text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
In chemistry, an addition-elimination reaction is a two-step reaction process of an addition reaction followed by an elimination reaction. This gives an overall effect of substitution, and is the mechanism of the common nucleophilic acyl substitution often seen with esters, amides, and related structures.
Another common type of addition–elimination is the reversible reaction of amines with carbonyls to form imines in the alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution reaction, and the analogous reaction of interconversion imines with alternate amine reactants.
The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is also a form of addition-elimination.
References
Addition reactions
Elimination reactions
Reaction mechanisms | wiki |
Hockey Night Live is a current events sports talk show about NHL hockey broadcast on MSG Network. Its main host, Al Trautwig, is joined by a panel that includes Steve Valiquette, Ron Duguay, Dave Maloney, Butch Goring, John MacLean, and E.J. Hradek, with contributions from Stan Fischler and John Giannone. Bill Pidto serves as panel moderator and host when Trautwig is on assignment or unavailable.
The program primarily provides insight into the four NHL teams that MSG holds broadcast rights: the Buffalo Sabres, New York Islanders, New Jersey Devils, and MSG-owned New York Rangers. Hockey-related topics of broad importance are occasionally discussed.
From its inception until February 2016, the show was broadcast on Saturdays following the local hockey game. On February 4, 2016, the show became part of MSG Network's Thursday Night Hockey program, although the move did not guarantee the same previous local time slot.
External links
Hockey Night Live! on MSGNetworks.com
American sports television series
National Hockey League on television
MSG Network original programming
2010s American television talk shows | wiki |
Dropship or drop ship may refer to:
Drop shipping, a retailing practice of sending items from a manufacturer directly to a customer
Dropship (science fiction), a military landing craft in science fiction
Dropship: United Peace Force, a video game for the PlayStation 2
Dropship (software), a program to copy files from Dropbox accounts using their hashes | wiki |
This alphabetical list is limited to comedians who share their comedy through music and song. Usually they play an instrument onstage.
List
References
Musical
List | wiki |
169 Squadron or 169th Squadron may refer to:
No. 169 Squadron RAF, a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force
169th Airlift Squadron (United States), a unit of the United States Air Force
HMLA-169 (Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 169), a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron consisting | wiki |
Batriyya (, adjective form Batri) is a Muslim sect from Zaidiyyah, some Shia clerics may use this term to refer to any Shiite mixing the allegiance to the Imams and the allegiance to Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman.
Among those who used the term were Fadil Al-Darbandi, Muhammad Al-Sanad and Yasser Al-Habib.
References
Shia Islamic branches
Islamic terminology | wiki |
Wyt, or WYT, may refer to:
The Play of Wyt and Science, a mid-sixteenth-century English morality play written by John Redford
Wyt, an archaic spelling of wit, a form of intelligent humour
WYT, the National Rail code for Wythall railway station in Worcestershire, UK
See also
Wit (disambiguation) | wiki |
Paraguay competed at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 14 July to 30 July.
Swimming
Paraguayan swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):
Men
Women
References
Nations at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships
Paraguay at the World Aquatics Championships
2017 in Paraguayan sport | wiki |
Kinging may refer to:
Kinging, piece-promoting move in draughts (including checkers)
Kinging, sexual practice of facesitting
Kinging, a.k.a. drag kinging | wiki |
Medalists
Standings
Men's Competition
Women's Competition
References
Complete 2001 Mediterranean Games Standings
Sports at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
Volleyball at the Mediterranean Games
2001 in volleyball | wiki |
Whole life insurance, or whole of life assurance (in the Commonwealth of Nations), sometimes called "straight life" or "ordinary life", is a life insurance policy which is guaranteed to remain in force for the insured's entire lifetime, provided required premiums are paid, or to the maturity date. As a life insurance policy it represents a contract between the insured and insurer that as long as the contract terms are met, the insurer will pay the death benefit of the policy to the policy's beneficiaries when the insured dies. Because whole life policies are guaranteed to remain in force as long as the required premiums are paid, the premiums are typically much higher than those of term life insurance where the premium is fixed only for a limited term. Whole life premiums are fixed, based on the age of issue, and usually do not increase with age. The insured party normally pays premiums until death, except for limited pay policies which may be paid up in 10 years, 20 years, or at age 65. Whole life insurance belongs to the cash value category of life insurance, which also includes universal life, variable life, and endowment policies.
Death benefit
The death benefit of a whole life policy is normally the stated face amount. However, if the policy is "participating", the death benefit will be increased by any accumulated dividend values and/or decreased by any outstanding policy loans (see example below). Certain riders, such as Accidental Death benefit may exist, which would potentially increase the benefit.
In contrast, universal life policies (a flexible premium whole life substitute) may be structured to pay cash values in addition to the face amount, but usually do not guarantee lifetime coverage in such cases.
Maturity
A whole life policy is said to "mature" at death or the maturity age of 100, whichever comes first. To be more exact the maturity date will be the "policy anniversary nearest age 100". The policy becomes a "matured endowment" when the insured person lives past the stated maturity age. In that event the policy owner receives the face amount in cash. With many modern whole life policies, issued since 2009, maturity ages have been increased to 120. Increased maturity ages have the advantage of preserving the tax-free nature of the death benefit. In contrast, a matured endowment may have substantial tax obligations.
Taxation
The entire death benefit of a whole life policy is free of income tax, except in unusual cases. This includes any internal gains in cash values. The same is true of group life, term life, and accidental death policies.
However, when a policy is cashed out before death, the treatment varies. With cash surrenders, any gain over total premiums paid will be taxable as ordinary income. The same is true in the case of a matured endowment. This is why most people choose to take cash values out as a "loan" against the death benefit rather than a "surrender." Any money taken as a loan is free from income tax as long as the policy remains in force. For participating whole life policies, the interest charged by the insurance company for the loan is often less than the dividend each year, especially after 10–15 years, so the policy owner can pay off the loan using dividends. If the policy is surrendered or canceled before death, any loans received above the cumulative value of premiums paid will be subject to tax as growth on investment.
Although life insurance benefits are generally free of income tax, the same is not true of estate tax. In the US, life insurance will be considered part of a person's taxable estate to the extent he possesses "incidents of ownership." Estate planners often use special irrevocable trusts to shield life insurance from estate taxes.
Uses
Personal and family uses
Individuals may find whole life attractive because it offers coverage for an indeterminate length of time. It is the dominant choice for insuring so-called "permanent" insurance needs, including:
Funeral expenses,
Estate planning,
Surviving spouse income, and
Supplemental retirement income.
Individuals may find whole life less attractive, due to the relatively high premiums, for insuring:
Large debts,
Temporary needs, such as children's dependency years,
Young families with large needs and limited income.
In the second category, term life is generally considered more suitable and has played an increasingly larger role in recent years.
Business uses
Businesses may also have legitimate and compelling needs, including funding of:
Buy-sell agreements
Death of key person
Supplemental executive retirement plans (S.E.R.P.)
Deferred compensation
While Term life may be suitable for Buy-Sell agreements and Key Person indemnification, cash value insurance is almost exclusively for Deferred Comp and S.E.R.P.'s.
Level premium
Level premium whole life insurance (sometimes called ordinary whole life, though this term is also sometimes used more broadly) provides lifetime death benefit coverage for a level premium.
Whole life premiums are much higher than term insurance premiums, but because term insurance premiums rise with increasing age of the insured, the cumulative value of all premiums paid under whole and term policies are roughly equal if the policy continues to average life expectancy. Part of the insurance contract stipulates that the policyholder is entitled to a cash value reserve that is part of the policy and guaranteed by the company. This cash value can be accessed at any time through policy loans that are received income tax-free and paid back according to mutually agreed-upon schedules. These policy loans are available until the insured's death. If any loans amounts are outstanding—i.e., not yet paid back—upon the insured's death, the insurer subtracts those amounts from the policy's face value/death benefit and pays the remainder to the policy's beneficiary.
Whole life insurance may prove a better value than term for someone with an insurance need of greater than ten to fifteen years due to favorable tax treatment of interest credited to cash values. However, for those unable to afford the premium necessary to provide adequate whole life coverage for their current insurance needs, it would be imprudent to purchase less coverage than is adequate as whole life insurance rather than purchase an adequate level of term to cover their current need.
While some life insurance companies market whole life as a "death benefit with a savings account", the distinction is artificial, according to life insurance actuaries Albert E. Easton and Timothy F. Harris. The net amount at risk is the amount the insurer must pay to the beneficiary should the insured die before the policy has accumulated premiums equal to the death benefit. It is the difference between the policy's current cash value (i.e., total paid in by owner plus that amount's interest earnings) and its face value/death benefit. Although the actual cash value may be different from the death benefit, in practice the policy is identified by its original face value/death benefit.
The advantages of whole life insurance are its guaranteed death benefits; guaranteed cash values; fixed, predictable premiums; and mortality and expense charges that do not reduce the policy's cash value. The disadvantages of whole life are the inflexibility of its premiums and the fact that the internal rate of return of the policy may not be competitive with other savings and investment alternatives.
Death benefit amounts of whole life policies can also be increased through accumulation and/or reinvestment of policy dividends, though these dividends are not guaranteed and may be higher or lower than earnings at existing interest rates over time. According to internal documents from some life insurance companies, the internal rate of return and dividend payment realized by the policyholder is often a function of when the policyholder buys the policy and how long that policy remains in force. Dividends paid on a whole life policy can be utilized in many ways.
The life insurance manual defines policy dividends as refunds of premium over-payments. They are therefore not exactly like corporate stock dividends, which are payouts of net income from total revenues.
Modified whole life insurance features smaller premiums for a specified period of time, followed by higher premiums for the remainder of the policy.
Survivorship life insurance is whole life insurance insuring two lives, with proceeds payable after the second (later) death. The level premium system results in overpaying for the risk of dying at younger ages, and underpaying in later years toward the end of life.
Reserves
The over-payments inherent in the level premium system mean that a large portion of expensive old-age costs are prepaid during a person's younger years. U.S. Life insurance companies are required by state regulation to set up reserve funds to account for said over-payments, which represent promised future benefits, and are classified as Legal Reserve Life Insurance Companies. The Death Benefit promised by the contract is a fixed obligation calculated to be payable at the end of life expectancy, which may be 50 years or more in the future. (see non-forfeiture values)
Most of the visible and apparent wealth of Life Insurance companies is due to the enormous assets (reserves) they hold to stand behind future liabilities. In fact, reserves are classified as a liability, since they represent obligations to policyholders. These reserves are primarily invested in bonds and other debt instruments, and are thus a major source of financing for government and private industry.
Cash values
Cash values are an integral part of a whole life policy, and reflect the reserves necessary to assure payment of the guaranteed death benefit. Thus, "cash surrender" (and "loan") values arise from the policyholder's rights to quit the contract and reclaim a share of the reserve fund attributable to his policy. (see #Example of non-forfeiture values below)
Although life insurance is often sold with a view toward the "living benefits" (accumulated cash and dividend values), this feature is a byproduct of the level premium nature of the contract. The original intent was not to "sugar coat" the product; rather it is a necessary part of the design. However, prospective purchasers are often more motivated by the thought of being able to "count my money in the future." Policies purchased at younger ages will usually have guaranteed cash values greater than the sum of all premiums paid after a number of years. Sales tactics frequently appeal to this self-interest (sometimes called "the greed motive"). It is a reflection of human behavior that people are often more willing to talk about money for their own future than to discuss provisions for the family in case of premature death (the "fear motive"). On the other hand, many policies purchased due to selfish motives will become vital family resources later in a time of need.
The cash values in whole life policies grow at a guaranteed rate (usually 4%) plus an annual dividend. In certain states the cash value in the policies is 100% asset protected, meaning the cash value cannot be taken away in the event of a lawsuit or bankruptcy. Also if used and built correctly the cash value can be taken out of the policy on a tax-free basis.
When discontinuing a policy, according to Standard Non-forfeiture Law, a policyholder is entitled to receive his share of the reserves, or cash values, in one of three ways (1) cash, (2) reduced paid-up insurance, or (3) extended term insurance.
Pricing methods
Non-participating
All values related to the policy (death benefits, cash surrender values, premiums) are usually determined at policy issue, for the life of the contract, and usually cannot be altered after issue. This means that the insurance company assumes all risk of future performance versus the actuaries' estimates. If future claims are underestimated, the insurance company makes up the difference. On the other hand, if the actuaries' estimates on future death claims are high, the insurance company will retain the difference.
Non-participating policies are typically issued by Stock companies, with stockholder capital bearing the risk. Since whole life policies frequently cover a time span in excess of 50 years, it can be seen that accurate pricing is a formidable challenge. Actuaries must set a rate which will be sufficient to keep the company solvent through prosperity or depression, while remaining competitive in the marketplace. The company will be faced with future changes in Life expectancy, unforeseen economic conditions, and changes in the political and regulatory landscape. All they have to guide them is past experience.
Participating
In a participating policy (also "par" in the United States, and known as a "with-profits policy" in the Commonwealth), the insurance company shares the excess profits (divisible surplus) with the policyholder in the form of annual dividends. Typically these "refunds" are not taxable because they are considered an overcharge of premium (or "reduction of basis"). In general, the greater the overcharge by the company, the greater the refund/dividend ratio; however, other factors will also have a bearing on the size of the dividend. For a mutual life insurance company, participation also implies a degree of ownership of the mutuality.
Participating policies are typically (although not exclusively) issued by mutual life insurance companies. However, stock companies sometimes issue participating policies. Premiums for a participating policy will be higher than for a comparable non-par policy, with the difference (or, "overcharge") being considered as "paid-in surplus" to provide a margin for error equivalent to stockholder capital. Illustrations of future dividends are never guaranteed.
In the case of mutual companies, unneeded surplus is distributed retrospectively to policyholders in the form of dividends. Sources of surplus include conservative pricing, mortality experience more favorable than anticipated, excess interest, and savings in expenses of operation.
While the "overcharge" terminology is technically correct for tax purposes, actual dividends are often a much greater factor than the language would imply. For a period of time during the 1980s and '90's, it was not uncommon for the annual dividend to exceed the total premium at the 20th policy year and beyond. {Milton Jones, CLU, ChFC}
With non-participating policies, unneeded surplus is distributed as dividends to stockholders.
Indeterminate premium
Similar to non-participating, except that the premium may vary year to year. However, the premium will never exceed the maximum premium guaranteed in the policy. This allows companies to set competitive rates based on current economic conditions.
Variations
Economic
A blending of participating and term life insurance, wherein a part of the dividends is used to purchase additional term insurance. This can generally yield a higher death benefit, at a cost to long term cash value. In some policy years the dividends may be below projections, causing the death benefit in those years to decrease.
Limited pay
Limited pay policies may be either participating or non-par, but instead of paying annual premiums for life, they are only due for a certain number of years, such as 20. The policy may also be set up to be fully paid up at a certain age, such as 65 or 80. The policy itself continues for the life of the insured. These policies would typically cost more up front, since the insurance company needs to build up sufficient cash value within the policy during the payment years to fund the policy for the remainder of the insured's life. With Participating policies, dividends may be applied to shorten the premium paying period.
Single premium
Single premium whole life insurance, is a type of life insurance policy that provides lifetime coverage and requires only one lump sum initial payment to the insurance company. If not structured properly, these plans can become a modified endowment contract or MEC. These policies typically have fees during early policy years should the policyholder cash it in.
Interest sensitive
This type is fairly new, and is also known as either "excess interest" or "current assumption" whole life. The policies are a mixture of traditional whole life and universal life. Instead of using dividends to augment guaranteed cash value accumulation, the interest on the policy's cash value varies with current market conditions. Like whole life, death benefit remains constant for life. Like universal life, the premium payment might vary, but not above the maximum premium guaranteed within the policy.
Requirements
Whole life insurance typically requires that the owner pay premiums for the life of the policy. There are some arrangements that let the policy be "paid up", which means that no further payments are ever required, in as few as 5 years, or with even a single large premium. Typically if the payor doesn't make a large premium payment at the outset of the life insurance contract, then he is not allowed to begin making them later in the contract life. However, some whole life contracts offer a rider to the policy which allows for a one time, or occasional, large additional premium payment to be made as long as a minimal extra payment is made on a regular schedule. In contrast, universal life insurance generally allows more flexibility in premium payment.
Guarantees
The company generally will guarantee that the policy's cash values will increase every year regardless of the performance of the company or its experience with death claims (again compared to universal life insurance and variable universal life insurance which can increase the costs and decrease the cash values of the policy). The dividends can be taken in one of three ways. The policy owner can be given a cheque from the insurance company for the dividends, the dividends can be used to reduce the premium payment, or the dividends can be reinvested back into the policy to increase the death benefit and the cash value at a faster rate. When the dividends paid on a whole life policy are chosen by the policy owner to be reinvested back into the policy, the cash value can increase at a rather substantial rate depending on the performance of the company.
The cash value will grow tax-deferred with compounding interest. Even though the growth is considered "tax-deferred", any loans taken from the policy will be tax-free as long as the policy remains in force. In addition, the death benefit remains tax-free (meaning no income tax and no estate tax). As the cash value increases, the death benefit will also increase and this growth is also non-taxable. The only way tax is ever due on the policy is (1) if the premiums were paid with pre-tax dollars, (2) if cash value is "withdrawn" past basis rather than "borrowed", or (3) if the policy is surrendered. Most whole life policies can be surrendered at any time for the cash value amount, and income taxes will usually only be placed on the gains of the cash account that exceeds the total premium outlay. Thus, many are using whole life insurance policies as a retirement funding vehicle rather than for risk management.
Liquidity
Cash values are considered liquid assets because they are easily accessible at any time, usually with a phone call or fax to the insurance company requesting a "loan" or "withdrawal" from the policy. Most companies will transfer the money into the policy holder's bank account within a few days.
Cash values are also liquid enough to be used for investment capital, but only if the owner is financially healthy enough to continue making premium payments. (Single premium whole life policies avoid the risk of the insured failing to make premium payments and are liquid enough to be used as collateral. Single premium policies require that the insured pay a one time premium that tends to be lower than the split payments. Because these policies are fully paid at inception, they have no financial risk and are liquid and secure enough to be used as collateral under the insurance clause of collateral assignment.) Cash value access is tax free up to the point of total premiums paid, and the rest may be accessed tax free in the form of policy loans. If the policy lapses, taxes would be due on outstanding loans. If the insured dies, death benefit is reduced by the amount of any outstanding loan balance.
Internal rates of return for participating policies may be much worse than universal life and interest-sensitive whole life (whose cash values are invested in the money market and bonds) because their cash values are invested in the life insurance company and its general account, which may be in real estate and the stock market. However, universal life policies run a much greater risk, and are actually designed to lapse. Variable universal life insurance may outperform whole life because the owner can direct investments in sub-accounts that may do better. If an owner desires a conservative position for his cash values, par whole life is indicated.
Reported cash values might seem to "disappear" or become "lost" when the death benefit is paid out. The reason for this is that cash values are considered to be part of the death benefit. The insurance company pays out the cash values with the death benefit because they are inclusive of each other. This is why loans from the cash value are not taxable as long as the policy is in force (because death benefits are not taxable).
See also
Life insurance
Permanent life insurance
Theory of decreasing responsibility
References
External links
Life insurance | wiki |
Antennophorus is a genus of mites in the family Antennophoridae. It was described by Haller in 1877.
Species
Antennophorus boveni (Wisniewski & Hirschmann, 1992)
Antennophorus grandis Berlese, 1903 - is an ectoparasite to ants of the species Lasius flavus.
Antennophorus goesswaldi (Wisniewski & Hirschmann, 1992)
Antennophorus krantzi (Wisniewski & Hirschmann, 1992)
Antennophorus pavani (Wisniewski & Hirschmann, 1992)
Antennophorus uhlmanni (Haller, 1877)
References
Mesostigmata | wiki |
The 2011 California wildfires were a series of wildfires that were active in the state of California during the year 2011. In total, there were 7,989 fires that burned of land.
