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Bulbophyllum ariel é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Henry Nicholas Ridley em 1917.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1917
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Cosmic entity can refer to:
Cosmology
An entity that exists within the cosmos
Religion and spirituality
An aspect of God in Judaism in the theology of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (d. 1812)
In mythology, any of the major components of the created cosmos (e.g. earth, heaven, sea, night, dawn, etc.)
The deification of such concepts, i.e. any cosmological deity
Occultism and Theosophy
A transcendent concept intended to replace or supplement the traditional concept of 'God':
In the writings of Gottfried de Purucker (1935)
In the writings of the Theosophist Alice Bailey (1920s-1940s)
In the Ascended Master Teachings, a group of religions based on Theosophy, a cosmic entity is equivalent to a cosmic being
Popular culture
Cosmic entity (Marvel Comics)
Machine Elves as Described by Terence McKenna
A term used in the Cthulhu Mythos by H. P. Lovecraft | wiki |
The Confessor may refer to:
The Confessor (album), a 1985 album by Joe Walsh
"The Confessor" (song), a 1985 song by Joe Walsh
The Confessor (film), a 2004 film
The Confessor (novel), a 2003 novel by Daniel Silva
See also
Confessor (disambiguation)
List of Confessors, a list of people with the Christian title Confessor of the Faith | wiki |
St Silas Church may refer to:
St Silas' Church, Blackburn
St Silas Church, Kentish Town
St Silas Church, Sheffield
St Silas' Church, Lozells | wiki |
This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.
The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present ( BC). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.
The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.
10th millennium BC
9th millennium BC
8th millennium BC
7th millennium BC
6th millennium BC
5th millennium BC
4th millennium BC
3rd millennium BC
2nd millennium BC
1st millennium BC
1st millennium CE
1st–5th centuries
6th–10th centuries
2nd millennium CE
11th-12th century
13th-14th century
15th-16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
1800s-1820s
1830s-1840s
1850s-1860s
1870s
1880s
1890s
20th century
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
3rd millennium CE
21st century
2000s
2010s
See also
List of extinct animals
Extinction event
Quaternary extinction event
Holocene extinction
Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
Timeline of environmental history
Index of environmental articles
List of environmental issues
References
Biology timelines
Timeline of
Paleontology lists | wiki |
Ophiothrix is a large genus of brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) found in oceans worldwide from tropics to Arctic and Antarctic regions. At present a total of 93 Ophiothrix species have been recognized. It is considered as one of the most interesting genera because of the presence of its brilliant colors and associations with coral and sponges as well. This genus has been labelled particularly difficult with respect to taxonomy, due to a high degree of variability in characters that are described is a morphological aspect.
Evolution
The fossil record of brittle stars can be traced back around 500 million years to Early Ordovician period. Despite the fact there have been a considerable number of fossils reported from Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods, a startlingly little amount is known about the evolutionary history of the group. Paleozoic ophiuroids bear an uncanny resemblance to the modern relatives with respect to ambulacral plate pairs which have been fused firmly into their vertebrae and ambulacral groove which their ventral arm plates cover. They also have the presence of ventrally lateral arm plates.
Systematics and phylogeny
Ophiothrix is a large genus that is currently divided into the following three subgenera: Acanthophiothrix, Ophiothrix and Theophiothrix'. Extant species include:
References
Ophiotrichidae
Ophiuroidea genera | wiki |
Humoral factors are factors that are transported by the circulatory system, that is, in blood, and include:
Humoral immunity factors in the immune system
Hormones in the endocrine system
Circulatory system | wiki |
The Women's team foil event of the 2017 World Fencing Championships was held on 24 July 2017.
Draw
Championship bracket
5–8th place bracket
9–14th place bracket
13–14th place bracket
Final ranking
References
Bracket
2017 World Fencing Championships
World | wiki |
A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a residential, office building, or other functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined. Residential high-rise buildings are also known in some varieties of English, such as British English, as tower blocks and may be referred to as MDUs, standing for multi-dwelling units. A very tall high-rise building is referred to as a skyscraper.
High-rise buildings became possible to construct with the invention of the elevator (lift) and with less expensive, more abundant building materials. The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American-style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There is no clear difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with forty or more stories and taller than is generally considered a skyscraper.
High-rise structures pose particular design challenges for structural and geotechnical engineers, particularly if situated in a seismically active region or if the underlying soils have geotechnical risk factors such as high compressibility or bay mud. They also pose serious challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. New and old building design, building systems like the building standpipe system, HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), fire sprinkler system and other things like stairwell and elevator evacuations pose significant problems. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed. In order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with setbacks.
Apartment buildings have technical and economic advantages in areas of high population density, and have become a distinctive feature of housing accommodation in virtually all densely populated urban areas around the world. In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land and decrease the cost of municipal infrastructure.
Definition
Various bodies have defined "high-rise":
Emporis defines a high-rise as "A multi-story structure between tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors."
According to the building code of Hyderabad, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or or more in height.
The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a high-rise as "a building having many storeys".
The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings defined a high-rise as "any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation"
In the U.S., the National Fire Protection Association defines a high-rise as being higher than , or about seven stories.
Most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet tall.
History
High-rise apartment buildings had already appeared in antiquity: the insulae in Ancient Rome and several other cities in the Roman Empire, some of which might have reached up to ten or more stories, one reportedly having 200 stairs. Because of the destruction caused by poorly built high-rise insulae collapsing, several Roman emperors, beginning with Augustus (r. 30 BC – 14 AD), set limits of for multi-story buildings, but met with limited success, as these limits were often ignored despite the likelihood of taller insulae collapsing. The lower floors were typically occupied by either shops or wealthy families, while the upper stories were rented out to the lower classes. Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, such as in third century AD Hermopolis in Roman Egypt.
In Arab Egypt, the initial capital city of Fustat housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. Al-Muqaddasi, in the 10th century, described them as resembling minarets, while Nasir Khusraw, in the early 11th century, described some of them rising up to 14 stories, with roof gardens on the top story complete with ox-drawn water wheels for irrigating them. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants.
The skyline of many important medieval cities was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, which fulfilled defensive but also representative purposes. The residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In Florence, a law of 1251 decreed that all urban buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m, the regulation immediately put into effect. Even medium-sized towns such as San Gimignano are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height.
The Hakka people in southern China have adopted communal living structures designed to be easily defensible in the forms of Weilongwu (围龙屋) and Tulou (土楼), the latter are large, enclosed and fortified earth building, between three and five stories high and housing up to 80 families. The oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century.
High rises were built in the Yemeni city of Shibam in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all made out of mud bricks, but about five hundred of them are tower houses, which rise five to sixteen stories high, with each floor having one or two apartments. This technique of building was implemented to protect residents from Bedouin attacks. While Shibam has existed for around two thousand years, most of the city's houses date from the 16th century. The city has the tallest mud buildings in the world, some more than 30 meters (100 feet) high. Shibam has been called "one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction" or "Manhattan of the desert".
The engineer's definition of high-rise buildings comes from the development of fire trucks in the late 19th century. Magirus had shown the first cogwheel sliding ladder in 1864. The first turntable ladder drawn by horses was developed in 1892 which had a length of 25 meters. The extension ladder was motorized by Magirus in 1904. The definition of a maximum of 22 meters for the highest floor was common in the building regulations at the time and it is still so today in Germany. The common height for turntable ladders did later go to 32 meters (100 feet), so that 30 meter is a common limit in some building regulations today, for example in Switzerland. Any building that exceeds the height of the usual turntable ladders in a city must install additional fire safety equipment, so that these high-rise buildings have a different section in the building regulations in the world.
Currently, the tallest high-rise apartment building in the world is the Central Park Tower on Billionaires' Row in Midtown Manhattan, towering at .
Modern development
The residential tower block with its typical concrete construction are a familiar feature of Modernist architecture. Influential examples include Le Corbusier's "housing unit" his Unité d'Habitation, repeated in various European cities starting with his Cité radieuse in Marseille (1947–52), constructed of béton brut, rough-cast concrete, as steel for framework was unavailable in post-war France. Residential tower blocks became standard in housing urban populations displaced by slum clearances and "urban renewal".
High-rise projects after World War II typically rejected the classical designs of the early skyscrapers, instead embracing the uniform international style; many older skyscrapers were redesigned to suit contemporary tastes or even got demolished - such as New York's Singer Building, once the world's tallest skyscraper. However, with the movements of Postmodernism, New Urbanism, and New Classical Architecture, that established since the 1980s, a more classical approach came back to global skyscraper design, that is popular today.
Other contemporary styles and movements in highrise design include organic, sustainable, neo-futurist, structuralist, high-tech, deconstructivist, blob, digital, streamline, novelty, critical regionalist, vernacular, Neo Art Deco, and neohistorist, also known as revivalist.
Asia
Residential tower complexes are common in Asian countries such as China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, Pakistan, Iran and South Korea, as urban densities are very high. In Singapore and urban Hong Kong, land prices are so high that a large portion of the population lives in high-rise apartments. In fact, over 60% of Hong Kong residents live in apartments, many of them condominiums. Of them in 2020, 2,112,138 were identified residents of public housing, which is 28% of the total population.
Sarah Williams Goldhagen (2012) celebrated the work of innovative architecture firms such as WOHA (based in Singapore), Mass Studies (based in Seoul), Amateur Architecture Studio (based in Hangzhou, China), and the New York City-based Steven Holl in the transformation of residential towers into "vertical communities" or "vertical cities in the sky" providing aesthetic, unusually designed silhouettes on the skyline, comfortable private spaces and attractive public spaces. None of these "functional, handsome, and humane high-rise residential buildings" are affordable housing.
China
The 2012 Pritzker Prize was awarded to Chinese architect Wang Shu. Among his winning designs is the Vertical Courtyard Apartments, six 26-story towers by his architectural firm Amateur Architecture Studio built in Hangzhou. "These towers were designed to house two-story apartments, in which every inhabitant would enjoy “the illusion of living on the second floor”, accomplished by folding concrete floor planes (like “bamboo mats,” claims the firm), so that every third story opens into a private courtyard. In the larger towers, the two-story units are stacked slightly askew, adding to the visual interest of the variegated façades (Goldhagen 2012)."
Japan
Housing in Japan includes various traits coming from different eras. The word danchi now either means an employer-provided housing or has a meaning similar to "projects". For modern hi-rises, there are two borrowed words to make a distinction:
"Apaato" (アパート）is used to describe a rather small apartment, initially made to be rented;
a large, modern apartment would be a "Mansion" (マンション). The "mansion" nickname is used for both residential towers and its individual condominium apartments (for being spacy enough to compare to detached houses).
South Korea
In South Korea, the tower blocks are called Apartment Complex (). The first residential towers began to be built after the Korean War. The South Korean government needed to build many apartment complexes in the cities to be able to accommodate the citizens. In the 60 years since, as the population increased considerably, tower blocks have become more common. This time, however, the new tower blocks integrated shopping malls, parking systems, and other convenient facilities.
Samsung Tower Palace in Seoul, South Korea, is the tallest apartment complex in Asia.
In Seoul, approximately 80 percent of its residents live in apartment complexes which comprise 98 percent of recent residential construction. Seoul proper is noted for its population density, eight times greater than Rome, though less than Manhattan and Paris. Its metropolitan area is the densest in the OECD.
Europe
Central and Eastern Europe
Although some Central and Eastern European countries during the interwar period, such as the Second Polish Republic, already started building housing estates that were considered to be of a very high standard for their time, many of these structures perished during the Second World War.
In the Eastern Bloc, tower blocks were constructed in great numbers to produce plenty of cheap accommodation for the growing postwar populations of the USSR and its satellite states. This took place mostly in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s of the 20th century, though in the People's Republic of Poland this process started even earlier due to the severe damages that Polish cities sustained during World War II. Throughout the former Eastern Bloc countries, tower blocks built during the Soviet years make up much of the current housing estates and most of them were built in the specific socialist realist style of architecture that was dominant in the territories east of the Iron Curtain: blocky buildings of that era are colloquially known as Khrushchyovka. In Romania, the mass construction of standardized housing blocks began in the 1950s and 1960s with the outskirts of the cities, some of which were made up of slums. In Romania, construction continued in the 1970s and 1980s, under the systematization programme of Nicolae Ceaușescu, which consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to build blocks of flats (blocuri), as a result of increasing urbanization following an accelerated industrialization process. In Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia), panelák building under Marxism–Leninism resulted from two main factors: the postwar housing shortage and the ideology of the ruling party.
In Eastern European countries, opinions about these buildings vary greatly, with some deeming them as eyesores on their city's landscape while others glorify them as relics of a bygone age. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s, many of the former Eastern Bloc countries have begun construction of new, more expensive and modern housing. The Śródmieście borough of Warsaw, the capital of Poland, has seen the development of an array of skyscrapers. Russia is also currently undergoing a dramatic buildout, growing a commercially shaped skyline. Moreover, the ongoing changes made to postwar housing estates since the 2000s in former communist countries vary - ranging from simply applying a new coat of paint to the previously grey exterior to thorough modernization of entire buildings.
In the European Union, among former communist states, a majority of the population lives in flats in Latvia (65.1%), Estonia (63.8%), Lithuania (58.4%), Czech Republic (52.8%), and Slovakia (50.3%) (, data from Eurostat). However, not all flat dwellers in Eastern Europe live in communist era blocks of flats; many live in buildings constructed after the fall of communism, and some in buildings surviving from the era before communism.
Western Europe
In Western Europe, there are fewer high-rise buildings because of the historic city centres. In the 1960s, developers began demolishing older buildings to replace them with modern high-rise buildings.
In Brussels there are numerous modern high-rise buildings in the Northern Quarter business district. The government of Belgium wants to recreate Washington, D.C. on a small scale.
