when the band is not on tour. On the other hand, a major touring act may hire a guitar technician as a permanent employee and provide them with a range of benefits.
Accommodations depend on conditions set out in the contract, and the level and status of the group. A guitar tech traveling with a regional-level band may stay in inexpensive motels and receive a modest per diem for restaurant meals. A guitar tech traveling with a major touring band, however, may stay at the same first-class hotels as the star performers and eat catered buffet or restaurant meals. Some bands with substantial road crews may have their own catering crew. Guitar techs for the most famous international guitarists such as Jimmy Page or Tony Iommi can become minor celebrities within the guitar fan community because of their proximity to famous musicians and insider knowledge of how a certain guitarist's unique tone is created.
Training and career path
Guitar technicians must have a broad knowledge of the musical equipment used in the types of bands they work with. At a minimum, this must consist of familiarity with setting up and tuning guitars and making simple adjustments and repairs. As well, guitar techs are often expected to set up, repair, and adjust electronic effects, tuners, pre-amplifiers, amplifiers, and pedalboards. To do these tasks, guitar techs must know about a range of audio engineering and electronics concepts—such as impedance, signal phase (for speakers and microphone wiring), and input voltage for pre-amps and effects. To do simple repairs on electronic gear, a guitar tech may have to know how to use a soldering iron and a multitester, and how to do basic electronics troubleshooting.
As well, since guitar techs need to soundcheck the instruments and amplifiers, they must have a knowledge of the way guitars and amplifiers are supposed to sound in the style of music of the band. This means that the guitar tech must have an ear for music, and for musical tones and sounds. A guitar tech for a heavy metal band must be able to tell whether distortion from a heavily over-driven tube amp is desirable tube clipping or distortion from a blown speaker or damaged power amp. The distinctions a guitar tech must make can be subtle. For example, a guitar tech replacing a blown tube with a new one may have to ensure that the tube amplifier still has the same "color" or "warmth" when chords are played through it.
To check guitar tuning, a guitar tech must be able to play major, minor, and other chords in a variety of keys. Even if the guitar has been tuned with an electronic tuner, the tuning still must be checked by ear, because the equal tempered tuning of a guitar can involve compromise. Guitar tuning can be affected by fret placement and wear, the angle of bridge angle, string age, and other factors. Thus, even if an electronic tuner indicates that a guitar is 100% "in tune," it may still need minor adjustments which are made by ear.
The training of guitar technicians varies widely. Some guitar technicians have studied music, guitar repair, amplifier maintenance, or electronics repair in college or university. On the other hand, some techs learned these skills informally on the job, or by working their way up through the ranks in a range of musical jobs, from a roadie and sound engineer to a sideman in a bar band. Guitar techs trained on the job may learn their skills by playing in amateur or semi-professional bands as a guitarist or bassist, working for music stores as a guitar repairperson, for clubs or bars as a sound engineer, or by maintaining equipment for PA system rental companies.
A typical career path for becoming a guitar technician via on the job training is to begin by volunteering in a bar band and then working for low wages in a regional touring act or a minor touring act. As they gain experience and add skills, they may seek out better-paying jobs with higher-status touring bands. Once a guitar technician has joined the road crew of a major touring act, they may seek out promotions within this organization, to jobs with greater responsibilities and higher pay. For example, a guitar tech who works as an assistant technician could try to get promoted to a guitar technician for the lead guitarist. A guitar tech who completes a guitar repair program at a college or lutherie school may be able to enter midway up the guitar tech career ladder.
In the early part of a guitar tech's career, there might be a great deal of mobility between different types of bands and technician roles. While working for minor or regional acts, a guitar tech may be able to work for a country rock bar band and then immediately switch to being the bass tech for a hard rock tribute band, because the tasks are fairly uniform. Career mobility of guitar technicians tends to become more constrained, though, when guitar techs begin to get jobs with high-status professional touring acts from specific genres. When a regional bar band looks for a guitar tech for a summer nightclub tour, there may many guitar techs who could meet the skill requirements. However, if an internationally known 1960s-style acid rock touring act with a celebrity lead guitarist goes on a major tour, there may be only a handful of guitar techs who have the unique combination of skills for this position.
Bass guitar technician
Bass guitar technicians (or "bass techs") perform the same functions for a bass guitar player. The bass guitar is a variety of electric guitar pitched below a regular electric guitar, typically by one octave. Many basic elements of the two types of instruments are similar enough—magnetic pickups routed to an electronic amplifier—that a guitar technician is usually able to work as a bass guitar technician if they become familiar with the unique aspects of the electric bass. The electric bass differs from the electric guitar in several respects. To become a bass tech, a person must learn how to set up the string action (height) and adjust the height of the pickups so that the bassist is able to create the tones associated with different bass styles. Depending on the band, these styles might include such as slap and pop, tapping, or upright bass-style playing with the thumb.
As with guitar techs, a bass tech also sets up the amplification equipment and effects pedals. Due to the lower pitch of the bass guitar, this instrument is amplified with specialized bass instrument amplifiers. While bass guitarists do not usually use as many effects pedals as most guitarists (e.g., reverb, chorus, flanger, etc.), most professional bassists may use a few "sound conditioner" effects such as a compressor, limiter, or equalizer. Some bassists also use octave pedals to generate extremely low pitches or bass overdrive pedals that produce a fuzzy, distorted sound. Although these effects function in the same way as regular electric guitar effects, a bass tech must be familiar with the settings and the resulting sounds and tones that are most often used by bass guitarists. A guitar tech who is in the first stages of learning to become a bass tech may know how to set up the bass effects from a technical point of view, but it may take a little longer for them to learn which compressor settings, for example, are associated with different funk or metal styles.
In some country, rockabilly, or jazz bands, the bass tech might also be responsible for setting up, tuning, and maintaining an upright bass or electric upright bass. In some folk or acoustic bands, the bass technician may also be responsible for maintaining an acoustic bass guitar, which is a larger, bass version of a standard acoustic guitar. More rarely, some bass techs might have to set up a bass synth (e.g., as used by the bassists in some alternative bands) or bass pedal keyboard such as a Moog Taurus pedal, as used by Sting or Led Zeppelin. Both upright basses and acoustic bass guitars usually use piezoelectric pickups rather than magnetic pickups, and in some cases, the instruments may use condenser mics to pick up the higher range sounds. To amplify instruments with piezo transducers and condenser mics, specialized impedance-matching preamplifiers are often required. Also, since both piezoelectric transducers and microphones are more prone to unwanted feedback than magnetic pickups, the bass tech may have to set up a notch filter with a parametric equalizer to reduce the frequency that is feeding back.
References
Occupations in music
Road crew
Guitars
Rock music
Audio engineering
Technicians | wiki |
FIFA World is a defunct free-to-play massively multiplayer online football game developed by EA Canada. It was announced on 9 August 2013 and later an open beta was released on 12 November 2013 in Brazil and Russia. The open beta was made available globally on 20 May 2014, with support in English, German, French, Russian, Spanish, Mexican Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Polish and Turkish. Italian was included with the release of version 9.0 of the game on 5 November 2014. Players could play the game using their keyboard, a combination of their keyboard and mouse or a game controller.
Like with the main releases of FIFA, Lionel Messi featured on promotional images and the title screen of the game. Arda Turan was announced as an ambassador for the game in Turkey on 27 August 2014, with Eden Hazard announced as another ambassador for the video game on 15 September 2014.
FIFA World, along with other EA free-to-play titles Battlefield Heroes, Battlefield Play4Free, and Need for Speed: World, went offline on 14 July 2015.
Releases
After the release of the global open beta, EA Sports released version 6.0 of the game on 3 June 2014, with the game's interface redesigned to "bring the spirit and excitement of Brazil" in preparation for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. National teams were also included in the "Single Player Tournaments" mode of the game for the first time, while national team kits were also updated to reflect those to be used at the World Cup.
Video sharing was made possible on the game when version 7.0 was released on 22 August 2014. Players are able to select highlights at the end of a match and share them with their friends in-game, as well as on Facebook or YouTube.
On 1 October 2014, Electronic Arts released version 8.0 of the game, allowing players to make use of new items from the 2014–15 season in the Ultimate Team mode of the game, including new kits and updated player ratings from FIFA 15, while still allowing players to keep their old FIFA 14-style items from the 2013–14 season.
Released on 5 November 2014, version 9.0 saw the introduction of an improved version of the Impact engine from FIFA 12, first announced at Gamescom 2014. New features included 2,000 new animations added to the gameplay and tactical free kicks introduced in FIFA 13, as well as new skill moves and celebrations. Six new stadiums were also added to the game, including Aston Villa's Villa Park, Swansea City's Liberty Stadium and Schalke 04's Veltins-Arena.
Game modes
League Teams
The League Teams mode of the game allowed the player to use any of the licensed clubs and national teams to progress through a promotion and relegation system within the game from Division 10 to Division 1. Every match played counted for one of five match credits allocated to each player. These match credits replenished over time after being used, and could also be purchased using "FIFA Points", the in-game currency of all FIFA titles.
The game featured the same leagues, clubs and national teams licensed for FIFA 15, although the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A and Brazilian clubs were removed from the game in September 2014 due to a failure to reach an agreement with the rights holders. The Turkish Süper Lig and all 18 Süper Lig clubs were also introduced to the game for the first time with the release of version 8.0 on 22 August 2014.
Ultimate Team
The Ultimate Team game mode allowed players to build unique squads within their club using players bought from the live transfer market or acquired in packs, which could be opened using coins earned in matches or "FIFA Points". Packs could also be earned by completing certain in-game accomplishments.
Players could use their squads in online seasons, where players competed against other players and progressed through a promotion and relegation system from Division 10 to Division 1, or in single-player seasons where players played against the game's licensed clubs controlled by the AI. Every week, a team compiled by EA Sports based on real-life player performances was released, where the players in these squads were represented as special black items with upgraded attributes. These were made available in packs for the rest of the week until a new "Team of the Week" is released.
Players could also customise their club's badges, kits, match balls and stadiums, extend their players' contracts, change their playing positions or temporarily improve their attributes using items acquired in packs or the live transfer market.
Commentary
The game adapted its commentary from FIFA 15, with commentators available in the 10 supported languages on the game.