Fires
Below is a list of all fires that exceeded during the 2011 fire season. The list is, and all data herein, is taken from CAL FIRE's list of large fires, except where otherwise cited.
References
California, 2011
Wildfires in California by year | wiki |
The 2001 Island Games on the Isle of Man was the 1st edition in which a women's football (soccer) tournament was played at the multi-games competition. It was contested by seven teams.
The Faroe Islands won the inaugural tournament.
Participants
Group phase
Group 1
Group 2
Final stage
Semi-finals
6th place match
5th place match
3rd place match
Final
Final rankings
See also
Men's Football at the 2001 Island Games
External links
Results at RSSSF
Official 2001 website
2001
Women
Island | wiki |
DFCU may refer to:
DFCU Group, a Ugandan financial services company involved in retail banking, mortgage lending, development finance, leasing, as well as commercial real estate investments
DFCU Bank, a commercial bank in Uganda; a subsidiary of DFCU Group
Digital Federal Credit Union, a credit union in Massachusetts
DFCU Financial, a credit union in Michigan | wiki |
Ringbone is exostosis (bone growth) in the pastern or coffin joint of a horse. In severe cases, the growth can encircle the bones, giving ringbone its name. It has been suggested by some authors that such a colloquial term, whilst commonly used, might be misleading and that it would be better to refer to this condition as osteoarthritis of the inter-phalangeal joints in ungulates (Rogers and Waldron, 1995: 34-35).
Ringbone can be classified by its location, with "high ringbone" occurring on the lower part of the large pastern bone or the upper part of the small pastern bone. "Low ringbone" occurs on the lower part of the small pastern bone or the upper part of the coffin bone. High ringbone is easier seen than low ringbone, as low ringbone occurs in the hoof of the horse. However, low ringbone may be seen if it becomes serious, as it creates a bony bump on the coronet of the horse.
Causes
Excessive tension on the tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules of the pastern area can strain the periosteum. The body compensates by growing bone at the stresspoint. Strain on the extensor tendon, the superficial digital flexor tendon branches, the collateral ligaments, and the distal sesamoidean ligaments are all common factors. If these tissues are stretched or torn, and the joint is unstabilized by the injury, new bone is produced to help to stabilize the joint.
Osteoarthritis (the endstage of degenerative joint disease) of the pastern or coffin joint is a very common cause of articular ringbone. Bone is then produced to try to immobilize the joint and to relieve the chronic inflammation of the joint capsule. This process may take years, and lameness will continue until the joint is completely immobilized.
Trauma to the periosteum can cause bone growth on the pastern bone. However, this is usually not progressive unless nearby soft tissue was also harmed and thus the joint instability was affected.
Poor shoeing and conformation, such as long, sloping pasterns, upright pasterns, long-toes with low heels, pigeon toes, splay foot, or unbalanced feet may predispose the horse to ringbone, as they create uneven stress on the pastern and coffin joint, unequal tension on the soft tissues, or worsen the concussion that is absorbed by the pastern area.
Signs
Ringbone usually occurs in the front legs but can also be in the hind legs, and is usually worse in one leg than the other. Ringbone is most often found in mature horses, especially those in intensive training.
High ringbone: The horse will have a bony growth around the pastern area, and the pastern will have less mobility. The horse will show pain when the pastern joint is moved or rotated. Early cases will have a lameness score of 1-2 out of 5, with little or no bony swelling seen, although possibly felt when compared to the opposite pastern. Lameness will worsen to a grade 2-3 on a scale of 5 as the ringbone worsens.
Low ringbone: The horse will have moderate lameness (grade 2-3), even in early cases, because of the closeness of the ringbone to the other structures in the hoof. When severe or very advanced, the bony growth will be able to be seen on the coronet.
Treatment
Ringbone is degenerative (unless it is caused by direct trauma). Treatment works to slow down the progress of the bony changes and alleviate the horse's pain, rather than working to cure it.
Shoeing: The farrier should balance the hoof and apply a shoe that supports the heels and allows for an easy breakover.
NSAIDs: or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs help to alleviate the pain and reduce inflammation within and around the joints. Often NSAIDs make the horse comfortable enough to continue ridden work, which is good for the horse's overall health.
Joint injections: The pastern joint can be injected directly, typically with a form of corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid.
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy: A high intensity specialized percussion device can help to remodel new bone tissue and decrease pain.
Arthrodesis: the fusion of the two bones of the pastern joints eliminates the instability of the joint, and thus the inflammation. This procedure may then eliminate the horse's lameness as well. However, surgical alteration of the joint can promote the growth of bone in the area, which is cosmetically displeasing. Arthrodesis of the coffin joint is usually not performed due to the location of the joint (within the hoof) and because the coffin joint needs some mobility for the horse to move correctly (unlike the pastern joint, which is very still).
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) blocks IL-1 from binding to tissues and inhibits the damaging consequences of IL-1.
Microcurrent technology: Tissue, including muscle, tendons, ligaments, skin and bone, is formed from a large mass of similar cells that perform specific functions. These cells use tiny sequences of electric current, measured in millionths of an amp, to organise, monitor and regulate a stable state within the body.
When there is injury, damage or disease to a tissue, there is disruption to the normal electrical current within the cells and things fail to work properly. By introducing the correct sequences the body's natural electric circuitry is replicated and kick starts and accelerates normal functioning.
Prognosis
If the ringbone is close to a joint, the prognosis for the horse's continued athletic use is not as good as if the ringbone is not near a joint. Ringbone that is progressing rapidly has a poorer prognosis as well.
Horses that are not performing strenuous work, such as jumping or working at speed, will probably be usable for years to come. However, horses competing in intense sports may not be able to continue at their previous level, as their pastern joints are constantly stressed.
Sources
King, Christine, BVSc, MACVSc, and Mansmann, Richard, VDM, PhD. 1997. "Equine Lameness." Equine Research, Inc. Pages 694-699.
Rogers, J and Waldron, T. 1995. "A Field Guide to Joint Disease in Archaeology". Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Equine injury and lameness | wiki |
The taxation of cooperative corporations in the United States is subject to special rules under subchapter T of the Internal Revenue Code, different from both subchapter C and subchapter S corporations.
Overview
Cooperative corporations are formed to provide some mutual benefit for their members, and because of this, the Congress of the United States beginning in 1951 has allowed them a deduction from their income for "patronage dividends." A "patronage dividend" is money paid by a cooperative to its patrons on the basis of business done with these patrons, pursuant to a pre-existing obligation, and based on the net earnings of the cooperative from the business done.
In practice, cooperatives typically charge their members for services and refund the profits proportionately. In essence, the above rule provides that the cooperative corporation need not include this amount paid back to the patrons, as a C corporation ordinarily would.
Note that dividends paid out by a cooperative corporation which are not attributable to business done with patrons pursuant to the above definition are still subject to taxation at the corporate level (and the shareholder level). Because of this difference in tax treatment, cooperative corporations will typically keep separate accounting for "patronage dividends" and "non-patronage dividends."
See also
Corporate tax in the United States
Types of business entity
References
External links
26 U.S.C. § 1388
Corporate taxation in the United States | wiki |
Clara Edwards (originally Bertha Edwards, Bertha Johnson and then Clara Johnson) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show (1960 – 1968). Clara was portrayed by actress Hope Summers.
See also
Aunt Bee
Hope Summers
References
The Andy Griffith Show: The Complete Series. Paramount, 2007.
Beck, Ken, and Clark, Jim. The Andy Griffith Show Book. St. Martin's Griffin, 2000.
Kelly, Richard. The Andy Griffith Show. Blair, 1984.
The Andy Griffith Show characters
Fictional characters from North Carolina | wiki |
Mission San José may refer to:
Mission San José (California), a Spanish mission in Fremont, California
Mission San Jose, Fremont, California, a neighborhood
Mission San Jose High School, a high school in Fremont, California
Mission San José (Texas), a Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas
Misión San José de Comondú, Baja California Sur | wiki |
Druggett or drugget is "a coarse woollen fabric felted or woven, self-coloured or printed one side". Jonathan Swift refers to being "in druggets drest, of thirteen pence a yard".
Formerly, a drugget was a sort of cheap stuff, very thin and narrow, usually made of wool, or half wool and half silk or linen; it may have been corded but was usually plain. The term is now applied to a coarse fabric having a cotton warp and a wool filling, used for rugs, tablecloths, etc.
See also
Ratteen
Notes
References
External links
Woollen industry
Printed fabrics
Woven fabrics
Waulked textiles | wiki |
Chawk Mosque may refer to:
Chawk Mosque, a mosque in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Chawk Masjid, a mosque in Murshidabad, India | wiki |
Strictly speaking, a mummer is an actor in a traditional seasonal folk play. The term is also humorously (or derogatorily) applied to any actor.
Mummer may also refer to:
A participant in the New Year's Day Mummers Parade in Philadelphia, USA, and other similar festivals
A participant in the Newfoundland and Labrador Christmas time tradition of mummering
A participant in Mummer's Day, a midwinter celebration in Padstow, Cornwall, UK
A mime artist, one acting out a story through body motions, without use of speech
A member of the Summer Mummers theatre group in Midland, Texas, USA
MUMmer, a bioinformatics software system
Mummer (album), a 1983 album by the group XTC
The Mummers, a band based in Brighton, England | wiki |
Wine Hill Precinct is located in Randolph County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 435.
Geography
Wine Hill Precinct covers an area of .
References
Precincts in Randolph County, Illinois | wiki |
Tegenaria ferruginea or charcoal spider is a European reddish, rather common spider with rusty markings on its back. The body looks rather similar to T. parietina, however the legs are much shorter and the funnel web built lacks backdoor exit. It was transferred to Malthonica in 2005, but back to Tegenaria in 2013.
Females grow up to 14 mm, males up to 11 mm. The spider lives mostly near the ground, in forests and in buildings. Adults appear from May to October.
Name
The species names ferruginea is derived from Latin ferrugo "rust".
Distribution
This spider occurs in Europe, and on the Azores. It is recorded in the 2011 checklist of Danish spider species.
References
ferruginea
Spiders of Europe
Spiders of Macaronesia
Spiders described in 1804
Taxa named by Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer | wiki |
Sports in Washington may refer to:
Sports in Washington (state)
Sports in Washington, D.C. | wiki |
Chris Morgan (1966–) amerikai forgatókönyvíró és producer
Chris Morgan (1977–) angol labdarúgó, edző
Chris Morgan (1982–) ausztrál olimpiai bronzérmes bajnok evezős | wiki |
WCHR can refer to:
WCHR (AM), a radio station at 1040 AM located in Flemington, New Jersey
WCHR-FM, a radio station at 105.7 FM located in Manahawkin, New Jersey
WCHR, a code for people with reduced mobility, requiring assistance during flights | wiki |
Super Destroyer and similar may mean:
In professional wrestling
"The Super Destroyer" Hulk Hogan
"The Super Destroyers" from WCWA - tag team wrestling team
"Super Destroyer #2" Bill Irwin
"Super Destroyer #1" Scott Irwin
"Super Destroyer" Don Jardine
"The Super Destroyers" from ECW - tag team wrestling team
"Super Destroyer #1" A. J. Petrucci
"Super Destroyer #2" Doug Stahl
"Super Destroyer" Gary Royal
"Super Destroyer Mark II" Sgt. Slaughter
"Super Destroyer 2000" Bison Smith
"The Super Destroyer" Jack Victory
In fiction
SD Lucifer a "superdestroyer", see Lucifer_in_popular_culture
Ships
Some ships are informally described as "super-destroyers":
Destroyer leader subtype of destroyers
(large destroyers)
Type 1936A destroyer | wiki |
In plumbing, a closet flange (also known as a toilet flange) is a pipe fitting (specifically, a type of flange) that both mounts a toilet to the floor and connects the closet bend to a drain pipe. The name comes from the term "water closet", the traditional name for a toilet. A typical closet flange is made of brass, cast iron, ABS, PVC, and lead.
In a typical installation, the closet flange is mounted on top of the floor with the hub fused around the drain pipe. A wax ring (or waxless) is used to seal the gap between the flange and the bottom of the toilet. The toilet is bolted to the flange, not to the floor.
Toilet components | wiki |
Robert Nevin may refer to:
Robert M. Nevin (1850–1912), American lawyer and politician
Robert Reasoner Nevin (1875–1952), United States federal judge
Bob Nevin (born 1938), American ice hockey player | wiki |
Robert Yardley may refer to:
Robert Morris Yardley (1850–1902), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Robert Blake Yardley (1858–1943), British barrister and philatelist | wiki |
This is a list of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990 or whose deaths or exact circumstances thereof are not substantiated. Many people who disappear end up declared presumed dead and some of these people were possibly subjected to forced disappearance.
This list is a general catch-all; for specialty lists, see Lists of people who disappeared.
1910s
1920s
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
List of kidnappings
List of murder convictions without a body
List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1910
List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1990–present
Lists of solved missing person cases
List of unsolved deaths
References
20th-century missing person cases
Disappeared
Disappeared
People | wiki |
Robert McGarvey may refer to:
Robert N. McGarvey (1888-1952), American politician
Robert V. McGarvey (1888-1952), American National Champion racehorse trainer | wiki |
Persicaria meisneriana is a flowering plant species in the family Polygonaceae.
References
meisneriana | wiki |
The Washington Mr. Basketball honor recognizes the top high school basketball player in the state of Washington. The award is presented annually by the Washington Interscholastic Basketball Coaches Association.
Award winners
Winners by school
References
Mr. and Miss Basketball awards
High school sports in Washington (state)
Awards established in 1994
1994 establishments in Washington (state)
Lists of people from Washington (state)
Mr. Basketball | wiki |
Fight for Love may refer to:
A Fight for Love, a 1919 silent film starring Harry Carey
Fight for Love (54-40 album), the group's 1989 album
Fight for Love (Elliott Yamin album), the artist's 2009 album
"Fight for Love" (Elliott Yamin song), the lead single from the album of the same name
"Fight for Love", a song by Babyface from his 2015 album Return of the Tender Lover
"Fight for Love" (Courtney Act song), released in 2018
Fight for Love (TV series), a Hong Kong modern serial drama
Youngblood (1986 film), an American sports drama film released as Fight for Love in the Philippines in 1992
Blood in Dispute, a 2015 Philippine-Cambodian film released as Fight for Love in the Philippines | wiki |
Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD, also congenital chloridorrhea or Darrow Gamble syndrome) is a genetic disorder due to an autosomal recessive mutation on chromosome 7. The mutation is in downregulated-in-adenoma (DRA), a gene that encodes a membrane protein of intestinal cells. The protein belongs to the solute carrier 26 family of membrane transport proteins. More than 20 mutations in the gene are known to date. A rare disease, CCD occurs in all parts of the world but is more common in some populations with genetic founder effects, most notably in Finland.
Symptoms and signs
Chronic diarrhoea starting from early neonatal period. Failure to thrive is usually accompanying diarrhea.
Pathophysiology
CCD causes persistent secretory diarrhea. In a fetus, it leads to polyhydramnios and premature birth. Immediately after birth, it leads to dehydration, hypoelectrolytemia, hyperbilirubinemia, abdominal distention, and failure to thrive.
Diagnosis
CCD may be detectable on prenatal ultrasound. After birth, signs in affected babies typically are abdominal distension, visible peristalsis, and watery stools persistent from birth that show chloride loss of more than 90 mmol/L.
An important feature in this diarrhea that helps in the diagnosis, is that it is the only type of diarrhea that causes metabolic alkalosis rather than metabolic acidosis.
Treatment
Available treatments address the symptoms of CCD, not the underlying defect. Early diagnosis and aggressive salt replacement therapy result in normal growth and development, and generally good outcomes. Replacement of NaCl and KCl has been shown to be effective in children.
History
Observations leading to the characterization of the SLC26 family were based on research on rare human diseases. Three rare recessive diseases in humans have been shown to be caused by genes of this family. Diastrophic dysplasia, congenital chloride diarrhea, and Pendred syndrome are caused by the highly related genes SLC26A2 (first called DTDST), SLC26A3 (first called CLD or DRA), and SLC26A4 (first called PDS), respectively. Two of these diseases, diastrophic dysplasia and congenital chloride diarrhea, are Finnish heritage diseases.
References
External links
Diarrhea
Rare diseases | wiki |
Fennel with lamb () is a dish from the Aegean coast and Aegean Sea islands among both Turkish and Greek people.
See also
List of lamb dishes
References
Greek cuisine
Turkish cuisine
Cretan cuisine
Lamb dishes | wiki |
The ' Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS or MAT) satisfies a variety of broad academic and vocational purposes. It can be suited to the pastor, layman or beginning academic as an entry-level master's degree in theology or the professional standard, the master of divinity. The MAT is often geared toward individuals seeking an introductory graduate degree in religion for service in a supportive role in their local congregation as lay ministers. Depending upon the school, the program can vary from as little as 32 to 40 semester/ hours. It may or may not include a thesis, capstone or summation. Frequently, it is a classwork-only degree.
Programs of Study
The degree may take several different forms, such as:
M.A.T.S. (General theology degree non-specified)
Biblical Studies
Systematic Theology
Old Testament
New Testament
Historical Theology
Christian Apologetics
Accreditation
The Master of Arts in Theological Studies is a degree recognized by accrediting agencies such as the ATS (Association of Theological Schools), TRACS (the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools), the ABHE (Association for Biblical Higher Education) and other accrediting bodies. It is classified as a Category D: Basic Program Oriented Toward General Theological Studies by the ATS (Association of Theological Schools).
Degree Status
While requiring only about 1/4 to 1/2 of the credit hours (normally 36 hours verses 92 to 72 hours) that are required of the prestigious M.Div (Master of Divinity), the MAT is generally considered a prerequisite for entering advanced degree programs such as the STM (Master of Sacred Theology) or doctoral studies. However, the student will likely be required to know (or learn remedially) Greek, Hebrew, Latin, German or another modern language in order to enter an advanced degree program if they haven't learned these yet.
References
http://edglossary.org/capstone-project/
http://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accreditation_pg6.html
http://docs.ats.edu/uploads/accrediting/documents/accrediting-standards-architecture.pdf
Christianity studies | wiki |
Cornman may refer to:
Cornman: American Vegetable Hero, a 2001 film directed by Barak Epstein
"Cornman," a song on the album Kinky by Kinky
Evans v. Cornman (1970), United States Supreme Court case | wiki |
The five members of the National Transportation Safety Board each serve five-year terms after they are nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate. One member is designated by the president to serve as chairman and another as vice chairman; each serves a two-year term in those capacities. The chairman is required to undergo a separate Senate confirmation hearing. When there is no designated chairman, the vice chairman serves as the acting chairman.
Members
Notes
References
External links | wiki |
The American Dollar may refer to:
United States dollar
The American Dollar (band), American instrumental band | wiki |
Formacresol is a mixture consisting of formalin, cresol and glycerine used in dentistry. It is used for vital pulpotomy of primary teeth and as a temporary intracanal medicament during root canal therapy.
Buckley's solution is a 20% form of formocresol, diluted with glycerine and distilled water.
The use of formocresol in pediatric dentistry has been deprecated, and ferric sulfate suggested as a substitute.
Notes
Dental drugs | wiki |
Counting cards may refer to:
Card counting, the process of counting the cards in gambling games
Counting card (cards), those cards which have an intrinsic scoring value in card games | wiki |
Ludington ( ) is the largest city and county seat of Mason County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 8,076.
