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Sad Panda or Sadpanda may refer to:
"Sexual Harassment Panda", an episode of the television series South Park that spawned the "sad panda" internet meme
Exhentai, a hentai file sharing website colloquially known as Sad Panda
Jialing Chen, a New York City man who created the "Sad Panda" costumed character
Sad Panda Studios, a game developer | wiki |
The East German Republic Day Parade of 1984 was a parade on Karl-Marx-Allee in East Berlin on October 7, 1984 commemorating the 35th anniversary of the establishment of East Germany. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko attended the celebrations.
Preparatory activities
Timeline for preparatory activities in East Berlin:
1 November 1983 – The beginning of the brainstorming process of parade plans.
25 August 1984 – The beginning of the official parade preparations.
1-15 September 1984 – The beginning of parade training at military barracks. The preparation of military technology for the parade.
20-25 September 1984 – Parade training on a motorway section near Berlin (Groß Köris).
26 September 1984 – Parade rehearsal of the ground column to at Schönefeld Airfield (now Berlin Brandenburg Airport).
29 September 1984 – Transfer of the mot. Troops to Berlin and preparation of military technology
2 October 1984 – Nighttime preliminary rehearsal.
4 October 1984 – Final general rehearsal.
See also
East Germany
National People's Army
Public holidays in Germany
References
1984 in East Germany
Military parades in East Germany
October 1984 events in Europe | wiki |
Hook-up has several meanings:
Making a connection between components in a system
An electrical connector
A connection to water, sewer, or electrical utilities at a campsite
Meet up, or making a connection between people
Slang term for courtship, especially of short duration
A one-night stand
Casual relationship or casual sex
In urban slang, a discount
In urban slang, a drug dealer
Arts and entertainment
Hooking Up, a collection of essays and short stories by American author Tom Wolfe
"Hook Up", song by Dawn Raid All-Stars 2004
Hooking Up (film), a 2020 American comedy-drama film starring Brittany Snow and Sam Richardson
Other
Hook-Ups, an American skateboard brand | wiki |
The Popes är Shane MacGowans band, The Popes spelar även själv utan Shane.
Externa länkar
Officiell Shane MacGowan website
Officiell The Popes website
Irländska musikgrupper | wiki |
Teora ima više značenja:
Teora (Avelino)
Teora (L'Akvila) | wiki |
Syndromic microphthalmia is a class of rare congenital anomalies characterized by microphthalmia with other non-ocular malformations. Syndromic microphthalmia accounts for 60 to 80% of all cases of microphthalmia. Syndromic microphthalmias are caused by mutations in genes related to embryonic craniofacial development, and they are typically classified by their genetic cause.
Classification
If microphthalmia is present, genetic testing can be done to inform a specific diagnosis of a named syndrome. Twenty to forty percent of anophthalmia and microphthalmia patients are diagnosed with a recognized syndrome. There are 14 numbered syndromic microphthalmies (MCOPS) primarily defined by their ocular manifestations:
In addition to MCOPS1–14, there are many genetic syndromes of which microphthalmia is a key feature:
Notes
References
Genetic disorders by system
Congenital disorders of eyes
Rare diseases | wiki |
Fábula
Ou ainda:
Fábulas (livro) - de Monteiro Lobato
Fábulas (DC Comics) - série do selo Vertigo
Veja também
Fable
Desambiguação | wiki |
The bathyscaphe Archimède is a deep diving research submersible of the French Navy. It used of hexane as the gasoline buoyancy of its float. It was designed by Pierre Willm and Georges Houot. In 1964, Archimède descended into "what was then thought to be the deepest part of the Puerto Rico Trench", which the NY Times reported as . On 21 December 2018, a dive by Victor Vescovo in the DSV Limiting Factor to , in the first manned descent to the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean.
Archimède was christened on 27 July 1961, at the French Navy base of Toulon. It was designed to go beyond , and displaced 61 tons. In October 1961, Archimède passed its first dive tests, diving to unmanned. On 27 November 1961, Archimède achieved a speed of , over a distance of at a depth of in the Mediterranean Sea.
On 23 May 1962, Archimède descended to off Honshu, Japan, in the Pacific, at the Japan Deep. On 15 July 1962, Archimède descended to into the Kurile-Kamchatcha Trench, making it the second deepest dive ever, at that point in time, second only to the dive on the Challenger Deep. On 12 August 1962, Archimède descended to in the Japan Deep south of Tokyo.
Archimède explored the Mid-Atlantic Ridge jointly with the submarine Cyana and submersible , in Project FAMOUS (French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study) in 1974.
Archimède operated until the 1970s. It was placed on reserve in 1975, and decommissioned in 1978.
Since 2001, Archimède is on display at the Cité de la Mer museum in Cherbourg.
Archimède was honoured with a stamp in Palau.
References
External links
Bathyscaphes
Submarines of France
Ships built in France
Deep-submergence vehicles
1961 ships
fr:Bathyscaphe#Les différents bathyscaphes | wiki |
Organic conductor can refer to :
Conductive polymer
Organic semiconductor
Organic superconductor
and possibly:
graphite
graphene | wiki |
Hei Tiki, also known as Primitive Passions and Hei Tiki: A Saga of the Maoris, is a 1935 American mock documentary film made in New Zealand by the eccentric Alexander Markey and released (with sound added) in America. The film gained notoriety in America for having scenes of nudity cut in various states.
Markey directed and produced the film, also writing the screenplay and the "native melodies". His girlfriend Zoe Varney was credited as associate producer. Alfred Hill, the original composer, and Ted Coubray, the original cameraman, were both fired and not credited; Coubray also lost his camera to Markey. The film also used unpaid Māori extras, and taonga, their cherished tribal artefacts, were lent by the cast; Markey took the artefacts when he returned to America, leaving unpaid bills behind him. Local investors had invested £10,000 in the film.
The film was shot in Waihi. The film was released in America with sound added; a symphonic score by Oscar Potoker was added using the RCA Photophone System and "voice-over" narration, which avoided the problems of synchronisation.
It is one of four films (with The Devil's Pit, Down on the Farm, and On the Friendly Road) which claim to be the first "New Zealand talkie", although the claim is dubious in this case as the sound was added in America.
Plot
Mara, the daughter of a chief, is dedicated to the tribal war god and is isolated on the Island of Ghosts on a lake. Manui, a young chief from an enemy tribe, sees her, and the two fall in love. He pretends to be the war god but the ruse is discovered, so her tribe attacks the other tribe. Then Mara persuades both tribes of the benefit of a peaceful alliance through marriage.
Cast
Ngawaara Kereti as Mara
Ben Biddle as Manui
References
New Zealand Film 1912-1996 by Helen Martin & Sam Edwards p. 46 (1997, Oxford University Press, Auckland)
External links
Adventures in Maoriland: The making of Hei Tiki at NZonScreen (documentary with video extracts)
Film review of Hei Tikiin New York Times
(documentary on Alexander Markley and the Making of Hei Tiki)
1935 films
New Zealand drama films
Films set in New Zealand
1935 drama films
Films shot in New Zealand
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films about Māori people
1930s English-language films
1930s American films | wiki |
The Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS) is a self-report measure of covert narcissism. It was developed by Holly M. Hendin and Jonathan M. Cheek in 1997. It consists of ten items rated on a five-point scale.
It has a near zero correlation with the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which measures overt narcissism.
The unidimensionality of the HSNS has been questioned.
References
Narcissism | wiki |
Matanzas is the capital city of the Cuban province of Matanzas.
Matanzas may also refer to:
Geography
Matanzas Province, Cuba
Matanzas, Chile, a village in Chile
Matanzas, Dominican Republic
Fort Matanzas National Monument in Florida
Matanzas River in Florida
Matanzas Inlet in Florida
Matanzas Creek in California
Other uses
Matanzas (baseball), a Cuban professional baseball team
USS Matanzas (AVP-46), a United States Navy seaplane tender which was cancelled in 1943 before construction could begin
See also
Matanza (disambiguation)
eo:Matanzas | wiki |
East Ham ist ein Teil des Londoner Stadtbezirks Newham.
Von 1904 bis 1965 war East Ham ein eigenständiges County. Bei der Gründung von Greater London 1965 wurde East Ham mit West Ham zum neuen Stadtbezirk (Borough) Newham vereinigt.
Weblinks
Stadtteil von London
Geographie (London Borough of Newham) | wiki |
is a Japanese Automotive products manufacturing company. Their business activities is focused on carburetors, fuel injectors and other automobile and motorcycle related equipment.
History and description
The firm was founded in 1923 and incorporated in 1948.
The company is best known for supplying carburetors to many major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers.
It is also known for its licensed copies of Solex carburetors that were used on several Japanese cars.
Mikuni operates in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Indonesia with motorcycle, scooter, and moped manufacturers Yamaha, Suzuki, Hyosung Motors & Machinery Inc., TVS Motor Company and Honda.
Notes and references
External links
Automotive companies based in Tokyo
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Auto parts suppliers of Japan
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 1923
Japanese companies established in 1923
Engine fuel system technology
Carburetor manufacturers
Japanese brands | wiki |
Hayley Jones is the name of:
Hayley Jones (sprinter) (born 1988), British sprinter
Hayley Jones (cyclist) (born 1995), Welsh racing cyclist
See also
Haley Jones (born 2001), American basketball player | wiki |
In the hit series Fast N' Loud, Richard Rawlings and Aaron Kaufman travel the back roads, searching barns and open fields for that one rare ride to restore, and choosing the right car is the trick. Rawlings is the man with the eye, the gift for seeing that rare find; while Kaufman is the master mechanic who decides whether or not these relics are too far gone or the perfect basis for an overhaul at the Gas Monkey Garage. Once Rawlings wheels and deals for a good price, it's back to the Garage to set the design plan and begin the major teardown. Then, the major work begins, but time is money and the quicker they finish their cars, the quicker they can get them to auction.
Episodes
References
2013 American television seasons
2014 American television seasons | wiki |
Robert Ross (1920–2006) was the founder and leader of the Muscular Dystrophy Association in 1950. Ross served as CEO for 44 years until his death in 2006. The Muscular Dystrophy Association is an organization which combats muscular dystrophy and diseases of the nervous system and muscular system in general by funding research, providing medical and community services, and educating health professionals and the general public. The work of Robert Ross was appreciated by many and it was he who persuaded Jerry Lewis to undertake a yearly telethon to raise money for muscular dystrophy. Starting in February 1999, Ross wrote a column for MDA, titled The Ross Report—the final submission to The Ross Report was made in May 2006, one month before Ross's death.
Ross died in June 2006 aged 86, following complications of surgery to repair a broken hip.
Named after him
Asteroid 6641 Bobross
References
2006 deaths
Muscular dystrophy
American nonprofit chief executives
1920 births | wiki |
Maltagliati zijn een soort pasta. Ze zijn afkomstig uit de regio Emilia-Romagna in Italië. Het deeg wordt gerold en geknipt in dunne stukjes, waardoor lange vaak hoekige stukjes pasta gecreëerd worden. Deze pasta soort wordt vaak geserveerd met tomaten of bolognesesaus.
Pasta | wiki |
pici (pasta)
Pici (suborde) | wiki |
[[Fichier:Arctic roll.jpg|vignette|Tranche darctic roll.]]
L'''' est un dessert britannique composé de glace à la vanille entourée par une fine couche de sponge cake'' avec une fine couche de sauce à la framboise entre les deux. Ce dessert a été inventé dans les années 1950 par le Dr. Ernest Velden, un émigrant tchécoslovaque.
Notes et références
Crème glacée
Pâtisserie britannique | wiki |
Le spoom est un sorbet mousseux fait avec un sirop de sucre plus léger que celui utilisé d'ordinaire dans les sorbets. Le nom de ce dessert britannique vient de l'italien « spuma » (mousse - qui donne aussi son nom au spumone).
Notes et références
Sorbet | wiki |
A postinfectious cough is a lingering cough that follows a respiratory tract infection, such as a common cold or flu and lasting up to eight weeks. Postinfectious cough is a clinically recognized condition represented within the medical literature. Patients usually experience repeated episodes of postinfectious cough. The heightened sensitivity in the respiratory tract is demonstrated by inhalation cough challenge.
Cause
One possible cause for postinfectious cough is that the receptors that are responsible for stimulating the cough during the respiratory tract infection are up-regulated by respiratory tract infection and continue to stimulate even after the virus has disappeared.
Treatment
Postinfectious cough can be resistant to treatment, and usually goes away on its own; however, cough suppressants containing codeine may be prescribed.
