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James Payne was an English cricketer who played for Lancashire. He made one first-class appearance during the 1898 season, and at least four appearances for the Lancashire Second XI in the same year.
Payne was a lower-middle order batsman for the Second XI who played his only first-class match in the tailend. However, he failed to score a run during the match, being caught twice off the bowling of onetime English Test bowler Fred Tate.
External links
James Payne at Cricket Archive
Payne, James
Payne, James | wiki |
Double Income, No Kids Yet is a British radio sitcom written by David Spicer and originally broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from June 2001 to November 2003. There were three series of six episodes each starring David Tennant as Daniel and Elizabeth Carling as Lucy, a childless couple in a world of people with children.
Cast
David Tennant as Daniel
Elizabeth Carling as Lucy
Tony Gardner as Andy
Meera Syal (series 1) / Samantha Spiro (series 2) / Tracy-Ann Oberman (series 3) as Katie
Robert Harley as Peter
Joanna Brookes as Allison
Episodes
Series One
Series Two
Series Three
References
BBC Radio comedy programmes | wiki |
The Brazil Current is a warm water current that flows south along the Brazilian south coast to the mouth of the Río de la Plata.
Description
This current is caused by diversion of a portion of the Atlantic South Equatorial Current from where that current meets the South American continent. The Brazil Current begins at about 10–15˚S where the South Equatorial Current (SEC) splits near Cabo de São Roque, Brazil. The current reaches a depth of 700 m and the estimated transport at 12˚S is 2.5 Sv.
The transport increases as the current goes further south with 4 Sv at 15˚S. On the offshore side of the current an anticyclonic recirculation gyre at about 30˚S causes an increase of the Brazil Current’s transport. The estimated southward transport at 27˚S, 31˚S, 34˚S, and 36˚S are 11 Sv, 17 Sv, 22 Sv, and 41 Sv. The total transport can be from 70 to 80 Sv by 36˚S with half of it being in the recirculation gyre. The Brazil Current is a part of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. The southern side of the gyre consists of the eastward-flowing South Atlantic Current (SAC). The eastern boundary is the Benguela Current System (BCS). The north side consists of the SEC, which flows west and then splits with the north water becoming the North Brazil Current (NBC). The southern-flowing waters become the Brazil Current, which makes up the western boundary. It is a western boundary current like the Gulf Stream, and is its southern counterpart; however, it is considerably shallower and weaker. It flows south from the equator to the west wind drift. It joins the Falkland Current (Malvinas Current) at the Argentine Sea (see Brazil–Falkland Confluence), making it a temperate sea. The Brazil-Falkland Confluence is where the Brazil Current begins to separate from the coast at about 36˚S and is where the saltier subtropical water of the Brazil Current meets the fresher subantarctic water of the Falkland Current. The main transport of the current leaves the continental shelf at about 38˚S and the sea surface temperature at that latitude is estimated to be about 16–18˚C, although the latitude where the current separates from the coast has been thought to be farther north from July to September than from January to March. If the Falkland Current has low transport then the path of the Brazil Current is dominated by wind stress curl. However, if the Falkland Current transport is increased then the Brazil Current separates from the coast at the observed 38˚S latitude. The range of sea surface temperature and the salinity for the Brazil-Falkland Confluence is 7–18˚C and 33.6–36 psu. The Brazil Current region also contains six major water masses within the system: Upper Circumpolar Water (UCPW), Lower Circumpolar Water (LCPW), Central Water (CW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), and North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW).
References
External links
The Brazil Current
Currents of the Atlantic Ocean | wiki |
A blocker corporation is a type of C Corporation in the United States that has been used by tax exempt individuals to protect their investments from taxation when they participate in private equity or with hedge funds. In addition to tax exempt individuals, foreign investors have also used blocker corporations.
