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New York Police may refer to:
New York City Police Department (NYPD)
New York State Police (NYSP)
Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) | wiki |
NGC 6043A
NGC 6043B | wiki |
Hurricane Olivia was considered the worst hurricane to hit Mazatlán, Sinaloa since 1943, in addition to being the strongest landfalling and costliest hurricane of the 1975 Pacific hurricane season. Olivia formed on October 22 to the south of Mexico, quickly intensifying into a tropical storm. The storm moved northwestward initially, followed by a northeast turn. On October 23, Olivia attained hurricane status, and the next day reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson scale just before moving ashore Mazatlán in northwest Mexico. Olivia destroyed 7,000 houses in the region, leaving 30,000 people homeless, and damage totaled $20 million (1975 USD, $ USD). The hurricane killed 30 people, 20 of them from drowning in shrimp boats.
Meteorological history
The origins of Olivia were from an extended area of convection, or thunderstorm activity, that persisted southwest of Mexico in late October. Following the development of a circulation, the system formed into a tropical depression early on October 22 about 430 mi (690 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Colima. The depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Olivia as it tracked northwestward, although further strengthening was slowed. The circulation became much better defined on October 23 and after Olivia turned northeastward, it attained hurricane status that evening.
After reaching hurricane status, Olivia accelerated to the north-northeast. Several ships crossed its path, encountering strong winds and rough waves. On October 24, a Hurricane Hunters flight observed an elliptical eye and winds of 91 mph (146 km/h). Further intensification occurred, and around 0500 UTC on October 25 Olivia made landfall on Mazatlán, Sinaloa with peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and gusts to ; this made Olivia a major hurricane, or a Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. It quickly dissipated after moving ashore.
Preparations and Impact
Prior to Olivia making landfall, the Mexican military evacuated about 50,000 people from low-lying areas. Accurate forecasts from satellite and ship data were credited with preventing a significant death toll, although the population did not know of the storm's approach until a day before landfall. Officials advised ships to return to port for safety, and the threat of the storm canceled a baseball game. As Olivia moved ashore, it produced locally heavy rainfall, peaking at in Pueblo Nuevo, Durango. The heaviest rains occurred in a narrow region where the hurricane made landfall, although precipitation of around 1 in (25 mm) reached as far south as Michoacán, 340 mi (550 km) south of the landfall location. Winds in Mazatlán reached .
The combination of strong winds and heavy rainfall destroyed about 7,000 homes in Mazatlán and 14 nearby villages, with 10,000 houses damaged to some degree. Many of the destroyed homes were poorly built, and the hurricane's passage left 30,000 people homeless; the storm victims were housed in schools, churches, and other buildings not damaged during the storm. Most buildings in the city were affected, with storm debris covering streets. Across the region, the hurricane cut power and water services, and also disrupted the transportation infrastructure by damaging highways and railroads. The airport was also heavily damaged, with flights suspended into the city. Most windows at the airport were blown-out, and 14 small planes were overturned. The strong winds also downed trees, while heavy rainfall resulted in flooding.
Olivia was considered the worst storm in Mazatlán since a hurricane in 1943, and following the storm, the city was declared a disaster zone. Near the coastline and in tourist areas, damage reached $4 million (1975 USD, $ USD). Across its path, Olivia killed 30 people and left 500 injured, 17 of them severe. Offshore, 20 of the deaths occurred when three shrimp boats were wrecked. The winds damaged a wall at a prison, killing two prisoners and allowing others to escape. Overall damage totaled $20 million (1975 USD, $ USD).
Olivia is one of only three major hurricanes on record to strike Mazatlán, the others being the 1943 hurricane, as well as another in 1957; in addition Hurricane Tico in 1983 came close to striking the city. Reconstruction began immediately, and the Secretariat of National Defense quickly deployed food and water to the storm victims. By a day after the storm's passage, the Mexican Navy sent two ships worth of relief supplies to Mazatlán, including water, medicine, and rescue equipment. Three days after the storm passed through the region, relief workers began cleaning up the storm debris.
See also
Other tropical cyclones of the same name
References
Pacific hurricanes in Mexico
Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
1975 Pacific hurricane season | wiki |
Digger or diggers may refer to:
Excavator, heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper, bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house".
Backhoe loaders and backhoes are often known as diggers or mini diggers in British parlance
Places
Digger, Leh, a village in India
People
labourer
Digger (nickname)
Digger (soldier), Australian and New Zealand slang for a veteran
Digger Indians, ethnic slur for Native Americans in California
Digger, person who frequently submits or reads stories on Digg, a technology news website
Fictional characters
Digger (mascot), mascot of the London Irish rugby football club
Diggers, characters in the video game Mega Man Legends
Digger (Marvel Comics), a comic book character owned by Marvel Comics
Willard "Digger" Barnes, in the American television series Dallas
Digger (NASCAR), the mascot for the NASCAR on Fox "gopher cam", from The Adventures of Digger and Friends
Digger, a character in Kathryn Lasky's book series Guardians of Ga'Hoole
Digger Mole, a character from Shirt Tales
George "Digger" Harkness, the first Captain Boomerang DC Comics villain
Digby "Digger" O'Dell, on the American radio and television shows Life of Riley and the 1949 film
Arts and entertainment
Literature
Digger (webcomic), a webcomic by Ursula Vernon
The Digger, a Scottish weekly magazine
The Digger (alternative magazine), a 1970s Australian magazine
Diggers (1990), the second book in The Nome Trilogy by Terry Pratchett
Film
Diggers (1931 film), an Australian film directed by F. W. Thring
Digger (1993 film), a Canadian film starring Leslie Nielsen
Diggers (2006 film), an American film starring Paul Rudd and Lauren Ambrose
Digger (2020 film), a Greek film
Television
"Digger" (Bottom), a 1992 episode from the British television sitcom Bottom
Diggers (TV series), a reality television show on the National Geographic Channel
Music
Digger (band), a punk band
The Diggers (band), a Scottish band
Video games
Heiankyo Alien, a 1979 video game released as Digger in North America
Digger (video game), a computer game from 1983
Diggers (video game), launch title for the Amiga CD32 videogaming console
Digger, one of the eight tools available in the video game Lemmings
Organizations
Diggers, a group of radicals during the English Civil War
Diggers (theater), a 1960s collective of the Haight-Ashbury area of San Francisco, US
Bendigo Diggers, former name of Bendigo Football Club, an Australian rules football club
Other uses
Digger wasp (disambiguation), multiple wasp families
Digger, style of motorcycle, similar to a chopper
A nickname for a front engine dragster
The Diggers (Van Gogh), 1889 painting by Vincent van Gogh
See also
Dig (disambiguation)
Digging (disambiguation) | wiki |
Gourmet is a cultural ideal associated with the culinary arts of fine food and drink.
Gourmet may also refer to:
Restaurants
Gourmet Room or Gourmet Restaurant, a Cincinnati fine-dining restaurant
Companies
Gourmet (supermarket), a Hong Kong supermarket
Gourmet Foods, a Pakistani bakery and confectionery chain
Media
Gourmet (magazine), a defunct food and wine magazine (1941–2009)
Gourmet (TV series), a 2008 South Korean TV series
People
François Gourmet (born 1982), a Belgian decathlete
Olivier Gourmet (born 1963), a Belgian actor
Other uses
Gourmet Museum and Library, a Belgian museum
See also | wiki |
Delicate fabrics are distinguished from sturdier fabrics by being lighter in weight-per-unit-of-surface-area, often more flexible and pliable, and often more liable to damage by wear and tear and by choices as to mode of laundering.
Clothiers' choices of fabrics likely to be considered as delicate are especially likely to result in garments described as "delicates", especially in the context of laundering them.
The following are often considered to be among delicate fabrics:
Chiffon
Moire
Most sheer fabrics
Ninon
Lace (including Bobbin lace)
Silk, especially embroidered, Tussar, and Rajshahi silk
Textiles | wiki |
Quenstedtite is an uncommon iron sulfate mineral with chemical formula Fe2(SO4)3·11H2O. It forms violet or white triclinic crystals. Found in oxidized zones of pyrite-rich orebodies, especially in arid climates. It was first reported in 1888 for an occurrence in Tierra Amarilla, Copiapó Province, Atacama Region, Chile and named by G. Linck in 1889 for the German mineralogist F. A. von Quenstedt (1809–1889).
References
Webmineral data
Sulfate minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2 | wiki |
Voice phishing, or vishing, is the use of telephony (often Voice over IP telephony) to conduct phishing attacks.
Landline telephone services have traditionally been trustworthy; terminated in physical locations known to the telephone company, and associated with a bill-payer. Now however, vishing fraudsters often use modern Voice over IP (VoIP) features such as caller ID spoofing and automated systems (IVR) to impede detection by law enforcement agencies. Voice phishing is typically used to steal credit card numbers or other information used in identity theft schemes from individuals.
Usually, voice phishing attacks are conducted using automated text-to-speech systems that direct a victim to call a number controlled by the attacker, however some use live callers. Posing as an employee of a legitimate body such as the bank, police, telephone or internet provider, the fraudster attempts to obtain personal details and financial information regarding credit card, bank accounts (e.g. the PIN), as well as personal information of the victim. With the received information, the fraudster might be able to access and empty the account or commit identity fraud. Some fraudsters may also try to persuade the victim to transfer money to another bank account or withdraw cash to be given to them directly. Callers also often pose as law enforcement or as an Internal Revenue Service employee. Scammers often target immigrants and the elderly, who are coerced to wire hundreds to thousands of dollars in response to threats of arrest or deportation.
Bank account data is not the only sensitive information being targeted. Fraudsters sometimes also try to obtain security credentials from consumers who use Microsoft or Apple products by spoofing the caller ID of Microsoft or Apple Inc.
Audio deepfakes have been used to commit fraud, by fooling people into thinking they are receiving instructions from a trusted individual.
Terminology
Social engineering - The usage of psychological manipulation, as opposed to conventional hacking methods, to gain access to confidential information.
Caller ID spoofing - A method by which callers are able to modify their caller IDs so that the name or number displayed to the call recipient is different than that of the caller. Phishers will often modify their numbers so that they appear familiar or trustworthy to the call recipient. Common methods include spoofing a number in the call recipient's area code or spoofing a government number so that the call appears more trustworthy or familiar and the potential victim is more likely to answer the call.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) - Also known as IP telephony, VoIP is a technology that allows voice calls to be made over the internet. VoIP is frequently used in vishing attacks because it allows callers to spoof their caller ID.
Motives
Common motives include financial reward, anonymity, and fame. Confidential banking information can be utilized to access the victims’ assets. Individual credentials can be sold to individuals who would like to hide their identity to conduct certain activities, such as acquiring weapons. This anonymity is perilous and may be difficult to track by law enforcement. Another rationale is that phishers may seek fame among the cyber attack community.
Operation
Voice phishing comes in various forms. There are various methods and various operation structures for the different types of phishing. Usually, scammers will employ social engineering to convince victims of a role they are playing and to create a sense of urgency to leverage against the victims.
Voice phishing has unique attributes that separate the attack method from similar alternatives such as email phishing. With the increased reach of mobile phones, phishing allows for the targeting of individuals without working knowledge of email but who possess a phone, such as the elderly. The historical prevalence of call centers that ask for personal and confidential information additionally allows for easier extraction of sensitive information from victims due to the trust many users have while speaking to someone on the phone. Through voice communication, vishing attacks can be personable and therefore more impactful than similar alternatives such as email. The faster response time to an attack attempt due to the increased accessibility to a phone is another unique aspect, in comparison to an email where the victim may take longer time to respond. A phone number is difficult to block and scammers can often simply change phone numbers if a specific number is blocked and often find ways around rules and regulations. Phone companies and governments are constantly seeking new ways to curb false scam calls.
Initiation mechanisms
A voice phishing attack may be initiated through different delivery mechanisms. A scammer may directly call a victim and pretend to be a trustworthy person by spoofing their caller ID, appearing on the phone as an official or someone nearby. Scammers may also deliver pre-recorded, threatening messages to victims’ voicemail inboxes to coerce victims into taking action. Victims may also receive a text message which requests them to call a specified number and be charged for calling the specific number. Additionally, the victim may receive an email impersonating a bank; The victim then may be coerced into providing private information, such as a PIN, account number, or other authentication credentials in the phone call.
Common methods and scams
Voice phishing attackers will often employ social engineering to convince victims to give them money and/or access to personal data. Generally, scammers will attempt to create a sense of urgency and/or a fear of authority to use as a leverage against the victims.
Imposter scammers pose as an important person or agency relative to the victim and use the victim's relationship with the important person or agency to leverage and scam money.
IRS scam: The scammer poses as an IRS official or immigration officer. The scammer then threatens deportation or arrest if the victim does not pay off their debts, even if the victim does not actually have any debt.
Romance scam: The scammer poses as a potential love interest through dating apps or simply through phone calls to reconnect with the victim as a lover from the past who needs emergency money for some reason, such as for travel or to pay off debts. Social engineering is used to convince victims that the scammer is a love interest. In extreme cases, the scammer might meet up with the victim and take photos of sexual activities to use as leverage against the victim.
Tech support scam: The scammer poses as a tech support and claims that there is an urgent virus, or a severe technical issue on the victim's computer. The scammer may then use the sense of urgency to obtain remote control of the victim's computer by having the victim download a special software to diagnose the supposed problem. Once the scammer gains remote control of the computer, they can access files or personal information stored on the computer or install malware. Another possibility is that the scammer may ask the victim for a payment to resolve the supposed technical issue.
Debt relief and credit repair scams
Scammer poses as a company and claims an ability to relieve debt or repair credit. The scammer requests a company fee for the service. Usually, performing this action will actually reduce credit score.
Business and investment scams
Scammers pose as financial experts to convince victims to offer money for investments.
Charity scams
Scammers pose as charity members to convince the victim to donate to their cause. These fake organizations do not actually do any charity work and instead, any money donated goes directly to the scammers.
Auto warranty scams
Scammers make fake calls regarding the victim's car warranty and offer the option to renew the warranty. The caller may have information about the victim's car, making their offer appear more legitimate. Callers may use auto warranty scams to gather personal information about their victims, or to collect money if victims decide to purchase the proposed warranty.
Parcel scams
Targeting immigration populations, scammers claim that the victim has a parcel that needs to be picked up. The scammer initially poses as a courier company. The nonexistent parcel is connected to a financial criminal case. The scammer, posing as a delivery company, transfers the victim to another scammer posing as a police of a foreign country. The scammer posing as police will claim the victim is suspected and needs to be investigated in a fake money laundering investigation. This is done by convincing the victim that their identity was stolen. The scammer then convinces the victim to send money to the “police” to conduct an investigation on the money in their bank. Throughout the process the scammer may take extra steps to claim they are not scammers by reiterating that the police will not ask for personal credentials or bank account information.
Kidnapping scams
Scammers will call and claim that they have kidnapped a close relative or loved one. This is done by either doing research beforehand or using social engineering tactics and assumptions to glean information of the relative off of the victim. For example, since elderly are more vulnerable to scams compared to the average population, the scammers can assume that the elderly probably have children or grandchildren. The scammer will threaten to harm the relative if the victim hangs up. In certain cases the scammer will even let victims talk to the “abducted relative'' but due to fear, confusion, and the effect of the phone on a person's voice, the victim may fail to notice that the fake abducted relative is not actually the relative.
Detection and prevention
Voice phishing attacks can be difficult for victims to identify because legitimate institutions such as banks sometimes ask for sensitive personal information over the phone. Phishing schemes may employ pre-recorded messages of notable, regional banks to make them indistinguishable from legitimate calls. Additionally, victims, particularly the elderly, may forget or not know about scammers’ ability to modify their caller ID, making them more vulnerable to voice phishing attacks.
The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) suggests several ways for the average consumer to detect phone scams. The FTC warns against making payments using cash, gift cards, and prepaid cards, and asserts that government agencies do not call citizens to discuss personal information such as Social Security numbers. Additionally, potential victims can pay attention to characteristics of the phone call, such as the tone or accent of the caller or the urgency of the phone call to determine whether or not the call is legitimate.
The primary strategy recommended by the FTC to avoid falling victim to voice phishing is to not answer calls from unknown numbers. However, when a scammer utilizes VoIP to spoof their caller ID, or in circumstances where victims do answer calls, other strategies include not pressing buttons when prompted, and not answering any questions asked by a suspicious caller.
On March 31, 2020, in an effort to reduce vishing attacks that utilize caller ID spoofing, the US Federal Communications Commission adopted a set of mandates known as STIR/SHAKEN, a framework intended to be used by phone companies to authenticate caller ID information. All U.S. phone service providers had until June 30, 2021, to comply with the order and integrate STIR/SHAKEN into their infrastructure to lessen the impact of caller ID spoofing.
In some countries, social media is used to call and communicate with the public. On certain social media platforms, government and bank profiles are verified and unverified government and bank profiles would be fake profiles.
Solutions
The most direct and effective mitigation strategy is training the general public to understand common traits of a voice phishing attack to detect phishing messages. A more technical approach would be the use of software detection methods. Generally, such mechanisms are able to differentiate between phishing calls and honest messages and can be more cheaply implemented than public training.
Detection of phishing
A straightforward method of phishing detection is the usage of blacklists. Recent research has attempted to make accurate distinctions between legitimate calls and phishing attacks using artificial intelligence and data analysis. By analyzing and converting phone calls to texts, artificial intelligence mechanisms such as natural language processing can be used to identify if the phone call is a phishing attack.
Offensive approaches
Specialized systems, such as phone apps, can submit fake data to phishing calls. Additionally, various law enforcement agencies are continually making efforts to discourage scammers from conducting phishing calls by imposing harsher penalties upon attackers.
Notable examples
IRS Phone Scam
Between 2012 and 2016, a voice phishing scam ring posed as Internal Revenue Service and immigration employees to more than 50,000 individuals, stealing hundreds of millions of dollars as well as victims’ personal information. Alleged co-conspirators from the United States and India threatened vulnerable respondents with “arrest, imprisonment, fines, or deportation.” In 2018, twenty-four defendants were sentenced, with the longest term of imprisonment being twenty years.
COVID-19 Scams
On March 28, 2021, the Federal Communications Commission issued a statement warning Americans of the rising number of phone scams regarding fraudulent COVID-19 products. Voice phishing schemes attempting to sell products which putatively “prevent, treat, mitigate, diagnose or cure” COVID-19 have been monitored by the Food and Drug Administration as well.
Hollywood Con Queen Scam
Beginning in 2015, a phishing scammer impersonated Hollywood make-up artists and powerful female executives in order to coerce victims to travel to Indonesia and pay sums of money under the premise that they'll be reimbursed. Using social engineering, the scammer researched the lives of their victims extensively in order to mine details in order to make the impersonation more believable. The scammer called victims directly, often multiple times a day and for hours at a time, in order to pressure victims.
Thamar Reservoir Cyberattack
The 2015 cyber attack campaign against the Israeli academic Dr. Thamar Eilam Gindin illustrates the use of a vishing attack as a precursor to escalating future attacks with the new information coerced from a victim. After the Iran-expert academic mentioned connections within Iran on Israeli Army Radio, Thamar received a phone call to request an interview with the professor for the Persian BBC. To view the questions ahead of the proposed interview, Thamar was instructed to access a Google Drive document that requested her password for access. By entering her password in to access the malicious document, the attacker can use the credentials for further elevated attacks.