See also
Asthma
Bronchiolitis
Cough medicine
Globus pharyngis
References
Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system | wiki |
A champagne breakfast is a breakfast served with champagne or sparkling wine. It is a new concept in some countries and is not typical of the role of a breakfast.
It may be part of any day or outing considered particularly luxurious or indulgent. The accompanying breakfast is sometimes of a similarly high standard and may include rich foods such as salmon, caviar, chocolate or pastries, which would not ordinarily be eaten at breakfast, or may include additional courses.
Instead of as a formal meal the breakfast can be given to the recipient in a basket or hamper.
Occasions
As part of a day where scheduled activities have been arranged, the breakfast may be served early in the day, or even at sunrise. The breakfast may be as part of a cruise or tour.
It can be a part of honeymooning couple's itinerary, or stay at a hotel, when it may be delivered to the couple in bed. This can also be a part of Valentine's day or a Valentine's Day holiday package. It's also common at the end of a ski holiday.
Celebrations
The breakfast can be delivered or served to someone as part of any treat acknowledging the person's worth, such as Mother's day,
or as a celebration of an event or achievement. A champagne breakfast was even fed to Red Marauder when the horse won the Grand National.
It may be a tradition at some colleges for graduation, such as Wells College and Bryn Mawr College. People may be awarded a Champagne breakfast as part of winning a competition.
Business or charity
The breakfast may be hosted as a means of attracting people for the launch of a business, or a charity fundraiser.
See also
List of breakfast topics
North Melbourne Grand Final Breakfast
NRL Grand Final Breakfast
References
Breakfast
Champagne (wine) | wiki |
Les cerises jubilé sont un dessert à base de cerises et de liqueur (généralement de kirsch) qui sont flambées et servies en tant que sauce ou avec une boule de glace à la vanille.
On considère qu'il s'agit d'une invention du chef Auguste Escoffier qui a préparé ce dessert pour le jubilé de diamant de la reine Victoria en 1897.
Notes et références
Crème glacée
Cerise
Cuisine française | wiki |
Bulbophyllum cirrhoglossum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie em 1951.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1951
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
15 rating refers to a type of age-based content rating that applies to media entertainment, such as films, television shows and computer games. The following articles document the rating across a range of countries and mediums:
Classification organizations
Australian Classification Board (MA15+ and M)
British Board of Film Classification (15)
Common Sense Media (15+)
Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (C – 15 equivalent)
Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía (B-15)
Eirin (R15+)
Irish Film Classification Office (15 and 15A)
Korea Media Rating Board (15)
National Bureau of Classification (NBC) (15+)
Norwegian Media Authority (15)
Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand) (R15)
Systems
Motion picture content rating system, a range of classification systems for films that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria
Television content rating system, a range of classification systems for television broadcasts that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria
Video game content rating system, a range of classification systems for video games that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria
Mobile software content rating system, a range of classification systems for mobile software that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria | wiki |
"The Beginning of the Twist" is the first single from The Futureheads' third album This Is Not the World. It was released on 10 March 2008 in the United Kingdom and reached #20 on the UK Singles Chart and #1 on the UK Indie Chart. It was also featured on the soundtrack to the video game Pure.
The Beginning of the Twist is also played at the Stadium Of Light on Sunderland match days, as the players arrive on the pitch.
Track listing
CD
"The Beginning of the Twist"
"Get Out Today"
7" #1
"The Beginning of the Twist"
"Death of a King"
7" #2
"The Beginning of the Twist"
"Broke Up the Time"
The Futureheads songs
2008 singles
2007 songs
Songs written by Ross Millard | wiki |
My Life with a Criminal is a 1989 novel by Kenyan author John Kiriamiti. It is the sequel to Kiriamiti's first book in the My Life... trilogy, My Life in Crime, and is told from the point of view of his girlfriend, Milly. A film adaptation of the trilogy is currently being made.
Background
John Kiriamiti was a real-life criminal in Kenya during the 1960s and 1970s in the wake of the country's independence. Kiriamiti, under the alias Jack Zollo, met and fell in love with Miriam "Milly" Nyambui after finding her school ID on the ground near a bus stop and returning it to her. Kiriamiti, who published the book in his own name, appropriated Milly's voice to tell the story of his criminality from her point of view.
Synopsis
Milly recounts her life leading up to that fateful day when Jack was waiting outside her school to return her ID that he found on the ground. She discusses the dates that Jack would take her on and how they had to be conscious of her family's desires for them, such as not having sex before marriage. Milly and Jack move in together, and Milly begins picking up on signs that indicate that Jack is not a car salesman, as he's led her to believe, but a criminal. When the realization hits her, she is shocked that she has been lied to by Jack for this long and struggles with her emotions regarding the situation. Milly tries to put aside her worry over realizing Jack is a criminal and live a normal life with him. She routinely tries to get Jack to admit that he is a criminal, but he always evades her questions and begins accusing her of being mentally ill. She later witnesses Jack in the midst of committing a crime, which greatly upsets her. Jack continues to treat Milly poorly for worrying about his well-being in his line of work. Milly is present at a bank during one of Jack and his accomplices’ heists. She leaves unharmed, but furious with Jack. Captain comes to inform Milly that Jack has been arrested, and she plans to visit him in jail. Milly visits Jack in jail and he is rude to her. He is sentenced to a couple weeks in jail. Much to Milly's surprise, Jack escapes and is home one evening when she returns from work. Milly pleads with Jack to leave his life as a criminal and threatens to end their relationship if he does not. She also informs him that she is pregnant and that she wants to finally marry, to which he does not agree. Jack leaves the country, forcing Milly to adjust to life alone. He returns one day and vows to stop being a criminal so that they can marry and have a quiet life, but soon goes back on his word and becomes involved in more bank robberies. The police again capture Jack and after a few days in prison, he is sentenced to twenty years. Milly recounts the trial from her position as a witness and admits that her love for Jack ended there. Milly suffers a broken heart, but visits Jack in prison, sometimes taking their son with her. Milly becomes pregnant again, but with another man, so she stops visiting Jack to keep him from finding out. Much to Milly's surprise, Jack shows up at the house after six years of not having seen each other, and Jack realizes that Milly is with someone else and has had another child. The two accept that their lives must continue one without being together.
Major characters
Miriam "Milly" Nyambui - Jack Zollo's girlfriend from whose point of view his life in crime is told
John Kiriamiti a.k.a. Jack Zollo - Milly's boyfriend who worries her with his criminality
Captain Ngugi - a criminal friend of Jack's
Zollo Junior - Milly and Jack's son
Tony - man with whom Milly becomes involved after Jack is sentenced to twenty years in prison
Milly's daughter - baby girl Milly has with Tony
Mumbi - Milly's sister who gets married
Jacqueline Mbogo - woman who Jack marries after getting out of prison
Critical response
My Life with a Criminal, being a follow-up to the bestselling My Life in Crime, itself achieved bestseller status in Kenya. The novel adds to Kiriamiti's legacy as an acclaimed Kenyan author.
Film Adaptation
My Life with a Criminal will be included in director Neil Schell's movie My Life in Crime, which is an adaptation of Kiriamiti's trilogy. The film will star famous Nigerian actor Jim Iyke as Jack and other actors including Ainea Ojiambo, Janet Kirina, Abubakar Mwenda, Melvin Alusa, Jeff Koinange, Lenana Kariba and Eddy Kimani. Kiriamiti himself may make a cameo in the film. Production for the movie reportedly costs 35 million KES (US$412 thousand).
See also
List of Kenyan authors
References
Kenyan novels
1989 novels | wiki |
The neighborhoods in New York City are located within the five boroughs of the City of New York. Their names and borders are not officially defined, and they change from time to time.
Boroughs
New York City is split up into five boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Each borough has the same boundaries as a county of the state. The county governments were dissolved when the city consolidated in 1898, along with all city, town, and village governments within each county. The term borough was adopted to describe a unique form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city.
Neighborhoods by borough
List of Bronx neighborhoods
List of Brooklyn neighborhoods
List of Manhattan neighborhoods
List of Queens neighborhoods
List of Staten Island neighborhoods
Community areas
See also
New York City ethnic enclaves
References
External links
NYCwiki, devoted to New York City's neighborhoods
Locksmith NYC | wiki |
The Donnell Ranch Garden is considered one of the masterpieces of modern landscape design, and one of the first examples of the now-ubiquitous kidney shaped pool. It was constructed in 1948 at the Donnell Ranch in Sonoma, California, by landscape architect Thomas Church.
References
Landscape gardens
Gardens in California
Buildings and structures in Sonoma, California | wiki |
The Amazing Adventures of Mr. F. Lea, often shortened to Mr. F. Lea, is an arcade game released by Pacific Novelty in 1982. It is a collection of four canine-themed mini-games that borrow gameplay elements from Donkey Kong, Frogger, and Jungle Hunt, and a fourth game where Mr. F. Lea runs up a dog's back, jumping over spots and bursting balloons.
References
External links
1982 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United States | wiki |
References
Additional references
Q | wiki |
A mass tort is a civil action involving numerous plaintiffs against one or a few defendants in state or federal court. The lawsuits arise out of the defendants causing numerous injuries through the same or similar act of harm (e.g. a prescription drug, a medical device, a defective product, a train accident, a plane crash, pollution, or a construction disaster).
Law firms sometimes use mass media to reach potential plaintiffs.
The main categories of mass torts include:
Medical device injuries
Motor vehicle defects
Prescription drug injuries
Product liability injuries
Toxic contamination
In U.S. federal courts, mass tort claims are often consolidated as multidistrict litigation. In some cases, mass torts are addressed through a class action.
In popular culture
Further reading
References
External links
Mass Tort Litigation Blog
Anatomy of a Mass Tort
Understanding Mass Personal Injury Litigation
Cutting-Edge Approaches for Managing Mass Tort Litigation in the New Millenium (sic)
Tort law | wiki |
Pacific Blue is an American crime drama series about a team of police officers with the Santa Monica Police Department who patrolled its beaches on bicycles. The show ran for five seasons on the USA Network, from March 2, 1996, to April 9, 2000, with a total of 101 episodes.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1996)
Season 2 (1996–97)
Season 3 (1997–98)
Season 4 (1998–99)
Season 5 (1999–2000)
External links
Lists of American crime drama television series episodes | wiki |
Rodenas may refer to:
Ródenas, a municipality in Teruel, Spain
Rodenäs, a municipality in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Alejandra Rodenas (born 1963), Argentine lawyer, judge, professor, and politician
Clementina Ródenas (born 1949), Spanish politician
See also
Inés Rodena (1905–1985), Cuban writer | wiki |
A white horse is born predominantly white and stays white throughout its life. A white horse has mostly pink skin under its hair coat, and may have brown, blue, or hazel eyes. "True white" horses, especially those that carry one of the dominant white (W) genes, are rare. Most horses that are commonly referred to as "white" are actually "gray" horses whose hair coats are completely white. Gray horses may be born of any color and their hairs gradually turn white as time goes by and take on a white appearance. Nearly all gray horses have dark skin, except under any white markings present at birth. Skin color is the most common method for an observer to distinguish between mature white and gray horses.
True white horses
White horses have unpigmented skin and a white hair coat. Many white horses have dark eyes, though some have blue eyes. In contrast to gray horses which are born with pigmented skin they keep for life and pigmented hair that lightens to white with age, truly white horses are born with white hair and mostly pink, unpigmented skin. Some white horses are born with partial pigmentation in their skin and hair, which may or may not be retained as they mature, but when a white horse lightens, both skin and hair lose pigmentation. In contrast, grays retain skin pigment and only the hair becomes white.
White colorings, whether white markings, white patterns or dominant white are collectively known as depigmentation phenotypes, and are all caused by areas of skin that lack pigment cells (melanocytes). Depigmentation phenotypes have various genetic causes, and those that have been studied usually map to the EDNRB and KIT genes. However, much about the genetics behind various all-white depigmentation phenotypes are still unknown.
Dominant white
Dominant white (W) is a large group of alleles best known for producing pink-skinned all-white horses with brown eyes, though some dominant white horses have residual pigment along the topline. Some W alleles produce white spotting on horses with a predominately dark coat. Dominant white has been studied in Thoroughbreds, Arabian horses, the American White horse, the Camarillo White Horse, and several other breeds. There are 32 identified variants of dominant white as of 2021, plus sabino 1, each corresponding to a spontaneously-white foundation animal and a mutation on the KIT gene. Researchers have suggested that at least some forms of dominant white result in nonviable embryos in the homozygous state, though others are known to be viable as homozygotes. While homologous mutations in mice are often linked to anemia and sterility, no such effects have been observed in dominant white horses. Dominant white horses typically have white noses that can be subject to sunburn.