A harbor town on Lake Michigan, Ludington is at the mouth of the Pere Marquette River. Many people come to Ludington year round for recreation, including boating and swimming on Lake Michigan, Hamlin Lake, and other smaller inland lakes, as well as hunting, fishing, and camping. Nearby are Ludington State Park (which includes the Big Sable Point Light), Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness, and Manistee National Forest. Ludington is also the home port of the SS Badger, a vehicle and passenger ferry with daily service in the summer across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Watching the Badger come into port in the evening from the end of the north breakwall by the Ludington lighthouse is a favorite local pastime.
Ludington has multiple golf and disc golf courses. In summer, the city hosts one of the largest Gus Macker basketball tournaments (with 35,500 spectators), the Ludington Area Jaycees Freedom Festival (July 4), the Lakestride Half Marathon in June, and the West Shore Art League's Art Fair. In 2005, as ranked by AAA, Ludington was the fifth-most-popular tourist city in Michigan, behind Mackinaw City, Traverse City, Muskegon, and Sault Ste. Marie.
History
In 1675, Father Jacques Marquette, French missionary and explorer, died and was laid to rest near the modern site of Ludington. A memorial and 40-foot iron cross were built in 1955 to mark the location.
In 1845, Burr Caswell moved to the area near the mouth of the Pere Marquette River as a location for trapping and fishing. In July 1847, when he brought his family to live there, they became the first permanent residents of European ancestry. Two years later they built a two-story wood-framed house on their farm. After the organization of Mason County in 1855, the first floor of this building was converted into the county's first courthouse. Restored in 1976 by the Mason County Historical Society, the structure stands today as a part of White Pine Village, a museum consisting of several restored and replica Mason County buildings (see external links).
The town was originally named Pere Marquette, then later named after the industrialist James Ludington, whose logging operations the village developed around. Ludington was incorporated as a City in 1873, the same year that the County seat was moved from the Village of Lincoln to the City of Ludington. The area boom in the late 19th century was due to these sawmills and also the discovery of salt deposits.
By 1892, 162 million board feet () of lumber and 52 million wood shingles had been produced by the Ludington sawmills. With all of this commerce occurring, Ludington became a major Great Lakes shipping port.
In 1875, the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad (F&PM) began cross-lake shipping operations with the sidewheel steamer SS John Sherman. It became apparent quite early that the John Sherman was not large enough to handle the volume of freight and the F&PM Railroad contracted with the Goodrich Line of Steamers to handle the break bulk freight out of the Port of Ludington.
In 1897, the F&PM railroad constructed the first steel car ferry, the Pere Marquette. This was the beginning of the creation of a fleet of ferries to continue the rail cargo across Lake Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin. The fleet was also expanded to carry cars and passengers across the lake. By the mid-1950s, Ludington had become the largest car ferry port in the world. Unfortunately, due to disuse and declining industry, this fleet eventually dwindled. Currently only one carferry, the SS Badger, makes regular trips across the lake from Ludington, one of only two lake-crossing car ferries on Lake Michigan.
During the late 1910s and early 1920s, Ludington was the home of the Ludington Mariners minor league baseball team. A team of the same name currently plays "old time base ball" in historical reenactments of the original version of the game.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (8.92%) is water.
The Ludington North Breakwall Light is at the end of the north pierhead on Lake Michigan. Ludington is part of Northern Michigan.
Climate
Ludington has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) bordering on the hot-summer subtype Dfa seen further south in Michigan. Winters are cold and snowy, and summers too are moderated by Lake Michigan, with the record below .
Transportation
All four highways in Mason County go through, or near Ludington.
enters the city from the east, connecting with Clare, Midland and Bay City. It continues across Lake Michigan into Wisconsin via the SS Badger, providing carferry service to Manitowoc.
is a freeway to the south of a junction with US 10 east of Ludington. US 31 and US 10 run concurrently for about east of Ludington before US 31 turns northerly again at Scottville.
is a section of the former US 31 along Pere Marquette Highway east of the city.
is a spur route providing access to Ludington State Park, to the north of the city, from US 10 downtown.
both run through Ludington; USBR 20 ends at the SS Badger.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 8,076 people, 3,549 households, and 2,004 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 4,432 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.2% White, 1.1% African American, 1.4% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 2.0% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population.
There were 3,549 households, of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.87.
The median age in the city was 43 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.7% were from 45 to 64; and 21.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.8% male and 54.2% female.
2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 8,357 people, 3,690 households, and 2,166 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 4,227 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.0% White, 1.0% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population.
There were 3,690 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,089, and the median income for a family was $36,333. Males had a median income of $31,970 versus $22,809 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,215. About 12.9% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.7% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.
Industry
Just south of Ludington is the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant, which generates pumped storage hydroelectricity. In town, there are Whitehall Industries, a division of the UACJ group (aluminum extrusion and aluminum fabrication), Occidental Petroleum Corporation (manufacturer of calcium chloride products), Great Lakes Castings Corporation, Amptech, Inc., and Carrom Company. The Fitch Four Drive Tractor Company was founded in Ludington. FloraCraft, Great Lakes Castings, and Brill are also three big factories there. Whitehall Industries has three manufacturing facilities in Ludington.
Media
Ludington is home to four radio stations and one newspaper. The original radio station was WKLA, which continues today with a talk radio format at 1450 AM. In the 1970s, WKLA-FM (Adult Contemporary) and WKZC-FM (Country, licensed to nearby Scottville) were added. In 1999, WMOM-FM (Top 40, licensed to Pentwater) signed on the air. The Ludington Daily News has been serving the Ludington area from its location on N. Rath Avenue since the 1880s. The Daily News website records over 4,000 visitors each day.
Education
Students in Ludington attend Ludington Area Schools. Students attend Ludington Elementary School (grades PreK-5), O.J. DeJonge Middle School (grades 6-8), and Ludington High School (grades 9-12). Ludington's teams are known as the "Orioles".
Notable people
Merrie Amsterburg – musician
Burr Caswell – early settler and developer of Ludington area and Mason County
Charles F. Conrad – founder of the Lake Michigan Carferry Service
Antoine Ephrem Cartier – early settler and developer of Ludington
Warren Antoine Cartier – early settler and developer of Ludington
Mike Hankwitz – college football coach
Henry L. Haskell – inventor of Haskelite and the carroms game.
Ike Kelley – National Football League player
Jacques Marquette – 17th century French missionary who on his way to St. Ignace was brought ashore near the present site of Ludington, where he later died. A shrine in Ludington, in the form of a cross, marks the place where Father Marquette died.
William L. Mercereau – superintendent of steamships for the Pere Marquette Railway.
William Rath, lumber baron and mayor.
Justus Smith Stearns – businessman and politician
Notable events
The Port of Ludington Maritime Museum was opened June 10, 2017. It is housed in the former U.S. Coast Guard Station, now on the National Register of Historic Places.
Guinness world records
Guinness world record of ice cream dessert over a half mile long on June 11, 2016 - see House of Flavors record
Guinness world record of 1,387 sand angels at Stearns Park Beach on June 10, 2017.
Landmarks
Warren A. and Catherine Cartier House, NRHP designated mansion
Gallery
See also
Carrom Company
Epworth Heights
Haskelite
Haskell Manufacturing Company
Henry Ludington
Justus Smith Stearns
Ludington Public Library
Ludington State Park
Mason County District Library
Rasmus Rasmussen (merchant)
SS Pere Marquette
Star Watch Case Company
References
External links
City of Ludington
Ludington Daily News
Ludington Area Convention and Visitors Bureau
The Official Ludington and Scottville Chamber of Commerce and Convention and Visitors Bureau
Cities in Mason County, Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Michigan populated places on Lake Michigan
Populated places established in 1847
1847 establishments in Michigan | wiki |
George Snell may refer to:
George Snell (priest) (died 1701), Anglican archdeacon
George Dixon Snell (1836–1911), mayor of Spanish Fork, Utah
George Davis Snell (1903–1996), American geneticist
George Snell (bishop) (1907–2006), Bishop in the Anglican Church of Canada | wiki |
Against the Current may refer to:
Film
Against the Current (film), a 2009 film starring Joseph Fiennes, Elizabeth Reaser and Justin Kirk
Print media
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, 1979 book
Against the Current (journal), the journal of the American socialist group Solidarity
Against the Current: How Albert Schweitzer Inspired a Young Man's Journey, 2014 book about Mark Huntington Higgins
Music
Against the Current (band), a band signed by Fueled By Ramen
Against the Current, also known as Contra La Corriente, a 1997 album by Marc Anthony
Boats Against the Current, a 1977 album by Eric Carmen
See also
Countercurrent (disambiguation) | wiki |
Dioscorea cayenensis is a species of yam in the genus Dioscorea that is a widely consumed West African domesticated crop. Dioscorea rotundata is sometimes treated as a subspecies, and sometimes also as a separate species. Common names include Guinea yam, yellow yam, and yellow Guinea yam.
It may be a triploid hybrid between the cultivated D. rotundata and the wild D. burkilliana.
References
cayenensis
Yams (vegetable)
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Crops originating from Africa | wiki |
Social photography is a subcategory of photography focusing upon the technology, interaction and activities of individuals who take photographs. Digital cameras, photo sharing websites and the Internet have enabled new tools and methods of social networking while consumer trends such as flashpacking and adventure travel have led to a worldwide increase in socially connected photographers.
The proliferation of easy-to-use open source blogging methods, inexpensively-priced equipment and content management system applications has led to an increase in photography for social change and amateur photojournalism.
Some extensions of social photography include geotagging and online mapping, while online social networking destinations like Facebook have led to an increase in the popularity of technology employing the real-time transfer of images. Where Facebook allows for users to instantly upload a picture from their mobile phone to their profile, there have recently been a number of services sprouting up that allows users to create real time photo streams.
A wireless digital camera enables photographers to connect to cellular networks or other hotspots to share photos, print wirelessly and save photos directly to an image hosting website. Geographic areas serviced by outdoor WiFi networks permit extended applications for geocaching which can include the use of Global Positioning Systems and smartphones.
Some news networks and online broadcasters encourage viewers to send in photographs of live, breaking and current events, enabling citizen journalists and amateur photographers to participate in the news gathering process.
See also
Photojournalism
Social networking
Gallery Project
Travel journal
Image sharing
External links
Photographers and Photography Meetups
References
Photography by genre
Technology in society | wiki |
White Thunder may refer to:
original title of The Viking (1931 film)
White Thunder, a 2002 documentary about Varick Frissell, producer of The Viking
White Thunder (film), a 1925 film starring Yakima Canutt
nickname of Scott Steiner, American professional wrestler
White Thunder, Cheyenne medicine man and father of Owl Woman | wiki |
Eponymous tests are generally named after the person who first described the test.
See also
List of eponymously named medical signs
References
Eponymous tests
Tests | wiki |
Hercules and the Circle of Fire is the third television movie in the syndicated fantasy series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys.
In the film, when all the Earth's fire begins to go out, Hercules and Deianeira must go in search for fire to stop the world from becoming frozen.
Plot
Hercules is walking through a snowy mountain top where he finds a woman in the cold and goes to help her. He sees Zeus in a cave, and a rock closes over the entrance. Hercules turns around, and the woman calls out to him and freezes and explodes. Hercules wakes from a dream. He turns over and goes back to sleep. As he sleeps, his campfire goes out. The next day Hercules and young man are walking through a cave with dead bodies strewn all over. The man tells Hercules that they are all men from his village and that the witch who guards the Fountain of Youth killed them for their youth and strength. At the heart of the cave they find an old woman. Hercules sees she is chained up, and is hit over the head by the man, who is actually a warlock. He says to Hercules he will now have Hercules' strength. Hercules and the warlock fight and the warlock appears invincible, but then Hercules notices a beating heart among the items in the warlock's cave. Hercules rips the warlock's shirt and sees that the heart belongs to the warlock. Hercules takes a knife and plunges it into the heart and kills the warlock. With the warlock now dead, the old woman reverts to her true form, that of a young woman. Hercules frees the woman from her chains and takes some water from the fountain. After this the fountain begins to boil and begins dissolving everything in the cave. Hercules grabs the woman and they leave the cave. Outside the cave Zeus appears and Hercules tells Zeus the water will cure Chiron of his wound.
Later Hercules arrives at Chiron's house, he gives him the water and he drinks it. The wound heals, but after a few seconds the wound worsens. Hercules tells him he will find a cure for his wound. Meanwhile, all over the village fires are being inexplicably extinguished. Hercules and Chiron are talking by the fire side and the fire goes out. Hercules realizes that something is amiss. He decides to investigate. He approaches Hera's temple which still has fire. A woman is trying to persuade the priest of the temple to let them light their torches, the priest refuses. Hercules kicks down the door, Hera's priest fight him, he beats them, and lights the torch. Three women appear and tell Hercules that the torch is of no use, because Hera has stolen the Eternal Torch and plans to kill mankind once and for all. Hercules knows that humans cannot survive without fire, and if he does not get the Torch back all life will die. Later on the woman from the temple comes to Chiron, it is revealed she is Deianeira. Chiron says only Hercules can help her and points her the man from the temple. Hercules says they need to talk to Prometheus, so he and Deianeira set off. They find Prometheus frozen, he says that Hera has stolen the Eternal Torch and that Hercules must get it back. Hercules and Deianeira travel onto Mount Aepion, where Hera has the Torch. While traveling, Hercules is attacked by a giant named Antaeus and with the help of Deianeira manages to kill him.
As they camp for the night, Hercules reveals to Deianeira that he was the one who accidentally inflicted Chiron's wound. The next day as they are crossing a gorge they arrive at a point where Hera has removed the bridge. Hercules says they can continue if they use the rope which still remains. Deianeira reluctantly agrees. The two finally arrive at Mount Aepion, Hercules walks through the snowy mountain top, just like in his dream. He finds Zeus and Hercules asks him what Hera has done. Zeus says that Hera has put the Torch in the center of a ring of fire, and the fire has the power to kill immortals. Zeus warns Hercules from going through with his plan to get the Torch back. Hercules says he will do it anyway. The two men battle it out and Zeus tells Hercules that he is trying to save him. Hercules asks his father if he cares about humanity, Zeus replies that he does, but he loves Hercules more. Hercules tells Zeus he loves him too. Zeus accepts what Hercules must do, and lets him go. Hercules goes through the fire and retrieves the Torch, he throws it and it lands in Prometheus's home waking him. Fire begins to return. As Hercules lays dying in the circle, Zeus begs Hera not to harm Hercules or he will haunt her for eternity, and even threatening to give up his own immortality. Hera stops the flames and Zeus helps Hercules, who thanks him for saving his life. Before leaving the cage Hercules picks up a stick and makes a torch. Zeus asks if he knows the power of the flames, Hercules acknowledges that he does. Hercules takes the torch to Chiron's house and asks him to step inside a circle of straw. Chiron stands in the center of the circle and Hercules lights the straw with the torch. Chiron drops to his knees and cries out. As the flames die out Chiron exclaims that his wound is healed, the flames had burned away his immortality and healed the wound.
Cast
Kevin Sorbo as Hercules
Anthony Quinn as Zeus
Tawny Kitaen as Deianeira
Mark Ferguson as Prometheus
Kevin Atkinson as Cheiron
Stephanie Barrett as Phaedra
Kerry Gallagher as Amalthea
Production
This movie is loosely based on the myth of Prometheus. The basic plot concept of Prometheus being captured, is similar to the first season Xena: Warrior Princess episode "Prometheus", although in that episode mankind is robbed of the gift of healing not fire. The clip of Prometheus was used for the opening title sequence of the television series.
External links
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
Films set in ancient Greece
New Zealand television films
Films about Heracles
Films directed by Doug Lefler | wiki |
Potame ima više značenja:
Potame, Cosenza
Potame, Messina | wiki |
The type of romance considered here is mainly the genre of novel defined by the novelist Walter Scott as "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents", in contrast to mainstream novels which realistically depict the state of a society. These works frequently, but not exclusively, take the form of the historical novel. Scott's novels are also frequently described as historical romances, and Northrop Frye suggested "the general principle that most 'historical novels' are romances". Scott describes romance as a "kindred term", and many European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel: "a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo".
There is second type of romance where the primary focus is on "romance", in the sense of love and marriage. Jane Austen wrote this type of romance. A strong love interest is also found in a very different type of literary fiction romance such as Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre, works that correspond more to Scott's definition of the romance genre than Austen's novels do. Literary fiction, in the book-trade, are novels that are regarded as having literary merit and can employ a variety of subgenres, including the love romance novel, the historical novel, the adventure novel, and scientific romance. Works of nautical fiction can also be romances, as the genre often overlaps with historical romance, adventure fiction, and fantasy stories. The Oxford English Dictionary, suggests that the term "romance", as applied to literary fiction, is "now chiefly archaic and historical," and is now mainly used to refer to genre fiction love romances.
The terms "romance novel" and "historical romance" are ambiguous, because the words "romance", and "romantic", can have different meanings: for example, romance can refer to romantic love, or "the character or quality that makes something appeal strongly to the imagination, and sets it apart from the mundane; an air, feeling, or sense of wonder, mystery, and remoteness from everyday life; redolence or suggestion of, or association with, adventure, heroism, chivalry, etc.; mystique, glamour" (OED). The latter sense is associated with the Romantic movement, as well as to the medieval romance tradition. The gothic novel, and romanticism influenced the development of the modern literary romance. Hugh Walpole's gothic novels combine elements of the medieval romance, which he deemed too fanciful, and the modern novel, which he considered to be too confined to strict realism. Romanticism influenced the romance through its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, and preference for the medieval rather than the classical; its emphasis on extremes of emotion and its reaction against the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment, and associated classical aesthetic values, were also a significant influence.
In addition to Walpole, Scott, and the Brontës other romance writers (as defined by Scott) include E. T. A. Hoffmann, Victor Hugo, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Thomas Hardy. In the twentieth century, examples are, Joseph Conrad, John Cowper Powys, and more recently, J. R. R. Tolkien and A. S. Byatt, whose best-selling novel Possession: A Romance won the Booker Prize in 1990.
Though the modern literary romance has its beginnings in the eighteenth century, the genre has a long history that includes the ancient Greek novel and medieval romances.
Definition
The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne described a romance as being radically different from a novel by not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience.
The following are the two main definitions relating to literature found in the Oxford English Dictionary:
A fictitious narrative, usually in prose, in which the settings or the events depicted are remote from everyday life, or in which sensational or exciting events or adventures form the central theme; a book, etc., containing such a narrative. Now chiefly archaic and historical;
A story of romantic love, esp. one which deals with love in a sentimental or idealized way; a book, film, etc., with a narrative or story of this kind. Also as mass noun: literature of this kind.
And in other words:
With the rise of realism in the novel, the romance began to be considered a less serious and more frivolous genre, so that in the 20th century the term 'romantic novel' is often used disparagingly, to imply a contrast with a realist novel ... The term gradually came to mean any fiction remote from the conditions and concerns of everyday life. In this sense, romance is a broad term which can include or overlap with such genres as the historical novel or fantasy. In popular culture, however, a romance has come to mean specifically a love story, in which a happy ending follows a series of vicissitudes.
As noted above a relationship exists between romance and "fantasy", something which arises in particular because of the relationship between this type of novel and medieval chivalric romances.
The most common fantasy world is one based on medieval Europe, and has been since William Morris used it in his early fantasy works, such as The Well at the World's End. and particularly since the 1954 publication of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. Such a world is often called "pseudo-medieval"—particularly when the writer has snatched up random elements from the era, which covered a thousand years and a continent, and thrown them together without consideration for their compatibility, or even introduced ideas not so much based on the medieval era as on romanticized views of it. When these worlds are copied not so much from history as from other fantasy works, there is a heavy tendency to uniformity and lack of realism. The full width and breadth of the medieval era is seldom drawn upon. Governments, for instance, tend to be uncompromisingly feudal-based, or evil empires or oligarchies, usually corrupt, while there was far more variety of rule in the actual Middle Ages. Fantasy worlds also tend to be economically medieval, and disproportionately pastoral.