Mobile Bank ID Scam
In Sweden, Mobile Bank ID is a phone app (launched 2011) that is used to identify a user in internet banking. The user logs in to the bank on a computer, the bank activates the phone app, the user enters a password in the phone and is logged in. In this scam, malicious actors called people, claimed to be a bank officer, claimed there was a security problem and asked the victim to use their Mobile Bank ID app. Fraudsters were then able to log in to the victim's account without the victim ever giving away their password. The fraudster was then able to transfer money from the victim's account. If the victim was a customer of the Swedish bank Nordea, scammers were also able to use the victim's account directly from their phone. In 2018, the app was changed to require users to photograph a QR code on their computer screen. This ensures that the phone and the computer are physically located in the same room, which has mostly eliminated this type of fraud.
See also
Phone fraud
SMiShing
Voice cloning
VoIP spam
References
External links
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-34425717 Legal career "hit by vishing scam"
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-34153962 Caught on tape: How phone scammers tricked a victim out of £12,000 By Joe Lynam & Ben Carter BBC News
vnunet.com story: Cyber-criminals switch to VoIP "vishing"
BBC News story: Criminals exploit net phone calls
The Paper PC: Messaging Security 2006: Vishing: The Next Big Cyber Headache?
The Register: FBI warns over "alarming" rise in American "vishing"
Vice Media: How a Hacker Can Take Over Your Life by Hijacking Your Phone Number An assessment of how call centre staff handle a vishing call.
Fraud
Computer security exploits
Deception
Telephony
Voice over IP
Social engineering (computer security) | wiki |
U.S. Route 26 (US 26) runs east–west across south central Idaho for . US 26 enters the state from Oregon across the Snake River east of Nyssa, Oregon concurrent with US 20 and exits into Wyoming northwest of Alpine. US 26 runs through the large population centers of Boise and Idaho Falls, as well as the smaller communities of Parma, Notus, Garden City, Shoshone, Richfield, Carey, Arco, Blackfoot, Swan Valley, and Irwin.
For a vast majority of its route, US 26 is two-lane and rural, with the exception of portions in and around major towns and cities. It does have significant four-lane segments within the Boise metropolitan area and east of Idaho Falls. Despite its extensive length, US 26 has many hundreds of miles that run concurrently with other highways. In fact, its first in the state consists of concurrencies with any one of five different highways, principally US 20 and I-84. It has additional lengthy concurrencies with US 93, US 20 again, and I-15.
US 26 does have one business route in the state of Idaho, which runs through the small community of Ririe northeast of Idaho Falls.
Route description
Oregon state line to Downtown Boise
After crossing the Snake River at the Oregon state line, US 26 and US 20 make a curve towards US 95. At that point, both routes travel south along US 95. The three routes then travel south and then curves southeast in Parma. Then, US 95 branches southward while the rest continues southeast. Both US 26 and US 20 pass through Notus before meeting I-84/US 30. At this point, the four routes meet I-84 BL and then 10th Avenue before US 20 and US 26 travel east on Franklin Road; all of the exits are in Caldwell.
As the two routes approach Boise, they intersect three state highways: SH-16, SH-55 in Eagle–Boise line, and SH-44 in Garden City. In Boise, as US 26 and US 20 merge eastward onto I-184, the interstate designation ends there but the freeway ends in about . Just after the freeway crosses the Boise River, both routes traveling eastbound serve River Street and Bogus Basin. After this, the freeway approaches a curve and then becomes an at-grade one-way pair.
Downtown Boise to Blackfoot
As both routes exit downtown, they turn south and become a two-way street. Also, the two routes cross the Boise River for the second time. After that, they run along the eastern edge of the Boise State University. As they approach Boise Airport, they then turn east onto I-84/US 30 again. This time, US 26 runs concurrently with I-84 for about . Along the way, the freeway serves several state highways, I-84 Business Loops, and local roads in different locations. At one point east of Mountain Home, US 20 leaves the freeway and travels northeastward. As the freeway reaches Bliss, US 30, along with I-84 BL, leaves the freeway as Thousand Springs Scenic Byway. At the next exit, US 26 leaves the freeway.
US 26 went on to serve a handful of state highways in Gooding and Shoshone. Also in Shoshone, the route begins to run concurrently with US 93. Both routes then serve Richfield. In Carey, they begin to run concurrently with US 20. For US 26, this is the second time in Idaho. The three routes serve Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve and Blizzard Mountain Ski Area. In Arco, US 93 branches northwestward. The rest continues eastward through Butte City and serving SH-33. Just southeast of the base of Idaho National Laboratory, US 26 branches southeast towards Blackfoot while US 20 continues east. As US 26 approaches Blackfoot, the route intersects SH-39 and then crosses over the same Snake River. Shortly after that, it turns northeast onto I-15 while the road continues as I-15 BL.
Blackfoot to Wyoming state line
At this point, US 26 begins to run concurrently with I-15 for the next . All of the interchanges within this concurrency lead to local roads. As the freeway enters Idaho Falls, US 26 leaves the freeway and turns east along I-15 BL. Both routes then cross the Snake River (third time for US 26) and then intersect the northern terminus of US 91. At this point, both travel north toward downtown Idaho Falls. In downtown, I-15 BL branches westward towards I-15/US 20. Continuing northeast, US 26 intersects several more routes: SH-43 in Beachs Corner, US 26 Bus. (twice) near Ririe, and SH-31 in Swan Valley. Continuing eastward, US 26 travels along the bank of Snake River and then enters Wyoming.
History
When US 26 was initially designated in the state in 1951, it ran only as far west as Idaho Falls. The next year, it was extended into Oregon.
In the Idaho Falls area, US 26 runs along local streets and county roads. In 2022, the Idaho Transportation Board approved a study into relocating parts of the highway onto US 20 following the reconstruction of the I-15/US 20 interchange at the west end of the Rigby Freeway.
Major intersections
Ririe business route
U.S. Route 26 Business (US 26 Bus.) is a business route in and around the small town of Ririe northeast of Idaho Falls. It connects US 26 to the community as well as SH-48.
References
Idaho
Transportation in Canyon County, Idaho
Transportation in Ada County, Idaho
Transportation in Elmore County, Idaho
Transportation in Gooding County, Idaho
Transportation in Lincoln County, Idaho
Transportation in Blaine County, Idaho
Transportation in Butte County, Idaho
Transportation in Bingham County, Idaho
Transportation in Bonneville County, Idaho
26 | wiki |
An animal stall is an enclosure housing one or a few animals. Stalls for animals can often be found wherever animals are kept: a horse stable is often a purpose-built and permanent structure. A farmer's barn may be subdivided into animal stalls or pens for cows and other livestock.
Tie stalls are a type of stall where animals are tethered at the neck to their stall. It is mostly used in the dairy industry, although horses might also be stalled in tie stalls (often referred to as stands or straight stalls). Typical the barn has two rows of stalls, where the cow is tied up for resting, feeding, milking and watering. This type of housing is used in both regular and organic farming.
Horse care
In horse care, the standard dimensions for a "loose box" (UK) or "box stall" (US) vary from to , depending on local cultural traditions, the breed of horse, gender, and any special needs. Mares with foals often are kept in double stalls. Stallions, kept alone with less access to turnout, are also often given larger quarters. Ponies sometimes are kept in smaller box stalls, sometimes as small as , and warmbloods or draft horses may need larger ones. Box stalls usually contain a layer of absorbent bedding such as straw or wood shavings and need to be cleaned daily. Depending on the environmental conditions and the needs of the horses, stalls may be cleaned multiple times a day - especially during winter seasons when turnout is limited, for show horses that receive meticulous grooming, or for horses recovering from injuries. Keeping stalls, paddocks, and pastures clean is one of the most important things to manage when considering the overall cleanliness and health (especially respiratory health) of horses.
Prior to the late 20th century, the tie stall or standing stall was a more common housing for working horses that were taken out daily. Taking only half the size of a box stall, more animals could be housed in a single barn or stable. Generally about or sometimes smaller, with a manger in the front, usually to which the animal was tied, the design allowed the horse to lie down if the lead rope was long enough, but not to turn around.
References
Horse management
Livestock | wiki |
Hypericum quadrangulum L. nom. rej. can refer to two different species of St. Johnswort:
Hypericum maculatum Crantz
Hypericum tetrapterum Fries | wiki |
A blowtorch (known as a blowlamp in the UK), is a fuel-burning tool used for applying flame and heat to various applications, usually metalworking.
Blowtorch may refer to:
Tools
A cutting torch used for cutting metal, often used to mean any oxy-fuel welding and cutting torch
A certain application for a blowpipe
Other uses
A powerful radio station, especially a clear channel broadcaster
Blowtorch (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
See also
Blo.Torch, a melodic death metal band from The Hague, Netherlands
Blo.Torch (album), a 1999 album by the band | wiki |
Children of the earth and similar phrases may refer to:
Torchwood: Children of Earth, the third installment of the British science fiction series Torchwood
Torchwood: Children of Earth (soundtrack)
Children of This Earth, a 1930 novel
Earth's Children, a series of historical fiction novels by Jean M. Auel
Děti Země, also known as Children of the Earth (COE), a Czech non-governmental organization
Jerusalem cricket, a North American insect with a name in Spanish that translates as "child of the earth" | wiki |
Kandis may refer to:
Kandis (Kingdom), an ancient kingdom in Sumatra, Indonesia
Rock candy, confectionery mineral composed of large sugar crystals
Kandis (band), Danish dance band
Garcinia forbesii, a plant with the common name kandis
See also
Kandi (disambiguation)
Kändisdjungeln, the first season of the Swedish version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Kandis Kola, a village in Panjak-e Rastaq Rural District, Kojur District, Nowshahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran | wiki |
Kohanaiki Beach Park is a relatively new park, established in 2013, located in Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii. Called "Pinetree" by the local people, it is a quiet park visited by the local people mainly, its entrance on Hawaii State Highway 19 being shown only as "Shoreline".
There are both sand and rock shores. In the sand shore, there is a small pool where children can swim or wade, while many surfers play in the rock shore. Camping is also permitted.
Facilities
There are the following facilities:
Restrooms
Outdoor shower
See also
Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area
Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park
References
Beaches of Hawaii (island) | wiki |
Pelon Pelo Rico is a popular tamarind-flavored candy made under the Lorena brand by the Hershey Company in Jalisco, Mexico. The product originated in Guadalajara.
The treat's name loosely translates in English to "Yummy Hair Baldie", because the candy is squeezed out of a tube through a grate, producing a Medusa-like effect.
It comes in regular, sour lime, watermelon, and extra spicy flavors. Ingredients include sugar, water, glucose, chili powder, citric acid, xanthan gum, and tamarind extract.
Pelon Pelo Rico is inexpensive, being sold for approximately US$0.50 at corner stores, and is commonly found in Mexican-owned stores and markets.
It is enjoyed in both Mexico and the U.S.
Popular culture
In 2005, NASCAR driver Kevin Harvick ran a Pelon Pelo Rico car in the Telcel-Motorola México 200. Harvick placed second, losing to Martin Truex Jr., in the Mexico City race.
See also
List of confectionery brands
References
External links
Mexican official site
The Hershey Company brands | wiki |
Under United States law, a patent is a right granted to the inventor of a (1) process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, (2) that is new, useful, and non-obvious. A patent is the right to exclude others, for a limited time (usually, 20 years) from profiting of a patented technology without the consent of the patent-holder. Specifically, it is the right to exclude others from:
making,
using,
selling,
offering for sale,
importing,
inducing others to infringe,
applying for an FDA approval, and/or
offering a product specially adapted for practice of the patent.
United States patent law is codified in Title 35 of the United States Code, and authorized by the U.S. Constitution, in Article One, section 8, clause 8, which states:
Patent law is designed to encourage inventors to disclose their new technology to the world by offering the incentive of a limited-time monopoly on the technology. For U.S. utility patents, this limited-time term of patent is 20 years from the earliest patent application filing date (but this term can be extended via patent term adjustment). After the patent term expires, the new technology enters the public domain and is free for anyone to use.
Substantive law
Some of the most important patent law is found under Title 35 of the United States Code. The "patentability" of inventions (defining the types things that qualify for patent protection) is defined under Sections 100–105. Most notably, section 101 sets out "subject matter" that can be patented; section 102 defines "novelty" and "statutory bars" to patent protection; section 103 requires that an invention must not only be new, but also "non-obvious".
Other patent law is found in a variety of sources, including federal court decisions that have accumulated over more than 200 years. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office also has its own court system, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (formerly known as the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences), that specifically handles appeals of examiners' refusals to grant patents, and various other matters pertaining specifically to the USPTO. Some Patent Trial and Appeal Board opinions will be considered precedent, and will affect future patent applications.
Patentable subject matter (§101)
To be patent eligible subject matter, an invention must meet two criteria. First, it must fall within one of the four statutory categories of acceptable subject matter: process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. Second, it must not be directed to subject matter encompassing a judicially recognized exception: laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract ideas.
Novelty (§102)
Section 102 of the patent act defines the "novelty" requirement. The novelty requirement prohibits patenting a technology that is already available to the public. Specifically, 35 U.S.C. 102 states:
For a technology to be "anticipated" (and therefore patent-ineligible) under 35 U.S.C. 102, the prior art reference must teach every aspect of the claimed invention either explicitly or impliedly. "A claim is anticipated only if each and every element as set forth in the claim is found, either expressly or inherently described, in a single prior art reference." Verdegaal Bros. v. Union Oil Co. of California, 814 F.2d 628, 631 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
Obviousness (§103)
To be patentable, a technology must not only be "new" but also "non-obvious." A technology is obvious (and therefore ineligible for a patent) if a person of "ordinary skill" in the relevant field of technology, as of the filing date of the patent application, would have thought the technology was obvious. Put differently, an invention that would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill at the time of the invention is not patentable. Specifically, 35 U.S.C. 103 states:
The non-obviousness requirement does not demand that the prior art be identical to the claimed invention. It is enough that the prior art can somehow be modified in order to teach the claimed technology. So long as the modification of the prior art (or combination of several prior art references) would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art (PHOSITA) at the time the application was filed, the applied-for technology will be considered obvious and therefore patent-ineligible under 35 U.S.C. §103.
As the practice of the USPTO and US Federal Courts showed later, the PHOSITA criterion turned out to be too ambiguous in practice. The practical approach was developed soon by the US Supreme Court in Graham v. John Deere Co. in 1966 and in KSR v Teleflex in 2006.
Patent application procedure
Patent applications can be filed at the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Prior to June 7, 1995, the duration of a US utility patent was 17 years from patent issuance. Since June 7, 1995, the duration of the US utility patent is 20 years from the earliest effective filing date. However, patent term adjustment or extension are possible if the USPTO fails to issue a patent within 3 years after filling the full application, subject to various conditions on the applicant.
The rules for drafting and filing a patent application are set out in the Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP).
Pre-grant publication (PG Pub)
Since the American Inventors Protection Act, the United States Patent and Trademark Office publishes patent applications 18 months after the earliest priority application (which often is a provisional application) is filed. This time limit can be extended under certain circumstances, for an additional fee. The applications may be published before a patent has been granted on them if the patent is not granted within the 18-month time frame. Applicants can opt out of publication if the applications will not be prosecuted internationally.
Patent infringement, enforcement and litigation
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)
In the United States, a patent holder may wish to pursue a cause of action in the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) instead of, or in addition to, the court system. The ITC is an agency of the U.S. federal government empowered to enforce patent holders' rights under Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930. In contrast to courts, which have a wide range of remedies at their disposal, including monetary damages, the ITC can grant only two forms of remedy: exclusion orders barring infringing products from being imported into the United States, and cease-and-desist orders preventing the defendants (known as respondents) in the ITC action from importing infringing products into the United States. In addition, the ITC can grant temporary relief, similar to a preliminary injunction in U.S. federal court, which prevents importation of allegedly infringing products for the duration of the ITC proceeding. In some cases, this may provide a quicker resolution to a patent owner's problems.
Utilization and importance
A survey of 12 industries from 1981 to 1983 shows that patent utilization is strong across all industries in the United States, with 50 percent or more patentable inventions being patented.
However, this is not to say that all industries believe their inventions have relied on the patent system or believe it is a necessity to introduce and develop inventions. Another survey for the same time period show that, of those 12 same industries, only two—pharmaceuticals and chemicals—believe thirty percent or more of their patentable inventions would not have been introduced or developed without having patent protection. All others—petroleum, machinery, fabricated metal products, primary metals, electrical equipment, instruments, office equipment, motor vehicles, rubber, and textiles—have a percentage of twenty-five or lower, with the last four of those industries believing none of their inventions relied on the patent system to be introduced or developed.
See also
Timeline of United States inventions
Concepts
All elements test
Assignor estoppel
Continuing patent application
Design patent
Doctrine of inherency
Doctrine of repair and reconstruction
Duty of candor
Duty of disclosure
Exhausted combination doctrine
First-sale doctrine
Flash of genius
Incredible utility
Inequitable conduct
Information disclosure statement (IDS)
Inter partes review
Interference proceeding
Large entity status
Markman hearing
Micro entity status
Non-provisional patent application
On-sale bar
Petition to make special
Printed matter (patent law)
Prosecution disclaimer
Prosecution history estoppel
Provisional application
Reduction to practice
Reissue application
Small entity status
Statutory Invention Registration
Submarine patent
Transitional phrase
United States Defensive Publication
Utility
X-Patent
Legislation
28 USC 1498. This statute allows the US government to override patent protection (or contract another entity to do so) for public-use purposes. The patent owner can sue for limited compensation.
Invention Secrecy Act (1951)
Patent Act of 1790, First Patent Act - April 7, 1790
Patent Act of 1836
Patent Act of 1870
Patent Act of 1952
Patent Reform Act of 2005
Patent Reform Act of 2007
Patent Reform Act of 2009
Plant Patent Act (1930)
Other
American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA)
Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI)
Confederate Patent Office
List of top United States patent recipients
Copyright law of the United States
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC)
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA)
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
United States Patents Quarterly (USPQ)
United States trademark law
References
External links
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) web site:
Consolidated laws (pdf, 1MB)
Glossary of patent terms
Search US patents
US code, Title 35
Sarah Burstein, Sarah R. Wasserman Rajec & Andres Sawicki, Patent Law: An Open-Access Casebook (2021) | wiki |
Sumo is a form of wrestling.
Sumo may also refer to:
People
Sumo (people), a people of Central America
Sumo language (disambiguation)
Science
Suggested Upper Merged Ontology, a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems
SUMO protein, small ubiquitin-like modifier
Arts and entertainment
Sumo, a character on Clarence (2014 TV series)
SuMo, abbreviation for the Pokémon Sun and Moon video games
Sumo (album), an album by The Superjesus
Sumo (band), an Argentinian band
Sumo (book), a book by Helmut Newton
Sumo (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Sumo Digital, a developer of video games
Sumo (video games), a genre of games based on the sport
Sumo (film), an Indian film
Software
Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO), an open-source traffic simulator
Sumo, a digital creative toolbox that includes Sumopaint 2.0, Sumotunes, Sumocode, Sumo3d, Sumovideo, and Sumophoto as of June 2020.