British English: Martin Tyler and Alan Smith
Brazilian Portuguese: Tiago Leifert and Caio Ribeiro
French: Hervé Mathoux and Franck Sauzée
German: Frank Buschmann and Manni Breuckmann
Italian: Pierluigi Pardo and Stefano Nava
Polish: Dariusz Szpakowski and Włodzimierz Szaranowicz
Russian: Yuri Rozanov and Vasiliy Soloviev
Spanish: Manolo Lama and Paco González
Mexican Spanish: Fernando Palomo, Mario Kempes and Ciro Procuna
Closure
On 15 April 2015, EA announced they would be shutting down FIFA World servers on 14 July and turning off services for the game with immediate effect, after an open beta of nearly 18 months. A statement from a representative read: "We just didn't have the momentum to bring the game to a full commercial launch. It's a tough decision, but we believe ultimately the right one, that we stop development on the game." Battlefield Play4Free, Battlefield Heroes, and Need for Speed: World were also due to be closed on the same day. The decision was not reversed and the game was closed on the anticipated date.
References
External links
Products and services discontinued in 2015
EA Sports games
FIFA (video game series)
Free-to-play video games
Inactive massively multiplayer online games
Massively multiplayer online games
Video games developed in Canada
Windows games
Windows-only games | wiki |
Homogamy may refer to:
Homogamy (biology), a term used in biology in 4 separate senses
Homogamy (sociology), marriage between individuals who are, in some culturally important way, similar to each other
See also
Cleistogamy
Endogamy
Heterogamy
Isogamy
Self-fertilization
Self-pollination | wiki |
The cotton ball diet is a fad diet that involves consuming cotton balls dipped in liquids such as juices or smoothies. The cotton is intended to make a person's stomach feel full without them gaining weight. The diet has been repeatedly condemned as dangerous. It is thought to originate from the modeling industry in which women are encouraged to be unhealthily thin.
Health risks
Cotton can cause blockages in the digestive system. Blockage in the intestines could result in dehydration, bowel obstruction which may cause the death of the gastrointestinal tract and damage to internal organs. The diet will also result in a nutrition disorder.
The diet can also cause choking because the cotton balls cannot be broken down and must be eaten whole. Most cotton balls are made from bleached polyester rather than cotton, and toxins in the synthetic ingredients of cotton balls can build up over time and cause organ damage.
The diet is considered to be an indicator of an eating disorder; eating disorders also come with mood disorders such as depression.
References
Diets
2010s fads and trends
Pica (disorder)
Fad diets | wiki |
Orchesography is an enhanced form of choreography that includes details of the music to accompany the dance.
Orchesography may also refer to:
Orchesography, dancing manual by Thoinot Arbeau (1598)
Orchesography, dancing manual by Raoul Auger Feuillet (1701)
Orchesography (album), by English new wave band Wang Chung | wiki |
Caroline Lejeune may refer to:
C. A. Lejeune (Caroline A. Lejeune, 1897–1973), English journalist and film critic
Caroline Lejeune (skater) (born 1986), French free-style skater
See also
Lejeune | wiki |
Easy Jet (né en 1967, mort en 1992) est un cheval de race Quarter horse, né en 1967 et est l’un des deux seuls chevaux à avoir été membre du temple de la renommée de l’American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), en plus d’être une progéniture de l'un de ses membres.
Références
Cheval
Quarter Horse | wiki |
Budino is a sweet Italian dish, usually rich and creamy like a custard or pudding. Like the English word "pudding", "budino" originally referred to a type of medieval sausage. Budino is the Italian word for custard or pudding. It can be thickened with cornstarch or cookies to make it more a soufflé or ganache, and can be sauced with various flavors, including chocolate, caramel, apple, and butterscotch.
References
Italian desserts | wiki |
Wellington Square may refer to:
A neighbourhood in Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Wellington Square, Chelsea, a garden square in Chelsea, London
A square in Hastings, on the south coast of England
A square in Kolkata, India, renamed Subodh Chandra Mallik Square
Wellington Square, Los Angeles, in California, US
Wellington Square, North Adelaide, South Australia
Wellington Square, Oxford, England
Wellington Square, Perth, in Western Australia | wiki |
Plant man or variation, may refer to:
People
Plantsman or plantman, a plant nursery worker
Gardener or plant man
Horticulturalist or plant man
Botanist or plant man
Factory worker or plant man, a worker at a plant
Persons
A man by the name of "Plant"
Greg Morton (born 1953), U.S. American football player with a horticultural passion leading to the nickname "Plant Man"
Gary Young (drummer) (born 1953), U.S. musician with the stagename "Plantman"
Characters
Plantman, a Marvel Comics character
Plant Man, a character from Mega Man; see List of Mega Man characters
Plant Man, a character from the TV cartoon Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles
Other uses
The Plantsman, a horticultural magazine
"The Plant Man" (episode), a 1966 season 3 number 12 episode 70 of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)
"Plant Man", a 2008 episode of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack; see List of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack episodes
See also
Plant (disambiguation)
Man (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Coronado Lodge, at 2130 Lake Ave. in Pueblo, Colorado, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.
It was built "ca. 1940-41 by Ralph and Anna Ferris, the Coronado Lodge was part of a national boom in motel construction between 1940 and 1960 that reflected the nation’s growing automobile-based mobility and increased disposable income for leisure travel in the years following World War II. The Coronado Lodge is important for many reasons, most strikingly for its association with the history of African American travel and tourism during the era of segregation."
It was deemed "an excellent example of Pueblo Revival-style mid-century motel architecture. The Pueblo Revival style produced an eye-catching appearance that appealed to travelers by evoking the history and romance of the Southwest. The style is particularly appropriate for Pueblo, which historically has had a large Hispano population with ties to New Mexico. The Coronado Lodge displays several distinguishing characteristics of the Pueblo Revival style including stepped massing, flat roofs with parapets, stuccoed adobe and concrete block walls, projecting vigas, portales with corbelled brackets, and flat-headed windows."
"The Coronado Lodge is also significant for its association with the history of African American travel and tourism during the era of segregation. The motel offered accommodations to African American travelers since at least 1946 and advertised from 1957 to 1967 in The Negro Travelers’ Green Book, publication historian Gretchen Sullivan Sorin described as “the bible of every Negro highway traveler in the 1950s and early 1960s.” Most Colorado Green Book lodging facilities were small “tourist homes” in existing residences. The Coronado in 1957 became the second Colorado motel to be listed in The Green Book under owners Arthur H. and Hattie L. Copley and remained one of only three motels listed in it through 1967. The facility was integrated, welcoming both whites and guests of color prior to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act."
SIGNIFICANCE: Ethnic Heritage/Black, Architecture
References
External links
National Register of Historic Places in Pueblo County, Colorado
Hotel buildings completed in 1941
Hotels in Colorado
Pueblo Revival architecture in Colorado
Hotels established in 1941
1941 establishments in Colorado | wiki |
Summer draft is a naval term for the worst-case loaded draft a ship can have. This draft is corrected for the worst-case seasonal conditions. During summer, the water is warmer, thus expands slightly, losing density. This effect causes ships to float deeper in the water. Summer draft is the opposite of light ship condition.
References
Navigation
Ship measurements | wiki |
Nancy Baker may refer to:
Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker, known as Nancy Kassebaum (born 1932), American politician
Nancy Baker Tompkins, American businesswoman | wiki |
('sour cabbage') is a traditional side dish where the main ingredient is cabbage. It is particularly common in Northern Europe.
The cabbage is finely sliced and slowly cooked with caraway and cumin seeds, apple, vinegar, sugar, salt and butter. is usually served together with pork.
is not to be mistaken for sauerkraut as it does not go through a fermentation process.
See also
List of cabbage dishes
Bayrisch Kraut
References
Cabbage dishes
Norwegian cuisine | wiki |
Mujeres de nadie é uma telenovela argentina produzida pela Pol-ka Producciones e exibida pelo Canal 13 entre 10 de maio de 2007 e 17 de novembro de 2008.
Elenco
Susú Pecoraro - Ana Ortega
María Leal - Margarita "Marga" Vega
Claribel Medina - Lucrecia "Mimí" Montesi
Agustina Cherri - Laura "Lali" Garreto
Luis Luque - Guillermo Gutiérrez
Federico Olivera - Pablo Medina
Alejandro Awada - Juan Carlos Rossi
Dalma Milebo - María Teresa "Marita" Linares
Fabiana García Lago - Giselle Campana
Campi - José "Pepe" Gatica
Gonzalo Heredia - Rolando "Rolo" Pérez
Florencia Otero - Eugenia Gutiérrez
Lucía Pecul - Malena Oltegui
Laura Miller - Julia Almada
Víctor Hugo Vieyra - Gregorio Almada
Juan Mnauel Tenuta - Atilio Montesi
María Ibarreta - Elsa Oltegui
Ana María Picchio - Zulema Garreto
Ligações externas
Telenovelas do Canal 13 (Argentina)
Telenovelas da Argentina
Programas de televisão da Argentina que estrearam em 2007
Programas de televisão da Argentina encerrados em 2008
Telenovelas da década de 2000
Telenovelas em espanhol | wiki |
Hallowed Ground är Violent Femmes andra album, släppt år 1984 på Slash- och Rhino Records. Precis som med debutalbumet Violent Femmes är de flesta låtar skrivna av Gordon Gano då han gick på high school.
Låtlista
Country Death Song
I Hear the Rain
Never Tell
Jesus Walking on the Water
I Know It's True But I'm Sorry to Say
Hallowed Ground
Sweet Misery Blues
Black Girls
It's Gonna Rain
Musikalbum 1984 | wiki |
Montaña rusa é uma telenovela argentina produzida pela Pol-ka Producciones e exibida pelo Canal 13 em 1994 e 1995.
Elenco
Betina O'Connell - Paula
Eric Grimberg - Victor
Malena Solda - Silvana
Sebastián de Caro - Nicolás
Esteban Prol - Bruno
Claudia de la Calle - Verónica
María Celeste Pisapia - Karen
Carla Peterson - María
Diego Ramos - Maximiliano
Diego Olivera - Darío
Ligações externas
Telenovelas do Canal 13 (Argentina)
Telenovelas da Argentina
Programas de televisão da Argentina que estrearam em 1994
Programas de televisão da Argentina encerrados em 1995
Telenovelas da década de 1990
Telenovelas em espanhol | wiki |
The Samsung Galaxy NX is a hybrid mirrorless interchangeable lens camera manufactured by Samsung, announced in June 2013. The Galaxy NX is an Android (4.2.2, upgradeable to Android Jelly Bean MR1) based mobile device which is the first of its kind. It is a 20.3 megapixel using the Samsung NX-mount as well as Wi-Fi and 3G connectivity, and a GPS receiver by which the camera can make geotagged photographs.
While the device runs on Android, it is not a smartphone in the sense that it does not have a telephone function. Instead, its wireless connectivity can be used for telecommunication (including video) over the Internet.
Included software allows for in-camera organizing, editing and online sharing or storage of images and videos. As with other Android devices, other software can be downloaded from Google Play.
The device has a "familiar DSLR look", with a larger LCD touchscreen than is customary for that category but fewer buttons and dials. The touchscreen and voice control are used primarily for controlling the camera.