France
Great Britain
Tower blocks were first built in the United Kingdom after the Second World War, and were seen as a cheap way to replace 19th-century urban slums and war-damaged buildings. They were originally seen as desirable, but quickly fell out of favour as tower blocks attracted rising crime and social disorder, particularly after the collapse of Ronan Point in 1968.
Although Tower blocks are controversial and numerous examples have been demolished, many still remain in large cities. Due to lack of proper regulation, some tower blocks present a significant fire risk and even though there have been efforts to make them more safe, modern safety precautions can be prohibitively expensive to retrofit. The Grenfell Tower fire in 2017 was partly caused by council ignorance, as a local action group complained to the council about the fire hazards of the tower several years before the incident, yet remedial work had not been carried out. This fire further made tower blocks less desirable to British residents.
There are old high-rise buildings built in the 1960s and 1970s in areas of London such as Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney, and virtually any area in London with council housing. Some new high-rises are being built in areas such as Central London, Southwark, and Nine Elms. In East London, some old high-rises are being gentrified and new high-rises that previously didn't exist are also being built in areas like Stratford, London and Canary Wharf.
Ireland
Republic of Ireland
The majority of residential high rise buildings in the Republic of Ireland were concentrated in the suburb of Ballymun, Dublin. The Ballymun Flats were built between 1966 and 1969: seven 15-story towers, nineteen 8-story blocks and ten 4-story blocks. These were the "seven towers" referred to in the U2 song "Running to Stand Still". They have since been demolished. Inner Dublin flat complexes, typically of 4-5 storeys include Sheriff Street (demolished), Fatima Mansions (demolished and redeveloped), St Joseph's Gardens (demolished; replaced by Killarney Court flat complex), St Teresa's Gardens, Dolphin House, Liberty House, St Michael's Estate (8 storeys) and O'Devaney Gardens and a lot more mainly throughout the north and south inner city of Dublin. Suburban flat complexes were built exclusively on the northside of the city in Ballymun, Coolock and Kilbarrack. These flats were badly affected by a heroin epidemic that hit working-class areas of Dublin in the 1980s and early 90s.
Residential tower blocks were previously uncommon outside of Dublin, but during the era of the Celtic Tiger the largest cities such as Dublin, Cork, Limerick and Galway witnessed new large apartment building, although their heights have generally been restricted. Some large towns such as Navan, Drogheda, Dundalk and Mullingar have also witnessed the construction of many modern apartment blocks.
Northern Ireland
Tower blocks in Northern Ireland were never built to the frequency as in cities on the island of Great Britain, but taller high rises are generally more common than in the Republic of Ireland. Most tower blocks and flat complexes are found in Belfast although many of these have been demolished since the 1990s and replaced with traditional public housing units. The mid-rise Divis flats complex in west Belfast was built in between 1968 and 1972. It was demolished in the early 1990s as the residents demanded new houses due to mounting problems with the flats. Divis Tower, built separately in 1966, still stands, however; and in 2007 work began to convert the former British Army base at the top two floors into new dwellings. Divis Tower was for several decades Ireland's tallest residential building, having since being surpassed by the privately owned Obel Tower in the city centre. In the north of the city, the iconic seven-tower complex in the New Lodge remains, although so too the problems that residents face, such as poor piping and limited sanitation. Farther north, the four tower blocks in Rathcoole dominate the local skyline, while in south Belfast, the tower blocks in Seymour Hill, Belvoir & Finaghy remain standing.
Most of the aforementioned high rise flats in the city were built by the Northern Ireland Housing Trust (NIHT) as part of overspill housing schemes, the first such development being the pair of point blocks in East Belfast's Cregagh estate. These eleven-story towers were completed in 1961 and were the first tall council housing blocks on the island of Ireland. The NIHT also designed the inner city Divis Flats complex. The six to eight story deck access flats that comprised most of the Divis estate were of poor build quality and were all demolished by the early 1990s. Similar slab blocks were built by the NIHT in East Belfast (Tullycarnet) and Derry's Bogside area, all four of which have been demolished.
Belfast Corporation constructed seven tower blocks on the former Victoria Barracks site in the New Lodge district. While the Corporation built some mid-rise flats as part of slum clearance schemes (most notably the now demolished Unity Flats and the 'Weetabix Flats in the Shankill area), New Lodge would be their only high rise project in the inner city with three more in outlying areas of the city during the 1960s, two being in Mount Vernon in North Belfast and one being in the Clarawood estate, East Belfast. The Royal Hospital built three thirteen-story towers for use as staff accommodation, prominently located adjacent to the M2 Motorway at Broadway. Belfast City Hospital also constructed a high rise slab block which since privatisation has been named Bradbury Court, formerly known as Erskine House. Queens University Belfast built several eleven storey towers at their Queens Elms student accommodation. Of the three sixteen-story point blocks of Larne Borough Council in the late 1960s, only one remains.
North America
Canada
In Canada, large multi-family buildings are usually known as apartment buildings or apartment blocks if they are rented from one common landowner, or condominiums or condo towers if each dwelling unit is individually owned; they may be called low-rise (or walk-up), mid-rise, high-rise, or skyscraper depending on their height. Tall residential towers are a staple building type in all large cities. Their relative prominence in Canadian cities varies substantially, however. In general, more populated cities have more high-rises than smaller cities, due to a relative scarcity of land and a greater demand for housing.
However, some cities such as Quebec City and Halifax have fewer high-rise buildings due to several factors: a focus on historic preservation, height restrictions, and lower growth rates. In middle-sized cities with a relatively low population density, such as Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, or Hamilton, there are more apartment towers but they are greatly outnumbered by single-family houses. Most of the largest residential towers in Canada are found in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver—the country's most densely populated cities.
Toronto contains the second largest concentration of high-rise apartment buildings in North America (after New York). In Canada, like in other New World countries, but unlike Western Europe, most high-rise towers are located in the city centre (or "downtown"), where smaller, older buildings were demolished to make way in redevelopment schemes.
United States
In the United States, tower blocks are commonly referred to as "midrise" or "highrise apartment buildings", depending on their height, while buildings that house fewer flats (apartments), or are not as tall as the tower blocks, are called "lowrise apartment buildings". Specifically, "midrise" buildings are as tall as the streets are wide, allowing 5 hours of sunlight on the street.
Some of the first residential towers were the Castle Village towers in Manhattan, New York City, completed in 1939. Their cross-shaped design was copied in towers in Parkchester and Stuyvesant Town residential developments.
The government's experiments in the 1960s and 70s to use high-rise apartments as a means of providing the housing solution for the poor broadly resulted in failure. Made in the tower in the park style, all but a few high-rise housing projects in the nation's largest cities, such as Cabrini–Green and Robert Taylor Homes in Chicago, Penn South in Manhattan, and the Desire Projects in New Orleans, fell victim to the "ghettofication" and are now being torn down, renovated, or replaced. Another example is the former Pruitt–Igoe complex in St. Louis, torn down in the 1970s.
In contrast to their public housing cousins, commercially developed high-rise apartment buildings continue to flourish in cities around the country largely due to high land prices and the housing boom of the 2000s. The Upper East Side in New York City, featuring high-rise apartments, is the wealthiest urban neighborhood in the United States.
Currently, the tallest residential building in the world is Central Park Tower located in Midtown Manhattan, having a height of with the highest occupied floor at .
Oceania
High-rise living in Australia was limited to the Sydney CBD until the 1960s, when a short-lived fashion saw public housing tenants located in new high-rise developments, especially in Sydney and Melbourne. The buildings pictured along with four other 16-story blocks were constructed on behalf of the Royal Australian Navy and were available to sailors and their families for accommodation. Due to social problems within these blocks the Navy left and the Department of Housing took charge and flats were let to low income and immigrant families. During the 1980s many people escaping communism in Eastern bloc countries were housed in these buildings. Developers have enthusiastically adopted the term "apartment" for these new high-rise blocks, perhaps to avoid the stigma still attached to housing commission flats.
Streets in the sky
Streets in the sky is a style of architecture that emerged in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s. Generally built to replace run-down terraced housing, the new designs included not only modern improvements such as inside toilets, but also shops and other community facilities within high-rise blocks. Examples of the buildings and developments are Trellick Tower, Balfron Tower, Robin Hood Gardens and Keeling House in London, Hunslet Grange in Leeds and Park Hill, Sheffield, and Castlefields and Southgate Estate, Runcorn. These were an attempt to develop a new architecture, differentiated from earlier large housing estates, such as Quarry Hill flats in Leeds. Alison and Peter Smithson were the architects of Robin Hood Gardens. Another large example, the Aylesbury Estate in South London, built in 1970, is about to be demolished. The Hulme Crescents in Manchester were the largest social housing scheme in Europe when built in 1972 but lasted just 22 years. The Crescents had one of the worst reputations of any British social housing schemes and were marred by numerous design and practical problems.
The ideal of Streets in the Sky often did not work in practice. Unlike an actual city street, these walkways were not thoroughfares and often came to a dead end multiple storeys above the ground. They lacked a regular flow of passers-by that could act as a deterrent to crime and disorder. This was the concept of "eyes on the street" described by Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Furthermore, the walkways and especially the stairwells could not be seen by anyone elsewhere. The Unité d'Habitation in Marseille provides a more successful example of the concept, with the fifth floor walkway including a shop and café.
Deck access
Deck access is a type of flat that is accessed from a walkway that is open to the elements, as opposed to flats that are accessed from fully enclosed internal corridors. Deck access blocks of flats are usually fairly low-rise structures. The decks can vary from simple walkways, which may be covered or uncovered, to decks wide enough for small vehicles. The best known example of deck-access flats in the UK is Park Hill, Sheffield, where the decks are wide enough to allow electric vehicles; however, the design is inspired by French Modernist architect Le Corbusier, particularly his Unite D'Habitation in Marseilles.
Green tower blocks
Green tower blocks have some scheme of living plants or green roofs or solar panels on their roofs or incorporate other environmentally friendly design features.
See also
Earthquake engineering
Highrise (documentary), a project about life in high-rise apartments around the world
Prefabrication
Cutie de chibrituri – meaning Matchboxes in Romanian is the equivalent in Romania
Wind engineering
Grenfell Tower
References
Citations
Sources
Apartment types
Skyscrapers by type | wiki |
La Dilatation du proventricule ou syndrome de dilatation du proventricule (PPDS syndrome psittacine proventricular dilatation syndrome ou PDD de Proventricular dilatation disease est une maladie qui touche principalement les Psittacidae. Cette maladie, apparue il y a quelques années, touche plus particulièrement les Ara.
Liens externes
Santé des oiseaux | wiki |
The fantail (Etheostoma flabellare) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is widely distributed across streams in North America.
Distribution and habitat
The fantail darter is distributed across much of eastern North America, from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River basins to South Carolina and northern Alabama, in small streams. They can be found as far west as northeastern Oklahoma. These darters, like many others, live in smaller streams. Due to their breeding habits, they are found in areas of the stream with cobbles and flat stones. These fish are especially abundant near large slabs of limestone or shale. Partly because of their wide range of habitats, fantail darters have not been labelled as endangered.
It is well-adapted for stream life, and the environmental changes that occur in streams as the seasons change. Changes can include the loss of microhabitats, when the fish must drift downstream to find another, and also include changes in oxygen levels due to pollution or weather.
Ecology
Similar to other darters, fantail darters have several predators. They are also well-colored for their habitats, and they blend in easily with the surrounding stream bed and rocks.
Depending on the size of the specific darter, they can eat anything from tiny insects to larger insects and larve. Their food sources can include mayflies, caddisflies, dipterans, copepods, cladocerans, amphipods, isopods, and gastropods. Food for the larger fantail darters can include the larger type of insects, including mayfly and midge larvae.
Fantail darters are primarily benthic invertivores, so inhabit shallow, high-velocity microhabitats of the streams - riffles. If the microhabitat is destroyed or all the resources are used up, the fantail darter will simply move to another, where more food can be found. During the summer months, the water temperatures of streams rise significantly, causing the water to have a lower oxygen level. Fantail darters have a good tolerance for this temperature change and low oxygen levels. With higher temperatures, water in the streams will evaporate quickly. The fantail darter has actually adapted to this, and is sometimes found to evacuate a drying riffle. Though the fantail darter has a fairly good low-oxygen tolerance, there comes a point when too little oxygen is harmful. Without oxygen in the water, the fish will die out eventually. Low oxygen levels can also be caused by pollution of the stream. Pollution can also kill off the small invertebrates the fantail darter consumes.
Life history
The fish spawn in early summer, when water temperatures reach 17-20 °C. Other darters, such as the logperch and rainbow darters, spawn at least a month before the fantail darter, which apparently needs warmer temperature waters before it can spawn; the eggs also tend to be larger. Fantail darters have an interesting growth period in that they do not really have a larval stage; instead, they start to feed two to three days after hatching. By then, the medial fins are differentiated. They are born large, with well-developed heads, jaws, and teeth. When first hatched, the free embryos are benthic and rarely go into the water column. Fantail darters also have extensive and well-developed vitelline plexuses from the time they are very young, which allows them to feed on bigger prey quickly. This means that they have no need to drift farther down the stream to find small planktonic prey as early young.
As the darters grow and mature, they take on the characteristics of their sex. They mature and become of breeding age in one to two years, and usually do not live longer than four years. The males of this species have modified first dorsal fins that characteristically look like little bulbs. This is believed to be used for egg mimicry purposes. Females are proven to be more likely to spawn with a male that already has a clutch of eggs. This may have led to an evolutionary change of the specialized egg-mimicking morphology in males. Since the male already looks like he has eggs, the female will come under the rock where he has cleared a space, and will lay her eggs on the underside of the top rock; usually, several females add to each male's clutch, resulting in more diversity and offspring produced. Throughout the time of egg growth, the male will take care of the eggs, but he may eat some of them to keep up his energy. These nests can be easily disturbed, and the delicate eggs can be destroyed simply by a human walking through the stream, yet another potential risk in their lives.