Transportation
Supermoto, a style of motorcycle
Tata Sumo, a 4x4 sport-utility vehicle
Other uses
Sumo citrus, a marketing name for the Dekopon mandarin in the United States. | wiki |
Martin Conboy (1833 – December 21, 1909) was an Irish-born soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Conboy received the United States' highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Williamsburg in Virginia on 5 May 1862. He was honored with the award on 11 October 1892.
Biography
Martin was born in 1833 to Roger Conboy and Sarah Murry in Athleague, County Roscommon, Ireland. The oldest of 6 children, Martin immigrated to New York City in 1860, where he soon enlisted in the United States Army in August 1861. He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in December 1862 in 37th 37th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, nicknamed the “Irish Rifles.”
After settling down in Washington DC following the war, Martin and his wife Bridgett Harlow (also from Roscommon, Ireland) had a son Martin Jr., a devout Irish Catholic who, through his legal acumen and personal relationships with both Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Éamon de Valera (Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland), went on to become an important figure in the fight for Irish independence from Britain.
Martin Conboy Sr died on 21 December 1909, and his remains were initially interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in New Jersey. In 2001 he was reinterred at Arlington National Cemetery.
Medal of Honor citation
See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
References
External links
Martin Conboy at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website
1833 births
1909 deaths
Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from County Roscommon
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery | wiki |
Dignitas may refer to:
Dignitas (Roman concept), a Roman virtue
Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)
Dignitas International, a humanitarian organisation
Dignitas (esports), a US-based esports team
Dignitas Personae, a Vatican instruction on bioethics
Dignitas (journal), academic journal from Slovenia
See also
Dignity (disambiguation) | wiki |
Noboru Yamaguchi may refer to:
, Japanese writer
, Japanese yakuza | wiki |
Stringers are filaments of slag left in wrought iron after the production process. In their correct proportions their presence is beneficial, as they help to control the ductility of the finished product, but when the proportion of slag is too high, or when the filaments run at right angles to the direction of tension, they can cause weakness.
Manufacture
Wrought iron is no longer made. The particles of slag present in the iron after preparation by puddling were drawn into long fibres during the forging or rolling process. The proportion of slag was intended to be about 3%, but the process was difficult to control and examples with up to 10% slag were produced.
Applications
Stays made from puddled iron bar were used as a cheaper alternative to copper for joining the inner and outer firebox plates of steam locomotives. The incorporated stringers gave flexibility akin to stranded wire rope and stays made of the material were therefore resistant to snapping in service. Wrought iron rivets made from iron bar typically contained stringer filaments running the length of the rivet, but filaments at right angles to the tension, particularly beneath the head, caused weakness.
See also
Anisotropy
References
Metallurgy
Iron | wiki |
Government Engineering College or Government College of Engineering refers to one of several engineering colleges located in India:
Government College of Technology, Coimbatore
Government Engineering College, Ajmer
Government Engineering College, Banswara
Government College of Engineering, Amravati
Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad
Government College of Engineering, Bargur
Government Engineering College, Bhuj
Government Engineering College, Bilaspur
Government College of Engineering, Dharmapuri
Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar
Government Engineering College Raichur
Government Engineering College, Hassan
Government Engineering College, Idukki
Government Engineering College, Jabalpur
Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi
Government Engineering College, Jagdalpur
Government Engineering College, Jhalawar
Government College of Engineering, Karad
Government College of Engineering, Kannur
Government College of Engineering, Kannur
Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar
Government Engineering College, Kozhikode
Government Engineering College, Munger
Government Engineering College, Patan
Government Engineering College Raipur
Government Engineering College, Rewa
Government College of Engineering, Salem
Government Engineering College, Sreekrishnapuram
Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli
Government Engineering College, Trivandrum
Government Engineering College, Thrissur
Government Engineering College, Wayanad
Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College
Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College
Kalyani Government Engineering College
Government College of Engineering, Vellore
Purulia Government Engineering College
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar | wiki |
The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Astronomy () is a Ukrainian encyclopedia of astronomy. It was published in 2003 and has around 3000 entries.
See also
List of astronomical observatories in Ukraine
List of Ukrainian encyclopedias
Science and technology in Ukraine
References
2003 non-fiction books
Ukrainian encyclopedias
Ukrainian-language encyclopedias
Encyclopedias of science
21st-century encyclopedias | wiki |
Pachu Peña stage name of José María Peña (born August 23, 1962 in Rosario) is an Argentine comedian and actor who has performed work for television and film. In 2004 he appeared in No hay 2 sin 3 with Pablo Granados and Amelia Bence. He worked for a decade on the popular television show Videomatch, has hosted Peligro Sin Codificar since 2013, and in 2015 starred in the film Locos sueltos en el zoo. In 2015, he announced his candidacy for Santa Fe provincial deputy.
Filmography
Films
Bañeros III, todopoderosos (2006)
Bañeros IV, Los rompeolas (2014)
Locos sueltos en el ZOO (2015)
Television
Propuesta Joven Channel 3 de Rosario (1984–1989)
Videomatch Telefe (1993–2002) and (2004)
La peluquería de Don Mateo Channel 9 (2003)
No hay 2 sin 3 Channel 9 (2004–2005)
Palermo Hollywood Hotel Channel 9 (2006)
Gran Hermano Famosos Telefe (2007)
De lo nuestro lo peor... y lo mejor América TV (2008)
Showmatch Channel 13 (2009)
Pablo y Pachu América TV (2010)
HDP, Humor de primera Channel 13 (2010)
Sin codificar América TV (2010–2013)
Granados en Pijamas Channel 10 (2011)
Duro de domar Channel 9 (2012)
Showmatch El Trece (2012)
Peligro sin codificar Telefe (2013–2015)
Showmatch El Trece (2019)
Showmatch: Bailando 2021 «Participant» (17th eliminated) El Trece (2021)
References
External links
Cine Nacional
Argentine male television actors
Argentine male stage actors
Argentine comedians
1962 births
Living people
Male actors from Rosario, Santa Fe | wiki |
Tropical Storm Carlos was the first of five tropical cyclones to make landfall during the 2003 Pacific hurricane season. It formed on June 26 from a tropical wave to the south of Mexico. It quickly strengthened as it approached the coast, and early on June 27 Carlos moved ashore in Oaxaca with winds of . The storm rapidly deteriorated to a remnant low, which persisted until dissipating on June 29. Carlos brought heavy rainfall to portions of southern Mexico, peaking at in two locations in Guerrero. Throughout its path, the storm damaged about 30,000 houses, with a monetary damage total of 86.7 million pesos (2003 MXN, $8 million 2003 USD). At least nine people were killed throughout the country, seven due to mudslides and two from river flooding; there was also a report of two missing fishermen.
Meteorological history
The origins of Carlos were from a tropical wave that exited the west coast of Africa on June 14. The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, with little evidence of its existence on satellite imagery. By June 20 it crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean, later spawning an area of convection, or thunderstorms, south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) first mentioned the system in its tropical weather outlook on June 24, by which time a low pressure center developed. Gradually, the system continued to develop due to light wind shear, with rainbands and convection located near the broad center. By early on June 26, the disturbance had organized enough for the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Three-E, about south-southwest of Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca.
Upon first being classified as a tropical cyclone, the depression had a slightly elongated circulation. An anticyclone to its north was forecast to track westward, which would allow the depression to track west-northwestward and remain offshore; however, the NHC noted uncertainty in its motion. The cloud pattern gradually organized, with warm water temperatures and lessening wind shear. At 1200 UTC on June 26, it is estimated the depression attained tropical storm status; upon doing so, the NHC named the storm Carlos. As it reached tropical storm intensity, Carlos began an erratic northward track toward the Mexican coast, under the influence of a trough. It quickly strengthened, developing a well-defined eye feature in the center of the convection. Based on the eye, it is estimated Carlos made landfall early on June 27 with peak winds of , about west of Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, or about /h) east-southeast of Acapulco, Guerrero.
As Carlos moved inland, it turned to the northwest in response to the anticyclone over Mexico, and it quickly weakened to tropical depression status. By 12 hours after landfall, there was little evidence of a circulation on satellite imagery. Late on June 27, Carlos degenerated into a non-convective remnant low pressure area near Acapulco. The circulation turned to the southwest and emerged into the Pacific Ocean; by 0000 UTC on June 29, the system dissipated completely.
Preparations and impact
When the cyclone first formed, the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Acapulco, Guerrero to Punta San Telmo, Michoacán, although initially it was forecast to remain offshore. After Carlos attained tropical storm status and when it was correctly anticipated to make landfall, the warning area was adjusted from Salina Cruz, Oaxaca to Zihuatanejo, Guerrero. Although the storm moved ashore in Oaxaca, its rainbands also affected the Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz, Puebla, and Guerrero. On the day when Carlos made landfall, it dropped heavy rainfall, with 24‑hour statewide maxima of in Río Verde, Oaxaca, and in Petatlán, Guerrero. Throughout the country, rainfall peaked at in both Marquelia and Azoyú in Guerrero.
Tropical Storm Carlos affected 79 municipalities in Oaxaca with flooding or rainfall, and much of the region was declared a disaster area; as a result, disaster funds were opened. Across the region, the combination of rainfall and strong winds downed power lines, disrupted phone service, and flooded two major highways; additionally, the storm left widespread damage to other roads and airstrips. In northwestern Oaxaca, seven people were killed when the heavy rainfall triggered a mudslide. Mudslides were reported elsewhere in the state, and about 30,000 homes were damaged. In one town, the flooding forced 150 families to evacuate to shelters. In Guerrero, a flooded river killed two people. Four fishermen were reported missing, possibly swept out to sea due to the storm; the Mexican army searched offshore for several days, rescuing two of the four fishermen by four days after the storm. Overall, the storm affected about 148,000 people, of crops were destroyed, and monetary damage totaled 86.7 million pesos (2003 MXN, $8 million 2003 USD), a third of which was property.
See also
Other tropical cyclones named Carlos
References
2003 Pacific hurricane season
Eastern Pacific tropical storms
Pacific hurricanes in Mexico
2003 in Mexico
Carlos | wiki |
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cylindropuntia spinosior, July Albuquerque.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |title='’Cylindropuntia imbricata |access-date=25 February 2022 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T152144A183111167.en |date=29 April 2009}}</ref>
| genus = Cylindropuntia
| species = imbricata
| authority = Haw. (DC.)
| synonyms = Opuntia imbricata}}Cylindropuntia imbricata, the cane cholla (walking stick cholla, tree cholla, or chainlink cactus), is a cactus found in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, including some cooler regions in comparison to many other cacti. It occurs primarily in the arid regions of the Southwestern United States in the states of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada. It is often conspicuous because of its shrubby or even tree-like size, its silhouette, and its long-lasting yellowish fruits.
Distribution and habitat
The cane cholla's range is the arid regions of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas, south to Durango, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosí. It occurs at altitudes from and is hardy for a cactus (USDA Zone 5A).
In parts of its range, often just below the pinyon-juniper belt, it can be abundant, surrounded by low grasses and forbs that are brown most of the year; in such places chollas are conspicuous as the only tall green plant. Plants may form thickets or be spaced at a few times their width in "gardens".
This species is a noxious invasive in Australia in old mining localities and along watercourses. It is known there by the common names of Devil's rope cactus or Devil's rope pear. It is a declared noxious weed in New South Wales and also occurs in Queensland, Northern Territory, Victoria, and South Australia.
Description
The above-ground part consists of much-branched cylindrical stems, the end joints being about in diameter. The joints, unlike those of some chollas, are hard to detach. The stems are highly tubercular (lumpy) with a pattern of long oval lumps. A typical height is about , but exceptionally it can grow to with a "trunk" diameter of . The width is often similar to or somewhat greater than the height. The stems are armed with clusters of up to about 10 red to pink spines, which may be long and are barbed and sharp enough to easily penetrate leather gardening gloves. The stems and fruits also have many spines or "glochids" about long that can detach and stick in the skin.
There are two kinds of stems or "cladodes": long plagiotropic, bearing flowers at the ends and falling off after a few years, and long orthotropic, primarily serving for support and transport and staying on the plant. Plagiotropic stems grow in a star- or crown-like pattern around a central orthotropic stem.
This species blooms in late spring or early summer. The flowers are purple or magenta, rarely rose-pink, about wide. The fruits are yellowish, tubercular like the stems, and shaped something like the frustum of a cone, with a hollow at the wide end where the flower fell off; they are often mistaken for flowers. The plant retains them all winter. They are dry and not tasty, though the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico are said to have eaten them.
In addition to sexual reproduction, the tree cholla reproduces when stem joints fall to the ground and take root. Thus, this species spreads, and its spread is hard to control, especially where animals defecate seeds and carry stem joints stuck to their hide some distance from the parent plant. (Some cows, "cholla eaters", learn to eat cholla fruits despite the pain.) "Waves of invasion" typically occur four or five years after drought combined with grazing, probably because this combination exposes soil on which the stem joints can take root.
Ecology
The fruits are also eaten by various wild birds and mammals, including pronghorn, desert bighorn sheep, and deer. The thorny plants provide escape for cover for many small animals.
The leafcutter bee Lithurgus apicalis has been observed to pollinate the flowers.
Uses
The plants are sometimes grown as ornamentals. Dead stems decay to leave a hollow wooden tube with a pattern of lengthwise slits. These are sometimes used as canes or to make curios. The Roman Catholic Penitentes of New Mexico formerly tied fresh stems to their bare backs in Holy Week processions. The Zuni people use the imbricata'' variety ceremonially.
Images
References
imbricata
Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Cacti of the United States
Cacti of Mexico
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of Coahuila
Flora of Colorado
Flora of Durango
Flora of Kansas
Flora of New Mexico
Flora of San Luis Potosí
Flora of Texas
Flora of Utah
Flora of Zacatecas
North American desert flora
Drought-tolerant plants
Garden plants of North America | wiki |
The Polish–Romanian alliance was a series of treaties signed in the interwar period by the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Romania. The first of them was signed in 1921 and, together, the treaties formed a basis for good foreign relations between the two countries that lasted until World War II began in 1939.
European context
Immediately after World War I, the peace treaties recognized the reestablishment of a Polish state for the first time in over 100 years. Romania emerged from the war as a victorious nation, enlarging its territory (as Greater Romania). Both states had serious reasons to stand by these treaties.
Having established contacts with Poland in January–February 1919 (after Stanisław Głąbiński's visit to Bucharest), Romania oriented itself towards a cordon sanitaire alliance aimed at Bolshevist Russia and the newly created Comintern; the proclamation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, the German insurrection, and the Red Army's capture of Odessa alarmed politicians in both countries. The diplomat Czesław Pruszyński reported to the Polish government:
"A dam that can put a stop to Bolshevik pressure on the West is constituted of Poland to the north, and Romania to the south. [...] There is a natural necessity, but also a historical necessity, that, based on the mutual interests of Romania and Poland, a military alliance be sealed in front of the common threat facing them."
Romania was not engaged in the Polish-Soviet War, but accepted and supported Polish military transit through its territory. According to another of Pruszyński's reports, Romania facilitated the transit of Polish nationals from Russia to their native areas, as well as furnishing armament and grain at preferential prices. In this context, the Romanian Army intervened in the Polish-Ukrainian War against the West Ukrainian People's Republic (created in Galicia in the summer of that year), helping the Poles in Pokuttya (see Romanian occupation of Pokuttya).
Count Aleksander Skrzyński, acting with the acknowledgement of Polish leaders Ignacy Jan Paderewski and Józef Piłsudski, extended an offer to the Romanian government of Ion I. C. Brătianu to participate in the future administration of Ukraine in its entirety (August 1919); the message was again stated after Skrzyński became ambassador in Romania the following month. Alexandru G. Florescu, the ambassador to Warsaw, reported back that the plan for a common military administration was:
"[...] an inaccuracy and a fantasy which I suppose one should not take into account for anything other than making stock of them."
Agreeing with Florescu's assessment, the Brătianu cabinet expressed a will to establish contacts with the Ukrainian People's Republic. In 1920, a similar plan was proposed by Piłsudski himself to the Alexandru Averescu government; the offer was more specific, indicating that Romania was to extend its administration to the east (the Black Sea shore, Odessa, and Transnistria). Averescu refused to accept the proposal, as it meant his country's involvement in the Russian Civil War.
The first treaty
The first treaty was the Convention on Defensive Alliance, signed on March 3, 1921 in Bucharest. The treaty, concluded for a period of five years, committed both parties to rendering armed assistance to one another "in case one of the sides is attacked at its present Eastern frontiers". and was aimed at containing Russia (from 1922, the Soviet Union), which had just lost the Polish-Soviet War. Among the diplomats engaged in negotiations were Polish general Tadeusz Rozwadowski and Romanian general Ion Antonescu. Ratifications for that treaty were exchanged in Bucharest on July 25, 1921. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on October 24 of the same year.
In the early 1920s, Romania, along with Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, initiated the Little Entente. The alliance's primary goal was to counter Hungary's revanchism, which involved Romania's Transylvania. Romania's Foreign Minister, Take Ionescu, was unable to bring Poland and Greece into the alliance because of border disagreements between Poland and Czechoslovakia. The Romanian representative in Warsaw reported: "Poland's policy towards the Little Entente [...] becomes clearer. Poland will not wish to join it. [...] This attitude may be related to Mr. Beneš's, who seems to have declared that Poland's joining the treaty is not currently possible."
However, in 1925, the Locarno Treaties were signed in which Germany committed to preserve the status quo in the Rhineland. Germany also signed arbitration conventions with Poland and Czechoslovakia, but the Polish government felt betrayed by France.
Under the circumstances, the Polish-Romanian treaty's renewal was discussed in the early months of 1926. The Romanian foreign minister, Ion G. Duca, wrote in a telegram to the Romanian ambassador in France:
"Our treaty with Poland expires on the 3rd of March. The Poles will not renew it in the present form, as they have to take into account the atmosphere created by the League of Nations and the Locarno Treaties. They also do not want to keep an exclusively anti-Russian treaty [...] Poland wishes to obtain our help in case it were attacked by Germany."
Further treaties
On March 26, 1926, Poland and Romania signed a Treaty of Alliance to bolster security in Eastern Europe. It was directed against any attack, not just one coming from the Soviet Union. Ratifications were exchanged in Warsaw on February 9, 1927. The treaty was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on March 7, 1927.
The convention was replaced by the Treaty on Mutual Assistance against Aggression and on Military Aid, signed on February 9, 1927 in Warsaw.
In both countries, political changes were taking place. The King of Romania, Ferdinand I died in 1927, leaving the throne to his young grandson, Mihai I. A regency took over the administration of the monarchic institution until the 1930 takeover of Carol II.
Relations became colder as their interests diverged. Romania created the Balkan Pact in 1934, together with Yugoslavia, Turkey and Greece.
Under the premiership of Gheorghe Tătărescu (1934–1937), Romania's attempt to balance its alliances with Poland and Czechoslovakia was put to the test by a political scandal. Jan Šeba, the Czechoslovak ambassador to Bucharest, published a volume that supported a rapprochement between the Soviet Union and the Little Entente and was prefaced by the Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Kamil Krofta. In early 1937, Krofta denied knowledge of the book's content and, after Tătărescu visited Milan Hodža, his counterpart in Prague, Šeba was recalled. Later that year, Tătărescu met with Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck in Bucharest. Beck, who had previously opposed the status quo policies of Nicolae Titulescu, unsuccessfully proposed a Romanian withdrawal of its support for Czechoslovakia and an attempt to reach a compromise with Hungary.
