text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Verne ima više značenja:
Verne (Kuneo)
Verne (Torino) | wiki |
This is a sub-list from List of doping cases in sport representing a full list of surnames starting with Z.
References
Z | wiki |
Коротенко Катерина Антонівна
Валерія Коротенко | wiki |
A sylph is a mythological creature in western tradition.
Sylph may also refer to:
Biology
The hummingbird genus Aglaiocercus which includes:
Long-tailed sylph
Violet-tailed sylph
Venezuelan sylph
The skipper butterfly genus Metisella which are called sylphs
The dragonfly genus Macrothemis which are called sylphs
Other uses
La Sylphide, a ballet
Sylph (1791 ship), a British merchant ship
Sylph (1831 ship) one of two Age of Sail merchant vessels of that name
The Sylph, a 1778 novel by Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
Sylph (Dungeons & Dragons)
Sylph Comics, a shōjo manga publishing label under ASCII Media Works
Sylph (magazine), a shōjo manga magazine published by ASCII Media Works
See also
Sylpheed, an open-source e-mail client and news client licensed under the GPL | wiki |
A suction dredge can be:
A type of ship or boat called a suction dredger
An airlift (dredging device) for use underwater by divers | wiki |
My Name is... was a talent show television program founded by the Dutch television host, Albert Verlinde and broadcast by the Belgium and Dutch television channels VTM and RTL4. The format was also purchased by the German and French television.
References
Dutch reality television series
Dutch-language television shows
RTL 4 original programming
VTM (TV channel) original programming | wiki |
The works composed by Mauro Giuliani are:
Giuliani, Mauro, compositions by | wiki |
Chilla or Chilla-nashini is a Sufi practice of penance and solitude.
Chilla may also refer to:
Music
Chilla katna, in Hindustani classical music, a stage of training
Chillaa, a 2012 album by Robin
Places
Chilla (Rajaji National Park), a wilderness area in India
Chilla, Punjab, a village in India
Chilla Canton, Ecuador
People
Chilla Bulbeck (born 1951), Australian academic
Chilla Christ (1911–1998), Australian cricketer
Chilla Jones (born 1987), American battle rapper
Chilla Porter (1936–2020), Australian athlete and politician
Chilla Wilson (1931–2016), Australian rugby union footballer
Mercedes Chilla (born 1980), Spanish javelin thrower
Other uses
Chilla (month), the fifth month of the Nepal Era calendar
South American gray fox or chilla
See also
Chila (disambiguation) | wiki |
The dorsal venous arch of the foot is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Anatomically, it is defined by where the dorsal veins of the first and fifth digit, respectively, meet the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein.
It is usually fairly easy to palpate and visualize (if the patient is barefoot). It lies superior to the metatarsal bones approximately midway between the ankle joint and metatarsal phalangeal joints.
Additional images
External links
Veins of the lower limb | wiki |
Honda has made two variations of a four-stroke, naturally-aspirated, V8 racing engines to compete in Formula One. First, a 3-litre engine in ; which had its only competitive outing at the infamous, and ultimately tragic 1968 French Grand Prix, in which driver Jo Schlesser was killed. Second, a 2.4-litre engine was introduced in , to comply with the new Formula One regulations. Honda ultimately had to pull out of Formula One after 2008, due to the global financial crisis. The customer engines were used by both Honda and Super Aguri teams.
Complete Formula One results
As a constructor
(key)
All 14 points scored by Honda V12 engines.
As an engine supplier
(key)
Grand Prix engine results
1 race win.
1 pole position.
4 podium finishes
References
RA
Formula One engines
Gasoline engines by model
V8 engines | wiki |
In Between or related spellings may refer to:
Film and television
In Between, a 1991 film featuring Alexandra Paul
In Between (1994 film), a Hong Kong romantic anthology film
In Between (2005 film), a film with a score by Suzanne Davis
In Between (2016 film), a French-Israeli film by Maysaloun Hamoud
In Between (miniseries), a 1987 Australian television miniseries
In Between (TV series), a 2012 Taiwanese drama
The InBetween, a 2019 American supernatural drama television series
The In-Between (2019 film), an American film by Mindy Bledsoe
The In Between, a 2022 American film
Music
Albums
In Between (Jazzanova album), 2002
In Between (Onry Ozzborn album) or the title song, 2005
In Between (Paul van Dyk album) or the title song, 2007
In Between, by the Feelies, 2017
In Between, a 2010 EP by Erik Truffaz
In Between, a 2001 EP by Rosie Thomas
Inbetween, a 2002 album by Bubbles
The Inbetween, a 2014 album by Scarlet White
The In Between (album), or the title song by Booker Ervin, 1968
Songs
"In Between" (song), by Scotty McCreery, 2019
"In Between", by 6lack from Free 6lack, 2016
"In Between", by Beartooth from Disgusting, 2014
"In Between", by Collective Soul from Disciplined Breakdown, 1997
"In Between", by Julian Lennon from Everything Changes, 2013
"In Between", by Kelsea Ballerini from Unapologetically, 2017
"In Between", by Linkin Park from Minutes to Midnight, 2007
"The In-Between" (song), by Evanescence
See also
Acey Deucey (card game), also known as in-between
Inbetweening, a process in animation
Inbetweener (disambiguation)
Between (disambiguation) | wiki |
The ICD coding for rare diseases is the International Classification of Diseases code used for the purpose of documenting rare diseases. It is important for health insurance reimbursement, administration, epidemiology, and research. Of the approximately 7,000 rare diseases, only about 500 have a specific code. However more than 5400 rare diseases are included in ICD-11 and can be recorded using an ICD-11 URI. An ICD code is needed for a person's medical records—it is important for health insurance reimbursement, administration, epidemiology, and research. Finding the best ICD code for a patient who has a rare disease can be a challenge.
Versions
Different versions of the ICD code exist worldwide. The United States currently uses the ICD-10-CM, a Clinical Modification of the World Health OrganizationO standard for diagnoses adapted for insurance reimbursement and billing purposes. This version allows for further breakdown of a code, which increases diagnosis specificity. Currently, published material that reference ICD-9-CM codes, which were used before October 1, 2015; however, not every code in the ICD-9-CM has a corresponding code in ICD-10-CM. Europe and other parts of the world use the ICD-10. The root codes for ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM are the same, making it helpful for locating codes for general body systems and disease processes.
In ICD-11 the search and coding of any disease, including rare ones is done via the ICD-11 website. Retaining detailed information about every individual rare diseases is best done with the URI in ICD-11.
Older versions
Several online resources can help locate ICD codes:
WHO ICD-11 release version – A searchable online version of ICD-11 that allows users to search by hierarchy or by entering the disease name.
WHO ICD-10 Version: 2019 – A searchable online version of ICD-10 that allows users to search by hierarchy or by entering the disease name.
List of Official ICD-10 Updates - ICD-10 updates endorsed by the WHO.
Advocacy groups
A good place to start is to contact an advocacy organization for the rare disease. These organizations are often aware of how the condition has been coded for other patients with the same diagnosis and may be able to recommend one or more codes to use. Many disease advocacy organizations also have medical advisory boards or physician directories, which can help to find someone with experience coding for that particular condition. A search can be done on the Genetic and Rare Diseases website for a list of disease advocacy organizations. A Genetic and Rare Diseases information specialist can be contacted directly for assistance.
Orphanet
Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orphanet outlines the ICD-10 coding rules for rare diseases included in their database. The Orphanet database also often includes coding information for the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, the Unified Medical Language System, and more. When a diagnosis has not been established, or when a code does not exist for a specific rare disease, general coding guidelines indicate that it is acceptable to use codes that describe signs and symptoms.
See also
ICD-10 Clinical Modification
References
Clinical procedure classification
Rare diseases
Human diseases and disorders | wiki |
Stonehouse is a comet, designated C/1998 H1, discovered by observer Patrick L. Stonehouse of Wolverine, Michigan, USA.
With a maximal brightness of about 10th magnitude in April/May, 1998, Comet Stonehouse was too faint to be seen by the unaided eye, but was a popular object for telescope-equipped comet watchers.
References
External links
Non-periodic comets | wiki |
CFPL may refer to:
CFPL (AM), a radio station (980 AM) licensed to serve London, Ontario, Canada
CFPL-FM, a radio station (95.9 FM) licensed to serve London
CFPL-DT, a television station (channel 10) licensed to serve London
Commonwealth Financial Planning Limited, a division of the Commonwealth Bank, Australia | wiki |
BattleTroops is a FASA wargame set in the BattleTech universe, simulating infantry combat. It was expanded to include Clan Elementals with ClanTroops. It was published in 1989.
External links
BattleTech games
Board games introduced in 1989
Science fiction board wargames | wiki |
Interstellar is a 2014 epic science fiction film co-written, directed, and produced by Christopher Nolan. It stars Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Bill Irwin, Ellen Burstyn, Matt Damon, and Michael Caine. Set in a dystopian future where humanity is struggling to survive, the film follows a group of astronauts who travel through a wormhole near Saturn in search of a new home for mankind.
Brothers Christopher and Jonathan Nolan wrote the screenplay, which had its origins in a script Jonathan developed in 2007. Caltech theoretical physicist and 2017 Nobel laureate in Physics Kip Thorne was an executive producer, acted as a scientific consultant, and wrote a tie-in book, The Science of Interstellar. Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema shot it on 35 mm movie film in the Panavision anamorphic format and IMAX 70 mm. Principal photography began in late 2013 and took place in Alberta, Iceland, and Los Angeles. Interstellar uses extensive practical and miniature effects and the company Double Negative created additional digital effects.
Interstellar premiered on October 26, 2014, in Los Angeles. In the United States, it was first released on film stock, expanding to venues using digital projectors. The film had a worldwide gross over $677 million (and $773 million with subsequent re-releases), making it the tenth-highest grossing film of 2014. It received acclaim for its performances, direction, screenplay, musical score, visual effects, ambition, themes, and emotional weight. It has also received praise from many astronomers for its scientific accuracy and portrayal of theoretical astrophysics. Since its premiere, Interstellar gained a cult following, and now is regarded by many sci-fi experts as one of the best science-fiction films of all time. Interstellar was nominated for five awards at the 87th Academy Awards, winning Best Visual Effects, and received numerous other accolades.
Plot
In 2067, a global famine caused humanity to abandon scientific pursuits such as space exploration. Ex-NASA pilot Joseph Cooper is forced to work as a farmer. One day, Cooper experiences a gravitational "anomaly" in his daughter Murph's bedroom. He deduces it to be a pattern of GPS coordinates and arrives at a secret NASA facility headed by Professor Brand. Brand explains to Cooper that it is engaged in a secret mission to discover an exoplanet capable of supporting life and that he is working on a gravity-equation. He enlists Cooper's help to pilot an exploratory spacecraft with three other scientists – Romilly, Doyle, and Brand’s daughter Amelia. The crew travels through a wormhole on board the Endurance to pass through to another galaxy. Their mission is to investigate three planets, orbiting a supermassive black hole called Gargantua, each of which was previously explored by a NASA scientist-explorer.
The first planet is an aqua planet. The NASA explorer there is found dead, and one of their crew – Doyle – drowns after being caught in a massive tidal wave. The same tide also causes the probe's engines to be filled with water, forcing Cooper and Amelia to wait for them to dry out. They return to the Endurance in an hour, finding that 23 years have passed aboard due to the time dilation caused by the planet's proximity to Gargantua. In those 23 years, Murph has become a scientist, and begun working with Brand at NASA. She learns from a dying Professor Brand that he had given up on solving his gravity-equation, knowing that information is needed from inside a black hole. Instead, he put their mission's hopes on Cooper's team establishing a space colony using pre-fertilized eggs on a new habitable planet.
At the second planet, the crew find its explorer, Mann, to be alive and awaken him from cryostasis. He eventually reveals to Cooper that he lied about the planet's habitability in the hope that NASA sent a mission to rescue him. Romilly dies in an explosion when he attempts to access the system's logs, while Mann tries to kill Cooper and hijack the Endurance spacecraft. Mann is killed when his craft fails to dock properly, and Cooper regains command of the Endurance. Cooper realizes that the Endurance only has enough resources for one person to safely complete their mission. He initiates a slingshot move around Gargantua, setting it to use gravity and be propelled to the final planet. At the last minute, he sacrifices himself by detaching from the spaceship and falling into the black hole, so that Amelia might safely complete the mission.
Cooper survives and finds himself inside a five-dimensional tesseract, out of view from beyond the event horizon. From inside he can see moments in time from inside Murph's childhood bedroom. He finds her returning to look for clues to the gravity-equation, and he contacts her by manipulating items in the room with gravity to communicate through Morse code. Deducing that this construct has been created by future humans with the ability to time-travel, Cooper imparts to her the information she needs. With his mission completed, he is ejected by the future beings, who return him to the Solar System. He is reunited with a now elderly Murph, who he learns has used the gravity-equation to lead humanity's exodus from Earth. She advises him to seek out Amelia, and he sets off. Meanwhile, on the mission's final planet, Amelia is setting up a new colony for future humans to inhabit. She removes her helmet and breathes in the air, showing that the planet is capable of supporting human life.
Cast
Matthew McConaughey as Joseph Cooper, a widowed NASA pilot who, after the agency was closed by the government, had become a farmer
Anne Hathaway as Dr. Amelia Brand, a NASA scientist, and astronaut
Jessica Chastain as Murphy "Murph" Cooper, Joseph's daughter, who eventually becomes a NASA scientist
Mackenzie Foy as young Murph
Ellen Burstyn as elderly Murph
John Lithgow as Donald, Cooper's elderly father-in-law
Michael Caine as Professor John Brand, a high-ranking NASA scientist, ideator of Plan A, former mentor of Cooper, and father of Amelia
David Gyasi as Romilly, another high-ranking NASA member, and Endurance crew member
Wes Bentley as Doyle, a high-ranking NASA member, and Endurance crew member
Casey Affleck as Tom Cooper, Joseph's son, who eventually grows up to become a farmer
Timothée Chalamet as young Tom
Matt Damon as Mann, a NASA astronaut sent to an icy planet during the Lazarus program
Bill Irwin as TARS and CASE
Josh Stewart as CASE
Topher Grace as Getty, Murph's colleague and love interest
Leah Cairns as Lois, Tom's wife
David Oyelowo as School Principal
Collette Wolfe as Ms. Hanley
William Devane as Williams, another NASA member
Elyes Gabel as Administrator
Jeff Hephner as Doctor
Russ Fega as Crew Chief
Production
Crew
Christopher Nolan – Director, producer, writer
Jonathan Nolan – Writer
Emma Thomas – Producer
Lynda Obst – Producer
Hoyte van Hoytema – Cinematographer
Nathan Crowley – Production designer
Mary Zophres – Costume designer
Lee Smith – Editor
Hans Zimmer – Music composer
Paul Franklin – Visual effects supervisor
Kip Thorne – Consultant, executive producer
Development and financing
The premise for Interstellar was conceived by producer Lynda Obst and theoretical physicist Kip Thorne, who collaborated on the film Contact (1997), and had known each other since Carl Sagan set them up on a blind date. The two conceived a scenario, based on Thorne's work, about "the most exotic events in the universe suddenly becoming accessible to humans," and attracted filmmaker Steven Spielberg's interest in directing. The film began development in June 2006, when Spielberg and Paramount Pictures announced plans for a science-fiction film based on an eight-page treatment written by Obst and Thorne. Obst was attached to produce. By March 2007, Jonathan Nolan was hired to write a screenplay.
After Spielberg moved his production studio DreamWorks from Paramount to Walt Disney Studios in 2009, Paramount needed a new director for Interstellar. Jonathan Nolan recommended his brother Christopher, who joined the project in 2012. Christopher Nolan met with Thorne, then attached as executive producer, to discuss the use of spacetime in the story. In January 2013, Paramount and Warner Bros. announced that Christopher Nolan was in negotiations to direct Interstellar. Nolan said he wanted to encourage the goal of human spaceflight, and intended to merge his brother's screenplay with his own. By the following March, Nolan was confirmed to direct Interstellar, which would be produced under his label Syncopy and Lynda Obst Productions. The Hollywood Reporter said Nolan would earn a salary of against 20% of the total gross. To research for the film, Nolan visited NASA and the private space program at SpaceX.
Warner Bros. sought a stake in Nolan's production of Interstellar from Paramount, despite their traditional rivalry, and agreed to give Paramount its rights to co-finance the next film in the Friday the 13th horror franchise, with a stake in a future film based on the television series South Park. Warner Bros. also agreed to let Paramount co-finance an indeterminate "A-list" property. In August 2013, Legendary Pictures finalized an agreement with Warner Bros. to finance approximately 25% of the film's production. Although it failed to renew its eight-year production partnership with Warner Bros., Legendary reportedly agreed to forgo financing Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) in exchange for the stake in Interstellar.
Writing and casting
Screenwriter Jonathan Nolan worked on the script for four years. To learn the scientific aspects, he studied relativity at the California Institute of Technology. Jonathan was pessimistic about the Space Shuttle program ending and how NASA lacked financing for a human mission to Mars, drawing inspiration from science-fiction films with apocalyptic themes, such as WALL-E (2008) and Avatar (2009). Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly commented: "He set the story in a dystopian future ravaged by blight, but populated with hardy folk who refuse to bow to despair." His brother Christopher had worked on other science fiction scripts but decided to take the Interstellar script and choose among the vast array of ideas presented by Jonathan and Thorne, picking what he felt, as director, he could get "across to the audience and hopefully not lose them," before he merged it with a script he had worked on for years on his own. Christopher kept in place Jonathan's conception of the first hour, which is set on a resource depleted Earth in the near future. The setting was inspired by the Dust Bowl that took place in the United States during the Great Depression in the 1930s. He revised the rest of the script, where a team travels into space, instead. After watching the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl for inspiration, Christopher contacted director Ken Burns and producer Dayton Duncan, requesting permission to use some of their featured interviews in Interstellar, which was granted.
Christopher Nolan wanted an actor who could bring to life his vision of the main character as an everyman with whom "the audience could experience the story." He became interested in casting Matthew McConaughey after watching him in an early cut of the 2012 film Mud, which he had seen as a friend of one of its producers, Aaron Ryder. Nolan went to visit McConaughey while he was filming for the TV series True Detective. Anne Hathaway was invited to Nolan's home, where she read the script for Interstellar. In early 2013, both actors were cast in the starring roles. Jessica Chastain was contacted while she was working on Miss Julie (2014) in Northern Ireland, and a script was delivered to her. Originally, Irrfan Khan was offered the role of Dr. Mann but rejected due to scheduling conflicts. Matt Damon was cast as Mann in late August 2013 and completed filming his scenes in Iceland.
Principal photography
Nolan shot Interstellar on 35 mm film in the Panavision anamorphic format and IMAX 70 mm photography. Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema was hired for Interstellar, as Wally Pfister, Nolan's cinematographer on all of his previous films, was making his directorial debut working on Transcendence (2014). More IMAX cameras were used for Interstellar than for any of Nolan's previous films. To minimize the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI), the director had practical locations built, such as the interior of a space shuttle. Van Hoytema retooled an IMAX camera to be hand-held for shooting interior scenes. Some of the film's sequences were shot with an IMAX camera installed in the nose cone of a Learjet.