Though the males guard the eggs, studies have shown they exhibit filial cannibalism, meaning they eat some of the eggs in their nest. A research study collecting data on the fantail darter found all the males are, in fact, cannibals. Some males will eat the entire nest of eggs, while others will eat only part of it.
Systematics
The fantail darter was first formally described in 1819 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840). There are two recognised subspecies:
Etheostoma flabellare flabellare Rafinesque, 1819 (Fantail darter) - the eastern part of the range as far west as lower Michigan and Indiana.
Etheostome flabellare lineolatum (Agassiz, 1854) (Striped darter) - Minnesota, Wisconsin and upper Michigan.
References
Freshwater fish of North America
Etheostoma
Fish described in 1819
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | wiki |
The Women's team foil event of the 2017 World Fencing Championships was held on 24 July 2017.
Results
Championship bracket
5–8th place bracket
9–16th place bracket
13–16th place bracket
Final ranking
References
Bracket
2017 World Fencing Championships | wiki |
Primary cutaneous immunocytoma is a skin condition that represents a low grade B-cell lymphoma related to marginal zone B-cell lymphoma but with a predominance of cells having plasmacytic features.
See also
Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
Skin lesion
References
Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions
Lymphoma | wiki |
A toast point is a triangular slice of bread that has been toasted after the crusts have been cut off. Toast points are commonly served as a side dish or as part of an hors d'oeuvre or snack using ingredients such as caviar and rillettes.
Toast points may be a part of a dish, as an accompaniment, and are also used as a garnish.
See also
List of hors d'oeuvre
References
External links
Recipe for toast points
Toast dishes | wiki |
Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas represent a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by solitary or multiple dermal or subcutaneous nodules. Lymphomas included in this group are:
Primary cutaneous immunocytoma
Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
See also
Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma
Skin lesion
References
Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions
Lymphoma | wiki |
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter steht für:
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort), einen Themenbereich im Universal Orlando Resort
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Studios Hollywood), einen Themenbereich in den Universal Studios Hollywood
The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Studios Japan), einen Themenbereich in den Universal Studios Japan | wiki |
Mobbing in animals is an antipredator adaptation in which individuals of prey species mob a predator by cooperatively attacking or harassing it, usually to protect their offspring. A simple definition of mobbing is an assemblage of individuals around a potentially dangerous predator. This is most frequently seen in birds, though it is also known to occur in many other animals such as the meerkat and some bovines. While mobbing has evolved independently in many species, it only tends to be present in those whose young are frequently preyed upon. This behavior may complement cryptic adaptations in the offspring themselves, such as camouflage and hiding. Mobbing calls may be used to summon nearby individuals to cooperate in the attack.
Konrad Lorenz, in his book On Aggression (1966), attributed mobbing among birds and animals to instincts rooted in the Darwinian struggle to survive. In his view, humans are subject to similar innate impulses but capable of bringing them under rational control (see mobbing).
In birds
Birds that breed in colonies such as gulls are widely seen to attack intruders, including encroaching humans. In North America, the birds that most frequently engage in mobbing include mockingbirds, crows and jays, chickadees, terns, and blackbirds. Behavior includes flying about the intruder, dive bombing, loud squawking and defecating on the predator.
Mobbing can also be used to obtain food, by driving larger birds and mammals away from a food source, or by harassing a bird with food. One bird might distract while others quickly steal food. Scavenging birds such as gulls frequently use this technique to steal food from humans nearby. A flock of birds might drive a powerful animal away from food. Costs of mobbing behavior include the risk of engaging with predators, as well as energy expended in the process. The black-headed gull is a species which aggressively engages intruding predators, such as carrion crows. Classic experiments on this species by Hans Kruuk involved placing hen eggs at intervals from a nesting colony, and recording the percentage of successful predation events as well as the probability of the crow being subjected to mobbing. The results showed decreasing mobbing with increased distance from the nest, which was correlated with increased predation success. Mobbing may function by reducing the predator's ability to locate nests (as a distraction) since predators cannot focus on locating eggs while they are under attack.
Besides the ability to drive the predator away, mobbing also draws attention to the predator, making stealth attacks impossible. Mobbing plays a critical role in the identification of predators and inter-generational learning about predator identification. Reintroduction of species is often unsuccessful, because the established population lacks this cultural knowledge of how to identify local predators. Scientists are exploring ways to train populations to identify and respond to predators before releasing them into the wild.
Adaptationist hypotheses regarding why an organism should engage in such risky behavior have been suggested by Eberhard Curio, including advertising their physical fitness and hence uncatchability (much like stotting behavior in gazelles), distracting predators from finding their offspring, warning their offspring, luring the predator away, allowing offspring to learn to recognize the predator species, directly injuring the predator or attracting a predator of the predator itself. The much lower frequency of attacks between nesting seasons suggests such behavior may have evolved due to its benefit for the mobber's young. Niko Tinbergen argued that the mobbing was a source of confusion to gull chick predators, distracting them from searching for prey . Indeed, an intruding carrion crow can only avoid incoming attacks by facing its attackers, which prevents it from locating its target.
Besides experimental research, the comparative method can also be employed to investigate hypotheses such as those given by Curio above. For example, not all gull species show mobbing behavior. The kittiwake nests on sheer cliffs that are almost completely inaccessible to predators, meaning its young are not at risk of predation like other gull species. This is an example of divergent evolution.
Another hypothesis for mobbing behavior is known as the “attract the mightier hypothesis.” Within this hypothesis, prey species produce a mobbing call in order to attract stronger secondary predator to address the threat of the present primary predator. A study conducted by Fang et al., showed significant findings for this unproved functional thesis, utilizing three different call types for the prey species light-vented bulbuls, Pycnonotus sinensis: the typical call (TC, the control treatment), a mobbing call to a collared scops owl (the MtO treatment) and a mobbing call to a crested goshawk, Accipiter trivirgatus (the superior predator; the MtH treatment).
Looking at variation in the behavioural responses of 22 different passerine species to a potential predator, the Eurasian Pygmy Owl, extent of mobbing was positively related with a species prevalence in the owls' diet. Furthermore, the intensity of mobbing was greater in autumn than spring.
Mobbing is thought to carry risks to roosting predators, including potential harm from the mobbing birds, or attracting larger, more dangerous predators. Birds at risk of mobbing such as owls have cryptic plumage and hidden roosts which reduces this danger.
Effect of environment on mobbing behavior
Environment has an effect on mobbing behavior as seen in a study conducted by Dagan & Izhaki (2019), wherein mobbing behavior was examined particularly observing the effects of Pine Forest structure. Their findings showed that mobbing behavior varied by season, i.e., high responses in the winter, and moderate response in the fall. Additionally, the presence of a forest understory had a significant impact on mobbing behavior, i.e., the denser the understory vegetation, the more birds responded to mobbing calls. That is to say, the presence of cover in the forest highly contributes to willingness to respond to the aforementioned call.
In other animals
Another way the comparative method can be used here is by comparing gulls with distantly related organisms. This approach relies on the existence of convergent evolution, where distantly related organisms evolve the same trait due to similar selection pressures. As mentioned, many bird species such as the swallows also mob predators, however more distantly related groups including mammals have been known to engage in this behavior. One example is the California ground squirrel, which distracts predators such as the rattlesnake and gopher snake from locating their nest burrows by kicking sand into their face, which disrupts the snake's sensory organs; for crotaline snakes, this includes the heat-detecting organs in the loreal pits. This social species also uses alarm calls.
Some fish engage in mobbing; for example, bluegills sometimes attack snapping turtles. Bluegills, which form large nesting colonies, were seen to attack both released and naturally occurring turtles, which may advertise their presence, drive the predator from the area, or aid in the transmission of predator recognition. Similarly, humpback whales are known to mob killer whales when the latter are attacking other species, including other cetacean species, seals, sea lions, and fish.
There is a distinction though, between mobbing in animals, and fight-or-flight response. The former relies heavily on group dynamics, whereas the latter’s central focus conceptually is on that of the individual and their offspring in some cases. A study conducted by Adamo & McKee (2017) examining the cricket Gryllus texensis showcases this by activating high predation risk repeatedly to examine how animals in general perceive such risks. Based on perceived threat, crickets took action to save their own self or made attempt to preserve offspring.
Mobbing calls
Mobbing calls are signals made by the mobbing species while harassing a predator. These differ from alarm calls, which allow con-specifics to escape from the predator. The great tit, a European songbird, uses such a signal to call on nearby birds to harass a perched bird of prey, such as an owl. This call occurs in the 4.5kHz range, and carries over long distances. However, when prey species are in flight, they employ an alarm signal in the 7–8 kHz range. This call is less effective at traveling great distances, but is much more difficult for both owls and hawks to hear (and detect the direction from which the call came). In the case of the alarm call, it could be disadvantageous to the sender if the predator picks up on the signal, hence selection has favored those birds able to hear and employ calls in this higher frequency range.
Furthermore, Bird vocalizations vary acoustically as a byproduct of adapting to the environment, according to the acoustic adaptation hypothesis. In a study by Billings (2018) examining, specifically the low-frequency acoustic structure of mobbing calls across habitat types (closed, open, and urban) in three passerine families (Corvidae, Icteridae, Turdidae), it was discovered that the size of the bird was a factor in the variation of mobbing calls. Additionally, species in closed and urban habitats had lower energy and lower low frequencies in their mobbing calls, respectively.
Mobbing calls may also be part of an animal's arsenal in harassing the predator. Studies of Phainopepla mobbing calls indicate it may serve to enhance the swooping attack on the predators, including scrub jays. In this species, the mobbing call is smoothly upsweeping, and is made when swooping down in an arc beside the predator. This call was also heard during agonistic behavior interactions with conspecifics, and may serve additionally or alternatively as an alarm call to their mate.
Evolution
The evolution of mobbing behavior can be explained using evolutionarily stable strategies, which are in turn based on game theory.
Mobbing involves risks (costs) to the individual and benefits (payoffs) to the individual and others. The individuals themselves are often genetically related, and mobbing is increasingly studied with the gene-centered view of evolution by considering inclusive fitness (the carrying on of one's genes through one's family members), rather than merely benefit to the individual.
Mobbing behavior varies in intensity depending on the perceived threat of a predator according to a study done by Dutour et al. (2016). However, particularly in terms of its surfacing in avian species, it is accepted to be the byproduct of mutualism, rather than reciprocal altruism according to Russell & Wright (2009).
By cooperating to successfully drive away predators, all individuals involved increase their chances of survival and reproduction. An individual stands little chance against a larger predator, but when a large group is involved, the risk to each group member is reduced or diluted. This so-called dilution effect proposed by W. D. Hamilton is another way of explaining the benefits of cooperation by selfish individuals. Lanchester's laws also provide an insight into the advantages of attacking in a large group rather than individually.
Another interpretation involves the use of signalling theory, and possibly the handicap principle. Here the idea is that a mobbing bird, by apparently putting itself at risk, displays its status and health so as to be preferred by potential partners.
References
External links
Interspecific reciprocity explains mobbing behaviour of the breeding chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs Paper by Indrikis Krams and Tatjana Krama (PDF)
Nature Photography – Using mobbing behavior in photography
Birds mob Puff Adder – paper in ejournal Ornithological Observations
Antipredator adaptations
Evolutionary game theory
Animal communication
Bird behavior | wiki |
Interest bearing notes refers to a grouping of Civil War era paper money-related emissions of the US Treasury. The grouping includes the one- and two-year notes authorized by the Act of March 3, 1863, which bore interest at five percent per annum, were a legal tender at face value, and were issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 and $1000. The grouping also frequently includes the early civil war treasury notes which matured in either sixty days or two years and bore interest at six percent and the seven-thirties which matured in three years and bore interest at 7.3 percent—though both of these latter issues lacked legal tender status. Reference texts used by currency collectors will also sometimes include compound interest treasury notes and Refunding Certificates in this grouping as well.
Denominational set of interest bearing notes
Images are courtesy of the National Numismatic Collection at the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Institution).
Footnotes
Notes
References
Interest-bearing instruments
Currency lists
Historical currencies of the United States
Paper money of the United States
Banknotes of the United States | wiki |
Bridge to Terabithia might refer to:
Bridge to Terabithia (novel), a 1977 novel by Katherine Paterson
Bridge to Terabithia (1985 film), a 1985 made-for-TV film adaptation of the novel
Bridge to Terabithia (2007 film), a 2007 movie adaptation of the novel
See also
Terebinthia (disambiguation) | wiki |
Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around 0-3°C, and a salinity of about 3.5% or, as oceanographers state, 35 ppt (parts per thousand).
In specialized locations such as the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELHA) ocean water is pumped to the surface from approximately 900 metres (2,952 feet) deep for applications in research, commercial and pre-commercial activities. DOW is typically used to describe ocean water at sub-thermal depths sufficient to provide a measurable difference in water temperature.
When deep ocean water is brought to the surface, it can be used for a variety of things. Its most useful property is its temperature. At the surface of the Earth, most water and air is well above 3 °C. The difference in temperature is indicative of a difference in energy. Where there is an energy gradient, skillful application of engineering can harness that energy for productive use by humans.
The simplest use of cold water is for air conditioning: using the cold water itself to cool air saves the energy that would be used by the compressors for traditional refrigeration. Another use could be to replace expensive desalination plants. When cold water passes through a pipe surrounded by humid air, condensation results. The condensate is pure water, suitable for humans to drink or for crop irrigation. Via a technology called ocean thermal energy conversion, the temperature difference can be turned into electricity.
Cold-bed agriculture
During condensation or ocean thermal energy conservation operations, the water does not reach ambient temperature, because a certain temperature gradient is required to make these processes viable. The water leaving those operations is therefore still colder than the surroundings, and a further benefit can be extracted by passing this water through underground pipes, thereby cooling agricultural soil. This reduces evaporation, and even causes water to condense from the atmosphere. This allows agricultural production where crops would normally not be able to grow. This technique is sometimes referred to as "cold agriculture" or "cold-bed agriculture".