In 1938, in the wake of the Czechoslovak crisis, Beck urged the Romanian government of Miron Cristea, formed by the National Renaissance Front, to participate at the partition of Czechoslovakia (the Munich Agreement), by supporting Hungary's annexation of Carpathian Ruthenia. He hoped that Hungary's Miklós Horthy would no longer sustain claims over Transylvania. However, the offer was refused by Carol II.
As the situation was becoming increasingly volatile in the eve of World War II, the two countries began improving their relations. In 1938, Richard Franasovici, the Romanian ambassador in Warsaw, reported:
"[There is] an obvious improvement of Poland's sentiments towards Romania [...]. The main idea here is maintaining, above everything, the alliance with Romania, of course, due to the growing pressure from Germany, as well as due to the desire to not be completely isolated in the Ukrainian problem [...] Also, [the Poles] consider that the German influence in Budapest and Prague is too powerful [...]."
Both countries soon offered each other assistance. After the partition of Czechoslovakia, Romania feared being next. Ambassador Franasovici reported in March 1939 that:
"[...] as with their appeasing intervention in Budapest, the Polish government pointed out that any action of Hungary against Romania could lead to a new world war, and guaranteed Romania's peaceful intentions."
The annulment of Polish-Romanian treaties was one of the Soviet demands during prewar French, British, Polish and Soviet negotiations.
Polish diplomacy also secured British guarantees to Romania in the Polish-British Common Defense Pact of 1939. Diplomats and strategists in Poland viewed the alliance with Romania as an important part of Polish foreign and defense policy, but it eventually proved to be mostly irrelevant. Immediately preceding the war, Poland and Romania avoided specifically aiming their agreements against Germany, a country with which both were still seeking a compromise, as Beck and Grigore Gafencu agreed in the April 1939 negotiations in Kraków.
Outbreak of World War II
After the German invasion of Poland on September 1, Poland declined Romanian military assistance but expected to receive assistance from its British and French allies through Romanian ports; thus the reason for the Romanian Bridgehead plan.
After the Red Army joined the German attack on September 17, 1939, with Western assistance not forthcoming, the Polish high command abandoned the plan and ordered its units to evacuate to France. Many units went through Romanian borders, where they were interned, but Romania remained friendly towards Poles, allowing many soldiers to escape from the camps and to move to France. Romania also treated interned Polish soldiers and immigrants with relative respect throughout the war even after it joined the Axis in 1941. However, as a result of German pressure, Romania could not openly aid the Poles.
On September 21, 1939, the pro-British prime minister of Romania, Armand Călinescu, was killed in Bucharest by a squad of local fascist activists of the Iron Guard, with German support. Immediately afterwards, German authorities issued propaganda blaming the action on Polish and British initiative. Notably, the Nazi journalist Hans Fritzsche attributed the assassination to Polish and British resentments over Romania's failure to intervene in the war.
Diplomatic alternatives
Though some politicians, such as Poland's Józef Piłsudski, who had proposed the Międzymorze federation at the end of World War I had attempted to forge a grand coalition of Central, Eastern and Balkan European states, a series of conflicts there had prevented the establishment of anything but a series of smaller, mostly bilateral, treaties.
Poland, for example, had good relations with Latvia, Romania, Hungary and France (with the Franco-Polish Military Alliance) but poor relations with Czechoslovakia and Lithuania (after the Polish-Lithuanian War). Hungary had similar tensions with both Romania and Czechoslovakia. Such conflicts had prevented Poland from joining the Little Entente. Over the next two decades, the region's political arena had been largely dominated by treaties and alliances similar to the Polish–Romanian alliance.
See also
Balkan Pact
Balkan Pact (1953)
Croatian–Romanian–Slovak friendship proclamation
Georgian–Polish alliance
Latin Axis (World War II)
Little Entente
Intermarium
Polish–Ukrainian alliance
Romanian Bridgehead
Notes
References
Więzi – wystawa o Polonii i uchodźstwie wojennym 1939 w Rumunii, retrieved on 13 September 2006
Florin Anghel, "Mareşalul Piłsudski, în peţit la București" (September 1997), and "1918-1920. România refuză să ocupe Ucraina", in Magazin Istoric, retrieved on 28 January 2007
Dariusz Baliszewski, "Most honoru", in Wprost, Nr. 1138 (September 19, 2004), retrieved on 24 March 2005
Jane Cave, Andrzej Paczkowski, The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom, Penn State University Press, State College, 2003
Keith Hitchins, România, 1866-1947, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition Rumania, 1866–1947, Oxford University Press USA, New York City, 1994)
Petru Ignat, Gheorghe Matei, "Asasinarea lui Armand Călinescu" ("Armand Călinescu's Assassination"), in Magazin Istoric, October 1967
Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001
Nicolae Mareş, "Alianţa cu România trebuie să existe", in Magazin Istoric, retrieved on 7 October 2006
Edmund Jan Osmanczyk, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, Routledge, London, 2002, p. 1815
Petre Otu, "Cazul Şeba", in Magazin Istoric, retrieved on 13 September 2006
Michael Alfred Peszke, The Polish Underground Army, The Western Allies, And The Failure Of Strategic Unity in World War II, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, North Carolina, 2004, p. 27-32, 75
Anita Prazmowska, Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004
Hugh Ragsdale, The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Wojciech Włodarkiewicz, Przedmoście rumuńskie 1939; Bellona, Warsaw, 2001
Alliance
Aftermath of World War I in Poland
Aftermath of World War I in Romania
1921 in Poland
Greater Romania
Treaties concluded in 1921
Treaties concluded in 1926
20th-century military alliances
Interwar-period treaties
Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Military alliances involving Poland
Military alliances involving Romania | wiki |
Consolidated Theatres may refer to
Consolidated Theatres (Hawaii)
Consolidated Theatres (North Carolina) | wiki |
The Joe A. Callaway Awards are administered by Actors' Equity Association. They were established in 1989 to honor a male and a female actor for the best performance in a classical play in the New York metropolitan area, selected by a panel of critics. The award is given in January and includes $1000 and a commemorative plaque.
The 2010 Award winners were Lily Rabe and Matthew Rauch.
References
New York (state) culture
American theater awards | wiki |
Lunchtime is around midday, when a meal is eaten.
Lunchtime may also refer to:
Lunchtime (horse) (1970–1991), British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire
"Lunchtime", a 2021 song by Spacey Jane | wiki |
Anamika may refer to:
People
Anamika (poet) (born 1961), Indian poet and novelist
Anamika Khanna (born 1977), fashion designer based in Kolkata, India
Anamika Saha, Indian actress
Anamika Choudhari, Indian singer
Television and film
Anamika (1973 film), a 1973 Hindi film
Anamika (2008 film), a Bollywood film
Anaamika, a 2014 Telugu and Tamil film
Anamika (2012 TV series), a television series on Sony Entertainment Television India and Sony Entertainment Television Asia
Anamika (2022 TV series)
Anamika (album), a 1992 Assamese music album by :Zubeen Garg
Other uses
Anamika (fungus), a genus of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae
Anamika (newsletter), a newsletter for South Asian lesbians and queer women | wiki |
A Shrewsbury cake or Shrewsbury biscuit is a classic English dessert, named after Shrewsbury, the county town of Shropshire. They are made from dough that contains sugar, flour, egg, butter and lemon zest; dried fruit is also often added. Shrewsbury cakes can be small in size for serving several at a time, or large for serving as a dessert in themselves.
History
The earliest known written reference for Shrewsbury cakes dates to 1602. The original cakes, delicate and fragile in texture, are no longer made commercially. These cakes were very different from the modern Shrewsbury biscuits which are still handcrafted in Shrewsbury.
The playwright William Congreve mentioned Shrewsbury cakes in his play The Way of the World in 1700 as a simile (Witwoud - "Why, brother Wilfull of Salop, you may be as short as a Shrewsbury cake, if you please. But I tell you 'tis not modish to know relations in town").
The recipe is also included in several early cookbooks including The Compleat Cook of 1658, which gives the following instructions:
Although there are earlier references, Shrewsbury baker Thomas Plimmer claimed that he had acquired the original recipe from James Palin, who sold the cakes out of a bakeshop on Castle Street in Shrewsbury.
The recipe also appears in early American recipe collections. One 19th century American recipe is made with the creaming method to combine butter and sugar, typical for butter cakes, then adding eggs, rosewater, flour and nutmeg.
Other countries
Shrewsbury biscuits are popular in India, where they are locally produced in the Kayani Bakery located in Pune, Maharashtra.
See also
Geographically indicated foods of the United Kingdom
List of cakes
References
External links
History
Recipe
Recipe on BBC
British desserts
English cuisine
Biscuits
British cakes
Foods featuring butter
American cakes
Butter cakes | wiki |
The city of Chicago, Illinois, is home to many notable works of public art on permanent display in an outdoor public space.
References
External links
Art, Public
Chicago
Art, Public | wiki |
Black ops are a kind of covert operation.
Black Ops may also refer to:
Black Ops (developer), a video game developer
Black Ops (film), a 2019 horror film
Black Ops alternative title for Deadwater (film), 2008 horror film
Call of Duty: Black Ops, a 2010 video game by Treyarch
Call of Duty: Black Ops II, a 2012 video game
Call of Duty: Black Ops III, a 2015 video game
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4, a 2018 video game
Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, a 2020 video game
Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified, a video game by NStigate Games for the PS Vita
GURPS Black Ops, a role-playing game sourcebook
"Black Ops", a song by They Might Be Giants from Nanobots
"Black Ops", a song by Chief Keef from Finally Rollin 2
See also | wiki |
Proposed countries may refer to:
List of proposed state mergers
Lists of active separatist movements
List of historical separatist movements
Proposed countries | wiki |
Richard Dumbrill may refer to:
Richard Dumbrill (cricketer)
Richard Dumbrill (musicologist) | wiki |
Shimokawa steht für:
Shimokawa (Hokkaidō), Stadt in Japan
Shimokawa ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
Haruki Shimokawa (* 2003), japanischer Fußballspieler
Ken’ichi Shimokawa (* 1970), japanischer Fußballspieler
Seigo Shimokawa (* 1975), japanischer Fußballspieler
Taiyō Shimokawa (* 2002), japanischer Fußballspieler
Yōta Shimokawa (* 1995), japanischer Fußballspieler | wiki |
Tomb Raider: Anniversary is an action-adventure video game co-developed by Crystal Dynamics and Buzz Monkey Software. It was published by Eidos Interactive in 2007 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, Wii and mobile phones. It was later ported to OS X in 2008 and PlayStation 3 in 2011. The eighth overall entry in the Tomb Raider series and second in the Legend trilogy, Anniversary is a remake of the first Tomb Raider game, originally released in 1996.
Taking place before the events of 2006's Tomb Raider: Legend, Anniversary follows series protagonist Lara Croft's quest for the Scion of Atlantis. Gameplay features Lara navigating linear levels, fighting enemies and solving puzzles to progress. The Wii version includes console-exclusive motion control elements, and the mobile port features side-scrolling gameplay emulating earlier mobile Tomb Raider titles.
Following the completion of Legend, Crystal Dynamics began developing Anniversary. Using the Legend engine, the team rebuilt the gameplay and levels, and series cocreator Toby Gard expanded the narrative. Composer Troels Brun Folmann remade and added to the music using an orchestral style. A remake of the original Tomb Raider was initially being created by franchise creators Core Design, but the project was cancelled following their sale to Rebellion Developments in 2006.
Upon release, Anniversary received generally positive reviews from critics who deemed it a worthy remake of the original game, though some criticism was aimed at the game's graphics and occasional technical issues. The Wii version also divided opinion, with some critics praising the implementation of motion controls but others faulting them. While it reached high positions in sales charts, the game would become the worst selling entry in the franchise, selling just 1.3 million copies worldwide compared to the original game's 7 million. The game was followed by Tomb Raider: Underworld (2008), the last in the Legend trilogy that takes place directly after the events of Legend.
Gameplay
Tomb Raider: Anniversary is a single-player action-adventure game where the player controls the protagonist, Lara Croft, from a third-person perspective, through fourteen levels set across four locations around the world. Lara can jump, climb and shimmy along ledges and vertical poles or ladders, crawl through small spaces, and swing on ropes and horizontal poles. Other abilities include interacting with objects and switches, using a grappling hook to latch onto special rings for both puzzle solving and environmental traversal, and swim and dive underwater for a limited time. Different button combinations can create more moves such as a roll and swan dive.
Puzzles block progress through the levels until Lara solves them by activating switches or finding and using keys hidden within the area. These involve avoiding traps and timed environmental elements. In some sections, the player must pass quick time events by reacting to control prompts that appear on screen. While exploring, Lara can find large and small Medipacks that can heal damage suffered during gameplay, items which allow progress through a level or the larger game, and hidden artefacts and relics which unlock rewards such as costumes once collected. Once completed, a time trial is unlocked for each level, with further bonus features unlocking once the time trial is completed successfully.
During combat, Lara automatically locks on to enemies and fires with her equipped gun, with the player able to switch to another target within range and move freely to avoid enemy attacks. Animal enemies can grab and knock Lara down, leaving her vulnerable to damage until she breaks free or rights herself from a fall. Tougher enemies become enraged and charge at Lara after being shot a number of times. When they close in, time slows and Lara can dodge the incoming attack, allowing her time to counterattack. A special attack triggered during this time is a head shot when two targeting reticles overlap; a head shot kills a standard enemy and deals high damage to boss characters. Lara has access to four different weapons in combat; her default twin pistols with infinite ammunition, and three secondary weapons—a shotgun, dual .50 caliber handguns and dual miniature submachine guns—with different attack power and limited ammunition which is picked up during levels. Should Lara die during gameplay, she restarts from the previous checkpoint.
The Wii port carries over the levels and general gameplay of the other versions, while incorporating motion controls. Wii-exclusive first-person puzzles include breaking through walls with a pickaxe, using a flash light in dark areas, assembling mechanisms from pieces found around the environment, manipulating symbol-based locks, and using paper and charcoal to take rubbings of puzzle-related symbols, all utilizing the Wii Remote. Motion controls are also used for some aspects of platforming, and free aiming in combat. In the mobile phone version of Anniversary, Lara navigates side-scrolling 2D levels, platforming, fighting enemies and activating switches to progress.
Plot
British archaeologist-adventurer Lara Croft is approached by mercenary Larson, who is employed by wealthy businesswoman Jacqueline Natla. Natla hires Lara to find the Scion of Atlantis, an ancient artefact originally sought by Lara's father Richard Croft. It is buried in the tomb of Atlantean ruler Qualopec within the lost city of Vilcabamba. Making her way through Vilcabamba to Qualopec's tomb, Lara discovers that there are three pieces of the Scion, divided between Atlantis' Triumvirate. Escaping the tomb, she is confronted by Larson, sent by Natla to take Lara's piece of the Scion. After beating him in a fight, he reveals that Natla has sent her rival Pierre Dupont to retrieve the next piece. Breaking into Natla's offices, Lara discovers a video showing the next Scion piece's resting place in Greece beneath a building called St Francis' Folly.
Navigating the catacombs beneath St Francis' Folly, Lara finds the tomb of Tihocan, another member of the Triumvirate, that led the survivors of Atlantis after a betrayal caused the city's destruction. Pierre steals the Scion piece, but he is killed by guardian centaurs outside the tomb. After defeating the centaurs and joining both pieces of the Scion, Lara has a vision which reveals that the third and final piece of the Scion was hidden in Egypt after the third member of the Triumvirate—the traitor which sank Atlantis—was captured by Tihocan and Qualopec. Recovering the third Scion piece, Lara assembles the Scion and sees the rest of the vision, revealing Natla to be the betrayer. Emerging from her vision, Lara is ambushed by Natla, who takes the Scion.
Lara escapes Natla's henchmen—with silent help from Larson—and stows away aboard Natla's boat, which arrives at an uncharted volcanic island holding an Atlantean pyramid filled with her monstrous creations. Lara is forced to kill Larson when he will not back down, which greatly disturbs her. Fighting Natla's remaining henchmen and navigating the pyramid−including an encounter with a doppelgänger of her−Lara confronts Natla, who offers her a place in the new Triumvirate and access to the Scion's knowledge to complete Richard's quest for knowledge. Lara instead shoots the Scion and sends Natla plummeting into a pool of lava, triggering a chain reaction that begins destroying the pyramid. After a final confrontation with a severely injured but still powerful Natla, ending after she is crushed by a pillar, Lara escapes the island and sails away in Natla's boat.
Development
Tomb Raider is the first game in the titular franchise, and introduced the series' gameplay standards and its protagonist Lara Croft. Developed by British studio Core Design and released in 1996, Tomb Raider was a commercial and critical success. It was followed by four successive games between 1997 and 2000. Their sixth Tomb Raider game Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness was beset by developmental problems and rushed to release, resulting in low sales and largely negative critical reception. The game's failure and Core Design's fatigue with the series prompted franchise publisher Eidos Interactive to move development of Tomb Raider to the American studio Crystal Dynamics, who rebooted the franchise with Tomb Raider: Legend. Legend was released in 2006 to critical and commercial success. Following the success of Legend, Crystal Dynamics were requested by Eidos to develop a remake of the original Tomb Raider. Anniversary was co-developed by Crystal Dynamics and Buzz Monkey Software, the company responsible for Legends PSP port. The game's creative director and lead designer was James Botta, its producer was Lulu LaMer, and its art director was Andrew Wood.
The team were eager to develop Anniversary as they could use the development assets of Legend. They were also shocked by the request due to the original game's status amongst both Tomb Raider fans and video game history. Another reason for developing Anniversary over a new game was to help celebrate the series' tenth anniversary and create a "compelling gameplay experience" by remaking the first game rather than creating a new title. With two studios working on the game, the development structure was quite complex; a core team of fifteen was based at Crystal Dynamics, Buzz Monkey Software formed a large part of the game's staff, and Crystal Dynamic's executive Creative Services section oversaw development. When designing Anniversary, the team emphasised creating the game first before making adjustments to keep paper documentation to a minimum in favour of face-to-face conversations. To facilitate a smooth process, the team created a merit-based "democratic" environment where ideas could be put forward by other team members.
Story and art design
Toby Gard, one of the original game's designers and Lara's credited creator, acted as story designer; the script and dialogue were written by Matt Ragghianti. The original game's story was described by Crystal Dynamics staff as "pretty sparse" and difficult to understand without Gard's explanations. One of the aims with Anniversary was to flesh out the narrative and tie it into the continuity of Legend. Gard fleshed out the lore and character motivations in Anniversary, something impossible with Tomb Raider as it needed to tell its story as quickly as possible. The narrative's conclusion, which included Lara's temptation by Natla's offer of the knowledge her father sought, thematically led into Lara's search for her mother in Legend.