Nolan, who is known for keeping details of his productions secret, strove to ensure secrecy for Interstellar. Writing for The Wall Street Journal, Ben Fritz stated, "The famously secretive filmmaker has gone to extreme lengths to guard the script to ... Interstellar, just as he did with the blockbuster Dark Knight trilogy." As one security measure, Interstellar was filmed under the name Flora's Letter, Flora being one of Nolan's four children with producer Emma Thomas.
The film's principal photography was scheduled to last four months. It began on , 2013, in the province of Alberta, Canada. Towns in Alberta where shooting took place included Nanton, Longview, Lethbridge, Fort Macleod, and Okotoks. In Okotoks, filming took place at the Seaman Stadium and the Olde Town Plaza. For a cornfield scene, production designer Nathan Crowley planted of corn that would be destroyed in an apocalyptic dust storm scene, intended to be similar to storms experienced during the Dust Bowl in 1930s America. Additional scenes involving the dust storm and McConaughey's character were also shot in Fort Macleod, where the giant dust clouds were created on location using large fans to blow cellulose-based synthetic dust through the air. Filming in the province lasted until , 2013, and involved hundreds of extras in addition to members, most of whom were local.
Shooting also took place in Iceland, where Nolan had previously filmed scenes for Batman Begins (2005). The location was chosen to represent two extraterrestrial planets: one covered in ice, and the other in water. The crew transported mock spaceships weighing about to the country. They spent two weeks shooting there, during which a crew of about , including , worked on the film. Locations included the Svínafellsjökull glacier and the town of Klaustur. While filming a water scene in Iceland, Hathaway almost suffered hypothermia because the dry suit she was wearing had not been properly secured.
After the schedule in Iceland was completed, the crew moved to Los Angeles to shoot for . Filming locations included the Westin Bonaventure Hotel and Suites, the Los Angeles Convention Center, a Sony Pictures soundstage in Culver City, and a private residence in Altadena, California. Principal photography concluded in December 2013. Production had a budget of , less than was allotted by Paramount, Warner Bros., and Legendary Pictures.
Production design
Interstellar features three spacecraft— a ranger, the Endurance, and a lander. The ranger's function is similar to the Space Shuttle's, being able to enter and exit planetary atmospheres. The Endurance, the crew's mother ship, is a circular structure consisting of 12 capsules, laid flat to mimic a clock: Four capsules with planetary settling equipment, four with engines, and four with the permanent functions of cockpit, medical labs, and habitation. Production designer Nathan Crowley said the Endurance was based on the International Space Station: "It's a real mish-mash of different kinds of technology. You need analogue stuff, as well as digital stuff, you need backup systems and tangible switches. It's really like a submarine in space. Every inch of space is used, everything has a purpose." Lastly, the lander transports the capsules with settling equipment to planetary surfaces. Crowley compared it to "a heavy Russian helicopter."
The film also features two robots, CASE and TARS, as well as a dismantled third robot, KIPP. Nolan wanted to avoid making the robots anthropomorphic and chose a quadrilateral design. The director said: "It has a very complicated design philosophy. It's based on mathematics. You've got four main blocks and they can be joined in three ways. So, you have three combinations you follow. But then within that, it subdivides into a further three joints. And all the places we see lines—those can subdivide further. So you can unfold a finger, essentially, but it's all proportional." Actor Bill Irwin voiced and physically controlled both robots, but his image was digitally removed from the film, and actor Josh Stewart's voice replaced his voicing for CASE. The human space habitats resemble O'Neill cylinders, a theoretical space habitat model proposed by physicist Gerard K. O'Neill in 1976.
Sound design and music
Gregg Landaker and Gary Rizzo were the film's audio engineers tasked with audio mixing, while sound editor Richard King supervised the process. Christopher Nolan sought to mix the sound to take maximum advantage of theater equipment and paid close attention to designing the sound mix, like focusing on the sound of buttons being pressed with astronaut suit gloves. The studio's website stated that the film was "mixed to maximize the power of the low-end frequencies in the main channels, as well as in the subwoofer channel." Nolan deliberately intended some dialogue to seem drowned out by ambient noise or music, causing some theaters to post notices emphasizing that this effect was intentional and not a fault in their equipment.
Composer Hans Zimmer, who scored Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy and Inception (2010), returned to score Interstellar. Nolan chose not to provide Zimmer with a script or any plot details for writing the film's music but instead gave the composer a single page that told the story of a father leaving his child for work. It was through this connection that Zimmer created the early stages of the Interstellar soundtrack. Zimmer and Nolan later decided that the 1926 four-manual Harrison & Harrison organ of the Temple Church, London, would be the primary instrument for the score. Zimmer conducted 45 scoring sessions for Interstellar, three times more than for Inception. The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2014.
Visual effects
Visual effects company Double Negative, which worked on Inception, was brought back for Interstellar. According to visual effects supervisor Paul Franklin, the number of effects in the film was not much greater than in Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises (2012) or Inception. However, for Interstellar, they created the effects first, allowing digital projectors to display them behind the actors, rather than having the actors perform in front of green screens. Ultimately, the film contained 850 visual-effect shots at a resolution of 5600 × 4000 lines: 150 shots that were created in-camera using digital projectors, and another 700 were created in post-production. Of those, 620 were presented in IMAX, while the rest were anamorphic.
The ranger, Endurance, and lander spacecraft were created using miniature effects by Nathan Crowley in collaboration with effects company New Deal Studios, as opposed to using computer-generated imagery, as Nolan felt they offered the best way to give the ships a tangible presence in space. 3D-printed and hand-sculpted, the scale models earned the nickname "maxatures" by the crew due to their immense size; the 1/15th-scale miniature of the Endurance module spanned over , while a pyrotechnic model of part of the craft was built at 1/5th scale. The Ranger and Lander miniatures spanned and over , respectively, and were large enough for van Hoytema to mount IMAX cameras directly onto the spacecraft, thus mimicking the look of NASA IMAX documentaries. The models were then attached to a six-axis gimbal on a motion control system that allowed an operator to manipulate their movements, which were filmed against background plates of space using VistaVision cameras on a smaller motion control rig. New Deal Studio's miniatures were used in 150 special effects shots.
Influences
The director was influenced by what he called "key touchstones" of science fiction cinema, including Metropolis (1927), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Blade Runner (1982), Star Wars (1977), and Alien (1979). Andrei Tarkovsky's The Mirror (1975) influenced "elemental things in the story to do with wind and dust and water", according to Nolan, who also compared Interstellar to The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) as a film about human nature. He sought to emulate films like Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975) and Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) for being family-friendly but also "as edgy and incisive and challenging as anything else on the blockbuster spectrum". He screened The Right Stuff (1983) for the crew before production, following in its example by capturing reflections on the Interstellar astronauts' visors. For further inspiration, the director invited former astronaut Marsha Ivins to the set. Nolan and his crew studied the IMAX NASA documentaries of filmmaker Toni Myers for visual reference of spacefaring missions, and strove to imitate their use of IMAX cameras in the enclosed spaces of spacecraft interiors. Clark Kent's upbringing in Man of Steel (2013) was the inspiration for the farm setting in the Midwest. Apart from films, Nolan drew inspiration from the architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Scientific accuracy
Regarding the concepts of wormholes and black holes, Kip Thorne stated that he "worked on the equations that would enable tracing of light rays as they traveled through a wormhole or around a black hole—so what you see is based on Einstein's general relativity equations." Early in the process, Thorne laid down two guidelines: "First, that nothing would violate established physical laws. Second, that all the wild speculations ... would spring from science and not from the fertile mind of a screenwriter." Nolan accepted these terms as long as they did not get in the way of making the film. At one point, Thorne spent two weeks trying to talk Nolan out of an idea about a character traveling faster than light before Nolan finally gave up. According to Thorne, the element which has the highest degree of artistic freedom is the clouds of ice on one of the planets they visit, which are structures that would go beyond the material strength that ice could support.
Astrobiologist David Grinspoon criticized the dire "blight" situation on Earth portrayed in the early scenes, pointing out that even with a voracious blight it would have taken millions of years to reduce the atmosphere's oxygen content. He also notes that gravity should have pulled down the ice clouds. Neil deGrasse Tyson, an astrophysicist, explored the science behind the ending of Interstellar, concluding that it is theoretically possible to interact with the past, and that "we don't really know what's in a black hole, so take it and run with it." Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku praised the film for its scientific accuracy and has said Interstellar "could set the gold standard for science fiction movies for years to come." Similarly, Timothy Reyes, a former NASA software engineer, said "Thorne's and Nolan's accounting of black holes and wormholes and the use of gravity is excellent."
Wormholes and black holes
To create the visual effects for the wormhole and a rotating, supermassive black hole (possessing an ergosphere, as opposed to a non-rotating black hole), Thorne collaborated with Franklin and a team of 30 people at Double Negative, providing pages of deeply sourced theoretical equations to the engineers, who then wrote new CGI rendering software based on these equations to create accurate simulations of the gravitational lensing caused by these phenomena. Some individual frames took up to 100 hours to render, totaling 800 terabytes of data. Thorne described the accretion disk of the black hole as "anemic and at low temperature—about the temperature of the surface of the sun," allowing it to emit appreciable light, but not enough gamma radiation and X-rays to threaten nearby astronauts and planets. The resulting visual effects provided Thorne with new insight into the gravitational lensing and accretion disks surrounding black holes, resulting in the publication of three scientific papers.
Christopher Nolan was initially concerned that a scientifically accurate depiction of a black hole would not be visually comprehensible to an audience, and would require the effects team to unrealistically alter its appearance. The visual representation of the black hole in the film does not account for the Doppler effect which, when added by the visual effects team, resulted in an asymmetrically lit black and blue-black hole, the purpose of which Nolan thought the audience would not understand. As a result, it was omitted in the finished product. Nolan found the finished effect to be understandable, as long as he maintained consistent camera perspectives.
As a reference, the asymmetric brightness of the accretion disk is very well visible in the first image of the event horizon of a black hole obtained by the Event Horizon Telescope team in 2019. Futura-Sciences praised the correct depiction of the Penrose process.
According to Space.com, the portrayal of what a wormhole would look like is considered scientifically correct. Rather than a two-dimensional hole in space, it is depicted as a sphere, showing a distorted view of the target galaxy.
Marketing
The teaser trailer for Interstellar debuted , 2013, and featured clips related to space exploration, accompanied by a voiceover by Matthew McConaughey's character, Cooper. The theatrical trailer debuted , 2014, at the Lockheed Martin IMAX Theater in Washington, D.C. and was made available online later that month. For the week ending on , it was the most-viewed film trailer, with over views on YouTube.
Christopher Nolan and McConaughey made their first appearances at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2014 to promote Interstellar. That same month, Paramount Pictures launched an interactive website, on which users uncovered a star chart related to the Apollo 11 Moon landing.
In October 2014, Paramount partnered with Google to promote Interstellar across multiple platforms. The film's website was relaunched as a digital hub hosted on a Google domain, which collected feedback from film audiences, and linked to a mobile app. It featured a game in which players could build Solar System models and use a flight simulator for space travel. The Paramount–Google partnership also included a virtual time capsule compiled with user-generated content, made available in 2015. The initiative Google for Education used the film as a basis for promoting math and science lesson plans in schools.
Paramount provided a virtual reality walkthrough of the Endurance spacecraft using Oculus Rift technology. It hosted the walkthrough sequentially in New York City, Houston, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C., from through , 2014. The publisher Running Press released Interstellar: Beyond Time and Space, a book by Mark Cotta Vaz about the making of the film, on . W. W. Norton & Company released The Science of Interstellar, a book by Thorne; Titan Books released the official novelization, written by Greg Keyes; and Wired magazine released a tie-in online comic, Absolute Zero, written by Christopher Nolan and drawn by Sean Gordon Murphy. The comic is a prequel to the film, with Mann as the protagonist.
Release
Theatrical
Before Interstellars public release, Paramount CEO Brad Grey hosted a private screening on , 2014, at an IMAX theater in Lincoln Square, Manhattan. Paramount then showed Interstellar to some of the industry's filmmakers and actors in a first-look screening at the California Science Center on . On the following day, the film was screened at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California for over of the Screen Actors Guild. The film premiered on at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, and in Europe on at the Odeon Leicester Square in London. The film premiered on November 7 in Canada.
Interstellar was released early on November 4 in various IMAX film, 70 mm film and film theaters, and had a limited release in North America (United States and Canada) on , with a wide release on . The film was released in Belgium, France, and Switzerland on , the United Kingdom on and in additional territories in the following days. For the limited North American release, Interstellar was projected from 70 mm and 35 mm film in that still supported those formats, including at least theaters. A IMAX projector was installed at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles to display the format. The film's wide release expanded to theaters that showed it digitally. Paramount Pictures distributed the film in North America, and Warner Bros. distributed it in the remaining territories. The film was released in over 770 IMAX screens worldwide, which was the largest global release in IMAX cinemas, until surpassed by Universal Pictures' Furious 7 (2015) with 810 IMAX theaters.
Interstellar was an exception to Paramount Pictures' goal to stop releasing films on film stock and to distribute them only in digital format. According to Pamela McClintock of The Hollywood Reporter, the initiative to project Interstellar on film stock would help preserve an endangered format, which was supported by Christopher Nolan, J. J. Abrams, Quentin Tarantino, Judd Apatow, Paul Thomas Anderson, and other filmmakers. McClintock reported that theatre owners saw this as "backward," as nearly all theatres in the US had been converted to digital projection.
Home media
Interstellar was released on home video on March 31, 2015, in both the United Kingdom and United States. It topped the home video sales chart for a total of two weeks. It was reported that Interstellar was the most pirated film of 2015, with an estimated 46.7 million downloads on BitTorrent. It was released in the Ultra HD Blu-ray format on December 19, 2017.
Reception
Box office
Interstellar grossed $188 million in the US and Canada, and $489.4 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $677.4 million against a production budget of $165 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $47.2 million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participations, and other costs, with box office grosses, and ancillary revenues from home media, placing it twentieth on their list of 2014's "Most Valuable Blockbusters". It sold an estimated 22 million tickets domestically.
The film set an IMAX opening record worldwide with $20.5 million from 574 IMAX theaters, surpassing the $17.1 million record held by The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013), and is also the best opening for an IMAX 2D, non-sequel, and November IMAX release. It had a worldwide opening of $132.6 million, which was the tenth-largest opening of 2014, and it became the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2014. Interstellar is the fourth film to gross over $100 million worldwide from IMAX ticket sales. Interstellar was released in the UK, Ireland and Malta on November 6, 2014, and debuted at number one earning £5.37 million ($8.6 million) in its opening weekend, which was lower than the openings of The Dark Knight Rises (£14.36 million), Gravity (£6.24 million), and Inception (£5.91 million). The film was released in 35 markets on the same day, including major markets like Germany, Russia, Australia, and Brazil earning $8.7 million in total. Through Sunday, it earned an opening weekend total of $82.9 million from 11.1 million admissions from over 14,800 screens in 62 markets. It earned $7.3 million from 206 IMAX screens, at an average of 35,400 viewers per theater. It went to number one in South Korea ($14.4 million), Russia ($8.9 million), and France ($5.3 million). Other strong openings occurred in Germany ($4.6 million), India ($4.3 million), Italy ($3.7 million), Australia ($3.7 million), Spain ($2.7 million), Mexico ($3.1 million), and Brazil ($1.9 million). Interstellar was released in China on November 12 and earned $5.4 million on its opening day on Wednesday, which is Nolan's biggest opening in China after surpassing the $4.61 million opening record of The Dark Knight Rises. It went on to earn $41.7 million in its opening weekend, accounting for 55% of the market share. It is Nolan's biggest opening in China, Warner Bros.' biggest 2D opening, and the studio's third-biggest opening of all time, behind 2014's The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies ($49.5 million) and 2013's Pacific Rim ($45.2 million).
It topped the box office outside North America for two consecutive weekends before being overtaken by The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) in its third weekend. Just 31 days after its release, the film became the 13th-most-successful film and 3rd-most-successful foreign film in South Korea with 9.1 million admissions trailing only Avatar (13.3 million admissions), and 2013's Frozen (10.3 million admissions). The film closed down its theatrical run in China on December 12, with total revenue of $122.6 million. In total earnings, its largest markets outside North America and China were South Korea ($73.4 million), the UK, Ireland and Malta ($31.3 million), and Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ($19 million). Interstellar and Big Hero 6 opened the same weekend (, 2014) in the US and Canada. Both were forecast to earn between and . In North America, the film is the seventh-highest-grossing film to not hit No. 1, with a top rank of No. 2 on its opening weekend. Interstellar had an early limited release in the US and Canada in selected theaters on November 4 at 8:00 pm, coinciding with the 2014 US midterm elections. It topped the box office the following day, earning $1.35 million from 249 theaters (42 of which were IMAX screens); IMAX accounted for 62% of its total gross. Two hundred and forty of those theaters played in 35 mm, 70 mm, and IMAX 70 mm film formats. It earned $3.6 million from late-night shows for a previews total of $4.9 million. The film was widely released on November 7 and topped the box office on its opening day, earning $17 million ahead of Big Hero 6 ($15.8 million). On its opening weekend, the film earned $47.5 million from 3,561 theaters, debuting in second place after a neck-and-neck competition with Disney's Big Hero 6 ($56.2 million). IMAX comprised $13.2 million (28%) of its opening weekend gross, while other premium large-format screens comprised $5.3 million (10.5%) of the gross. In its second weekend, the film fell to No. 3 behind old rival Big Hero 6 and newcomer Dumb and Dumber To (2014), and dropped 39% earning $29.1 million for a two-weekend total of $97.8 million. It earned $7.4 million from IMAX theaters from 368 screens in its second weekend. In its third week, the film earned $15.1 million and remained at No. 3, below newcomer The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and Big Hero 6.
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 72% of 373 critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.10/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Interstellar represents more of the thrilling, thought-provoking, and visually resplendent filmmaking moviegoers have come to expect from writer-director Christopher Nolan, even if its intellectual reach somewhat exceeds its grasp." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 74 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Scott Foundas, chief film critic at Variety, said that Interstellar is "as visually and conceptually audacious as anything Nolan has yet done" and considered the film "more personal" than Nolan's previous films. Claudia Puig of USA Today praised the visual spectacle and powerful themes, while criticizing the "dull" dialogue and "tedious patches inside the space vessel." David Stratton of At the Movies rated the film four-and-a-half stars out of five, commending its ambition, effects, and 70 mm IMAX presentation, though criticizing the sound for "being so loud" as to make some of the dialogue "inaudible". Conversely, co-host Margaret Pomeranz rated the film three out of five, as she felt the human drama got lost among the film's scientific concepts. Henry Barnes of The Guardian scored the film three out of five stars, calling it "a glorious spectacle, but a slight drama, with few characters and too-rare flashes of humour." James Berardinelli called Interstellar "an amazing achievement" and "simultaneously a big-budget science fiction endeavor and a very simple tale of love and sacrifice. It is by turns edgy, breathtaking, hopeful, and heartbreaking." He named it the best film of 2014, and the second-best movie of the decade, deeming it a "real science fiction rather than the crowd-pleasing, watered-down version Hollywood typically offers".
Oliver Gettell of the Los Angeles Times reported that "film critics largely agree that Interstellar is an entertaining, emotional, and thought-provoking sci-fi saga, even if it can also be clunky and sentimental at times." James Dyer of Empire awarded the film a full five stars, describing it as "brainy, barmy, and beautiful to behold ... a mind-bending opera of space and time with a soul wrapped up in all the science." Dave Calhoun of Time Out London also granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating that it is "a bold, beautiful cosmic adventure story with a touch of the surreal and the dreamlike." Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars and wrote, "This is one of the most beautiful films I have ever seen—in terms of its visuals, and its overriding message about the powerful forces of the one thing we all know but can't measure in scientific terms. Love."