See also
Deep sea fish
Deep ocean minerals
References
Deep water
Marine energy | wiki |
Westertimke is een gemeente in de Duitse deelstaat Nedersaksen. De gemeente maakt deel uit van de Samtgemeinde Tarmstedt in het Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme).
Westertimke telt inwoners.
Gemeente in Nedersaksen | wiki |
A superhuman is a human being with intelligence or abilities exceeding normal human standards or a being with capabilities that exceed human capacity.
Superhuman or super-human may also refer to:
Philosophy
Transhumanism, a cultural movement supporting the use of science and technology to improve human characteristics and capacities
Übermensch, sometimes translated as "Superhuman", a concept of Friedrich Nietzsche
Arts and entertainment
Music
"Superhuman" (Chris Brown song)
"Superhuman" (NCT 127 song)
"Superhuman" (Slander song), a song by Slander featuring Eric Leva
"Superhuman", a song by Velvet Revolver from Contraband
Television
Superhuman, is the American title of Chinese-German television game show The Brain
Stan Lee's Superhumans, documentary television series about superhumans
Superhuman was also an American game show produced by Fox and broadcast in 2016–2017; see List of programs broadcast by Fox
Other
Email client software Superhuman
Superhumanism (or Super Humanism), a late 20th-century art movement promoted by Nicholas Treadwell
Super-Human, trade paperback of the Ultimates comic book series issues 1-6
See also
Subhuman (disambiguation) | wiki |
Al Schwartz may refer to:
Al Schwartz (producer) (born 1932), American television producer
Al Schwartz (writer) (1910–1988), American screenwriter, television producer, and director
Alan Schwartz (born 1950/1951), American executive
Albert Schwartz (swimmer) (1907–1986), American swimmer
Albert Schwartz (1923–1992), American zoologist
Allen G. Schwartz (1934–2003), American federal judge
Aloysius Schwartz (1930–1992), American priest
Alvin Schwartz (children's author) (1927–1992), American author and illustrator of children's books
Alvin Schwartz (comics) (1916–2011), American comic-book writer
See also
Schwartz (surname) | wiki |
The folk theory of democracy is the belief system that the voting public supports, elects and embraces candidates who reflect the collective "wishes and desires" of the people. Extracted from Democracy for Realists;
"the idea that citizens make coherent and intelligible policy decisions, on which governments then act – bears no relationship to how it really works. Or could ever work".
References
Democracy
Folklore
Political theories | wiki |
Bulbophyllum averyanovii é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Gunnar Seidenfaden em 1992.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1992
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Makin' Memories may refer to:
Makin' Memories (album), a 1969 album by Dottie West
"Makin' Memories" (song), a song by the Sherman Brothers
"Making Memories", a song originally recorded by Frankie Laine in 1967 | wiki |
A video portal is a website offering user created or professionally created video content.
Online video
Online video is video content distributed by the Internet. Recently, several different studies have shown that, at least in the United States, online video reaches a majority of the population.
This is due in part to the penetration of broadband internet, and also to the emergence of highly successful video portals. These portals offer user created or professionally created content.
The majority of online videos are shorter than 5 minutes in duration, a length generally preferred by users who view such content on computers or portable equipment, like cellphones, MP3 players or video game consoles.
Some portals offer videos in the 320x240 pixel resolution, while others opt for a larger format, such as 480x360 pixels (for a typical display) and 640x360 (for a widescreen 16:9 display).
Many portals use Adobe Flash Player for their videos, the player which is becoming a de facto industry standard. Others use Windows Media Player, QuickTime, DivX Web Player or RealPlayer.
Devices like Apple TV or Netgear's Digital Entertainer, capable of transferring video files from the Internet to the television screen, will cause an increase in the length of the size of videos, both in definition and duration.
Most video portals generate their revenue through advertising. There are currently many advertising formats related to online video, such as preroll (commercials like those on television and played before the video) and branded channels.
External links
Comprehensive and up-to-date list of science video portals
Video Portal Example
See also
Video hosting service
Video hosting
de:Videoportal | wiki |
Mali Music may refer to:
Mali Music (album), a 2002 album by Damon Albarn
Mali Music (singer) (born 1988), American recording artist, singer-songwriter and producer
Music of Mali | wiki |
Justin Jason Roberts (Chicago, 29 de desembre de 1979) és un anunciador de lluitadors estatunidenc, que treballa a la marca de SmackDown! de l'empresa World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) des del 1996.
Enllaços externs
Pàgina Oficial
Justin Roberts a WWE Universe
Perfil a WWE.com
Artistes de Chicago | wiki |
Rivals of Aether is an indie platform fighter video game created by Dan Fornace, and released for Microsoft Windows in March 2017, for Xbox One in August 2017, and for Nintendo Switch on September 24, 2020. It received positive reception from critics, who commended its deep gameplay.
The game received two spin-off video games: a dating sim, Lovers of Aether, released on April 1, 2019, for PC; and a deck-building game, Creatures of Aether, which was released for iOS and Android on September 28, 2020, and for PC on August 2, 2021. A spin-off comic series, Tales of Aether, was also released in 2021, detailing the backstory of the game. A third spin-off game, Dungeons of Aether, was released in 2023, while a sequel to the original game, Rivals 2, is currently planned for 2024.
Gameplay
Rivals of Aether is the spiritual sequel to Super Smash Land, a fan-made remake of Super Smash Bros., and therefore its gameplay mechanics are heavily based on the latter game. Each character must try to knock the others out of a two-dimensional arena. In addition to fighting game-style moves, characters can also use elemental-based attacks or passive abilities that also affect the stage. This creates a meta game of not only attacking other players but also affecting the arena itself. Gameplay in general favors offense more than defense compared to Smash Bros.; attacks can only be blocked by executing a timed "parry" rather than holding up a shield, and characters cannot safely grab edges when returning to the stage.
Characters
Each character aligns with a classical element that is central to their play style. Zetterburn, Forsburn, Clairen and Mollo represent fire; Orcane, Etalus, Ranno and Hodan represent water; Wrastor, Absa, Elliana and Pomme represent air; and Kragg, Maypul, Sylvanos and Olympia represent earth. The game also contains the guest characters Ori and Sein from Ori and the Blind Forest, and the eponymous hero of the Shovel Knight series.
In Smash Bros., many characters possess only close-combat attacks, with most projectiles being very short-lived. By contrast, all Rivals characters have at least one move with a long-lasting effect on the stage itself, such as bubbles that trap enemies, ice that lets the user move quickly, or a water puddle that can either power up the user's attacks or act as a point for the user to teleport to. Some even create platforms that change the physical makeup of the stage. Cecilia D'Anastasio of Kotaku described Smash Bros. move sets as being more "reserved" compared to those of Rivals of Aether.
On January 17, 2018, Maypul and Ranno received crossover skins based on the characters Ragnir and Wu Shang from Brawlhalla. The Definitive Edition release includes additional skins that transform the fighters into different characters. The development team has also released two characters via the Steam Workshop: the panda Guadua, and the April Fool's Day joke character Sandbert.
On April 1, 2021, it was announced that four popular fan-made characters from the Steam Workshop would be officially added to the game in late 2021 via a free update: Mollo, Hodan, Pomme, and Olympia. The update containing the four characters was released on February 3, 2022.
Story
The realm of Aether is inhabited by many races of anthropomorphic animals divided primarily between four warring civilisations, each of which holds power over a different element: fire, water, earth or air.
As the trade routes of the Water Trade Company are repeatedly attacked by the Air Armada, the Company strikes a deal with the noble thief Orcane to retrieve their stolen goods from the Armada in exchange for better living conditions for the people of Merchant Port. In the Fire Capital, the Emperor is found murdered and his son Forsburn is the primary suspect. Forsburn pleads with his brother Zetterburn, claiming he was framed by the Fire Council and new Emperor Loxodont, but Zetterburn refuses to believe him and attacks. Forsburn is forced to flee to the neighboring wastelands and is taken in by the Smoke Clan. At Loxodont's coronation, the ceremonial flame is stolen by a figure resembling Orcane, and he is pursued by Zetterburn, who attacks Merchant Port in a rage. He defeats Orcane, but it is revealed to only be a shadow in his image. Zetterburn begins tracking the shadow back to its place of origin, while the real Orcane, returning from his mission, decides to follow.
In the Aetherian Forest, guardian Maypul senses a strange sickness is causing the plant life to rot and leaves her sister Mayreed behind to search for its source. While searching, she discovers the Fire Guard attacking the Smoke Clan settlement. She encounters Forsburn and they attack one another, believing each other to be responsible. When Maypul accuses him, Forsburn reveals he had an encounter with a shadow resembling his brother, and speculates this to be the source of the sickness affecting the forest. The two decide to work together to locate the source of the shadows.
While on a scouting mission for the Air Armada, wingmen Wrastor and Bradshaw spot a giant breach in the Rock Wall surrounding the Aetherian Forest and descend to investigate. However, they are attacked by Kragg, one of the Wallbuilders tasked with maintaining the Rock Wall, who assumes they are there to exploit its weakness. Kragg manages to severely injure Bradshaw due to Wrastor's carelessness, forcing the two to retreat as Wrastor swears vengeance. Kragg is then attacked by a figure resembling Maypul. Kragg initially believes the Wallbuilders have been betrayed by the forest-dwellers, but Mayreed arrives to confirm this Maypul is an imposter. She sends Kragg to track down the real Maypul, unaware that he is being followed by Wrastor.
The six eventually converge at a crater in the center of Aether. Before they can attack one another, a stone structure emerges from the crater, leading to an abyss below the ground from which more shadows emerge. Realizing this to be the source of the imposters and the forest's sickness, the warriors put their rivalries aside and battle together to vanquish the shadow creatures. Emerging victorious, the six make amends with one another and agree to prepare themselves should the shadow creatures ever return.
Development
A focus in the development of the game was making it faster and more combo-oriented than Super Smash Bros. On August 22, 2017, Ori and Sein from Ori and the Blind Forest were released as downloadable content (DLC). On October 17, 2017, Fornace released two more DLC characters, Ranno and Clairen. Likewise, on April 2, 2018, Fornace released another two DLC characters, Sylvanos and Elliana. On September 14, 2018, Shovel Knight was released as the second guest character and final playable character. In 2019, the official Rivals of Aether Twitter account confirmed that the Steam workshop would be available for players to create their own characters and stages. In January 2020, Rivals of Aether: Definitive Edition was reconfirmed as a complete version of the game containing all the DLC characters. Later that year, on April 1, the full features of Definitive Edition were announced through an online presentation, confirming features like new unlockables and a new mode based around tetherball. Definitive Edition was ultimately released on September 24, 2020. On April 1, 2021, it was revealed that four of the original characters released via the Steam Workshop would be officially added in a forthcoming free update. These characters, along with an update that implemented rollback netcode, were released on February 3, 2022.
Reception
Rivals of Aether was positively received by critics. Nick Valdez of Destructoid scored the game 90/100, saying it is a fully fleshed out fighter that adds additional depth to the Super Smash Bros. formula. Di Stefano Castelli of IGN Italia rated the game 81/100, saying that it lacks originality, but is a technically proficient remake appealing to hardcore players. Alice O'Connor of Rock, Paper, Shotgun said that she enjoyed the game's character design, and that it was reminiscent of Pokémon. Megan Farokhmanesh of Polygon called the game "beautiful" and "the indie answer to Super Smash Bros".
Legacy
The game received multiple spin-offs, with the first being Lovers of Aether, a free promotional dating sim released on April Fools' Day 2019, which takes place in a parallel universe in which the game's anthropomorphic characters are all high school students in the same school, and the player is attempting to find a date for the school dance. Depending on their choices, the player can either be accepted or rejected by their chosen character. Sin Vega of Rock, Paper, Shotgun praised the game for making all the characters romanceable rather than limiting it to women, as in a bishōjo game, and giving them "more personality and charm" than a typical dating sim.
Another spin-off, the deck-building game Creatures of Aether, was originally released on September 28, 2020, and later received a PC version on August 2, 2021. It was also positively received, with Harry Slater of Gamezebo awarding it 4/5 stars, and calling it surprisingly deep.
Tales of Aether, a series of comics detailing the backstory of Clairen, one of the game's characters, were released throughout 2021. A third spin-off game, Dungeons of Aether, was released on February 28, 2023, and is a turn-based roguelike. A 3D fighting game sequel to Rivals of Aether was teased on April 1, 2021, and was titled Rivals 2 one year later complete with a 2024 release, as well as the formation of Aether Studios to oversee the series in the future.
References
External links
2017 video games
Fantasy video games
Fighting games
GameMaker Studio games
Indie video games
Nintendo Switch games
Platform fighters
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games about animals
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Xbox One games | wiki |
Wolf's isotopic response is a dermatological sign that is characterized by the appearance of a new dermatosis or cutaneous infection at the site of a previous unrelated and already healed dermatosis ("isotopic" means identical location).
References
Dermatologic signs
Medical signs | wiki |
Braverman's sign is a dermatological sign that consists of fine telangiectasias around the nail (periungually). They may be associated with connective tissue diseases. The sign is named after the dermatologist Irwin M. Braverman.
References
Further reading
Braverman IM. Skin signs of systemic disease. New York: Elsevier; 2008.
Dermatologic signs
Medical signs | wiki |
BetOnline is a privately held online gambling company offering sports betting, online casinos, poker and wagering on horse racing. The company's CEO is Eddie Robbins III. In 2006, according to Casino City Press, BetOnline.com was among the top 60 online sportsbook, racebook, and betting exchanges, by overall traffic received. The site has been in operation at least since 2001.