Keeley Hawes, Lara's voice actress in Legend, reprised her role for Anniversary. Lara's personality was modelled upon that shown in Legend, but with suitable adjustments for who she was as a person during the events of Anniversary. Lara's initial drive for adventure—defined by Gard as an unstoppable "madness" contained within a proper British woman—was fleshed out to provide purpose for players. The aim was to make her appealing while staying true to her original portrayal. Gard's expansion of the story became focused on how far Lara was willing to go and what moral boundaries she would cross in pursuit of her goals. The interactions of Natla, Larson and Pierre were extensively expanded by Gard, beginning with an infiltration sequence of Natla's Los Angeles offices by Lara prior to the Greece levels, which in Anniversary had her watching video messages between the characters. The character of Larson, who was carried over from the first game and merged with another of Natla's original henchman called Cowboy, was made a more ambiguous character who shared a "chemistry" with Lara. The moment where Lara kills Larson was written to show Lara crossing a moral line and killing a person for the first time in pursuit of her goals. Natla's other henchmen were also reimagined to be more realistic, with Lara's confrontation with them being an intense battle following the emotional scene with Larson.
As described by art director Andrew Wood, one of the team's starting points was taking the most memorable moments from Tomb Raider and recreating them in Anniversary on a grander and more detailed scale. The art team wanted to show respect for the original game, designing environments to evoke nostalgia while being more complex and on a grander scale. All the original areas were brought back in Anniversary, but redesigned around modern gaming conventions. Botta said that the team picked out the most interesting parts of each area to preserve, leaving out the "less interesting hallway traversal" of the original. The environmental design saw an upgrade compared to those in Legend. The animals, primary enemies in the original Tomb Raider, were carried over into Anniversary, but redesigned to appear as threatening and dangerous as possible so people would see them as a threat and not feel too uncomfortable about killing them.
When designing each environment, the art team would first create them with a low colour palette and desaturated lighting to increase their realism. They would then add colourful elements such as foliage, combining that with different types of lighting. Changing levels of light and darkness as Lara explored each location were used to convey a sense of mystery. Peru was given a variety of environments, transitioning from snowy mountains to lush jungle to an underground tomb. The Lost Valley area, which had become a fan favourite since the original release, was redesigned using available technology and hardware to be more open. The gameplay was condensed into a smaller area compared to the original, which spread its puzzles and platforming through adjoining caves. Greece was designed around the theme of a subterranean temple hidden in a mountain. Egypt focused on the motif of bright sunlight, magnifying the use of lighting to promote mystery; its layout and design saw the least overall changes when compared to the original Tomb Raider. The main difference was in its scale and variety. The Lost Island area was given a unique design with volcanic elements and fantastic architecture unlike any of the other locations to act as the game's thematic finale.
Game design
As part of their research for Anniversary, the developers played through the original game multiple times, pinpointing its characteristic and iconic elements that needed to be carried over into the remake. A large amount of time was spent deciding what would be included, what elements to keep and what to change so it would appeal to old and new players alike. Anniversary was developed using an updated and expanded version of the Legend engine, but with expanded gameplay elements and moves for Lara which in turn impacted level design. The design was influenced by the team's previous experience with Legend. The puzzles were mostly redesigned based on the technology and physics engine of Legend. Much of the original game's focus on item collection and pulling switches was included, but the developers tried not to rely on this style too much, adding more variety with physics-based puzzles and environmental set pieces. When creating the puzzles, the team needed to take a second look at their design techniques so they could make puzzles and their solutions more visible and intuitive.
An element they took into consideration was criticism of Legends linear environments, with Anniversary being built with a philosophy of branching paths and an emphasis on exploration. This style was possible due to it being a core part of the original game. Lara's original inventory was also carried over from Tomb Raider, removing some of the tools introduced in Legend. When the Peru areas were being created, Gard was eager to redesign the village area of Vilcabamba, an area the rest of the team did not know existed. The village was rebuilt to be better portray Vilcabamba's now-extinct civilisation. St Francis' Folly was extensively redesigned to make puzzles larger and more complex, with many elements in Anniversary such as the giant statue of Atlas in one of the challenge chambers being parts of the original game that could not be completed. This theme of expansion continued through the rest of the areas. The Egypt levels were themed around traps and puzzles, taking a more prominent place than in other areas. The Lost Island levels were changed in various ways; the "Natla's Mines" area was made more manageable, while later levels within the Atlantean pyramid were made larger and more intricate.
Audio
The music for Anniversary was written by Troels Brun Folmann, who had previously created the score for Legend; a lot of Folmann's work revolved around reworking and expanding the original game's themes. The main theme was similar to that used in the first game, except with more advanced orchestral elements. The goal for Anniversarys music was to convey a sense of adventure. While his work on Legend involved a large number of electronic and rhythm instruments to blend musical genres, Folmann changed to a purely orchestral score for Anniversary. Also in contrast to Legend, which used dynamic music throughout its levels, Anniversary used sparse musical cues combined with environmental ambience.
The goal for Folmann was to translate the music into an evolved version for Anniversary while remaining faithful to the original. The sound team wished only to use a traditional symphonic style; the use of strings, brass, woodwinds percussion and choirs combined with the "classic" settings used in the game. This purely orchestral approach carried over into the cutscenes. All of the thematic elements from Tomb Raider, including the choir segments, were present in the new score. Alongside remade themes, Folmann composed original tracks and new musical elements. For the Egypt levels, Folmann used instrumentation incorporating Persian musical styles, which he described as "typical" for representing Egyptian music. Folmann worked on the score for five months.
Release and versions
The existence of Anniversary was hinted at by Eidos staff member Ian Livingstone during an interview shortly after the release of Legend in May 2006. The game was announced under the provisional title Tomb Raider 10th Anniversary Edition in June of that year, along with its planned platforms of PlayStation 2 (PS2), PlayStation Portable (PSP) and Windows personal computers (PC). Its official title was revealed in November.
Crystal Dynamics co-developed the PS2 version with Buzz Monkey Software. During development, Crystal Dynamics wanted to push the PS2 version to its technical limits with the scale and quality of environments, which caused problems for the PSP conversion as this was at odds with designs that would run smoothly in the console. While the conversion was successful, LaMar described the process as "primarily a brute-force approach". The PC version was developed by Nixxes Software. Anniversary was originally planned only for PC and PlayStation platforms as they had a long association with Tomb Raider. Due to fan demand, the team created an Xbox 360 port. To reach release as soon as possible, the 360 version was originally planned as a series of downloadable segments through the Xbox Live Arcade, with a later full retail release. To download, players needed a copy of Legend for the 360, which was explained by Eidos as a means of bringing the game to players as quickly as possible. This plan was later changed so the Xbox Live version would be released the month after the retail version.
Anniversary was the first Tomb Raider title for the Wii, developed to expand Eidos's game catalogue into new Nintendo consoles. Due to receiving Wii development kits fairly late from Nintendo, the Wii version could not be released at the same time as other home console versions. The PSP, 360 and Wii ports were all handled by Buzz Monkey Software. A port of the console and PC version was developed for OS X by Feral Interactive and Robosoft Technologies and published by Feral Interactive. The mobile phone version was developed by FinBlade. The game was modelled on an earlier trilogy of original Tomb Raider games for mobiles.
The game was released for PS2 and PC on 1 June 2007 in Europe, 5 June in North America, and 7 June in Australia. A limited Europe-exclusive Collector's Edition was released alongside the standard edition; the Collector's Edition included a copy of the game, a DVD featuring a documentary on the series and promotional material for earlier games, and a CD of music from both Anniversary and Legend. The PSP version was released in North America on 9 August, in Europe on 26 October, and in Australia on 2 November. The Xbox 360 port was released on 23 October in North America, 26 October in Europe, and 2 November in Australia. Anniversary was the first full video game title made available for download on Xbox Live Arcade. The Wii version was released on 13 November 2007 in North America, 7 December in Europe and 7 February 2008 in Australia. Spike published the PS2, PSP, Wii and Xbox 360 versions in Japan on 27 March 2008. The first print versions came with a "10th Anniversary Edition" DVD including promotional material, a documentary, and soundtrack selection. The mobile version was published by Eidos Interactive in December 2007. The OS X port was released on 15 February 2008.
Anniversary was later ported to PlayStation 3 (PS3) by Buzz Monkey Software and released as part of the Tomb Raider Trilogy collection alongside its sequel Tomb Raider: Underworld and a PS3 port of Legend. The collection included PS3 avatars and documentary shorts on all three games. Tomb Raider Trilogy was published worldwide during March 2011.
Cancelled Core Design version
A remake of Tomb Raider to commemorate the game's tenth anniversary was proposed by Core Design, who at the time were working on Free Running. Several Core Design staff wanted to remake Tomb Raider for the PSP and PS2. They received permission from Eidos to create the remake under the title Tomb Raider: 10th Anniversary, and began development in late 2005 for a release during the 2006 holiday season. The remake would have retained the original story and gameplay flow, with adjustments for new players and some rearrangements to puzzles. According to staff, the game was at an advanced development stage. During production, Eidos asked Core Design to adjust Lara's model to more closely match that used in Legend. The team intended Jonell Elliott, who voiced Lara from Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation to The Angel of Darkness, to reprise her role for the remake.
In 2006, following the sale of Core Design to Rebellion Developments, the remake was cancelled. While Eidos gave no explanation for the cancellation, it was assumed by some Core Design staff that they did not want the Tomb Raider franchise to be developed by a third-party studio. According to series veteran Gavin Rummery, Eidos cancelled the project after seeing a demo of the opening for Legend on PSP and deciding Crystal Dynamics could successfully deliver the games on more platforms than Core Design could at the time. Prior to and following the cancellation, footage from an internal presentation was leaked online. 10th Anniversary had reached an alpha state at the time of the cancellation, with much of the core mechanics complete as well as levels in Peru, Greece, and Croft Manor; this build was leaked online in 2021. Core Design had attempted to reskin this version of the game as an Indiana Jones or a National Treasure title, but this was never released.
Reception
Anniversary received positive reviews following its initial release on PC and PS2, with many calling it a worthy remake of the original game. 1UP.coms Joe Rybicki called the game a homage in its own right. Eurogamers Kristan Reed said that Anniversary merited a higher score than Legend due to its less linear structure and lower frequency of tutorials. GameSpys Patrick Joynt praised the recreation and expansion of the original game's locations and gameplay, but faulted the camera control and some "unforgiving" puzzles. Ryan Davis of GameSpot greatly enjoyed Anniversary, calling it a further step in fixing the franchise following the success of Legend, though he faulted its unwillingness to experiment with the formula. Greg Miller, writing for IGN, praised the updated environments and controls, and despite problems with the graphics, found that it managed to capture the original game's spirit. Reviewers generally recommended the PC version over the PS2 due to lower quality graphics.
The 360 version saw praise for its gameplay and environments, comments shared with other versions, but the graphics were generally faulted. Common complaints were frame rate drops, low-quality textures, and a lack of the console-specific upgrades seen in Legend. The PSP port was lauded as a high-quality port of the PS2 version, although difficult camera control and technical issues such as frame rate drops and long load times were points of criticism.
The Wii port's redesigned controls—and the incorporation of motion controls into gameplay—divided opinion; some praised them or at least enjoyed their implementation, while others found several elements clumsy or unnecessary. The port's graphics also received praise, being cited as visually equal or superior to the PS2 version despite noticeable drops in frame rate. Unintuitive camera control was a frequent criticism. IGNs Matt Casamassina called the port a competently executed enhanced port of PS2 that happens to be good fun at its best and frustrating at its worst. Tom East of Official Nintendo Magazine was very positive in his review, praising the game's implementation of Wii control functions in addition to its general gameplay and design.
Anniversary was nominated at the 2007 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers awards under the "Art Direction in a Game Engine" category. The mobile version won the award for "Best Mobile Game" at the 2007 The Independent Game Developers' Association ceremony.
Sales
Upon its release, both the PC and PS2 versions topped their respective charts in the United Kingdom. In North America, the PS2 version was among the top five most rented console games for June 2007. The game remained in the top five best-selling games in Europe during June 2007. Speaking in September of that year, Eidos parent company SCi Entertainment stated all profits for that period were created by the success of Anniversary and Hitman: Blood Money. The PS2 and Wii versions received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. As of 2009, the game has sold 1.3 million copies worldwide. This makes Anniversary the worst-selling Tomb Raider game to date.
Sequel
Work on Anniversary ran parallel with the development of Crystal Dynamics' next generation Tomb Raider title Underworld. Underworld was built on a new game engine, evolved the gameplay incorporating a greater moveset and more advanced physics, and concluded the narrative of Legend and Anniversary. The concurrent development of Anniversary resulted in staff shortages of Underworld. The game was released in 2008 for PS3, 360, PC, PS2, Wii, Nintendo DS and mobile.
Notes
References
External links
2007 video games
Action-adventure games
Atlantis in fiction
Crystal Dynamics games
Eidos Interactive games
Feral Interactive games
Games for Windows certified games
MacOS games
Mobile games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Single-player video games
Anniversary
Video game remakes
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Troels Brun Folmann
Video games set in 1996
Video games set in Atlantis
Video games set in Kolkata
Video games set in Egypt
Video games set in Greece
Video games set in Peru
Video games set in Surrey
Video games with commentaries
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Nixxes Software games | wiki |
Since the inception of the Hong Kong Premier League in 2014, 30 players have scored three goals (a hat-trick) or more in a single match. The first player to achieve the feat was Itaparica, who scored three times for South China in a 4–1 victory over Rangers.
Hat-tricks
Note: The results column shows the scorer's team score first. Teams in bold are home teams.
4 Player scored 4 goals
5 Player scored 5 goals
Notes
Multiple hat-tricks
The following table lists the minimum number of hat-tricks scored by players who have scored two or more hat-tricks.
Players in bold are still active in the Hong Kong Premier League.
Hat-tricks by nationality
The following table lists the number of hat-tricks scored by players from a single nation.
References
Hong Kong Premier League
Hong Kong Premier League | wiki |
Fast & Furious: Original Motion Picture Score is the soundtrack to the film of the same name. The score was composed by Brian Tyler. The album, with a total of 25 tracks, was released on CD by Varèse Sarabande with 78 minutes and 11 seconds' worth of music.
Track listing
Composed and conducted by Brian Tyler. Performed by The Hollywood Studio Symphony. Brian Tyler performs by drums, percussion, keyboards, guitar and bass.
The chronological track order are: 1, 4, 18, 23, 19, 15, 8, 2, 7, 14, 16, 3, 10, 22, 17, 20, 21, 12, 13, 5, 24, 6, 25. The bonus tracks are: 9, 11.
References
Fast & Furious albums
2009 soundtrack albums
Varèse Sarabande soundtracks
Brian Tyler soundtracks
Action film soundtracks | wiki |
Oran Mor may refer to:
Òran Mór, a restaurant and music/entertainment venue that was formerly Kelvinside Parish Church, Glasgow
Òran Mór Session, a live recording by Scottish indie rock band The Twilight Sad, self-released as a limited edition tour-only CD EP in October 2014
Oran Mor Pipe Band, a Grade 1 internationally competitive pipe band based in Albany, New York, which was founded in 1992 and was one of the most consistently high-achieving pipe bands in the United States until it merged with the Stuart Highlanders, a Grade 2 Pipe Band based in Boston, MA, late in 2013
See also
Oran Mor also sounds like Oranmore | wiki |
Bay Area Medical Center is a 99-bed general acute care hospital located in Marinette, Wisconsin.
Bay Area Medical Center was constructing a new facility in Marinette.
References
Hospitals in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Marinette County, Wisconsin | wiki |
Lonchocarpus sericeus é uma espécie de planta com flores da grande família das Fabaceae, popularmente conhecida como ingá-bravo.
Fabaceae | wiki |
The climate of Alaska (Iñupiaq: Alaaskam Siḷaa) is determined by average temperatures and precipitation received statewide over many years. The extratropical storm track runs along the Aleutian Island chain, across the Alaska Peninsula, and along the coastal area of the Gulf of Alaska which exposes these parts of the state to a large majority of the storms crossing the North Pacific. The climate in Juneau and the southeast panhandle is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (similar to Scotland, or Haida Gwaii), (Köppen Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. The climate in Southcentral Alaska is a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) due to its short, cool summers. The climate of the interior of Alaska is best described as extreme and is the best example of a true subarctic climate, as the highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska have both occurred in the interior. The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is an Arctic climate (Köppen ET) with long, cold winters, and cool summers where snow is possible year-round.
Temperature
Southeast
The climate in Juneau and the Southeast panhandle is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) in the southern sections and an oceanic, marine subpolar climate (similar to Scotland, or Haida Gwaii), (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. Much of the southern parts are temperate rainforest. On an annual basis, southern portions are both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska, with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Average monthly precipitation is generally highest in the autumn months, especially October, and lowest in May or June. This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months, except for in the southern parts of the Aleutian Islands such as Unalaska.
South
The climate in south central Alaska, with Anchorage as a typical city, is mild by Alaskan standards. This is due in large part to its proximity to the coast. While it does not get nearly as much rain as the southeast of Alaska, it does get more snow, although days tend to be clearer there. It is a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) due to its short, cool summers. There are frequent, strong southeast winds known as the Knik wind in the vicinity of Palmer, especially in the winter months.
West
The climate of Western Alaska is determined largely by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This area has a tremendous amount of variety, especially when considering precipitation. The northern side of the Seward Peninsula is technically a desert with less than of precipitation annually, while some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around of precipitation.
East
The climate of the east of Alaska is best described as extreme and is an excellent example of a true continental subarctic climate. Some of the hottest and coldest temperatures in Alaska occur around the area near Fairbanks. The summers can have temperatures reaching into the 90s °F (near 34 °C), while in the winter, the temperature can fall below , and in rare cases, below . Precipitation is generally sparse around the year, peaking during the summer months, and virtually all precipitation between October and April falls as snow. Ice fog is a significant hazard during especially cold periods between November and March.
North
The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is what would be expected for an area north of the Arctic Circle. It is an Arctic climate (Köppen E) with long, very cold winters and short, cool summers. The sun does not rise at all during some weeks in the winter, and is out for 24 hours during some weeks in the summer. However, despite 24 hours of sunshine in the summertime, the average low temperature is barely above freezing in Utqiaġvik in July, at and snow may fall any month of the year. North Alaska is the coldest region in Alaska.
Temperature comparison
Data
The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska are both in the Interior. The highest is in Fort Yukon on June 27, 1915. The lowest Alaska temperature is in Prospect Creek on January 23, 1971, above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America (in Snag, Yukon, Canada). Alaska also holds the extreme US record low temperatures for every month except September and October.
Precipitation
Juneau averages over of precipitation a year, while some other areas in southeast Alaska receive as much as . Average monthly precipitation generally peaks in September or October, and is lowest in May and June. Owing to the rain shadow of the coastal mountains, south-central Alaska does not get nearly as much rain as the southeast of Alaska, though it does get more snow with up to at Valdez and much more in the mountains. On average, Anchorage receives of precipitation a year, with around of snow. The northern coast of the Gulf of Alaska receives up to of precipitation annually. Across the western sections of the state, the northern side of the Seward Peninsula is a desert with less than of precipitation annually, while some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around of precipitation.