Application
Most private equity funds and hedge funds are composed as limited partnerships, or as LLCs (Limited Liability Company) which for tax purposes is considered a Limited Partnership, unless the fund formally elects to be taxed as a corporation. This allows the fund itself to avoid taxation, as each of the individual investors is taxed as a partner with respect to the share of profits attributable to the partner's personal equity interest. By comparison, a fund set up as a C Corporation would be subject to tax for its earnings, and then the limited partners would be subject to tax when they received their profit in the form of dividends distributed by the corporation. Thus, the LLC or LP format allows a fund to avoid double taxation.
When there are tax exempt investors in a fund, they are not subject to U.S. income tax, but are still required to declare and pay taxes on "Unrelated Business Taxable Income" or "UBTI". For tax exempt investors, dividends, royalties, rents, capital gains and interest income are not considered UBTI, but any money earned from conduct unrelated to the entity's tax exempt purpose is considered UBTI.
However, if a foreign investor conducts a trade or business within the United States, it is required to file a U.S. tax return and pay taxes on the same terms as a U.S. individual or corporation. In both cases, because partners are treated as earning their share of the partnership's income on a flow-through basis, they are treated as engaged in a U.S. trade or business or an unrelated business to the extent that the partnership is so engaged.
To address these issues, a private equity fund can set up a U.S. feeder corporation known as a blocker corporation. The foreign and tax exempt investors can invest through the blocker corporation, and then they are no longer personally considered to be partners, as it is the domestic corporation that is the owner of equity in the fund. For tax exempt investors, their share of the blocker corporation is considered dividend income, and thus they are not subject to tax. Foreign investors similarly avoid U.S. trade or business income tax (although they will be subject to tax in their home country on any dividends received). The blocker corporation itself is subject, however, to tax on its share of the partnership's income.
See also
Foundation (nonprofit organization)
Individual retirement account
International taxation
Pension fund
Taxation of private equity and hedge funds
References
Corporate taxation in the United States
Types of business entity
Financial services in the United States
Tax avoidance | wiki |
"Stand and Deliver" is a 1987 single by the band Mr. Mister, and is the fourth single from Go On.... The song failed to make the US Billboard Hot 100, and was the last single the band released before its breakup. This is the title track in the Edward James Olmos film Stand and Deliver. The song also appears in episodes of Miami Vice (also starring Olmos) and Daria.
Track listing
7" Single
"Stand and Deliver (Remix)" - 4:28
"Power Over Me" - 5:02
References
1987 songs
1987 singles
Mr. Mister songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Richard Page (musician)
Songs written by Steve George (keyboardist) | wiki |
Joséphine-Charlotte can refer to:
Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium (1927-2005)
Joséphine-Charlotte metro station, Brussels
Grande-Duchesse Joséphine-Charlotte Concert Hall, Philharmonie Luxembourg | wiki |
How I Met Your Mother is an American sitcom written and created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas. It was first aired on September 19, 2005 on CBS with a thirty-minute pilot episode, and finished its planned nine-year run on March 31, 2014. Set in present-day Manhattan, New York City, the series follows the social and romantic lives of Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) and his four best friends, Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel), Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders), Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris), as Ted seeks out his future wife (Cristin Milioti). The show tells this story through the framing device of "future" Ted (Bob Saget) as an unreliable narrator who is recounting to his son and daughter the events that led him to their mother. In Seasons 1–8, episodes are typically set to a similar timeline as its real-world airdate, with the season finale generally taking place in the spring and the next season premiere in the fall, usually with a quick recap of the events that took place during the summer. The final season (season 9) deviates from this format by taking place immediately after the end of the previous season and encompassing only the weekend of Barney's and Robin's wedding. The series finale covers several years that follow.