Sabino-white
Sabino-white horses are pink-skinned with all-white or nearly-white coats and dark eyes. They are homozygous for the dominant SB1 allele at the Sabino 1 locus, which has been mapped to KIT. Sabino-white was one of the earliest dominant white alleles discovered, but was not originally recognized as such, hence the different name. The Sabino1 allele, and the associated spotting pattern, is found in Miniature horses, American Quarter Horses, American Paint Horses, Tennessee Walkers, Missouri Fox Trotters, Mustangs, Shetland Ponies, and Aztecas. Sabino 1 has not been found in the Arabian horse, Clydesdale, Thoroughbred, Standardbred horse, or Shire horse. The Sabino 1 allele is not linked to any health defects, though sabino-whites may need some protection from sunburn. Horses with only one copy of the Sabino1 gene usually have dramatic spotting, including two or more white legs, often with white running up the front of the leg, extensive white on the face, spotting on the midsection, and jagged or roaned margins to the pattern.
White born leopards
The leopard complex, related to the Leopard (LP) gene, characterizes the Appaloosa and Knabstrupper breeds with their spotted coats. Leopard is genetically quite distinct from all other white and white-spotting patterns. The fewspot leopard pattern, however, can resemble white. Two factors influence the eventual appearance of a leopard complex coat: whether one copy (heterozygous LP/lp) or two copies (homozygous LP/LP) Leopard alleles are present, and the degree of dense white patterning present at birth. If a foal is homozygous for the LP allele and has extensive dense white patterning, they will appear nearly white at birth, and may continue to lighten with age. In other parts of the world, these horses are called "white born." "White born" foals are less common among Appaloosa horses than Knabstruppers or Norikers, as the extensive dense white patterning is favored for producing dramatic full leopards. Homozygous leopards have the LP/LP genotype, and may be varnish roan, fewspot leopard, or snowcap patterned. Homozygous leopards are substantially more prone to congenital stationary night blindness. Congenital stationary night blindness is present at birth and is characterized by impaired vision in dark conditions.
Lethal white syndrome
Lethal white syndrome is a genetic disorder linked to the Frame overo (O) gene and most closely studied in the American Paint Horse. Affected foals are carried to term and at birth appear normal, though they have pink-skinned all-white or nearly-white coats and blue eyes. However, the colon of these foals cannot function due to the absence of nerve cells, and the condition cannot be treated. Foals with Lethal White Syndrome invariably die of colic within 72 hours, and are usually humanely euthanized. Carriers of the gene, who are healthy and normal, can be identified by a DNA test. While carriers often exhibit the "frame overo" pattern, this is not a dispositive trait and testing is necessary, as the pattern can appear in a minimal form as normal white markings or be masked by other white spotting genes.
Horses that appear white, but are not
Genetically white horses have unpigmented pink skin (except where a horse with a W allele may have some darker pigmented areas) and unpigmented white hair, though eye color varies. The lack of pigment in the skin and hair is caused by the absence of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Some coat colors are characterized by light or white-like coats and even pinkish skin, however these white-like coats are not lacking melanocytes. Instead, white-like coat colors result from various changes in the ways melanocytes produce pigment.
Gray
Gray horses have the most common "white-like" coat color. However, the most noticeable difference between a gray horse whose hair coat is completely white and a white horse is skin color: most gray horses have black skin and dark eyes, white horses have light, unpigmented skin. The gray gene does not affect skin or eye color, so grays typically have dark skin and eyes, as opposed to the unpigmented pink skin of true white horses. The skin and eyes may be other colors if influenced by other factors such as white markings, certain white spotting patterns or dilution genes. Gray foals may be born any color, but the colored hairs of their coat become progressively silvered as they age, eventually giving mature gray horses a white or nearly-white hair coat. Gray is controlled by a single dominant allele of a gene that regulates specific kinds of stem cells. Gray horses are at an increased risk for melanoma; 70-80% of gray horses over the age of 15 have a melanoma tumor.
Diluted coat colors
True white hair is rooted in unpigmented skin that lacks melanocytes. In contrast, diluted coat colors have melanocytes, but vary due to the concentration or chemical structure of the pigments made by these pigment-producing cells, not the absence of the cells themselves. There are at least five known types of pigment dilution in horses, three which, as described below, can act to produce off-white phenotypes. Horses with strongly diluted coat colors usually have pale eyes (usually blue), cream-colored coats, and rosy-pink skin that contains a minimal amount of pigment. White markings are usually visible upon closer inspection.
The Cream gene produces two types of diluted color. Horses with fully diluted colors, called Cremellos, perlinos, and smoky creams have rosy-pink skin, pale blue eyes, and cream-colored coats that can appear almost white. These coat colors, collectively called "double dilutes" or "blue-eyed creams", result when a horse is homozygous for the cream gene. The creme gene is an incomplete dominant, as when heterozygous, the dilution is less intense. In these cases, cream is responsible for palomino and buckskin. A few Palominos have a very light hair coat is occasionally mistaken for either cremello or white. White markings and patterns are visible against the slightly-pigmented coat and skin. The cream gene is not known to be associated with any health problems.
Pearl-Cream pseudo-double dilute occurs when a horse has one cream gene and one pearl gene. These two distinct dilution factors interact to produce a cremello-like coat. Pearl-creams have pale but pigmented skin and blue-green eyes, and are distinctly pale cream-colored. To date, the Pearl gene has been found in Quarter Horses, Paint horses, and some Iberian horses. Pearl is not known to be associated with any health problems.
Champagne-Cream pseudo-double dilute occurs when a horse has one cream gene and one champagne gene. Champagne and cream are another pair of unrelated dilution factors that interact to produce a cremello-like coat. Champagne-creams have freckled, pinkish skin, pale eyes, and pale coats. These colors were formerly referred to as "ivory champagnes". Champagne is found in North American breeds such as the American Cream Draft, Tennessee Walking Horse, American Saddlebred, American Quarter Horse, and Miniature horse. It is not known to be associated with any health problems.
Albinism
Although white horses are sometimes called "albino" there are no reported cases of a true "albino" horse. There are also references in literature calling white horses "albino". Dominant white in horses is caused by the absence of pigment cells (melanocytes), whereas albino animals have a normal distribution of melanocytes. In other animals, patches of unpigmented skin, hair, or eyes due to the lack of pigment cells (melanocytes) are called piebaldism, not albinism nor partial albinism.
All so-called "albino" horses have pigmented eyes, generally brown or blue. In contrast, many albino mammals, such as mice or rabbits, typically have a white hair coat, unpigmented skin and reddish eyes. The definition of "albinism" varies depending on whether humans, other mammals, or other vertebrates are being discussed.
Despite this, some registries still refer to "albino" horses. For example, the Paso Fino Horse Association registers cremellos and other cream colors as "albino." Until 1999, the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) described perlino or cremello horses as "albino" in rule 227(j). The AQHA later replaced the word "albino" with "cremello or perlino," and in 2002 the rule was removed entirely. Among Connemara pony breeders, homozygous creams are called "blue-eyed creams" or sometimes "pseudo-albino".
Types of albinism in humans and other animals
The best-known type of albinism is OCA1A, which impairs tyrosinase production. In other mammals, the diagnosis of albinism is based on the impairment of tyrosinase production through defects in the Color (C) gene. Mice and other mammals without tyrosinase have unpigmented pink skin, unpigmented white hair, unpigmented reddish eyes, and some form of vision impairment. No mutations of the tyrosinase or C gene are known in horses.
Humans exhibit a wide range of pigmentation levels as a species. However, the diagnosis of albinism in humans is based on visual impairment, which has not been described in white horses. Vision problems are not associated with gray, dilute, or white coat colors in horses, and blue eyes in horses do not indicate poor vision. Eyes are pigmented at the front of the iris called the stroma, and in a thin layer at the back of the iris in tissue called the iris pigment epithelium. The iris pigment epithelium prevents damaging light scattering within the eye. Blue-eyed humans and mammals have little or no pigment in the stroma, but retain pigment in the iris pigment epithelium. If pigment is missing from both the stroma and the iris pigment epithelium, the only pigment in the eye is the hemoglobin in blood vessels. This accounts for the reddish appearance of eyes in some types of albinism.
In research mammals, such as mice, albinism is more strictly defined. Albino mice occur due to a recessive mutation of the C gene. No such mutation exists in horses. Albino mice lack pigment, but "...the inability of albino animals to produce pigment stems not from an absence of melanocytes...but from a deficiency and/or alteration of the structure of tyrosinase in melanocytes which are otherwise normal." This definition of albinism in mice – the inability to make tyrosinase – is extended to other mammals.
While mammals derive their pigments only from melanins, fish, reptiles and birds rely on a number of pigments apart from melanins: carotenoids, porphyrins, psittacofulvins, pterins, etc. Most commonly, reptiles with a condition homologous to human OCA1A retain their reddish and orangish hues. As a result, birds and reptiles without the ability to manufacture tyrosinase are more accurately described as "amelanistic." Horses do not have non-melanin pigments and so if they were albino, would have no pigmentation. The retained pigment of dilute horses, like cremellos, is not comparable to the retained pigment of amelanistic "albino" birds and reptiles.
Why cream is not albino
The cream gene, which is responsible for palomino, buckskin, and cremello coat colors, was mapped to the MATP gene in 2003 (now known as SLC45A2). This gene is sometimes called the OCA4 gene, because one mutation on SLC45A2 is associated with Oculocutaneous albinism type 4. However, other mutations in SLC45A2 are responsible for normal variations in skin, hair, and eye color in humans and . Although SLC45A2 is not the "albino gene"; one of many mutations of the human SLC45A2 is responsible for a form of albinism .
Famous white horses
Many famous horses, past and present, were alleged to be "white" by observers, but were actually grays with hair coats turned fully white. Likewise, most white horses used in movies are actually grays, in part because they are easier to find. However, there are a few truly white horses who were used in film. One of the best-known examples was "Silver," ridden by the Lone Ranger, a role actually played by two different white horses. At least one horse who played "Topper," ridden by Hopalong Cassidy, was also white.
Another famous white horse is Sodashi, a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse who won Grade 1 races including Hanshin Juvenile Fillies, Oka Sho (Japanese 1,000 Guineas), and Victoria Mile.
Mythology
Throughout history, white horses have been mythologized in many cultures. For example, Herodotus reported that white horses were held as sacred animals in the Achaemenid court of Xerxes the Great (ruled 486–465 BC), In more than one tradition, a white horse carries patron saints or the world saviour in the end times, including Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam.
See also
When a white horse is not a horse
References
Horse coat colors | wiki |
Carriera professionistica
Porter non fu scelto nel Draft NFL 1988 ma firmò come free agent coi Seattle Seahawks. Nella sua stagione da rookie disputò tutte le 16 partite, venendo convocato per il Pro Bowl. La successiva mise a segno 10,5 sack bissando la convocazione al Pro Bowl e venendo inserito nella formazione ideale della stagione All-Pro. Rimase ai Seahawks fino al 1994, dopo di che trascorse due stagioni coi New Orleans Saints e una coi Tampa Bay Buccaneers prima di ritirarsi.
Vittorie e premi
(2) Pro Bowl (1988, 1989)
First-team All-Pro (1989)
Steve Largent Award (1991)
Formazione ideale del 35º anniversario dei Seahawks
Statistiche
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Antennolaelaps aremenae is a species of mite in the family Ologamasidae.
References
Ologamasidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Animals described in 1973 | wiki |
Poker is a Brazilian sports equipment manufacturing company based in Rio Grande do Sul.
History
Founded in 1986 by the Cauduro brothers, after they realized that the national sports brands did not have products for different sports categories, but concentrated all their products on just one segment. During late 1980s they have been very successful among the amateur categories of various sports. During the 90s, it invested in professional soccer, and supplied equipment to teams in the Série A.
In the 2000s the brand went through a restructuring, focusing on sponsoring athletes instead of soccer clubs. The brand also entered the swimming segment.
Sponsorships
The following list that are or have been sponsored by Poker:
Football
Clubs teams
Águia
América
CRB
Figueirense (1995–96)
Fluminense
Grêmio
Joinville (1996)
Operário
Tuna Luso (1993–2007)
Athlets
Aranha
Rogério Ceni
Sidão
Zhang Yanru
Swimming
Athlets
Fernando Scheffer
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Sporting goods manufacturers of Brazil
Sportswear brands
Brazilian brands
Athletic shoe brands
Clothing companies established in 1986
Companies based in Rio Grande do Sul
Sporting goods brands
1986 establishments in Brazil | wiki |
This is the discography for American R&B singer Kenny Lattimore.