Innovations
BetOnline has publicized some of its more innovative approaches to online gaming. In 2009, the company set out to place and accept the first wager from the summit of Mount Everest. Hiring a veteran climber, Tim Rippel, the company promised to donate $20,000 to a popular charity (as chosen by voters on Facebook and Twitter) upon successfully summiting the peak and placing a bet. While the climbing team was unable to place a bet from the summit, a wager was placed on May 18, 2009 (local time) from “Base Camp 4” at 26,000 feet above sea level. The bet was a winner, wagering that the Los Angeles Lakers would cover the spread against the Houston Rockets in Game 7 of the NBA Western Conference Semifinals. BetOnline still donated the $20,000 across three top vote-getting charities.
BetOnline becomes one of the first online poker rooms to use the cryptocurrency bitcoin.
Domain Name
BetOnline has switched to the Betonline.ag domain name. Their Betonline.com domain is still active but they told their partners that the Betonline.ag domain will be their primary address starting on April 4, 2012.
Live Dealer Blackjack Controversy
An online video of a blackjack hand surfaced which caused a lot of controversy. The video shows the dealer switching cards to change the hand, resulting in numerous players to lose.
Due to the scandal, on February 18, 2017, BetOnline officially ended their relationship with 3rd party dealing vendor Global Gaming Labs and partnered up with Visionary iGaming for their "Live Dealer" services.
References
External links
Official website
Online gambling companies of Panama
Companies based in Panama City
Internet properties established in 2004 | wiki |
The duplone was a currency used in various Swiss cantons in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Although there is a wide range of conversions due to the differing sizes and gold contents of different canton's duplones, 1 duplone is generally equal to 16 franken. This conversion is exact in both the cantons of Graubünden and Berne. Duplones had a consistent gold fineness of 0.900 (just below 22 karats) across Switzerland.
References
Currencies of Switzerland
Modern obsolete currencies | wiki |
Bayrisch Kraut (Bavarian cabbage) is a traditional Bavarian dish. It is made of shredded cabbage cooked in beef stock with pork lard, onion, apples, and seasoned with vinegar. It is typically served with bratwurst or roast pork. In German cuisine it is an alternative to sauerkraut.
See also
Bavarian cuisine
Brenntar
Further reading
Josef Thaller: Original Bayrisch, The Best of Bavarian Food. Hädecke, 2013,
Erhard Gorys: Das neue Küchenlexikon. dtv, München 1994–2002,
References
Bavarian cuisine
Cabbage dishes
Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2020 | wiki |
This article is a list of illegal migrant vehicle incidents in Europe, involving injury and/or loss of life. Illegal migrants to Europe who have boarded transport vehicles have occasionally been injured or killed in crashes or suffocation incidents. – either unintentionally or deliberately – as a result of migrant activity.
List
References
Europe transport-related lists
Immigration-related lists
Lists of transport accidents and incidents
Vehicle | wiki |
Beneath the Lion Rock () is an alternative English translation for:
Below the Lion Rock, a TV show about the lives of Hong Kong citizens
Below the Lion Rock (song), the theme song of the show, sung by Roman Tam | wiki |
Simone Mori may refer to:
Simone Mori (cyclist)
Simone Mori (voice actor) | wiki |
Iotrolan (trade name Isovist) is an iodine-containing radiocontrast agent, a substance used to improve the visibility of body structures on images obtained by X-ray techniques.
, it is unknown whether it is still marketed anywhere in the world.
Medical uses
It is particularly used to image spaces surrounding the central nervous system, such as the ventricles, after injection into the cerebrospinal fluid; and also for angiography (imaging of blood vessels), urography (imaging of the urinary tract) and hysterosalpingography (imaging of uterus and Fallopian tubes). It can also be used to image joint spaces and in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Contraindications
Hysterosalpingography is contraindicated during pregnancy and during acute inflammation in the pelvic region.
Adverse effects
The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting. Redness and a hot feeling of the skin is relatively common when the medication is injected into a vein. When injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, headache is among the most common adverse effects, and sometimes confusion or hallucinations can occur. Allergy-like reactions such as fever, hypotension (low blood pressure) and shock have also been observed.
Interactions
Drug interactions are similar to other iodine-containing contrast agents. Iodine-131, a radioactive isotope used for thyroid imaging (scintigraphy) and therapy of thyroid cancers, can be less effective when used within two to six weeks after application of iotrolan because of residual iodine in the body. Iotrolan can slow down the excretion of the diabetes drug metformin, potentially resulting in lactic acidosis.
Chemistry and mechanism of action
Chemically, the substance is a dimer of a triiodinated isophthalic acid derivative. The iodine atoms readily absorb X-rays, improving the contrast in X-ray images of the body. It is non-ionic but water soluble.
References
Radiocontrast agents
Iodoarenes
Benzamides
Anilides | wiki |
Enprostil is a synthetic prostaglandin designed to resemble dinoprostone. Enprostil was found to be a highly potent inhibitor of gastric HCl secretion. It is an analog of prostaglandin E2 but unlike this prostaglandin, which binds to and activates all four cellular receptors viz., EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors, enprostil is a more selective receptor agonist in that it binds to and activates primarily the EP3 receptor. Consequently, enprostil is expected to have a narrower range of actions that may avoid some of the unwanted side-effects and toxicities of prostaglandin E2. A prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial conducted in Japan found combining enprostil with cimetidine was more effective than cimetidine alone in treating gastric ulcer.
See also
Prostaglandin receptors
EP3 and peptic ulcer
References
External links
Prostaglandins
Phenol ethers
Methyl esters
Hoffmann-La Roche brands | wiki |
Arctosa cinerea is one of the most conspicuous wolf spider of central Europe, with a palearctic distribution and also found in Congo. The spider reaches a length of 17 mm (males only 14 mm), and occurs only on sandy beaches of rivers, lakes and oceans. Its grey-brown color makes for a good camouflage, and so it is not often seen, even if it wanders around during daylight. They dig holes in the ground, which they cover with silk, or hide under rocks.
Name
The species name cinereus is derived from Latin cinis ash, meaning "ashen".
References
cinerea
Spiders of Europe
Palearctic spiders
Spiders of Africa
Spiders described in 1777 | wiki |
Maque choux is a traditional dish of Louisiana. It is thought to be an amalgam of Creole and Native American cultural influence, and the name is likely to derive from the French interpretation of the Native American name.
It contains corn, green bell pepper, onion, and sometimes garlic, celery, and tomato. The ingredients are braised in a pot. Historically bacon grease was used for the braising stage, although various combinations of oil, butter, or cream may be substituted. The vegetables are then left to simmer until they reach a tender consistency, with chicken stock or water added as necessary. The dish is finished with salt and a combination of red and black pepper. Some cooks include hot sauce and a bit of sugar for greater complexity.
Maque choux is usually served as an accompaniment; however, it can also act as a base for a main meal and use local ingredients such as bite-sized portions of chicken or crawfish. Shrimp is often added in the later stages of cooking as well.
References
DeMers, John. The Food of New Orleans. 1997 Perplus Editions (HK) Limited: Boston. p. 76
The Junior League of New Orleans. The Plantation Cookbook. 1972. Trice Publishing: New Orleans. p. 131
Folse, John D. The Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine. 2004. Chef John Folse & Company Publishing: Gonzales, LA. pp. 319, 359.
Louisiana Creole cuisine
Vegetable dishes
Native American cuisine | wiki |
Nelson Cruz (born 1980) is a baseball outfielder from Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic.
Nelson Cruz may also refer to:
Nelson Cruz (pitcher) (born 1972), baseball pitcher from Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic
Nelson Cruz (athlete) (born 1977), long-distance runner from Cape Verde | wiki |
In biology and medicine, feminization is the development in an organism of physical characteristics that are usually unique to the female of the species. This may represent a normal developmental process, contributing to sexual differentiation. Feminization can also be induced by environmental factors, and this phenomenon has been observed in several animal species. In the case of transgender hormone therapy, it is intentionally induced artificially.
Pathological feminization
In animals, when feminization occurs in a male, or at an inappropriate developmental age, it is often due to a genetic or acquired disorder of the endocrine system. In humans, one of the more common manifestations of abnormal feminization is gynecomastia, the inappropriate development of breasts which may result from elevated levels of feminizing hormones such as estrogens. Deficiency or blockage of virilizing hormones (androgens) can also contribute to feminization. In some cases, high levels of androgens may produce both virilizing effects (increased body hair, deepened voice, increased muscle mass, etc.) and feminizing effects (gynecomastia) since androgens can be converted to estrogens by aromatase in the peripheral tissues.
In insects, feminization can occur through inheritance of reproduction-manipulating endosymbionts. This promotes the inheritance of the endosymbionts because the endosymbionts are passed on by mothers to their eggs. As such, the more endosymbiont-infected females there are in a population, the more the endosymbionts are passed on to the next generation.
See also
Defeminization
Virilization
References
Endocrinology | wiki |
Midnight Snack may refer to:
A midnight snack, a small late night meal
"Midnight Snack" (Robot Chicken), a 2005 episode of Robot Chicken
Midnight Snack (album), a 2015 album by Homeshake
The Midnight Snack, a 1941 Tom and Jerry cartoon | wiki |
"World Stood Still" is a 1997 song performed by Jez Spencer. Lead vocals by Spencer Gibb, Jez Spencer's version was released
on 4-Track Mind. It was re-recorded by Gibb's new band 54 Seconds between 2000 and 2001, and released in 2001. It was the first single of the album Promo 2 and also included on that album. The album also included the radio edit of the song.
54 Seconds distributed this song at the 2001 SXSW Music Festival for record industry professionals, press members and fans in attendance.
The band performs this song at Antones on May 25, 2001 with Earl Harvin on drums, that performance was included on Live in Antones May 25. The song was included on compilation Promography.
References
2001 singles
1997 songs
Song articles with missing songwriters | wiki |
The men's Greco-Roman heavyweight was a Greco-Roman wrestling event held as part of the Wrestling at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event. Heavyweight was the heaviest category, including wrestlers weighing over 82.5 kilograms.
A total of 19 wrestlers from 12 nations competed in the event, which was held from August 17 to August 20, 1920.
Results
Gold medal round
Silver medal round
Bronze medal round
References
External links
Wrestling at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Greco-Roman wrestling | wiki |
An honorary trust, under the law of trusts, is a device by which a person establishes a trust for which there is neither a charitable purpose, nor a private beneficiary to enforce the trust. While such a trust would normally be void for lack of a beneficiary, many jurisdictions have carved out two specific exceptions to this rule: trusts for the care of that person's pets; and trusts to provide for the maintenance of cemetery plots.
The name of the device derives from the lack of any beneficiary legally capable of enforcing an honorary trust: the trustee is bound by honor, but not by law, to carry out the wishes of the creator of the trust.
Like many states, New York has only recently allowed such trusts by statute.
See also
Purpose trust
Wills and trusts | wiki |
Wood Brothers may refer to the following:
Wood Brothers Racing, an American auto racing team
The Wood Brothers, musical siblings Chris and Oliver Wood
Wood Brothers TV, TV presenter siblings Danny, Ben and Sam Wood | wiki |
Arraba () can refer to the following:
Arraba, Israel
Arraba, Jenin
Other
Arabah
See also
Araba (disambiguation)
Arriba (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Vanilla Series is Digital Works' brand for its hentai (pornographic) anime, most of which are based on hentai video games. In North America, the series is usually released by Critical Mass. However, at least three of the series was released by other studios. Angel Blade was released by Anime 18, while Office Affairs and Co-Ed Affairs were released by Kitty Media.
Notable works
References
External links
Official site
Hentai anime and manga | wiki |
Bulbophyllum brienianum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Robert Allen Rolfe e Elmer Drew Merrill em 1921.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1921
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
The sixth season of the American television comedy The Office premiered in the United States on NBC on September 17, 2009, and concluded on May 20, 2010. The season consisted of 22 half-hour episodes, and 2 hour-long episodes to comprise the 26 total episodes of material created. The Office is an American adaptation of the British TV series of the same name, and is presented in a mockumentary format, portraying the daily lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. The season stars Steve Carell, Rainn Wilson, John Krasinski, Jenna Fischer, B. J. Novak, and Ed Helms, with supporting performances from Leslie David Baker, Brian Baumgartner, Creed Bratton, Kate Flannery, Mindy Kaling, Ellie Kemper, Angela Kinsey, Paul Lieberstein, Oscar Nunez, Craig Robinson, and Phyllis Smith.
The season has been cited by several critics as weaker than earlier seasons, despite still receiving generally favorable reviews. The season ranked fifty-second in the season ratings with an average of 7.80 million viewers per episode, marking a steep drop in the ratings from the previous season which had an average of nine million viewers.
The sixth season of The Office aired on Thursdays at 9:00 p.m. (Eastern) in the United States. The season was released on DVD by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in a four-disc box set in the Region 1 area on September 7, 2010. The DVD set contains all 26 episodes, as well as commentaries from creators, writers, actors, and directors on some of the episodes. It also contains deleted scenes from all of the episodes, as well as bloopers.
Production
The sixth season of the show was produced by Reveille Productions and Deedle-Dee Productions, both in association with Universal Media Studios. The show is based upon the British series created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, both of whom are executive producers on both the US and UK versions. The Office is produced by Greg Daniels, who is also an executive producer. Daniels would have a limited role in this season, only co-writing an episode and directing another, as he was busy writing his new show, Parks and Recreation which he co-created with Office writer/producer Michael Schur, who left the writing staff of The Office after season four to focus on the new show. Returning writers from the previous season include Mindy Kaling, B. J. Novak, Paul Lieberstein, Lee Eisenberg, Gene Stupnitsky, Brent Forrester, Justin Spitzer, Jennifer Celotta, Aaron Shure, Charlie Grandy, Warren Lieberstein, and Halsted Sullivan. New writers in the sixth season include Daniel Chun, Jason Kessler (who served as script coordinator) and Jonathan Hughes (who previously wrote several of the Office webisodes). Lieberstein served as executive producer and showrunner. Kaling, Novak, Eisenberg, Stupnitsky and Shure were co-executive producers; Celotta and Forrester were consulting producers; Chun was a supervising producer; and Spitzer, Grandy, Warren Lieberstein and Halsted Sullivan were producers.