Inland, often less than falls a year and on the North Slope as little as of rainfall equivalent and of snow is typical, but what snow falls during the winter tends to stay throughout the season. Thunderstorms are fairly rare in most of Alaska, but do occur in the interior in the summer with some frequency and may cause wildfires. Anchorage gets a thunderstorm every few years. There has even been the rare thunderstorm in Utqiaġvik on the Arctic coast. While weak tornadoes and waterspouts, while extremely rare, do sometimes occur, Alaska is considered the least tornado-prone state in the United States.
La Niña events lead to drier and cooler than normal conditions, while El Niño events leads to warmer than normal temperatures but do not have a correlation towards dry or wet conditions. Precipitation increases by 10–40% when the Pacific decadal oscillation is positive.
References
Alaska | wiki |
Coleophora intensa is een vlinder uit de familie kokermotten (Coleophoridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van deze soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1913 door Meyrick.
De soort komt voor in tropisch Afrika.
Kokermotten
Dier uit het Afrotropisch gebied | wiki |
George Russell puede referirse a:
George Russell, piloto de automovilismo británico.
George Allan Russell, compositor estadounidense.
George William Russell, escritor irlandés. | wiki |
N-type may refer to:
N-type semiconductor is a key material in the manufacture of transistors and integrated circuits
An N-type connector is a threaded RF connector used to join coaxial cables
The MG N-type Magnette was produced by the MG Car company from October 1934 to 1936
The N-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel
A Type (model theory) with n free variables
N type (no hyphen) could refer to:
The Dennis N-Type vehicle chassis was used to build fire engines and trucks
The N type carriage is an intercity passenger carriage used on the railways of Victoria, Australia
The REP Type N was a military reconnaissance aircraft produced in France in 1914
N type battery, see: N battery | wiki |
"The Wash" é uma canção colaborativa dos rapper's estadunidenses Dr. Dre e Snoop Dogg, lançada como segundo single para a trilha sonora do filme The Wash. A canção foi produzida pelo próprio Dr. Dre, juntamente com DJ Pooh. A canção faz diversas referencias a "Nuthin' but a "G" Thang" um dos maiores sucessos dos dois rapper's, lançada dez anos antes.
Faixas
CD single
"The Wash" - 3:20
"The Next Episode" (Instrumental) - 2:42
12" vinyl
"The Wash" (Radio Mix) - 3:20
"The Wash" (LP Version) - 3:20
"The Wash" (Instrumental) - 3:20
"The Wash" (Acapella) - 3:20
Desempenho nas paradas
Singles de 2001
Canções gravadas por Dr. Dre
Canções gravadas por Snoop Dogg
Canções de hip hop
Canções produzidas por Dr. Dre
Canções compostas por Snoop Dogg | wiki |
A Tensionless hitch is an anchor knot used for rappelling or rope rescue. Unlike most knots, the tensionless hitch retains a 100% efficiency rating, meaning the strength of the knot is equal to the strength of the rope; it is not a significant stress riser.
Tying
The working end of a rope is prepared by tying a figure-eight loop, and then clipping a carabiner through that loop.
The rope is then wrapped around a smooth pole, pipe, round beam or tree branch which has a diameter greater than the rope. The rope is typically wrapped 3 to 4 times around the anchor, without crossing. Finally, the working end is attached to the standing part with the carabiner.
An overhand knot may be tied around the standing part before the final wrap around the anchor.
References
External links
Animated tying instructions
Knots | wiki |
Sons of the Desert (film), een film uit 1933 van Stan Laurel en Oliver Hardy
Sons of the Desert (organisatie), een overkoepelende organisatie van Laurel & Hardy-fanclubs | wiki |
Ultrasonografia
USG Corporation
USG People | wiki |
Boot Hill Bandits è un film del 1942 diretto da S. Roy Luby.
È un film western statunitense con Ray Corrigan (accreditato come Ray 'Crash' Corrigan), John 'Dusty' King e Max Terhune (accreditato come Max 'Alibi' Terhune). Fa parte della serie di 24 film western dei Range Busters, realizzati tra il 1940 e il 1943 e distribuiti dalla Monogram Pictures.
Trama
Produzione
Il film, diretto da S. Roy Luby su una sceneggiatura e un soggetto di George Arthur Durlam, fu prodotto da George W. Weeks per la Monogram Pictures tramite la società di scopo Range Busters e girato nel ranch di Corriganville a Simi Valley e nel Monogram Ranch e nel Walker Ranch a Newhall, in California nel marzo del 1942. I titoli di lavorazione furono Marshal of Sundance e The Mesquite Kid.
Distribuzione
Il film fu distribuito negli Stati Uniti dal 24 aprile 1942 al cinema dalla Monogram Pictures.
Promozione
La tagline è: "NEW ADVENTURE!".
Note
Collegamenti esterni
Film western | wiki |
"Advice to Little Girls" is a humorous essay written by Mark Twain in 1865 and published in 1867.
External links
1867 short stories
Short stories by Mark Twain | wiki |
Coming Around Again may refer to:
Coming Around Again (album), an album released by Carly Simon
"Coming Around Again" (Carly Simon song), a single from the above album
"Coming Around Again" (Simon Webbe song), a song and single by Simon Webbe | wiki |
In combat sports, a decision is a result of the fight or bout that does not end in a knockout, submission or other finish, in which the (usually) three judges' scorecards are consulted to determine the winner; a majority of judges must agree on a result. The judges' result can either award a win, loss, or draw.
If no judges are in attendance for scoring and the fight reaches the time limit with no finish, the fight goes to no decision.
Scoring
If a fight reaches the time limit with no finish, the outcome of fight is decided based on the judges' scorecards. In most professional boxing and mixed martial arts fights, there are three judges.
In a "ten-point system", a judge must award the fighter whom they judged as having "won the round" ten points, while the other fighter receives nine points or less. If a judge feels that there was no clear winner in a round, they must award both fighters ten points. This does not include point deductions from referees; rounds where neither fighter scores ten points can occur.
At the end of the bout, each judge will tally the scores to determine which fighter had won, if any, according to the judge's tally; a fighter that "won" a majority of rounds usually emerges with more points. If a fighter ends up with a higher number of points, that fighter "won" on that judge's scorecard. A fighter has to "win" on at least two scorecards to win the fight. If neither fighter "won" on at least two scorecards, the match is a draw; in championship fights, the champion usually retains the title in a draw, if not, it is "vacated" - the title belongs to no fighter and is vacant. The scores do not necessarily have to be identical in unanimous decisions.
Summary
In the table below, the bout is fought by fighters from the blue and red corners and no knockouts occurred.
Other decisions
Knockout (KO): It occurs when a fighter falls to the ground legally due to strikes, and does not answer the referee's count. A referee can immediately call a knockout without counting if they have determined strikes have rendered a fighter unconscious, and/or otherwise unable to respond to the count.
A technical knockout (TKO) occurs when the referee stops a fight because they have determined one of the fighters can no longer meaningfully defend themselves, or has sustained damage that renders them unable to meaningfully defend themselves.
Technical decision: It happens when a fight has to be stopped because of a headbutt. If the fight has exceeded a certain number of rounds, the judges' scorecards can be used to determine a winner, as above.
Technical draw: It occurs when the judges' can not determine a winner when the fight goes to the scorecards due to a headbutt.
No contest: It is used to describe a fight that ends for external reasons, which does not result in a win, a loss or a draw.
Referee technical decision: It happens when, during any rest period between rounds, a boxer refuses to continue or their corner pulls them out, thereby forcing the referee to call an end to the fight.
Disqualification: It happens when a bout is stopped short of knockout or judges' decision because, intentionally, one or both contestants have repeatedly flagrantly fouled an opponent or violated other rules. The disqualified boxer automatically loses the bout to the opponent.
In double disqualifications the result is usually declared a no contest regardless of round.
Submission: It happens when a fighter gives in to the opponent. The fighter who gives in loses the fight.
A technical submission is ruled when the referee or doctor stops the fight because a fighter is unable to continue in combat. This usually happens if a submission move renders a fighter unconscious before they can submit, or if they suffer an injury due to a submission move.
Boxing rules and regulations
Sports rules and regulations | wiki |
The fourth generation Ford Thunderbird is a large personal luxury car produced by Ford for the 1964 to 1966 model years. This generation of the Thunderbird was restyled in favor of a more squared-off, "formal" look. The only remnant of the Thunderbird's former sporty image was the fact that the standard 390-cubic-inch V8 engine needed nearly 11 seconds to push the heavy T-bird to 60 mph (97 km/h). The softly sprung suspension allowed considerable body lean, wallow, and float on curves and bumps. Contemporary testers felt that the Buick Riviera, Pontiac Grand Prix and Chrysler 300K were substantially more roadworthy cars, but the Thunderbird retained its leading market share.
Models
The revised model was initially offered as a hardtop, convertible, Sports Roadster with dealer-installed tonneau cover and wire wheels, and Landau with vinyl roof, simulated landau irons, and wood grain interior appointments. Total 1964 sales were excellent at 92,465 units, up nearly fifty per cent from the previous year, but the popularity of the Sports Roadster continued to decline, with only 50 Sports Roadster sold from the factory. The 1964 Thunderbird was the only model of this generation to have the word 'Thunderbird' spelled out on the front hood instead of a chrome Thunderbird emblem. The only transmission available was the Cruise-O-Matic MX 3 speed automatic. The listed retail price for the 1964 two-door hardtop coupe was US$4,486 ($ in dollars ),
Several features intended for the new generation were delayed until 1965, when front disc brakes became standard equipment and sequential turn signals which flashed three bulbs in the broad, horizontal tail lights from inside to outside were added; the latter had been delayed by vehicle lighting regulations in the United States. Exterior trim was revised, including a new grille, Thunderbird emblem replacing the block letters on the front edge of the hood, simulated front fender vent trim, revised Thunderbird scripts now located on the rear edge of the quarter panels, and revised taillight lens trim and a single center emblem replacing the dual lens birds and block letters respectively. The popular "Tilt-Away" steering column continued, and was a Thunderbird recognized feature that was later shared on other upper-level Ford Products. Sales, impacted by increasing competition, including cannibalism by Ford's own newly introduced, and more affordable Mustang, dipped to 74,972. Again, the Cruise-O-Matic MX automatic was the only transmission available.
Convertibles borrowed the opening mechanism from the all-new Lincoln Continental where the trunklid would open electrically in a single piece, hinged at the back of the vehicle, then the fabric top would fold down and disappear beneath the trunklid. The mechanism was originally used on the Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner hardtop convertible of the late 1950s. Opening the trunk on convertibles for storage required that the lid be opened electrically, without deploying or retracting the folding convertible top.
For 1966, the 390-cubic-inch V8's power was increased to . The larger 428-cubic-inch (7.0 L) V-8 became optional, rated at and providing a notable improvement in 0-60 mph acceleration to about 9 seconds. All models featured a new front clip. A flatter hood, re-shaped front fenders, new headlight buckets, new egg crate grille with large Thunderbird emblem, new bumper guards, a single bumper bar, and painted roll pan replaced the previous two model year's two-piece front bumper. The rear taillights were revised, now a 3 piece unit going the full width across the rear, the backup light now located in the center section replaced the formerly rear roll pan mounted lamps.
A new Town Sedan model was offered, which featured a roof with blind quarter panels for a more 'formal' look, at the cost of rear visibility, and removed the retractable side window for rear passengers which were offered only on the Hardtop Coupe and Convertible. The Landau trim package added to the Town Sedan a padded roof and landau S-bars. It became by far the best-selling model, accounting for 35,105 units of the 1966 model year's 69,176 units sold. The transmission used on early build 390 V8 equipped T-Birds was the Cruise-O-Matic MX, however late build 390 and all 428 V8 equipped T-Birds had the new C6 3 speed automatic installed.
Films and Popular Culture
A black 1964 Thunderbird convertible had a notable role in the TV series Highlander: The Series as protagonist Duncan Macleod’s main mode of transportation. A white 1964 Thunderbird convertible was used by Felix Leiter in a chase scene in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger, starring Sean Connery. Another appears briefly in the 1965 James Bond film Thunderball.
A gold 1966 Town Landau was driven by Dean Martin as Matt Helm in the 1966 film Murderers' Row. It featured several gadgets including the ability to display a scrolling message which ran across the tail-lights. The driver could dictate what they wanted to appear there into a microphone. A green 1966 Thunderbird convertible was prominently featured in the 1991 Ridley Scott film Thelma and Louise, starring Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis, a red 1966 Thunderbird convertible was featured in the 1983 film The Outsiders which was directed by Francis Ford Coppola, and a black 1965 Thunderbird Convertible was featured in the David Lynch film Wild at Heart, starring Nicolas Cage and Laura Dern. A black 1965 Thunderbird Landau was featured at the start of the Nintendo Power video N64: Change the System. It was shown transporting the three gamers to Nintendo of America headquarters for a first-hand sneak preview of Nintendo 64.
A 1964 Thunderbird Convertible was briefly seen in the Twilight Zone episode "Come Wander With Me" (S5 E34), originally broadcast on May 22, 1964.
Production totals
References
External links
1965 427 Thunderbird
004
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Coupés
Convertibles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Cars introduced in 1964
Cars discontinued in 1966
Personal luxury cars | wiki |
Self Explanatory may refer to:
Self Explanatory (I-20 album), 2004
Self Explanatory (Classified album), 2009 | wiki |
Two Fisted Justice – film statunitense del 1924 diretto da Dick Hatton
Two Fisted Justice – film statunitense del 1931 diretto da George Arthur Durlam
Two Fisted Justice – film statunitense del 1943 diretto da Robert Emmett Tansey | wiki |
Masala ou massala (en hindi ou ; en ; en ) est un terme utilisé dans les cuisines d'Asie du Sud, notamment indienne ou pakistanaise, pour désigner un mélange d'épices. Un masala peut être une combinaison d'épices séchées ou une pâte faite d'un mélange d'épices et d'autres ingrédients comme de la pâte d'ail, de gingembre, d'oignon ou de piment.
Il existe de nombreux masalas différents. Le garam masala est souvent utilisé pour les currys. De nos jours, ils sont souvent disponibles en sachets déjà préparés.
Notes et références
Annexes
Articles connexes
Cuisine indienne
Curry
Cuisine indienne
Cuisine pakistanaise
Mélange d'épices | wiki |
Cyphopods, also known as vulvae, are paired sacs in female millipedes that located on the underside of the third body segment that store sperm and connect to the oviduct. Cyphopods are sclerotized, and usually hidden behind a small opening. Despite the connotation of the suffix -pod (generally referring to legs or feet), cyphopds are not derived from walking legs.
References
Myriapod anatomy
Animal female reproductive system
Sex organs
Millipedes | wiki |
The King of Fighters EX2: Howling Blood est un jeu vidéo de combat développé et édité par Marvelous Entertainment, sorti en 2003 sur Game Boy Advance. Il fait suite à The King of Fighters EX: Neo Blood.
C'est une adaptation de The King of Fighters 2000.
Système de jeu
Accueil
Notes et références
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2003
Jeu Game Boy Advance
Jeu vidéo de combat
Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
The King of Fighters
Jeu Marvelous
Jeu Atlus
Jeu Acclaim Entertainment | wiki |
This is a sub-list from List of doping cases in sport representing a full list of surnames starting with U.
References
U | wiki |
Countess of Berg
House of Berg, 1077–1248
House of Limburg, 1248–1384
House of Jülich, 1384–1389
None
Duchess of Berg
House of Jülich, 1389–1511
House of La Marck, 1511–1609
House of Wittelsbach, 1614–1806
Grand Duchess of Berg and Cleves
House of Bonaparte, 1806–1813
See also
List of consorts of Cleves
List of consorts of Jülich
List of Rhenish consorts
List of Bavarian consorts
Berg
Berg | wiki |
A Nixie is a name given by the United States Postal Service to a piece of mail which is undeliverable as addressed. It is derived from "nix", English slang for the German nichts ("nothing"), and "-ie", an item or a thing. ("Nix" used in English c. 1780–1790, "Nixie" c. 1880–1885.)
In the 20th century, the term "Nixie clerk" referred to a postal employee who determined what to do with undeliverable items, which were not just poorly addressed mail, but ranged from torn-open envelopes of photographs, to lost and found wallets dropped into a mailbox. More recently, the USPS National Change Of Address (NCOA) Service provided data to mailers with scoring on how close a match the name and address are to something actually forwardable or deliverable, which were referred to as "Nixie Codes".
The USPS distinguishes a Nixie from other address errors in that the mail piece is always returned to the sender, whereas a change of address could either be forwarded or returned to the sender with a correction or notification. In the early 21st century the word began to be printed in the upper left corner of yellow labels generated by the USPS's Postal Automated Redirection System (PARS).
With the advent of e-mail messages, the term receives wider use, and address changes are registered in what may be called the "Nixie list".
References
External links
PARS description
Address Change Service & Nixie Codes
United States Postal Service | wiki |
A vulva (plural: vulvas or vulvae) is the region containing external genital organs on female mammals.
Vulva may also refer to:
In zoology:
The cyphopod, or vulva, an internal genital structure in female millipedes
In nematodes, the external opening of the female reproductive system
In spiders, the spermatheca and associated ducts of the female reproductive system (also known as internal epigyne or internal genitalia)
Other:
Vulva (band), an English techno duo
See also
Volva (disambiguation)
Ulva (disambiguation)
Vagina (disambiguation) | wiki |
The World of William Clissold é um romance de H.G.Wells lançado originalmente em 1926.
World of William Clissold
World of William Clissold
World of William Clissold | wiki |
Lynceus or Lynkeus may refer to:
Lynceus of Samos, Greek writer
Josef Popper-Lynkeus (1838-1922), Austrian scholar and inventor
Lynceus, name of multiple Greek mythological figures.
Lynceus (crustacean), a crustacean genus | wiki |
US Open désigne plusieurs tournois annuels ayant lieu aux États-Unis :
US Open de tennis ;
US Open de golf ;
US Open of Surfing ;
US Open (squash) ;
United States Scrabble Open ;
US Open (athlétisme) ;
US Open Swing Dance (compétition de danse) ;
US Open (taekwondo). | wiki |
This is a sub-list from List of doping cases in sport representing a full list of surnames starting with V.
References
V | wiki |
Demolition ball may refer to:
Whirlyball
A wrecking ball | wiki |
Breakfast Time may refer to:
Breakfast Time (1957 TV program), early morning TV program hosted by Wee Willie Webber broadcast on WFIL-TV in Philadelphia from 1957 to 1963
Breakfast Time (British TV programme), a breakfast television programme, broadcast in the UK on BBC1 between 1983 and 1989.
Breakfast Time (1993 TV program), a breakfast television series broadcast on the American FX channel between 1993 and 1996
Breakfast Time (painting), an oil painting completed in 1887 by Swedish artist Hanna Pauli
"Breakfast Time", a song by Orange Juice on their Rip It Up album | wiki |
Baby talk is a simplified form of language used by adults when speaking to babies.