Medieval romance
As a literary genre of high culture, "heroic romance" or "chivalric romance" is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the noble courts of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a chivalric knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities, who goes on a quest. The word medieval also evokes distressed damsels, dragons, and other romantic tropes. It developed further from the epics as time went on; in particular, "the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic, in which masculine military heroism predominates."
Later influence
Edward Dowden argued that Shakespeare's late comedies should be called "romances", because they resemble late medieval and early modern "chivalric romance".
The rise of the modern novel as an alternative to the chivalric romance began with Miguel de Cervantes, and, especially with, Don Quixote (1605, 1615). Initially seen as a comedy satirizing chivalry, in the 19th century it was seen as a social commentary, but no one could easily tell "whose side Cervantes was on". Many critics came to view the work as a tragedy in which Don Quixote's idealism and nobility are viewed by the post-chivalric world as insane, and are defeated and rendered useless by common reality.
While the modern literary fiction romance was influenced by medieval romance via the Gothic novel, and the interest of Romantic writers in the medieval period, William Morris and J. R. R. Tolkien were directly influenced by medieval literature. In the nineteenth century William Morris wrote a series of imaginative fictions usually referred to as the "prose romances", which were attempts to revive the genre of medieval romance, and written in imitation of medieval prose. These novels – including The Wood Beyond the World and The Well at the World's End – have been credited as important milestones in the history of fantasy fiction, because, while other writers wrote of foreign lands, or of dream worlds, or the future (as Morris did in News from Nowhere),
Morris's works were the first to be set in an entirely invented fantasy world. On its publication, The Well at the World's End was praised by H. G. Wells, who compared the book to Malory and admired its writing style. Although the novel is relatively obscure by today's standards, it has had a significant influence on many notable fantasy authors. C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien both seem to have found inspiration in
Tolkien objected to The Lord of the Rings being called a novel, as he viewed it as a heroic romance. Literary critics also apply the term high fantasy to The Lord of the Rings.
While fantasy is, generally speaking, not significant in the works of romance writers, Walter Scott's definition includes "marvellous and uncommon incidents". Hawthorne, as noted above, also described romance as "not being concerned with the possible or probable course of ordinary experience".
Gothic novel
From 1764, with the Horace Walpole's gothic novel The Castle of Otranto, the romance genre experienced a revival. Other important works are Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and 'Monk' Lewis's The Monk (1795).
In the preface of the second edition, Walpole claims The Castle of Otranto is "an attempt to blend the two kinds of romance, the ancient and the modern." He defines the "ancient" romance as being defined by its fantastic nature ("its imagination and improbability") while defining the "modern" romance as being more deeply rooted in literary realism ("a strict adherence to common life," in his words). By combining fantastic situations (helmets falling from the sky, walking portraits, etc.) with supposedly real people acting in a "natural" manner, Walpole created a new and distinct style of literary fiction, which has frequently been cited as a template for all subsequent gothic novels. The Monthly Review stated that for "[t]hose who can digest the absurdities of Gothic fiction" Otranto offered "considerable entertainment".
Charles Dickens was influenced by gothic fiction and incorporated gothic imagery, settings and plot devices in his works. Victorian gothic moved from castles and abbeys into contemporary urban environments: in particular London, in Oliver Twist, and Bleak House. Great Expectations contains elements of the Gothic genre, especially Miss Havisham, the bride frozen in time, and the ruined Satis House filled with weeds and spiders. Other characters linked to this genre include the aristocratic Bentley Drummle, because of his extreme cruelty; Pip himself, who spends his youth chasing a frozen beauty; the monstrous Orlick, who systematically attempts to murder his employers. Then there is the fight to the death between Compeyson and Magwitch, and the fire that ends up killing Miss Havisham, scenes dominated by horror, suspense, and the sensational.
Historical romance
Historical romance (also historical novel) is a broad category of fiction in which the plot takes place in a setting located in the past. Walter Scott helped popularize this genre in the early 19th-century. Literary fiction historical romances continue to be published, and a notable recent example is Wolf Hall (2009), a multi-award-winning novel by English historical novelist Hilary Mantel. It is also a genre of mass-market fiction, which is related to the broader romantic love genre.
Walter Scott
Walter Scott with Waverley (1814) invented "the true historical novel". At the same time he was influenced by gothic romance, and had collaborated in 1801 with 'Monk' Lewis on Tales of Wonder. With his Waverley novels Scott "hoped to do for the Scottish border" what Goethe and other German poets "had done for the Middle Ages, "and make its past live again in modern romance". Scott's novels "are in the mode he himself defined as romance, 'the interest of which turns upon marvelous and uncommon incidents'". He used his imagination to re-evaluate history by rendering things, incidents and protagonists in the way only the novelist could do. Scott, the novelist, resorted to documentary sources as any historian would have done, but as a romantic he gave his subject a deeper imaginative and emotional significance. By combining research with "marvelous and uncommon incidents", Scott attracted a far wider market than any historian could, and was the most famous novelist of his generation, throughout Europe.
Scott influenced many nineteenth century British novelists, including Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Charles Kingsley, and Robert Louis Stevenson, and those who wrote for children, like Charlotte Yonge and G. A. Henty.
Walter Scott had an immense impact throughout Europe. "His historical fiction ... created for the first time a sense of the past as a place where people thought, felt and dressed differently". His historical romances "influenced Balzac, Dostoevsky, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Dumas, Pushkin, and many others; and his interpretation of history was seized on by Romantic nationalists, particularly in Eastern Europe". Auguste- Jean-Baptiste Defauconpret (1767-1843) "the principal French translator of the Waverley Novels, played a pivotal role in the diffusion of Scott's work throughout Europe". "In Italy, Poland, Russia, and Spain they were widely read long before indigenous versions appeared." The reception of Sir Walter Scott in Europe, edited by Murray Pittock, has articles on Scott's influence on the novels throughout Europe, including France, Spain, Austria, Germany, Russia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. (See also, "Other authors", below).
In America he influenced Fenimore Cooper and Nathaniel Hawthorne, amongst others.
Love romance
The genre of works of extended prose fiction dealing with romantic love existed in classical Greece. Five ancient Greek romance novels have survived to the present day in a state of near-completion: Chareas and Callirhoe, Leucippe and Clitophon, Daphnis and Chloe, The Ephesian Tale, and The Ethiopian Tale.
Precursors of the modern popular love-romance can also be found in the sentimental novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded, by Samuel Richardson, published in 1740. Pamela was the first popular novel to be based on a courtship as told from the perspective of the heroine. Unlike many of the novels of the time, Pamela had a happy ending, when after Mr. B attempts unsuccessfully to seduce and rape Pamela multiple times, he eventually rewards her virtue by sincerely proposing an equitable marriage to her. Richardson began writing Pamela as a book of letter templates, in the tradition of the conduct book, that evolved into a novel.
Jane Austen is also an important influence on romance genre fiction, and Pride and Prejudice, published in 1813, has been called "the best romance novel ever written." In the early part of the Victorian era, the Brontë sisters, like Austen, wrote literary fiction that influenced later popular fiction. Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre incorporates elements of both the gothic novel and Elizabethan drama, and "demonstrate[s] the flexibility of the romance novel form". One 2007 British poll presented Wuthering Heights as the greatest love story of all time. However, "some of the novel's admirers consider it not a love story at all but an exploration of evil and abuse". Helen Small sees Wuthering Heights as being, both "one of the greatest love stories in the English language", while at the same time a "most brutal revenge narratives". Some critics suggest that reading Wuthering Heights as a love story not only "romanticizes abusive men and toxic relationships but goes against Brontë's clear intent". Moreover, while a "passionate, doomed, death-transcending relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw Linton forms the core of the novel", Wuthering Heights Emily Brontë was influenced by Walter Scott, the gothic novel, and romanticism more broadly.
Critic Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, writing about A. S. Byatt's Possession: A Romance in the New York Times, noted that what he describes as the "wonderfully extravagant novel" is "pointedly subtitled 'A Romance'." He says it is at once "a detective story" and "an adultery novel."
Many famous literary fiction romance novels, unlike most mass-market novels, end tragically, including Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy, The Thorn Birds by Colleen McCullough, Norwegian Wood by Haruki Murakami, Atonement by Ian McEwan, and The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller.
Genre fiction romance novels, first developed in the 19th century, started to become more popular after the First World War. In 1919, E.M. Hull's novel The Sheik was published in the United Kingdom. The novel, which became hugely popular, was adapted into a movie (1921).
The mass market version of the historical romance, is seen as beginning in 1921, when Georgette Heyer published The Black Moth. This is set in 1751, but many of Heyer's novels were inspired by Jane Austen's novels and are set around the time Austen lived, in the later Regency period. Because Heyer's romances are set more than 100 years earlier, she includes carefully researched historical detail to help her readers understand the period. Unlike other popular love-romance novels of the time, Heyer's novels used the setting as a major plot device. Her characters often exhibit twentieth century sensibilities, and more conventional characters in the novels point out the heroine's eccentricities, such as wanting to marry for love.
In the 1930s the British publishers Mills & Boon began releasing hardback romance novels. The books were sold through weekly two-penny libraries. In the 1950s the company began offering the books for sale through newsagents across the United Kingdom.
Sensation novel
The sensation novel was a literary genre of fiction that achieved peak popularity in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s. Its literary forebears included the melodramatic novels and the Newgate novels, it also drew on the Gothic and romantic genres of fiction. Whereas romance and realism had traditionally been contradictory modes of literature, they were brought together in sensation fictionof the Victorian era – combining "romance and realism" in a way that "strains both modes to the limit".
The loss of identity is seen in many sensation fiction stories because this was a common social anxiety.
Sensation fiction is commonly seen to have emerged as a definable genre in the wake of three novels: Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White (1859–60); Ellen (Mrs. Henry) Wood's East Lynne (1861); and Mary Elizabeth Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret (1862). Charles Dickens' Great Expectations (1861) is another example.
Adventure fiction
Critic Don D'Ammassa defines the Adventure fiction genre as follows:
D'Ammassa argues that adventure fiction makes the element of danger the focus; hence he argues that Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities is an adventure novel because the protagonists are in constant danger of being imprisoned or killed, whereas Dickens's Great Expectations is not because "Pip's encounter with the convict is an adventure, but that scene is only a device to advance the main plot, which is not truly an adventure."
The standard plot of Medieval romances was a series of adventures. Following a plot framework as old as Heliodorus, and so durable as to be still alive in Hollywood movies, a hero would undergo a first set of adventures before he met his lady. A separation would follow, with a second set of adventures leading to a final reunion.
Variations kept the genre alive. From the mid-19th century onwards, when mass literacy grew, adventure became a popular subgenre of fiction. Although not exploited to its fullest, adventure has seen many changes over the years – from being constrained to stories of knights in armor to stories of high-tech espionages. Examples of that period include Sir Walter Scott, Alexandre Dumas, père,
Thomas Hardy classified his novels under three headings: "novels of character and environment", such as Tess of the D'Urbervilles; "novels of ingenuity", such as A Laodicean; "romances and fantasies", such as A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873); The Trumpet-Major (1880); Two on a Tower: A Romance (1882); A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories); The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892)
Amongs twentieth century writers of romance are Joseph Conrad, Mary Webb, and John Cowper Powys. Joseph Conrad wrote Romance (1905), and The Rescue, A Romance of the Shallows (1920).
Literary critic John Sutherland refers to Mary Webb as the pioneer of the genre of "soil and gloom romance".
John Cowper Powys describes Walter Scott's romances, as "by far the most powerful literary influence of my life". In A Glastonbury Romance Powys makes use of Arthurian mythology, and the Holy Grail story. Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages is set during the end of Roman rule in Britain, with King Arthur, Myrddin (Merlin), Nineue (Lady of the Lake), and two survivors of an ancient race of giants. When John Cowper Powys began Owen Glendower in April 1937 he referred to it in his diary, as "my Romance about Owen Glyn Dwr ", but then, in subsequent years, he generally referred to it as a historical novel, and it was so sub-titled when it was published.
America
The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea is an early historical romance by James Fenimore Cooper. Its subject is the life of a naval pilot during the American Revolution. It is often considered the earliest example of nautical fiction in American literature. A sailor by profession, Cooper had undertaken to surpass Walter Scott's Pirate (1821) in seamanship.
Cooper's most famous romance is Last of the Mohicans. According to Susan Fenimore Cooper, Cooper first conceived the idea for the book while visiting the Adirondack Mountains in 1825 with a party of Eglish gentlemen. The party passed through the Catskills, an area with which Cooper was already familiar, They passed on to Lake George and Glens Falls. Impressed with the caves behind the falls, one member of the party suggested that "here was the very scene for a romance." Cooper promised "that a book should be written, in which these caves should have a place; the idea of a romance essentially Indian in character then first suggesting itself to his mind." Cooper has been called the "American Walter Scott." Critic Georg Lukacs likened Fenimore Cooper's character Bumppo in the Leatherstocking Tales to Sir Walter Scott's "middling characters; because they do not represent the extremes of society, these figures can serve as tools for the social and cultural exploration of historical events, without directly portraying the history itself".
In the mid–nineteenth century Hawthorne and Melville wrote romances. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: The Scarlet Letter: A Romance (1850); The House of the Seven Gables: A Romance; The Blithedale Romance. Herman Melville described Moby-Dick (1851) as a romance in a letter of June 27 to his English publisher:
In the twentieth century Flannery O'Connor (19251964) often wrote in a sardonic Southern Gothic style and relied heavily on regional settings and grotesque characters, often in violent situations.
Her fiction usually focus on morally flawed characters, frequently interacting with people with disabilities or disabled themselves (as O'Connor was), while the issue of race often appears. Most of her works feature disturbing elements.
Germany
E. T. A. Hoffmann (1776–1822) was a German Romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror. Ludwig Tieck, Heinrich von Kleist, and E. T. A. Hoffmann "also profoundly influenced the development of European Gothic horror in the nineteenth century".
Hoffmann's novel The Devil's Elixirs (1815) was influenced by Lewis's The Monk and even mentions it. The novel also explores the motif of the Doppelgänger, the term coined by another German author and supporter of Hoffmann, Jean Paul, in his humorous novel Siebenkäs (1796–1797).
France
Balzac was an inheritor of Walter Scott's style of the historical novel, publishing in 1829 Les Chouans, a historical work in the manner of Sir Walter Scott, set in 1799 Brittany. This was subsequently incorporated into La Comédie Humaine. The bulk La Comédie Humaine, however, takes place during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, and Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. Séraphîta, with its theme of androgyny, contrasts with the realism of most of the author's best known works, delving into the fantastic and the supernatural to illustrate philosophical themes.
Amongst writers of adventure novels were Alexandre Dumas, Jules Verne, and Louis Henri Boussenard. Dumas was the author of The d'Artagnan Romances, which includes The Three Musketeers, which is also a historical novel. Jules Verne (1828 – 1905) was the author a series of bestselling novels that includes Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas (1870), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1872). His novels, always very well documented, are generally set in the second half of the 19th century, taking into account the technological advances of the time.
Louis Henri Boussenard (1847 – 1910) ) was dubbed "the French Rider Haggard" during his lifetime, but better known today in Eastern Europe than in Francophone countries. Boussenard's best-known book Le Capitaine Casse-Cou (1901) was set at the time of the Boer War. L'île en feu (1898) fictionalized Cuba's struggle for independence. Aspiring to emulate Jules Verne, Boussenard also turned out several science fiction novels, notably Les secrets de monsieur Synthèse (1888) and Dix mille ans dans un bloc de glace (1890), both translated by Brian Stableford in 2013 under the title Monsieur Synthesis.
Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame is a gothic, historical novel.
Italy
Alessandro Manzoni's The Betrothed (1827) is an historical novel set in Lombardy in 1628, during the years of Spanish rule, which has similarities with Walter Scott's historic novel Ivanhoe, although evidently distinct. Georg Lukàcs, in The Historical Novel (1969) comments:
In Italy Scott found a successor who, though in a single, isolated work, nevertheless broadened his tendencies with superb originality, in some respect surpassing him. We refer, of course, to Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed). Scott himself recognized Manzoni's greatness. When in Milan Manzoni told him that he was his pupil, Scott replied that in that case Manzoni's was his best work. It is, however, very characteristic that while Scott was able to write a profusion of novels about English and Scottish society, Manzoni confined himself to this single masterpiece (p.69)
Emilio Salgari (1862 – 1911) was a writer of action adventure swashbucklers and a pioneer of science fiction. Many of his most popular novels have been adapted as comics, animated series and feature films. He is considered the father of Italian adventure fiction and Italian pop culture, and the "grandfather" of the Spaghetti Western.
Russia
Walter Scott was perhaps more popular in Russia, "in the late 1820s and 1830s", than anywhere "on the Continent", through the French translations of Auguste- Jean-Baptiste Defauconpret. Amongst "pilgrims to Abbotsford [were] a large proportion of Russian writers, diplomats, soldiers."
Walter Scott "very profoundly influenced" Pushkin, "in his capacity [as] a poet, ... a collector of folk-songs and ... the originator of the historical novel based on life ... We know that Pushkin's library contained not only Walter Scott's novels, but also his poetical works".
Tolstoy's "great-great-grandson Vladimir Tolstoy, 36, inspected the recently renovated Scott Monument in Edinburgh and suggested that "without the inspiration of Scott's writing genius his famous ancestor might never have penned War and Peace". "Mr Tolstoy ... the director of the Leo Tolstoy Museum and president of the Russian Museums' Association, said his great-great grandfather drew great inspiration from Scott's novels, particularly Waverley, Ivanhoe, and Rob Roy." He also noted that "In the library of the Tolstoy Museum in Russia there are many of Scott's books, including some early editions". He "said some of Scott's books in the museum's library had comments written by Leo Tolstoy beside the text - but he would not reveal what they said".
Spain
The historical novel developed in imitation of Walter Scott (80 of his works had been translated). The most notable Spanish authors are: Enrique Gil y Carrasco 1815–1846, the author of El señor de Bembibre, the best Spanish historical novel, written in imitation of Scott; Francisco Navarro Villoslada (1818–1895), who wrote a series of historical novels when the romantic genre was in decline and Realism was coming to be at its height. His novels were inspired by Basque traditions, and were set in the medieval era. His most famous work is Amaya, o los vascos en el siglo VIII (Amaya, or the Basques of the 8th century), in which the Basques and the Visigoths ally themselves against the Muslim invasion. Other authors include Mariano José de Larra, Serafín Estébanez Calderón and Francisco Martínez de la Rosa.
Citations
Fiction
Literary genres
Romance genres | wiki |
An analog board is a circuit board that contains the majority of analog circuitry in certain Apple Macintosh computers. The analog board was one of two circuit boards within many early Macintosh computers, including the Macintosh 128K/512K/Plus, Macintosh SE series, and Macintosh Classic series. The analog board contained several capacitors, a battery compartment, and some other analog circuitry. Some later all-in-one Macintosh computers also included analog boards, with the most recent being the iMac G3 and eMac. In these computers, the analog board functioned as the power supply to other parts within the system, and also functioned to control the CRT display within the computer. The other board was the logic board, which contained all of the computer's digital logic circuitry, such as the processor and memory.