This season featured 26 episodes directed by 20 directors. Paul Lieberstein, Randall Einhorn and Seth Gordon each directed several episodes during the season. Writers Jennifer Celotta, Lee Eisenberg and Brent Forrester each directed episodes. Cast members B. J. Novak, John Krasinski, Steve Carell, Mindy Kaling and Rainn Wilson all directed episodes as well.
Season overview
Notable plots that affect the sixth season and beyond include:
Jim Halpert's promotion to co-manager alongside Michael Scott, but later returns to sales.
Dwight Schrute's anger and jealousy that he was passed over for the co-manager job and his subsequent attempts to sabotage Jim
Jim's wedding to Pam Beesly
Michael engaging in a romantic relationship with Pam's mother Helene, much to Pam's horror
Dunder Mifflin navigating through the economic crisis
Dunder Mifflin getting bought out by Florida-based printer company Sabre and the arrival of Sabre representatives Jo Bennett and Gabe Lewis
Warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin earning a promotion to the upstairs office
Andy Bernard's attempts to court Erin Hannon
Jim and Pam welcoming their first child, Cecelia "Cece" Halpert
Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin contractually agree to have a baby together
Cast
Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the British version of the show. While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show. The show is known for its generally large cast size, with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work.
Main
Steve Carell as Michael Scott, Regional Manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch. Loosely based on David Brent, Gervais' character in the British version, Scott is a dim-witted and lonely man, who attempts to win friends as the office comedian, usually making himself look bad in the process.
Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute, who, based upon Gareth Keenan, is the office's top-performing sales representative.
John Krasinski as Jim Halpert, a sales representative who is co-manager for part of this season, and is based on Tim Canterbury.
Jenna Fischer as Pam Beesly/Halpert, who is based on Dawn Tinsley, the office's former receptionist who is now part of the sales team. She is shy, but in many cases a cohort with Jim Halpert, whom she marries and has a baby with.
B. J. Novak as Ryan Howard, who had previously left Dunder Mifflin to travel to Thailand, only to be subsequently re-hired in the fifth season "Michael Scott Paper Company" story arc. After making enemies with the recently promoted Jim, Ryan is subsequently moved to a closet office.
Ed Helms as Andy Bernard, who had appeared regularly since the opening of the third season, is added to the starring cast from the episode "Sabre" onwards.
Starring
Leslie David Baker as Stanley Hudson, a grumpy salesman.
Brian Baumgartner as Kevin Malone, a dim-witted accountant, who is based on Keith Bishop.
Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton, the office's strange quality assurance officer.
Kate Flannery as Meredith Palmer, the promiscuous supplier relations representative.
Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor, the pop-culture obsessed customer service representative.
Ellie Kemper as Erin Hannon, the receptionist and new love interest of Andy.
Angela Kinsey as Angela Martin, a judgemental accountant.
Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson, the sad-eyed human resources representative.
Oscar Nunez as Oscar Martinez, an intelligent accountant, who is also gay.
Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin, the warehouse supervisor.
Phyllis Smith as Phyllis Vance, a motherly saleswoman.
Special guest star
Kathy Bates as Jo Bennet, the CEO of Sabre Industries.
Recurring
Andy Buckley as David Wallace, Dunder Mifflin's CFO.
Linda Purl as Helene Beesly, Pam's mother, who previously appeared in the season two episode "Sexual Harassment", although the role was recast with Purl, who first appeared in "Niagara", and made two more appearances.
Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance, Phyllis’ husband, who runs Vance Refrigeration.
Kelen Coleman as Isabel Poreba, Pam's friend who becomes interested in Dwight.
Sam Daly as Matt, a warehouse worker that Oscar has a crush on.
Zach Woods as Gabe Lewis, the director of Sabre sales.
Nelson Franklin as Nick, the IT guy.
Amy Pietz as Donna, who is cheating on her husband with Michael.
Hugh Dane as Hank Tate, the building's security guard.
Notable guests
Max Carver as Eric, an intern.
Anna Camp as Penny Beesly, Pam's sister.
Rick Overton as William Beesly, Pam's father.
David Costabile as Eric Ward, an investment banker.
David Koechner as Todd Packer, a rude and offensive traveling salesman, and Michael's best friend.
Christian Slater as himself, hosting a Sabre welcoming video.
Reception
The sixth-season premiere "Gossip" received a 4.0 share in the Nielsen ratings among viewers aged 18 to 49, meaning that 4.0% of viewers aged 18 to 49 watched the episode. The episode was seen by 8.21 million viewers. The show ranked 17th in the seasonal 18–49 demographic ratings with an average of a 4.0 rating in the demographic. The viewership was an 18 percent drop compared to the fifth-season premiere, "Weight Loss". The season finale, "Whistleblower" was viewed by 6.60 million viewers with a 3.4 rating/10% share in the 18–49, marking a 3% drop from the fifth-season finale, "Company Picnic." The season also ranked 52nd in the seasonal total viewership with an average of 7.80 million viewers.
Critical reception
The sixth season received generally favorable reviews, with an overall score of 78/100 on Metacritic. However, some critics identified a decline in quality compared to previous seasons. The season mainly faced criticism for a lack of stakes for the characters. Some critics have also criticized the conclusion to the Jim and Pam romance while others were critical of the lack of growth for Michael. Cindy White of IGN gave the season a 7.5 saying it was "Good" and "We did get some funny moments and some good episodes in Season 6, but as a whole it just doesn't compare to the strength of seasons past." She also went on to criticize the storylines including Jim's stint as co-manager. Will Leitch of New York said "The Office'''s season six was usually funny and always big-hearted, but there was never much at stake". Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich called the season the "least cohesive" season of the series.
Honors
The show received numerous nominations. The show was nominated for Favorite TV Comedy at the 36th People's Choice Awards, but lost to The Big Bang Theory. The show was nominated for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series for the fourth time at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards, but lost to Glee''. It was also nominated for two awards at Writers Guild of America Awards 2009 for Comedy Series and Episodic Comedy for the episode "Gossip" written by Paul Lieberstein. This season received four Emmy nominations at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards—Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Steve Carell), Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling for "Niagara") and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation.
Episodes
In the following table, "U.S. viewers (million)" refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the night of broadcast. Episodes are listed by the order in which they aired, and may not necessarily correspond to their production codes.
denotes an hour-long episode (with advertisements; actual runtime around 42 minutes).
References
External links
2009 American television seasons
2010 American television seasons | wiki |
The Second Battle of Clusium took place during Sulla's Second Civil War. Forces under the future triumvir Pompey defeated a 30,000 strong force under Carrinas, Brutus Damasippus and Marcius Censorinus, killing 20,000 of them. After the battle the defeated army largely dissolved, with many soldiers going home. All three defeated commanders escaped and took their remaining forces to the Samnites, who had declared for them.
References
Pompey
Clusium
Battles involving the Roman Republic | wiki |
Telescoping in mechanics describes the movement of one part sliding out from another, lengthening an object (such as a telescope or the lift arm of an aerial work platform) from its rest state. In modern equipment this can be achieved by a hydraulics, but pulleys are generally used for simpler designs such as extendable ladders and amateur radio antennas.
See also
Telescopic cylinder
Mechanics
Simple machines
References | wiki |
This is a bibliography of selected works about Nicaragua.
Bibliography
Asleson, Vern. (2004) Nicaragua: Those Passed By. Galde Press
free access: https://www.academia.edu/1621806/NICARAGUA_1979-1990._LA_REVOLUCIÓN_ENREDADA
See also
List of books and films about Nicaragua
References
Nicaragua | wiki |
Sarah Jackson – artista canadese
Sarah Yorke Jackson – first lady degli Stati Uniti d'America | wiki |
Kerr's sign is a dermatological sign characterized by a palpable change in skin texture inferior to the somatic level of a spinal cord lesion. The skin may feel stiff, dry, or tense.
References
Dermatologic signs
Medical signs | wiki |
Splints is an ailment of the horse or pony, characterized by a hard, bony swelling, usually on the inside of a front leg, lying between the splint and cannon bone or on the splint bone itself. It may be "hot," meaning that it occurred recently and is still painful; or "cold," meaning that the splint has completely recovered and there is no longer any swelling or pain associated with it. Bucked shins are sometimes called 'shin splints,'
which involve small stress fractures of the dorsal cannon bone, often seen in race training, and discussed elsewhere.
Anatomy
The splint bones, (metacarpal or metatarsal II and IV), which are remnants of two of the five toes of prehistoric horses, run down either side of the cannon bone. They narrow as they go from the carpal or tarsal joint down, and form a "button" at the bottom or their length, a few inches above the fetlock. Splint bones are attached to the cannon by the interosseous (suspensory) ligament, providing some mobility in the young horse. As the horse ages, the interosseous ligament is typically replaced by bone. In some older horses, the cannon and splint bones may become completely fused.
Causes
Direct trauma, such as from an interference injury or a kick from another horse, is a common causes of splints. The periosteum is damaged by the trauma, and the horse's body lays down new bone in the injured area. Splints caused by trauma are more commonly seen lower down the leg than ones caused by strain. The splints may occur in a front leg or hind, in one leg or both. Severe enough trauma can fracture the splint bone. If minimally displaced, and in the lower portion, some heal well. Others may need surgical removal of a portion of the damaged splint bone.
Concussion is another cause of splints. Concussive forces run from the carpus or tarsus into the splint bones. Working a horse on hard surfaces increases the concussion received by the interosseous ligament, which causes tearing. Splints caused by concussion are usually found on both front legs, most commonly on the inside of the leg a few inches below the knee.
Overworking young or unfit horses at speed or in tight circles may cause splints. The uneven loading of the limb in tight circles places excessive force on the medial splint, which can cause it to move excessively relative to the cannon bone, causing tears in the interosseous ligament and periosteal reaction.
Bench-kneed conformation causes excess loading of the medial splint bone, which can lead to splints.
Blind splints
Because the splint bone does have some mobility independent of the cannon bone, it can cause tension and strain on the periosteum of the splint bone where the interosseous ligament attaches. The horse will then lay down new bone and the area will become inflamed. "Blind splints" are named because the bony reaction happens on the inside border between the splint bone and cannon bone, where it can not be seen, and is usually not palpable. Besides causing pain as any active splint reaction can, the swelling can impinge on the suspensory ligament. This condition is difficult to diagnose, but ultrasound is generally diagnostic. MRI and CT also show these well.
Symptoms
Splints usually cause mild lameness (a grade of 1–2 out of 5). The injured area is hot, painful, and inflamed with a small bony swelling. However, splints do not always cause lameness, especially once "cold". More severe lameness is sometimes associated with a fractured splint bone, or soft tissue injury adjacent to the splints.
"Blind splints" usually produce mild lameness that is difficult to pinpoint because there is no obvious swelling, pain, or bony changes related to the exterior of the splint bone. At times, bone proliferation on the axial border of the splint bone can be seen radiographically, but ultrasound is much more sensitive for detecting blind splints.
The body will eventually absorb some of the bone it placed down in the splint, flattening out the splint over several months and possibly making it completely disappear. A splint involving the cannon alone is more likely to disappear than one involving the splint bone itself.
Treatment
The horse should have a reduced workload for 1–3 weeks. If a trainer does not decrease the workload sufficiently, and the splint bone continues to receive concussion, the injury is likely to continue or worsen. Light exercise on soft ground is best for a horse with splints, as work can help encourage the needed bone growth to heal the splint. Those trainers concerned with the cosmetic appearance of their horse usually prefer to hand-walk twice daily and keep the animal stalled until the splint is resolved, eliminating the chance that the splint will accidentally be knocked during work and the swelling increased.
Several days of cold therapy, sweats, and NSAIDs can help a "hot" splint. NSAIDs can help reduce the inflammation and help the bone growth by doing so. However, none of these treatments are incredibly effective. The most important factor is time. Counter-irritants, which increase inflammation, only hinder the formation of bone and can actually prolong the healing process.
Surgery to remove the fractured end of the splint bone, particularly in the lower third, is typically successful. However, surgical removal of the bone growth in large splints, performed by chiseling it away, usually does not produce satisfying results. Often, bone growth is stimulated by the surgery, and the size of the splint is increased. Only about a third of the time is surgery at all successful.
Prognosis
Prognosis is excellent in uncomplicated cases. The horse will be able to return to full work once the inflammation and pain ceases. Although the horse usually recovers quite quickly, horses with "blind splints" may take longer because there may be impingement on the suspensory ligament. The calcification of the splint is usually a permanent blemish, though over a period of many years, the excess calcification may be reabsorbed to some degree, occasionally to the point that the splint is no longer visible.
References
Sources
King, Christine, BVSc, MACVSc, and Mansmann, Richard, VDM, PhD. "Equine Lameness." Equine Research, Inc. 1997. Pages 752–757.
External links
splint Cure
X-rays
Medical diagram
Equine injury and lameness | wiki |
A eunuch is a man who has been castrated.
Eunuch or Eunuchs may also refer to:
Eunuch (TV series), a 1980 Hong Kong TV series
Eunuch (film), a 1986 South Korean film
The Eunuch, a 1971 Hong Kong film directed by Teddy Yip
Eunuchs (film), a 2007 British documentary
Eunuchus, a comedy by the 2nd century BCE Roman playwright Terence
See also
Eunice (disambiguation)
UNICE (disambiguation)
Unix (disambiguation) | wiki |
Bulbophyllum calophyllum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Louis Otho Otto Williams em 1938.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1938
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Unfair prejudice in United States evidence law may be grounds for excluding relevant evidence. "Unfair prejudice" as used in Rule 403 is not to be equated with testimony that is simply adverse to the opposing party. Virtually all evidence is prejudicial or it is not material. The prejudice must be "unfair".