The device has one processor for Android and another, DRIMe IV, for photographic processing.
The Samsung Galaxy NX was discontinued in 2017.
References
Galaxy NX
Android cameras with optical zoom
Cameras introduced in 2013
Digital cameras with CMOS image sensor | wiki |
Falanja (فلنجه) is a red seed (perhaps the seed of cubeb) used in the making of perfumes. It was used to make perfumes by women in the court of Jahangir.
References
Seeds
Perfumery | wiki |
The following is a list of the television networks and announcers that broadcast the American Football League Championship Game during its existence. After 1969, the AFL merged with the National Football League. Thereafter, the American Football Conference Championship Game replaced the AFL Championship Game.
References
See also
List of Super Bowl broadcasters
List of AFC Championship Game broadcasters
List of NFL Championship Game broadcasters
List of NFC Championship Game broadcasters
Championship Game broadcasters
AFL Championship Game broadcasters
Broadcasters
AFL Championship Game broadcasters
AFL Championship Game broadcasters
AFL Championship Game broadcasters | wiki |
Members of the State Legislative Assembly, the only house of State Legislature in 22 states and 3 union territories of India and the lower house of 6 states, are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India enlisted in the voter list of their respective state/union territory, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assembly elections are called 'Member of the Legislative Assembly' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor of the respective state and Lieutenant Governor of the respective union territory on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the state/union territory headed by the Chief Minister. The assemblies meet on matters relating to creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws of the state as defined in the State List. Elections take place once in five years to elect the members for the state legislative assemblies.
Current legislative assemblies in India
* Union territory
Legislative Assembly elections by states
Elections in Andhra Pradesh
Elections in Arunachal Pradesh
Elections in Assam
Elections in Bihar
Elections in Chhattisgarh
Elections in Delhi
Elections in Goa
Elections in Gujarat
Elections in Haryana
Elections in Himachal Pradesh
Elections in Jammu and Kashmir
Elections in Jharkhand
Elections in Karnataka
Elections in Kerala
Elections in Madhya Pradesh
Elections in Maharashtra
Elections in Manipur
Elections in Meghalaya
Elections in Mizoram
Elections in Nagaland
Elections in Odisha
Elections in Puducherry
Elections in Punjab
Elections in Rajasthan
Elections in Sikkim
Elections in Tamil Nadu
Elections in Telangana
Elections in Tripura
Elections in Uttar Pradesh
Elections in Uttarakhand
Elections in West Bengal
See also
Elections in India
List of Indian presidential elections
List of Indian vice presidential elections
List of Rajya Sabha elections
List of Indian general elections
State governments of India
State Legislature
State legislative assemblies of India
Member of the Legislative Assembly
Federalism in India
References
External links
Haryana and Maharashtra Assembly Election Vote Counting Live
India
Elections in India
State Assembly elections in India
India politics-related lists | wiki |
Stick It Out may refer to:
Stick It Out (Rush song)
Stick It Out (Right Said Fred song)
Stick It Out (Frank Zappa song) | wiki |
Hard to Get may refer to:
"Hard to Get" (song), a 1955 song popularized by Gisele MacKenzie
"Hard to Get", a song by Katy B from On a Mission
"Hard to Get", a song by Sharyn Maceren
"Hard to Get", a song by Starclub
Hard to Get (1929 film), starring Jack Oakie
Hard to Get (1938 film), featuring Olivia de Havilland, Dick Powell, and Bonita Granville | wiki |
The Sting is a 1973 film starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford.
The Sting may also refer to:
The Sting (1992 film), a Hong Kong action comedy film
"The Sting" (Futurama), a 2003 episode of the series
The Sting (Gabriella Cilmi album), or the title track, 2013
The Sting (musical), based on the 1973 film
"The Sting" (The Office), a 2010 episode of the series
The Sting (Wu-Tang Clan album), 2002
"The Sting", a 1986 episode of the TV series Lovejoy
"The Sting" (Only Murders in the Building), a 2021 episode of the TV series Only Murders in the Building
"The Sting", a 2013 episode of the TV series the Legend of Korra
Other uses
The Sting!, a 2001 single player burglary simulator
WBWC, an American college radio station branded 88.3 FM The Sting
See also
Sting (disambiguation) | wiki |
William Smith pode se referir a:
William Smith (ciclista) - atleta olímpico sul-africano
William Smith (geólogo) - geólogo britânico
William Smith (jogador de hóquei) - jogador de hóquei britânico
William Smith (lexicógrafo) - lexicógrafo britânico
William Smith (nadador) - nadador americano, campeão olímpico em 1948
William Wright Smith - botânico britânico
William Gardner Smith - botânico britânico
Desambiguação | wiki |
Cupra may refer to:
Automobiles
Cupra Born, a battery electric compact car/small family car
Cupra Formentor, a compact crossover sports utility vehicle (SUV)
Cupra Racing, the high-performance motorsport subsidiary of Spanish automobile manufacturer SEAT
Cupra Tavascan, an electric concept SUV
Cupra Terramar, an upcoming compact crossover SUV
Cupra UrbanRebel, an electric concept car
SEAT Cupra Championship, a one-make touring car racing series that ran between 2003 and 2008
SEAT Cupra GT, a grand tourer race car made by SEAT in 2003
Other uses
The Latin name for the chemical element Copper
Cupra (goddess), a chthonic fertility goddess
Cupra Marittima, a commune in Marche, Italy | wiki |
Chapelle Sainte-Agathe de Liège
Chapelle Sainte-Agathe de Chaineux
Chapelle Sainte-Agathe de Langon
Chapelle Sainte-Agathe de Saint-Désiré
Chapelle Sainte-Agathe de Saint-Maime | wiki |
Peroxybenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CO3H. It is the simplest aryl peroxy acid. It may be synthesized from benzoic acid and hydrogen peroxide, or by the treatment of benzoyl peroxide with sodium methoxide, followed by acidification.
Like other peroxyacids, it may be used to generate epoxides, such as styrene oxide from styrene:
References
Organic peroxy acids
Phenyl compounds | wiki |
The Chevrolet Triax is a concept sport utility vehicle created by Chevrolet. It was shown at the 2000 North American International Auto Show.
The Triax uses a 0.66 L V3 engine with normal aspiration and induction. It uses an AWD automatic transmission with a total of four gears. The Triax has three different propulsion systems. It lets the driver switch between four-wheel-drive electric, four-wheel-drive hybrid electric or two-wheel-drive internal combustion.
References
Triax info from ConceptCarz.com
SUPERCARS.NET: A Description of the Chevrolet Triax Concept
Chevrolet concept vehicles | wiki |
Public-domain software is software that has been placed in the public domain, in other words, software for which there is absolutely no ownership such as copyright, trademark, or patent. Software in the public domain can be modified, distributed, or sold even without any attribution by anyone; this is unlike the common case of software under exclusive copyright, where licenses grant limited usage rights.
Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have signed, an author automatically obtains the exclusive copyright to anything they have written, and local law may similarly grant copyright, patent, or trademark rights by default. The Convention also covers programs, and they are therefore automatically subject to copyright. If a program is to be placed in the public domain, the author must explicitly disclaim the copyright and other rights on it in some way, e.g. by a waiver statement. In some jurisdictions, some rights (in particular moral rights) cannot be disclaimed: for instance, civil tradition-based German law's "Urheberrecht" differs from Anglo-Saxon common law tradition's "copyright" concept.
History
Early academic public-domain software ecosystem
From the software culture of the 1950s to 1990s, public-domain (or PD) software were popular as original academic phenomena. This kind of freely distributed and shared "free software" combined the present-day classes of freeware, shareware, and free and open-source software, and was created in academia, by hobbyists, and hackers. As software was often written in an interpreted language such as BASIC, the source code was needed and therefore distributed to run the software. PD software was also shared and distributed as printed source code (type-in programs) in computer magazines (like Creative Computing, SoftSide, Compute!, Byte, etc.) and books, like the bestseller BASIC Computer Games. Earlier on, closed-source software was uncommon until the mid-1970s to 1980s.
Before 1974, when the US Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) decided that "computer programs, to the extent that they embody an author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright", software was not copyrightable and therefore always in the public domain. This legislation, plus court decisions such as Apple v. Franklin in 1983 for object code, clarified that the Copyright Act gave computer programs the copyright status of literary works.
In the 1980s, a common way to share public-domain software was by receiving them through a local user group or a company like PC-SIG of Sunnyvale, California, which maintained a mail-order catalog of more than 300 disks with an average price of US$6. Public-domain software with source code was also shared on BBS networks.
Public-domain software was commercialized sometimes by a donationware model, asking the users for a financial donation to be sent by mail.
The public-domain "free sharing" and donationware commercialization models evolved in the following years to the (non-voluntary) shareware model, and software free of charge, called freeware. Additionally, due to other changes in the computer industry, the sharing of source code became less common.
With the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976), the legal basis for public-domain software changed drastically. Before the act, releasing software without a copyright notice was enough to dedicate it to the public domain. With the new act, software was by default copyright-protected and needed an explicit waiver statement or license from the author.
Reference implementations of algorithms, often cryptographic meant or applied for standardization are still often released into the public domain; examples include CERN httpd in 1993 and Serpent cipher in 1999. The Openwall Project maintains a list of several algorithms and their source code in the public domain.
Free and open-source software as successor
As a response of the academic software ecosystem to the change in the copyright system in the late 1980s, permissive license texts were developed, like the BSD license and its derivatives. Permissive-licensed software, which is a kind of free and open-source software, shares most characteristics of earlier public-domain software but stands on the legal basis of copyright law.
In the 1980s Richard Stallman, who for long worked in an academic environment of "public-domain"-like software sharing, noticed the emergence of proprietary software and the decline of the public-domain software ecosystem. In an effort to preserve this ecosystem he created a software license, the GPL, which encodes the public-domain rights and enforces them irrevocably on software. Paradoxically, his copyleft approach relies on the enforceability of the copyright to be effective. Copyleft free software, therefore, shares many properties with public-domain software, but does not allow relicensing or sublicensing. Unlike real public-domain software or permissive-licensed software, Stallman's copyleft license tries to enforce the free shareability of software also for the future by not allowing license changes.
To refer to free software (which is under a free software license) or to software distributed and usable free of charge (freeware) as "public-domain" is therefore incorrect. While public domain gives up the author's exclusive rights (e.g. copyright), in free software the author's copyright is still retained and used, for instance, to enforce copyleft or to hand out permissive-licensed software. Licensed software is in general not in the public domain. Another distinct difference is that an executable program may be in the public domain even if its source code is not made available (making the program not feasibly modifiable), while free software always has the source code available.