See also
Logic board
Macintosh computers
Macintosh internals | wiki |
Fan chart may refer to:
Fan chart (genealogy), a way of depicting a family tree
Fan chart (time series), a way of depicting a past and future time series
Fan chart (statistics), a way of depicting dispersions according to two categorising dimensions | wiki |
IGM (poduzeće)
međugalaktičko sredstvo | wiki |
12345 may refer to:
The ZIP code exclusive to the General Electric plant in Schenectady, New York
Saraighat Express, a superfast train in India with number 12345
The year 12,345 in the 13th millennium AD | wiki |
A differential screw is a mechanism used for making small, precise adjustments to the spacing between two objects (such as in focusing a microscope, moving the anvils of a micrometer, or positioning optics). A differential screw uses a spindle with two screw threads of differing leads (in case of a single lead equal to the thread pitch), and possibly opposite handedness, on which two nuts move. As the spindle rotates, the space between the nuts changes based on the difference between the threads. These mechanisms allow extremely small adjustments using commonly available screws. A differential screw mechanism using two nuts incurs higher friction and therefore requires more torque to turn than a simple, single lead screw with an equivalent pitch.
Examples
Many differential screw configurations are possible. The micrometer adjuster pictured uses a nut sleeve with different inner and outer thread pitches to connect a screw on the adjusting rod end with threads inside the main barrel; as the thimble rotates the nut sleeve, the rod and barrel move relative to each other based on the differential between the threads.
Another arrangement holds the two "nuts" co-axially in a single fixture and has two separate screws with slightly different pitches (distance from the crest of one thread to the next) entering from opposite ends. The "heads" of the screws are fixed to the two objects whose spacing is to be adjusted. Each rotation of the fixture holding the nuts moves one screw into its nut by a small amount and moves the other screw out of its nut by a slightly larger amount. The total spacing between the screws, and thus the objects, will be slightly changed based on the difference in travel between the two screws.
More arrangements are possible. Two nuts can be fixed to each of two objects to be adjusted and the two screw heads attached to each other in the middle. The combined screws would be turned to adjust the spacing in that case.
Calculating motion and effective thread pitch
For single start threads, each turn changes the distance between the nuts by the effective pitch, . For a bolt with a given thread per inch, on one end and a second thread per inch, on the other, the change in distance (or ), and the effective thread per inch , is calculated by:
For example, a bolt with coarse threads (16 tpi, per turn) on one end and fine threads (24 tpi, per turn) on the other changes the distance between the nuts by about per revolution and is equivalent to a 48 tpi (0.53 mm/thread) thread:
For single start Metric threads, the effective pitch is simply the difference between the two thread pitches:
For example, an M5x0.80 thread paired with an M4x0.70 thread will produce a differential motion of 0.1 mm, or 100 microns per revolution.
Mixing metric and imperial threads can result in finer differentials while still using standard threads, they can be calculated in the same way as a metric differential but the TPI of the imperial thread must be converted to a metric pitch measurement. For example a 26 TPI thread has a pitch of ~0.977mm and when paired with a 1.0mm pitch metric thread the differential motion will be approximately 0.023mm per revolution.
References
External links
Screwdriver Set & Precision Tools Kit
Mechanisms (engineering)
Metalworking
Screws | wiki |
Myocardial stunning or transient post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction is a state of mechanical cardiac dysfunction that can occur in a portion of myocardium without necrosis after a brief interruption in perfusion, despite the timely restoration of normal coronary blood flow. In this situation, even after ischemia has been relieved (by for instance angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery) and myocardial blood flow (MBF) returns to normal, myocardial function is still depressed for a variable period of time, usually days to weeks. This reversible reduction of function of heart contraction after reperfusion is not accounted for by tissue damage or reduced blood flow, but rather, its thought to represent a perfusion-contraction "mismatch". Myocardial stunning was first described in laboratory canine experiments in the 1970s where LV wall abnormalities were observed following coronary artery occlusion and subsequent reperfusion.
Cause
Clinical situations associated with myocardial stunning include:
acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with early reperfusion
unstable angina
after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
after cardiac surgery
'neurogenic' stunned myocardium following an acute cerebrovascular event such as a subarachnoid hemorrhage
in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, chronic myocardial stunning may lead to heart failure
Myocardial stunning has been implicated in the development of Takotsubo (Stress) cardiomyopathy.
Pathophysiology
The underlying mechanisms of myocardial stunning have remained the subject of debate for several decades. Two leading hypotheses implicate reperfusion-induced oxygen free-radical damage and altered calcium flux resulting in intracellular hypercalcemia and desensitization of myofilaments. After total ischemia occurs, the myocardium switches immediately from aerobic glycolysis to anaerobic glycolysis resulting in the reduced ability to produce high energy phosphates such as ATP and Creatinine Phosphate. At this point, the lack of the energy and lactate accumulation results in cessation of contraction within 60 seconds of ischemia (i.e. Vessel Occlusion). Subsequent to this is a period of "myocardial stunning," in which reversible ischemic damage is taking place. At approximately 30 minutes after the onset of total ischemia the damage becomes irreversible, thereby ending the phase of myocardial stunning. The generation of oxygen-derived [free radicals] during the initial period of reperfusion after ischemia is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of myocardial stunning.
Some evidence suggests that brief, repetitive episodes of myocardial ischemia may result in chronic myocardial stunning and ventricular contractile impairment.
Diagnosis
Imaging techniques such as echocardiography, ventriculography, and nuclear imaging can be used to detect a contractile dysfunction following reperfusion after an episode of ischemia. The area of dysfunction should also maintain normal perfusion, detected via Positron Emission Tomography, echocardiography with contrast, and/or thallium scintigraphy in order for a diagnosis of myocardial stunning to be considered. However, there are many practical challenges to diagnosing myocardial stunning using these methods. Accurate detection of regional myocardial blood flow and contraction function abnormalities must be detected at levels of high sensitivity. The diagnosis of myocardial stunning must also be differentiated from other conditions such as hibernating myocardium and persistent (silent) subendocardial ischemia, which can also co-exist with superimposed stunning.
Management
Treatment considerations for myocardial stunning should be determined based on the clinical judgment of the cardiologist or physician, the degree of LV impairment and symptoms, and the wishes of the person.
Some evidence supports the use of inotropic drugs in the case of severe myocardial dysfunction.
Results from canine experimental trials investigating the oxygen free-radical hypothesis for myocardial stunning have shown a reduction in free radical generation and improvement in myocardial function following anti-oxidant infusion.
References
Further reading
"Myocardial “stunning” in man"
External links
Heart diseases | wiki |
Microsoft Whiteboard is a free multi-platform application, as well as an online service and a feature in Microsoft Teams, which simulates a virtual whiteboard and enables real-time collaboration between users.
Overview and features
Microsoft Whiteboard allows users to draw on a virtual whiteboard using input methods such as a stylus pen or a mouse and keyboard, and write down notes, draw connections between shareable ideas and interact in real time. Microsoft Whiteboard is available to download on the following platforms and devices:
Microsoft Windows (on Windows 10 or above)
Android
Apple iOS
Surface Hub devices
It is also available on the web and as a feature in Microsoft Teams.
Microsoft Whiteboard allows users with Microsoft accounts to view, edit and share whiteboards using the provided tools and options. The feature set includes tools for drawing, shapes and media. Drawing in Microsoft Whiteboard is called inking. It works both on mobile devices and computers. The inking toolbar has customizable pencils, as well as a ruler, a highlighter, an eraser and an object selector. Whiteboard can recognize shapes drawn by hand and straighten them. Holding the Shift key on a computer while inking draws straight lines.
Microsoft Whiteboard has keyboard shortcuts for some functions.
Additional features include inserting sticky notes, text boxes, stickers, as well as images. Grid lines and colors are adjustable. There are different templates, which can be inserted into the whiteboard. Users can also share their reactions. A feature limited to boards created in Microsoft Teams, is the ability to make them read-only; other participants from the meeting cannot edit them.
Reviews
PC Magazine rated Microsoft Whiteboard a 3.5 out of 5, praising the app's free availability and plentiful templates. It compared it to other, paid whiteboarding solutions, and concludes that Microsoft offers the best free one. Some of the cons, described by PCMag, include the inability to view boards without a Microsoft account, and the inability to create custom templates.
See also
Whiteboarding
References
External links
Official website (Whiteboard web app)
Whiteboard for Android - Apps on Google Play
Microsoft software
Application software
Collaborative software
Computer-mediated communication | wiki |
A list of American films released in 1952.
The Greatest Show on Earth won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
A-B
C-G
H-J
K-N
O-R
S-Z
Serials
Shorts and documentaries
See also
1952 in the United States
References
External links
1952 films at the Internet Movie Database
1952
Films
Lists of 1952 films by country or language | wiki |
Herzblut (English: heart and soul) may refer to:
Herzblut (Doro EP), 2008
Herzblut (Subway to Sally album), 2001 | wiki |
Floridanos () is a term for colonial residents of Spanish Florida, as well as for the modern descendants of the earliest Spanish settlers who lived in St. Augustine between 1565 and 1763. It also refers to those of Spanish descent who lived in East and West Florida after 1781, when Bernardo de Gálvez took back Mobile and Pensacola in West Florida from British hands. Some Floridanos can trace their ancestry in Florida back twelve or more generations. Descendants of the original Floridanos can be found throughout the state, especially in St. Augustine.
History
Established on September 8, 1565, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in what is now the United States. Following Spain's defeat in the Seven Years' War, Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain in 1763. Some of St. Augustine's Spanish settlers left Florida during the period that British ruled East Florida, with many of them moving to Cuba. Approximately 3,000 Floridanos left Florida for Havana, Cuba between 1763 and early 1764. Spanish Floridians in west Florida mostly fled to Veracruz, Mexico, with about 620 sailing from Pensacola. The term "Floridano" was the term used by the Spanish colonial authorities to designate Spanish Floridian immigrants to Cuba. Spain recovered East Florida and gained control of West Florida through the Peace of Paris of 1783. The governors of the provinces of East and West Florida promoted Spanish migration to them. Florida was ceded to the United States in 1819 by the Adams–Onís Treaty. As happened in 1763, many Floridanos migrated to Cuba.
In 2010, an historical marker titled "Los Floridanos" that commemorates the Floridanos was unveiled at St. Augustine's Visitor Information Center.
Demographics
The number of descendants of Spanish settlers in Florida is unknown. However, two of the earliest settlers, Francisco Sanchez and Manuel Solana, are known to have between 500 and 1,000 descendants living in the state. Manuel Solana was a descendant of Alonso Solana who had arrived to Florida in 1613 as a soldier in the Spanish military. These settlers were some of the few Spaniards who remained in Florida when the territory was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. Their descendants founded the Los Floridanos Society in St. Augustine, whose main function is to teach the history and legacy of the first settlers (1565-1765) to interested people. Some people of Cuban origin living in Florida also have ancestors in Colonial Florida. Some of the descendants of East Florida Governor José María Coppinger, who was not a settler of Florida and lived in Cuba his last years, also live in Florida.
Notable Floridanos
Joseph Marion Hernández (1788 - 1857), Floridano who served as the first delegate from the Florida Territory. He was also the first Hispanic American to serve in the United States Congress and a member of the Whig Party (1822 - 1823)
Eligio de la Puente (1724–1781), Floridano who held various public offices in St. Augustine, Florida and in Havana, Cuba during the 18th century.
Agustín V. Zamorano (1798–1842), Floridano who served as governor of Alta California (1832 - 1833).
See also
Spanish Florida
East Florida
West Florida
List of colonial governors of Florida
Hispanos
Californios
Nuevomexicanos
Tejanos
Isleños
Isleños (Louisiana)
Hispanics
Spanish Americans
References
External links
Los Floridanos Society, Inc.
Cuban-American culture in Florida
Spanish-American culture in Florida
Spanish Florida
Spanish-Cuban culture
Spanish-Mexican culture | wiki |
Pachola is a type of prepared meat in Mexican cuisine. is originated of the state of Jalisco. It consists of a flattened and spiced ground beef patty made using a metate (grinding stone). The beef is mixed with ground ancho chili, cumin, garlic and bread, and fried in oil. Pacholas are sometimes grilled.
References
Further reading
Kennedy, Diana. The Art of Mexican Cooking. (2008) Clarkson Potter. .
Mexican cuisine
Ground meat | wiki |
Courser may refer to:
Courser – group of birds which together with the pratincoles make up the family Glareolidae
Courser (horse) – a swift and strong horse, frequently used during the Middle Ages for hunting or as a warhorse
Horse courser – early term for a horse dealer
Or to someone who engages in:
Coursing – the pursuit of game or other animals by dogs
Hare coursing – the hunting of hares with dogs
Lure coursing – a sport for dogs that involves chasing a mechanically operated lure
Or to persons named Courser:
Todd Courser,- Michigan state representative
Transportation:
Chrysler 26 Courser, an American sailboat design | wiki |
WTA Newport steht für folgende Tennisturniere:
WTA Newport (Rhode Island) (Virginia Slims of Newport), 1971 bis 1990
WTA Newport (Gwent) (Green Shield Welsh Open), 1969 bis 1974 | wiki |
The UCLA Bruins college football team represents University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in the Pacific 12 Conference (Pac-12). The Bruins compete as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The program has had 18 head coaches and four interim head coaches since it began play during the 1919 season. Since November 2017, Chip Kelly has served as head coach at UCLA.
Terry Donahue leader in both total wins and seasons coached with 151 wins during his 20 year tenure as head coach of the program. Red Sanders has the highest winning percentage at 0.773. Harry Trotter has the lowest winning percentage of those who have coached more than one game, with 0.156. Of the 18 different head coaches who have led the Edwin C. Horrell, Sanders, Tommy Prothro, and Donahue have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
Key
Coaches
Notes
References
UCLA
UCLA Bruins football | wiki |
Love to burn (Neil Young) (1990), lied van Neil Young
Love to burn (B.J. Thomas) (2007), album van B.J. Thomas | wiki |
Khaidi may refer to:
Khaidi Kannaiah, a 1962 Telugu-language film
Khaidi Babai, a 1974 Telugu-language film
Khaidi (1983 film), a 1983 Telugu-language film
Khaidi (1984 film), a 1984 Kannada-language film
Khaidi Rudraiah, a 1986 Telugu-language film
Khaidi No. 786, a 1988 Telugu-language film
Khaidi No. 150, a 2017 Telugu-language film | wiki |
UCLA Bruins coaches may refer to:
List of UCLA Bruins football head coaches
List of UCLA Bruins men's basketball head coaches
See also
:Category:UCLA Bruins coaches | wiki |
Bois Blanc Lighthouse may refer to
Bois Blanc Island Lighthouse and Blockhouse, a National Historic Site of Canada, on Bois Blanc Island, Ontario
Bois Blanc Light, on Bois Blanc Island, Michigan, United States | wiki |
A blister is a small pocket of fluid in the upper layer of the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction
Blister(s) or Blistering may also refer to:
Anti-torpedo bulge, also known as an anti-torpedo blister
Blister (TV series)
Blister (band), a Norwegian band
Blister (Portuguese band)
Blister pack, a type of packaging
Blistering (magazine), an online heavy metal and hard rock magazine
"Blister", a song by Jimmy Eat World from the album Clarity
"Blisters", a song by Neurosis from the album The Word as Law
"Blisters", a song by War from the album Deliver the Word
An asymmetrical spinnaker
Another name for a mustard plaster | wiki |
Dawn of the Croods is an American 2D-animated web television series that is produced by DreamWorks Animation. The series is based on the 2013 animated film The Croods, taking place before the events of the film. It premiered on December 24, 2015, on Netflix. Sam Riegel voice directs this series. Season 2 premiered on August 26, 2016. Season 3 premiered on April 7, 2017. Season 4 premiered on July 7, 2017.
The adventures of the series takes place before the film, with Eep having new friends, and the rest of the Croods facing new enemy creatures, such as bearowls. 52 episodes of Dawn of the Croods have been released, concluding the series.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2016)
Season 3 (2017)
Season 4 (2017)
References
Dawn of the Croods | wiki |
Rhod Gilbert's Bulging Barrel of Laughs is a 6-part radio show on BBC Radio 2 hosted by comedian Rhod Gilbert. The show is co-hosted by Greg Davies and Lloyd Langford with support from Sarah Millican. Each week the 1 hour show contains a mix of stand up comedy from the regular cast and a guest comedian. There is also a musical act that play numerous songs throughout the show.
Series 1 (2010)
Features
Each week in the Rhod's Rant Club feature, Gilbert tells the listener in his irritable style how some part of the modern world annoys him. Greg's Indecent Proposal sees Davies offer an either/or question to the other presenters. Confessions sees Gilbert read emails and talk to the audience/presenters on the topic of his choice where the aim is to reveal embarrassing anecdotes involving the topic. It's a setup where Gilbert gives Davies and Langford a punchline and they have to suggest a setup to create a working joke against the clock. Rhod's Chin Strokers where Gilbert announces a topic for discussion and debate. Lloyd's Concierge Service where Langford answers agony aunt style questions.
References
External links
BBC Radio comedy programmes
BBC Radio 2 programmes | wiki |
Dairy queen may refer to:
Dairy Queen, an American fast food restaurant chain specializing in soft serve ice cream and ice cream cakes
Dairy Queen (novel), a novel by Catherine Gilbert Murdock
Dairy Queen (pageant), a title used by dairy industry pageants
Dairy queen (slang), LGBT slang
See also
Dairy (disambiguation)
Queen (disambiguation) | wiki |
Maynor peut faire référence à :
Patronyme
Dorothy Maynor (1910-1996), soprano américaine
Eric Maynor (1987-), joueur américain de basket-ball
Prénom
Maynor Figueroa (1983-), footballeur hondurien
Maynor Suazo (1979-), footballeur hondurien | wiki |
The Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War (May 8 and May 9) is an annual international day of remembrance designated by Resolution 59/26 of the United Nations General Assembly on November 22, 2004. The resolution urges 'Member States, organizations of the United Nations system, non-governmental organizations and individuals' to pay tribute to the victims of World War II.
It begins on May 8, the anniversary of the date when the World War II Allies accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich.
In Ukraine (since 2015), May 8 is designated as a day of remembrance and reconciliation, but it is not a public holiday.
See also
Victory in Europe Day
Victory over Japan Day
Remembrance of the Dead
References
Aftermath of World War II
Observances honoring victims of war
Second World War
May observances | wiki |
EuroBasket Records are the records attained during play in the EuroBasket, which is the pre-eminent pan-European international basketball tournament that is contested between national teams.
Most Valuable Players and Top Scorers
All-Tournament Teams
Head coach of winners
All-time leading scorers in total points scored
Counting all games played through the end of EuroBasket 2017, and not counting qualification games.
All-time leading scorers in points per game average
Counting all games played through the end of EuroBasket 2017, and not counting qualification games.
Most points scored in a single game
During EuroBasket 2022
° Performed in the Finals
All-time leaders in games played
Counting all games played through the end of EuroBasket 2017
Triple-doubles
Four players have recorded a triple-double (at least 10+ in three statistical categories).
Top medalists
Through the end of EuroBasket 2017.
Minimum 5 total medals, or 4 gold medals won.
See also
FIBA EuroBasket
FIBA EuroBasket MVP
FIBA EuroBasket All-Tournament Team
FIBA EuroBasket All-Time leaders in games played
FIBA EuroBasket All-time leading scorers in total points scored
FIBA World Cup
FIBA World Cup Records
FIBA World Cup MVP
FIBA World Cup All-Tournament Team
FIBA's 50 Greatest Players (1991)
References
External links
EuroBasket
Basketball statistics | wiki |
Splashwater Kingdom can refer to:
Six Flags The Great Escape & Splashwater Kingdom
Splashwater Kingdom at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom | wiki |
Ashley Spencer is the name of:
Ashley Spencer (athlete) (born 1993), American sprinter
Ashley Spencer (actress), American musical theatre actress | wiki |
Mountjoy Priory was a priory in Norfolk, England.
Monasteries in Norfolk | wiki |
Inborn errors of renal tubular transport are metabolic disorders which lead to impairment in the ability of solutes, such as salts or amino acids, to be transported across the brush border of the renal tubule. This results in disruptions of renal reabsorption.
Examples of these disorders include Iminoglycinuria, renal tubular acidosis and Gitelman syndrome.