Notes
External links
Committee Notes on Federal Rules of Evidence 403
United States federal law
United States evidence law | wiki |
Bulbophyllum candidum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Joseph Dalton Hooker em 1890.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1890
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
The House of Laity is the lower house in the tricameral General Synod of the Church of England legislature. They are responsible for representing the laity of the Church of England in the legislature. They are indirectly elected every 5 years by members on the Church of England's electoral roll via the representatives on the Diocesan Synods.
History
The concept of giving the laity a voice in the governance of the Church of England dated back to the English Reformation when King Henry VIII of England broke the Church of England away from the Roman Catholic Church. The doctrine of lay supremacy was one of the rationales for the breakaway. Initially the Members of Parliament in the House of Commons were used as the lay representatives as all Church of England legislature had to go through Parliament. However during the 20th century, Parliament focussed little time on Church of England matters. When the Church Assembly (predecessor to the General Synod) was established, it was decided that normal churchgoers would replace the House of Commons as the representatives of the laity; thus creating the House of Laity.
The House of Laity, along with the House of Bishops and House of Clergy, hold a veto over Church of England Measures and reports. An example of this was in 2012 when the House of Laity failed to reach the two-thirds majority needed to approve the ordination of women bishops despite the other Houses of the Synod approving it.
Election
Members of the House of Laity are elected every five years. Despite their name, they are not directly elected by the Church of England's members. To be eligible for election a person has to be on the electoral roll of a Church of England parish church and be elected by their church's members or co-opted onto the parochial church council, then selected to represent the parish at the deanery synod. From there, they have to be selected to represent the deanery at the diocesan synod, from whose numbers the diocese's representative to the General Synod is elected. There has been criticism of this method of election with suggestions that it leaves the system open to influence from special interest groups. There is no maximum age limit to sit in the House of Laity however some members have voluntarily chosen not to stand for re-election when they reach 70 on the grounds that Church of England clergy are obliged to retire at that age.
All dioceses of the Province of Canterbury and the Province of York are represented with two representatives in the House of Laity. The Diocese of Sodor and Man is not represented in the House of Laity. However, the duties of the House of Laity insofar as measures extend to the Isle of Man are taken on by Tynwald.
References
Church of England | wiki |
Ojingeo-chae-bokkeum () is a bokkeum (stir-fried dish) made with dried shredded squid—called ojingeo-chae in Korean— and gochujang-based sauce. Like other dry banchan (side dish), it can be stored for a long time and retain its taste.
Preparation
Dried shredded squid are cut into short pieces, stir-fried in oil, and coated with the sauce mixture made by mixing and boiling gochujang (chili paste), sugar, rice cooking wine, and water. Sesame oil and toasted sesame seeds are sprinkled on top when served.
Photos
References
Banchan
Squid dishes | wiki |
Ghost House (computerspel)
Ghost House (film), een film van William C. de Mille | wiki |
Viengthong district may refer to a few different districts in Laos.
Viengthong district, Bolikhamsai
Viengthong district, Houaphanh | wiki |
Pathoumphone District is a district (muang) of Champasak province in southwestern Laos.
References
Districts of Champasak province | wiki |
Quartermaster John Ditzenback (born 1828) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Ditzenback received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action aboard the on 6 December 1864. He was honored with the award on 22 June 1865.
Biography
Ditzenback was born in New York, New York in 1828. He enlisted into the United States Navy.
Medal of Honor citation
See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
References
1828 births
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
Union Navy officers
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Year of death missing | wiki |
A Will to Survive is the 156th title of the Hardy Boys series, written by Franklin W. Dixon. The book was first published by Pocket Books in 1999, and reprinted by Scholastic in 2004.
Plot summary
The Hardy Boys go to Shorewood Nature Center, an ecology system. The Hardy Boys then find out of a valuable treasure stored in the center. But someone is trying to get rid of them. Now the Hardy Boys must find out the stalker before it's too late. The young lads get into many dangers and at last they get the mystery solved.
References
Sources
The Hardy Boys books
1999 American novels
1999 children's books
Pocket Books books | wiki |
Below are the rosters for the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup tournament in Mexico.
Group A
Bolivia
Head coach: Héctor Veira
Egypt
Head coach: Mahmoud El-Gohary
Mexico
Head coach: Manuel Lapuente
Saudi Arabia
Head coach: Milan Máčala
Group B
Brazil
Head coach: Vanderlei Luxemburgo
Germany
Head coach: Erich Ribbeck
New Zealand
Head coach: Ken Dugdale
United States
Head coach: Bruce Arena
External links
FIFA.com
FIFA Confederations Cup squads
Squads | wiki |
In early music polyphony, superius or cantus is the Latin language-derived name given to the highest voice or part.
See also
Voice type
Quintus (vocal music)
References
External links
Vocal music | wiki |
A Parmesan knife or grana knife (Italian: tagliagrana) is a knife with a drop-shaped blade and a round wooden handle used to break hard cheeses like grana or parmigiano into shards. Bigger knives with a flat handle that can be hammered are used to cut open the cheese wheels, the crusts of which are rather hard.
It is depicted in the official logo of PDO parmigiano reggiano.
References
Kitchen knives | wiki |
A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single constituent in the sentence.
Phrase may also refer to:
Phrase (music), a unit of musical meter
Phrase (fencing), a sequence of actions in fencing
Phrase (rapper), Australian rapper
Phrase (software), translation management system for software | wiki |
A catlin or catling is a long, double-bladed surgical knife. It was commonly used from the 17th to the mid 19th century, particularly for amputations; thereafter its use declined in favor of mechanically driven (and later, electrically driven) oscillating saws.
Surgeon William Clowes wrote about the instrument in a medical treatise written in 1596, that amputation required the use of "a very good catlin, and an incision knife," Later, surgeon John Woodall referred to a "catlinge" in a work in 1639. By 1693, when British navy surgeon John Moyle described proper amputation techniques, he wrote that "with your Catling, divide the Flesh and Vessels about and between the bones, and with the back of your Catling, remove the Periosteum that it may not hinder the saw, nor cause greater Torment in the Operation,".
The term was thereafter understood to refer to an interosseous knife.
See also
Instruments used in general surgery
References
Surgical instruments
Medical knives | wiki |
Buckeyes are a confection made from a peanut butter fudge partially dipped in chocolate to leave a circle of peanut butter visible. Buckeyes are similar to peanut butter balls (or peanut-butter-filled chocolate balls), which are completely covered in chocolate.
Named for their resemblance to the poisonous nut of the Ohio buckeye tree, the state tree of Ohio, this candy is particularly popular in Ohio and neighboring states.
It is common for Ohioans to make buckeyes at home, but they are also available in mail-order catalogs and candy shops.
The dessert is not known prior to the 1960s or 1970s, originally being prepared by home cooks in their kitchens. One recipe included butter, crunchy or creamy peanut butter, powdered sugar, and chocolate chips. Peanut butter and butter are blended and powdered sugar is added gradually before it is rolled into small balls and dipped in melted chocolate.
See also
Chocolate balls
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Peanut butter cup
List of peanut dishes
References
External links
Traditional state foods & recipes
Peanut Butter Balls
American confectionery
Candy
Chocolate confectionery
Peanut dishes
Cuisine of Ohio | wiki |
Mercantile Library may refer to:
New York Mercantile Library (1820), former name of the Center for Fiction, New York City, New York
Mercantile Library Association (Boston, Massachusetts) (1820)
Mercantile Library of Cincinnati (1835), Cincinnati, Ohio, also known as Young Men's Mercantile Library
St. Louis Mercantile Library (1846), University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
Mercantile Library Association of San Francisco (1852), San Francisco, California, absorbed by San Francisco Mechanics' Institute in 1906
Saint Paul Public Library (1857), Saint Paul, Minnesota
Brooklyn Public Library (1857), Brooklyn Public Library Business Library, New York
Philadelphia Mercantile Library (1866), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
See also
Mercantile
Library | wiki |
The eighth season of the Fairy Tail anime series was directed by Shinji Ishihira and produced by A-1 Pictures and Bridge. The first ten episodes are an adaptation of the spin-off manga series Fairy Tail Zero by Hiro Mashima. Fairy Tail Zero is a prequel which focuses on the adventures of the guild's first master, Mavis Vermillion. The last two episodes adapt material from the last two chapters of the 49th volume of the original manga, and deal with Lucy Heartfilia reuniting with Natsu Dragneel and Happy at the Grand Magic Games. Season 8 is the second and final season of the 2014 anime series.
The 12-episode season ran from January 9, 2016, through March 26, 2016, on TV Tokyo in Japan. Funimation simulcasted the series with a broadcast dub in North America. Funimation released the season on Blu-ray/DVD on March 6, 2018 as "season 8".
Three pieces of theme music were used for this season: one opening and two ending themes. The opening theme is , performed by Kavka Shishido. The ending themes are "Landscape", performed by Solidemo for the first 11 episodes; and "Masayume Chasing", performed by BoA, for the final episode of the season.
Episode list
Notes
References
General
Specific
External links
Official anime website
8
2016 Japanese television seasons | wiki |
The women's freestyle 53 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2021 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Oslo, Norway on 5 and 6 October.
This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.
Results
Legend
F — Won by fall
Final
Top half
Bottom half
Repechage
Final standing
References
External links
Official website
Women's freestyle 53 kg
2021 in women's sport wrestling | wiki |
Back for Good may refer to:
"Back for Good" (song), 1995 song recorded by British band Take That
Back for Good (album), 1998 album by Modern Talking | wiki |
DRX may refer to:
Desktop Replacement Extreme, a laptop made by Falcon Northwest
Discontinuous reception, a method in mobile communication
DRX (esports), professional South Korean esports organization
Dynamic recrystallisation, a metallurgical phenomenon
Proposed pressurized water reactor for submarine propulsion developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) | wiki |
Cavaletti (also spelled cavalletti, singular (rarely used in English) cavaletto) (Italian: "little horse") are small jumps, originally made of wood, used for basic horse training. Most consist of rails that are about wide, and long. The rails are inserted into fixed standards, usually made in an "X" shape, that commonly are designed to be placed at one of three preset heights ranging from a few inches off the ground to a maximum of about . However, in informal terminology, even ground rails without standards are sometimes called "cavaletti." Modern designs can be made from various types of molded plastic and PVC pipe as well as wood. They can be used both for ground training with the handler working a horse on a longe line or at liberty, or while a rider is mounted on the horse. Cavaletti are used by practitioners of both English riding and western riding. Similar obstacles of lighter weight materials are used with dogs in dog agility and canine physical therapy.
Cavaletti were invented by Federico Caprilli and designed to help a horse improve its balance, adjust its length of stride, and to loosen and strengthen its muscles. They are often used in sets of at least four to six placed in a row, but can be configured in nearly unlimited ways. Used at their lowest placement as ground rails or at a level no more than about high, they can be set to encourage a proper length of stride. By being set closer or farther apart than a horse's natural stride, they encourage lengthening or shortening of the stride. Used as a "gymnastic" in conjunction with other horse jumping obstacles in a training ring, they help teach the horse how to approach a fence at the proper speed and length of stride. Set at higher settings, they become small jumps to introduce young horses or beginning riders to jumping.
Some designs can safely be stacked, allowing fences up to about .
Spaced as ground rails between apart, cavaletti encourage a horse maintain a shorter stride at a trot or jog, spaced farther apart, a row of cavaletti encourage a longer, more extended trot stride. Beginning at approximately apart, they encourage a slow canter or lope and spaced at intervals of , depending on the size and stride of the individual horse, they help regulate a horse's proper pace as it approaches or departs from a jumping obstacle.
In modern use, cavaletti are used not only for training, but also in some types of horse show competition such as trail horse classes for western riders, and very basic beginning jumper classes. They are not only used as jumps or ground rails, but can also be used to define corridors for training exercises or in trail horse or driving classes.
There are potential safety issues associated with cavaletti. The standards need to be designed to be a compromise that will be stable if lightly struck by a horse's leg or hoof, yet move or give way if tripped over or hit with force. Standards need to be designed so that a horse cannot catch a leg in the "X" standard if they attempt to evade or run out on the cavaletti. Cavaletti not designed to be stacked could fall in a dangerous manner if stacked and then knocked down. Edges of standards should be squared or rounded in a manner to avoid presenting sharp edges if struck by a horse or a falling rider.
References
Horse training→ | wiki |
A nurse scientist is a nurse with advanced preparation such as a Ph.D. in nursing or related field including research principles and methodology, who also has expert content knowledge in a specific clinical area. The primary focus of the role is to provide leadership in the development, coordination and management of clinical research studies; provide mentorship for nurses in research; lead evaluation activities that improve outcomes for patients participating in research studies; contribute to the overall health sciences literature. Nurse scientists have been regarded as knowledge brokers. They participate in nursing research.
See also
Biomedical scientist
References
Science occupations
Nursing research | wiki |
The Longest Ride may refer to:
The Longest Ride (film), a 2015 American Neo Western romantic drama film based on Spark's novel of the same name
The Longest Ride (novel), a 2013 novel by Nicholas Sparks | wiki |
Group B of the 2002 FIFA World Cup took place between 2 and 12 June 2002. Spain won the group and advanced to the second round along with Paraguay, who beat South Africa to finish in second place on goals scored. South Africa and Slovenia failed to advance.
Standings
Spain advanced to play Republic of Ireland (runner-up of Group E) in the round of 16.
Paraguay advanced to play Germany (winner of Group E) in the round of 16.