Post-copyright public domain
With the 2000s and the emergence of peer-to-peer sharing networks and sharing in web development, a new copyright-critical generation of developers made the "license-free" public-domain software model visible again, also criticizing the FOSS license ecosystem ("Post Open Source") as stabilizing part of the copyright system. New non-FOSS licenses and waiver texts were developed, notably the Creative Commons "CC0" (2009) and the "Unlicense" (2010), and there was a noticeable rise in the popularity of permissive software licenses. Also, the growing problem of orphaned software and digital obsolescence of software raised awareness of the relevance of again passing software into the public domain for better preservation of the digital heritage, unrestricted by copyright and digital rights management.
Around 2004, there was debate on whether public-domain software could be considered part of the FOSS ecosystem, as argued by lawyer Lawrence Rosen in the essay "Why the public domain isn't a license", a position that faced opposition by Daniel J. Bernstein and others. In 2012, the status was finally resolved when Rosen changed his mind and accepted the CC0 as an open-source license, while admitting that, contrary to previous claims, copyright could be waived, as backed by a Ninth Circuit decision.
Passing of software into the public domain
Release without copyright notice
Before the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976, which went into effect in 1978) works could be easily given into the public domain by releasing them without an explicit copyright notice and no copyright registration. After 1988, all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into the public domain by a waiver statement.
Leaving the copyright term
Copyrighted works, like software, are meant to pass into the public domain after the copyright term, losing their copyright privilege. Due to the decades-long copyright protection granted by the Berne Convention, no software has ever passed into the public domain by leaving copyright terms. The question of how quickly works should pass into the public domain has been a matter of scientific and public debates, as well as for software like video games.
Public-domain-like licenses and waivers
While real public domain makes software licenses unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("Permission culture"), there are licenses that grant public-domain-like rights. There is no universally agreed-upon license, but there are multiple licenses that aim to release source code into the public domain.
In 2000 the WTFPL was released as a public-domain-like license/waiver/anti-copyright notice. In 2009 the Creative Commons released the CC0, which was created for compatibility with various law domains (e.g. civil law of continental Europe) where dedicating to public domain is problematic. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. The Unlicense, published around 2010, has a focus on an anti-copyright message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public-domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution clause. In 2015, GitHub reported that of the approximately 5.1 million licensed projects it hosted, almost 2% used the Unlicense. Another popular option is the Zero Clause BSD license, released in 2006 and aimed at software.
As result, such licensed public-domain software has all the four freedoms but is not hampered by the complexities of attribution (restriction of permissive licensed software) or license compatibility (issue with copyleft licensed software).
Public-domain software
See also ,
Classical PD software (pre-1988)
Public domain software in the early computer age was, for instance, shared as type-in programs in computer magazines and books like BASIC Computer Games. Explicit PD waiver statements or license files were at that time unusual. Publicly available software without a copyright notice was assumed to be, and shared as, public-domain software.
Notable general PD software from that time include:
ELIZA (1966)
SPICE (1973)
BLAS (1979)
FFTPACK (1985)
Video games are among the earliest examples of shared PD software, which are still notable today:
Spacewar! (1962)
Hamurabi (1969)
Star Trek (text game) (1971)
Hunt the Wumpus (1972)
Maze War (1974)
Colossal Cave Adventure (1976)
Android Nim (1978)
Rogue (video game) (1980)
Ballerburg (1987)
Many PD software authors kept the practices of public-domain release without having a waiver text, not knowing or caring for the changed copyright law, thus creating a legal problem. On the other hand, magazines started in the mid-1980s to claim copyright even for type-in programs that were previously seen as PD. Only slowly did PD software authors start to include explicit relinquishment or license statement texts.
Examples of modern PD software (post 1988)
These examples of modern PD software (after the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988) are either under proper public domain (e.g. created by a US governmental organization), under a proper public domain like license (for instance CC0), or accompanied by a clear waiver statement from the author. Whilst not as widespread as in the pre-2000s, PD software still exists nowadays. For example, SourceForge listed 334 hosted PD projects in 2016, and GitHub 102,000 under the Unlicense alone in 2015. In 2016, an analysis of the Fedora Project's packages revealed PD was the seventh most popular "license".
The award-winning video game developer Jason Rohrer releases his works into the PD, as do several cryptographers, such as Daniel J. Bernstein, Bruce Schneier and Douglas Crockford, with reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms.
BLAST (1990)
CERN's httpd (1993)
ImageJ (1997)
Serpent (cipher) (1999)
SQLite (2000)
reStructuredText (2002)
I2P (2003)
youtube-dl (2006)
7-Zip's LZMA SDK (2008)
Diamond Trust of London (2012)
Glitch (2013)
The Castle Doctrine (2014)
SHA-3 (2015)
One Hour One Life (2018)
See also
Public domain
Public copyright license
License-free software
Free and open-source software
Abandonware
References
External links | wiki |
PCAD may refer to:
Pacific Coast Architecture Database managed by the University of Washington
Pennsylvania College of Art and Design, a college in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Plymouth College of Art, a college in Plymouth, England
P-CAD (Personal CAD Systems, Inc.), a US company founded in 1982
Propulsion Cryogenics & Advanced Development (PCAD) rocket engine development project of NASA (2005-2010) | wiki |
Wahweap is a populated place situated in Coconino County, Arizona, United States, right along the border with Utah. It has an estimated elevation of above sea level.
Transportation
Express offers bus service between Wahweap and Page, Arizona.
Climate
Wahweap is located near the south end of Lake Powell.
References
Populated places in Coconino County, Arizona | wiki |
Risk It All may refer to:
"Risk It All" (song), a 2021 song by Ella Henderson, House Gospel Choir and Just Kiddin
"Risk It All", an episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
See also
"Risk It", a 2016 song by Jessica Mauboy from The Secret Daughter: Songs from the Original TV Series
Riskin' It All, a 1991 studio album by D-A-D | wiki |
African American Museum may refer to:
African American Museum and Library at Oakland, California
African American Museum of the Arts, DeLand, Florida
African American Museum of Iowa
African American Museum of Nassau County, Hempstead, New York
The African American Museum in Cleveland, Ohio
African American Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
African American Museum (Dallas), Texas
National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C.
See also
National Museum of African American History and Culture, a Smithsonian Institution museum
List of museums focused on African Americans | wiki |
Atmospheric optics is "the study of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere or products of atmospheric processes .... [including] temporal and spatial resolutions beyond those discernible with the naked eye". Meteorological optics is "that part of atmospheric optics concerned with the study of patterns observable with the naked eye". Nevertheless, the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
Meteorological optical phenomena, as described in this article, are concerned with how the optical properties of Earth's atmosphere cause a wide range of optical phenomena and visual perception phenomena.
Examples of meteorological phenomena include:
The blue color of the sky. This is from Rayleigh scattering, which sends more higher frequency/shorter wavelength (blue) sunlight into the eye of an observer than other frequencies/wavelength.
The reddish color of the Sun when it is observed through a thick atmosphere, as during a sunrise or sunset. This is because long-wavelength (red) light is scattered less than blue light. The red light reaches the observer's eye, whereas the blue light is scattered out of the line of sight.
Other colours in the sky, such as glowing skies at dusk and dawn. These are from additional particulate matter in the sky that scatter different colors at different angles.
Halos, afterglows, coronas, polar stratospheric clouds, and sun dogs. These are from scattering, or refraction, by ice crystals and from other particles in the atmosphere. They depend on different particle sizes and geometries.
Mirages. These are optical phenomena in which light rays are bent due to thermal variations in the refractive index of air, producing displaced or heavily distorted images of distant objects. Other optical phenomena associated with this include the Novaya Zemlya effect, in which the Sun has a distorted shape and rises earlier or sets later than predicted. A spectacular form of refraction, called the Fata Morgana, occurs with a temperature inversion, in which objects on the horizon or even beyond the horizon (e.g. islands, cliffs, ships, and icebergs) appear elongated and elevated, like "fairy tale castles".
Rainbows. These result from a combination of internal reflection and dispersive refraction of light in raindrops. Because rainbows are seen on the opposite side of the sky from the sun, rainbows are more visible the closer the sun is to the horizon. For example, if the sun is overhead, any possible rainbow appears near an observer's feet, making it hard to see, and involves very few raindrops between the observer's eyes and the ground, making any rainbow very sparse.
Other phenomena that are remarkable because they are forms of visual illusions include:
Crepuscular rays,
Anticrepuscular rays, and
The apparent size of celestial objects such as the Sun and Moon.
History
A book on meteorological optics was published in the sixteenth century, but there have been numerous books on the subject since about 1950. The topic was popularised by the wide circulation of a book by Marcel Minnaert, Light and Color in the Open Air, in 1954.
Sun and Moon size
In the Book of Optics (1011–22 AD), Ibn al-Haytham argued that vision occurs in the brain, and that personal experience has an effect on what people see and how they see, and that vision and perception are subjective. Arguing against Ptolemy's refraction theory for why people perceive the sun and moon larger at the horizon than when they are higher in the sky, he redefined the problem in terms of perceived, rather than real, enlargement. He said that judging the distance of an object depends on there being an uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies between the object and the observer. Critically, Ibn al-Haytham said that judging the size of an object depends on its judged distance: an object that appears near appears smaller than an object having the same image size on the retina that appears far. With the overhead moon, there is no uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies. Hence it appears far and small. With a horizon moon, there is an uninterrupted sequence of intervening bodies: all the objects between the observer and the horizon, so the moon appears far and large. Through works by Roger Bacon, John Pecham, and Witelo based on Ibn al-Haytham's explanation, the Moon illusion gradually came to be accepted as a psychological phenomenon, with Ptolemy's theory being rejected in the 17th century.
For over 100 years, research on the moon illusion has been conducted by vision scientists who invariably have been psychologists specializing in human perception. After reviewing the many different explanations in their 2002 book The Mystery of the Moon Illusion, Ross and Plug concluded "No single theory has emerged victorious".
Sky coloration
The color of light from the sky is a result of Rayleigh scattering of sunlight, which results in a perceived blue color. On a sunny day, Rayleigh scattering gives the sky a blue gradient, darkest around the zenith and brightest near the horizon. Light rays coming from the zenith take the shortest-possible path () through the air mass, yielding less scattering. Light rays coming from the horizon take the longest-possible path through the air, yielding more scattering.
The blueness is at the horizon because the blue light coming from great distances is also preferentially scattered. This results in a red shift of the distant light sources that is compensated by the blue hue of the scattered light in the line of sight. In other words, the red light scatters also; if it does so at a point a great distance from the observer it has a much higher chance of reaching the observer than blue light. At distances nearing infinity, the scattered light is therefore white. Distant clouds or snowy mountaintops will seem yellow for that reason; that effect is not obvious on clear days, but very pronounced when clouds are covering the line of sight reducing the blue hue from scattered sunlight.