Albums
Studio albums
Collaborative albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Album appearances and collaborations
Discography References:
References
External links
Official Kenny Lattimore site
Discographies of American artists | wiki |
The name Kirsten was used for two tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Additionally, the name Kristen was used once.
Tropical Storm Kirsten (1966)
Tropical Storm Kristen (1970)
Hurricane Kirsten (1974)
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
The name Paine has been used for four tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:
Hurricane Paine (1986) – Category 2, brushed the southern Baja California peninsula before hitting Sonora; its remnants contributed to severe flooding in the South Central United States
Hurricane Paine (1992) – Category 1, never neared land
Hurricane Paine (2016) – Category 1, dissipated just west of the Baja California peninsula
Tropical Storm Paine (2022) – weak tropical storm, dissipated in the open ocean
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
The Journal of Unsolved Questions or JUnQ is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes null results. Based in Mainz, Germany, it features articles from multiple disciplines.
History
Negative or null results are often not published by scientific journals, leading to other scientists unnecessarily repeating their colleagues' work. In order to make previous null results publicly available, scientists at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz established the Journal of Unsolved Questions in 2011.
References
Further reading
External links
2011 establishments in Germany
English-language journals
Multidisciplinary scientific journals
Publications established in 2011
Biannual journals
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz | wiki |
Gartnavel Hospital could mean:
Gartnavel General Hospital, a teaching hospital in the West End of Glasgow, Scotland
Gartnavel Royal Hospital, a mental hospital on the same site as the above | wiki |
In mechanics, friction torque is the torque caused by the frictional force that occurs when two objects in contact move. Like all torques, it is a rotational force that may be measured in newton meters or pounds-feet.
Engineering
Friction torque can be disruptive in engineering. There are a variety of measures engineers may choose to take to eliminate these disruptions. Ball bearings are an example of an attempt to minimize the friction torque.
Friction torque can also be an asset in engineering. Bolts and nuts, or screws are often designed to be fastened with a given amount of torque, where the friction is adequate during use or operation for the bolt, nut, or screw to remain safely fastened. This is true with such applications as lug nuts retaining wheels to vehicles, or equipment subjected to vibration with sufficiently well-attached bolts, nuts, or screws to prevent the vibration from shaking them loose.
Examples
When a cyclist applies the brake to the forward wheel, the bicycle tips forward due to the frictional torque between the wheel and the ground.
When a golf ball hits the ground it begins to spin in part because of the friction torque applied to the golf ball from the friction between the golf ball and the ground.
See also
Torque
Force
Engineering
Mechanics
Moment (physics) | wiki |
Bok bok may refer to:
a band Bok Bok formed by Steve Garvey in 1980
a band Bok Bok formed by Alex Sushon around 2003
Bok bok sing | wiki |
Leonard Harris (born December 6, 1977), better known by his stage name GLC, is an American rapper from Chicago, Illinois. He was formerly a member of the Go Getters.
GLC's stage name stands for "Gangsta Legendary Crisis".
GLC was featured in "Spaceship" from Kanye West's album The College Dropout (2004), as well as "Drive Slow" from Late Registration (2005). In 2010, GLC released his debut solo studio album, Love, Life & Loyalty.
Discography
Studio albums
Love, Life & Loyalty (2010)
Singles
"Gone" (2014)
"Malcolm X" (2014)
"Coolout" (2016)
"The Flow" (2017)
Guest appearances
References
External links
Fake Shore Drive Interview
African-American male rappers
Rappers from Chicago
Living people
1975 births
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people | wiki |
A Maryland School of Public Policy na Universidade de Maryland é uma das primeiras escolas de política pública nos Estados Unidos e a única instituição deste gênero na área de Washington DC dentro de uma grande universidade de pesquisa.
Ligações externas
-School of Public Policy
-University of Maryland
Universidade de Maryland | wiki |
Tin iodide may refer to two different ionic compounds.
Tin(II) iodide or stannous iodide
Tin(IV) iodide or stannic iodide | wiki |
L'Être et l'Événement is a philosophy book by Alain Badiou, published in January 1988 by Éditions du Seuil.
References
Philosophy books
1988 non-fiction books | wiki |
AIM+ was a free third-party add-on for AOL Instant Messenger created by Big-O Software.
Some special features include conversation logging, ad removal, cloning (which allows more than one instance of AOL Instant Messenger simultaneously), hotkeys, and transparency.
Pedram Amini discovered that AIM+ has contained an item of "spyware" which reports user statistics such as IP address, log-in time, profile information, etc. to the developer. Since version 2.2.1 (build 65), however, this feature has apparently been removed.
AIM (software) clients
Windows-only instant messaging clients | wiki |
Mell is a Japanese singer.
Mell may also refer to:
Melanie Münch (born 1981), German singer
Mell (name), a given name and surname (including a list of people with the name)
Mell, Drogheda, a former town in Ireland
Mell, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States
See also
Mells (disambiguation)
Mel (disambiguation)
Arish Mell, small embayment and beach in Dorset, England
Mag Mell, a realm in Irish mythology | wiki |
Bulbophyllum collettii é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por George King e Robert Pantling em 1897.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1897
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Bulbophyllum coloratum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Johannes Jacobus Smith em 1910.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1910
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
The Advocacy Index is a customer survey technique developed by VIRTUATel Ltd that is conducted over the telephone. The technique measures customer loyalty using a 3-point scale and is based on the Net Promoter Score (NPS) methodology developed by Fred Reichheld.
Overview
The 3 point survey scale was developed as the traditional NPS survey scale of 0 to 10 was not always appropriate to be used during a telephone survey, as it is more difficult to understand aurally. In addition, telephones do not have a 10 on the keypad, so IVR systems would need to wait for a possible second digit, if the number 1 is pressed, causing delays in telephone based customer surveys.
As they had experience in the area of automated customer surveys, VIRTUATel incorporated the Net Promoter survey technique for driving up-sell, cross-sell and customer retention rates but simplified the 0 to 10 score to use a simple 3 option scale to determine if the survey recipient was an Advocate, Neutral or a Non-Advocate.
The Advocacy Index uses the survey question "would you recommend us..." to create a score showing Advocacy Index.
The value of the "Advocacy" question in customer a survey is confirmed in research by Dr Paul Marsden of LSE in "Advocacy Drives Growth" published in 2005. This in turn, builds on extensive research in the US by Frederick F Reichheld, consultant to Bain & Co., who created the Net Promoter Score (NPS) methodology.
The research found that both word of mouth advocacy (as measured by net-promoter score) and negative word of mouth were statistically significant predictors of annual 2003-2004 sales growth:
Companies enjoying higher levels of word of mouth advocacy (higher net-promoter scores), such as HSBC, Asda, Honda and O2, grew faster than their competitors in the period 2003-04.
Companies suffering from low levels of word of mouth advocacy and high levels of negative word of mouth, grew slower than their competitors.
A 7 per cent increase in word of mouth advocacy unlocks 1 per cent additional company growth.
A 2 per cent reduction in negative word of mouth boosts sales growth by 1 per cent.
In monetary terms, for the average company in the analysis, a 1 per cent increase in word of mouth advocacy equated to £8.82m extra sales.
A 1 per cent reduction in negative word of mouth for the average company in the study resulted in £124.84m in additional sales.
Companies with above average positive word of mouth and below average negative word of mouth grow four times as fast as those with below average positive word of mouth and above average negative word of mouth.
The report concludes by suggesting that asking a simple question; "Would you recommend this company?" the answer provides a measure of word of mouth advocacy that may be useful not only in predicting sales growth, but also in predicting share performance and employee productivity.
References
External links
VIRTUATel website
Telemarketing | wiki |
Second Apocalypse can refer to:
The Second Apocalypse, a series of fantasy novels by R. Scott Bakker.
The Second Apocalypse of James, one of the Gnostic Gospels, part of the New Testament apocrypha. | wiki |
The twenty-fifth edition of the ATP Masters Series. The champion of each Masters event is awarded a 1,000 rankings points.
Tournaments
Results
Tournament details
Indian Wells Masters
Singles
Doubles
Miami Open
Singles
Doubles
Monte-Carlo Masters
Singles
Doubles
Madrid Open
Singles
Doubles
Italian Open
Singles
Doubles
Canadian Open
Singles
Doubles
Cincinnati Masters
Singles
Doubles
Shanghai Masters
Singles
Doubles
Paris Masters
Singles
Doubles
See also
ATP Tour Masters 1000
2014 ATP Tour
2014 WTA Premier Mandatory and Premier 5 tournaments
2014 WTA Tour
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) official website
International Tennis Federation (ITF) official website
ATP Tour Masters 1000 | wiki |
A reed clipper (also known as a reed trimmer or reed cutter) is a small tool used by clarinet or saxophone players to adjust the single reeds used on those instruments. The clipper is used to trim off a portion from the tip of the reed, similarly to a nail clipper. This can make a soft reed harder or more resistant, remove imperfections on the tip, or extend its life. Clipped reeds are also believed to produce a darker, warmer sound.
A typical design involves fastening the reed onto the tripper by using a flexible strip of steel, and adjusting the height of the reed by using a knurled knob. Once the reed is positioned at the desired height, a small lever is pulled, which clips off a sliver of material from the tip. There is often a strap to secure the clipper in place.
Another design, pioneered by the Vandoren company in the 1980s, involves the reed lying on a stationary table, positioned above a sharp blade. In this design, the cutting is accomplished by lowering a hinged lid which slides the reed tip against the blade.
References
Woodwind instrument parts and accessories | wiki |
Théo Kahan ou Théodore Kahan (1904-1984) est un physicien français. Docteur en physique, il est spécialiste en radioactivité.
Œuvres
Notes et références
Liens externes
Naissance en août 1904
Naissance à Sighetu Marmației
Physicien français
Décès en 1984 | wiki |
Bulbophyllum comptonii é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Alfred Barton Rendle em 1921.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1921
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Lasher komt voor in de volgende betekenissen
Lasher (geest): een geest uit de boekenserie De Mayfair Heksen
Lasher (Marvel): een superschurk uit Marvel Comics | wiki |
Virtual disk and virtual drive are software components that emulate an actual disk storage device.
Virtual disks and virtual drives are common components of virtual machines in hardware virtualization, but they are also widely used for various purposes unrelated to virtualization, such as for the creation of logical disks.
Operation
A virtual drive is a software component that emulates an actual disk drive, such as an optical disc drive, a floppy disk drive, or a hard disk drive. To other programs, a virtual drive looks and behaves like an actual physical device.
A virtual disk may be in any of the following forms:
Disk image, a computer file that contains the exact data structure of an actual storage device
Logical disk (also known as vdisk), an array of two or more actual drives that cooperatively act like a single device
RAM disk, which stores its data in random-access memory (RAM) instead of on a storage device
A mapped network drive that connects to a File Server
Uses
In hardware virtualization, virtual machines implement virtual drives as part of their efforts to emulate the behavior of an actual machine. As with an ordinary computer, a virtual machine needs one virtual drive and one disk image to start up, except when it is performing a network boot. More virtual drives are added as needed.
Virtual optical drives are used on physical computers to transfer the contents of the optical disks onto hard disk drives. Doing so helps in resolving the problem of the short life span of CDs and DVDs and takes advantage of the faster data transfer rate of hard disk drives. However, virtual optical drives are also used for software piracy: early computer games used disc existence verification to ensure licensed use, which can be circumvented using virtual optical drives. As a countermeasure, the StarForce copy protection scheme attempts to thwart disc virtualization. Modern video games have migrated to online product activation as part of their distribution process.
See also
Comparison of disc image software
Floating drive
Removable media
Storage virtualization
Hardware virtualization
Storage virtualization
Disk images | wiki |
District commissioner may refer to:
District Commissioner (British Colonial), a rank in the British Colonial Service
District Commissioner (film), a 1963 documentary film
District Commissioner (Malawi)
District Commissioner (Scouting)
See also
Deputy commissioner (India) | wiki |
Korean stew may refer to
Jjigae, a Korean dish similar to a Western stew.
Jeongol, a category of elaborate stews or casseroles in Korean cuisine | wiki |
Christian amendment describes any of several attempts to amend a country's constitution in order to officially make it a Christian state.
In the United States, the most significant attempt to amend the United States Constitution by inserting explicitly Christian ideas and language began during the American Civil War and was spearheaded by the National Reform Association.