Baby talk may also refer to:
Speech of babies
Babbling, a stage where an infant utters sounds of language, but not yet any recognizable words
Baby language, the language of babies
Infantile speech, a speech disorder
Media and entertainment
Babytalk (magazine), an American magazine targeted at new parents
Baby Talk (TV series), a 1991 American sitcom
"Baby Talk" (Jan and Dean song), 1959
"Baby Talk" (Alisha song), 1985
"Baby Talk" (How I Met Your Mother), a 2010 sixth-season episode How I Met Your Mother
Baby Talk, a series of five mixtapes from DaBaby released between 2017 and 2018 (see his mixtapes discography) | wiki |
Generic access may refer to:
Generic Access Network
Generic access profile | wiki |
Anthoxanthum gracile is an ornamental plant.
References
Pooideae
Flora of Malta | wiki |
A contrived tenancy is a term used in British housing law to describe a situation where a tenancy is created in order to take advantage of the housing benefit system. Contrived tenancies can occur where a family member 'rents' to a family member but on a non-commercial basis. Contrived tenancies also exist if a landlord only asks for rent when a tenant is not working and so entitled to Housing Benefit but not when a tenant is working.
References
Housing in the United Kingdom
Tenancies in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Cloide Everett Brehm (March 23, 1889 – July 25, 1971) was the 15th president of the University of Tennessee, serving in that position from 1946 until his retirement in 1959. He was born in Newville, Pennsylvania and died in Knoxville, Tennessee.
References
Leaders of the University of Tennessee Knoxville | wiki |
Adscript (from Latin , "on" or "to", and , "to write") means something written after, as opposed to subscript which means written under.
A laborer was called an "adscript of the soil" () when he could be sold or transferred with the land, as under feudal villeinage and with serfdom in the Russian Empire until 1861.
See also
Iota adscript
Notes
Typography
Feudalism | wiki |
The name Dalila, or earlier Dalilia, has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Tropical Storm Dalilia (1983), never affected land
Hurricane Dalilia (1989), passed just south of the Hawaiian Islands
Tropical Storm Dalila (1995), did not make landfall
Hurricane Dalila (2001), passed directly over Socorro Island as a tropical storm
Tropical Storm Dalila (2007), passed over Socorro Island
Hurricane Dalila (2013), made some impact on the western shore of Mexico and then shifted westward out to sea
Tropical Storm Dalila (2019), never threatened land
Pacific hurricane set index articles | wiki |
The following are lists of occupations grouped by category.
Arts and entertainment
List of artistic occupations
List of dance occupations
List of entertainer occupations
List of film and television occupations
List of theatre personnel
List of writing occupations
Business administration
List of corporate titles
List of investing and finance occupations
Industrial and manufacturing
List of industrial occupations
List of metalworking occupations
List of railway industry occupations
List of sewing occupations
Law enforcement and armed forces
Science and technology
List of computer occupations
List of engineering branches
List of healthcare occupations
List of scientific occupations
Service
List of professional driver types
+ | wiki |
Mike contre-attaque ! (titre original : Stupid White Men and other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation) est un essai du documentariste américain Michael Moore publié en 2001.
Le livre est une charge contre l'administration de Bush fils que Moore accuse de coup d'État, d'enrichissement personnel et d'incompétence.
C'est également une critique du système américain tout entier et il dénonce entre autres l'inégalité des classes sociales, les méfaits de l'Amérique sur la planète, la politique extérieure, les magouilles financières, etc.
Michael Moore a prolongé Mike contre-attaque ! au cinéma sous le titre Fahrenheit 9/11.
Ce livre fut parodié aux États-Unis par Michael Moore is a big fat stupid white man ("Michael Moore est un gros homme blanc stupide"), ouvrage qui n'a jamais été publié en France.
Notes et références
Essai américain
Essai paru en 2001
Michael Moore | wiki |
This is a list of writing occupations organized alphabetically. These are positions, jobs and occupations that typically entail creative, entertaining or informational writing.
Author
Blogger
Book coach
Commissioning editor
Copy editor
Creative consultant
Dog writer
Freelancer
Ghostwriter
Griot
Hack writer
Infopreneur
Investigative Journalist
Journalist
Literary editor
Manuscript format
Medical writing
Novelist
Poet
Polygraph (author)
Review
Screenwriter
Scribe
Script coordinator
Script doctor
Scrivener
Songwriter
Speechwriter
Staff writer
Technical writer
Website content writer
Writer
Writing | wiki |
Agatha: Coven of Chaos is an upcoming American television series created by Jac Schaeffer for the streaming service Disney+, based on the Marvel Comics character Agatha Harkness. It is intended to be part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) produced by Marvel Studios, sharing continuity with the films of the franchise, and is a spin-off from the series WandaVision (2021). Schaeffer serves as head writer and the series' lead director. The series is also produced by 20th Television.
Kathryn Hahn reprises her role as Agatha Harkness from WandaVision, with Debra Jo Rupp also starring. Development of the series had begun by October 2021, with Schaeffer and Hahn attached, and it was formally announced the next month. The series was titled Agatha: Coven of Chaos in July 2022, with Schaeffer, Gandja Monteiro, and Rachel Goldberg set as directors in early 2023 ahead of filming. A number of additional actors from WandaVision reprise their roles in Coven of Chaos. Filming began in mid-January 2023, at Trilith Studios in Atlanta, Georgia, and will last until late April.
Agatha: Coven of Chaos is scheduled to premiere on Disney+ in late 2023 or early 2024, and will consist of nine episodes. It will be part of Phase Five of the MCU.
Cast and characters
Kathryn Hahn as Agatha Harkness: A powerful witch who had masqueraded as "Agnes", Wanda Maximoff and Vision's "nosy neighbor" within the fictional WandaVision sitcom.
Debra Jo Rupp as Sharon Davis: A Westview, New Jersey resident who played "Mrs. Hart" in the fictional WandaVision sitcom.
Reprising their roles from WandaVision (2021) as Westview residents are Emma Caulfield Ford as Sarah Proctor, who played "Dottie Jones" in the WandaVision sitcom, David Payton as John Collins / "Herb", David Lengel as Sarah's husband Harold Proctor / "Phil Jones", Asif Ali as Abilash Tandon / "Norm", and Amos Glick as a pizza delivery man cast as "Dennis". Also reprising their WandaVision roles are Kate Forbes as Agatha's mother, Evanora Harkness, and Brian Brightman as the Eastview, New Jersey sheriff. Joe Locke, Aubrey Plaza, Ali Ahn, Maria Dizzia, Sasheer Zamata, Patti LuPone, Miles Gutierrez-Riley, and Okwui Okpokwasili have been cast in undisclosed roles.
Production
Development
In August 2019, at Disney's biennial convention D23, Kathryn Hahn was announced as cast in the role of Agnes, Wanda Maximoff and Vision's neighbor in the Marvel Studios Disney+ series WandaVision (2021). That series' seventh episode revealed that "Agnes" was actually Agatha Harkness, a character from the Marvel Comics. In May, WandaVision head writer Jac Schaeffer signed a three-year overall television deal with Marvel Studios and 20th Television to develop additional projects for the studios' Disney+ content. By October 2021, a "dark comedy" spin-off from WandaVision centered on Hahn's Harkness was in early development for that service from Marvel Studios, with Schaeffer returning from WandaVision as writer and executive producer. Hahn's involvement was part of a larger deal she signed with Marvel Studios to reprise the role in additional series and films. During the Disney+ Day event the following month, the series was officially announced as Agatha: House of Harkness. It was renamed to Agatha: Coven of Chaos by July 2022. Schaeffer was revealed to also be serving as a director of the series by that November, and Gandja Monteiro was revealed to also be directing the following month. They were both confirmed in January 2023 along with Rachel Goldberg as another director, with Schaeffer directing multiple episodes. Marvel Studios' Kevin Feige, Louis D'Esposito, and Brad Winderbaum also serve as executive producers. 20th Television also produces the series.
Writing
Peter Cameron, Cameron Squires, Laura Donney, and Megan McDonnell are working on the series, all returning from WandaVision, alongside Laura Monti, Giovanna Sarquis, and Jason Rostovsky.
Casting
Hahn was expected to reprise her role in the series with the reveal of its development in October 2021, which was confirmed with the series' official announcement a month later. Emma Caulfield Ford revealed in October 2022 that she would reprise her role as Sarah Proctor / "Dottie Jones" from WandaVision. In November, Joe Locke, Aubrey Plaza, Ali Ahn, Maria Dizzia, and Sasheer Zamata joined the cast in undisclosed roles. Locke was reported to be the male lead of the series, which Deadline Hollywood described as a "gay teen with a dark sense of humor", while Plaza was reported to portray a villain role, and Ahn and Dizzia were reported to be portraying witch characters. Zamata was set for a recurring role. The following month, Patti LuPone joined the cast, also reportedly as a witch.
In January 2023, Debra Jo Rupp, David Payton, David Lengel, Asif Ali, Amos Glick, Brian Brightman, and Kate Forbes were revealed to be appearing in the series, reprising their respective roles from WandaVision as Sharon Davis / "Mrs. Hart", John Collins / "Herb", Harold Proctor / "Phil Jones", Abilash Tandon / "Norm", a pizza delivery man cast as "Dennis", the Eastview, New Jersey sheriff, and Agatha's mother Evanora Harkness. Miles Gutierrez-Riley and Okwui Okpokwasili were also cast in the series.
Filming
Principal photography began on January 17, 2023, at Trilith Studios in Atlanta, Georgia, with Schaeffer, Monteiro, and Goldberg directing episodes of the series. Caleb Heymann served as the cinematographer. The series is filmed under the working title My Pretty. It is expected to last until April 28, 2023.
Music
In January 2023, Hahn hinted at the inclusion of songs in the series, much like the original songs featured in WandaVision such as "Agatha All Along".
Release
Agatha: Coven of Chaos is scheduled to premiere on Disney+ in late 2023 or early 2024, and will consist of nine episodes. By February 2023, amid Disney and Marvel Studios re-evaluating their content output, Secret Invasion and the second season of Loki were believed to be the only "sure bets" to debut in 2023. It will be part of Phase Five of the MCU.
References
External links
at Marvel.com
2020s American television series
2020s American black comedy television series
2020s American superhero comedy television series
American television spin-offs
Disney+ original programming
English-language television shows
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five television series
Television series about witchcraft
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television series by Marvel Studios
Television shows based on works by Jack Kirby
Television shows based on works by Stan Lee
Television shows filmed in Atlanta
Upcoming television series
WandaVision
Works by Jac Schaeffer | wiki |
V6 is a silver level dance pattern of the quickstep International Standard Ballroom dance syllabus. The couple moves diagonally to the center (DC) and then diagonally to the wall (DW), thus sweeping a V-shape on the floor.
Footwork
The pattern starts with the leader backing DC, e.g., after the first part of the quarter turns: the back lock (SQQS) is performed, followed by the change of the direction on counts SQQ (leader's steps: left foot back (follower steps outside partner), right foot back with a quarter turn to the left, left foot forward facing DW), followed by a slow step outside partner, e.g., into the forward lock (SQQS). Essentially a back lock followed by an outside change.
Leader (man)
Follower (lady)
Preceding and following figures
Possible preceding figures: Anything ending with Man's weight on left foot, backing diagonal centre - such as:
"SQQ" of the quarter turns
Natural spin turn (SQQSSS) ending DC, the last S being the first S of the V6.
Possible following figures: Anything beginning with the man's step on right foot outside partner, such as:
Forward lock step
Forward pepperpot
Left scatter chasses
References
Social dance steps
Quickstep | wiki |
Paul Goldman may refer to:
Paul Goldman (director), Australian film director, screenwriter and cinematographer
Paul Goldman (politician), American politician in Virginia
Paul T. Goldman, a comedic docuseries created by Jason Woliner | wiki |
"Baby Come Home" is a 2012 song by British post-grunge band Bush from their fifth album The Sea of Memories. It was released as the third single on 17 January 2012.
Music video
The music video was directed by Gavin Rossdale's brother-in-law Todd Stefani. It is available on Bush's VEVO account.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2012 singles
Bush (British band) songs
Songs written by Gavin Rossdale
2012 songs
Song recordings produced by Bob Rock | wiki |
The Khassonké (CAH-KES-SON-QUE) are an ethnic group of Mali's Kayes Region. Descendants of the Fula and Malinké Khasso kingdoms, they speak the Khassonke/Xaasongaxango language, a Manding language similar to Bambara.
Their traditional musical instruments are the dundunba (a big cylindrical drum with two skins), the jingò (a small cylindrical drum with two skins), the tantanwò (a small drum), the tamandinwo (an aisselle drum), as well as lutes and harps and hunters' whistles.
External links
Khassonké resource site
ethnologue.com:Khassonké
khassonke music, song, and dance
Ethnic groups in Mali
Kayes | wiki |
Coquito meaning "Little Coconut" in Spanish is a traditional Christmas drink that originated in Puerto Rico. The coconut-based alcoholic beverage is similar to eggnog, and is sometimes referred to as Puerto Rican Eggnog (though incorrectly, as coquito does not call for eggs). The mixed drink is made with Puerto Rican rum, coconut milk, cream of coconut, sweetened condensed milk, vanilla, nutmeg, clove, and cinnamon.
History
Coquito was originally found in Puerto Rico. However, drinks similar to coquito are found throughout the Caribbean. There are two different theories about the origin of the drink. Some believe the person who created coquito is unknown along with how the recipe began.
Others say that the drink was brought to the Caribbean by the Spanish during Puerto Rico's colonial period. The Spanish took their version of eggnog and combined it with the local rum, creating coquito. As they continued to travel and settle in other areas, the drink followed them, with different variations around the Caribbean. The variations are very similar to what they considered the original recipe: milk and sugar. Although this was seen as the original ingredient, Puerto Rico altered it by adding coconut.
The recipe has 4 main ingredients but is not limited to these:
Coconut milk
Coconut cream
Puerto Rican rum
Sweetened condensed milk.
The Puerto Rican mixed drink resembles eggnog and is usually served after dinner in a shot glass. Some prepare the drink with eggs while others don't. The drink is known to be sweet and strong (with rum).
Many families have their own variations of the recipe that are passed down through generations. The drink will be seen as early as Thanksgiving and as late as . That being said the drink makes its main appearance during the Christmas season.
Coquito has become much more popular recently. Some supermarkets and grocery stores sell pre-made bottles of coquito. Along with being in stores, there are competitions like Coquito Masters, which is an annual competition at the Museo del Barrio in New York City.
Jimmy Fallon is reportedly a fan, and has mentioned the drink occasionally in episodes of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. David Begnaud, regularly associated to Puerto Rico by his coverage of Hurricane Maria and other events on the island, famously served the hosts and staff of CBS This Morning with several bottles of coquito on the show's 2021 New Year's Eve broadcast.
Variations
There are many variations of coquito based on location and family traditions. Although all these variations are unique in their own way, they all have one thing in common, and that generally is rum, although some prefer to make it with another alcohol such as the Spanish liquor 43. Some recipes include egg yolks, similar to eggnog, alternatively called literally coconut punch also known as .
Other flavorings can be added. Star anise, pistachio milk, oat milk, coffee, nutella, masala chai, cream cheese, banana, and strawberries are most popular.
made for Thanksgiving with pumpkin pie spice and pumpkin purée.
blends Puerto Rico's national drink with its national holiday drink. The basic coquito recipe is blended with pineapple juice, maraschino cherries, lime zest, heavy cream, and bitters.
In Arecibo, coquito made with lemon zest, honey, vanilla, and ginger with no spices was once popular. The honey replaced sweetened condensed milk.
Pitorro rum ranges from 80 to 100 proof. Pittorro is also used to make coquito. In this case, coquito made with pittorro is served in shot glasses sprinkled with cinnamon and nutmeg.
Preparation
Depending on the ingredient of choice, coquito can be prepared over the stovetop or in a blender.
Gently cooking the ingredients thickens the drink, keeps it from separating, and gives it a longer shelf life. This method usually contains eggs. Rum, vanilla, and other extracts are added after it cools.
Adding all ingredients with ground spices to the blender makes a fast alternative with no eggs. This usually results in the drink separating after a few minutes and the fat from the coconut solidifying, causing a chunky coquito with lumps.
Coquito is poured into glass bottles with one or two cinnamon sticks.
After coquito is prepared and chilled for a few hours it is ready to be served but best made two weeks or more in advance for full flavor.
Events
El Museo del Barrio in New York City hosts an annual coquito tasting contest called Coquito Masters on Three Kings Day in January. The competition was first established in 2002 and continues each year.
Other
is a drink made in Puerto Rico for the holidays. The drink is made from guava paste cooked with cream cheese, evaporated milk, condensed milk, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, and vanilla; rum is added once cooled. Coconut milk, coconut cream, and egg yolks can also be added.
References
Christmas food
Cocktails with rum
Mixed drinks
Puerto Rican cuisine
Cocktails with milk
Cocktails with coconut
Three-ingredient cocktails
Creamy cocktails | wiki |
A wooden horse, Chevalet (as it was called in Spain), Spanish donkey or cavaletto squarciapalle, is a torture device, of which there exist two variations; both inflict pain by using the subject's own weight by keeping the legs open, tied with ropes from above, while lowering down the subject. The French called this instrument the chevalet, from the French diminutive of cheval, horse.
Torture device
The first variation of the wooden horse is a triangular device with one end of the triangle pointing upward, mounted on a sawhorse-like support. The victim is made to straddle the triangular "horse." Weights or additional restraints were often added to keep the victim from falling off. A punishment similar to this called "riding the rail" was used during the American colonial period and later. The victim was often carried through town in this predicament, often in conjunction with the punishment of tarring and feathering. The crotch could be injured and the victim left unable to walk without pain.
The Jesuit Relations say that in 1646, a man "was sentenced to make reparation, by the Civil authority, and to mount the Chevalet," and "a public blasphemer, was put on the Chevalet. He acknowledged his fault, saying that he had well deserved punishment, and came of his own accord to confess, that evening or the next day," and that another man "acted at the fort as such a glutton, that he was put on the Chevalet, on which he was ruptured."
The device was used during the American Civil War by Union guards against their Confederate prisoners:
The History Channel documentary Eighty Acres of Hell describes a torture device, "the mule", on which Confederate prisoners were forced to ride until they passed out; many were crippled for life.
The device was also used by Union officers as an entertaining way to discipline troops, and on freedmen and women after the Civil War.
References
External links
European instruments of torture
Medieval instruments of torture | wiki |
Plejone – w mitologii greckiej jedna z Okeanid, matka Plejad
Plejone – gwiazda w Plejadach, w gwiazdozbiorze Byka
Zobacz też
Pleione – rodzaj roślin z rodziny storczykowatych
Taudactylus pleione – gatunek płaza z rodziny żółwinkowatych | wiki |
This is a list of awards and accolades awarded to Raven-Symoné.