The scattering due to molecule sized particles (as in air) is greater in the forward and backward directions than it is in the lateral direction. Individual water droplets exposed to white light will create a set of colored rings. If a cloud is thick enough, scattering from multiple water droplets will wash out the set of colored rings and create a washed out white color. Dust from the Sahara moves around the southern periphery of the subtropical ridge moves into the southeastern United States during the summer, which changes the sky from a blue to a white appearance and leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively affects air quality during the summer since it adds to the count of airborne particulates.
The sky can turn a multitude of colors such as red, orange, pink and yellow (especially near sunset or sunrise) and black at night. Scattering effects also partially polarize light from the sky, most pronounced at an angle 90° from the sun.
Sky luminance distribution models have been recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) for the design of daylighting schemes. Recent developments relate to “all sky models” for modelling sky luminance under weather conditions ranging from clear sky to overcast.
Cloud coloration
The color of a cloud, as seen from the Earth, tells much about what is going on inside the cloud. Dense deep tropospheric clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the visible spectrum. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the cloud base can vary from a very light to very dark grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background. High tropospheric and non-tropospheric clouds appear mostly white if composed entirely of ice crystals and/or supercooled water droplets.
As a tropospheric cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets, which may combine to form droplets large enough to fall as rain. By this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger, permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, it may be that a percentage of the light which enters the cloud is not reflected back out before it is absorbed. A simple example of this is being able to see farther in heavy rain than in heavy fog. This process of reflection/absorption is what causes the range of cloud color from white to black.
Other colors occur naturally in clouds. Bluish-grey is the result of light scattering within the cloud. In the visible spectrum, blue and green are at the short end of light's visible wavelengths, while red and yellow are at the long end. The short rays are more easily scattered by water droplets, and the long rays are more likely to be absorbed. The bluish color is evidence that such scattering is being produced by rain-sized droplets in the cloud. A cumulonimbus cloud emitting green is a sign that it is a severe thunderstorm, capable of heavy rain, hail, strong winds and possible tornadoes. The exact cause of green thunderstorms is still unknown, but it could be due to the combination of reddened sunlight passing through very optically thick clouds. Yellowish clouds may occur in the late spring through early fall months during forest fire season. The yellow color is due to the presence of pollutants in the smoke. Yellowish clouds caused by the presence of nitrogen dioxide are sometimes seen in urban areas with high air pollution levels.
Red, orange and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise and sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere. When the angle between the sun and the horizon is less than 10 percent, as it is just after sunrise or just prior to sunset, sunlight becomes too red due to refraction for any colors other than those with a reddish hue to be seen. The clouds do not become that color; they are reflecting long and unscattered rays of sunlight, which are predominant at those hours. The effect is much like if one were to shine a red spotlight on a white sheet. In combination with large, mature thunderheads this can produce blood-red clouds. Clouds look darker in the near-infrared because water absorbs solar radiation at those wavelengths.
Halos
A halo (ἅλως; also known as a nimbus, icebow or gloriole) is an optical phenomenon produced by the interaction of light from the sun or moon with ice crystals in the atmosphere, resulting in colored or white arcs, rings or spots in the sky. Many halos are positioned near the sun or moon, but others are elsewhere and even in the opposite part of the sky. They can also form around artificial lights in very cold weather when ice crystals called diamond dust are floating in the nearby air.
There are many types of ice halos. They are produced by the ice crystals in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds high in the upper troposphere, at an altitude of to , or, during very cold weather, by ice crystals called diamond dust drifting in the air at low levels. The particular shape and orientation of the crystals are responsible for the types of halo observed. Light is reflected and refracted by the ice crystals and may split into colors because of dispersion. The crystals behave like prisms and mirrors, refracting and reflecting sunlight between their faces, sending shafts of light in particular directions. For circular halos, the preferred angular distance are 22 and 46 degrees from the ice crystals which create them. Atmospheric phenomena such as halos have been used as part of weather lore as an empirical means of weather forecasting, with their presence indicating an approach of a warm front and its associated rain.
Sun dogs
Sun dogs are a common type of halo, with the appearance of two subtly-colored bright spots to the left and right of the sun, at a distance of about 22° and at the same elevation above the horizon. They are commonly caused by plate-shaped hexagonal ice crystals. These crystals tend to become horizontally aligned as they sink through the air, causing them to refract the sunlight to the left and right, resulting in the two sun dogs.
As the sun rises higher, the rays passing through the crystals are increasingly skewed from the horizontal plane. Their angle of deviation increases and the sundogs move further from the sun. However, they always stay at the same elevation as the sun. Sun dogs are red-colored at the side nearest the sun. Farther out the colors grade to blue or violet. However, the colors overlap considerably and so are muted, rarely pure or saturated. The colors of the sun dog finally merge into the white of the parhelic circle (if the latter is visible).
It is theoretically possible to predict the forms of sun dogs as would be seen on other planets and moons. Mars might have sundogs formed by both water-ice and CO2-ice. On the giant gas planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — other crystals form the clouds of ammonia, methane, and other substances that can produce halos with four or more sundogs.
Glory
A common optical phenomenon involving water droplets is the glory. A glory is an optical phenomenon, appearing much like an iconic Saint's halo about the head of the observer, produced by light backscattered (a combination of diffraction, reflection and refraction) towards its source by a cloud of uniformly sized water droplets. A glory has multiple colored rings, with red colors on the outermost ring and blue/violet colors on the innermost ring.
The angular distance is much smaller than a rainbow, ranging between 5° and 20°, depending on the size of the droplets. The glory can only be seen when the observer is directly between the sun and cloud of refracting water droplets. Hence, it is commonly observed while airborne, with the glory surrounding the airplane's shadow on clouds (this is often called The Glory of the Pilot). Glories can also be seen from mountains and tall buildings, when there are clouds or fog below the level of the observer, or on days with ground fog. The glory is related to the optical phenomenon anthelion.
Rainbow
A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when sunlight shines on to droplets of moisture in the Earth's atmosphere. It takes the form of a multicolored arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the Sun, but originate no further than 42 degrees above the horizon for observers on the ground. To see them at higher angles, an observer would need to be in an airplane or near a mountaintop since the rainbow would otherwise be below the horizon. The bigger the droplets which formed the rainbow, the brighter it will be. Rainbows are most common near afternoon thunderstorms during the summer.
A single reflection off the backs of an array of raindrops produces a rainbow with an angular size on the sky that ranges from 40° to 42° with red on the outside. Double rainbows are produced by two internal reflections with angular size of 50.5° to 54° with violet on the outside. Within the "primary rainbow" (the lowest, and also normally the brightest rainbow) the arc of a rainbow shows red on the outer (or upper) part of the arc, and violet on the inner section. This rainbow is caused by light being reflected once in droplets of water. In a double rainbow, a second arc may be seen above and outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colors reversed (red faces inward toward the other rainbow, in both rainbows). This second rainbow is caused by light reflecting twice inside water droplets. The region between a double rainbow is dark. The reason for this dark band is that, while light below the primary rainbow comes from droplet reflection, and light above the upper (secondary) rainbow also comes from droplet reflection, there is no mechanism for the region between a double rainbow to show any light reflected from water drops, at all.
A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colors; the distinct bands (including the number of bands) are an artifact of human color vision, and no banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photograph of a rainbow (only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maxima, then fading to a minima at the other side of the arc). For colors seen by a normal human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Isaac Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (popularly memorized by mnemonics like Roy G. Biv).
Mirage
A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French mirage, from the Latin mirare, meaning "to look at, to wonder at". This is the same root as for "mirror" and "to admire". Also, it has its roots in the Arabic mirage.
In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon which can be captured on camera, since light rays actually are refracted to form the false image at the observer's location. What the image appears to represent, however, is determined by the interpretive faculties of the human mind. For example, inferior images on land are very easily mistaken for the reflections from a small body of water.
Mirages can be categorized as "inferior" (meaning lower), "superior" (meaning higher) and "Fata Morgana", one kind of superior mirage consisting of a series of unusually elaborate, vertically stacked images, which form one rapidly changing mirage.
Green flashes and green rays are optical phenomena that occur shortly after sunset or before sunrise, when a green spot is visible, usually for no more than a second or two, above the sun, or a green ray shoots up from the sunset point. Green flashes are actually a group of phenomena stemming from different causes, and some are more common than others. Green flashes can be observed from any altitude (even from an aircraft). They are usually seen at an unobstructed horizon, such as over the ocean, but are possible over cloud tops and mountain tops as well.
A green flash from the moon and bright planets at the horizon, including Venus and Jupiter, can also be observed.
Fata Morgana
This optical phenomenon occurs because rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion where an atmospheric duct has formed. A thermal inversion is an atmospheric condition where warmer air exists in a well-defined layer above a layer of significantly cooler air. This temperature inversion is the opposite of what is normally the case; air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up. In calm weather, a layer of significantly warmer air can rest over colder dense air, forming an atmospheric duct which acts like a refracting lens, producing a series of both inverted and erect images.
A Fata Morgana is an unusual and very complex form of mirage, a form of superior mirage, which, like many other kinds of superior mirages, is seen in a narrow band right above the horizon. It is an Italian phrase derived from the vulgar Latin for "fairy" and the Arthurian sorcerer Morgan le Fay, from a belief that the mirage, often seen in the Strait of Messina, were fairy castles in the air, or false land designed to lure sailors to their death created by her witchcraft. Although the term Fata Morgana is sometimes incorrectly applied to other, more common kinds of mirages, the true Fata Morgana is not the same as an ordinary superior mirage, and is certainly not the same as an inferior mirage.
Fata Morgana mirages tremendously distort the object or objects which they are based on, such that the object often appears to be very unusual, and may even be transformed in such a way that it is completely unrecognizable. A Fata Morgana can be seen on land or at sea, in polar regions or in deserts. This kind of mirage can involve almost any kind of distant object, including such things as boats, islands, and coastline.
A Fata Morgana is not only complex, but also rapidly changing. The mirage comprises several inverted (upside down) and erect (right side up) images that are stacked on top of one another. Fata Morgana mirages also show alternating compressed and stretched zones.
Novaya Zemlya effect
The Novaya Zemlya effect is a polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight between atmospheric thermoclines. The Novaya Zemlya effect will give the impression that the sun is rising earlier or setting later than it actually should (astronomically speaking). Depending on the meteorological situation the effect will present the Sun as a line or a square (which is sometimes referred to as the "rectangular sun"), made up of flattened hourglass shapes. The mirage requires rays of sunlight to have an inversion layer for hundreds of kilometres, and depends on the inversion layer's temperature gradient. The sunlight must bend to the Earth's curvature at least to allow an elevation rise of 5 degrees for sight of the sun disk.