Describing Nolan as a "merchant of awe," Tim Robey of The Telegraph thought that Interstellar was "agonisingly" close to a masterpiece, highlighting the conceptual boldness and "deep-digging intelligence" of the film. Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "This grandly conceived and executed epic tries to give equal weight to intimate human emotions and speculation about the cosmos, with mixed results, but is never less than engrossing, and sometimes more than that." In his review for the Associated Press, Jake Coyle praised the film for its "big-screen grandeur," while finding some of the dialogue "clunky." He described it further as "an absurd endeavor" and "one of the most sublime movies of the decade." Scott Mendelson of Forbes listed Interstellar as one of the most disappointing films of 2014, stating that the film "has a lack of flow, loss of momentum following the climax, clumsy sound mixing," and "thin characters" despite seeing the film twice in order to "give it a second chance." He wrote that Interstellar "ends up as a stripped-down and somewhat muted variation on any number of 'go into space to save the world' movies." Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, saying that despite his usual quibbles regarding Nolan's excessive dialogue and its lack of a sense of composition, "[Interstellar] is still an impressive, at times astonishing movie that overwhelmed me to the point where my usual objections to Nolan's work melted away ... At times, the movie's one-stop-shopping storytelling evokes the tough-tender spirit of a John Ford picture ... a movie that would rather try to be eight or nine things than just one."
New York Times columnist David Brooks concludes that Interstellar explores the relationships among "science and faith and science and the humanities" and "illustrates the real symbiosis between these realms." Wai Chee Dimock, in the Los Angeles Review of Books, wrote that Nolan's films are "rotatable at 90, 180, and 360 degrees," and that "although there is considerable magical thinking here, making it almost an anti-sci-fi film, holding out hope that the end of the planet is not the end of everything, it reverses itself, however, when that magic falls short when the poetic license is naked and plain for all to see." Author George R. R. Martin called Interstellar "the most ambitious and challenging science fiction film since Kubrick's 2001." In 2020, Empire magazine ranked it as one of the best films of the 21st century.
Accolades
At the 87th Academy Awards, Interstellar received nominations for Best Original Score, Best Production Design, Best Sound Editing, and Best Sound Mixing, and
won Best Visual Effects.
See also
Black holes in fiction
Blanet – planet orbiting a black hole
Causal loop
Interstellar travel
List of American films of 2014
List of British films of 2014
List of films featuring drones
List of films featuring space stations
List of time travel works of fiction
Starship
Wormholes in fiction
Notes
References
Further reading
MacKay, John. "On Interstellar (2014) (preliminary notes)"
External links
2010s disaster films
2010s science fiction drama films
American disaster films
American science fiction drama films
American epic films
American robot films
American space adventure films
American survival films
Apocalyptic films
BAFTA winners (films)
Black holes in film
British disaster films
British epic films
American dystopian films
Environmental films
Existentialist films
Generation ships in fiction
Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Films about time
Films about NASA
Films about astronauts
Films about farmers
Films about physics
Films about scientists
Films about weather hazards
Films about widowhood
Films directed by Christopher Nolan
Films produced by Christopher Nolan
Films produced by Lynda Obst
Films produced by Emma Thomas
Films set in the future
Films shot in Alberta
Films shot in Iceland
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films set in Colorado
Films set on farms
Films set on spacecraft
Films set on fictional planets
Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Fiction about galaxies
Hard science fiction films
Ice planets in fiction
IMAX films
Legendary Pictures films
Fiction set on ocean planets
Saturn in film
Films with screenplays by Christopher Nolan
Films with screenplays by Jonathan Nolan
Syncopy Inc. films
Films about time travel
Films about wormholes
Fiction about intergalactic travel
Warner Bros. films
Paramount Pictures films
2014 drama films
Films set in 2067
Films set in outer space
Films about father–daughter relationships
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s British films | wiki |
Pinkeye or Pink Eye may refer to:
Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, an infectious conjunctivitis in cattle caused by the bacterium Moraxella bovis
"Pinkeye" (South Park), an episode of the television series
Pink Eye (film), a 2008 American horror film
Pinkeye, a minor character from the novel Animal Farm
Pinkeye mullet (Trachystoma petardi), a species of fish
Solanum tuberosum 'Pink Eye', a potato cultivar | wiki |
Winter Journal is an autobiographical work by Paul Auster published in 2012. It is a companion volume to Auster's Report from the Interior (2013), which appeared the following year.
External links
References
2012 non-fiction books
Books by Paul Auster
Henry Holt and Company books
Faber and Faber books | wiki |
Monogenetic may refer to:
Monogenetic in biology, of or pertaining to monogenesis (Mendelian inheritance)
Monogenetic volcanic field in geology, a cluster of volcanoes that only erupted once
Monogenetic theory of pidgins in linguistics, a theory about the origin of creole languages
See also
Monogenous (disambiguation)
Monogenic (disambiguation)
Monogenism (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Jap fiddle or Japanese fiddle was a one-stringed bowed instrument used by street performers, music hall performers, and vaudevillians around the start of the 20th century, particularly in the United Kingdom and United States. The instrument was particularly associated with Cockney blackface performer G. H. Chirgwin. A variant was later produced with a vibrating membrane and horn for amplification, as a one-stringed phonofiddle.
The instrument was likely named for its vague similarity to the Japanese kokyū, as in the late 1800s interest in East Asia had been piqued by the opening of Japan to foreign trade.
References
Bowed monochords
Vaudeville | wiki |
CRZ may refer to:
Coastal Regulation Zone of India
Honda CR-Z, a compact hybrid electric automobile manufactured by Honda | wiki |
County routes in Allegany County, New York, are signed with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices-standard yellow-on-blue pentagon route marker. The signing of county routes in Allegany County began in 1957, as part of a sponsored project with volunteer firefighters.
Route list
Notes
See also
County routes in New York
References
External links
Empire State Roads – Allegany County Roads | wiki |
This is a list of notable burial mounds in the United States built by Native Americans. Burial mounds were built by many different cultural groups over a span of many thousands of years, beginning in the Late Archaic period and continuing through the Woodland period up to the time of European contact.
Adena and Hopewell culture burial mounds
Mississippian culture burial mounds
See also
List of Adena culture sites
List of Hopewell sites
List of Mississippian sites
List of the oldest buildings in the United States
References
External links
International Architecture: database website
Burial mounds in the United States
Burial mounds in the United States
Burial mounds
Burial mounds in the United States
Burial mounds
Burial mounds
Historic preservation in the United States
Mound builders (people)
Burial mounds
United States | wiki |
Translations of the Bible into Celtic languages have been made for hundreds of years.
Brythonic
Breton
Cornish
Welsh
Gaelic
Irish Gaelic
Manx
Scottish Gaelic
Celtic
Celtic | wiki |
Gilt Club was a restaurant in Portland, Oregon, operating in Old Town Chinatown from 2005 to 2014.
History
In 2005, Owner Jamie Dunn opened the restaurant at the corner of Everett and Broadway in the northwest Portland part of Old Town Chinatown. Gilt Club appeared on the Food Network and Portlandia. Executive chef Chris Carriker left in 2013. The restaurant closed in 2014.
Reception
In 2016, Grant Butler included Gilt Club in The Oregonian overview of "97 long-gone Portland restaurants we wish were still around".
References
External links
The Gilt Club at Fodor's
The Gilt Club at the Food Network
Gilt Club at Portland Monthly
Gilt Club at Zomato
2005 establishments in Oregon
2014 disestablishments in Oregon
Defunct restaurants in Portland, Oregon
Northwest Portland, Oregon
Old Town Chinatown
Restaurants disestablished in 2014
Restaurants established in 2005 | wiki |
In 19th century physics, there were several situations in which the motion of matter might be said to drag light. This aether drag hypothesis was an attempt by classical physics to explain stellar aberration and the Fizeau experiment, but was discarded when Albert Einstein introduced his theory of relativity. Despite this, the expression light-dragging has remained in use somewhat, as discussed on this page.
Under special relativity's simplified model Einstein assumes that light-dragging effects do not occur, and that the speed of light is independent of the speed of the emitting body's motion. However, the special theory of relativity does not deal with particulate matter effects or gravitational effects, nor does it provide a complete relativistic description of acceleration. When more realistic assumptions are made (that real objects are composed of particulate matter, and have gravitational properties), under general relativity's more sophisticated model the resulting descriptions include light-dragging effects.
Einstein's theory of special relativity provides the solution to the Fizeau Experiment, which demonstrates the effect termed Fresnel drag whereby the velocity of light is modified by travelling through a moving medium. Einstein showed how the velocity of light in a moving medium is calculated, in the velocity-addition formula of special relativity.
Einstein's theory of general relativity provides the solution to the other light-dragging effects, whereby the velocity of light is modified by the motion or the rotation of nearby masses. These effects all have one property in common: they are all velocity-dependent effects, whether that velocity be straight-line motion (causing frame-dragging) or rotational motion (causing rotation-dragging).
Velocity-dependent effects
Special relativity predicts that the velocity of light is modified by travelling through a moving medium.
For a moving particulate body, light moving through the body's structure is known to move faster in the direction of the body's motion than it does in the opposite direction (Fizeau experiment). This effect was originally predicted by dragged-aether theories (see: e.g. Fresnel). Light aimed transversely through a moving transparent body is also seen to be translated in the direction of the body's motion (R.V. Jones, J.Phys A 4 L1-L3 (1971) ).
General relativity predicts that the acceleration of a body in a straight line will cause light to drag, an effect known as Frame dragging (or gravitoelectromagnetism).
For a moving gravity-source the gravitational field can be considered as an extension of the object, and carries inertia and momentum - since a direct collision with the moving object can impart momentum to an external particle, interaction with the object's gravitational field should allow "momentum exchange" too. Consequently, a moving gravitational field drags light and matter. This general effect is used by NASA to accelerate space probes, using the gravitational slingshot effect.
Rotation-dragging effects
Under general relativity, the rotation of a body gives it an additional gravitational attraction due to its kinetic energy; and light is pulled around (to some degree) by the rotation (Lense–Thirring effect).
In the case of rotation, under general relativity we observe a velocity-dependent dragging effect, since, for a rotating body, the tendency of the object to pull things around with it can be accounted for by the fact that the receding part of the object is pulling more strongly than the approaching part.
References
R.W. Ditchburn, Light, (3rd ed.), Vol.2 (Academic Press, London, 1976) - light and the motion of particulate media
Kip Thorne, Black holes and timewarps: Einstein's outrageous legacy (Norton, New York, 1995) - frame-dragging around black holes
Further reading
Pandey, Apoorv (2019) "An Alternative interpretation of Unruh effect". IJSER Volume 10, ISSN 2229-5518. https://www.ijser.org/onlineResearchPaperViewer.aspx?An-Alternative-Interpretation-for-Unruh-Effect.pdf
See also
Aether drag
Democratic principle
Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations
Special relativity
Aether theories | wiki |
Kevin Griffin is an American vocalist and guitarist with Better Than Ezra.
Kevin Griffin may also refer to:
Kevin Griffin (basketball) (born 1975), American professional basketball player
Kevin Griffin (drummer), American drummer with Yankee Grey
Kevin Griffin (footballer) (born 1953), English footballer | wiki |
"It Blows My Mind" é uma canção do rapper estadunidense Snoop Dogg, que tem a participação do cantor e produtor musical Pharrell Williams. A canção foi lançada em 2003 como single para a coletânea Clones, do dupla de produtores The Neptunes, que produziram a faixa.
Faixas
Desempenho nas paradas
Singles de 2003
Canções gravadas por Snoop Dogg
Canções gravadas por Pharrell Williams
Canções compostas por Snoop Dogg
Canções de hip hop | wiki |
Molecular drive is a term coined by Gabriel Dover in 1982 to describe evolutionary processes that change the genetic composition of a population through DNA turnover mechanisms. Molecular drive operates independently of natural selection and genetic drift.
The best-known such process is the concerted evolution of genes present in many tandem copies, such as those for ribosomal RNAs or silk moth egg shell chorion proteins, in sexually reproducing species. The concept has been proposed to extend to the diversification of multigene families. The mechanisms involved include gene conversion, unequal crossing-over, transposition, slippage replication and RNA-mediated exchanges. Because mutations changing the sequence of one copy are less common than deletions, duplications and replacement of one copy by another, the copies gradually come to resemble each other much more than they would if they had been evolving independently.
Concerted evolution can be unbiased, in which case every version has an equal probability of being the one that replaces the others. However, if the molecular events have any bias favouring one version of the sequence over others, that version will dominate the process and eventually replace the others. The name 'molecular drive' reflects the similarity of the process with what was originally the better-known process of meiotic drive.
Molecular drive can also act in bacteria, where parasexual processes such as natural transformation cause DNA turnover.
TRAM
According to Dover, TRAM is a genetic system that has features of non-mendelian inheritance Turnover, copy number and functional Redundancy And Modulatory. To date all regulatory regions (promoters) and genes that have been examined in detail at the molecular level, have TRAM characteristics. As such, part of their evolutionary history will have been influenced by the molecular drive process.
Adoptation
According to Dover, Adoptation is an evolved feature of an organism that contributes to its viability and reproduction (established by molecular drive) and that adopts some previously inaccessible component of the environment.
References
Evolutionary biology
Molecular evolution
Non-Darwinian evolution | wiki |
Peginterferon-alfa may refer to:
Peginterferon alfa-2a, an antiviral drug used in treatment for hepatitis C and hepatitis B
Peginterferon alfa-2b, a treatment for hepatitis C
See also
Interferon | wiki |
A (from the French verb meaning 'to repeat, to go over, to learn, to rehearse') is an accompanist, tutor or coach of ballet dancers or opera singers. A feminine form, , also appears but is comparatively rare.
Opera
In opera, a is the person responsible for coaching singers and playing the piano for music and production rehearsals. When coaching solo singers or choir members, the will take on a number of the roles of a vocal coach: advising singers on how to improve their pitch and pronunciation, and correcting note or phrasing errors.
are skilled musicians who have strong sight-reading and score reading skills. In addition to being able to sight read piano parts, a can play on the piano an orchestral score reducing it in real-time (orchestral reduction), by reading from a large open score of all of the instruments and voice parts. are also skilled in following the directions of a conductor, in terms of changing the tempo, pausing, or adding other nuances.
Ballet
In ballet, a teaches the steps and interpretation of the roles to some or all of the company performing a dance. Several late 20th-century choreographers, such as George Balanchine, Jerome Robbins, Gerald Arpino and Twyla Tharp, have established trusts and appointed conservators—hand-picked dancers who have intimate knowledge of particular ballets—as of their works.
References
External links
Occupations in music
Dance teachers
Ballet occupations | wiki |
Newborn care and safety are the activities and precautions recommended for new parents or caregivers. It is also an educational goal of many hospitals and birthing centers when it's time to bring their infant home.
Newborn care
Taking a newborn care class during pregnancy can prepare caregivers for their future responsibilities. During the stay in a hospital or a birthing center, clinicians and nurses help with basic baby care and demonstrate how to perform it. Newborn care basics include:
Handling a newborn, including supporting the baby's neck
Bathing
Dressing
Swaddling
Soothing
Feeding and burping
Cleaning the umbilical cord
Using a bulb syringe to clear the baby's nasal passages
Taking a newborn's temperature
Immunization
Change the baby's diaper on time to prevent diaper rash
Before leaving the hospital, ask about home visits by a nurse or health care worker. Many new parents appreciate somebody checking in with them and their baby a few days after coming home. If breastfeeding, the mother can ask whether a lactation consultant can visit her and the baby at home to provide follow-up support and help with finding other resources in the community, such as peer support groups.
Many first-time parents also welcome the help of an experienced family member or friend. Having a support person stay with the newborn for a few days can give the mother the confidence to go at it alone in the weeks ahead. This can be arranged before delivery.
The baby's first doctor's visit is another good time to ask any infant care questions. Parents can ask about the various reasons to call the doctor and inquire about the vaccines their baby needs. Young children need vaccines because the diseases they protect against can strike at an early age and can be very dangerous in childhood. This includes both rare diseases and more common ones, such as the flu.
Caring for a newborn also includes health screening of the newborn. Most of the time this occurs in the hospital or pediatrician's office shortly after birth. Every state screens babies for more than two dozen disorders. Early detection of a disorder can prevent future complications.
Safe nutrition
Handwashing helps to prevent the spread of foodborne illnesses to children. Pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted from other children and their diapers, and from uncooked meat, seafood, eggs, dogs, cats, turtles, snakes, birds, lizards, and soil.
Sudden infant death syndrome
Since 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that infants be placed to sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also called crib death. SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby under 1 year of age. Even though there is no way to know which babies might die of SIDS, recommendations include:
Always place the baby on his or her back to sleep, even for naps. This is the safest sleep position for a healthy baby to reduce the risk of SIDS.
Place the baby on a firm mattress, such as in a safety-approved crib. Research has shown that placing a baby to sleep on soft mattresses, sofas, sofa cushions, waterbeds, sheepskins, or other soft surfaces raises the risk of SIDS.
Remove soft, fluffy, and loose bedding and stuffed toys from the baby's sleep area. Make sure all pillows, quilts, stuffed toys, and other soft items are kept away from the baby's sleep area.
Do not use infant sleep positioners. Using a positioner to hold an infant on his or her back or side for sleep is dangerous and not needed.
Do use infant sleep sacks that are designed to be used with zippers, snaps, or velcro for infants to wear during sleep in place of loose bedding and swaddle blankets which pose a greater risk.
Make sure everyone who cares for the baby knows to place the baby on his or her back to sleep and about the dangers of soft bedding. Talk to child care providers, grandparents, babysitters, and all caregivers about SIDS risk. Remember, every sleep time counts.
Make sure the baby's face and head stay uncovered during sleep. Keep blankets and other coverings away from the baby's mouth and nose. The best way to do this is to dress the baby in sleep clothing so they will not have to use any other covering over the baby. If using a blanket or another covering, make sure that the baby's feet are at the bottom of the crib, the blanket is no higher than the baby's chest, and the blanket is tucked in around the bottom of the crib mattress.
Do not allow smoking around the baby. Don't smoke before or after the birth of the baby and make sure no one smokes around the baby.
Don't let the baby get too warm during sleep. Keep the baby warm during sleep, but not too warm. The baby's room should be at a temperature that is comfortable for an adult. Too many layers of clothing or blankets can overheat the baby.
Some parents worry that the baby can roll over during the night. However, by the time the baby is able to roll over by itself, the risk for SIDS is much lower. During the time of greatest risk, 2 to 4 months of age, most babies are not able to turn over from their backs to their stomachs.
Car seats
Newborns and older infants are to use rear-facing car seats. These are required until age 2 or when they reach the upper weight or height limit of that seat. After this, a forward-facing car seat is used. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death for children in the US. Buckling up is the best way to save lives and reduce injuries. Child passenger restraint laws result in more children being buckled up. Only 2 out of every 100 children live in states that require car seat or booster seat use for newborns and infants. A third of children who died in crashes in 2011 were not buckled up. Caregivers promote the safety their newborns by: knowing how to use car seats, booster seats, and seat belts and using them on every trip, no matter how short.