BET Comedy Awards
|-
| 2004 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series||
|-
| 2005 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ||
|-
| 2005 || Kim Possible: So the Drama || Best Performance in an Animated Theatrical Film ||
|}
Black Reel Awards
|-
| 2004 || The Cheetah Girls || Television: Best Actress ||
|}
Daytime Emmy Awards
|-
| 2016 || The View || Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host ||
|-
| 2017 || The View || Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host ||
|-
| 2018 || Raven's Home || Outstanding Performer in a Children's Program ||
|}
Gracie Allen Awards
|-
| 2005 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Female Lead in a Comedy ||
|}
Kids' Choice Awards
|-
| 2002 || Dr. Dolittle 2 || Favorite Female Movie Star ||
|-
| 2004
|rowspan= 5| That's So Raven
|rowspan= 5| Favorite Television Actress
|
|-
| 2005
|
|-
| 2006
|
|-
| 2007
|
|-
| 2008
|
|-
| 2019 ||rowspan=4| Raven's Home ||rowspan=3|Favorite Female TV Star ||
|-
| 2020 ||
|-
| 2021 ||
|-
| 2022 || Favorite Female TV Star (Kids) ||
|}
NAACP Image Awards
|-
| 1996 || Hangin' with Mr. Cooper || Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress ||
|-
| 2002 || Dr. Dolittle 2 || Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress ||
|-
| 2004 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special) ||
|-
| 2005 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special) ||
|-
| 2006 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special) ||
|-
| 2007 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special) ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2008 || That's So Raven || Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special) ||
|-
| That's So Raven || Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series ||
|-
| 2018 || Raven's Home || Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special) ||
|-
|}
NAMIC Vision Awards
|-
| 2004 || That's So Raven || Best Comedic Performance||
|-
| 2005 || That's So Raven || Best Comedic Performance ||
|-
| 2008 || That's So Raven || Best Performance - Comedy ||
|}
Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards
|-
| 2015 || A Girl Like Grace || Best Supporting Actress in a Foreign Film||
|}
Radio Disney Music Awards
|-
| 2005 || Raven-Symoné || Best Actor/Actress-Turned-Singer||
|-
| 2006 || Raven-Symoné || Favorite TV Star Who Sings||
|-
| 2006 || Raven-Symoné ||Most Stylish Singer ||
|}
Teen Choice Awards
|-
| 2004 || That's So Raven || Choice TV Actress: Comedy||
|-
| 2005 || That's So Raven || Choice TV Actress: Comedy||
|-
| 2006 || That's So Raven || TV - Choice Actress: Comedy ||
|-
| 2011 || State of Georgia ||Choice Summer TV Star: Female ||
|}
TV Land Awards
|-
| 2011 || The Cosby Show || Impact Award (to cast) ||
|}
Young Artist Awards
|-
| 1990 || The Cosby Show || Outstanding Performance by an Actress Under Nine Years of Age||
|-
| 1991 || The Cosby Show || Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Nine||
|-
| 1993 || The Cosby Show || Outstanding Actress Under Ten in a Television Series||
|-
| 1994 || Hangin' with Mr. Cooper || Best Youth Comedienne ||
|-
| 2004 || That's So Raven || Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama): Leading Young Actress ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2005 || Raven-Symoné ||Michael Landon Award ||
|-
| That's So Raven || Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series ||
|}
Young Star Awards
|-
| 1999 || Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century || Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Mini-Series/Made for TV Film ||
|}
Children's and Family Emmy Awards
|-
| 2022 || Raven's Home || Outstanding Directing for a Multiple Camera Program ||
|}
References
Lists of awards received by American actor
Awards | wiki |
A zirconia light is an intensely brilliant chemical light produced by incandescent zirconia. It is similar in design to the Drummond light (limelight), but uses a block of zirconia instead of quicklime. Both have been replaced by the electric light.
Source
Types of lamp
Zirconium
References
no author listed (1870)."New Zirconia Light", The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. 29:81-82 | wiki |
Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone is a subject that covers the postal system, postage stamps used and mail sent to and from the Panama Canal Zone from 1904 up until October 1978, after the United States relinquished its authority of the Zone in compliance with the treaty it reached with Panama.
The Canal Zone was a strip of territory long and wide across the Isthmus of Panama, and was ceded to the United States for the purpose of constructing and operating the canal which connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Upon the establishment of the Canal Zone in 1903, seventeen Post Offices had also been established and were operated by the U.S. Government. The Canal Zone and its post offices, with the main distributing office in Cristobal, operated as an independent government agency under the direct authority of the President of the United States. In the towns where there were railroad stations, the station agents of the Panama Railroad functioned as postmasters. Along with ships and freight, domestic mail and mail from around the world moved through the canal. The Canal Zone Post Office began operating and issued its first postage stamps on June 24, 1904. Initially these were the current stamps of Panama or (less often) the U.S., overprinted with 'CANAL ZONE' in various styles. Philatelists have identified over 100 varieties, some of them quite rare (and counterfeited).
First issues
The Republic of Panama was formally part of Colombia, and after it broke away from Colombia, with assistance from the United States, it established itself as a separate nation where it immediately became necessary to establish its own post offices and issue its own postage stamps. The Canal Zone Post Office was inaugurated on June 25, 1904. Beforehand the domestic rates of postage in the United States were made applicable to all possessions of the United States on June 20, 1904, which henceforth included the Canal Zone.
The first Panama stamps consisted of existing Colombian stamps, which were overprinted with Panama. These in turn were used for Canal Zone postage and were again, overprinted with CANAL ZONE with a red bar at top blocking out the name Colombia. Many varieties of the overprinting of PANAMA and CANAL ZONE exist, including doubled overprinting, complete inverts and stamps with the letter A inverted or completely missing. The coloring of the overprinting varies from violet to bluish-violet, with the overprinting measuring 18 mm. The first comprehensive study of these issues was conducted by George L. Toppan, and his classification of the various varieties that occur in these issues is the most feasible one yet presented.
The first stamps issued for Canal Zone postage consisted of three values, 2c, 5c and 10c, which were first issued on June 24, 1904, but were only used for twenty-four days, until July 17, 1904, and were removed from sale after that date. They were overprinted with a rubber handstamp. Dr. J. C. Perry, a surgeon in the U. S. Marine Hospital, and a philatelic student was stationed at Ancon at this time, whose investigations provided much information concerning this and some of the later series. In regard to the first stamp issues he said:
The first issue of stamps was authorized by executive order of the Governor of the Canal Zone, which provided that a limited number of stamps of the Panama Republic should be secured and surcharged "Canal Zone" in order to meet the demands of the postal service until the United States stamps properly surcharged could be obtained from Washington.
These first issues were carefully guarded and purchases were limited to the amount of one dollar in silver or fifty cents in U.S. currency. The executive order also cautioned anyone about buying or keeping large quantities of these stamps, as they would not be available for postage after the above date. However, this cautionary measure was unnecessary. This first series of Canal Zone overprint issues is the one with the most plentiful fakes.
1904 issues, second series
These stamps consisted of existing U.S. regular issues of 1902–1903 and were overprinted in 1904 with CANAL ZONE and PANAMA in vertical fashion, for use as Canal Zone postage: Issued in denominations of 1c, 2c, 5c 8c and 10c. Benjamin Franklin became the first historical figure to appear on Canal Zone Postage. The overprinting was conducted in Washington D.C. These were the first U.S. stamps overprinted for use in the Canal Zone, and consisted of a huge quantity on 10-million stamps. As the stamps featured American historical figures, such as Benjamin Franklin, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, they were generally not well received by the largely Panamanian population in and around the Canal Zone. These issues were briefly used for less than five months and were taken off sale as a result of the "Taft Agreement". This agreement was brought about as a result of an investigation into the protests made by Panama officials and business. These issues were in use from July 18 to December 11, 1904. Only a small percentage were actually sold, with the greater bulk of them destroyed on January 2–3, 1906, supervised by the Director of Posts, Tom M. Cooke.
Two years after they were issued they were withdrawn from sale with the remainders of all values destroyed on January 2 and 3, 1906. Their withdrawal was arranged through an agreement between the Secretary of War, William Taft, and the Government of the Republic of Panama. The arrangement between the two governments resulted in many varieties for two reasons: One was due to the fact that the Canal Zone surcharge was printed on small quantities of stamps, with copper faced type which was reset at least five times for some of the values. The other was because many of the stamps used were those which had already been surcharged by the Panama authorities, and which were again surcharged with the Canal
Zone overprinting. The last of these overprints were issued in 1939.
1904 issues, third series
In 1904, the Taft agreement required that Canal Zone stamps be produced by overprinting Panama stamps, and that 40% of their face value was to be paid to Panama. Somewhat similar to the map design of the first issues of 1904, the Third Series of Canal Zone stamps went on sale December 12, 1904. This issue was first overprinted by Mr. C. Bertoncini who was the Chief of the Canal Zone Division of Map Making, and then transferred to the Printing Bureau of the Engineering Department, also known as the 'Commission Printing Office', in August 1905. The Third Series is very interesting because of the myriad combinations in the overprints. The Canal Zone Director of Posts, sent a memorandum to all postmasters instructing them to sell these stamps for their face value in gold, or in Colombian silver at the rate of two for one. All the stamps in this series were overprinted in black from the same style of Canal Zone plates, in several different stages, with slight changes in the lettering for each stage. The overprinting plate was set up to overprint a full sheet of 100 stamps in one pass. new plates were brought in after several printings as needed, with each plate resulting in variations or errors in the overprinting.
8-cent surcharge
In December 1904 the Canal Zone postal authorities requested from Panama a supply of 8¢ stamps for to be employed as registration fee stamps. Panama at the time did not have an 8¢ denomination in its current series of postage, making it necessary to prepare an 8¢ surcharge stamp to existing stocks of postage stamps. To this end Panama used their regular 50¢ stamp from their current series of issues. The 8¢ surcharge was made in Panama on Colombian stamps already overprinted with a red colored bar and the word PANAMA and occurs in varying thickness and forms. There are three varieties of the '8' in the surcharge.
1906–1909 issues
Postage stamps issued in 1906–1907 were printed by the Hamilton Bank Note Engraving and Printing Co, in New York; Those issued in 1909 were issued by the American Bank Note Company. This series of stamps features portraits of statesmen, educators and other prominent men involved in Panama's early history. There were ten designs in all. Some of the issues were printed with the portrait inverted. The 1909 overprints were printed at the Isthmian Canal Commission’s Printing Office in Panama City. The overprinting in the first printing places the word CANAL near the left side of the stamp, reading upward. Successive printings were issued with CANAL at the right, reading downward. Some of the issues have missing or partially missing overprints, doubled overprints and inverted overprinting. A specialized catalog is needed to determine which values have the various oveprinting errors.
A second series of stamps was issued in 1909, honoring the same figures depicted above in the 1906 issues, with same color themes for a given stamp, but with different border designs.
1915 and 1917 pictorial issues
A set of four pictorial stamps were issued by the Canal Zone authorities on March 1, 1915 to commemorate the opening of the Panama Canal. These series of stamps were very different from any of the previous issues in both shape and design. The designs consists of a black picture (a vignette) in the center framed by a colored border design.
A second series of three pictorial commemorative stamps were issued in January 1917. On November 27, 1916, Executive Secretary McIlvaine wrote to Panama's Secretary of Foreign Affairs Narciso Garay, informing him that the official name of the cut had been changed from 'Culebra Cut' to 'Gaillard Cut' but by then the 24c stamp commemorating this had already been printed with the former title. Most of the 1917 issues were never sold and were destroyed.
1921 issues
In 1921, the Republic of Panama planned to issue a Centennial commemorative series in honor of the 100th anniversary of Panama's independence from Spain. The Canal Zone was invited to participate in a postal way and the Canal Zone's Executive Secretary was pleased to accept their invitation. By the middle of January 1924, all the stamps of the 1¢ and 2¢ denominations were nearly exhaustedwhich prompted the next production of stamps, issued that year.
1924 Coat of Arms issue
Panama had ordered the new permanent coat of arms set both for use in Panama and for the Canal Zone. When stocks of the 1¢ Vallarino stamp were nearly used up it became imperative to have a new supply of 1-cent stamps at once. The Canal Zone Postal Authority requisitioned 50,000 of the 1¢ stamp from Panama for overprinting at Mount Hope and Panama sent over the Vallarino 1¢ stamp. On January 28, 1924, these stamps were overprinted at Mount Hope. Panama was billed for the cost of this overprinting. Before Panama was sent its order for its coat of arms series from the American Bank Note Company, it sent a letter of inquiry to the Canal Zone Administration informing them of their pending order and requested estimates of Canal Zone's stamp requirements for the next year. The Canal Zone overprints were shipped from the United States in January and February 1924 and delivered to the Canal Zone. The Coat of Arms stamps were printed in denominations ranging from 1-cent to 50-cents, however, only the 1-cent and 2-cent issues were ever released for use as postage.
1924–1925 overprints
U.S. Regular Issues printed on the flat plate press in 1922 were overprinted with the words CANAL ZONE and converted to Canal Zone Postage. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing received the first order of stamps from the Canal authorities in 1924.
1928 permanent issues
On October 1, 1928, the first permanent issue Canal Zone stamp, 2 cent Goethals, was placed on sale. Other permanent issues followed, designed to honor new members of the Isthmian Canal Commission established on the Isthmus during 1907: Lieut. Col. George W. Goethals, Chairman and Chief Engineer; The denominations of the stamps honoring the various members of the Commission, were: 1¢, Gorgas, 2¢ Goethals, 10¢ Hodges, 12¢ Gaillard, 14¢ Sibert, 15¢ Smith, 20¢ Rousseau, 30¢ Williamson, and 50¢ Blackburn. Canal Zone permanent and provisional issues have since replaced all overprinted United States stamps and stamped paper.
1939 25th anniversary issues
On August 15, 1939 the Canal Zone Post Office issued a series of 16 stamps commemorating the 25th anniversary of the canal's completion, depicting "before" and "after" views of various points along the canal. Thereafter stamps appeared at an average rate of about two per year, with a commemorative set in some years and no stamps in others. The inscriptions were changed to just "CANAL ZONE" in the 1960s. This paralleled the abandonment of the word "POSTAGE" on many United States stamps, as the United States ceased to issue revenue stamps. The last such item replaced was the 2 cent postal card on November 1, 1958. In 1928, the Zone issued a definitive series inscribed "CANAL ZONE POSTAGE" depicting various persons involved in the construction of the canal, as well as a 5 cent value showing the Gaillard Cut.
1946–1949 issues
Between 1946 and 1949 five notable figures connected with the promotion and construction of the Canal Zone were commemorated on its postage.
Gold rush issues
On June 1, 1949, the Canal Zone issued four stamps commemorating the 100th anniversary of the California gold rush. Printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the stamps underscored the Isthmus of Panama's significant role as a major crossing point for gold seekers en route to California. They remained on sale until August 11, 1952, after which remaining stocks were destroyed.
1951–1960 issues
Air mail issues
The first Canal Zone air mail stamps were issued in 1928—1929, with rates of postage over-printed on existing Canal Zone permanent issue stamps, issued in 1929.
25th anniversary air mail issues
In 1938 the Canal Zone Postal Authorities issued a series of stamps commemorating the 25th Silver Jubilee anniversary of the opening of the Panama Canal, and the 10th anniversary of airmail service there. This series was printed on the flat plate printing press.
Winged globe issues
The Globe and Wing airmail stamps were issued 1951—1958 a six-stamp series replacing the Gaillard Cut permanent series with a more modern depiction of a winged airmail allegorical image. The image is superimposed on a depiction of a map of the Americas centered on the Canal Zone.
Printed on the flat plate printing press, of 1951—1958, in denominations ranging from 4-cents to 80-cents. Printed in 1963, he 8-cent Winged Globe is the only Winged Globe printed on the rotary press. The 25-cent Globe and Wing stamp, issued on August 16, 1958, intended to pay the new airmail rate on letters to Europe.
Canal Zone seal and jet, issues of 1965–1976
The Canal Zone Seal and Jet airmails were printed on the Giori press, issued in two series at intervals between 1965 and 1976. The first series (6-, 8-, 15-, 20-, 30-, and 80-cent) replaced the previous series of airmails on July 15, 1965. The 10-, 11-, and 13-cent stamps were printed to meet airmail rate changes to the United States, while the 22-, 25-, while 35-cent stamps covered the new air mail rates to the rest of the world. Each denomination in this series of twelve-stamp stamps represents a specific postal rate with the exception of the 80-cent, used to cover general and larger postage costs, usually used in conjunction with one or more of the lower rate stamps.
Postage due
For several years after the United States assumed authority of the Canal Zone and its post offices no postage due stamps had yet been issued. Letters that were lacking in sufficient postage when received at the office of delivery were simply hand stamped "postage due", with the appropriate amount due indicated. Prior to its delivery, any such letter was affixed with a postage stamp in the amount of the postage due and then cancelled in the standard fashion. Then in 1908, Gerald D. Bliss, the postmaster at Pedro Miguel post office conceived the idea of precancelling entire sheets of stamps with the Postage Due cancelling stamp. This was not official method and was done simply to save time. To save time it soon became necessary to print and use specific Postage Due stamps without having to stop and treat every such letter lacking in sufficient postage. The ten cents stamp was the one most used but all of the denominations of the 1906, 1909 and 1910 issues were precancelled in such a manner. By 1914, Postage Due stamps were finally issued. These were the current Postage Due stamps of the United States, consisting of the denominations of one, two and ten cents overprinted with the words "canal zone" in one line, diagonal fashion along the bottom area of the stamps. The regular issue of U.S. Postage Due stamps were overprinted again in 1925, with a variation in the overprint, with CANAL over the word ZONE. Postmasters in the Canal Zone received strict orders not to sell any of these stamps to the public in unused condition. These orders were apparently followed as none of the unused Postage Due stamps had surfaced.
In April, 1915, these stamps were replaced by a set of Postage Dues supplied by the Panama Government, and those remaining in
the Post Offices were called in and destroyed. The new stamps had a pleasing appearance, consisting of three values: one, two, and ten centesimos de balboa; Printed by the American Bank Note Company all three of these stamps were of the same color, olive brown.
Final years
The final years of the Canal Zone saw few stamps issued—those that were issued were mainly for new first-class postal rates (the first-class rates paralleled those of the United States) The last stamp (fifteen cents) of the Zone was issued on October 25, 1978, and depicted one of the towing locomotives and a ship in a lock. Thereafter Panama took over the administration of postal service and, after a brief transition period, Canal Zone stamps became invalid.
1975 reprints
In 1975 three stamps originally issued in 1928—1929, and one issued in 1946, were reprinted on the rotary press as coil stamps.
4-cent Thatcher Ferry Bridge
A 4-cent Thatcher Ferry Bridge commemorative stamp (Scott 157) was issued on Columbus Day, October 12, 1962, commemorating the opening of the new bridge over the Panama Canal at Balboa. (See below image, left)
Famous error
One pane of fifty stamps was released without the silver ink used to depict the Bridge. This error is likely to have made this issue the most famous Canal Zone stamp. Three additional sheets of this error were discovered in the Philatelic Agency at Balboa, which attempted to print an additional 100,000 copies in an effort to reduce its value to collectors. The sheet was unknowingly sold in a group of 5,000 to a Boston stamp dealer, H.E. Harris, who successfully sued in federal court to stop the additional printing. Today, examples of this famous error are still owned by collectors and are valued at many thousands of dollars. The National Postal Museum is in possession of two of these fifty-stamp sheets. (See below image, right)
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of the United States
Revenue stamps of the United States
Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps
Postage stamps and postal history of Panama
History of Panama
U.S. Postage stamp locator
Notes
References
Bibliography
Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms
Encyclopaedia of Postal History
External links
The first stamps of the Canal Zone.
Canal Zone Study Group
Panama Canal Zone
Philately of Panama
Canal Zone | wiki |
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