References
External links | wiki |
Three Studies of the Male Back is a 1970 oil-on-canvas triptych by the British painter Francis Bacon. Typical of Bacon's figurative but abstract and distorted style, it depicts male figures isolated within flat nondescript interior spaces. Each figure is a portrait of Bacon's lover George Dyer.
There are similarities and differences between the three depictions of the male figure. Each man is shown sitting on a pedestal, within a trapezoidal box-like cage, facing away from the viewer. The framework encloses - almost entraps - the human figure. In each of the two side panels, a classical perspective would have the edge of the cage logically obscured behind the figure, but instead Bacon has the frame crossing the back of its head.
The figure in each side panel is placed in front of a shaving mirror, but the glass visible to the viewer distorts the reflection. Splashes of red suggest injury. The smooth pink back of the figure in the left panel contrasts with the knotted red and blue tones of the figure in the right hand panel. The figure in the central panel sits in front of a mirror reading a newspaper, but the mirror is a flat grey and does not reflect.
The triptych is similar to contemporary works by Bacon, including his 1969 triptych Three Studies of Lucian Freud, and has been described as an "explicit homage" to Degas's 1890s painting After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, held by the National Gallery, London. Each panel measures by . The triptych is held by the Kunsthaus Zürich.
References
Paintings by Francis Bacon
1970 paintings
Triptychs
Self-portraits
20th-century portraits | wiki |
A free elections law, also known as a free and equal elections clause, is a section in many U.S. state constitutions which mandates that elections of public officials shall be free and not influence by other powers. Most such laws were placed into state constitutions in the late 18th and early 19th century.
Free elections laws
Role in anti-gerrymandering litigation and measures
On February 4, 2022, the North Carolina Supreme Court ruled 4-3 against both congressional and legislative maps drawn by the North Carolina General Assembly's Republican majority on the grounds of the maps violating the free elections clause.
In addition, as of 2020, the state constitutions of California, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado and Virginia all provide for both free elections mandates and for redistricting commissions to redraw congressional, legislative and additional districts.
References
Constitutional law
States of the United States law-related lists | wiki |
The name John has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and two tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere.
In the Eastern Pacific
Hurricane John (1978), a Category 2 hurricane, did not affect land.
Hurricane John (1982), a Category 3 hurricane, which never made landfall.
Tropical Storm John (1988), affected the southern tip of Baja California.
Hurricane John (1994) (T9420, 10E), a powerful Category 5 hurricane, formed near Mexico, crossed the international date line becoming Typhoon John, then crossed back. Second longest lasting tropical cyclone in recorded history.
Tropical Storm John (2000), did not affect land.
Hurricane John (2006), a large Category 4 hurricane that made landfall on Baja California.
Tropical Storm John (2012), a short-lived tropical storm, did not affect land.
Hurricane John (2018), a Category 2 hurricane that brushed Baja California without making landfall.
In the Southern Hemisphere
Cyclone John (1989), affected Cocos Island as it was developing
Cyclone John (1999), made landfall between Port Hedland and Karratha in Western Australia
Pacific hurricane set index articles
Pacific typhoon set index articles
Australian region cyclone set index articles | wiki |
CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, also known as primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, is a cutaneous (skin) condition characterized by solitary or localized skin lesions that have a tendency to ulcerate.
See also
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large cell lymphoma
List of cutaneous conditions
References
External links
Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions
Lymphoma | wiki |
This is a list of video game franchises published by Nintendo, organized alphabetically. All entries include multiple video games, not counting ports or altered re-releases.
List of Nintendo video game franchises
– This color indicates a sub-series of a larger video game franchise.
References
General
Text was copied from Nintendo franchises at Nintendo Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC BY-SA 3.0) license
Specific
Nintendo franchises
Lists of video game franchises
Nintendo
Video game franchises | wiki |
Secondary cutaneous CD30+ large-cell lymphoma is a cutaneous condition that may arise in cases of mycosis fungoides, and in patients with lymphomatoid papulosis.
See also
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Skin lesion
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions
Lymphoma | wiki |
Jonadel is a cultivar of apple which was raised in 1923 at the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, United States, a cross between the Jonathan and the Red Delicious. It was introduced in 1958.
Jonadel has a green-yellow basic color with a streaked orange covering color.
External links
Apple cultivars with patented mutants
American apples
Apple cultivars | wiki |
Experimental Techniques is an official journal of the Society for Experimental Mechanics and was established in 1975. The journal is published by Springer Nature and the editor-in-chief is Bonnie Antoun (Sandia National Laboratories).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.167.
References
External links
English-language journals
Materials science journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Publications established in 1975
Bimonthly journals | wiki |
Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One is an upcoming American action spy film written, produced, and directed by Christopher McQuarrie. It is the sequel to Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018) and is the seventh and penultimate installment in the Mission: Impossible film series. The film stars Tom Cruise, Ving Rhames, Simon Pegg, Rebecca Ferguson, Vanessa Kirby, Hayley Atwell, Shea Whigham, Pom Klementieff, Esai Morales, Rob Delaney, Henry Czerny, and Cary Elwes.
In January 2019, Cruise announced that the seventh and eighth Mission: Impossible films would be shot back-to-back with McQuarrie writing and directing both films for 2021, and 2022, releases. In February 2021, Paramount scuttled that plan, and the film experienced numerous delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic and production shutdowns before landing a 2023 release date. Cast members were announced from September 2019 to March 2021. Lorne Balfe, who composed the musical score for Fallout, returned to score the film. Filming began in February 2020 and lasted until September 2021. Unlike the previous three films, Bad Robot Productions will not be involved with the film.
Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One is scheduled for release in the United States on July 14, 2023, by Paramount Pictures. The sequel, Dead Reckoning Part Two, is to be released on June 28, 2024.
Cast
Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt, an IMF agent and leader of a team of operatives.
Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell, an IMF computer technician, a member of Hunt's team, and his closest friend.
Simon Pegg as Benji Dunn, an IMF technical field agent and a member of Hunt's team.
Rebecca Ferguson as Ilsa Faust, a former MI6 agent who allied with Hunt's team during Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015) and Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018).
Vanessa Kirby as Alanna Mitsopolis, a black-market arms dealer also known as the White Widow. Daughter of "Max" from the first film.
Hayley Atwell as Grace. Christopher McQuarrie described Atwell's character as a "destructive force of nature", while Atwell explained that her character's loyalties are "somewhat ambiguous".
Shea Whigham as Jasper Briggs.
Esai Morales as the film's primary antagonist.
Henry Czerny as Eugene Kittridge, the former director of the IMF last seen in Mission: Impossible (1996).
Frederick Schmidt as Zola Mitsopolis, Alanna's brother.
Pom Klementieff, Rob Delaney, Cary Elwes, Indira Varma, Mark Gatiss, Charles Parnell, Greg Davis, Marcin Dorociński, Lampros Kalfuntzos, Mariela Garriga, and Antonio Bustorff have been cast in undisclosed roles.
Production
Announcement and casting
On January 14, 2019, Cruise announced that the seventh and eighth Mission: Impossible films would be shot back-to-back with McQuarrie writing and directing both films for July 23, 2021, and August 5, 2022, releases.
In February 2021, Paramount scuttled that plan, but Ferguson confirmed her return for the seventh installment. In September 2019, McQuarrie announced on Instagram that Hayley Atwell had joined the cast. In September 2019, Pom Klementieff joined the cast of both the seventh and eighth films. In December 2019, Simon Pegg confirmed his return for the film, with Shea Whigham cast of both films. Nicholas Hoult was cast in a role in January 2020, along with the addition of Henry Czerny, reprising his role as Eugene Kittridge for the first time since the 1996 film. Vanessa Kirby also announced she was returning for both films. In May 2020, it was reported that Esai Morales would replace Hoult as the villain in both films due to scheduling conflicts.
Angela Bassett confirmed that she would return as Erika Sloane in December 2020, but was later removed from the film due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. In March 2021, McQuarrie revealed on Instagram that Rob Delaney, Charles Parnell, Indira Varma, Mark Gatiss and Cary Elwes had joined the cast. That same day, Greg Davis was also confirmed to have joined the cast.
Filming and COVID-19 shutdown
Under the working title Libra, filming was scheduled to begin on February 20, 2020, in Venice, set up to last for three weeks before moving to Rome in mid-March for 40 days, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, production in the country was halted. Three weeks later, stunt rehearsals began in Surrey, England, just before a hiatus. On July 6, 2020, after another hiatus, crew arriving in the UK were given permission to begin filming without going through the mandatory 14-day quarantine. The set was located at Warner Bros Studios, Leavesden in Hertfordshire.
The following month, similar permission was granted for filming in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. That same month, a large fire broke out on a motorcycle stunt rig in Oxfordshire. The scene had taken six weeks to prepare and was "among one of the most expensive ever filmed in the U.K." No one was hurt in the incident.
Filming began on September 6, 2020, when McQuarrie started to publish pictures from the sets on Instagram. In October 2020, across Norway, when the previous installment was filmed in Preikestolen, including the municipalities of Stranda and Rauma, with Cruise seen filming an action scene with Esai Morales atop a train. On October 26, 2020, production was halted in Italy after 12 people tested positive for COVID-19 on set. Filming resumed a week later.
In December 2020, during filming in London, an audio recording of Cruise shouting at two production crew members for not following the COVID-19 rules on set was released online. Cruise was likened to his character Les Grossman from the 2008 film Tropic Thunder as a result. The response from the general public and that of many celebrities was supportive, suggesting that his tone and seriousness were warranted given the extreme circumstances and burden of ensuring production not be halted again. On December 28, 2020, Variety reported that the film would conclude principal photography at Longcross Film Studios in the United Kingdom, with production shifting from Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. In Longcross, which is in Surrey in south-east England, productions were allowed to continue under strict COVID-19 protocols. In February 2021, filming concluded in the Middle East and the crew would return to London for "finishing touches".
On April 20, 2021, filming commenced in the small village of Levisham, North Yorkshire, North Yorkshire Moors Railway, for a sequence set in the Alps in Switzerland with a train going an hour through a bridge being blown up, as a reference to the climactic train wreck scene in the 1926 silent film The General. In August 2021, filming commenced in Birmingham at the city's Grand Central shopping centre, with Cruise and Atwell spotted by onlookers. In September 2021, the film's gaffer Martin Smith confirmed on Instagram that principal photography had officially wrapped.
Polish bridge controversy
During the pre-production in late 2019, the Swiss government refused to authorize any explosions for the train sequence in the Alps; as a result, the Skydance Media production team embarked on location scoutings in different countries to find an unwanted railway bridge. Among those asked to help with staging a "full-scale train crash" was Polish-American film producer Andrew Eksner. In November 2019, the Polish State Railways proposed Eksner use a 151-meter (492 ft) long, 1908 German-era riveted truss bridge on Lake Pilchowickie [pl; es], in the Jelenia Góra Valley, in Lower Silesia. In December 2019, Paramount Pictures producers including McQuarrie landed in southern Poland, accompanied in deep secrecy by officers of the Polish engineering troops. McQuarrie documented the visit on Instagram.
Officially opened in 1912 by Wilhelm II, the proposed bridge survived World War II mostly intact, and was used by trains until 2016. Despite publicly praising the bridge as "extremely valuable," an expert misrepresented conclusions of a commissioned report, that instead of renovating, it would be best to demolish the bridge and build a new one. In March 2020, after the rejected Eksner spread the information, local authorities and museum officials were appalled by the producers' intention to physically destroy the bridge, instead of using CGI effects. The filmmakers and government officials said the bridge was devastated and intended for demolition.
By July 2020, history and railway enthusiasts, scientists and filmmakers protested, along with the regional Monuments Heritage Office, members of Polish parliament, and the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage. Activists and NGOs launched a petition against the destruction. And as it was long registered provincially, and being added into Poland's national Registry of Cultural Property, the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage confirmed it was pushing the bridge to play in the movie, with a "small section" to be demolished onset, before revitalizing the related local heritage railway line altogether. Following the backlash, the General Conservator of Monuments assured "there was no question" of destroying the bridge.
In August 2020, as the story turned international, McQuarrie said there was never a plan to blow up the bridge, and that only unsafe and partially damaged portions could have been destroyed, which allegedly needed to be rebuilt, concluding: "To open up the area to tourism, the bridge needed to go." He later added that "there was no disrespect intended". The production company did not pledge to cover construction costs of a potential new bridge, nor the renovation of the historic one. Eventually, cultural property registration procedures for the Lake Pilchowickie bridge were finalized, effectively preventing it from any damage. In May 2021, Eksner sued the Paramount production crew including McQuarrie and Cruise for breach of contract.
Ultimately, filming of the train wreck scene was expected to take place between April and June 2021, in the Peak District National Park in Stoney Middleton, on a constructed set in a disused quarry, with a railway line and part of a bridge over the cliff edge. After two weeks of suspended filming, the scene was filmed on August 20, when a mockup Britannia Class locomotive was propelled off the cliff into the quarry.
Post-production
Industrial Light & Magic returns to provide the visual effects for the film after doing so for the first film, Mission: Impossible III, and Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, with Blind LTD, Clear Angle Studios, and Halon Entertainment being the additional vendors for the film.
Music
In early May 2020, the composer Lorne Balfe was confirmed to be returning to compose the score for the seventh and eighth Mission: Impossible films, after scoring the sixth. Balfe's music from the teaser trailer was digitally released by Paramount Music on June 23, 2022 as a single.
Marketing
A trailer for the film debuted exclusively at CinemaCon on April 28, 2022, including an introduction by Tom Cruise filmed while he was flying in a biplane. The trailer was leaked to social media on May 21, 2022, and was officially released online on May 23, 2022. The CinemaCon introduction was released officially on September 8, 2022.
Release
Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One is scheduled to be released on July 14, 2023, in both regular formats and in IMAX. It was previously set to be released on July 23, 2021, November 19, 2021, May 27, 2022 and September 30, 2022, before being delayed to its current date due to the COVID-19 pandemic and production shutdowns it caused. Its November and May release dates were given to Top Gun: Maverick, another film starring Cruise.
Sequel
A direct sequel has been filmed and is scheduled to be released on June 28, 2024, after being delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was announced that both films will be a send-off to Ethan Hunt.
References
External links
2023 action films
2020s spy films
American sequel films
American spy action films
Bad Robot Productions films
Films based on television series
Films directed by Christopher McQuarrie
Films produced by J. J. Abrams
Films produced by Tom Cruise
Films scored by Lorne Balfe
Films shot in Abu Dhabi
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Rome
Films shot in Venice
Films shot in Norway
Films shot in Surrey
Films shot at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden
Films with screenplays by Christopher McQuarrie
Mission: Impossible (film series)
Skydance Media films
Paramount Pictures films
Upcoming sequel films
Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2020s English-language films
American action thriller films
2020s American films | wiki |
L'adjectif sublingual (s. l.) vient du latin (sub = sous, lingua = langue) et qualifie tout ce qui se situe au-dessous de la langue :
glande sublinguale :
canal sublingual : canal sublingual majeur ;
voie sublinguale. | wiki |
The climate of Argentina varies from region to region, as the vast size of the country and wide variation in altitude make for a wide range of climate types. Summers are the warmest and wettest season in most of Argentina except in most of Patagonia where it is the driest season. Warm in the north, cool in the center and cold in the southern parts experiencing frequent frost and snow. Because southern parts of the country are moderated by the surrounding oceans, the cold is less intense and prolonged than areas at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Spring and autumn are transition seasons that generally feature mild weather.
Many regions have different, often contrasting, microclimates. In general, northern parts of the country are characterized by hot, humid, rainy summers and mild winters with periodic droughts. Mesopotamia, in the northeast is characterized by high temperatures and abundant precipitation throughout the year with droughts being uncommon. West of this lies the Chaco region, which is the warmest region in Argentina. Precipitation in the Chaco region decreases westwards, resulting in the vegetation changing from forests in the east to shrubs in the west. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot although the rugged topography makes it climatically diverse, ranging from the cold, dry Puna to thick jungles. The center of the country, which includes the Pampas to the east and the drier Cuyo region to the west has hot summers with frequent tornadoes and thunderstorms, and cool, dry winters. Patagonia, in the southern parts of the country has a dry climate with warm summers and cold winters characterized by strong winds throughout the year and one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world. High elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions, and the mountainous zones can see heavy snowfall.
The geographic and geomorphic characteristics of Argentina tend to create extreme weather conditions, often leading to natural disasters that negatively impact the country both economically and socially. The Pampas, where many of the large cities are located, has a flat topography and poor water drainage, making it vulnerable to flooding. Severe storms can lead to tornadoes, damaging hail, storm surges, and high winds, causing extensive damage to houses and infrastructure, displacing thousands of people and causing significant loss of life. Extreme temperature events such as heat waves and cold waves impact rural and urban areas by negatively impacting agriculture, one of the main economic activities of the country, and by increasing energy demand, which can lead to energy shortages.
Argentina is vulnerable and will likely be significantly impacted by climate change. Temperatures have increased in the last century while the observed changes in precipitation are variable, with some areas receiving more and other areas less. These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers. Based on the projections for both precipitation and temperatures, these climatic events are likely to increase in severity and create new problems associated with climate change in the country.
Seasons
In Argentina, the climate is divided into four, well defined seasons, those being winter, spring, summer and autumn.
Winter
In winter (June–August), the northern parts of Argentina are generally warm, the central parts mild, and the southern parts cold with frequent frost and snow. The climate of the southern parts of the country is moderated by the surrounding oceans, resulting in cold weather that is less intense and prolonged than at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The northern parts of the country have the warmest temperatures, with an average of ; the central parts are cooler, with an average of . In the extreme south, mean temperatures are below . At higher altitudes in the Andes, average winter temperatures are below . June and July temperatures are normally similar to each other; however, in August temperatures see a rise of about .
Precipitation varies a lot during the winter months. The highest are in the extreme northern part of the Littoral region and northwestern parts of Patagonia, where mean winter precipitation exceeds . Most of the humid Pampas, averages between while in the north, in areas bordering the Andes, it averages less than .
Spring
Spring (September–November) is similar to autumn, with mild days and cool nights. During mid-October a large variety of wild and urban flora are in bloom. Temperatures range from in the north to in the center, and in most of Patagonia. Tierra del Fuego Province and the higher altitudes of the Andes have the coolest springs, with mean temperatures below . Temperatures grow warmer as spring progresses.
During spring, precipitation in the country varies, with the greatest amounts being in northern Buenos Aires Province and the Littoral region, where the average precipitation exceeds . Arid regions (Arid Diagonal) have the lowest spring precipitation, with an average precipitation of less than .
Summer
In summer (December–February), temperatures range from an average of in the north to a mean of in the center of the country except for the southeastern parts of Buenos Aires Province, where temperatures are cooler in summer due to the maritime influence. In the extreme south of the country, the temperature averages ; at very high altitudes, the average is below .
During summer, mean precipitation varies throughout the country: the eastern parts of Salta Province, Jujuy Province, northern Tucumán Province and all of Misiones Province are the wettest, receiving more than of precipitation during the season. Most of the Littoral region and Buenos Aires Province, average between . On the other hand, the Patagonia region is dry, with precipitation averaging less than – and occasionally below – much lower than other regions; Patagonia receives a monthly precipitation of . In the central and northern parts of the country, January is usually the wettest month, with an average monthly precipitation of in most places, even exceeding in some places.
Autumn
Autumn (March–May) is generally mild. Some southern natives forests and vineyards display red and orange autumn foliage, especially in mid-April. Frost arrives notably earlier in the south and later in the north. Mean temperatures can exceed in the northern parts of the country, while they can touch in most of the central parts of the country, and less than at the higher altitudes. As autumn progresses, mean temperatures fall in all regions, with March warmer than May. In the north, mean temperatures range from in March to in May. In the central parts of the country, mean temperatures in March are between , dropping to in May. The mean temperature in Tierra del Fuego Province in the extreme south is , and occasionally lower.