Samoa
In June 2017, Samoa became a Christian state after Parliament passed a bill to amend its constitution; Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that "Samoa is a Christian nation founded on God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit".
United States
Initial proposals
In February 1863, during the American Civil War, a coalition of eleven Protestant denominations from seven northern states gathered to discuss the state of the nation. Seeing the Civil War as God's punishment for the omission of God from the Constitution, they discussed a proposed amendment to alter the wording of the Preamble to acknowledge God. The idea that civil governments derive their legitimacy from God, and Jesus in particular, was alleged to be based on Biblical passages such as Psalm 2 and Romans 13. The original draft of the amendment, by Pennsylvania attorney John Alexander, read:
The Christian Amendment Movement was founded the next year and quickly renamed the "National Reform Association" with Alexander as its first president. They sent a memorial to Congress formally proposing the following amendment:
A delegation from the National Reform Association sought to meet with Abraham Lincoln on February 11, 1864, to solicit his endorsement of the amendment. Lincoln's pastor, Rev. Phineas Gurley, arranged for Lincoln to meet the delegation. After hearing their petition, Lincoln responded:
The proposal was supported by Senators Charles Sumner, B. Gratz Brown and John Sherman, but did not come to a vote in Congress. One member of the National Reform Association, James Pollock, played a role in getting the phrase "In God We Trust" on the two-cent coin in 1864.
Another version of the amendment read:
Similar proposals were considered by Congress in 1874, 1895, 1896, 1910, 1947, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, and 1969 but none passed.
Later attempts
With the growing backlash in American society against communism in the 1940s and 1950s, new efforts were made to introduce Christianity into the Constitution, although these efforts were now in the form of standard constitutional amendments. In 1954 Vermont Senator Ralph Flanders proposed:
Section 1: This nation devoutly recognizes the authority and law of Jesus Christ, Savior and Ruler of nations, through whom are bestowed the blessings of Almighty God.
Section 2: This amendment shall not be interpreted so as to result in the establishment of any particular ecclesiastical organization, or in the abridgment of the rights of religious freedom, or freedom of speech and press, or of peaceful assemblage.
Section 3: Congress shall have power, in such cases as it may deem proper, to provide a suitable oath or affirmation for citizens whose religious scruples prevent them from giving unqualified allegiance to the Constitution as herein amended.
None of the proposals came to a Congressional vote.
There were calls for similar amendments in the wake of the 1962 Supreme Court case Engel v. Vitale, which ruled school-sponsored and dictated prayer in schools unconstitutional. Over 200 similar amendment proposals were introduced to Congress between 1894 and 1984.
See also
Accommodationism
Christian democracy
Christian nationalism
Christian right
Christian state
Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States
Constitutional references to God
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
References
External links
The NRA (National Reform Association) and the Christian Amendment, by Jim Allison, at the website "The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State"
A Letter to James Dobson, by William Gould, The Christian Statesman, September–October 1996
The Roots of Our Problem, by Raymond Joseph, The Christian Statesman, January–February 1998
God on Our Coins, a written statement of Jon G. Murray to the Congressional Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs and Coinage, September 14, 1988
Moral Reconstruction:Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920, online Introduction from the book by Gaines M. Foster
Godless America, 3 June 2005 episode of the radio series This American Life
ACLU Briefing Paper on Church and State Issues of 25 November 1999
Christian states
Christian fundamentalism
Christianity and politics
Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution | wiki |
The Fein MultiMaster RS is a variable speed oscillating tool for cutting, sanding and grinding. It is produced by C. & E. Fein GmbH along with a broad assortment of accessories.
When Fein's patent expired in October 2008 other tool makers started creating similar products, such as the Dremel Multi-Max, Bosch PS50 Multi-X, Rockwell Sonicraft, and Proxxon Delta Sander.
Description
The MultiMaster oscillates at 200–350 Hz (11,000–20,000 oscillations per minute).
During the oscillating action, the fitted accessory moves along a minimal arc of 3.2 angular degrees. This allows for a greater degree of control by the operator as the lower torque means the tool has less power to move itself per oscillation, increasing safety while still completing the task at hand.
References
External links
Fein Tools Website
Woodworking hand-held power tools | wiki |
Bulbophyllum cootesii é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Mark Alwin Clements em 1999.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1999
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Guy Twing Seeds (February 2, 1901 – July 24, 1952), sometimes known as "Slippery" Seeds, was a professional football player who played in the National Football League during the 1926 season with the Canton Bulldogs.
Seeds attended Salem High School and was considered one of the best athletes in the city. He later attended Ohio State University and Iowa State University and played for several semi-pro sports teams in addition to one game with the Canton Bulldogs.
Seeds died in July 1952, at the age of 51.
Notes
1890s births
1963 deaths
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Canton Bulldogs players | wiki |
MSDAIPP (Microsoft Data Access Internet Publishing Provider) is a component of Microsoft Windows that can be used to enumerate or access Internet resources within an application that uses ActiveX Data Objects or OLEDB.
The component was developed in 1998. The codename of the project was 'Rosebud'. It is a 32-bit component and Microsoft have no plans for a 64-bit version, considering it deprecated.
Microsoft products that make extensive use of MSDAIPP include Microsoft Office
, Exchange Server
, Windows SharePoint Services and SharePoint Server.
Versions
There have been many versions of the component. The major version numbers are:
8.xxx.xxxx.x - as came with Windows 2000, Windows ME and Office 2000
10.xxx.xxxx.x - as came with SharePoint Portal Server 2001 and Windows XP
11.xxx.xxxx.x - as came with SharePoint Portal Server 2003, Office 2003 and Windows Server 2003
12.xxx.xxxx.x - as came with Office 2007
14.x.xxxx.xxxx - as came with Office 2010
Server Support
Servers supported by the component include:
FrontPage Server Extensions (FPSE)
Web Extender Client (WEC)
Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV or HTTP-DAV) protocol extension for HTTP
Known issues
There are many components involved in a properly functioning installation of MSDAIPP and occasionally the components become unregistered or corrupted.
References
External links
Web Folder Client (MSDAIPP.DLL) Versions and Issues List
Component-based software engineering | wiki |
A Bachelor of Computing (B.Comp.) is a bachelor's degree in computing. This degree is offered in a small number of universities, and varies slightly from a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Computer Science or Information Technology, a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc IT.) or a Bachelor of Computer Science (B.CS.).
Academics
Most universities confer a Bachelor of Computing degree to a student after four years of full-time study (generally 120 credit hours) has been completed. This can include units regarding computing studies, however a large focus is placed on the integration of computing with either science, liberal arts, or business.
Potential specialisations within a B.Comp. vary greatly, and may include: Cognitive Science, Computer Science, Information Technology, Management Information Systems, Medical Informatics, Medical Imaging, Multimedia, or Software Engineering.
Job prospects
A Bachelor of Computing integrated with science can lead to various professional careers, ranging from data analysis and cyber security analysis to game designing and developing. Other fields in which this degree could be useful include business analysis, IT training, nanotechnology and network engineering.
See also
Bachelor of Computer Information Systems
Bachelor of Computer Science
Bachelor of Information Technology
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
References
Science in Information Technology
Computer science education
Information technology qualifications | wiki |
Chaplin – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Kentucky, w hrabstwie Nelson.
CDP w stanie Kentucky | wiki |
Mary Daly (1928–2010) was an American feminist theologian and academic.
Mary Daly may also refer to:
Mary Daly (Australian writer) (1896–1983), Australian author, humanitarian and charity worker
Mary Daly (sociologist), Irish sociologist and academic
Mary E. Daly, Irish historian and academic
Mary C. Daly, American economist | wiki |
A Treasury Note is a type of short term debt instrument issued by the United States prior to the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. Without the alternatives offered by a federal paper money or a central bank, the U.S. government relied on these instruments for funding during periods of financial stress such as the War of 1812, the Panic of 1837, and the American Civil War. While the Treasury Notes, as issued, were neither legal tender nor representative money, some issues were used as money in lieu of an official federal paper money. However the motivation behind their issuance was always funding federal expenditures rather than the provision of a circulating medium. These notes typically were hand-signed, of large denomination (at least ), of large dimension (bigger than private banknotes), bore interest, were payable to the order of the owner (whose name was written on the front of the note), and matured in no more than three years – though some issues lacked one or more of these properties. Often they were receivable at face value by the government in payment of taxes and for purchases of publicly owned land, and thus "might to some extent be regarded as paper money." On many issues the interest rate was chosen to make interest calculations particularly easy, paying either 1, , or 2 cents per day on a note.
Characteristically, the issues were not extensive and, as it has been observed, "the polite fiction was always maintained that Treasury Notes did not serve as money when, in fact, to a limited extent they did." The value of these notes varied, being worth more or less than par as market conditions fluctuated, and they rapidly disappeared from the financial system after the crisis associated with their issuance had ended.
The ante-bellum Treasury Notes did not have legal tender status, but financial innovation during the Civil War caused the term Treasury Note to become associated with legal tender instruments such as the United States Notes introduced in 1862 and the Compound Interest Treasury Notes introduced in 1863. The appearance of these new obligations, together with the changes brought about by the National Banking Act, effectively eliminated most of the uses of the old Treasury Notes as money and the term Certificate of Indebtedness was introduced to apply to new notes which possessed the debt-like aspects of the pre-war Notes. Today the Treasury's short term debt needs are fulfilled by Treasury bills.
Origin
The early finances of the central government of the United States were precarious. To help finance the American Revolution the Continental Congress had issued Continental Dollars between 1775 and 1779. The paper Continental Dollars nominally entitled the bearer to an equivalent amount of silver Spanish Milled Dollars but were repeatedly devalued and were never redeemed in silver despite the American victory. With the fate of the Continentals in mind, the Founding Fathers embedded in the Constitution no provision for a paper currency and they forbid the states to make anything but gold or silver a legal tender. As part of the Compromise of 1790, the Continental Dollars were redeemed at a loss of over 99% vs. their face value, but the United States did choose to perform on revolutionary war bond obligations in full by pledging the publicly owned land and the credit of the new federal government against the bonds. As a result, America's early creditors had reason to be wary of a paper currency, but reason to respect its debt.
The Founding Fathers were divided over whether the United States needed a central bank similar to the Bank of England to issue currency and facilitate the government's use of credit. An early American attempt at central banking along these lines was the Bank of North America which played a meaningful role in helping the Congress of the Confederation to arrange its finances during the 1780s, but its rechartering in 1786 prevented it from continuing to act as a central bank. Subsequently, the 1st United States Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States in 1791 to facilitate its financial operations, but in 1811 its charter was not renewed due to opposition from the Madison administration.
Thus, when the declaration of the War of 1812 impaired the government's ability to raise money via the sale of long-term bonds, the United States had no paper currency nor a central bank with which to obtain emergency short-term financing, and it used its borrowing authority to issue short-term debt in the form of Treasury Notes receivable for public dues or bond purchases. Having thus set the precedent, the Treasury would go on to irregularly issue such notes up through the Civil War.
War of 1812
Several issues of Treasury Notes were made during the War of 1812 from 1812 to 1815. Most of these notes paid % interest (or cents per day on a note), matured in one year, and were receivable in payment for public dues. While million were issued, no more than million were outstanding at any one time.
Five acts authorized these Notes. The first, on June 20, 1812, authorized 1-year Treasury Notes at % interest to fill out the unsubscribed portion of an million loan in support of the war with Britain which had just been declared on the 18th. Only about of the loan was placed in the form of 6% interest bonds, and thus of Notes were issued. The Notes were made receivable for all public dues owed the federal government and payable to the order of the owner by endorsement. A further of similar Notes were authorized on February 25, 1813 to supplement additional loans which had not been fully subscribed. Only Notes of denomination and greater were issued under these first two acts, and they sold at prices close to par.
The next two acts, those of March 4, 1814 and Dec 26, 1814, called for Note issues both to independently raise revenue as well as to substitute for unsubscribed loans. A total of were emitted under these acts which included Notes of and denominations in addition to the larger Notes.
During 1814 federal finances deteriorated as the war dragged on, and banks outside New England suspended specie payment on August 31, 1814. The value of the Treasury Notes fell below that of specie. New England states were unsympathetic to the war and when the government attempted to withdraw deposits from a Boston bank to make interest payments on October 1, 1814, the bank took the position that it could tender Treasury Notes to the government which were then rejected by the holders of the government bonds who expected payment in specie. These developments led to changes in the final Treasury Note act of the era signed on February 24, 1815. These last notes were divided into large ($100 and over) and small (under ) denominations, and did not expire at any predetermined time. The large notes paid interest as before, at % per annum, but could also be used to purchase 6 percent interest bonds at par (i.e. were fundable into the bonds) as a way of supporting their value.