See also
Infant bathing
Infant nutrition
References
External links
Transitioning Newborns from NICU to Home Family Information Packet
Promoting Safety and Injuring Prevention, Bright Futures, American Academy of Pediatrics
Baby Care and Maternity
Expert Advice and Tips to Baby Care by mommy bloggers
Causes of death
Neonatology
Infancy
Infant mortality
Syndromes
Child safety | wiki |
The Second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952, removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b) of the Constitution. Article 81(1)(b) had stipulated that the number of members to be allotted to each parliamentary constituency should be determined so as to ensure that there would be not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and not more than one member for every 500,000 of the population.
Full Text
The full text of sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (1) of Article 81, after the 2nd Amendment, is given below:
Proposal and enactment
The bill of The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 18 June 1952, as the Constitution (Second Amendment) Bill, 1952 (Bill No. 54 of 1952). It was introduced by C.C. Biswas, then Minister of Law and Minority Affairs. The bill sought to amend Article 81 of the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:
The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 18 June, 8 and 9 July, and 11 and 18 November 1952. A motion to refer the bill to a Select Committee of the House was moved and adopted on 11 November 1952. The Select Committee presented its Report to the House on 18 November. The bill, as recommended by the Committee, was then considered by the Lok Sabha on 9, 10 and 15 December. The House passed the bill on 15 December 1952. The bill was then debated by the Rajya Sabha on 15 and 18 December, and passed on 19 December 1952.
The bill received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 1 May 1953, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in The Gazette of India on 2 May 1953.
See also
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References
02
1952 in India
1952 in law
Nehru administration | wiki |
Robert Calhoun may refer to:
Bob Calhoun, member of the Virginia Senate
Robert Calhoun (producer), American TV producer | wiki |
Dove Valley – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Kolorado, w hrabstwie Arapahoe.
CDP w stanie Kolorado | wiki |
Left of the dial refers to the college and other non-commercial radio stations in the United States that broadcast from the reserved band of the FM spectrum. It can also refer to:
"Left of the Dial" (song), a song from the 1985 album Tim by the Replacements that popularized the term
Left of the Dial: Dispatches from the '80s Underground, a 2004 American compilation album of 1980s music
"Left of the Dial", programme six of the 2007 BBC Two television series Seven Ages of Rock
Left of the Dial (film), a 2005 HBO documentary about the founding of Air America | wiki |
Cressing Road is een voetbalstadion in de Engelse plaats Braintree. Om sponsorredenen staat het stadion bekend onder de naam Amlin Stadium en het stadion biedt plaats aan 4.151 toeschouwers. Crossing Road vormt de thuisbasis van voetbalclub Braintree Town. Braintree Town komt in het seizoen 2015-16 uit in de National League, het vijfde niveau van de Engelse voetbalpiramide.
Voetbalstadion in Engeland
Sportaccommodatie in East of England
Essex | wiki |
China Satellite Communications Co., Ltd. known as China Satcom is a Chinese aerospace company that provides services via satellites. The company was a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC).
China Satellite Communications operated the brand ChinaSat. APT Satellite Holdings, a listed company that was jointly controlled by China Satellite Communications and China Great Wall Industry Corporation (another subsidiary of CASC), operated satellites under the brand Apstar.
Before re-incorporated as a limited company, the company was known as China Satellite Communications Corporation.
History
China Satellite Communications Corporation was formed sometime in 2000 by the merger of several satellite companies of the
In 2009, China Satellite Communications Corporation, a state-owned enterprise that was supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council directly, was dismantled and distributed to China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and China Telecommunications Corporation respectively. However, it also acquired Sino Satellite Communications from CASC as a subsidiary.
In 2017, China Satellite Communications was re-incorporated again as a "company limited by shares", a function analog to public limited company.
Subsidiaries
APT Satellite International (42.86%)
APT Satellite Holdings (51.77%)
China Satellite Communications (Hong Kong) (100%)
Sino Satellite Communications
former
China Satcom Guomai Communications (now known as Besttone Holding)
References
External links
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
Aerospace companies of China
Companies based in Beijing | wiki |
Personal web pages are World Wide Web pages created by an individual to contain content of a personal nature rather than content pertaining to a company, organization or institution. Personal web pages are primarily used for informative or entertainment purposes but can also be used for personal career marketing (by containing a list of the individual's skills, experience and a CV), social networking with other people with shared interests, or as a space for personal expression.
These terms do not usually refer to just a single "page" or HTML file, but to a collection of webpages and related files under a common URL or Web address. In strictly technical terms, a site's actual home page (index page) often only contains sparse content with some catchy introductory material and serves mostly as a pointer or table of contents to the more content-rich pages inside, such as résumés, family, hobbies, family genealogy, a web log/diary ("blog"), opinions, online journals and diaries or other writing, examples of written work, digital audio sound clips, digital video clips, digital photos, or information about a user's other interests. Many personal pages only include information of interest to friends and family of the author. However, some webpages set up by hobbyists or enthusiasts of certain subject areas can be valuable topical web directories.
History
In the 1990s, most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provided a free small personal, user-created webpage along with free Usenet News service. These were all considered part of full Internet service. Also several free web hosting services such as Geocities provided free web space for personal web pages. These free web hosting services would typically include web-based site management and a few pre-configured scripts to easily integrate an input form or guestbook script into the user's site. Early personal web pages were often called "home pages" and were intended to be set as a default page in a web browser's preferences, usually by their owner. These pages would often contain links, to-do lists, and other information their author found useful. In the days when search engines were in their infancy, these pages (and the links they contained) could be an important resource in navigating the web. Since the early 2000s, the rise of blogging and the development of user friendly web page designing software made it easier for amateur users who did not have computer programming or website designer training to create personal web pages. Some website design websites provided free ready-made blogging scripts, where all the user had to do was input their content into a template. At the same time, a personal web presence became easier with the increased popularity of social networking services, some with blogging platforms such as LiveJournal and Blogger. These websites provided an attractive and easy-to-use content management system for regular users. Most of the early personal websites were Web 1.0 style, in which a static display of text and images or photos was displayed to individuals who came to the page. About the only interaction that was possible on these early websites was signing the virtual "guestbook".
With the collapse of the dot-com bubble in the late 1990s, the ISP industry consolidated, and the focus of web hosting services shifted away from the surviving ISP companies to independent Internet hosting services and to ones with other affiliations. For example, many university departments provided personal pages for professors and television broadcasters provided them for their on-air personalities. These free webpages served as a perquisite ("perk") for staff, while at the same time boosting the Web visibility of the parent organization. Web hosting companies either charge a monthly fee, or provide service that is "free" (advertising based) for personal web pages. These are priced or limited according to the total size of all files in bytes on the host's hard drive, or by bandwidth, (traffic), or by some combination of both. For those customers who continue to use their ISP for these services, national ISPs commonly continue to provide both disk space and help including ready-made drop-in scripts.
With the rise of Web 2.0-style websites, both professional websites and user-created, amateur websites tended to contain interactive features, such as "clickable" links to online newspaper articles or favourite websites, the option to comment on content displayed on the website, the option to "tag" images, videos or links on the site, the option of "clicking" on an image to enlarge it or find out more information, the option of user participation for website guests to evaluate or review the pages, or even the option to create new user-generated content for others to see. A key difference between Web 1.0 personal webpages and Web 2.0 personal pages was while the former tended to be created by hackers, computer programmers and computer hobbyists, the latter were created by a much wider variety of users, including individuals whose main interests lay in hobbies or topics outside of computers (e.g., indie music fans, political activists, and social entrepreneurs).
Motivations
In a study done by Zinkhan, participants had four main reasons to create personal web pages. First, people use personal web pages as a portrayal of self, in a sense marketing themselves, since creators have the freedom to portray their own identities. Second, personal web pages are a way to interact with people who have similar interests as the creator, possible employers, or colleagues. Third, personal web pages can gain social acceptance with groups that the creator is interested in depending on the information that the creator reveals about themselves. Fourth, personal web pages can give creators a sense of connection to the world since these web pages are public and a way to introduce oneself to other people around the globe.
People may maintain personal web pages to serve as a showcase for their skills in professional life, creative skills or self promotion of their business, charity or band. The use of personal web pages to display an individuals professional life has become more common in the 21st century. Mary Madden, an expert researcher on privacy and technology, did a study that found a tenth of American jobs require Personal web pages that advertise an individual online. Personal web pages have become a source of initial impression of possible employees used by employers. It can also be used to express opinions on issues ranging from news and politics to movies. Others may use their personal web page as a communication method. For example, an aspiring artist might give out business cards with their personal web page, and invite people to visit their page and see their artwork, "like" their page or sign their guestbook.
A personal web page gives the owner generally more control on presence in search results and how they wish to be viewed online. It also allows more freedom in types and quantity of content than a social network profile offers, and can link various social media profiles with each other. It can be used to correct the record on something, or clear up potential confusion between you and someone with the same name.
In the 2010s, some amateur writers, bands and filmmakers release digital versions of their stories, songs and short films online, with the aim of gaining an audience and becoming more well-known. While the huge number of aspiring artists posting their work online makes it unlikely for individuals and groups to become popular via the Internet, there are a small number of YouTube stars who were unknown until their online performances garnered them a huge audience.
Contrast with social network accounts
Both individual, personal web sites and personal social networking accounts give the user a personally customized Web presence. In the 2010s most casual Internet users join free social networking services such as Twitter or Facebook to serve many of the same purposes as a personal webpage without having to learn web design and writing HTML markup. That prerequisite is not required, as Web hosting services provide more help to enable regular users to create Web pages.
Social networks often used prefabricated "black box" structures. On one hand, these templates are much easier for neophyte users to work with, since users simply have to add in information in spaces which indicate the required information. Once the user "saves" or finishes entering the information, the social network website's software system automatically creates a fairly professional-looking layout. "Black box" templates are much simpler to begin using and navigating, but more advanced users may be frustrated that they cannot "tweak" the formatting, amount of content, type of content, etc. For example, most social networks have rules regarding casual users who are uploading (loading files onto the website) audio files to their account. Furthermore, these companies intentionally retain the specific service's look and feel and identity of each user personal account within that corporate social network. For example, all profiles may have the same background color, font and website trademark. The emphasis there is on being part of a branded "network," not on the "personal," or the individual. Thus, these accounts are not normally thought of as (personal) web sites or home pages.
There are other differences. Unlike actual personal web pages, social networking services and ad-based "free" web hosting service personnel, advertisers and nanny-bots can see everything inside the user accounts, and rules are enforced by the firm, not by the courts as would be the case with a personally owned, full-featured personal web page. However some social services allow the display of almost any content or media produced by the site's creator. This avenue of distribution satisfies most amateurs and aspiring content creators. Web site creation tools permitted by some companies have the potential to allow users more flexibility. As a rule of thumb, the amount of creative freedom one is allowed in creating a personal Web page can be predicted by the site's URL. A pure URL similar to www.yourname.com predicts total ownership and the resulting rights. But a shared-name URL similar to www.yourname.home.othercompany.com suggests account rental and regulations which benefit or protect a corporation (in this case, Othercompany Inc).
"Free" sites based on advertising revenue face the dilemma that while relaxation of the rules encourages users to post their feelings and opinions and upload user-generated content with less fear of being censored or shut down, it also increases the risk of an offended sponsor pulling its sponsorship, if offensive materials or comments are made online. With more uploading and content-posting freedom comes an increased risk of copyright and defamation lawsuits, hate speech charges and other legal problems. Free hosting services do not allow users many options to customize the look of pages, because this would reduce page uniformity, thus reducing the common "look and feel" on the website, which becomes a key part of its identity and "branding". In short, if a social networking company allowed total personal freedom of content posting and profile modification for users, it also risks a degradation of its own look-and-feel, branding, function, and profit and legal risks. In the 2010s, this balance of interests is leading toward more user choices and a narrowing of the differences between personal web sites and other personal web presence providers.
Official celebrity sites
Many celebrities from the movies, TV shows, professional sports and popular music have websites. Were their owners not famous, some might think due to their tone and personal ambiance that these sites were personal web pages. However, the celebrity is the "product" or brand being sold, and however casual a celebrity website may appear, with short blog posts and comments appearing on a regular basis, these are typically professionally authored and maintained. Some celebrities' public relations firms and managers hire ghostwriters to author blog posts and Tweets in the style of the celebrity. The celebrity status of the subject and the existence of separate fan-created sites (over which the celebrity in question has no direct control) leads the existence of multiple websites for each celebrity: a personal site authorized by the celebrity and maintained by an individual or company directly associated with the celebrity to be labeled an "official website", and one or more fan-run websites. This designation is often a seal of approval and an assurance to the public that the information provided on the site (including press releases, tour dates, and promotional materials) has been authored or approved by the celebrity in question. Some celebrities involved in criminal and civil trials, such as late pop star Michael Jackson and media mogul Martha Stewart, as well as celebrity chef Paula Deen establish official websites to issue statements to the press and to respond to statements and press releases issued by the prosecuting officials. Most celebrity sites are created and maintained by marketing and web professionals employed by the celebrity or the celebrity's publicist; however, some celebrities, such as film director Roger Avary, actor Wil Wheaton, and video game developer John Romero, maintain their own official sites without professional help, although many of them still use third-party templates and blogging software.
Sites of academics
Academic professionals (especially at the college and university level), including professors and researchers, are often given online space for creating and storing personal web documents, including personal web pages, CVs and a list of their books, academic papers and conference presentations, on the websites of their employers. This goes back to the early decade of the World Wide Web and its original purpose of providing a quick and easy way for academics to share research papers and data.
Researchers may have a personal website to share more information about themselves, about their academic activities and for sharing (unpublished) results of their research. This has been noted as part of the success of open-access repositories such as arXiv.
See also
Blog
Blog hosting service
Digerati
Electronic portfolio
Home server
IndieWeb
Social networking service
Web hosting service
References
Websites
Web 1.0
Web 2.0
Personal life
New media
Diaries
Social media | wiki |
Sam Brand may refer to:
Samantha Brand (born 1988), Haitian football midfielder
Sam Brand (cyclist) (born 1995), Manx cyclist | wiki |
La Beenalaght Fossa è una struttura geologica della superficie di Europa.
Collegamenti esterni
Fossae di Europa | wiki |
A "pearl necklace" is slang for a sexual act in which a man ejaculates semen on or near the neck, chest, or breast of another person. The term originates from the way the deposited semen resembles a necklace of translucent white pearls.
Receiving a pearl necklace is an activity that sex workers use as a safe sex alternative for people who prefer not to wear condoms.
In popular culture
George Carlin used the term in his "Incomplete List of Impolite Words" joke as early as 1984, on the album Carlin on Campus. The term was also used in the stoner comedy Half Baked (1996). The ZZ Top song "Pearl Necklace" drew attention for its lyrics which were alleged to objectify women. The term appears in episode 69 of the HBO sex comedy Sex and the City, first broadcast in 2004.
See also
Bukkake
Cum shot
Facial
Money shot
Snowballing (sexual practice)
References
Sexual acts
Sexual slang
Pornography terminology
Ejaculation
Metaphors referring to objects | wiki |
In order to expand the acceptance of their credit and debit cards, many networks, such as Discover, JCB, UnionPay, BC Card, RuPay and TROY create alliances with other networks.
Existing reciprocal agreements
The table below is designed so that one can easily look up his/her branded card in the first column, and see what other networks it is accepted on. Information, naturally, will be repeated as a result.
References
Credit card issuer associations | wiki |
GUMPS is an acronym widely used by retractable gear aircraft pilots as a mental checklist to ensure nothing critical has been forgotten before landing. Its popularity is widespread, appearing in flight student curricula, FAA publications and aviation magazines.
Due to distraction and preoccupation during the landing sequence approximately 100 gear-up landing incidents occurred each year in the United States between 1998 and 2003.
The checklist
GUMPS stands for:
G – Gas (Fuel on the proper tank, fuel pump on as required, positive fuel pressure)
U – Undercarriage (landing gear down)
M – Mixture (fuel mixture set)
P – Propeller (prop set)
S – Seat belts and Switches (lights, pitot heat, etc.)
See also
BUMMMFITCHH - alternative pre-landing checks
List of aviation mnemonics
References
Aviation mnemonics
Checklists | wiki |
Південна вулиця — назва вулиць у різних населених пунктах.
Південна вулиця — вулиця в Мелітополі.
Південна вулиця — вулиця в Прилуках.
Південна вулиця — вулиця в Тернополі.
Вулиці | wiki |
The 2012 FC Gifu season sees FC Gifu compete in J.League Division 2 for the fifth consecutive season. FC Gifu are also competing in the 2012 Emperor's Cup.
Players
Competitions
J. League
League table
Matches
Emperor's Cup
References
FC Gifu
2012 | wiki |
VMware Workstation Player, formerly VMware Player, is a virtualization software package for x64 computers running Microsoft Windows or Linux, supplied free of charge by VMware, Inc. VMware Player can run existing virtual appliances and create its own virtual machines (which require that an operating system be installed to be functional). It uses the same virtualization core as VMware Workstation, a similar program with more features, which is not free of charge. VMware Player is available for personal non-commercial use, or for distribution or other use by written agreement. VMware, Inc. does not formally support Player, but there is an active community website for discussing and resolving issues, as well as a knowledge base.
The free VMware Player was distinct from VMware Workstation until Player v7, Workstation v11. In 2015 the two packages were combined as VMware Workstation 12, with a free for non-commercial use Player version which, on purchase of a license code, either became the higher-specification VMware Workstation Pro, or allowed commercial use of Player.
Features
VMware claimed in 2011 that the Player offered better graphics, faster performance, and tighter integration for running Windows XP under Windows Vista or Windows 7 than Microsoft's Windows XP Mode running on Windows Virtual PC, which is free of charge for all purposes.
Versions earlier than 3 of VMware Player were unable to create virtual machines (VMs), which had to be created by an application with the capability, or created manually by statements stored in a text file with extension ".vmx"; later versions can create VMs. The features of Workstation not available in Player are "developer-centric features such as Teams, multiple Snapshots and Clones, and Virtual Rights Management features for end-point security", and support by VMware. Player allows a complete virtual machine to be copied at any time by copying a directory; while not a fully featured snapshot facility, this allows a copy of a machine in a particular state to be stored, and reverted to later if desired. By default changes (including proxy settings, passwords, bookmarks, installed software and malware) made in a VM are saved when it is shut down, but the .vmx configuration file can easily be edited to autorevert on shutdown, so that all changes are discarded.
VMware Player is also supplied with the VMware Workstation distribution, for use in installations where not all client users are licensed to use the full VMware Workstation. In an environment where some machines without VMware Workstation licences run VMware Player, a virtual machine created by Workstation can be distributed to computers running Player without paying for additional Workstation licenses if not used commercially.
Version history
Resources
Many ready-made virtual machines (VMs) which run on VMware Player, Workstation, and other virtualization software are available for specific purposes, either for purchase or free of charge. For example, a free Linux-based “browser appliance” with the Firefox browser installed is available that can be used for safe Web browsing; if infected or damaged, it can be discarded and replaced by a clean copy. VMs can be configured to reset after each use without the need to recreate from the original file. Suppliers of operating systems with commercial licences usually require installations to be licensed; VMs with such operating systems installed cannot be distributed without restriction. Ready-to-use VMs with Microsoft or Apple operating systems installed, in particular, are not distributed, except for evaluation versions.