Precipitation is highest in northeast Argentina and lowest in the Patagonia and Cuyo regions. In northeast Argentina, mean precipitation can exceed while in most of Buenos Aires Province and northwest Argentina, mean autumn precipitation ranges between . In most of the western parts of northwest Argentina, Patagonia (except for western Patagonia where precipitation is higher, averaging ) and Cuyo regions, precipitation can average less than . In the northwest, precipitation decreases as autumn progresses, ushering in the dry season. For example, in Tucuman Province, March averages more than of precipitation while May averages less than . In contrast, precipitation increases in Patagonia, particularly in the western parts where May precipitation can exceed .
Factors that influence the climate
Different meteorological factors affect the Argentine climate. Some of these factors are local while others come from other countries.
Geographic factors
The most important geographical factors that influence the climate of Argentina are latitude, elevation, and distance from the sea. With Argentina extending from 22oS to 55oS, there are differences in the amount of incoming solar radiation and the amount of daylight received in each season, which affects temperature. Thus, temperatures decrease from north to south due to the differences in latitudes.
Although the centre and the eastern parts of the country are mostly flat, the west is mountainous. Both the Andes and Sierras Pampeanas affect the climate of Argentina, leading to differences in temperature, pressure, and spatial distribution of precipitation depending on the topography and altitude. Here, the Andes exert an important influence on the climate. Owing to the higher altitudes of the Andes north of 40oS, they completely block the normal westerly flow, preventing low pressure systems containing moisture from the Pacific Ocean from coming in. Thus, much of Argentina north of 40oS is dominated by wind circulation patterns from the South Atlantic High. South of 40oS, the Andes are lower in altitude, allowing much of Patagonia to be dominated by westerly winds and air masses from the Pacific Ocean. However, the north–south orientation of the Andes creates a barrier for humid air masses originating from the Pacific Ocean. This is because they force these air masses upwards, cooling adiabatically. Most of the moisture is dropped on the Chilean side, causing abundant precipitation and cloudiness while on the Argentine side, the air warms adiabatically, causing it to become drier as it descends. Thus, an extensive rain–shadow is present in much of Patagonia, causing it to receive very little precipitation. The Sierras Pampeanas influences the climate on a much smaller scale than the Andes.
Distance from the sea is another important geographic factor. Owing to the shape of the country, the close proximity to the ocean means that most of the country, excluding the north is moderated by the surrounding oceans, leading to lower thermal amplitudes than comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The two main currents that impact the climate of Argentina are the Brazil Current from the north and the Malvinas Current from the south (a branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current). The Brazil Current transports warm subtropical waters southwards while the Malvinas Current transports cold, subantarctic waters northwards. The Malvinas Current cools the coastal areas, particularly during winter when the current is stronger. Thus, coastal areas of the Pampas have cooler summers and a longer frost period owing to the cold Malvinas Current. As well, it is the main factor in making Tierra del Fuego colder than at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere in Europe since it is influenced by the cold Malvinas Current rather than the warm North Atlantic Current.
Atmospheric Circulation
The South Atlantic High and the South Pacific High both influence the pattern of winds and precipitations in Argentina. Owing to the greater height of the Andes at latitudes north of 40oS, much of Argentina is dominated by wind circulation patterns from the South Atlantic High. The South Atlantic High transports moisture from the Atlantic Ocean to Argentina. This occurs throughout the year due to the atmospheric pressure being lower on land than in the ocean. Much of the north and central parts of the country are affected by the South Atlantic High, with a strong influence in the eastern parts than in the west. This is due to the eastern parts being more frequently affected by the South Atlantic High, causing precipitation to decrease westwards.
Throughout the year, the South Pacific High influences the climate by bringing cold, moist air masses originating from Patagonia. During the most intense cold waves, they form when a transient high pressure system located in the South Pacific Ocean moves eastwards to the southern tip of South America. As it begins to move, this high pressure system strengthens the South Pacific High and is forced to move southwards to south of 40oS where the Andes are shorter in height. As well, an upper-level ridge forms over the South Pacific Ocean along with an upper-level trough extending from subtropical latitudes to the South Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, a low pressure system forms over the South Atlantic Ocean which eventually strengthens. The formation a cold front associated with it moves to the northeast owing to the topographic barrier that the Andes forms. The passage of the cold front to the northeast leads to the movement of the high pressure system from the South Pacific Ocean into the southern tip of South America. All of these conditions lead to strong anticyclogenesis to the east of the Andes and thus, the high pressure system intensifies as it enters southern Argentina. When both the high pressure system (over southern Argentina) and low pressure system strengthen, it creates a very strong pressure gradient that draws cold air from the south, strengthening southerly winds. Owing to the topographic barrier of the Andes, it forces and channels the cold air to accumulate on the eastern side of the Andes. This generates an ageostrophic component from the south (due to a reduction in the Coriolis force caused by accumulation of cold air on the eastern side of the Andes) that draw this cold air northwards, which is driven by this pressure gradient. Cold air can move northwards until 18oS when the blocking effect of the Andes is smaller due to a change in its orientation. Overall, these conditions results in the coldest temperatures due to the cold masses from high latitudes being pulled northwards. A weaker cold wave occurs when the South Pacific High remains over the ocean and does not have a migratory high pressure system originating from the South Pacific High that moves east of the Andes (it builds over the Andes). Although this occurs throughout the year, during winters, it leads to cold temperatures while during summer, it leads to strong and deep convections. These convections are responsible for about 50% of summer precipitation south of 25oS.
The Chaco Low is a semi–permanent low pressure system situated east of the Andes that is approximately located between 20oS and 30oS during summer (displaced to the north in winter). It is stronger in the summer than in winter due to a combination of high insolation, dry surface conditions, and southward displacement of the South Atlantic and South Pacific High (this makes it difficult for cold fronts to enter at lower latitudes). The Chaco Low interacts with the South Atlantic High, generating a pressure gradient that draws moist air from the northeast to coastal and central regions of Argentina. It also forces easterly winds from the Amazon basin to move southward, which is reinforced by the funneling effect from both the Andes and the Brazilian Plateau. The Chaco Low brings large amounts of moisture that favour the development of convective thunderstorms during summer, reaching as far south as 35oS. This movement of air from the north owing to the interaction between the Chaco Low and the South Atlantic high is the strongest in summer when the Chaco Low is at its strongest. These winds bring hot, humid tropical air from the north. Sustained and intense winds from the north are responsible for severe weather events such as heat waves and severe convection. During winter, the Chaco Low weakens as a result of lower insolation. This is partly responsible for the decrease in winter precipitation over much of Argentina (in addition to northward displacement of westerlies) due to a weaker transport of air masses from the tropics. This excludes areas south of 40oS where it is dominated by westerlies.
El Niño and La Niña
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation leads to changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns (also known as teleconnections). Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, the impacts of the changes in atmospheric circulation patterns caused by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation are more clearly observed in the more humid eastern parts of the country (between Uruguay and southern Brazil). During El Niño events, precipitation is more higher than normal while during La Niña events, precipitation is lower than normal in the Pampas. In general, El Niño tends to increase precipitation during late spring and summer, particularly in the north. The impacts of La Niña in the eastern parts of the country (northeast and the Pampas) are observed in winter where precipitation is lower. In Northwest Argentina, El Niño events are associated with a strong reduction in rainfall during summer. In contrast, La Niña events increase precipitation in northwest Argentina. In the central–western parts of Patagonia, spring precipitation tends to be lower during La Niña events and higher during El Niño events. Summer precipitation exhibits an opposite pattern where La Niña years involve wetter summers while El Niño years featuring drier summers. On the Andes in central western Argentina, precipitation is higher during El Niño year.
In general, La Niña events are associated with lower temperatures (particularly colder winters) in the Pampas. During winter, frosts are more common during La Niña events compared to El Niño events. This is due to a stronger southerly flow during La Niña events caused by a higher concentration of high pressure systems in the South Pacific and an increase in cyclonic activity (more low pressure systems) in the South Atlantic. This creates conditions that are favourable for bringing cold air from the south, particularly when there is a formation of a high pressure system over Patagonia (associated with the passage of a front) that is responsible for bringing cold air from the south. Thus, invasions of cold air from the south are more common during La Niña events. In contrast, warm spells in the Pampas and northern parts of the country are more intense and frequent during El Niño events. This is due to stronger westerly winds south of 40oS, leading to less frequent incursions of cold air from the south while enhancing winds from the north that bring in warm air. Although La Niña events lead to colder winters with more frequent incursions of cold air in both the north and central parts of the country, it leads to more frequent and intense warm spells in the last months of the year. In other regions, El Niño events lead to more frequent and intense warm spells in Northwest Argentina (during autumn), northeast Argentina (during spring) and central Argentina (during summer). Cold air anomalies arising from El Niño events are observed during spring and are the result of an increase in rainfall that lead to reductions in insolation. For the southern parts of the country, El Niño events are associated with more intense and frequent cold spells during the coldest months. In summer, El Niño events are associated with warmer summer temperatures in the southern parts of the country.
Antarctic Oscillation
The Antarctic Oscillation, also known as the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode is the main factor in tropospheric circulation variability south of 20oS and is characterized by pressure anomalies with one situated in the Antarctic and one situated in a band at around 40–50oS around the globe. It mainly affects middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. It is characterized by the north–south displacement of the westerly wind belt that circle around Antarctica. Such variation in the position of the westerly wind belt affects the intensity and position of cold fronts and mid latitude storm systems and is partly responsible for variation in precipitation in the southern parts of Argentina. The Antarctic Oscillation is characterized by two phases: a positive and a negative phase. A positive phase is when the westerly wind belt is displaced to the south. The positive phase occurs when there is increased surface pressure over the southern parts of the South American continent and decreased pressure in Antarctica. This results in stronger westerly winds in the southern parts of the country while preventing cold fronts from penetrating inland, producing more stable conditions. Furthermore, the positive phase leads to warmer conditions south of 40oS, particularly during the summer in areas between 40 and 60oS. Precipitation is lower due to less frontal and orographic precipitation resulting from reduced westerly wind flow between 40 and 60OS. Opposite conditions occur in the negative phase when the westerly wind belt is shifted equatorward. Cold fronts moving northwards from the south penetrate more frequently, leading to more precipitation and cooler temperatures during the negative phase. The major effect of negative phase of the Antarctic Oscillation occurs in spring when it increases precipitation over southeastern South America.
Indian Ocean Dipole
The Indian Ocean Dipole is an atmospheric–oceanic phenomenon characterized by differences in sea surface temperatures between the eastern and western sections of the tropical Indian Ocean. Similar to the Antarctic Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole is characterized by two phases: a positive and a negative phase. In the positive phase, the eastern section of the tropical Indian Ocean is cooler (lower sea surface temperature) and the western section is warmer than normal (higher sea surface temperature). On the other hand, the negative phase is characterized by warmer sea surface temperatures on the eastern section and cooler sea surface temperatures on the western section of the tropical Indian Ocean. Studies have shown that the Indian Ocean Dipole is partly responsible for variations in precipitation in Argentina and South America in general. During a positive phase, precipitation is higher in the Río de la Plata Basin due to teleconnections.
Regional climate
In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold, all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features. The arid and cold climates predominate in the west and south while the warm and moderate climates predominate in the center and north. The Arid Diagonal traverses the country from the northwest to the southeast. The vast size, and wide range of altitudes, contribute to Argentina's diverse climate. Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south. Lying between those is the Pampas region, which features a mild and humid climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Argentina has 11 different climate types: Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), moderate oceanic (Cfb), warm semi-arid (BSh), subtropical highland oceanic (Cwb), warm desert (BWh), cold semi–arid (BSk), cold desert (BWk), moderate Mediterranean (Csb), cold oceanic (Cfc), and tundra (ET). Consequently, there is a wide variety of biomes in the country, including subtropical rain forests, semi-arid and arid regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in the south. However, despite the diversity of biomes, about two-thirds of Argentina is arid or semi-arid. Argentina is best divided into six distinct regions reflecting the climatic conditions of the country as a whole. From north to south, these regions are Northwest, Chaco, Northeast, Cuyo/Monte, Pampas, and Patagonia. Each climatic region has distinctive types of vegetation.
Temperatures are the highest in the northern parts, averaging around during summer. Precipitation ranges from in driest and western parts of the Chaco to around in the extreme east. The center and east of Argentina have a temperate climate with annual precipitation between and mean annual temperatures between . The climate in the center of the country becomes more arid towards the west. In the south (Patagonia), most precipitation falls in the Bosque Andino Patagónico located in the Andes while the in the east on the Patagonian Steppe, the climate is arid with mean annual precipitation around . Temperatures in Patagonia exceed during winter months and owing to the maritime influences of the surrounding Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the thermal amplitude is smaller than at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.
Mesopotamia
The region of Mesopotamia includes the provinces of Misiones, Entre Ríos and Corrientes. It has a subtropical climate with no dry season. Under the Köppen climate classification, it has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The main features of the climate are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year; this abundant rainfall makes water scarcity and extended periods of drought uncommon; most of the region has a positive water balance.
Average annual precipitation ranges from less than in the southern parts of the Province to approximately in the eastern parts. Precipitation is slightly higher in the summer than in the winter and generally decreases from east to west and from north to south. Summer precipitation levels range from a low of to a high of . In this season, most rain falls during convective thunderstorms. Autumn is one of the rainiest seasons, with many places receiving over . As in summer, precipitation falls mainly during convective thunderstorms. Winter is the driest season, with precipitation ranging from less than in the west to over in the east. Most of the precipitation during winter comes from frontal systems, particularly the sudestada (Spanish for strong southeasterly winds), bringing long periods of rain, cloudiness, cooler temperatures, and strong winds. Spring is similar to autumn, with a mean precipitation of .
Summers are very hot while winters are mild to warm. The northern parts of the region are warmer than the southern parts. During heat waves, temperatures can exceed in the summer months, while in the winter months, cold air masses from the south can push temperatures below freezing, resulting in frost. However, such cold fronts are brief and are less intense than areas further south or at higher altitudes. Snowfall is extremely rare and mainly confined to the uplands of Misiones Province, where the last significant snowfall occurred in 1975 in Bernardo de Irigoyen.
Chaco
The Chaco region in the center-north completely includes the provinces of Chaco, and Formosa. Eastern parts of Jujuy Province, Salta Province, and Tucumán Province, and northern parts of Córdoba Province and Santa Fe Province are part of the region. As well, most of Santiago del Estero Province lies within the region. This region, located in the center-north has a subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and mild, dry winters. Under the Köppen climate classification, the west has a semi-arid climate (Bs) while the east has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Chaco is one of the few natural regions in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert. Precipitation and temperature are relatively homogeneous throughout the region.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from in the eastern parts of Formosa Province to a low of in the west and southwest. Summer witnesses the maximum precipitation. Summer rains are intense, and torrential rain is common, occasionally causing floods and soil erosion. During the winter months, precipitation is sparse. Eastern areas receive more precipitation than western areas since they are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean, which penetrates the eastern areas more than the west, bringing in more precipitation. As a result, the vegetation differs: eastern areas are covered by forests, savannas, marshes and subtropical wet forest, and western areas are dominated by medium and low forests of mesophytic and xerophytic trees and a dense understory of shrubs and grasses. In all parts of the region, precipitation is highly variable from year to year.
The Chaco region is the hottest in Argentina, with a mean annual temperature of . With mean summer temperatures occasionally reaching , the region has the hottest summers in the country. Winters are mild and brief, with mean temperatures in July ranging from in the northern parts to in the southernmost parts. Temperatures can reach as high has in summer, and during cold waves can fall to .
Northwest
Northwest Argentina consists of the provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, and western parts of Salta Province, and Tucumán Province. Although Santiago del Estero Province is part of northwest Argentina, much of the province lies in the Chaco region. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry, hot, and subtropical. Owing to its rugged and varied topography, the region is climatically diverse, depending on the altitude, temperature and distribution of precipitation. Consequently, the vegetation will also differ. Under the Köppen climate classification, the region has five different climate types: semi–arid (BS), arid (BW), temperate without a dry season and temperate with a dry season (Cf and CW respectively), and, at the highest altitudes, an alpine.
Precipitation is highly seasonal and mostly concentrated in the summer months. It is distributed irregularly due to the country's topography although it generally decreases from east to west. The eastern slopes of the mountains receives between of precipitation a year, though some places receive up to annually owing to orographic precipitation. The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges. The temperate valleys, the location of major cities such as Salta and Jujuy, have an average precipitation ranging between , with rainfall mainly concentrated in the summer months, often falling in short but heavy bursts. Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than those in the north due to the greater height of the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas on the eastern slopes than the northern mountains, presenting a significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. These valleys receive less than of precipitation per year and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate. The area further west in the Puna region, with an average altitude of , is mostly a desert due to the blocking of the easterly winds by the Andes and the northwest extension of the Sierras Pampeanas. Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than a year while high isolation, strong winds, and low humidity exacerbate the dry conditions.
Temperatures in northwest Argentina vary by altitude. The temperate valleys have a temperate climate, with mild summers and dry and cool winters with regular frosts.In the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley, mean annual temperatures range from , depending on altitude. In the Calchaquí Valleys in Salta Province, the climate is temperate and arid with large thermal amplitudes, long summers, and a long frost-free period. In the valleys in the south in La Rioja Province, Catamarca Province and the southwest parts of Santiago del Estero Province, which is part of the arid Chaco ecoregion, temperatures during the summer are very high, averaging in January while winters are mild, averaging . Cold fronts from the south bringing cold Antarctic air can cause severe frosts in the valleys of La Rioja Province and Catamarca Province. In contrast, the Zonda wind, which occurs more often during the winter months, can raise temperatures up to with strong gusts, sometimes causing crop damage. Temperatures in the Puna region are much colder, with a mean annual temperature of less than owing to the high altitude. The Puna region is characterized by being cold with a large diurnal range but sunny throughout the year.
Cuyo
The Cuyo region includes the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, and San Luis. Western parts of La Pampa Province (as shown in map) also belong in this region, having similar climatic and soil characteristics to it. It has an arid or a semi-arid climate. The region's wide range in latitude, combined with altitudes ranging from to nearly , means that it has a variety of different climate types. In general, most of the region has a temperate climate, with valleys at higher altitudes having a milder climate. At the highest altitudes (over ), icy conditions persist year round.
Average annual precipitation ranges from , though it is generally unpredictable. More than 85% of annual rainfall occurs from October to March, which constitutes the warm season. In contrast, the winter months are dry. Eastern and southeastern areas of the region receive more precipitation than the western areas since they receive more summer rainfall. Precipitation is highly variable from year to year and appears to follow a cycle between dry and wet years in periods of about 2, 4–5, 6–8, and 16–22 years. In wet years, easterly winds caused by the subtropical South Atlantic High are stronger, causing moisture to flow towards this region; during dry years, these winds are weaker.
Summers in the region are hot and generally sunny; winters are dry and cold. Since this region has a wide range of altitudes, ranging from to nearly , temperatures can vary widely. The Sierras Pampeanas, which cross into both San Juan Province and San Luis Province, have a milder climate with mean annual temperatures ranging from . Throughout the region, the diurnal range is great, with very high temperatures during the day followed by cold nights. In all locations, at altitudes over , permafrost is present; icy conditions persist year round at altitudes over .
The Zonda, a Foehn wind characterized by warm, dry air, can cause temperatures to exceed and occasionally , as occurred in 2003. However, cold waves are also common, caused by the channeling by the Andes of cold air from the south, making for frequent cold fronts during the winter months and bringing temperatures that can fall below freezing, and occasionally below at higher altitudes.