Small Treasury Notes
Among the several issues of Treasury Notes of special note are the "Small Treasury Notes" authorized by the Act of February 24, 1815 which were intended to circulate as currency in the aftermath of the 1814 suspension of specie payment. The Act had been drafted during the financial disarray late in the War of 1812 and called for Notes of denomination less than which would bear no interest. The issued denominations were as low as , their size was typical of banknotes and, unlike the previously issued Notes, they were payable to bearer rather than to order. However, they were not a Legal Tender for private transactions. Like the larger Notes issued under the February 24, 1815 Act, this issue was also supported by the government's promise to receive them at face value for purchasing bonds at par, but in the case of the Small Notes the bonds were to yield 7% interest. Before the notes could be issued, however, the war had ended – an occasion which led to the 7% bonds being worth more than par, and the Small Treasury Notes, of which were originally issued, were rapidly exchanged for the bonds. In witness to the limited circulation achieved by these notes, only two issued uncancelled examples of the Small Treasury Notes are known today.
Panic of 1837
The financial difficulties during the War of 1812 contributed to the Madison administration reversing its views on central banking and authorizing the chartering of the Second Bank of the United States for 20 years, 1816–1836. However, when the Jacksonian Democrats rose to power they strongly opposed the bank and began to dismantle its role in federal policy in the mid-1830s. Thus, when the Panic of 1837 struck the federal government was again without the flexibility of a central bank for its short term finances and one result was several issues of Treasury Notes when federal revenues declined during the panic.
The Act of Oct. 12, 1837 authorized million of notes in denominations of at least . During the economic recovery in 1838/39, outstanding notes were gradually retired but the recovery failed to take hold and the panic turned into a depression which lasted through the early 1840s and several acts from 1838 to 1843 authorized further issues of Treasury Notes. Of note during this period were agitation by the Whig Party for a central bank and a flirtation with the Treasury Notes as currency. Particularly controversial was an issue by Secretary Spencer of about of Treasury Notes endorsed with a promise for immediate repurchase, principal and interest, by the sub-treasury in New York at par in specie. Some members of the Congress complained that such Notes were dangerously close to currency. Also controversial was the practice by the Secretaries to issue some Notes with only nominal interest, a mere 1/1000 of one percent per annum, to "deposit" in private banks and then draw upon the resulting funds via checks.
Mexican–American War
Treasury Notes were again issued to help finance the Mexican–American War in 1846 and 1847. Including reissues, of one year notes were issued with interest rates varying from of 1% to 6%.
Panic of 1857
In 1857 federal revenues suffered from the lowered rates of the Tariff of 1857 and decreased economic activity due to the Panic of 1857. At the same time outlays increased with the expensive Utah War. The government resorted to several issues of Treasury Notes from 1857 to 1860.
Early Civil War notes
The Morrill Tariff Act of March 2, 1861, signed into law by President Buchanan, authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to issue six percent interest Treasury Notes if he was unable to issue previously authorized bonds at par. Sixty-day and two-year notes were issued, payable to order, receivable in payment of all debts due to the United States, and exchangeable for bonds at par. They were first issued by President Lincoln's administration just after the Battle of Fort Sumter and until the financing authorized by Act of July 17 became available.
Only one example is known to have survived in issued and uncancelled form.
Seven-Thirties
Three year Treasury Notes bearing interest at a rate of 7.30% (seven-thirty) were first authorized by the Act of July 17, 1861 to help finance the Civil War. These notes were payable to order, but the Treasury would issue them in blank form if requested. Secretary of the Treasury Chase suggested this rate of interest in hopes that the ease of interest calculation (a note would accrue interest at one cent per day) would allow the notes to circulate as money, but apparently this did not prove to be the case. Further issues of Seven-Thirties were made in 1864 and 1865. The issue of 1861, which preceded the First Legal Tender Act, paid interest in gold, but the government reserved the right to pay the interest of the 1864 and 1865 issues in either United States Notes at 7.3% or in gold at 6%. The option to pay in gold, however, was never exercised.
The notes could be exchanged, at par, for 20-year United States bonds bearing interest at 6% in gold. When the 1861 issue was maturing in 1864 these bonds were trading at a premium to face value, so most holders of the seven-thirties exercised their right to make the exchange. Almost all of the 1864 and 1865 notes were similarly exchanged.
The Seven-Thirties were issued in denominations of , , , , and . The notes are similar in design to the Legal Tender notes of the Civil War era. Today these notes are collectors' items like U.S. paper money, though no more than two or three dozen surviving examples are known.
Demand Notes of 1861
The Demand Notes were also authorized by the Act of July 17, 1861 and were a transitional issue connecting Treasury Notes to modern paper money. The denominations of the Demand Notes (, and ) complemented those of the Seven-Thirties ($50 to ) – much in the way that the Small Treasury Notes of 1815 complemented the Large Notes. The Demand Notes had been intended to function as money, and were payable to bearer, but were authorized within the legal framework of Treasury Notes since the U.S. was not generally assumed to have the authority to issue banknotes at that time. Eventually the Demand Notes were granted legal tender status and were replaced in function by United States Notes.
When the United States Notes were issued they were not receivable in payment of taxes. The 2-year Morrill Tariff act notes and the Demand Notes were outstanding at the time and both were "Receivable in Payment of All Public Dues" and were sold at a premium to United States Notes for the payment of customs taxes. Litigation to secure a similar privilege for the Seven-Thirties was unsuccessful.
Certificates of Indebtedness (Civil War)
The Act of March 1, 1862 authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to issue to public creditors certificates of denominations not less than , signed by the Treasurer, bearing interest at a rate of 6%, and payable in one year or earlier at the option of the government. While these instruments were Treasury Notes in the pre-Civil war usage of the term, they were called Certificates of Indebtedness to distinguish them from Demand Notes, United States Notes and Seven-Thirties. While these certificates traded below par in the secondary market they could be used by merchants as collateral for obtaining bank loans.
Certificates of Indebtedness (Panic of 1907)
Authorized in 1898, Certificates of Indebtedness were issued during the Panic of 1907 to serve as backing for an increased circulation of banknotes. The Aldrich–Vreeland Act soon followed and notes of this nature ceased to be issued.
References
19th century in the United States
Interest-bearing instruments
Paper money of the United States | wiki |
Vigen Chitechyan (; 26 July 1941 – 6 October 2021) was an Armenian politician and diplomat. He held ambassadorships in France, Belgium, the European Union, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Andorra, Monaco, and the Holy See.
Awards
Mkhitar Gosh Medal (2001)
Croix de guerre of Belgium (2009)
Ordre national du Mérite (2011)
References
1941 births
2021 deaths
Diplomats from Yerevan
Armenian politicians
Armenian diplomats
Ambassadors of Armenia to France
Ambassadors of Armenia to Belgium
Ambassadors of Armenia to the European Union
Ambassadors of Armenia to the Netherlands
Ambassadors of Armenia to Luxembourg
Ambassadors of Armenia to Andorra
Ambassadors of Armenia to Monaco
Ambassadors of Armenia to the Holy See
Recipients of the Ordre national du Mérite
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium) | wiki |
The deep femoral vein, deep vein of the thigh or profunda femoris vein, is a large deep vein in the thigh. It collects blood from the inner thigh, passing superiorly and medially alongside the deep femoral artery before emptying into the femoral vein.
Anatomy
Fate
The deep femoral vein drains into the femoral vein at approximately the level of the inferior-most portion of the ischial tuberosity.
Function
The deep femoral vein drains the inner thigh. It contributes the largest volume of blood entering the femoral vein.
Clinical significance
The deep femoral vein is commonly affected by phlebitis which can be a dangerous condition in the case of a thrombus, or blood clot, forming, as the thrombus may dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis include prolonged bed rest following surgery, immobility due to disability or fracture, an excessively sedentary lifestyle or hereditary dispositions such as the factor V Leiden mutation.
References
Veins of the lower limb | wiki |
Raffa, also known as raffa bocce or roundup, is a specialty, both male and female, of bocce. It is governed by Confederazione Boccistica Internazionale (CBI).
Along with pétanque and bocce volo, it is one of the three specialties proposed by the Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules (all of which are included in the World Games) as possible new disciplines for the 2024 Summer Olympics.
Rules
The specialty is named after the "raffa shot", a special shot made to strike - on the fly or with the help of the ground - a certain piece (jack or balls) indicated in advance; all pieces placed within 13 cm of that indicated are valid.
Raffa can be played individually, in pairs or in trio. Matches end at 12 points, while the finals at 15 points.
Notes
References
Boules | wiki |
The Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988, lowered the voting age of elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States from 21 years to 18 years. This was done by amending Article 326 of the Constitution, which concerns elections to the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies.
Text
The full text of Article 326 of the Constitution, after the 61st Amendment, is given below:
Proposal and enactment
The bill of The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 13 December 1988, as the Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Bill, 1988 (Bill No. 129 of 1988). It was introduced by B. Shankaranand, then Minister of Water Resources. The bill sought to amend Article 326 of the Constitution, relating to elections to the Lok Sabha and to the Legislative Assemblies of States based on adult suffrage. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:
The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 14 and 15 December 1988, and was passed on 15 December, after adopting a formal amendment to replace the word "Sixty-second" with "Sixty-first" in Clause 1 of the bill. The Rajya Sabha debated the bill on 16, 19 and 20 December 1988 and passed it on 20 December 1988, after adopting the amendment made by the Lok Sabha. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President Ramaswamy Venkataraman on 28 March 1989. It was notified in The Gazette of India, and came into force on the same date.
Ratification
The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below:
Maharashtra
Kerala
Haryana
Orissa
Sikkim
Andhra Pradesh
Meghalaya
Madhya Pradesh
Manipur
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Himachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Bihar
Gujarat
Mizoram
Goa
Assam
Did not ratify:
Jammu and Kashmir
Nagaland
Punjab
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
See also
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
References
61
1988 in India
1988 in law
Rajiv Gandhi administration | wiki |
The small saphenous vein (also short saphenous vein or lesser saphenous vein) is a relatively large superficial vein of the posterior leg.
Structure
The origin of the small saphenous vein, (SSV) is where the dorsal vein from the fifth digit (smallest toe) merges with the dorsal venous arch of the foot, which attaches to the great saphenous vein (GSV). It is a superficial vein, being subcutaneous (just under the skin).
From its origin, it courses around the lateral aspect of the foot (inferior and posterior to the lateral malleolus) and runs along the posterior aspect of the leg (with the sural nerve), where it passes between the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. This vein presents a number of different draining points. Usually, it drains into the popliteal vein, at or above the level of the knee joint.
Variation
Sometimes, the SSV joins the common gastrocnemius vein before draining in the popliteal vein.
Sometimes, it does not make contact with the popliteal vein, but goes up to drain in the GSV at a variable level.
Instead of draining in the popliteal vein, it can merge with the Giacomini vein and drain in the GSV at the superior 1/3 of the thigh.
Clinical significance
Varicose veins
The small saphenous vein may become varicose. In 20% of cases, this is associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Vein stripping is an effective treatment.
Vein Harvesting
The small saphenous vein may be harvested for transplant to elsewhere in the body, such as in coronary artery bypass surgery. Endoscopic vein harvesting can be used to extract the vein from the leg minimally invasively.
See also
Popliteal fossa
Additional images
References
External links
Illustration at pdn.cam.ac.uk
Veins of the lower limb | wiki |
St Leonard's Tower may refer to a number of buildings.
St Leonard's Tower, Newton Abbot, Devon.