VMware Player supports free-of-charge VMware Tools, which add significant functionality. Versions of Player for different platforms have their own Tools, not necessarily compatible with other versions. Sometimes Tools are updated belatedly; for example, Player 4.0.2 was released on 24 January 2012, but the corresponding version of Tools was not available for some time after that, restricting functionality of updated Player installations.
Virtual machines created by one VMware software product can be used by any other. It is often possible to use VMs created by one manufacturer's virtual machine software with software from another manufacturer, either directly or via a conversion procedure. VMs that run on Microsoft Virtual Server and Virtual PC can be converted for use by VMware software by the VMware vCenter Converter. This software can also create a virtual machine from a physical PC.
See also
Comparison of platform virtualization software
References
External links
Open Virtual Machine Tools
File Extension VMX
V3.co.uk Review of VMware Player 3.1.2
Player
Virtualization software
Proprietary cross-platform software | wiki |
A straw maze is a maze built with straw bales. These are becoming a popular tourist attraction in the Western United States, particularly in Rexburg, Idaho and a few locations in Utah. The average straw maze is built on approximately of land and takes the average person 45 minutes to navigate.
One early straw maze was Pumpkins and More in Maryland.
There are many different straw mazes through the United States including: The Straw Maze in Idaho and Pumpkins and More in Maryland.
See also
Hedge maze
Corn maze
Reference List
Mazes
Farms | wiki |
Consilience is the principle that approaching the same problem by different methods should produce the same result.
Consilience may also refer to:
Consilience (book), a 1998 book about consilience by E.O. Wilson
Consilience (journal), a journal of sustainability science
Consilient, a defunct Canadian technology company | wiki |
Mark Gertler – pittore britannico
Mark Gertler – economista statunitense | wiki |
Peak demand on an electrical grid is simply the highest electrical power demand that has occurred over a specified time period (Gönen 2008). Peak demand is typically characterized as annual, daily or seasonal and has the unit of power.
Peak demand, peak load or on-peak are terms used in energy demand management describing a period in which electrical power is expected to be provided for a sustained period at a significantly higher than average supply level. Peak demand fluctuations may occur on daily, monthly, seasonal and yearly cycles. For an electric utility company, the actual point of peak demand is a single half-hour or hourly period which represents the highest point of customer consumption of electricity. At this time there is a combination of office, domestic demand and at some times of the year, the fall of darkness.
Some utilities will charge customers based on their individual peak demand. The highest demand during each month or even a single 15 to 30 minute period of highest use in the previous year may be used to calculate charges. The renewable energy transition will include considerations for peak demand.
Economic growth of the state is inversely associated with peak load.
Demand Tariff
Electricity network is built to deal with the highest possible peak demand otherwise blackout may happen. In Australia, demand tariff has three components: peak demand charge, energy charge and daily connection charge. For example, for large customers (commercial, industrial or mixed of commercial/residential), the peak demand charge is based on the highest 30 minutes electricity consumption in a month; the energy charge is based on a month electricity consumption. This type of demand tariff is gradually introduced to residential households and will be rolled out by 2020 in Queensland Australia. How to manage electricity bills under demand tariff can be challenging. The key solutions involve improving building efficiency and managing the operational settings of large power appliances.
When is the peak electricity demand?
It depends on the demography, the economy, the weather, the climate, the season, the day of the week and other factors. For example, in industrialised regions of China or Germany, the peak demands mostly occur in day time, while solar photovoltaic system can help reduce it. However, in more service based economy such as Australia, the daily peak demands often occur in the late afternoon to early evening time (e.g. 4pm to 8pm). Residential and commercial electricity demand contributes a lot to this type of network peak demand.
Off-peak
Peak demand is considered to be the opposite to off-peak hours when power demand is usually low. There are off-peak time-of-use rates. Sometimes, there are 3 time-of-use zones: peak, shoulder and offpeak. Shoulder is often the time between peak and offpeak in weekdays. Weekends are often just peak and offpeak in terms of managing electricity loads for the network.
Response
Peak demand may exceed the maximum supply levels that the electrical power industry can generate, resulting in power outages and load shedding. This often occurs during heat waves when use of air conditioners and powered fans raises the rate of energy consumption significantly. During a shortage authorities may request the public to curtail their energy use and shift it to a non-peak period.
Power stations
Power stations specifically constructed for providing power to electrical grids for peak demand are called peaking power plants or 'peakers'. In general, Natural gas fueled power stations can be fired up rapidly and are therefore often utilized at peak demand times. Combined cycle power plants can frequently provide power for peak demand, as well as run efficiently for baseload power.
Hydroelectric power and pumped storage type dams such as Carters Dam in the U.S. state of Georgia help to meet peak demand as well.
The chances that a wind farm will be unable to meet peak demand are greater than for a fossil-fueled power station, due to the ability to store liquid fuels for use during peak demand.
Solar power's peak output often naturally coincides with daytime peaks of usage due to air conditioning.
See also
Congestion pricing
Diversity factor
Merit order
Electricity market
Energy storage
List of energy storage projects
Peak oil
Price elasticity of demand
V2G
References
Electric power distribution
Energy development
Power station technology | wiki |
In online advertising, a companion ad is a display ad shown alongside a video or audio ad, usually displayed on top of the player and/or on its side. It is displayed at the same time than the master ad and offers the user a spot to click. It can continue to be displayed after the master ad has finished playing. They are called companion ads because they are thought of as a companion to the main video or audio ad
Companion ads are seen as giving an advantage to brands because customers will have access to the brand after the video ad ends in the event they gain interest
Services like YouTube (video ad) or Spotify (audio ad) allow advertisers to add companion ads to their master ads.
For video ads, as standardized by the Interactive Advertising Bureau, the companion ad is defined alongside its master ad inside the VAST response. It is characterized by the creative's resolution and type, the file URL and a click-through URL.
Companion ads are also used on connected TVs as a new way for brands and advertisers to engage deeper with the TV viewers. In that context, the companion ad is clicked with the remote controller instead of the mouse (PC) or finger (mobile). Services like Roku also support inserting companion ads on TVs through set-top boxes.
References
Online advertising methods | wiki |
James Gray Denton (May 27, 1917 – June 10, 1982) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Texas from January 1, 1971 to June 10, 1982, died in office.
References
Justices of the Texas Supreme Court
1917 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American judges | wiki |
A film music concert is an event in which all or part of a film's musical score (soundtrack) is performed live, often by a full orchestra and choir. Concerts may involve screening a film in its entirety, or a performance of several clips and may also include commentary or interviews with composers. The popularity of film music concerts has been increasing, as have the number of films available for a full orchestral performance plus screening
Types of film music concert
Concert-only performance - a concert program might include popular themes from different film soundtracks (from one or more composers), or a film's entire score
Live to picture (also known as live to projection) - the film's entire musical score is performed alongside a screening of the film. For films with an original soundtrack the music track is suppressed and performed live, preserving the original spoken audio track and any sound effects. The soundtrack is typically the same as the one originally used in the film but sometimes an alternative score is created for the event (65daysofstatic have performed their original score for the film Silent Running). Silent films may be accompanied by original source music, newly created music or music improvised by the musician(s).
Film clips concert - a variant of live to picture concerts, where a selection of film clips are shown, accompanied by the music.
See also
Film score
Pops orchestra
Orchestral Game Music Concerts
References
Orchestral music
Concerts | wiki |
James Price Wallace (April 8, 1928 – April 17, 2017) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Texas from January 1, 1981 to September 1, 1988.
References
Justices of the Texas Supreme Court
1928 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American judges | wiki |
Macunaíma may refer to:
Macunaíma (novel)
Macunaíma (film)
Cocktails with cachaça#Macunaíma, a cocktail | wiki |
Next Stage Repertory Company is a professional-level acting company in Medford, Oregon, that is produced by Craterian Performances along with Teen Musical Theater of Oregon. Next Stage has put on plays such as Talley's Folly, The Glass Menagerie, and Molly Sweeney. Next Stage commonly produces four productions a year that star actors local to the Rogue Valley.
List of full productions
2011–2012 season
Talley's Folly
The Decorator
The Wild Guys
Molly Sweeney
2012–2013 season
Three Viewings
All in the Timing
Duet for One
Brilliant Traces
2013–2014 season
The Glass Menagerie
Old Time Traveling Radio Show
Collected Stories
The Spitfire Grill
References
Medford, Oregon
Theatre companies in Oregon
2011 establishments in Oregon | wiki |
An electoral college is a set of electors who choose among candidates for a particular office.
Electoral College or electoral college may also refer to:
Electoral College (United States), presidential electors
Electoral College (India), presidential electors
Electoral College (Pakistan), presidential electors
Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire), prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire
Electoral College (Confederate States), presidential electors
Presidential Electoral College of Burma
European Parliament constituencies in Belgium:
Dutch-speaking electoral college
French-speaking electoral college
German-speaking electoral college
See also
College of Cardinals, body of all cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church, papal electors
Election Committee (disambiguation)
Federal Convention (Germany), body that elects the President of Germany | wiki |
"Do U Wanna Roll (Dolittle Theme)" é uma canção colaborativa entre os artistas de R&B e Hip Hop R.L., Snoop Dogg e Lil' Kim. Foi lançada em 2001 como primeiro single para a trilha sonora do filme Dr. Dolittle 2.
Faixas
Desempenho nas paradas
Singles de 2001
Canções gravadas por Lil' Kim
Canções gravadas por Snoop Dogg
Canções compostas por Snoop Dogg
Canções de hip hop | wiki |
Metric gauge may refer to:
Metre gauge, a rail gauge
A instrument gauge that reads in metric measurements
A wire gauge size expressed in metric units | wiki |
Baa Baa Black Sheep (renamed for Season 2 as Black Sheep Squadron and later syndicated under that title) is a television series that premiered on September 21, 1976, with a lead-in movie ("Flying Misfits") and ran from September 23, 1976, to April 6, 1978. The series consisted of 2 seasons, a 23-episode Season 1, and a 13-episode Season 2, for a total of 36 episodes.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1: 1976–77
Season 2: 1977–78
Lists of American drama television series episodes | wiki |
An entrepreneur is someone who designs, launches, and runs a new business.
Entrepreneur may also refer to:
Entrepreneur (horse), a racehorse
Entrepreneur (magazine), a business magazine
Entrepreneur (video game), a 1997 business simulation video game
"Entrepreneur", a song on the album History: Function Music by E-40
The Entrepreneur, a 2011 film | wiki |
The 7199 is a vacuum tube, combining a pentode and triode. Typically, the pentode was used for the input stage, and the triode as a phase inverter. The tube was used in a number of American guitar amplifiers; the Gibson Guitar Corporation, for instance, used the 7199 in 1961's Falcon for the reverb circuit. Ampeg also used the 7199 extensively. Notable is the Dynaco ST-70 stereo amplifier introduced in 1959 which used a 7199 tube in the driver section of each channel. Over the next decade, more than 350,000 of these amplifiers were produced. American 7199 production ended sometime in the 1980s, while the Soviet tube company Sovtek produced one until roughly 2007. As a result, the tube is becoming increasingly scarce. Another tube of the same type found in far more plentiful supply is the 6U8A, which is electrically identical, but with a different pinout configuration. The 6U8A can be substituted for a 7199 using a readily available adapter, or by making a slight modification to the wiring of its tube socket.
References
Guitar amplification tubes | wiki |
The San Antonio Bears were a minor league baseball team located in San Antonio, Texas. The Bears played in the Texas League from 1920 through 1928. Their home stadium was League Park.
Season records
Source:
League leaders
1920: Ed Brown – hits (200)
1923: Ike Boone – average (.402), runs (134), hits (241), RBIs (135)
1925: Danny Clark – average (.399), hits (225)
1926: Homer "Tiny" Owens – wins (22, tied)
See also
:Category:San Antonio Bears players
San Antonio Bronchos (preceding Texas League team)
San Antonio Indians (succeeding Texas League team)
References
Further reading
External links
Ballpark information
Defunct Texas League teams
Defunct baseball teams in Texas
Professional baseball teams in Texas
Sports teams in San Antonio
Baseball teams established in 1920
1920 establishments in Texas
1928 disestablishments in Texas
Baseball teams disestablished in 1928 | wiki |
Rushmore – miejscowość w Anglii, w hrabstwie Hampshire
Rushmore – amerykańska tragikomedia z 1998 roku
Rushmore – miasto w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Minnesota, w hrabstwie Nobles
Rushmore Hill – miejscowość w Anglii, w hrabstwie Wielki Londyn, w gminie Bromley
Zobacz też
Mount Rushmore | wiki |
With a large coastal area of , and a 1 million km² exclusive economic zone, Vietnam has the potential for a large mariculture. One of the most valuable coastal aquaculture activities is raising spiny lobster species, especially the ornate lobster, Panulirus ornatus, a highly valued species in the seafood industry, especially in Asia, Europe, and America. Spiny lobster farming in sea cages was first developed in Khánh Hòa Province of Vietnam in 1992, and has since expanded to 35,000 lobster cages in just over a decade, and has since become a USD $100 million industry.
Vietnam's lobster culture technology and industry
Wild seedstock (juvenile) lobster collection
Spiny lobster has a complex larval development, with many developmental stages making it extremely difficult to raise seeds for aquaculture in a hatchery. Consequently, spiny lobster seeds are collected from the wild using purse seines, specially designed collectors, traps and divers. The preferable size of the juveniles taken from the wild for aquaculture is between 4–6 cm. The size of harvested lobster is dependent on the time of the year and depth. Normally the best time to catch juvenile lobster is between May and November when the average size is 5–7 cm, while at other times of the year they are smaller than 2 cm. Large lobsters are commonly found in deeper waters and require divers to harvest them.
Cultivation in cages
After the lobster seed is sold to farmers, they are normally placed into sea cages and grown to adult size for harvest at about 1 kg. This takes about 18–24 months. Three methods of cage culture exist. The first farming method, is a floating cage, where a frame about 10 to 20 m² in area is supported by buoys and holds the lobster cages, and is normally moored in waters 10-20m deep. Such cage method occurs most commonly on Nha Trang Bay. The second farming method is wooden fixed cages, made from 2.5m length by 10 cm width wood with salt resistance, placed about 2 m apart so to create a square shape and normally have an area of 20-40 m² up to 100-200 m² with varying cage size. They are usually on or off seabed in areas with little wave activity. Normally such cage methods are found in Vân Phong Bay. The third cage farming method is the submerged cage method, made from iron mesh with meshing of 15–16 mm, with an overall size of the cage ranging from 1–16 m2 and with a height of 1-1.5 m. These submerged cages, are most common around the Nha Phu Lagoon.
Feeding
After settling, young lobster are quite aggressive competing for habitat and food, but as they become juveniles and sub-adults they are generally gregarious in nature being attracted to each other by con-specific chemical cues and have a diverse diet. The wild seedstock normally used by farmers are past this early aggressive stage. When cultured in Vietnam, lobsters are normally fed trash fish, such as lizardfish, red bigeye, and ponyfish, that are caught as a by-product of fishing activities and fishery offal from the cleaning and processing of commercial fishery species. They are also fed mollusk such as sea snails, oysters, cockles etc.. These raw foods are given to the lobsters in the cages after being chopped into small pieces, and the mollusc shells are often removed for the younger lobsters.
Disease
Milky disease of lobsters developed in Vietnam in late 2006, and is assumed to be the result of poor quality lobster handling and rearing aquaculture techniques. The disease is likely to be induced by stress during handling and because of inadequate water quality conditions through long-distance transport from catching to farming locations. Similar symptoms are seen in other crustaceans such as cultured shrimp and are also induced by stress-related problems. Similar stress symptoms caused by low-quality water conditions are thought to trigger this disease as well as inducing a number of opportunistic pathogens due to the lobsters immune system being compromised by stress. However, milky hemolymph has been experimentally transmitted among lobsters by cohabitation and by infection of unfiltered haemolymph from diseased lobsters into healthy lobsters. Filtered haemolymph from a 0.45 μm filter is not infectious which probably indicates the involvement of a pathological entity transmitted by either water or food. Symptoms are commonly seen where there are too many lobster farming cages in one area. Milky disease caused a large decline in annual lobster production in Vietnam from 1,900 t in 2006 to 1,400 t in 2007. In a closed culture system, milky disease is seldom observed, but the lobsters can be infected by several other diseases, reducing survival rates. First, the shells of sick lobsters slowly change from a natural blue coloration to brown and finally dies without feeding for weeks. Second, at the base of the crawling leg as well as the abdominal segments, the orange colour comes out and one week later, the leg may be broken and lobsters die. It is also found that several lobsters of 10-30 g had special symptom in which the white rod shape look like frame of leaf on the abdominal segments and lobsters will die in mass very soon. These observation is reported from cultured lobster in recirculation system in Vietnam and unpublished.
Transportation
Lobster seeds are first transported to farms, which on average takes up to 12 hours. Transport from the lobster farms, such as the ones located in Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận, and Bình Thuận to trading centers in Hanoi or Ho Chi Minh City, occurs in open, aerated seawater tanks on trucks and normally takes anywhere from 7 to 20 hours. The live lobsters are then exported overseas once they are packaged in polystyrene boxes which are up to 20mm in thickness, together with plastic bags containing water and ice to help keep the lobsters cool. Small holes are also provided in the boxes for ventilation.
Markets
Spiny lobster farming is a big industry in Vietnam, with the main markets in China and Taiwan, Vietnam competes in a market that is dominated by producers such as Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia, who all together export up to 10,000 t annually, compared with the 1,500 t produced by Vietnam farms. However, farming lobsters allows for year-round supply and export that meets the high demand during off season, and thus Vietnam can sell at a higher market price.
Industry economics
This USD $100 million per annum lobster farming industry, has provided a source of income to over 400 families in Vietnam and created more than 100 employments a year, from lobster seed collectors to lobster farmers. However, being an industry that is highly dependent on wild lobster seed collection, it is highly unstable. Development of lobster seed hatcheries is needed to ensure a stable industry.
References
Further reading
Jeffs, A. And Davis, M. (2007). "The potential for harvesting seed of Panulirus argus (Caribbean spiny lobster)." Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 132: 46-51.
Miller, C. L. O., C.L. And Creswell, L. (2007). "Candidate Species for Florida Aquaculture: Caribbean Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus." University of Florida IFAS Extension 147: 1-5.
Tuan, L.A. and Mao, N.D., 2004. Present status of lobster cage culture in Vietnam. Proceedings of the ACIAR lobster ecology workshop, p24-30. Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
External links
http://aciar.gov.au/project/FIS/2001/058
http://www.sitelevel.com//query.go?crid=12b04bdb4e1e26a7&query=spiny+lobster&B1=Search
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTVIETNAM/Resources/vn_fisheries-report-final.pdf
http://www.enaca.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1765
http://www.shrimpnews.com/FreeNewsBackIssues/FreeNewsMay200718.html
Agriculture in Vietnam
Achelata
Edible crustaceans
Commercial crustaceans
Lobster fishing | wiki |
This group is empty.
See also
Appetite stimulants
References
A15 | wiki |
Dredge turning gland is a trailing suction hopper dredger component.
Features
The dredge turning gland has a special particularity. Attached to the lower suction pipe the dredge turning gland allows a radial rotation in both directions of 15°.
Due to this particularity the dredge turning gland enable the dredge drag head to follow the sea bottom without losing vacuum
The dredge turning gland’s flanges are cast together with the body of the pipes and a rubber lip seal is used for the sealing of the dredge turning glands
Materials used
Carbon steel and Carbon Manganese Steel are the Materials used for the production of pipe and flanges of the dredge turning glands. Cast iron is used for the production of the sliding pieces of the dredge turning glands.