The first person to record the phenomenon was Gerrit de Veer, a member of Willem Barentsz' ill-fated third expedition into the polar region. Novaya Zemlya, the archipelago where de Veer first observed the phenomenon, lends its name to the effect.
Crepuscular rays
Crepuscular rays are near-parallel rays of sunlight moving through the Earth's atmosphere, but appear to diverge because of linear perspective. They often occur when objects such as mountain peaks or clouds partially shadow the Sun's rays like a cloud cover. Various airborne compounds scatter the sunlight and make these rays visible, due to diffraction, reflection, and scattering.
Crepuscular rays can also occasionally be viewed underwater, particularly in arctic areas, appearing from ice shelves or cracks in the ice. Also they are also viewed in days when the sun hits the clouds in a perfect angle shining upon the area.
There are three primary forms of crepuscular rays:
Rays of light penetrating holes in low clouds (also called "Jacob's Ladder").
Beams of light diverging from behind a cloud.
Pale, pinkish or reddish rays that radiate from below the horizon. These are often mistaken for light pillars.
They are commonly seen near sunrise and sunset, when tall clouds such as cumulonimbus and mountains can be most effective at creating these rays.
Anticrepuscular rays
Anticrepuscular rays while parallel in reality are sometimes visible in the sky in the direction opposite the sun. They appear to converge again at the distant horizon.
Atmospheric refraction
Atmospheric refraction influences the apparent position of astronomical and terrestrial objects, usually causing them to appear higher than they actually are. For this reason navigators, astronomers, and surveyors observe positions when these effects are minimal. Sailors will only shoot a star when 20° or more above the horizon, astronomers try to schedule observations when an object is highest in the sky, and surveyors try to observe in the afternoon when refraction is minimum.
Atmospheric diffraction
Atmospheric diffraction is a visual effect caused when sunlight is bent by particles suspended in the air.
List
See also
Alpenglow
Nacreous cloud
Noctilucent cloud
Sunset#Colors
Sunrise#Colors
References
Applied and interdisciplinary physics
Atmospheric optical phenomena
Optics
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics) | wiki |
Place of Weeping (theatrically as Afrika - Land der Hoffnung), is a 1986 South African drama film directed by Darrell Roodt and produced by Anant Singh for Place of Weeping Productions. The film stars James Whyle, Gcina Mhlophe and Charles Comyn in the lead roles whereas Norman Coombes, Michelle du Toit, Kerneels Coertzen and Patrick Shai made supportive roles. The film describes in detail about the multicultural groups in South Africa and how South Africa collapsed by the works of South Africans and the strife in South Africa's oppressive regime.
This is the first anti-apartheid motion picture made entirely in South Africa. The film made its premier on 5 December 1986. The film received positive reviews from critics.
Cast
James Whyle as Philip Seago
Gcina Mhlophe as Gracie
Charles Comyn as Tokkie van Rensburg
Norman Coombes as Father Eagen
Michelle du Toit as Maria van Rensburg
Kerneels Coertzen as Public Prosecutor
Patrick Shai as Lucky
Ramolao Makhene as Themba
Siphiwe Khumalo as Joseph
Doreen Mazibuko as Young Girl
Thoko Ntshinga as Joseph's Widow
Elaine Proctor as Journalist
Ian Steadman as Dave, Editor
Marcel van Heerden as Cafe Owner
Arms Seutcoau as Faction Fighter
Nandi Nyembe as Young Girl's Mother
Ernest Ndlovu as Man with Gun
Nicky Rebelo as Farmer 1
Sean Taylor as Farmer 2
References
External links
1986 films
1986 drama films
South African drama films
Afrikaans-language films
English-language South African films
Zulu-language films | wiki |
A shepherd's whistle is a specialized, modulatable, variable-pitch whistle used to train and transmit commands to working dogs and other animals. Unlike other whistles, they are placed inside the mouth. The pitch is controlled by the placement of the tongue; physically, shepherd's whistles are vessel flutes with the tongue forming one side of the resonating chamber, and controlling its size. Like tin whistles, while simple, they can be used as musical instruments in their own right.
Purpose
A shepherd's whistle is traditionally used for communicating commands to a sheepdog to aid in herding. They are typically seen used at sheepdog trials, but are also used for other working dogs including gundogs, and for falconry.
Shepherd's whistles are used to communicate clearly, and at distances up to , the commands of the owner to their working dog. They produce clear, high-frequency tones of an easily modulated and variable pitch, allowing the shepherd to communicate a variety of commands. The pitch is at an optimal frequency for the herding dog's hearing, and for penetration and distance to cut through adverse weather when gathering sheep.
There are some standard whistle commands, although the commands in use vary.
If you are herding a big flock with two or three sheepdogs at once, you can control any one of the dogs, by whistling the individual command-tune which you only taught to that particular dog.
Materials
Oral histories have noted primitive whistles made by of folding over a sheet cut from a tin, a jam lid, or dog-food lid, punching a hole, and smoothing sharp edges.
They are also produced commercially. Simple whistles may cost less than 1 USD in bulk; expensive ones may be quite ornate. They are commonly made of plastic, aluminum, stainless steel, silver, brass, titanium, Corian, jade, buffalo horn and other materials. The material affects the properties of the whistle, including the loudness, timbre, and range in pitch.
Design
The size of the whistle can vary to fit the mouth of the whistler. The whistle's shape is best described as a flat circle of material, folded in half on a center line. This forms a very narrow U-shape in cross-section. The open space between the two sides is quite narrow - approximately 4–5 mm. A hole is drilled about 5 mm from the fold, through the center line of both faces.
The visible faces are then a half-circle shape. The design can also be varied to make the faces squarish, rectangular, or even a triangular A-shape, and handles or a hole for suspending the whistle as a pendant can be added.
Some whistles have two holes, to make them louder.
Use
The whistle position is not at all like that of a standard whistle (diagram).
The whistle is pushed into the mouth fold-first. The curved open side of the U is the mouth of the whistle - where the air exits. The lips seal against the outside of the curved edges, such that the inside of the fold can be seen between the lips. The back of the fold is sealed against the tongue when in use, but the tongue must not block the holes. Air travels over the tongue, through the top hole, past the top of the bottom hole, and out of the mouth between the lips.
The edge of the hole acts as a fipple. The lower hole opens onto an otherwise closed pocket of air, in the space between the whistle and the bottom of the mouth. This space acts as a sound box; the sound resonates in it. Blowing over the lip of a bottle or jug also makes resonances by blowing across an opening.
Unlike typical, single-tone whistles, the shepherd's whistle can emit a range of pitches, by using the tongue and mouth to change the shape and size of the "sound box". By moving the tongue and mouth, the resonance, and therefore the sound, can be varied. See vessel flute.
A range of over an octave is possible, but whistle vary in the range of pitches and loudness they can produce; Denser material typcally have greater ranges.
When a dog is trained to voice commands, whistle commands are added in parallel; when the dog is responding to the whistle commands, the voice commands can be omitted. Commands may be lengthened and loudened to get the dog's attention.
See also
Human–animal communication
Dog whistle
Vessel flute
References
External links
Shepherd's whistle sounds
Whistles
Dog training and behavior
Vessel flutes
Animal communication
Sheep farming
simple:Whistle | wiki |
Harvest gold is a shade of orange and yellow. It was popular with kitchen and other appliances during the 1970s, along with brown, burnt orange, and avocado green.
References
Shades of yellow | wiki |
Mother's Day puede hacer referencia a:
Mother's Day, un episodio de la serie Futurama.
Mother's Day, una película de 1980.
Mother's Day, una película de 2010.
Mother's Day, una película de 2016. | wiki |
De OnePlus 2 is een smartphone ontworpen en op de markt gebracht door OnePlus. De smartphone is populair vanwege de hoge prijs/kwaliteitverhouding.
Op 17 juli 2015 werd hij door OnePlus voorgesteld. Op 11 augustus 2015 werd het eerste exemplaar verkocht.
Functies
De OnePlus 2 wordt in twee varianten verkocht, de 16gb versie en de 64gb versie. De telefoon wordt geleverd met Android 5.1 lollipop.
Uitnodigingen
De OnePlus 2 wordt alleen via de webshop van OnePlus verkocht. Om de telefoon te mogen kopen is een uitnodiging nodig. Deze uitnodigingen worden verzonden naar bestaande gebruikers van de telefoon en gebruikers van de OnePlus One, maar ook naar bezoekers van het forum.
Specificaties
Smartphone van OnePlus | wiki |
Omer Corteyn (10 October 1896 – 16 December 1979) was a Belgian sprinter. He competed in the men's 400 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1896 births
1979 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Belgian male sprinters
Olympic athletes of Belgium
Place of birth missing | wiki |
New Mexican cuisine is the cuisine of the Southwestern US state of New Mexico. The region is primarily known for its fusion of Pueblo Native American cuisine with Hispano Spanish and Mexican cuisine originating in Nuevo México.
This cuisine had adaptations and influences throughout its history, including early on from the nearby Apache, Navajo, and throughout New Spain and the Spanish Empire, also from French, Italian, Portuguese, and other Mediterranean cuisine, along with early European bed and breakfasts and cafés, furthermore during the American territorial phase from cowboy chuckwagons and Western saloons, additionally after statehood from Route 66 American diner, Mexican-American cuisine, fast food restaurants, and global cuisine.
Even so, New Mexican cuisine developed in fairly isolated circumstances, which has allowed it to maintain its indigenous, Spanish, Mexican and Latin identity, and is therefore not like any other Latin food originating in the contiguous United States. It can be easily distinguished from Mexican and American cuisines, due to its emphasis on New Mexican spices, herbs, flavors, and vegetables; especially red and green New Mexico chile peppers, anise (used in biscochitos), and piñon (used as a snack or in desserts).
It is also identifiable by the presence of foods and dishes that originate in New Mexico, such as Native American frybread-style sopapillas, breakfast burritos, enchilada montada (stacked enchiladas), green chile stew, carne seca (a thinly sliced variant of jerky), green chile burgers, pozole (a hominy dish), slow-cooked frijoles (beans, typically pinto beans), calabacitas (a sautéed zucchini and summer squash dish), and carne adobada (pork marinated in red chile).
History
Prior to the establishment of New Mexico's current boundaries, Santa Fe de Nuevo México's land claim encompassed the Pueblo peoples and also oversaw the land of the Chiricahua, Comanche, Mescalero, and Navajo.
The Spaniards brought their cuisine which mingled with the indigenous. They introduced wheat, rice, beef, mutton/lamb, among other foods and flavors, to the native corn, chile, beans, squash, and other indigenous ingredients.