Matches
All times are local (UTC+9)
Paraguay vs South Africa
Spain vs Slovenia
Spain vs Paraguay
South Africa vs Slovenia
South Africa vs Spain
Slovenia vs Paraguay
External links
Results
B
Spain at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Group
South Africa at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Paraguay at the 2002 FIFA World Cup | wiki |
A displacer is a special-purpose piston, used in Beta and Gamma type Stirling engines.
Displacer may also refer to:
Displacer (band), a Toronto band
Displacer beast, a fictional creature in Dungeons & Dragons | wiki |
The following articles contain lists of characters from The Office television franchise:
List of The Office (American TV series) characters
List of The Office (British TV series) characters | wiki |
In computing, server application programming interface (SAPI) is the direct module interface to web servers such as the Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft IIS, and Oracle iPlanet Web Server.
In other words, SAPI is an application programming interface (API) provided by the web server to help other developers in extending the web server capabilities.
Microsoft uses the term Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI), and the defunct Netscape web server used the term Netscape Server Application Programming Interface (NSAPI) for the same purpose.
As an example, PHP has a direct module interface called SAPI for different web servers; in the case of PHP 5 and Apache 2.0 on Windows, it is provided in the form of a DLL file called , which is a module that, among other functions, provides an interface between PHP and the web server, implemented in a form that the server understands. This form is what is known as a SAPI.
Different kinds of SAPIs exist for various web-server extensions. For example, in addition to those listed above, other SAPIs for the PHP language include the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) and command-line interface (CLI).
See also
FastCGI (a variation of the CGI)
References
External links
Developing modules for the Apache HTTP Server 2.4
Application programming interfaces | wiki |
Arcadia is a Colombian-based monthly magazine. The magazine offers articles on arts, literature and movies.
See also
Credencial
El Malpensante
References
2005 establishments in Colombia
Magazines published in Colombia
Cultural magazines
Magazines established in 2005
Mass media in Bogotá
Monthly magazines
Spanish-language magazines | wiki |
Hellenism may refer to:
Ancient Greece
Hellenistic period, the period between the death of Alexander the Great and the annexation of the classical Greek heartlands by Rome
Hellenistic Greece, Greece in the Hellenistic period
Hellenistic art, the art of the Hellenistic period
Hellenistic Judaism, a form of Judaism in the ancient world that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Greek culture
Hellenistic philosophy, a period of Western philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization following Aristotle and ending with the beginning of Neoplatonism
Hellenistic religion, systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire (c. 300 BCE to 300 CE)
Modern
Hellenism (neoclassicism), an aesthetic movement in 18th and 19th century England and Germany
Hellenism (modern religion), Hellenic and Hellenistic religious groups rooted in praxis, cultural values, philosophy of the Greeks and Greek history.
See also
Hellenic (disambiguation)
Hellenic studies
Hellenization, the spread of Greek culture to other peoples
Panhellenism, the nationalism of Greeks and Greek culture | wiki |
Greatest Hits albums are compilations of successful, previously released songs by a particular music artist or band. For a list of such albums, see List of greatest hits albums.
Greatest Hits or variants may also refer to:
Music
Non-compilation albums
Greatest Hits (Phil Ochs album), seventh and final studio album by Phil Ochs, 1970
The Greatest Hits (Funkoars album), second studio album by Funkoars, 2006
The Greatest Hit (Money Mountain), debut studio album by Blue Orchids, 1982
Greatest Hits (Kari Peitsamo ja Ankkuli album), fifth studio album by Kari Peitsamo ja Ankkuli, featuring cover versions of his favourite songs, 1980
Greatest Hits (Remo Drive album), first studio album by Remo Drive, 2017
Greatest Hits (Waterparks album), fourth studio album by Waterparks, 2021
Songs
"The Greatest Hit" (song), a no.100 charting song by Annie
"The Greatest Hit", song by Six Finger Satellite from Paranormalized
Other media
"Greatest Hits" (Lost), an episode of Lost
Greatest Hits (TV series), a television series
Greatest Hits (PlayStation range), a set of Sony video games re-released at a lower price
Greatest Hits (comics), a six-issue comic book limited series
Greatest Hits Radio, a radio station in the United Kingdom
See also
Greatest Hits Tour (disambiguation)
Greatest Hits & More (disambiguation) | wiki |
Hawaii Route 240 is a state highway in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States.
Route description
The highway is located on the island of Hawaii, and travels from southeast of the city of Honokaa northwest to Waimanu Natural Estuarine Research Reserve, on the coast of the island. The highway connects the settlement located by the Reserve to the main highway, Hawaii Route 19.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
0240
Transportation in Hawaii County, Hawaii | wiki |
Selenoteuthis is een geslacht van inktvissen uit de familie van de Lycoteuthidae.
Soort
Selenoteuthis scintillans G. L. Voss, 1959
Lycoteuthidae | wiki |
A Kullu shawl is a type of shawl made in Kullu, India, featuring various geometrical patterns and bright colors. Originally, indigenous Kullvi people would weave plain shawls, but following the arrival of craftspeople from Bushahr in the early 1940s, the trend of more patterned shawls came to rise.
Kullu Shawls are well known all around the world for its simple and elegant designs and its fine woolen fabric and manufacturing quality. Kullu shawls are worn by both: men and women, but men's shawls are usually called "Loi" or "Pattu" and are often plain without any pattern or minimal patterned stripes on two edges.
Typical Kullu shawls have geometrical designs on both ends. The shawls may also have floral designs, which may run all over. Each design may have up to eight colors. Most traditional colors are often bright colors, used to emphasize the shawl and make it more appealing, however, there are instances where the shawl is made with a more dull color, such as pastel. Kulu shawls are also crafted in yak's wool, sheep wool, Pashmina, and other handcrafted material.
History
Prior to national independence, modern and industrialized clothing products did not reach much of the rural parts of the nation. The region in which the Kullvi people inhabit is a temperate region in the Himalayan region, providing an abundance of Sheep, Ox, and various other furred organisms. Prior to the arrival of more modern craftsmen, the primary attire was Patti woven to protect against the harsh cold typical of the region. Following the arrival of a craftsman from Himachal Pradesh, the Kullu Shawl became prominent following the introduction of artistic patterns and floral art, it became a significant article of clothing for most inhabitants of the Himalayan area.
Characteristics:
Kullu shawls are mostly made of three types of wool: Merino wool, Angora wool and Local sheep wool. These different kinds of wools are sometimes used combined to make more varieties. Designs patterns are mostly geometric shapes with few exceptions where floral designs are used.
Prices:
Cost of these shawls can vary significantly depending on its design and other factors. Despite its expensive cost hand woven shawls are very popular with its admirers because of its organic nature(handmade), beautiful, elegant design and its warm woolen fabric.
Prices of Kullu shawls depend on these factors: design patterns, the amount of those patterns in shawls, the wool type and the quality of the fabric made of those wools. Prices can range between Rs. 800/- to Rs 10,000/-. Higher cost shawls are also available in the market but they are often difficult to find.
Importance of Kullu Shawls in the local economy:
Kullu shawls play a very significant role in the economy of the valley. It is one of the major income sources for these people where thousands of them earn their living by weaving part time or full time. Around 20,000 people work part-time and about 10,000 people earn their livelihood by working full-time. These shawls are made in the valley itself by local people who have inherited their skills from their past generations. Shawls made in the valley are woven using handlooms and these handlooms can be found in almost every home in rural areas. These are used to weave shawls and fabric for other clothes to fulfill their own needs or for commercial purposes. Kullu shawls are also an important part of the heritage of Himachal Pradesh due to which state government provides many benefits to weavers so this heritage can flourish and can be preserved.
The current state of Kullu Shawls:
Kullu shawls are made using handlooms but these days some outside manufacturers especially from Ludhiana, (http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/80--kullu-shawls-have--made-in-ludhiana--stamp/717485/) are producing cheap factory-made material with copied design patterns and selling it on heavy discounts which is leaving a very bad impact on original Kullu Shawls' market share and valley's economy. Consequently, it is discouraging weavers who have been working on this craft for decades making this beautiful art die a slow death. Handmade kullu shawls are getting a very tough competition because of its relatively higher cost as it involves a lot of hard work.
State government has recently taken many steps to prevent these crises. Most crucial of them all is assigning of Geographic Indicator (GI) to Kullu Shawls (http://hpscste.nic.in/pbulletin/third.html). This GI can only be used to those shawls which have being produced in the valley itself and have been made using the handlooms. This practice has been adopted to restrict the sale of power-loom-made shawls in the name Kullu Shawls.
How to make sure whether it is original or fake?
Follow these tips to ensure you do not end up buying fake, factory-made shawls:
Don't fall for big discounts. Handmade shawls are often very genuinely priced so discounts are not affordable. So if you're getting heavy discounts, chances are you are not getting real thing.
Avoid referrals from Taxi drivers. They often get big commissions to refer tourists to buy factory made shawls/stoles. Rather ask some local person or shopkeeper.
Most of the original kullu shaw ls vendors are a part of some registered society so you can ask shopkeepers about it and if they are registered under one then it is safe to buy from them. List of few well known societies is provided below in next section.
Government has issued a Geographic Indicator(GI) to original Kullu Shawls. So you can ask shopkeeper about it, but it is not very common and very few societies have obtained it so it is not an idle way to confirm the authenticity of Kullu Shawls.
References
HimalayanKraft
External links
Kullu Shawls, Himachal Pradesh.
History of Asian clothing
Geographical indications in Himachal Pradesh | wiki |
The drawer test is used in the initial clinical assessment of suspected rupture of the cruciate ligaments in the knee. The patient should be supine with the hips flexed to 45 degrees, the knees flexed to 90 degrees and the feet flat on table. The examiner positions himself by sitting on the examination table in front of the involved knee and grasping the tibia just below the joint line of the knee. The thumbs are placed along the joint line on either side of the patellar tendon. The tibia is then drawn forward anteriorly. An increased amount of anterior tibial translation compared with the opposite limb or lack of a firm end-point may indicate either a sprain of the anteromedial bundle or complete tear of the ACL. If the tibia pulls forward or backward more than normal, the test is considered positive. Excessive displacement of the tibia anteriorly suggests that the anterior cruciate ligament is injured, whereas excessive posterior displacement of the tibia may indicate injury of the posterior cruciate ligament.
See also
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Posterior cruciate ligament injury
Lachman test
References
Examination of the knee | wiki |
Parrot's sign (after Dr Jules Marie Parrot, 1839–1883) is an indicator of meningitis. It is the creation of pain with applied pressure to the retromandibular region of the head. According to one source, it may be a pupillary reflex elicited by skin pinch.
References
Medical signs | wiki |
Gary McDonald may refer to:
Gary McDonald (footballer, born 1969), English footballer
Gary McDonald (footballer, born 1982), Scottish footballer
Gary McDonald (actor) (born 1961), English actor
Gary McDonald (Australian footballer) (born 1953), former Australian rules footballer
See also
Gary MacDonald (disambiguation)
Garry McDonald (born 1948), Australian actor
Garry MacDonald (cricketer) (born 1956), New Zealand cricketer | wiki |
Gibson Alberto Rosado Alba (born January 18, 1960) is a former professional baseball pitcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals in . He appeared in three games as a reliever, pitching 3.1 innings in his career.
External links
1960 births
Living people
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Denver Zephyrs players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
El Paso Diablos players
Erie Cardinals players
Florence Blue Jays players
Gastonia Cardinals players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Kinston Blue Jays players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Louisville Redbirds players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Mexican League baseball pitchers
People from Santiago de los Caballeros
Richmond Braves players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Petersburg Cardinals players
Syracuse Chiefs players | wiki |
Airbus A321, een vliegtuig
A321 (Groot-Brittannië), een verkeersweg | wiki |
The Football League First Division was a division of the Football League in England from 1888 until 2004. It was the top division in the English football league system from the season 1888–89 until 1991–92, a century in which the First Division's winning club became English football champions.
The First Division contained between 12 and 24 clubs, playing each other home and away in a double round robin. The competition was based on two points for a win from 1888 until the increase to three points for a win in 1981.
After the creation of the Premier League, the name First Division was given to the second-tier division (from 1992). The name ceased to exist after the 2003–04 First Division season. The division was rebranded as the Football League Championship (now EFL Championship).
History
The Football League was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. It originally consisted of a single division of 12 clubs (Accrington, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts County, Preston North End, Stoke (now Stoke City), West Bromwich Albion, and Wolverhampton Wanderers), known as The Football League. When the League admitted additional members from the rival Football Alliance in 1892, it was split into two divisions.
For the next 100 years, the First Division was the top professional league in English football. In 1992, the 22 clubs making up the First Division elected to resign from the Football League and set up the Premier League. The Football League was consequently re-organised, with the Second, Third, and Fourth Divisions renamed the First, Second, and Third respectively. Thus, the First Division, while still the top level of the Football League became the second level of the entire English football league system.
The First Division was renamed the Football League Championship prior to the start of the 2004–05 season, as part of a league-wide rebrand. The Football League rebranded itself as the English Football League prior to the 2016–17 season, with its top level becoming the EFL Championship at that time.
Liverpool were the most frequent winners of the First Division when it was the top flight of English football, winning it a total of 18 times.
Trophy and players' medals
The Football League First Division trophy was first awarded in 1891, and was presented to the winners through to 1992.
As of the 1947–48 season, making seven appearances for their club during the season was not enough for a player to qualify for a winners medal.
As of the 1975–76 season, players had to make 14 appearances for their club during the season in order to qualify for a winners medal.
First Division champions
The Football League First Division between 1888 and 1992 was the top tier in English football.
From the start of the 1992-93 season, the first division became the second tier in English football. The champions would now be promoted to the Premier League. The 2003-04 season would be the last before rebranding as the Championship.
First Division all time top scorers
See also
List of English football first tier top scorers
References
1
Eng
Eng | wiki |
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