External links
Dredge Knowledge
General information about dredge turning gland
Dredging information
Dredgers | wiki |
Bank paper is a thin strong writing paper of less than 50g/m2. It is commonly used for typewriting and correspondence.
The term is also used for securities that are issued by banks, instead of governments. See also commercial paper, securities issued by corporations.
Printing and writing paper | wiki |
This is a list of episodes for the fifth season of the television series, Fast N' Loud.
Episodes
References
2014 American television seasons | wiki |
Le championnat d'Espagne de volley-ball féminin,
et le championnat d'Espagne de volley-ball masculin.
Voir aussi
Volley-ball en Espagne | wiki |
Korea is a region in East Asia.
Korea may also refer to:
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea
Places
Historical
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ, an ancient Korean kingdom whose name changed to Koryŏ in the 5th century; "Korea" comes from "Koguryŏ" (37 BC–668 AD)
Goryeo or Koryŏ, a medieval Korean kingdom (918–1392)
Joseon (1392–1897)
The Proto–Three Kingdoms period
The Three Kingdoms period
The Later Three Kingdoms period
The Korean Empire (1897–1910)
The People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946)
Geographical
Korea, Otwock County, part of Sobienie Szlacheckie, east-central Poland
Korea, Gmina Telatyn, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
Korea, Gmina Ulhówek, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
Korea District, Chhattisgarh, India
Korea State, India
Korea, Kentucky, United States
Korea, Virginia, United States
Films
Korea (1952 film), a lost Philippine film
Korea (1995 film), an Irish film directed by Cathal Black
As One (film), also known as Korea, 2012 South Korean film
See also
Korean (disambiguation), anything of, from, or related to the nations in the Korean peninsula
Names of Korea
Chorea (disambiguation)
Corea (disambiguation), an alternate spelling of Korea, in many languages other than English, also an alternate spelling of the surname Correa
Correa (disambiguation)
Correia, a Portuguese surname | wiki |
Список Президентів Чехословаччини
Список
Прапор президента
Президенти Чехословаччини | wiki |
Luxio may refer to:
Luxio (Pokémon), a Pokémon species
Daihatsu Luxio, a minivan model designed by Daihatsu released in 2009 | wiki |
NFL+ (formerly NFL Game Pass) is an over-the-top subscription service operated by the National Football League (NFL) in the United States. The service offers live-streaming of the radio broadcasts of all NFL games, streaming of the television broadcasts of in-market games on mobile devices, streaming of out-of-market preseason games, and library content from NFL Films and NFL Network. The service's premium tier offers on-demand replays of NFL games, including alternate "All-22" and "Coaches Film" presentations.
The service is an amalgamation of several streaming services previously offered by the NFL, including NFL Audio Pass (formerly NFL Field Pass)–which launched in 2003 in partnership with RealNetworks to stream radio broadcasts, and NFL Game Rewind. Audio Pass and Game Rewind were merged to form NFL Game Pass in 2015. In turn, Game Pass was merged with the NFL's in-market mobile streaming rights (formerly held by Verizon Media) in 2022 to form NFL+.
History
In January 2003, the NFL announced a partnership with RealNetworks to serve as its streaming media partner, offering exclusive multimedia features during the playoffs via the company's RealOne SuperPass subscription service. Chris Russo, the league's senior vice president of new media and publishing, stated that the playoff content was a pilot that could lead to "a subscription program that includes elements such as video, audio, enhanced analysis and fantasy football" in the future.
Ahead of the 2003 NFL season, the NFL launched two subscription services in partnership with RealNetworks, including NFL.com Fantasy Extra–which offered expanded analysis and video content oriented towards fantasy football players, and NFL Field Pass–which would carry the radio broadcasts for all NFL games, video features on NFL.com (including game highlights), the weekly program NFL Insider Radio, and coverage of team press conferences. To enforce exclusive regional rights and encourage use of the service, the NFL prohibited local radio affiliates from including game broadcasts in their internet radio streams.
In 2006, the NFL launched NFL Game Pass as its streaming service for international markets in cooperation with Yahoo! Sports; it would later launch NFL Game Rewind in 2008 for on-demand streaming of completed NFL games, including "Coaches Film" and "All-22" feeds. NFL Field Pass was renamed NFL Audio Pass prior to the 2010 season. That year, the NFL started live streaming preseason games online.
In 2015, the NFL merged NFL Game Rewind with NFL Audio Pass, forming a single service under the NFL Game Pass branding in the United States.
The NFL previously maintained an exclusive mobile streaming rights package with Verizon Communications, as part of its official wireless carrier sponsorship of the league; streaming of in-market and nationally-televised games on smartphones was exclusive to the Verizon-operated "NFL Mobile" service, which was only available as a paid add-on for Verizon Wireless subscribers. This exclusivity deal prohibited the NFL's television partners from streaming their telecasts on smartphones, thus network-run TV Everywhere streams could only be viewed on PCs and tablet computers. Under a five-year extension of the agreement beginning in the 2017–18 NFL playoffs and 2018 NFL season, Verizon waived this exclusivity to take advantage of its acquisition of Yahoo!; mobile in-market streams, as well as other NFL-related digital content, was made available via Yahoo! Sports, while NFL broadcasters were authorized to stream games via their platforms on all device classes.
In May 2022, it was reported that with the expiration of the NFL's agreement with Verizon (which had divested AOL and Yahoo! to Apollo Global Management in 2021), its teams had approved a proposal to paywall mobile in-market streams behind a new "NFL Plus" service. NFL+ was officially announced on July 25, 2022, succeeding Game Pass in the United States. The service will be offered in two tiers, with the basic service offering in-market streaming on mobile devices, streaming of radio broadcasts and most preseason games, as well as library content from NFL Films and NFL Network. The premium tier of NFL+ will add game replays.
NFL Game Pass International
Outside the United States, NFL+ is branded as NFL Game Pass International. The service offers 230+ games live and on demand, as well as live access to NFL RedZone and NFL Network. Beginning in 2023, the service is offered through DAZN, as either a standalone subscription or an add-on to an existing DAZN package.
See also
NFL Sunday Ticket
DAZN
References
External links
Subscription video on demand services
National Football League mass media | wiki |
The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States.
List of representatives
References
United States
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations | wiki |
Danny Ward (1990), Engels voetballer
Danny Ward (1993), Welsh voetballer
Danny Ward (rugbyspeler), speelde onder meer voor Leeds Rhinos | wiki |
Bond paper is a high-quality durable writing paper similar to bank paper but having a weight greater than 50 g/m2. The most common weights are 60 g/m2 (16 lb), 75 g/m2 (20 lb) and 90 g/m2 (24 lb). The name comes from its having originally been made for documents such as government bonds. It is now used for letterheads and other stationery and as paper for electronic printers. Widely employed for graphic work involving pencil, pen and felt-tip marker, bond paper can sometimes contain rag fibre pulp, which produces a stronger, though rougher, sheet of paper.
See also
Coated paper, also high-quality, but bond paper may be coated or uncoated
Inkjet paper
Tracing paper
References
Webster's Third New International Dictionary
Chamber's Science and Technology Dictionary, p. 103
Printing and writing paper
Paper | wiki |
Volcanic and igneous plumbing systems (VIPS) consist of interconnected magma channels and chambers which are responsible for the production, storage and transportation of magma in Earth's crust. Volcanic plumbing systems can be found in all active tectonic settings, such as mid-oceanic ridges, subduction zones, and mantle plumes, when magmas generated in continental lithosphere, oceanic lithosphere, and in the sub-lithospheric mantle are transported. Magma is first generated by partial melting, followed by segregation and extraction from the source rock to separate the melt from the solid. As magma propagates upwards, a self-organised network of magma channels develops, transporting the melt from lower crust to upper regions. Channelled ascent mechanisms include the formation of dykes and ductile fractures that transport the melt in conduits. For bulk transportation, diapirs carry a large volume of melt and ascent through the crust. When magma stops ascending, or when magma supply stops, magma emplacement occurs. Different mechanisms of emplacement result in different structures, including plutons, sills, laccoliths and lopoliths.
Magma production
Partial melting
Partial melting is the first step for generating magma and magma is the basis of VIPS. After magma is generated, it will travel across the crust and lead to the formation of magma conduits and chambers. In continental crust, partial melting occurs when a portion of the solid rock melts into felsic magma. Rocks in the lower crust and the upper mantle are subject to partial melting. The rate of partial melting and the resultant silicate melt composition depend on temperature, pressure, flux addition (water, volatiles) and the source rock composition. In oceanic crust, decompression melting of mantle materials forms basaltic magma. When the mantle materials rise, the pressure greatly decreases which significantly lowers the melting point of the rock.
Melt segregation and extraction
After magma is generated, magma will migrate out of its source region by the process of magma segregation and extraction. These processes define the resulting composition of the magma. Depending on the efficiency of the segregation and extraction, there will be different structures of the volcanic and igneous plumbing systems.
Segregation
Melt segregation is the process of melt separating from its source rock. After the silica-rich melt is generated by partial melting, melt segregation is achieved by the gravitational compaction of the source rock. It causes the squeezing of the melt through the pores and the melts are produced at grain boundaries. When the melt droplets continue to build up and the proportion of melt continues to increase, they tend to gather together as melt pools. The interconnectivity of the melt determines whether and when melt may be extracted. When the melt percentage in the source rock approaches the first percolation threshold at 7%, the melt starts to migrate. At this point, 80% of the grain boundaries are melted and the rock becomes very weak. As melting advances and the melt continues to accumulate, it reaches the second percolation threshold at a melt percentage of 26% to 30%. The matrix of the source rock will start to break down and the melt will start to be extracted.
Extraction
After the melt segregates from the solid, melt extraction takes place. The rate of magma extraction depends on the spatial distribution and interconnectivity of the magma channel network developed out of its source rock. There are two end members of melt extraction: melt can be extracted in pulses if the development of magma channels are rapid and the network is highly interconnected, or melt can be constantly drained from the source if the magma channels are developed in a continuous and steady manner.
Also, magma extraction controls the chemical composition of the melt, the amount of magma transported by dykes, and consequently, the volume flux of magma into plutons. These will eventually control the overall structure of the VIPS such as the formation of dykes and plutons.
For instance, if the magma channels are not well connected, the source may not be drained successfully, and dykes may freeze before propagating far enough to feed plutons. If the source rock could not initiate dyke ascent with sufficient melt, the source rock may remain undrained, favouring diapiric ascent of the source rock.
Magma ascent and transportation
When there is sufficient melt accumulation, the magma in the source will migrate from the source to the shallower level of the crust through magma conduits to feed and form different magma reservoirs and structures in VIPS. The buoyancy of magma is the main driving force of all types of transportation mechanism.
Diapirism
A diapir forms when a blob of buoyant, hot, and ductile magma ascends to a higher lithospheric layer. Diapirism is considered as the main mechanism of magma transport in lower to middle crust and it is one of the viable transportation mechanisms for both felsic and mafic magmas.The process of diapirism only begins when there is sufficient volume of melt accumulated in the source region. When a blob of melt is generated in the source region and it is about to ascend, the distortion causes periodic Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities at the interface of the melt and the surrounding country rock as a result of density difference. As the melt is less dense than the surrounding rock, Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities will grow and amplify, and eventually become diapirs.
Numerical models and laboratory experiments demonstrate that if the upwelling melt is less viscous than the surrounding country rock, a spherical shaped diapir connected to a stalk will be formed, which is called Stokes diapir. Stoke diapirism is a viable mechanism preferably for the ascent of massive magma bodies in a weak and ductile crust. Small diapirs are likely to freeze in the middle of the ascent due to heat loss and solidification.
Recent studies demonstrated that a dyke-diapir hybrid model may be a more realistic mechanism of diapir formation. The numerical simulation of dyke-diapir pair shows that a pseudo-dyke zone may develop at the top of the diapir as it propagates, which is essential for softening the roof rocks and allowing the diapir to ascend. It also demonstrates that episodic injection of magma is crucial in maintaining the temperature of the diapir system and preventing it from freezing.
Diapirs can also be categorised into crustal and mantle diapirs. Crustal diapirs accents from the lower crust due to partial melting. On the other hand, mantle diapir forms in the mantle, and eventually ascends across the MOHO or underplate the lower crust to provide heat for partial melting.
Channeled ascent
Dykes
Dykes are vertical to sub-vertical fractures filled with magma that cut through layers, and they connect the source rock to magma chamber, sills and may eventually reach the surface.
The transportation of magma in dyke is caused by the buoyancy of magma, and also the reservoir pressure if it is connected to the source rock. Dykes transport magma at a higher velocity than diapirs because dykes are usually in an extended network of narrow channels which have a large surface area. However, the large surface area implies that magma crystallization is easier to occur. Therefore, some dykes may rise to the surface, but the majority of them terminates at depth because of solidification of a blockage of rigid layer.
There are two types of dyke, including regional dyke swarms which originate from a deep magma source, and local sheet swarms which originate from a shallow magma reservoir. Regional dyke swarms are usually elongated where local sheet swarms are inclined and circular, also known as ring dykes.
The geometry of the dyke is related to the stress field and the distribution of pre-existing faults and joints in the country rock. Therefore an extensional tectonic setting favours the formation of dykes.
Ductile fractures
Ductile fractures are formed by rock creep in which the ductile recrystallisation produces tiny voids that connect and eventually fracture the rock. Ductile fractures can be found in the deeper crust, as the mode of deformation transforms from brittle to ductile. Ductile fractures are associated with magma conduits in the deeper region of the crust.
Faults and shears
Fault and shear zones act as lines of weakness for magma to flow in and transport to upper levels. Regional deformation may result in the three main types of faults including normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults. Particularly, a transpressional fault that cuts through layers is related to the transportation and ascent of magma by creating space for emplacement.
Magma emplacement
When magma stops ascending, the freezing of magma bodies or the arrest of magma supply lead to the formation of magma reservoirs. Magma emplacement can take place at any depth above the source rock. Magma emplacement is primarily controlled by the internal forces of magma including buoyancy and magma pressure. Magma pressure changes with depth as vertical stress is a function of the depth. Another parameter of magma emplacement is the rate of magma supply. From field evidence, the formation of plutons involves multiple stages of magma injection instead of a single pulse. Small batches of magma will accumulate incrementally for several million years until the magma supply ceases.
According to the depth of formation and geometry, magma emplacement can be classified into plutons, sills, laccoliths and lopoliths.
Middle to lower crust
Plutons
Magma bodies emplaced in lower crust can be classified as plutons. They are tabular bodies with a larger thickness than its length. It implies that at the level of emplacement, magma mainly flows horizontally. The thicknesses of pluton ranges from one kilometres to about tens of kilometres. And it takes about 0.1 Ma to 6 Ma for plutons to be constructed in multiple magma pulses.
The growth of plutons in different environments can be a function of the country rock characteristics and the depth of emplacement. From field evidence, when plutons are formed in a ductile environment, it will displace the surrounding rocks both laterally and vertically. However, for brittle environments, as there is no evidence for strain in the lateral margins, plutons must be displaced in a vertical manner. Therefore, the chances of lateral displacement decrease with decreasing ductility of country rocks.
Plutons can be categorised into two types depending on the geometry of the pluton floor. They are called wedged-shape plutons and tablet-shaped plutons. Wedge-shaped plutons typically have irregular shapes. They may have roots that tapers downwards which eventually become cylindrical-shaped feeder structures which cause the floors to dip inward at different angles. Tablet-shaped plutons have parallel pluton floors and roofs, and steeper sides compared to wedge-shaped plutons. Some plutons may exhibit features of the two types.
Middle to upper crust
Sills
Sills are generally defined as sheet intrusions which are tabular in shape and dominantly concordant to the surrounding rock layers. They are commonly emplaced within three kilometres below the Earth surface. Most sills are sub-horizontal in shape as they are usually found in sedimentary layers. However, in some cases, sills may deform sedimentary layers and exhibit other geometries such as inclined or sub-vertical shapes. The length of sill can extend up to tens of kilometres.
Depending to its shape and concordance to the country rock, sills can be classified into five different types based on field evidence. They are strata-concordant sills, transgressive sills, step-wise transgressive sills, saucer-shaped sills, V-shaped sills, and hybrid sills. Strata-concordant sills are the classic representation of a sill. They develop continuously and concordantly with the host rock and are often found in deeper part of the upper crust. Transgressive sills cut through and propagate to higher layers with an oblique angle to the host rock, displaying discordant properties. It is straighter in shape. Step-wise transgressive sills are similar to transgressive sills, but there are alternating concordant and discordant segments, producing step-like features. Saucer-shaped sills have a lower central concordant sill, and two higher outer transgressive sills that flatten out at the tips. They usually have a thicker inner sill and thinning outwards. V-shaped sills are somewhat similar to saucer-shaped sills, but it has a shorter inner part. Hybrid sills shows mixed features of the above-mentioned sills.
Laccoliths
Laccoliths forms from the stacking of sills. They typically display dome-shaped structures with slightly elevated roofs and flat floors that are concordant to rock layers. They are formed at depths that do not exceed three kilometres. It typically takes 100 to 100,000 years for enough magma to emplace as sills, and the grouping of sills form laccoliths.
The formation of laccolith is governed by the jointing and faulting of the country rocks when emplacement begins. These lines of weakness provide pathways for the formation of initial sill-like structures that are horizontal in shape. At this stage, sheet intrusion is a more favourable mechanism of emplacement because the margins of the sheet cool faster, which creates shear zones that allow further horizontal displacement. After some time, when the cooling rate decreases, and when the sills continue to stack onto one another, sheet intrusion is no longer a favourable mechanism because the zones of weakness diminish. The cohesion between the sedimentary layers is also reducing because of displacement and deformation of the rock. Here, inflation is a possible mechanism to continue the growth of intrusion. If, at this point, the surface area of the magma is large enough to generate a magma force that can overcome the lithostatic load of the overlying layer, vertical inflation can take place. The vertical inflation of magma chambers creates laccoliths.
Lopoliths
Lopoliths are lenticular concordant intrusive masses that display a convex-down shape. It typically involves floor depression. Two models were proposed for the formation of lopoliths. They are the cantilever model and the piston model. The cantilever model describes the formation of the lopoliths as a result of the tilting of floor about a point at the pluton margin. It deforms the underlying crust by simple shear and leads to the sinkage of partial melt. In the piston model, the formation of lopolith begins when the central block floor sinks. The floor continues to thicken and creates tabular-shaped lopoliths.
See also
Magma differentiation
Igneous intrusion
Igneous rock
Igneous activity
References
Volcanism
Lithosphere | wiki |
The American Begonia Society is a horticultural society devoted to the promotion, cultivation, and study of begonias (plant family Begoniaceae). The organization was founded in 1932, and has a worldwide membership. It is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for begonias.
The organization publishes a bi-monthly magazine, The Begonian.
Mission
The stated aims and purposes of the ABS are:
To stimulate and promote interest in begonias and other shade-loving plants.
To encourage the introduction and development of new types of these plants.
To standardize the nomenclature of begonias.
To gather and publish information in regard to kinds, propagation, and culture of begonias and companion plants
To issue a bulletin that will be mailed to all members of the society.
To bring into friendly contact all who love and grow begonias.