Pampas
The Pampas includes all of Buenos Aires Province, eastern and southern Córdoba Province, eastern La Pampa Province, and southern Santa Fe Province. It is subdivided into two parts: the humid Pampas to the east, and the dry/semi–arid Pampas to the west.
The Pampas has land that is appropriate for agriculture and raising livestock. It is a mostly flat area, interrupted only by the Tandil and Ventana sierras in its southern portion. The climate of the Pampas is characterized as temperate and humid with no dry season, featuring hot summers and mild winters (Cfa/Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification). The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region. Annual temperatures range from in the north to in the south. Precipitation increases toward the east and ranges from under in the south and west to in the northeast. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year in the easternmost parts of the Pampas; in the western parts, most of the precipitation is concentrated during the summer months, and winters are drier. The Pampas are influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which is responsible for variation in annual precipitation. An El Niño year leads to higher precipitation while a La Niña year leads to lower precipitation.
Summers in the Pampas are hot and humid with coastal areas being modified by the cold Malvinas Current. Afternoon thunderstorms, which can bring intense amounts of precipitation, are common, as are heat waves that can bring temperatures in the range for a few days. These thunderstorms are known to have the most frequent lightning and highest convective cloud tops in the world. The severe thunderstorms produce intense hailstorms, floods, including flash floods, as well as the most consistently active tornado region outside the central and southeastern US. These are usually followed a day or two of strong Pampero winds from the south, which bring cool, dry air. Precipitation in the summer is high, with monthly amounts averaging between and in most places.
Autumn arrives in March and brings periods of very rainy weather followed by dry, mild stretches and cool nights. Some places in the east receive rainfall throughout autumn whereas in the west, after the rains, the weather quickly becomes very dry. Generally, frost arrives in early April in the southernmost areas, in late May in the north, and ends by mid-September, although the dates of the first and last frosts can vary from year to year. Frost is rarely intense or prolonged and may not occur each year.
Winters are mild with frequent frosts and cold spells. Temperatures are usually mild during the day and cold during the night. Most precipitation results from frontal systems associated with cyclogenesis and sudestada, which bring long periods of precipitation, cloudiness and cooler temperatures, particularly in the southern and eastern parts. Dull, gray and damp weather characterize winters in the Pampas. Occasionally, tropical air masses from the north may move southward, providing relief from the cool, damp temperatures. Snowfall is extremely rare. When it does snow, it usually lasts for only a day or two.
Patagonia
Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego are the provinces that make up Patagonia. The Patagonian climate is classified as arid to semi-arid and temperate to cool temperate. One defining characteristic are the strong winds from the west which blow year round (stronger in summer than in winter), which favors evaporation and is a factor in making the region mostly arid. There are three major factors that influence the climate of the region: the Andes, the South Pacific High and South Atlantic High, and an isolation that is more pronounced in eastern than western areas.
The north–south orientation of the Andes creates a barrier for humid air masses coming from the Pacific Ocean, forming an extensive rain shadow and causing most of the region to be arid. South of 52°S, the Andes are lower in elevation, reducing the rain shadow effect in Tierra del Fuego Province and allowing forests to thrive on the Atlantic coast. Patagonia is located between the subtropical high pressure belt and the subpolar low pressure zone, meaning it is exposed to westerly winds that are strong, since south of 40°S there is little land to block these winds. Because Patagonia is located between the semi-permanent anticyclones of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean at around 30°S, and the Subpolar Low at around 60°S, the movement of the high and low pressure systems along with ocean currents determine the precipitation pattern.
The influence of the Pacific Ocean, general circulation patterns, and the topographic barrier caused by the Andes results in one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world. Precipitation steeply decreases from west to east, ranging from in the west on the Andean foothills at 41°S to in the central plateaus. The high precipitation in the Andes in this region allows forests to thrive as well as glaciers and permanent snowfields. Most of the region receives less than of precipitation per year. The aridity of the region is due to the combination of low precipitation, strong winds, and high temperatures in the summer months, all of which cause high evaporation rates. In most of Patagonia, precipitation is concentrated in the winter months, except for the northeastern and southern parts, where precipitation is more evenly distributed. Thunderstorms are infrequent, occurring only during summer. Snowfall occurs mainly in the west and south, which can result in strong snowstorms.
Patagonia's temperatures are relatively cold for its latitude due to the cold Malvinas Current (also called the Falkland(s) Current) and the high altitude. A characteristic of the temperature pattern is the NW–SE distribution of isotherms due to the presence of the Andes. The warmest parts of the region are in northern parts of Rio Negro Province and Neuquén Province, where mean annual temperatures range from , while the coldest are in western Santa Cruz Province and Tierra del Fuego Province, where mean temperatures range from . At higher altitudes in the Andes stretching from Neuquén Province to Tierra del Fuego Province, mean annual temperatures are below . Strong westerly winds can decrease the perception of temperature (wind chill), particularly in summer. The annual range of temperatures in Patagonia is lower than at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere owing to the narrowness of the region at higher latitudes and the stronger maritime influence.
Statistics
The average annual precipitation ranges from less than in the Atacama Desert near the border with Chile to over in the northeast and along the eastern slopes of the Andes in the northern parts of the country. The Andean foothills of Patagonia in the western parts of the region can receive up to per year. Mean annual temperatures range from in the far south to in the north. Shown below are the mean monthly temperature and precipitation for selected places in Argentina along with the overall averages for the country (based on a 0.5o latitude/longitude grid). Year-round averages and totals are displayed along with conversions to imperial units.
Temperature
Precipitation
Overall averages
Extremes
High
In general, the highest temperatures in Argentina are recorded in the northern Chaco region where temperatures of have been recorded. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the highest temperature ever recorded in Argentina and South America was in Rivadavia, Salta Province on 11 December 1905. Since 1961 when nationwide temperature monitoring began, the warmest year on record is 2017 when mean temperatures nationally were above the mean national temperatures based on the 1981–2010 reference period.
Low
Patagonia and the Puna region register the lowest temperatures in Argentina where temperatures lower than have been recorded. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Argentina and South America was in Sarmiento, Chubut Province on 1 June 1907. This was recorded under standard conditions. On a national scale, the coldest year on record is 1975 when mean temperatures nationally were below the mean national temperatures based on the 1981–2010 reference period.
Precipitation
With an average annual precipitation of , Lago Frías in Río Negro Province is considered to be the wettest place in Argentina. Although an average annual precipitation of has been recorded in Lago Tromen in Neuquén Province, the validity of the data is dubious owing to fewer years of data. Lago Frías also has the record for wettest monthly precipitation in Argentina: of precipitation was recorded in May 1951. In contrast, the driest place is La Casualidad, Salta Province, which has received as low as only a of precipitation in a year. The highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 2 April 2013, when of rain fell in La Plata at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, causing massive flooding and power outages.
On a national scale, the wettest year on record is 1985 when annual precipitation in the country was 29.6% higher than the mean annual precipitation (based on a reference period of 1981–2010). The driest year on record in the country is 1988 when annual precipitation was 29.9% lower than the mean annual precipitation (based on a reference period of 1981–2010).
Other severe weather
The longest duration for a single lightning flash globally was recorded in Argentina on 18 June 2020 along the Argentina–Uruguay border, when it lasted for 17.1 seconds.
Natural disasters
Floods
Argentina's geomorphic characteristics make the country highly vulnerable to floods. These floods can damage infrastructure, cause loss of life, increase the risk of diseases, and negatively impact agricultural productivity, which is one of the main economic activities of the country. Many of the large Argentinean cities and agriculturally productive areas lie near rivers. The plains are at highest risk for flooding, particularly in the northeastern and central parts of the country, including Greater Buenos Aires. This is because these plains, which cover 35% of the land area in the country (including the Chaco and Pampean areas), are characterized by a flat landscape, which can impede proper water drainage. Both the Parana and Paraguay basins have a flat landscape and are thus highly susceptible to flooding due to river overflows following high rainfall. These floods can last for months, particularly in the Parana River, owing to its large basin. In the most extreme case, during the year 1982–1983, the floods in the Parana River persisted for more than a year, negatively impacting the area both socially and economically. Major flooding events in the Parana River include those of 1992 and 1997 and have been more frequent since the 1980s due to higher precipitation trends. Similarly, in Buenos Aires Province, flooding occurs due to river overflows and poor water drainage; major flooding events in the province occurred in 1987, 2002/2003, 2012 and in 2014, causing damage to agriculture production. Most of the flooding events occur in El Niño years owing to higher rainfall. Flooding can also affect Patagonia and urban centers in the northwest, but the number of people affected and economic losses are lower than those in the Pampas owing to lower population densities. Flooding can jeopardize access to safe water. A leptospirosis outbreak occurred following a flood in 1998.
Droughts and dust storms
Droughts are the most harmful natural disasters that are difficult to monitor, identify, analyse, and to manage. Events of droughts have considerable and serious negative impacts socially and economically. In the case of Argentina, it is highly dependent on rainfall in order to sustain production related to cereals and oilseeds. Argentina is highly dependent on water supplies originating outside its borders, making it highly vulnerable to changes in water supply due to climate change. In arid parts of the country, agricultural production is highly dependent on irrigation, making it vulnerable to droughts as they can reduce the availability of water which can negatively affect the commercial production of agricultural products or food security for smaller producers that depend on agriculture to feed their families. Droughts are frequent and devastating. Several years of droughts during the last decade have severely affected agricultural production and reduced economic growth. In 2018, a severe drought affected the country from the final months of 2017 to April 2018 was the worst in the last 50 years and one of the 10 most destructive climate related events in the world in 2018. Rainfall in some parts of the country were 50% below normal from December to February. As a result of this, yields of soybeans and maize were reduced by 31% and 20% respectively, both of which make up 37% of all of Argentina's exports. The drought lead to $6 billion in losses and caused the country to enter into a recession. It was labelled by some to be the most expensive disaster on record. Before the drought in 2018, a drought in 2009 was previously the worst drought in more than 50 years. Many cattle died of hunger, and huge swaths of soy, corn and wheat fields were affected. It was estimated that the country lost more than US$5 billion from the drought. A drought in 2011 affected farming of soy and corn, causing losses of US$2.5 billion.
Drier parts of the country are highly prone to dust storms. These include areas west of Buenos Aires, which can average more than eight dust storms per year, and parts of Patagonia, owing to its aridity and windy climate. Certain areas in the Altiplano are also highly prone to dust storms owing to extensive areas of closed depressions and the presence of salt flats that erode the rock, which becomes a source of fine material that can travel large distances during periods of strong wind. Dust storms are more frequent during droughts, particularly in agricultural areas. Dust storms can effect large areas, leading to numerous impacts. These dust storms can lead to loss of crop and livestock, affecting the local economy. Productive topsoil may be lost during dust storms, leading to loss in soil productivity, which can increase soil erosion and negatively affect crop productivity in the long term. In addition to the impact on agriculture, dust storms can damage cars and buildings, lower visibility on roads, affect air quality, and affect water quality in rivers and lakes.
Tornadoes and severe weather
Argentina experiences frequent tornadoes each year. Tornadoes occur in the South American "tornado alley" (Spanish: Pasillo de los Tornados), which includes the provinces of Entre Ríos, Córdoba Province, Santa Fe, La Pampa and Greater Buenos Aires. The frequency of tornadoes is similar to the one found in Tornado Alley in North America. However, there is no exact number of tornado occurrences per year, owing to the lack of data. These regions have the most frequent and intense mesoscale convective systems. Tornadoes occur between November and April. In this region, which occupies most of the Pampas, cold air from Patagonia meets warm, humid air from Brazil with dry air coming from the Andes. When these air masses collide, they can produce intense storms, frequently becoming supercells that can produce tornadoes. With a larger number of convective storms, there is a higher chance that some of these storms will produce tornadoes. Most tornadoes are relatively weak and rarely cause deaths. The strongest tornado recorded in Argentina occurred in 1973 when a tornado struck San Justo, Santa Fe. The tornado was an F5 on the Fujita scale, with winds > , making it the worst tornado in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Severe storms impact large cities more often and can damage cars, houses and disrupt public services such as transportation and collection and disposal of urban solid waste. The foothills of the Andes and the Sierras de Cordoba are vulnerable to hail. This is because the Andes force humid air from the Atlantic upwards, intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms, making hail more likely. Mendoza, a city located in the Andean foothills, experiences frequent hailstorms that can impact the agriculture of the region. Hailstorms have caused serious losses in both urban and rural areas. It is estimated that wine and fruit production experience yearly losses of US$50 million and US$30 million, respectively, due to hail. Most of these hailstorms occur in the summer although they can occur in winter, particularly in the east where warm and humid air from the north frequently collides with cold air from the south, leading to convective thunderstorms that can produce hail.
Storm surges caused by extratropical cyclones have been recorded along the coastal areas. These storm surges are formed from strong winds that blow towards the land. They are formed due to the interaction between the semi-permanent South Pacific High and a low pressure system over the Atlantic, southeast of Argentina, creating strong winds from the south or southwest. The sudestada, which brings the worst storm surges, occurs when there is a high pressure system over southern Argentina in the Atlantic Ocean that interacts with a low pressure over Uruguay and southern Brazil, causing strong winds from the southeast. Storm surges have caused flooding of coastal areas, leading to extensive property loss and other damage. It is also the main natural factor in the erosion of coastlines. The flooding as a result of storm surges are particularly destructive in flat coastal areas such as the Rio de La Plata shores, and the Salado Basin.
Snowstorms and cold waves
Argentina regularly receives cold air from the south that can reach low latitudes owing to the influence of the Andes. Cold waves are usually accompanied with severe snowstorms or extremely cold conditions that can have a devastating impact on the country's economy. These snowstorms and/or extremely cold conditions can partially or completely paralyze activities in large areas of Patagonia and the center of the country. In addition, cold conditions can lead to energy shortages during the winter months due to increased demand. The low temperatures brought by these cold waves can cause frosts that can damage plants, severely affecting agricultural production and devastating the local economy.
Climate change
According to the national government and scientists, climate change is predicted to have a significant effect on the climate of Argentina. There has been an increase in annual precipitation in almost all of Argentina during the 20th century, particularly in the northeast and the center of the country, where agricultural production has expanded to the west by more than in areas that were previously too dry during middle of the 20th century. In contrast, the Andean part of Patagonia, along with the Cuyo region, has seen a decrease in precipitation, leading to a reduction in river flow in the last 100 years. These trends were observed with an increase in the river–stream flows in most of the country, excluding rivers originating from the Andes, and an increase in extreme precipitation events that led to considerable socioeconomic losses.
Mean temperatures have increased by between 1901 and 2012, slightly lower than the global average. Temperatures in the Andean part of Patagonia have increased by more than , which has caused the retreat of almost all of the glaciers. This is affecting water availability to the arid areas of the country that depend on glacier meltwater. Higher temperatures can reduce winter snowfall, causing river flow to decrease, which in turn can reduce hydroelectric energy production; losses of up to 40% have been observed. There has been a decrease in the number of days with frost, and there have been increases in the frequency of hot nights and heat waves throughout the country.
Within the next two or three decades (2016–2035), mean temperatures are predicted to increase by under the two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. In both scenarios, the projected warming will be more pronounced during the summer months. The predicted trend for precipitation is not as clear as the one for temperature. In the northern and central regions, precipitation is predicted to increase while in most of central–western Argentina and Patagonia, precipitation is predicted to decrease.
Scientists predict that glaciers will continue to recede and melt or, in some areas, disappear. It is also predicted that the Cuyo region could face a potential water crisis due to an increase in water demand caused by a reduction in river streamflows. In the north and central parts of the country, the higher temperatures and lower precipitation projected for this region will lead to higher evaporation, intensifying droughts and leading to desertification. Heat waves could become more frequent and intense, negatively impacting agricultural production while placing more demand on energy needs. Intense precipitation could become more common, increasing the likelihood of suffering from events such as flooding, since most of its population lives in urban areas near a body of water (rivers, lakes and oceans). Though most of the coastal regions of Argentina will not suffer permanent flooding associated with sea level rise, it is predicted that storm surges will become more frequent in coastal areas, affecting locations such as Buenos Aires.
See also
Agriculture in Argentina
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)
Climate of Buenos Aires
Geography of Argentina
Geographical regions of Argentina
Environment of Argentina
Glaciers of Argentina
Notes
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
General overview
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Descriptions of the climate in most provinces of Argentina
Centro Regional del Clima para el Sur de América del Sur
Maps and imagery
Climatic Atlas from Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Climatic Atlas from Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
Mean temperatures of Argentina by month
Mean precipitation of Argentina by month
Climate statistics
WMO climate normals of various stations in Argentina from the period 1981–2010 (list of stations)
WMO climate normals of various stations in Argentina from the period 1961–1990 (list of stations)
Bioclimatic data for 173 stations in Argentina
Estadísticas meteorológicas decadiales
Daily weather data in the last 365 days for stations operated by Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Agrometeorological data for stations operated by Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
Argentina | wiki |
Happy! may refer to:
Happy!, a comic series by Grant Morrison, see Grant Morrison bibliography#Other US publishers
Happy! (TV series), a Syfy television series based on the comics by Grant Morrison
Happy! (sports manga), a Japanese sports manga
See also
Happy (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of Internet companies by revenue and market capitalization. The list is limited to dot-com companies, defined as a company that does the majority of its business on the Internet, with annual revenues exceeding US$1 billion. It excludes Internet service providers or other information technology companies. For a more general list of technology companies, see list of largest technology companies by revenue. This list is incomplete and does not include some dot-com companies acquired by incumbent brick and mortar firms to expand the distribution channels.
List
See also
List of largest technology companies by revenue
List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue
List of largest companies by revenue
List of largest United States–based employers globally
List of largest employers
Economy of the United States
References
Internet
Economy-related lists of superlatives
Internet
Companies | wiki |
SWTX (Server / Workstation Technology eXtended) is a proprietary computer case and motherboard form factor used by Supermicro primarily for 4-socket servers.
Longer but narrower than WTX, SWTX motherboards are not compatible with (E)ATX cases because of their size and mounting scheme. Likewise, ATX motherboards are not compatible with SWTX cases.
Dimensions: from to . Most SWTX boards seem to be in the middle of this range, around .
Motherboard form factors | wiki |
The following is a list of Villanova Wildcats football seasons.
Seasons
# denotes interim head coach
References
Villanova
Villanova Wildcats football seasons | wiki |
Land agent may be used in at least three different contexts.
Traditionally, a land agent was a managerial employee who conducted the business affairs of a large landed estate for a member of the landed gentry, supervising the farming of the property by farm labourers and/or tenants and collecting rents or other payments. In this context a land agent was a relatively privileged position and was a senior member of the estate's staff. The older term, which continued to be used on some estates, was steward, and in Scotland a land agent was usually referred to as a factor. Today the term estate manager or similar is more common.
Other uses
A land agent, also called a warrant agent, may also be a real estate agent or broker who specialises in land and farm sales. Land and farm sales differ drastically from sales of houses, therefore there is the need for specialisation. This usage is found in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States. In the UK a land agent may also advise on related law, tax and planning matters.
The land agent can also be an agent of the oil and mining industry who negotiates with landowners for mineral and surface rights for the potential extraction of those minerals. This usage is primarily found in the United States and in Canada.
In the Canadian jurisdiction of the Northwest Territories, a land agent is an employee of the federal department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs tasked with guiding through the application process individuals wishing to purchase or lease crown land.
References
Real estate
Real estate in the United Kingdom | wiki |
This list of cast members contains actors who portray characters appearing in The Hunger Games film series based on the book series by Suzanne Collins.
Cast
References
External links
Full cast and crew for The Hunger Games at IMDb
Full cast and crew for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire at IMDb
Full cast and crew for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1 at IMDb
Full cast and crew for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2 at IMDb
Cast
Lists of actors by film series | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.