St Leonard's Tower, West Malling, Kent | wiki |
La Intrusa may refer to:
La Intrusa (1939 film), a 1939 Argentine film
La intrusa (1954 film), a 1954 Mexican film
La intrusa (1964 TV series), a 1964 Mexican telenovela series
La intrusa (1986 TV series), a 1986 Venezuelan telenovela series
La intrusa (2001 TV series), a 2001 Mexican telenovela series
La Intrusa, 1966 short story by Jorge Luis Borges
See also
A Intrusa, a 1979 film adaptation of the 1966 short story La Intrusa | wiki |
Notes et références
Red Ice | wiki |
Incidental(s) may refer to:
Incidentals, incidental expenses
Incidentals (album)
See also
Incidental music | wiki |
Women in House of Representatives or House of Representatives women may refer to:
Women in the Australian House of Representatives
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Women in the Sri Lanka House of Representatives; see Women in the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Women in the House of Representatives of Jamaica
See also
Women in Congress (disambiguation)
Women in the House (disambiguation)
Women in Parliament (disambiguation)
Women in the Senate (disambiguation)
Women in government
Assemblywomen (play) | wiki |
A private student loan is a financing option for higher education in the United States that can supplement, but should not replace, federal loans, such as Stafford loans, Perkins loans and PLUS loans. Private loans, which are heavily advertised, do not have the forbearance and deferral options available with federal loans (which are never advertised). In contrast with federal subsidized loans, interest accrues while the student is in college, even if repayment does not begin until after graduation. While unsubsidized federal loans do have interest charges while the student is studying, private student loan rates are usually higher, sometimes much higher. Fees vary greatly, and legal cases have reported collection charges reaching 50% of amount of the loan. Since 2011, most private student loans are offered with zero fees, effectively rolling the fees into the interest rates.
Interest rates and loan terms are set by the financial institution that underwrites the loan, typically based on the perceived risk that the borrower may be delinquent or in default of payments of the loan. Most lenders assign interest rates based on 4-6 tiers of credit scores. The underwriting decision is complicated by the fact that students often do not have a credit history that would indicate creditworthiness. As a result, interest rates may vary considerably across lenders, and some loans have variable interest rates. More than 90% of private student loans to undergraduate students and more than 75% of private student loans to graduate students require a creditworthy cosigner.
Unlike other consumer loans, Congress made student loans, both federal and private, exempt from discharge (cancellation) in the event of a personal bankruptcy, except when repaying the student loan would represent an undue hardship on the borrower and the borrower's dependents. This is a serious restriction that students rarely understand when obtaining a student loan.
Financial aid, including loans, may not exceed the college's cost of attendance.
Parallels to mortgage lending
The increase in use of private student loans came about around 2001 once the increase in the cost of education began to exceed the increase in the amount of federal student aid available.
The recent history of student loans has been compared to the history of the mortgage industry. Similar to the way in which mortgages were securitized and sold off by lenders to investors, student loans were also sold off to investors, thereby eliminating the risk of loss for the actual lender.
Another parallel between the student loan industry and the mortgage industry is the fact that subprime lending has run rampant over the past few years. Just as little documentation was needed to take out a subprime mortgage loan, even less was needed to take out a subprime or "non-traditional" student loan.
Criticisms
After the passage of the bankruptcy reform bill of 2005, even private student loans are not discharged during bankruptcy. This provided a credit-risk-free loan for the lender, averaging 7 percent a year.
In 2007, the then-Attorney General of New York State, Andrew Cuomo, led an investigation into lending practices and anti-competitive relationships between student lenders and universities. Specifically, many universities steered student borrowers to "preferred lenders" which resulted in those borrowers incurring higher interest rates. Some of these "preferred lenders" allegedly rewarded university financial aid staff with "kickbacks." This has led to changes in lending policy at many major American universities. Many universities have also rebated millions of dollars in fees back to affected borrowers.
The biggest lenders, Sallie Mae and Nelnet, are criticized by borrowers. They frequently find themselves embroiled in lawsuits, the most serious of which was filed in 2007. The False Claims Suit was filed on behalf of the federal government by former Department of Education researcher, Dr. Jon Oberg, against Sallie Mae, Nelnet, and other lenders. Oberg argued that the lenders overcharged the U.S. Government and defrauded taxpayers of millions of dollars. In August 2010, Nelnet settled the lawsuit and paid $55 million.
Prior to 2009, most private student loans did not offer death and disability discharges. After the Boston Globe published an article critical of Sallie Mae's failure to discharge the private student loans of a Marine killed in action, Sallie Mae launched a new student loan program with death and disability discharges similar to those available on federal student loans. Since then, about half of private student loans offer death and disability discharges.
In 2011, The New York Times published an editorial endorsing the return of bankruptcy protections for private student loans in response to the economic downturn and universally increasing tuition at all colleges and graduate institutions.
A 2014 report from Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), shows a rising problem with these types of loans. Borrowers face “auto-default” when cosigner dies or goes bankrupt. The report shows that some lenders demand immediate full repayment upon the death or bankruptcy of their loan cosigner, even when the loan is current and being paid on time.
Participants
The biggest student loan lender, Sallie Mae, was formerly a government-sponsored entity, which became private between 1997-2004. A number of financial institutions offer private student loans, including banks like Wells Fargo, and specialized companies. There are also a number of state-affiliated, nonprofit student loan lenders, which account for approximately 10% of the private student loan market. This segment includes organizations such as VSAC and Higher Education Loan Authority of the State of Missouri, Student loan search and comparison websites allow visitors to evaluate loan terms from a variety of partner lenders, and financial aid offices in universities typically have a preferred vendor list, but borrowers are free to obtain loans wherever they can find the most favorable terms.
As the economy collapsed in 2008-2011, many players withdrew from the private student loan lending world. The remaining lenders tightened the credit criteria, making it more difficult to receive a loan. Most now require a credit-worthy cosigner. After the economic collapse of 2008, a number of peer-to-peer lending and alternative lending platforms emerged to help students find private student loans. For example, U.S. online marketplace lending platform LendKey allows consumers to book loans directly from community lenders like credit unions and community banks.
References
External links
"The Many Pitfalls of Private Student Loans," New York Times, September 4, 2015
Credit
Student loans in the United States | wiki |
A people mover is an automated guideway transit system.
People mover or People Mover may also refer to:
People Mover (Anchorage), a public transportation agency in Anchorage, Alaska, United States
People Mover (Venice), a people mover in Venice, Italy
PeopleMover, a former Disneyland attraction
PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom), a Walt Disney World Resort Magic Kingdom attraction, which is originally the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover
Detroit People Mover, Michigan, United States
Indiana University Health People Mover
Parry People Mover, a light rail vehicle
Minivan/MPV, a hatchback type vehicle
Niagara Parks Commission People Mover, Ontario, Canada
Schmid peoplemover, an elevator capable of crossing a road
See also
Moving walkway | wiki |
A Court of Arbitration is a court, sometimes outside of the official judicial system of a country, that resolves certain kinds of civil disputes, primarily between industrial or commercial entities, or between employers and employees.
The Court of Arbitration of the Australian state of New South Wales, which dealt exclusively with industrial relation disputes in the early twentieth century, has been claimed to be the first court of this type in the world. The court was unique at that time as it was the first court of its type to deal with labour relations between employer and employees on a compulsory basis.
Notable examples of such courts include:
Arbitration Court at Saint Petersburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration
Court of Arbitration (New South Wales)
Employment Court of New Zealand, formerly known as the Court of Arbitration
Court of Arbitration for Sport
International Court of Arbitration (United Nations body for the resolution of international commercial disputes)
London Court of International Arbitration (London-based, non-UN-backed, body for resolution of international disputes)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (Hague-based, non-UN-backed, body for resolution of international disputes)
Supreme Court of Arbitration of Russia
References | wiki |
Kipper the Dog is a character in a series of books for preschool-age children by British writer Mick Inkpen. The books consist of 34 titles (as of July 2005), which have sold over 8 million copies and have been translated into over 20 languages. The books have also won many awards.
The characters in the Kipper the Dog book series also appear in the animated television series Kipper.
Characters
Kipper the Dog - The title character of the TV show and books. He is warm-hearted, friendly and curious. Kipper is not at all selfish, though he is known to be a hoarder. Kipper is likely portrayed after beagle, beagle mix or Jack Russell terrier breed.
Tiger - Kipper's best friend. He is more practical and wise than Kipper. Sometimes Tiger can be very smug and naughty, though he really is a kind dog at heart. Tiger is likely portrayed after Scottish Terrier or schnauzer breed.
Jake - A friendly, warm-hearted sheepdog who is one of Kipper's best friends. He is a minor character on Kipper. However, he, Kipper and Tiger have had many adventures together.
Holly - A cheery white dog with brown spots who is one of Kipper's friends.
Pig - Kipper's other best friend. Pig likes to eat chocolate cakes and cookies and at times can be misjudging.
Arnold - Pig's toddler cousin who is more aware than Pig and he usually says nothing, but at times he says simple words like "duck" and "igloo". Arnold has many exciting encounters while the older ones are occupied.
Mouse - A mouse who lives with Kipper at his house.
The Bleepers - A couple of space aliens and a robot who live on the Moon.
Books
Some of the books have been translated into other languages, including Spanish.
TV series
Kipper is a British animated children's television series based on the Kipper the Dog picture book series.
Awards
Winner of BAFTA for Preschool Animation in 1998, 2000 and 2001.
Publishers Weekly named Kipper as one of the Best Children's Books in 2001.
Annecy International Animated Film Festival '98 award, TV Series, Special Prize (up to 12 minutes).
Silver Pulcinella Award, 1999, Best Series for Infants
Dove Foundation, Dove Family-Approved Suitable for all ages. Tiger Tales and Pools, Parks and Picnics.
References
External links
Mick Inkpen's official website
British picture books
Series of children's books
Children's books adapted into television shows
English-language books
Books about dogs
Books about pigs
Books about mice and rats
Children's books about friendship
Book series introduced in 1989 | wiki |
Notes et références
Davos | wiki |
Cytinus sanguineus is a species of parasitic plant in the family Cytinaceae.
References
Cytinaceae
Plants described in 1932 | wiki |
D'Acquisto is the surname of:
John D'Acquisto (born 1951), American former Major League Baseball pitcher
Mario D'Acquisto, president of Sicily from 1980 to 1982 - see List of presidents of Sicily
Salvo D'Acquisto (1920–1943), member of the Italian Carabinieri who sacrificed himself to save 22 civilians from execution
Bronte D'Acquisto, Big Brother contestant | wiki |
Gabriella Pound (born 16 October 1994) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Carlton Football Club in the AFL Women's competition (AFLW). She was drafted by Carlton with the club's fourth selection and the thirtieth overall in the 2016 AFL Women's draft. She made her debut in Round 1, 2017, in the club and the league's inaugural match at Ikon Park against . A consistent 2019 season as a running half back flanker with clean disposal, saw Gabriella awarded the honour of a place in The All Australian Team. She signed a 2-year contract with on 10 June 2021, after it was revealed the team had conducted a mass re-signing of 13 players. Pound is of Sri Lankan descent through her father.
References
External links
Living people
1994 births
Carlton Football Club (AFLW) players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Sportswomen from Victoria (Australia)
Australian people of Sri Lankan descent
Melbourne University Football Club (VFLW) players | wiki |
True North: Discover Your Authentic Leadership, by Bill George and Peter Sims, is a best-selling 2007 business book and follow-up to George's 2003 Authentic Leadership. The book—based on interviews between George (a Harvard Business School professor) and over 125 leaders including David Gergen, Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz, and Sir Adrian Cadbury—discusses the qualities and effectiveness of "authentic leadership" and its viability in the business and political worlds.
The book features a foreword by David Gergen discussing the leadership styles of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. True North is part of the Warren Bennis series of business books, and is published by Jossey-Bass, an imprint of Wiley publishing.
References
2007 non-fiction books
Business books
Wiley (publisher) books | wiki |
Chop suey is a dish in American Chinese cuisine.
Chop suey may also refer to:
Cuisine
American chop suey, a name for an American dish consisting of ground beef, elbow macaroni and a tomato based sauce
Films
Chop Suey, a 2000 film by Bruce Weber
Chop Suey & Co. (1919 film), U.S. comedic short film
Music
Albums
Chop Suey, an album by DJ Yoda
Songs
"Chop Suey", a musical number in the stage musical Flower Drum Song
"Chop Suey", a song by Mr. Flash
"Chop Suey", a song by the Ramones, from the soundtrack of the film Get Crazy
"Chop Suey!" (song), a song by System of a Down
"Cornet Chop Suey", an instrumental by Louis Armstrong
Other uses
Chop Suey (painting), a 1929 painting by Edward Hopper
Chop Suey (video game), a 1995 point-and-click adventure game
Wonton font or Chop-suey, a typeface mimicking Chinese characters
Chopsuey or Experiment 621, a character from the Lilo & Stitch franchise
See also
Chop socky | wiki |
This is a sub-list from List of doping cases in sport representing a full list of surnames starting with W.