References
External links
American Begonia Society website
Horticultural organizations based in the United States
Nonprofit hobbyist organizations based in the United States | wiki |
Fox River Trail could refer to two different recreational trails in the United States:
Fox River Trail (Illinois), in Kane County, Illinois
Fox River State Recreational Trail, in Brown County, Wisconsin | wiki |
The Chinmaya Organization for Rural Development, known as CORD, is an organization that helps with rural development throughout India and South Asia. It is the service wing of Chinmaya Mission. CORD aims to promote sustainable development in India through activities such as empowering women, helping with microfinancing, and forming Mahila Mandals or self-help groups. Rather than just giving aid, CORD focuses on helping people by teaching them necessary skills to be self-sufficient and independent.
History
The beginnings of CORD came from the service efforts of Dr. Kshama Metre, who worked as a doctor in India. Her experience with meeting Swami Chinmayananda inspired her to leave her medical practice and join the Chinmaya Mission to assist in their work in the rural areas of the country. Metre set up health centres for women and children in the village of Sidhbhari, Himachal Pradesh. In 2003, the service efforts of Chinmaya Mission were merged into the organization CORD, so CORD was born.
References
Rural development organisations in India | wiki |
Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the food spoilage of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food.
Infant food safety is the identification of risky food handling practices and the prevention of illness in infants. Foodborne illness is a serious health issue, especially for babies and children.
Infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to foodborne illness because their immune systems are not developed enough to fight off foodborne bacterial infections. In fact, 800,000 illnesses affect children under the age of 10 in the U.S. each year.
Therefore, extra care should be taken when handling and preparing their food.
Prevention
Handwashing is the first step in maintaining the safety of infant food. Caregivers hands can pick up bacteria and spread bacteria to the baby. Situations in which one can encounter high levels of bacteria are:
Diapers containing feces and urine
Raw meat and raw poultry
Uncooked seafood, and eggs
Dogs and cats, turtles, snakes, birds, and lizards, among other animals.
Soil
Other children
Handwashing can remove harmful bacteria and will help to prevent foodborne illness. Instructing other children in a family on good handwashing will help to limit the spread of bacteria that cause illness.
Handwashing is most effective in providing safe food for the infant during 'key times':
Before preparing and feeding bottles or foods to the baby.
Before touching the baby's mouth.
Before touching pacifiers or other things that go into the baby's mouth.
After using the toilet or changing diapers.
Infant formula
Though breastfeeding helps prevent many kinds of sicknesses among infants, caregivers often choose to use infant formula. Promoting food safety in infants requires safe preparation and use.
Use infant formula within two hours of preparation. If the infant does not finish the entire bottle, the remainder is thrown away. If the prepared feed is not used right away, refrigerating it immediately will slow the growth of microorganisms, however it must be used within 24 hours.
Cronobacter, formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii, is a group of bacteria that can be found in the environment. The germs can also live in dry foods, such as powdered infant formula. Anybody can get sick from Cronobacter, but the infection occurs most often in infants. Cronobacter infections are rare, but they can be deadly in newborns. Infections in infants usually occur in the first days or weeks of life. Cronobacter germs can cause dangerous blood infections (sepsis) or infections of the linings surrounding the brain and spine (meningitis). Infants two months of age and younger are most likely to develop meningitis if they get sick with Cronobacter. Infants born prematurely and infants with a lower ability to fight germs and sickness due to illness (such as HIV) or medical treatment (such as chemotherapy for cancer) are also more likely to get sick. The first symptom of Cronobacter infection in infants is usually a fever, coupled with poor feeding, crying, or very low energy. Parents or caregivers should take an infant with these symptoms to see a doctor.
Infection prevention
Cronobacter infections can be prevented by:
Breastfeeding. This is one of the best things that can do for the infant's health, and benefits include preventing many kinds of infections. Reported Cronobacter infections among infants who were fed only breast milk and no formula or other foods are rare.
Cleaning, sanitizing, and storing dry feeding items and breast pump parts. Contamination can be prevented and the milk kept relatively free of microbes by washing, sanitizing, and safely storing other feeding implements.
Cleaning the breasts before nursing.
Keeping ill family and friends from feeding the infant.
Using liquid formula, when possible.
Choosing infant formula sold in liquid form over powdered, especially in very young infants.
Preparing powdered infant formula safely.
Safe infant formula preparation
Recommendations from health organizations for the preparation of infant formula are:
Warming treated and clean water to at least 158 °F /70 °C and pour it into the bottle.
Adding infant formula, and carefully shaking, rather than stirring the bottle.
Cooling the mixture so that it is not too hot before feeding the baby by running the prepared, capped bottle under treated, clean and cool water taking care to keep the cooling water from getting into the bottle or on the nipple.
Testing the temperature of the mixture by shaking a few drops on the wrist.
If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol (check the product label to be sure). Hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol is effective in killing Cronobacter germs. But use soap and water as soon as possible afterward because hand sanitizer does not kill all types of germs and may not work as well if hands are visibly greasy or dirty.
Cronobacter can also cause diarrhea and urinary tract infections in people of all ages. The infection can be serious for older people and for people whose immune systems are weakened by other illnesses or conditions. They are also more likely to get sick.
Caregivers can prepare infant formula safely by:
Preparing safe water for mixing: Bring tap water to a roiling boil and boil it for one minute. Bottled water can be sterilized before using.
Using clean bottles and nipples: Sterilizing bottles and nipples before first use is safer. After that, it is safe to wash them by hand or in a dishwasher.
Not making more formula than is needed. Formula can become contaminated during preparation, and bacteria can multiply quickly if formula is improperly stored. The safest practice is to make formula in smaller quantities on an as-needed basis to greatly reduce the possibility of contamination and always follow the label instructions for mixing formula.
Heating breast milk or infant formula
There are two ways to heat bottles with disposable inserts or hard plastic, and glass bottles. A bottle can be placed under hot, running tap water until the desired temperature is reached. This should take one-to-two minutes. A bottle can be placed in a pan after the water has been heated on a stove. The pan can be removed from the heat and set the bottle in it until it is warm. It is safer to shake milk or formula to even out the temperature. Heating breast milk or infant formula in the microwave is not recommended. This results in "hot spots" that can scald a baby's mouth and throat.
Cow's milk
Cow's milk by itself is not appropriate for infants less than one year old. Cow's milk does not have the correct balance of nutrients for infants to grow and develop normally, and it can cause problems with anemia and kidney function. Raw milk is never appropriate for infants – or anyone else. It should not be consumed by anyone at any time for any purpose. Raw milk can harbor dangerous microorganisms, such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, that can pose serious health risks. Most infant formula is made with cow's milk, but it has been modified and supplemented with additional nutrients. As a result, the formula is more nutritious and easier for the baby to digest than cow's milk. Other formula options include soy-based formulas and hypoallergenic (or protein hydrolysate and amino acid-based) formulas. Special formulas are available for babies who are premature or have other health problems.
Sanitizing objects
Infants put anything within reach into their mouths. It is also important to keep all objects that enter baby's mouths (such as pacifiers and teethers) clean. Though research into five-second rule has been done, results are inconclusive.
Solid foods
Infants are introduced to solid foods at different ages. Breast milk alone is sufficient to support optimal growth and development for approximately the first six months after birth. For very young infants water, juice, and other foods are generally unnecessary. Even when babies enjoy discovering new tastes and textures, solid foods should not replace breastfeeding, but merely complement breast milk as the infant's main source of nutrients throughout the first year. Beyond one year, as the variety and volume of solid foods gradually increase, breast milk remains an ideal addition to the child's diet. Parents and caregivers can reduce choking hazards in a child's environment. Special attention should be given to food and nonfood items (e.g., candy, nuts, and coins) commonly involved in choking. Younger children are particularly at risk because of their tendency to place objects in their mouths, poor chewing ability, and narrow airways compared with those of older children. Recommendations are available to guide parents and caregivers about the types of food items that are inappropriate for children aged less than four years. Removal of nonfood choking hazards also is important for infants and children aged less than five years because approximately one third of all choking episodes involve nonfood items.
Microwaving of solid foods
When baby food is microwaved in a jar it often heats unevenly. The hottest places are in the center of the foods. The coolest places are next to the glass sides, which could lead you to believe that the food is not too hot. Safe practices for microwaving food for infants are:
Don't microwave baby foods in the jar. Instead, transfer the food to a dish before microwaving it. This way the food can be stirred and taste-tested for temperature.
Microwave four ounces of solid food in a dish for about 15 seconds on high power. Always stir, let stand 30 seconds, and taste-test before feeding. Food that's "baby-ready" should taste or feel lukewarm.
Do not heat baby-food meats, meat sticks or eggs in the microwave. Use the stovetop instead. These foods have a high fat content, and since microwaves heat fats faster than other substances, these foods can cause splattering and overheating.
First aid for choking
Early and effective treatment is crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality from childhood choking. Methods taught routinely in courses on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or first aid can be lifesaving when instituted early by trained parents and caregivers. Opening the airway quickly by ejecting the foreign body can avoid potentially severe injuries. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all parents and caregivers participate in the American Heart Association's Basic Lifesaving Course or the American Red Cross' Infant/Child CPR Course. To prevent infant choking, be sure your child has adequate motor skills to swallow food. Do not offer babies or young children high-risk foods, such as chunks of meat, cheese, grapes, or raw vegetables, unless they are cut up into small pieces. Avoid hard foods, such as nuts, seeds, and popcorn.
Commercial baby food
Infant food safety includes the evaluation of commercially prepared baby food before feeding it to a baby. Examining each jar of commercial baby food before using it and noting the position of the safety button on top of the jar will indicate whether or not the jar has been opened. Unopened baby food in jars will have a safety button that is down. A jar of baby food that is swelling, leaking, contain chipped glass is probably not safe to feed to a baby. Some baby food comes in pouches. If the pouch is leaking or swelling it may not be safe to feed to a baby.
The Food and Drug administration has published the following do's and don'ts regarding commercial baby food safety:
Do not “double dip” with baby food.
Never put baby food in the refrigerator if the baby does not finish it.
It is best if a baby is not fed directly from the jar of baby food.
A small serving of food on a clean dish and refrigerating the remaining food in the jar is safer.
If the baby needs more food from the same jar, using a clean spoon to serve another portion is safer.
It is safer to throw away any food in the dish that is not eaten.
If a baby is fed from a jar, it is safer to throw away any food left in the jar.
Sharing spoons is not the safest way to feed a baby
Putting the baby's spoon in the mouth of another person is not safe.
Baby food left out for two hours or more will begin to grow bacteria at room temperature. It is not safe.
If an opened baby food container is stored in the refrigerator for more than three days, it may not be safe to feed the baby. "If in doubt, throw it out".
Handwashing
Wet hands thoroughly with warm water and add soap.
Thoroughly scrub hands, wrists, fingernails, and in between fingers - for at least 20 seconds.
Rinse, then dry hands with a clean cloth towel or use a paper towel so the germs are thrown away.
When to wash
Handwashing prevents spreading infection. Washing before and after handling food, after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or handling pets.
Epidemiology
Caregivers of infants less than four months old:
41% didn't wash their hands after petting animals;
32% didn't wash their hands after changing the baby's diaper;
15% didn't wash their hands after using the bathroom;
10% didn't wash their hands after handling raw meat;
5% didn't wash their hands after gardening or working with soil.
See also
2008 Chinese milk scandal
2022 United States infant formula shortage
Daigou
Food safety
References
External links
Infant Formulas-National Institutes of Health, Medline Plus. Information on types of formula, recommendations, and side effects of improper use.
FDA 101: Infant Formula - Food and Drug Administration, The basics on types of formula, along with safety tips and instructions for reporting problems.
Safe Preparation, Storage and Handling of Powdered *Infant Formula World Health Organization. Guidelines on infant formula in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Arabic, and Japanese.
Pediatrics
Infancy
Food safety
Infant feeding | wiki |
Robina may refer to:
People
Robina Courtin (born 1944), Buddhist nun
Robina Higgins (1915–1990), athlete
Robina Muqimyar (born 1986), athlete
Robina Qureshi (born 1964), human rights campaigner
Robina Suwol, Children's Environmental Health & Justice Advocate
Robina Williams, author
Places
Robina, Queensland, a town on the Gold Coast in Australia
Electoral district of Robina, for the state assembly of Queensland, Australia
Robina Parkway, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Robina railway station, Robina, Queensland, Australia
Robina Town Centre, Robina, Queensland, Australia; a shopping centre
Robina Town Centre bus station
Robina Stadium, Robina, Queensland, Australia
Robina Hospital, Robina, Queensland, Australia
Other
Robina (novel), a novel by E. V. Timms
See also
Universal Robina, company
Robinia, plant genus
Robin (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Optimist (album Grzegorza Nagórskiego)
The Optimist (album Anathemy)
The Optimist (album New Young Pony Club)
The Optimist (serial)
Zobacz też
Optimist | wiki |
Scarpa's shoe was an 18th-century mechanical device developed to treat clubfoot. It never became widely accepted.
It was designed by Antonio Scarpa, an Italian anatomist and surgeon.
References
Surgical instruments | wiki |
Route 66 is a 1998 American film directed by Steve Austin and starring Alana Austin, Diane Ladd, Richard Moll and Pamela Bach.
Cast
Alana Austin
Jerry Asher ... Billy
Pamela Bach ... Elizabeth
Nick Benedict ... Jeff
Richard Danielson ... Skeeter
Diane Ladd
Leslie Lauten ... Bernice
Kirsten Maryott ... Ms. Barnes
Micah May ... Danny
Richard Moll
References
External links
1998 films
1990s English-language films
American romantic drama films
1990s American films | wiki |
The seventh season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on October 12, 2000, and concluded on May 17, 2001. The seventh season consists of 22 episodes.
Plot
In the midst of being remodeled, for a more open, safe floorplan, the show's seventh season starts with John Carter completing his drug rehabilitation and trying to be who he was before he got stabbed, with the support of Abby Lockhart. Abby's own life is in disarray after she is forced to drop out of medical school, her bipolar mother Maggie Wyczenski comes to stay, her new romance with Luka Kovač hits many pitfalls, and she reaches a crossroads in her Nurse position at County. Tragedy ensues when Mark Greene is diagnosed with terminal cancer, giving him only weeks to live. Kerry Weaver also has some issues of her own as she deals with her new lifestyle. Benton tries to find a new spot at County. Not wanting to upset Elizabeth Cordaywho is caught up in a malpractice suitMark keeps his illness a secret. After successful surgery, he proposes to her and she is heavily pregnant when they get married. In the 150th episode of ER, a massive train wreck mobilizes the ER doctors and nurses to the scene.
Cast
Main cast
Anthony Edwards as Dr. Mark Greene – Attending Physician
Noah Wyle as Dr. John Carter – Resident PGY-5
Laura Innes as Dr. Kerry Weaver – Chief of Emergency Medicine
Alex Kingston as Dr. Elizabeth Corday – Associate Chief of Surgery
Paul McCrane as Dr. Robert Romano – Chief of Staff and Surgery
Goran Visnjic as Dr. Luka Kovač – Attending Physician
Maura Tierney as Nurse Abby Lockhart
Michael Michele as Dr. Cleo Finch – Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellow
Erik Palladino as Dr. Dave Malucci – Resident PGY-3
Ming-Na as Dr. Jing-Mei Chen – Resident PGY-4
Eriq La Salle as Dr. Peter Benton – Surgical Attending Physician
Supporting cast
Doctors and Medical students
Sam Anderson as Dr. Jack Kayson – Chief of Cardiology
Amy Aquino as Dr. Janet Coburn – Chief of Obstetrics and Gynecology
John Aylward as Dr. Donald Anspaugh – Surgical Attending Physician and Hospital Board Member
Elizabeth Mitchell as Dr. Kim Legaspi – Psychiatrist
David Brisbin as Dr. Alexander Babcock – Anesthesiologist
John Doman as Dr. Carl DeRaad – Chief of Psychiatry
Megan Cole as Dr. Alice Upton – Pathologist
Christopher John Fields as Dr. Phil Tobiason
Iqbal Theba as Dr. Zagerby – Ophthalmologist
Nurses
Ellen Crawford as Nurse Lydia Wright
Conni Marie Brazelton as Nurse Conni Oligario
Deezer D as Nurse Malik McGrath
Laura Cerón as Nurse Chuny Marquez
Yvette Freeman as Nurse Manager Haleh Adams
Lily Mariye as Nurse Lily Jarvik
Gedde Watanabe as Nurse Yosh Takata
Dinah Lenney as Nurse Shirley
Kyle Richards as Nurse Dori Kerns
Lucy Rodriguez as Nurse Bjerke
Morris Chestnut as ICU Nurse Frank 'Rambo' Bacon
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Nurse Sandra
Mary Heiss as Nurse Mary
Staff, Paramedics and Officers
Troy Evans as Desk Clerk Frank Martin
Kristin Minter as Desk Clerk Miranda "Randi" Fronczak
Pamela Sinha as Desk Clerk Amira
Erica Gimpel as Social Worker Adele Newman
Skip Stellrecht as Chaplain Miller
Emily Wagner as Paramedic Doris Pickman
Montae Russell as Paramedic Dwight Zadro
Lynn A. Henderson as Paramedic Pamela Olbes
Demetrius Navarro as Paramedic Morales
Brian Lester as Paramedic Brian Dumar
Michelle Bonilla as Paramedic Christine Harms
Claudine Claudio as Paramedic Silva
Meg Thalken as Chopper EMT Dee McManus
Ed Lauter as Fire Captain Dannaker
Chad McKnight as Officer Wilson
David Roberson as Officer Durcy
Joe Basile as Officer Tom Bennini
Family
Frances Sternhagen as Millicent Carter
Jonathan Scarfe as Chase Carter
George Plimpton as Grandpa Carter
Sally Field as Maggie Wyczenski
Mark Valley as Richard Lockhart
Nancy Kwan as Mrs. Chen
Christine Harnos as Jennifer Simon
Khandi Alexander as Jackie Robbins
Andrew McFarlane as Jesse Robbins
Lisa Nicole Carson as Carla Simmons
Victor Williams as Roger McGrath
Matthew Watkins as Reese Benton
Paul Freeman as Dr. Charles Corday
Judy Parfitt as Isabelle Corday
Notable guest stars
Wentworth Miller as Mike Palmieri
Alan Dale as Al Patterson
Chris Sarandon as Dr. Burke (New York)
James Cromwell as Bishop Lionel Stewart
Zachery Ty Bryan as Upsilon Psi Lambda Frat Brother
Lourdes Benedicto as Rena Trujillo
Jim Belushi as Dan Harris
Jared Padalecki as Paul Harris
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Larkin
Eric Stonestreet as Willie
Josh Peck as Nick Stevens
Production
Original executive producers John Wells and Michael Crichton reprised their roles. Sixth season co-executive producers Neal Baer and Jack Orman were promoted to executive producers for the seventh season. Baer left the crew mid-season. Previous executive producer Christopher Chulack remained a consulting producer while working on Wells' Third Watch. Meredith Stiehm joined the crew as a co-executive producer mid-season.
R. Scott Gemmill returned as supervising producer and was joined by new supervising producer Dee Johnson. Long-time crew member Joe Sachs joined the production team as a co-producer for the seventh season and was promoted to producer mid-season. Wendy Spence Rosato and Richard Thorpe returned as producers. Jonathan Kaplan began the seventh season as a consulting producer but returned to his previous role as producer mid-season. Regular director Christopher Misiano joined the crew as a producer for the seventh season only. Michael Salamunovich returned as a co-producer and Teresa Salamunovich continued in her role as associate producer until the mid-season break.