During this early development period the horno, an outdoor beehive-shaped earth oven, became ubiquitous in Pueblo and Hispano communities. This distinct history, combined with the local terrain and climate, has resulted in significant differences between the cuisine of New Mexico and somewhat similar styles in Northern Mexico, and other Southwestern US states such as California, Arizona, and Texas.
New Mexico's population includes Native Americans who have worked the land thousands of years, including the farms of the Ancestral Pueblo peoples as well as the modern extant Pueblo, Navajo and Apache. The Hispano explorers included farmers and ranchers as they arrived during the Spanish era in the 16th century, well into the Mexican era which ended in the 19th century.
Americans traded and settled after the Civil War, today groups from Asian and communities have come to New Mexico.
When New Mexicans refer to chile they are talking about pungent pods, or sauce made from those pods, not the concoction of spices, meat or beans known as Texas chili con carne. While the chile pod is sometimes spelled chili outside of New Mexico, US Senator Pete Domenici of New Mexico made this state's spelling official as chile, by entering it into the Congressional Record.
One of the first authors to publish a cookbook describing traditional New Mexican cuisine was educator and writer Fabiola Cabeza de Baca Gilbert, who published Historic Cookery in 1931. Her work helped introduce cooking with chiles to the United States more broadly.
Ingredients
Chile
New Mexico chile is the defining ingredient of New Mexican food. Chile is New Mexico's largest agricultural crop. Within New Mexico, green chile is also popular in non-New Mexican cuisines including Mexican-style food and American food like cheeseburgers, french fries, bagels, and pizza.
The New Mexico official State Question is "Red or green?" This refers to the choice of red or green chile with an entrée. "Christmas," a relatively new tradition originating in the 1980s, is a request for both (one side covered with green, the other with red). New Mexico red and green chile have such a rich and distinctive flavor that traditional preparations require few additional flavoring ingredients. The essence of New Mexico chile preparation is its simplicity.
The New Mexico green chile is a variety of the chile pepper, Capsicum annuum, and was developed as a recognizable strain in New Mexico by the late nineteenth century. It is available today in several distinct and selectively-cultivated strains called cultivars.
The chile pepper is grown in the state's very high altitude (4,000–8,000 ft) and dry, hot climate. Much like grapes for wine, these growing conditions contribute, along with genetics, to giving New Mexico green chile its distinctive deep green color, texture, and flavor.
The climate of New Mexico tends to increase the capsaicin levels in the chile pod compared to pods grown in other regions. This results in the possibility of hotter varieties. New Mexico green chiles can range from mild to extremely hot.
At harvest time (August through the middle of October) green chile is typically roasted, peeled and frozen for the year ahead. Chile is such a staple in New Mexico that many national restaurant chains offer New Mexico chile at their New Mexico locations.
New Mexico red chile is simply the fully ripened green chile pepper. As it ripens, it first turns orange and then quickly turns red. As it does so, the skin thickens and fuses to the inner fruit or "meat" of the pepper. This means that, for the red pepper to be enjoyable, it must first be dried then blended into a puree. The puree can be made using full red chile pods or red chile powder (which is made by finely grinding the dried pod).
The purée is not edible until cooked as red chile sauce. This is made by cooking the puree with garlic, salt—and occasionally oregano—and has the consistency of tomato soup. Discerning native New Mexicans prefer sun-dried over oven-dried red chile, as the oven-drying process gives it a non-traditional smoky flavor and a dark maroon color.
Red chile peppers are traditionally sun-dried in bundles called , which are a common decorative sight on porches and in homes and businesses throughout the Southwest. The process of creating the ristra is highly labor-intensive, so in recent decades it has become a predominantly decorative item.
The bulk of New Mexico chile is grown in the Hatch Valley in the south of the state, in and around the village of Hatch. It is also grown along the entire Rio Grande Valley, and Chimayo in the north is also well known for its chile.
Piñon
Piñones, or piñon nuts, are a traditional food of Native Americans and Hispanos in New Mexico that is harvested from the ubiquitous piñon pine tree. The state of New Mexico protects the use of the word piñon for use with pine nuts from certain species of indigenous New Mexican pines. The harvest doesn't generally arrive in full force until after New Mexico’s first freeze of the winter.
Other ingredients
Wheat flour tortillas are more prevalent in New Mexico cuisine as a table bread than corn tortillas. However, corn tortillas, corn tortilla chips, and masa are the foundations of many traditional New Mexico dishes, and sometimes made of blue corn. Common traditional dishes include enchiladas, tacos, posole, tamales, and sopaipillas and honey served with the meal.
Corn (maize) remains a staple grain, the yellow sweet corn variety is most common in New Mexico, though white is sometimes used, and blue and red flint corn varieties are used for specialties like and blue-corn tortilla chips. Kernel corn and corn on the cob are frequent side dishes, as in the American South.
Corn is not a frequent component of New Mexico or pico de gallo, and is usually a separate side dish in and of itself.
Anise is common in some desserts, especially the state cookie, the bizcochito.
Cilantro, a pungent green herb (also called Mexican or Chinese parsley, the seeds of which are known as coriander) used fresh in salsas, and as a topping for virtually any dish; not common in traditional New Mexican cuisine, but one of the defining tastes of Santa Fe style.
Cumin, the quintessential "Mexican food" spice, is used very differently in New Mexican food, usually reserved for spicing ground beef and sometimes other meats for burritos, tacos, and nachos. It is not used to flavor red and green chile sauces. Oregano is a sparingly used but common herb in traditional New Mexican dishes.
The early Spanish Colonies along the Rio Grande River in New Mexico used safflower as a substitute for saffron in traditional recipes. An heirloom variety originating from Corrales, New Mexico, called "Corrales Azafran" is still cultivated and used as a saffron substitute in New Mexican cuisine.
Foods and dishes
(meatball soup)—traditionally made with beef broth, ground pork or beef, vegetables and rice. Also known as . Albóndigas is the term for the dish as well as the meatball itself.
—sweet rice pudding, a traditional Northern New Mexican dessert, primarily popular in traditional homes, and rarely found in restaurants. Rice is generally cooked in milk and water. Then, simmered with sugar and raisins, garnished with cinnamon, and served hot.
—a thick, hot gruel made from blue corn meal in New Mexico.
—anise-flavored cookie sprinkled with cinnamon sugar, traditionally made with lard. It was developed by residents of New Mexico over the centuries from the first Spanish colonists of what was then known as Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Although biscochitos may sometimes be found at any time of year, they are a traditional Christmas cookie.
—the New Mexico burrito is a white-flour tortilla with fillings of meat, such as pork carnitas, chicken, ground or shredded beef or carne adovada, refried pinto beans, or both meat and beans, along with red or green chile.
Breakfast burrito—a breakfast version of the above, typically including scrambled eggs, potatoes, red or green chile, cheese (usually Cheddar), and sometimes bacon or sausage; originated in New Mexico.
Calabacitas: Chopped summer squash with onions, garlic, yellow corn, green chile, sauteed in oil.
Caldillo—a thin, green or red chile stew or soup of meat (usually beef, often pork or a mixture), potatoes, and chiles. Sometimes called , especially as a side dish. Both terms are diminutive forms of the Spanish word, , for soup.
—a bread-pudding dessert, traditionally made during Lent festivities. Capirotada is made of toasted bread crumbs or fried slices of birote or bolillo bread, then soaked in a syrup made of melted sugar, or piloncillo, and cinnamon. It usually contains raisins, and possibly other fruits and nut bits. Finely grated cheese may be added when it's still hot from the oven, so that it melts. Served warm or cold.
—cubes of pork that have been marinated and slow cooked in red chile sauce, garlic and oregano.
—roasted or broiled meat (often flank steak), marinated.
—literally translated to "dried meat", in New Mexican cuisine refers to a unique style of thinly sliced jerky which has a cracker or potato chip-like texture.
Carnitas—grilled or broiled cubes of pork, traditionally smothered with red or green chile sauce and served as and entree.
—originating in California-style Mexican cuisine, a corn tortilla fried into a bowl shape and filled with shredded chicken or other meat or beans, and usually topped with guacamole and salsa. (another vegetable-laden version called taco salads; compare with tostadas.)
—deep-fried pieces of pork trimmings usually including a layer of meat.
—chile and melted cheese mixed together into a dip.
—whole green chiles stuffed with cheese, dipped in egg batter, and fried. This dish varies from other Mexican-style cuisines in that it uses the New Mexican chile, rather than a poblano pepper.
Chile sauce—sauce made from red or green chiles usually served hot. Green chile is made with chopped, roasted fresh or frozen green chiles, while red chile is made from dried, roasted and pulverized ripe (red) chiles.
Chile is one of the most definitive differences between New Mexican and other Mexican and Mexican-American cuisines (which often make a different green chile sauce from tomatillos).
New Mexican cuisine uses chile sauce as taco sauce, enchilada sauce, burrito sauce, etc. (though any given meal may use both red and green varieties for different dishes). A thicker version of green chile with onions and other additions is called green chile stew and is popular in Albuquerque-style New Mexican food.
The green chile sauce is can sometimes be hotter than its red counterpart, though this depends entirely on the chile varieties used.
—a small, deep-fried meat and (usually) bean wheat-tortilla burrito, also containing (or smothered with) chile sauce and cheese; popularized by the Allsup's convenience store chain with a series of humorous commercials in the 1980s with candid footage of people attempting and failing to pronounce the name correctly.
Chimichangas, like flautas and taquitos, are a fast-food adaptation of traditional dishes in a form that can be stored frozen and then quickly fried as needed; they are also rigid and easily hand-held, and thus easy to eat by people while walking or driving.
—a spicy pork sausage, seasoned with garlic and red chile, usually used in ground or finely chopped form as a breakfast side dish or quite often as an alternative to ground beef or shredded chicken in other dishes.
(small empanada)—a pasty or turnover filled with sweet pumpkin, fruit, or minced meat, spices and nuts.
—corn tortillas filled with chicken, meat or cheese. They are either rolled, or stacked, and covered with chile sauce and cheese.
, or stacked enchilada—usually covered with either red or green chile sauce, and optionally topped with a fried egg. These stacked enchiladas are also common with blue-corn tortillas.
Fish—being landlocked, New Mexico has no native seafood tradition, but freshwater fish are not uncommon entrees, especially trout. Crayfish are found in New Mexico. In the southeast of the state, crayfish tails are also consumed, as in Texas and Louisiana. While the native population made use of freshwater shellfish since prehistoric times, they are not common in modern New Mexico cuisine, though it has adapted various seafood items (e.g., shrimp tacos are common in restaurants).
—a caramel custard.
—a small, tightly rolled, fried corn tortilla filled with ground beef, chicken, pork or turkey and served topped with guacamole and sour cream. Compare chimichanga and taquito.