References
W | wiki |
Energy security of the People's Republic of China concerns the need for the People's Republic of China to guarantee itself and its industries long- term access to sufficient energy and raw materials. China has been endeavoring to sign international agreements and secure such supplies; its energy security involves the internal and foreign energy policy of China. Currently, China's energy portfolio consists mainly of domestic coal, oil and gas from domestic and foreign sources, and small quantities of uranium. China has also created a strategic petroleum reserve, to secure emergency supplies of oil for temporary price and supply disruptions. Chinese policy focuses on diversification to reduce oil imports, which used to rely almost exclusively on producers in the Middle East.
Coal supplied most (about 58%) of China’s total energy consumption in 2019, down from 59% in
2018. The second-largest fuel source was petroleum and other liquids, accounting for 20% of
the country’s total energy consumption in 2019. Although China has diversified its energy
supplies and cleaner burning fuels have replaced some coal and oil use in recent years,
hydroelectric sources (8%), natural gas (8%), nuclear power (2%), and other renewables (nearly
5%) accounted for relatively small but growing shares of China’s energy consumption. 4 The
Chinese government intends to cap coal use to less than 58% of total primary energy
consumption by 2020 in an effort to curtail heavy air pollution that has affected certain areas of
the country in recent years. According to China’s estimates, coal accounted for a little less than
58% in 2019, which places the government within its goal. 5 Natural gas, nuclear power, and
renewable energy consumption have increased during the past few years to offset the drop in
coal use.
According to Professor Zha Daojiong, China's dependence on foreign sources of energy is not a threat to China's energy security, since the world energy market is not opposed to China's pursuit of growth and prosperity. The key issue is actually internal: growing internal consumption without energy efficiency threatens both China's growth and world oil markets. Chinese imports are a new determinant encouraging oil price rises on the world market, a concern to developed countries. The international community advocates a move toward energy efficiency and more transparency in China's quest for energy worldwide, to confirm China's responsibility as a member of the international community. Energy efficiency is the only way to avoid excessive Chinese demands on oil at the expense of industrialized and industrializing countries. International projects and technology transfers are ongoing, improving China's energy consumption and benefit the whole energy-importing world; this will also calm Western-Chinese diplomatic tensions. China is trying to establish long-term energy security by investment in oil and gas fields abroad and by diversifying its providers.
Background
Thanks to the transfer of Soviet oil extraction technologies prior to July 1960 and domestic reserves such as the Daqing oil field, the PRC became oil self-sufficient in 1963. A US-led embargo isolated the Chinese oil industry from 1950 to 1970, preventing it from selling on the world oil market. After the embargo was lifted, China reactivated its links with Japan and other industrialized nations thanks to its oil exports, which helped bring in foreign currencies and fund key industrial plants and technologies for developing its own export-oriented economy. Chinese oil exports peaked in 1985 at 30 million tons. Rapid reforms, in turn, increased domestic oil demand and led China to become a net oil importer in 1993, and net crude oil importer in 1996.
Since 1996 Chinese oil production has slowly and continuously decreased, while demand and imports have steadily increased. Future Chinese oil reserves (such as the Tarim basin) are difficult to extract, requiring specific technologies as well as the construction of pipelines thousands of kilometers long. As a result, such reserves would be very difficult to develop and not cost-effective, given current market prices.
Issues that China faces
China's demand for oil
China is the world’s largest crude oil importer and the second-largest crude oil consumer. According to U.S. Energy Information Administration data, China’s crude oil imports in 2019 increased to an average of 10.1 million barrels per day (b/d), an increase of 0.9 million b/d from the 2018 average.
China’s top five crude suppliers, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, Angola, and Brazil, generated nearly 60% of Chinese crude oil imports for 2019.
China accounts for 40% of the 2004 oil-consumption increase, and thus is a key part of the cycle which had led to the oil price increase worldwide. China's import dependence remains at 60% as of 2014. In 2005, a campaign to increase energy efficiency was launched without official Ministry of Energy approval; since the campaign was sporadic, this objective seems hard to meet. Zha Daojiong encouraged increased management of oil and energy in China, noting that "It is fair to say that the threat from ineffective energy industry governance is probably as great as that from the international energy market.". A projection that China would reach South Korean levels of per-capita oil consumption in 30 years, combined with the current average global decline in production, could mean that up to (barrels per day) in production would have to be found in the next decade to keep up with increased demand and production declines. That would be the equivalent of roughly five times Saudi Arabia's production. Superimpose a production plateau of , and significant real-price increases would be necessary to balance supply and demand. Such increases might have severe effects on the growth of emerging market economies such as China's.
Nuclear and coal
Nuclear power in China accounts for approximately 4.9% of China's electricity, this compares to about 20% in the United States. China still mainly relies on coal for electricity. China is first in the world in both coal production and consumption, which has sparked environmental concerns. In order to achieve environmental targets in combating pollution and global warming, China must ultimately improve its coal efficiency and switch to alternative energy sources.
Limitations of pipelines and stocks
China’s natural gas consumption rose by 9% in 2019 to 10.8 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) per year from 9.9 Tcf in 2018. China’s NOCs produced an estimated 6.3 cf of natural gas in 2019, 8% higher than in 2018
Three gas lines from Turkmenistan were completed in 2009, 2010 and 2014 respectively, bringing 1.9 Tcf a year China.
The Power of Siberia pipeline started delivering gas in Dec 2020. By 2025 it should deliver 2.1 Tcf a year to China.
China became the largest importer of LNG at the end of 2021. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) said China’s LNG imports averaged 10.3 Bcf/d between January and October – a 24% increase over the same period last year.
China’s U.S. LNG imports increased by 0.9 Bcf/d from January to October to about 1.1 Bcf/d, ranking the U.S. second behind Australia, which provided 40% of China’s LNG imports during the period at an average of 4.1 Bcf/d. Qatar and Malaysia supplied China with amounts similar to those of the United States. All three countries provided about 11% of China’s total LNG imports through October. Another 19 countries rounded out China’s LNG supplies.
China's eastern and southern regions have chronic energy shortages, causing blackouts and limiting economic growth. For supplying these regions, liquefied natural gas from Australia and Indonesia is more feasible and cheaper to import than the Tarim basin pipeline. However, the first West–East Gas Pipeline from Xinjiang to Shanghai was commissioned in 2004, and construction of the second pipeline from Xinjiang to Guangzhou in Guangdong began in 2008.
Sinopec accounts for 80% of Chinese oil imports. Refinery capacity is continuously strained, and perennially lags behind fast domestic-demand growth. China has had to rely on entrepôt refineries located in Singapore, Japan and Korea. Oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin is ongoing. However, developing this potential reserve is currently not cost-effective due to technological limitations coupled with fluctuations in world oil prices. Therefore, this is considered by some as a last-resort option.
In China, the gas price is not market-driven, which causes uncertainty in the production process.
Energy efficiency
A key point for China's energy-security goal of reducing oil imports is to improve the efficiency of its domestic energy markets by accelerating pricing, regulatory and other reforms. China is actively looking for smart-energy technology.
Foreign relations
Middle East
On the issue of energy security, China relies mainly on Persian Gulf exports. In contrast with the US, China is not associated with the Arab–Israeli conflicts and may focus simply on oil supply from an economic standpoint. The increase in Chinese dependence on Persian Gulf oil also means an associated increasing economic dependence on Arabian exporters, who will probably not join hands to block exports to China.
Chinese dependence on the Middle East is also a cause of concern for the US. In 2004, when the Bush administration actively discouraged oil companies from investing in Iran, the Chinese company Sinopec did not comply with its call.
Recently, China has changed its anti-Western diplomatic stance to a softer, global, more efficient diplomacy with a focus on energy and raw-materials security. In post-2003 Iraq, China does its best to comply with UN sanctions.
Japan and Korea
When China became an oil importer during the 1990s, its relations with neighboring countries (as exporter to East Asia and importer of Korean and Japanese oil) changed. Its main oil provider changed in a few years from domestic production, to East Asian production, and then to Mideast production. On the other hand, despite insufficient domestic oil output China does its best to stabilize exports to Japan and Korea. China endeavors to continue energy relationships it has created with developed nations, since they contribute to China's energy security with investment and technology. More Chinese oil output is in Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and world interests. Since China lacks strategic entrepôt refineries, it relies heavily on refineries in Singapore, Japan, and Korea.
Taiwan
China's dependence on foreign oil weakens its ability to pressure Taiwan, since a conflict may trigger a US oil embargo as a consequence. Since Sudan is pro-Chinese and Chad was pro-Taiwan (and an oil producer since 2003), China had an interest in replacing Chad's president Idriss Déby with a pro-Chinese leader. The FUC Chad rebellion, based in Sudan and aiming to overthrow the pro-Taiwanese Déby, seems to have received Chinese diplomatic support as well as weapons and Sudanese oil. The 2006 Chadian coup d'état attempt failed after French Air Force intervention, but Déby then switched his friendship to Beijing; the field defeat became a Chinese strategic victory.
Russia
In February 2009, Russia and China signed an agreement in which a spur of the Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline to China would be built and Russia would supply China with 15 million tonnes of oil ( per day) each year for 20 years, in exchange for a loan worth US$25 billion to Russian companies Transneft and Rosneft for pipeline and oilfield development.
Australia
On August 19, 2009, Chinese petroleum company PetroChina signed an A$50 billion deal with American multinational petroleum company ExxonMobil to purchase liquefied natural gas from the Gorgon field in Western Australia; this was believed to be the largest contract ever signed between China and America – ensuring China a steady supply of LPG fuel for 20 years. This agreement has been formalised despite relations between Australia and China being at their lowest point in years following the Rio Tinto espionage case and the granting of a visa to Rebiya Kadeer to visit Australia.
Central Asia
China has constructed an oil pipeline from Kazakhstan and started construction of a Central Asia–China gas pipeline.
Sea lanes
Ratification of the Law of the Sea Treaty is linked to China's need to secure its oil and raw materials shipping from the Middle East, Africa, and Europe, since those materials have to pass through the Strait of Malacca and the Red Sea.
Oil diplomacy
The appearance of China on the world energy scene is somewhat disturbing for developed nations. China's relative energy inexperience also raises diplomatic difficulties. Strengthening ties with oil producers such as Iran, Sudan, Uzbekistan, Angola and Venezuela also raised concerns for U.S. and other Western diplomacy, since several of these countries are known to be anti-American and/or known for human rights abuses, political censorship, and widespread corruption. These moves seem to challenge Western powers, by strengthening anti-Western countries. But this is unlikely; as a developing consumer economy, China does not have much of a choice in its sources of supply.
Poor communication
It is claimed that Chinese oil companies are unaccustomed to political risks and avoiding diplomatic conflict. In any case, the Chinese government will still be seen as ultimately responsible for conflict resolution. Communication has also been a weak point for Chinese companies. Lack of transparency in cases such as Chinese involvement in Sudan have raised concern in the US, until it was revealed that most of the oil produced was sold on international markets. Lack of cooperation with other major oil companies has led to business clashes, spilling into the diplomatic arena when both sides call their respective governments to support their interests (CNOOC versus Chevron-Texaco for Unocal, for example).
See also
Energy diplomacy
Energy policy of China
Renewable energy in China
Energy security
African oil and China
References
Sources
CES:
CQE:
IEA:
External links
National Development and Reform Commission
China-US Energy Efficiency Alliance: Resources
Herberg, Mikkal (2014). Energy Security and the Asia-Pacific: Course Reader. United States: The National Bureau of Asian Research.
Energy in China | wiki |
Incarceration may refer to:
Incarceration, the detention of a person in jail or prison
Incarcerated hernia
Uterine incarceration | wiki |
This is a sub-list from List of doping cases in sport representing a full list of surnames starting with X.
References
X | wiki |
A limited radiology technician perform x-rays of patients and deliver the images to requester. They make no diagnosis but still work closely with patients, explaining procedures, operating the X-ray and other associated equipment. Technical aspects include positioning patients for X-rays, determining appropriate angle and height of X-ray equipment, and calculating radiation dosages needed to create X-rays of the appropriate density, detail, and contrast, enabling the physician to make an accurate diagnosis.
References
Sources
Justin Paskett, Healthcare Education Consultant at the Center for Excellence in Higher Education.
Radiology
Technicians
Allied health professions | wiki |
This is a sub-list from List of doping cases in sport representing a full list of surnames starting with Y.
References
Y | wiki |
KDE.News (KDE Dot News) is the official news website for the KDE free software community. It includes KDE development and user news, discussions, and feature articles. Most stories are summaries of things published elsewhere; some are interviews with KDE developers. The site also includes links to recent software releases and developers' weblog postings.
The site formerly used the Squishdot content management system, but migrated to Drupal in January 2009.
References
Linux websites
KDE | wiki |
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