Wells wrote two further episodes. Orman was the series' most prolific writer with seven episodes. Baer contributed a single episode. Gemmill wrote four further episodes and new producers Johnson and Stiehm each wrote three episodes. Sachs wrote a further episode. Former producer Walon Green wrote a single episode. Tom Garrigus joined the writing staff as an executive story editor and contributed to two episodes but left the crew with the close of the season. New writer Elizabeth Hunter contributed a single episode.
Producers Kaplan, Thorpe, and Misiano served as the seasons regular directors. Kaplan helmed six episodes while Thorpe and Misiano directed three each. Chulack directed a further episode. Returning directors were executive producer John Wells, cast members Anthony Edwards and Laura Innes, series veterans Lesli Linka Glatter, Félix Enríquez Alcalá, David Nutter, Marita Grabiak, and Tom Moore. Guy Norman Bee was the season's only new director.
Episodes
References
External links
Bipolar disorder in fiction
Works about the Croatian War of Independence
2000 American television seasons
2001 American television seasons
ER (TV series) seasons | wiki |
Police surgeon may refer to:
Police Surgeon (British TV series), a British ITV television series from 1960
Dr. Simon Locke, also known as Police Surgeon, a Canadian syndicated television series from 1971-1974
The topic of forensic pathology | wiki |
Forensic Medical Examiner may refer to:
Forensic pathologist, in the United States
Force Medical Examiner, in the United Kingdom | wiki |
The Selfish Giant can refer to:
One of the five stories in the collection The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888) by Oscar Wilde.
The Selfish Giant (1972 film), Canadian animated film adaptation
The Selfish Giant (2013 film), British film
"The Selfish Giant" (song), by Damon Albarn from the album Everyday Robots
The Selfish Giant, a 1983 ballet with music by Graeme Koehne | wiki |
Pettit may refer to:
Places
Pettit (lunar crater)
Pettit (Martian crater), on Mars
Pettit, California, former name of Pettit Place, California
Pettit, Indiana
Pettit, Kentucky
Pettit, New South Wales
Pettit, Oklahoma
Pettit Creek, a creek in Bartow County, Georgia
Pettit Lake, a large alpine lake in Blaine County, Idaho, United States
Pettit Barracks, in Zamboanga City (Mindanao, the Philippines)
Pettit Memorial Chapel, Frank Lloyd Wright building
Pettit National Ice Center, in West Allis, Wisconsin
Roberto L. Pettit (Asunción), a neighbourhood (barrio) of Asunción, Paraguay
Claude W. Pettit College of Law, a private, non-profit law school located in Ada, Ohio, United States
Ships
, Edsall-class destroyer escort
, U.S. Navy Civil War tugboat
People
Pettit (surname), people with this name
See also
Petit (disambiguation)
Pettitt (surname)
Andy Pettitte (1972– ), American baseball player | wiki |
High-Mountain Asia (HMA) is a high-elevation geographic region in Asia that includes numerous cordillera and highland systems around the Tibetan Plateau, encompassing regions of East, Southeast, Central and South Asia. The region was orogenically formed by the continental collision of the Indian Plate into (and underneath) the Eurasian Plate.
According to NASA, the region is the "world's largest reservoir of perennial glaciers and snow outside of the Earth's polar ice sheets", and has been nicknamed the "Third Pole". Their meltwaters and runoffs form the headwaters of river systems that support the drinking water and food production of nearly 3 billion people, and hydrological and climate changes in the mountains affect "ecosystem services, agriculture, energy and livelihood" for all the surrounding areas. NASA has a High Mountain Asia Team (HiMAT) to study the region.
Recently, in a 2020 study the term High Asia or High Mountain Asia was used metaphorically to categorise Kashmir, Hazara, Nuristan, Laghman, Azad Kashmir, Jammu, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Gilgit Baltistan, Chitral, Western Tibet, Western Xinjiang, Badakhshan, Gorno Badakhshan,Fergana, Osh and Turkistan Region. These rich resource areas are surrounded by the five major mountainous systems of Tien Shan, Pamirs, Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Western Himalayas and the three main river systems of Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Indus. The work further highlighted the role of United States, China, Russia, UK, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Iran and other players involved in The New Great Game over who will dominate High Asia in the 21st century.
Geography
High-Mountain Asia is centered around Tibetan Plateau (a.k.a. the "Roof of the World"), and extends to the surrounding regions as numerous mountain ranges:
south — the Himalayas and Arakan Mountains;
southeast — the Hengduan Mountains, Yun-Gui Plateau and Shan-Tenasserim ranges;
east — the Qinling Mountains and various ranges that edge the Sichuan Basin;
north — the Qilian Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Tian Shan ranges and (arguably) Altai Mountains as well as parts of the Mongolian Plateau;
northwest — the Pamir-Alay and Pamir Mountains;
west and southwest — the Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Sulaiman-Kirthar Mountains.
These mountain range networks contains all 14 peaks above and all of the peaks above , and expand across the mountainous Chinese provinces of Tibet, Xinjiang, Sichuan and Yunnan (including the flat and depressed Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang, which contains China's largest desert, the Taklamakan), northern Myanmar, the Himalayan nations of Nepal and Bhutan as well as north/northwestern Pakistan and northeastern India, and most of the southeastern Central Asian nations of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Their rain shadows are partly responsible for the cold arid climate in parts of Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau.
References
Mountain ranges of Asia | wiki |
Intake interviews are the most common type of interview in clinical psychology. They occur when a client first comes to seek help from a clinician.
The intake interview is important in clinical psychology because it is the first interaction that occurs between the client and the clinician. The clinician may explain to the client what to expect during the interview, including the time duration. The purpose of the intake interview often includes establishing and diagnosing any problems the client may have. Usually, the clinician diagnoses the patient using criteria from the first two DSM axes. Some intake interviews include a mental status examination During the intake interview, the clinician may determine a treatment plan. In some cases, particular clinician may feel that he or she lacks the expertise to best help the client. It is during the intake interview that the clinician should refer the client to another source.
During the intake interview, both parties form opinions about one another that can be either positive or negative. The client begins to perceive the characteristics of the therapist during this intake interview and the clinical relationship between the two starts to form here. A client's perception of a clinician during an intake interview can either hinder or encourage them to get further treatment. The more clients perceive positive qualities in their therapists, the more likely they are to attend sessions in the future This decision whether or not to continue treatment is usually made after the intake interview takes place. Studies have found that almost all patients make a decision about whether to return or not after the intake interview. Approximately fifty percent of psychotherapy patients drop out of treatment and most of these patients do so after they have an intake interview. Therefore, it is important that during intake interviews that the clinician expresses to his or her clients that they have a correct understanding of the client and his or her needs and emotions. This helps the client feel secure, and thus makes it more likely that the client will continue to seek treatment.
Most clinicians conduct their own intake interviews. However, bigger organizations with a larger staff pools may have social workers or other employees who conduct these interviews. Interviewers have varying approaches when it comes to conducting intake interviews with clients. The way that the clinician conducts the intake interview sets the tone for the continued course of treatment. Communication style is important during these interviews. Some patients prefer to be asked specific questions by the interviewer, whereas some patients prefer to open-endedly talk about their feelings. In many cases, the interviewer can get a sense of the patients’ preference. It is important that the client build rapport during the interview. It is often beneficial to both the client and the patient to have a balance in which the clinician asks questions and the patient also volunteers certain information. This allows the interview to have somewhat of a conversational flow and become more personal.
References
Clinical psychology | wiki |
The World Rugby Team of the Year is awarded by the World Rugby in the spring each year. From 2004 to 2007, the award was called the IRB International Team of the Year. In 2017 the New Zealand Black Ferns became the first women's team to win the award beating nominees England and the All Blacks.
List of winners
Other World Rugby Awards
External links
World Rugby Awards
Team | wiki |
The eighth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 27, 2001, and concluded on May 16, 2002. The eighth season consists of 22 episodes.
Plot
After being gone for five years, Susan Lewis returns to the show providing continuity of the earlier years and some closure with Greene. Greene begins to experience health problems and deals with Rachel after she starts causing problems. In addition, Weaver also has a revelation and confronts and accepts her sexuality. The season's long story line of Greene's illness and death and how it affects many characters marks Season 8 as a major turning point in the series. This season also saw a major change in the cast, with four characters leaving, including original characters Greene and Benton as well as Cleo and Dave. Abby helps a neighbor, but faces repercussions and Kovac punches the man who clobbered Abby. In turn, two new main characters with very different personalities – Michael Gallant and Greg Pratt – are introduced in Season 8. For the first time, John Carter is centered as the main character of the show at the end of the season. In this season, several staff members face personal and professional pressures, including Greene and Corday who face the most difficult issue of all when their baby overdoses on Ecstasy pills. The two argue after their baby nearly dies. Weaver becomes more aggressive and she accepts that she is a lesbian. Greene's final episode as a regular character is the 21st episode of Season 8. Benton and Finch also leave to make new changes in their lives. After Greene's death, many of the characters become affected, especially Carter who reads two letters to the staff. A plague hits the ER as Season 8 ends. Several members attend Mark's funeral.
Cast
This season saw the final appearance on ER of series regulars Michael Michele and Erik Palladino, and the final appearances as a series regular for Anthony Edwards and Eriq La Salle.
Main cast
Anthony Edwards as Dr. Mark Greene – Attending Physician
Noah Wyle as Dr. John Carter – Chief Resident
Laura Innes as Dr. Kerry Weaver – Chief of Emergency Medicine
Alex Kingston as Dr. Elizabeth Corday – Associate Chief of Surgery
Paul McCrane as Dr. Robert Romano – Chief of Staff and Surgery
Goran Visnjic as Dr. Luka Kovač – Attending Physician
Maura Tierney as Nurse Abby Lockhart
Sherry Stringfield as Dr. Susan Lewis – Attending Physician (episodes 4–22)
Michael Michele as Dr. Cleo Finch – Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellow (episodes 1–10)
Erik Palladino as Dr. Dave Malucci – Resident PGY-4 (episodes 1–4)
Ming-Na as Dr. Jing-Mei Chen – Chief Resident
Sharif Atkins as Lt. Michael Gallant – Third-year Medical Student (episodes 7–22)
Eriq La Salle as Dr. Peter Benton – Surgical Attending Physician and Director of Diversity (episodes 1–10)
Supporting cast
Doctors and Medical students
John Aylward as Dr. Donald Anspaugh – Surgical Attending Physician and Hospital Board Member
Mekhi Phifer as Dr. Greg Pratt – ER Intern
David Brisbin as Dr. Alexander Babcock – Anesthesiologist
Iqbal Theba as Dr. Zagerby – Ophthalmologist
Matthew Glave as Dr. Dale Edson
Perry Anzilotti as Dr. Ed – Anesthesiologist
Megan Cole as Dr. Alice Upton – Pathologist
Christopher John Fields as Dr. Phil Tobiason
Eddie Shin as Stanley Mao – Medical Student
Dee Freeman as Dr. Lutz
Nurses
Ellen Crawford as Nurse Lydia Wright
Conni Marie Brazelton as Nurse Conni Oligario
Deezer D as Nurse Malik McGrath
Laura Cerón as Nurse Chuny Marquez
Yvette Freeman as Nurse Manager Haleh Adams
Lily Mariye as Nurse Lily Jarvik
Gedde Watanabe as Nurse Yosh Takata
Dinah Lenney as Nurse Shirley
Bellina Logan as Nurse Kit
Kyle Richards as Nurse Dori
Nadia Shazana as Nurse Jacy
Lucy Rodriguez as Nurse Bjerke
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Nurse Sandra
Linda Shing as ICU Nurse Corazon
Staff, Paramedics and Officers
Abraham Benrubi as Desk Clerk Jerry Markovic
Troy Evans as Desk Clerk Frank Martin
Kristin Minter as Desk Clerk Miranda "Randi" Fronczak
Pamela Sinha as Desk Clerk Amira
Julie Delpy as ER Aide Nicole
Erica Gimpel as Social Worker Adele Newman
Skip Stellrecht as Chaplain Miller
Emily Wagner as Paramedic Doris Pickman
Montae Russell as Paramedic Dwight Zadro
Lynn A. Henderson as Paramedic Pamela Olbes
Demetrius Navarro as Paramedic Morales
Brian Lester as Paramedic Brian Dumar
Michelle Bonilla as Paramedic Christine Harms
Ed Lauter as Fire Captain Dannaker
Julie Ann Emery as Paramedic Niki Lumley
Chad McKnight as Officer Wilson
David Roberson as Officer Durcy
Family
Frances Sternhagen as Grandma Millicent "Gamma" Carter
Michael Gross as Mr. John "Jack" Carter
Mary McDonnell as Mrs. Eleanor Carter
Christine Harnos as Jennifer Simon
Hallee Hirsh as Rachel Greene
Lisa Vidal as Sandy Lopez
Khandi Alexander as Jackie Robbins
Tamala Jones as Joanie Robbins
Vondie Curtis Hall as Roger McGrath
Matthew Watkins as Reese Benton
Kathleen Wilhoite as Chloe Lewis
Sally Field as Maggie Wyczenski (uncredited voice)
Mark Valley as Richard Lockhart
Notable guest stars
Kal Penn as Narajan
David Hewlett as Mr. Schudy
Vernée Watson Johnson as April Wilson
Roma Maffia as Ms. Janice Prager
David Krumholtz as Paul Sobriki
Liza Weil as Samantha Sobriki
Christina Hendricks as Joyce Westlake
Matthew Settle as Brian Westlake
Chris Sarandon as Dr. Burke (NYC)
Michael Ironside as Dr. William "Wild Willy" Swift
Paul Hipp as Craig Turner
Amy Carlson as FDNY Paramedic Alex Taylor
Molly Price as NYPD Officer Faith Yokas
Kim Raver as FDNY Paramedic Kim Zambrano
Jason Wiles as NYPD Officer Bosco Boscorelli
Joe Lisi as NYPD Lieutenant Bob Swersky
Dana Elcar as Many, a blind patient
Bellamy Young as Grace
Keegan-Michael Key as Witowski
Lori Petty as Shane
Chris Burke as George
Production
Original executive producers John Wells and Michael Crichton reprised their roles. Seventh season executive producer Jack Orman returned as executive producer and show runner. Previous executive producer Christopher Chulack remained a consulting producer while working on Wells' Third Watch. Seventh season co-executive producer Meredith Stiehm also served as a consulting producer for the eighth season but left the crew with the close of the season. Seventh season supervising producers R. Scott Gemmill and Dee Johnson were promoted to co-executive producers for the eighth season. Seventh season producers Richard Thorpe, Joe Sachs, Jonathan Kaplan, and Wendy Spence Rosato all returned for the eighth season. Sachs was promoted to supervising producer mid-season. Michael Salamunovich returned as co-producer but left the crew with the close of the season.
Wells wrote a further two episodes for the season. Orman was the seasons prolific writer with six episodes. Gemmill wrote five episodes. Sachs wrote three episodes. Johnson wrote four episodes. Stiehm wrote three episodes. David Zabel joined the crew as executive story editor and contributed to four episodes as a writer. Writer Elizabeth Hunter became a story editor for the second half of the season only and wrote two further episodes.
Producers Kaplan and Thorpe served as the season's regular directors. Kaplan helmed five episodes while Thorpe directed four. New directors Nelson McCormick and actor Vondie Curtis-Hall each directed two episodes. Cast member and regular director Laura Innes helmed a further episode. Series veterans Félix Enríquez Alcalá, Christopher Misiano, David Nutter, and Tom Moore all returned to direct further episodes. Show runner Orman made his television directing debut with an episode. The season's other new directors were Alan J. Levi, Jessica Yu, and Jesús S. Treviño.
Episodes
Notes
References
External links
2001 American television seasons
2002 American television seasons
ER (TV series) seasons | wiki |
The New Mexico Livestock Board is a state-level government agency regulates livestock health and livestock identification in New Mexico.
History
The board was created in 1967 by the merger of the New Mexico Cattle Sanitary Board and the New Mexico Sheep Sanitary Board.
Responsibilities
The New Mexico Livestock Board maintains regulatory control over livestock now includes cattle, horses, mules, donkeys (burros), goats, sheep, pigs, bison, poultry, ratites (notably ostriches), camelids (notably llamas) and farmed deer. The regulatory authority does not include farmed fish, nor dogs or cats.
Every three years, the Board publishes a Brand Book, which serves as the basis for livestock identification in New Mexico.
Livestock health
The New Mexico Livestock Board maintains health programs in:
Bovine Brucellosis
Bovine Trichimoniasis
Bovine Tuberculosis
Bovine Johne's Disease
Equine Infections Anemia (EIA)
Scrapie
Swine Health Surveillance
See also
Kleppe v. New Mexico
References
External links
"New Mexico Livestock Board" official website
Livestock Board, New Mexico
Veterinary organizations
Government agencies established in 1967
1967 establishments in New Mexico
Animal law
Veterinary medicine in the United States | wiki |
A stamukha (plural: stamukhi; from Russian стамуха) is a grounded accumulation of sea ice rubble that typically develops along the boundary between fast ice and the drifting pack ice, or becomes incorporated into the fast ice. It is a pressure ridge. Wind, currents and tides contribute to this phenomenon. Stamukhi tend to occur in belts that are parallel to the shoreline, along coastal shoals, at water depths of about 20 m (65 ft), but that can reach 50 m (160 ft). They can build up to heights or more above the waterline. Although they remain pinned to the seabed, these features can be subject to small displacements, either due to thermal expansion or to the pressure exerted by the drifting pack ice onto the fast ice. Because stamukhi tend to be deeply grounded, they may occur as isolated ice features in the open sea during the summer season, after the surrounding ice has melted away.
Since stamukhi extend downward into the seabed, they present a risk to submarine pipelines and telecommunications cables that cross the shoreline. Seabed penetration by the ice can reach a depth of .
References
Sea ice | wiki |
Boquillas or Boquilla or variant, may refer to:
Places
Boquillas, Texas, United States; a settlement on the Rio Grande
Boquillas del Carmen, Coahuila, Mexico; a settlement on the Rio Grande
Boquillas Port of Entry, Big Bend National Park
Boquillas Canyon, Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA; a canyon on the Rio Grande
Boquillas Formation, West Texas, USA; a geologic formation laid down in the Cretaceous
Playa Boquillas, Cazones de Herrera, Veracruz, Mexico; a beach
La Boquilla Dam, Rio Conchos, Chihuahua, Mexico; a masonry gravity dam
Playa La Boquilla, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, Mexico; a beach
La Bouqilla, Valle de Bravo, Mexico, Mexico; a settlement
Boquilla Creek Wildlife Reserve; see List of Puerto Rico landmarks
Sector Boquilla, Rio Prieto, Lares, Puerto Rico; see List of barrios and sectors of Lares, Puerto Rico
Other uses
"La Boquilla" (song), a 2005 song by Ska Cubano off the album ¡Ay Caramba! (album)
See also
Boquila, a genus of plant | wiki |
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein is a protein which inhibits the enzyme cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Several function as tumor suppressor proteins. Cell cycle progression is delayed or stopped by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, abbreviated CDIs, CKIs or CDKIs. CDIs are involved in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase.
Seven cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins have thus far been identified. They are named by the small letter "p" followed by their molecular weight in kilodaltons. They are p15, p16, p18, p19, p21, p27, and p57.
Associated gene and target
References
External links
Protein domains | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.