(whole pinto beans)—along with Spanish rice, frijoles are the standard side served with any entrée. Traditional New Mexico beans are cooked very simply with salt pork and garlic. Frijoles are often served whole in New Mexico, rather than as refried beans ().
(refried beans)—whole cooked beans are fried in bacon fat and mashed until they turn into a thick paste. Also known as simply and often served with a topping of cheese.
Frito pie—a Tex-Mex casserole, made of red chile sauce, sometimes with meat and or pinto beans, atop a bed of Fritos (or similar) corn chips, topped with cheese, usually topped with shredded lettuce, chopped tomato and onion.
Some five-and-dime stores make it by slicing open a bag of Frito's and adding the rest of the ingredients.
Although a Texas invention, it has become popular in New Mexico, and typically uses New Mexican red chile in the state.
Green chile cheeseburger—widely considered the New-Mexican variety of cheeseburger, it is a regular hamburger topped with melted cheese and either whole or chopped green chile. The flavor is very distinctively New Mexican as opposed to other types of hamburgers, and is even offered in the region by major fast food chains.
Green chile cheese fries—a New Mexican variant to traditional cheese fries, fries served smothered with green chile sauce and topped with cheese.
Green chile stew—similar to with the use of green chile. Standard ingredients are coarsely-chopped green chile, ground or cubed beef, ground or cubed pork, potato, diced tomato, onion, garlic, and chicken or beef stock. The stew often contains coarsely-chopped carrots or other vegetables.
—the traditional New Mexico version is avocados smashed or blended with a very small amount of the following: finely chopped onion, tomato, garlic, salt and lemon juice.
—fried eggs any style on corn tortillas, smothered with red or green chile sauce, topped with shredded cheddar cheese, often served with potatoes or pinto beans. Flour tortillas on the side come standard.
Indian Fry Bread—a traditional thick flatbread of deep-fried dough, developed by the Navajo people after the "Long Walk", when they were forcibly relocated to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico. Served as a snack with honey or for making Navajo tacos. The New Mexico sopaipilla is a variant of this.
—a small, fat chile pepper, ranging from mild to painfully hot. In New Mexican food they are used chopped (fresh) in salsa and guacamole or as a topping (either pickled or fresh) for nachos.
—soft custard-like dessert made from egg whites, milk, white sugar, vanilla, nutmeg, and cinnamon, cooked while whisking on a stove top and served either warm or cold.
Navajo taco—A taco made with frybread, rather than a tortilla.
—a pudding made from sprouted wheat flour and piloncillo. The sprouted-wheat flour is called "panocha flour", or simply "panocha", as well.
Pastelitos (little pies)—a thin pie baked on flat cookie sheet with dried fruit and spices, usually cut into small squares.
(rooster's beak)—a cold salsa with thick-chopped fresh chiles, tomatoes, onions and cilantro, without tomato-paste base as in commercial packaged salsas, never contains vinegar.
—a thick stew made with hominy and pork. Chicken in lieu of pork is a popular variation. It is simmered for hours with pork or chicken and then combined with red or green chile and other ingredients such as onion, garlic, and oregano. Native New Mexicans include off-cuts of pork (especially pork rinds and pigs feet) in the pork version. They also prefer to use the un-popped hominy kernel, either blue or white, which goes by the same name as the dish, "posole". The un-popped kernels are boiled separately from the other ingredients until the kernels pop revealing the hominy-like form. To New Mexicans, posole is one of the most important of Christmas traditions. The Mexican spelling is uncommon in New Mexico.
—a traditional New Mexico side dish made with spinach sauteed in bacon fat with onion, garlic, pinto beans, and crushed, red, New Mexico chile flakes. Wild lamb's quarters were the original leafy green for this dish, but now it is extremely rare to find quelites made with them.
—a grilled cheese sandwich of sorts in which two flour tortillas, or one folded, are used instead of bread. It is often lightly oiled and toasted on a griddle to melt the cheese, then served with either salsa, pico de gallo, chile, guacamole and sour cream, as an appetizer or entrée.
(or sopapilla)—a puffed fried quick bread with a flavor similar to Indian fry bread. The New Mexico version is very large. It is served as a standard table bread at New Mexican restaurants with a squeeze bottle of honey or honey butter. Prior to the Great Depression in the 1930s, they were served with jelly or jam, and honey was used as a substitute and from then on became the traditional accompaniment. They can also become an entrée by stuffing them with savory ingredients such ground beef, shredded chicken, and refried beans.
Stuffed sopapilla—a standard New Mexico entrée, stuffed with various fillings, covered with melted cheddar cheese, usually smothered with red or green chile sauce and topped with shredded iceberg lettuce and diced tomatoes. Fillings include pinto beans, ground beef, shredded beef, shredded chicken, potatoes, spanish rice, and carne adovada.
Spanish rice: rice () with a tomato base and other ingredients, usually a mild dish, but may also be made spicy. Traditional New Mexico versions are made with long-grain rice, onion, and garlic. Rice may also be served in other fashions, and recipes vary.
—an uncooked mixture of chiles/peppers, tomatoes, onions, frequently blended or mixed with tomato paste to produce a more sauce-like texture than pico de gallo; usually contains lemon juice or vinegar in noticeable quantities.
The green-chile variant usually is mostly green chile and without tomatoes, though some varieties may use some cooked tomatillos; the style does not use avocado (which is very common in California green salsa).
The New Mexico and California styles share a typically large amount of cilantro added to the mix. The word simply means "sauce" in Spanish.
, or picante sauce—a thin, vinegary, piquant (thus its name) sauce of pureéd red peppers and tomatoes with spices, reminiscent of a combination of New Mexico-style chile sauce and Louisiana-style tabasco pepper sauce. (Note: American commercial food producers have appropriated the term to refer simply to spicy packaged salsa.)
Its place in Mexican, Tex-Mex and Californian food, where it is extremely common, especially as a final condiment to add more heat, has largely been supplanted by chile, especially red chile, in New Mexican cuisine.
—a corn tortilla fried into a trough shape, it is filled with meats or beans, and fresh chopped lettuce, onions, tomatoes, and cheese.
The term can also refers to the soft, rolled flour-tortilla variety popularized by fast-food chains (a soft taco), and the flat, unfried corn style favored in Mexico, but most corn tortillas for tacos are fried in New Mexican cuisine.
The entire taco is not fried (a Mexican style known as ), just the shell. Compare , .
(plural )—meat rolled in cornmeal dough (), wrapped traditionally in corn husks (waxed paper is sometimes used for commercial versions), and steamed.
Although there are many delicious variations, the standard New Mexico tamal filling is shredded pork cooked in red chile sauce. New-Mexican tamales typically vary from other tamal styles in that red chile powder is typically blended into the masa.
—a tightly rolled, deep-fried variant of the corn-tortilla taco, usually filled with beef or chicken; essentially the same as a Mexican , but rolled into a tube shape rather than fried in wedge shape.
Sometimes misspelled "taquita". Compare and .
—a whipped-egg and wheat-flour pancake, typically topped with red chile, and often and it is then served with (a vermicelli-style noodle), (wild spinach), and beans.
It is a traditional dish for Fridays during Lent; some New Mexican restaurants offer it as their Lenten special.
—a flatbread made predominantly either of unbleached white wheat flour or of cornmeal, with wheat flour tortillas the most common in ordinary use.
New Mexico-style flour tortillas are typically thicker and less chewy than those found in Sonora, Mexico. Nevertheless, blue-corn tortillas are a quintessential New Mexico-style tortilla.
—a corn tortilla is deep fried flat until hard and crispy and covered with refried beans, cheese, lettuce, and tomato, with additional toppings such as sour cream and guacamole also added.
Beverages
Chocolate drinks are popular in New Mexico, including the state's various chocolate elixirs. Though both coffee and tea are well represented, with piñon flavored coffee being available at chain cafés such as New Mexico Piñon Coffee House, and tea meals being found at establishments like Saint James Tea Room. Sweet tea, sweetened or unsweetened "sun tea" brewed with the New Mexican sun, and boba tea are very popular in New Mexico. The bizcochito is a common tea biscuit in the region, and is often served with chocolate elixirs, coffee, and tea.
Sodas have a long history in New Mexico, traditional root beer and sarsaparilla share some origins to New Mexico. Besides root beer and sarsaparilla, other craft soda flavor profiles that are common in the region include cactus, piñon, sandia (watermelon), and chile pepper (sweet and spicy, similar to Mexican candies Pulparindo or Pelon Pelo Rico).
Alcohol
New Mexico wine is the oldest wine growing region in the United States, several wines in New Mexico have won awards and are respected internationally. Gruet Winery produces some of the best sparkling wine in the country.
A list of breweries in New Mexico are exemplary of neomexicanus hops, which are the only indigenous US hops variety that are suitable for brewing. As such, the beers from New Mexico have a unique flavor profile, and often win awards as a result.
Restaurants
There have been several restaurants and restaurant chains serving New Mexican cuisine.
See also
References
Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
Mexican-American cuisine
New Mexico culture | wiki |
The dimple sign or Fitzpatrick's sign is a dermatological sign in which lateral pressure on the skin produces a depression. It is associated with dermatofibroma.
References
Further reading
Dermatologic signs
Medical signs | wiki |
The Aiken code (also known as 2421 code) is a complementary binary-coded decimal (BCD) code. A group of four bits is assigned to the decimal digits from 0 to 9 according to the following table. The code was developed by Howard Hathaway Aiken and is still used today in digital clocks, pocket calculators and similar devices.
The Aiken code differs from the standard 8421 BCD code in that the Aiken code does not weight the fourth digit as 8 as with the standard BCD code but with 2.
The following weighting is obtained for the Aiken code: 2-4-2-1.
One might think that double codes are possible for a number, for example 1011 and 0101 could represent 5. However, here one makes sure that the digits 0 to 4 are mirror image complementary to the numbers 5 to 9.
See also
Excess-3 code
Gray code
O'Brien code type I
References
Further reading
(3 pages)
Computer arithmetic
Numeral systems
Non-standard positional numeral systems | wiki |
Raster graphics editors can be compared by many variables, including availability.
List
General information
Basic general information about the editors: creator, company, license, etc.
Operating system support
The operating systems on which the editors can run natively, that is, without emulation, virtual machines or compatibility layers. In other words, the software must be specifically coded for the operation system; for example, Adobe Photoshop for Windows running on Linux with Wine does not fit.
Features
Color spaces
File support
See also
Raster graphics (also called bitmap)
Raster graphics editor
Comparison of graphics file formats
Vector graphics
Comparison of raster-to-vector conversion software
Comparison of vector graphics editors
Comparison of 3D computer graphics software
Comparison of image viewers
Notes
References
External links
Raster graphics editors | wiki |
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