How I Met Your Mother premiered to nearly 11 million viewers and maintained a generally steady viewership. The first seven seasons are available on DVD in Region 1, 2, and 4, while the season eight DVD was released in Region 1 and 2 in October 2013. In addition, all nine seasons are currently available for streaming on Hulu and Amazon Prime and can be purchased on the Apple TV app from the iTunes Store in the US and on Disney+ in Australia.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2005–06)
Season 2 (2006–07)
Season 3 (2007–08)
Season 4 (2008–09)
Season 5 (2009–10)
Season 6 (2010–11)
Season 7 (2011–12)
Season 8 (2012–13)
Season 9 (2013–14)
Ratings
Notes
References
General references
External links
How I Met Your Mother
How I Met Your Mother | wiki |
Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin is a television show where host Jeff Corwin travels to various parts of the world and samples diverse, local foods and learns about the various methods of preparation and attainment of foods.
References
External links
Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin on FoodNetwork.com
2000s American cooking television series
2009 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
Food Network original programming
2010s American cooking television series | wiki |
Hollywood Goes Krazy is a 1932 short animated film featuring the comic strip character Krazy Kat, as well as some caricatures of well-known actors of the time.
Plot
Krazy and his spaniel girlfriend are riding in a car, heading towards Hollywood to see if they can be movie stars.
When they reach the premises of the studio, Krazy tries to enter the office of the casting director but is quickly pushed out. He reenters but is still refused. The casting director emerges from the office and notices the spaniel. The casting director finds the spaniel interesting and takes her.
The casting director takes the spaniel to a couch in a sound stage where they sit down and chat. After treating her with cigars and wine, he shows her a contract which she finds interesting. But for some reason, the casting director menacingly picks up and holds the spaniel, prompting her to shout for help.
Krazy is still standing at the studio premises until he hears the spaniel's distress calls. He, however, needs to get past the guard who would not let him go further in the studio. He tries to disguise himself as Charlie Chaplin but the guard is not fooled. He then disguises himself as Groucho Marx but the guard is still not fooled. When a real actor (Eddie Cantor) tries to get through but is also being stopped by the guard, Krazy uses this as an opportunity to sneak pass. The guard still spots and pursues him.
On the run, Krazy tries to hide behind a house with removable parts, then behind Laurel and Hardy. But with a little help from the real Charlie Chaplin who is throwing pies, Krazy finally loses the guard.
Krazy, at last, reaches the sound stage where the spaniel is in trouble. Krazy lands punches, and knocks out the villainous casting director. It turns out the scene involving the spaniel and the casting director is part of a movie scene being shot. The director is not happy with Krazy's unwanted approach. The director then picks up and slams Krazy to the ground.
See also
Krazy Kat filmography
Notes
References
External links
Hollywood Goes Krazy at The Big Cartoon DataBase
1932 films
American animated short films
American black-and-white films
1932 animated films
Krazy Kat shorts
Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles
Films set in Los Angeles
Cultural depictions of Laurel & Hardy
Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin
Columbia Pictures short films
1930s American animated films
Columbia Pictures animated short films
Screen Gems short films | wiki |
The Antilles Current is a highly variable surface ocean current of warm water that flows northeasterly past the island chain that separates the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The current results from the flow of the Atlantic North Equatorial Current. This current completes the clockwise- cycle or convection (North Atlantic Gyre) that is located in the Atlantic Ocean. It runs north of Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and Cuba, but south to the Bahamas, facilitating maritime communication from across the Atlantic into these islands' northern coasts, and connecting to the Gulf Stream at the intersection of the Florida Strait. Because of its non-dominant pace and rich-nutrient waters, fishermen across the Caribbean Islands use it to fish. It moves almost parallel to the also rich-nutrient Caribbean Current which flows south of Puerto Rico and Cuba, and over Colombia and Venezuela.
See also
References
Geography of Puerto Rico
Geography of the Dominican Republic
Geography of Haiti
Geography of Cuba
Geography of the Turks and Caicos Islands
Currents of the Atlantic Ocean | wiki |
Aluminium(II) oxide or aluminium monoxide is a compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula AlO. It has been detected in the gas phase after explosion of aluminized grenades in the upper atmosphere and in stellar absorption spectra.
Aluminium(II) oxide is one of the aluminium oxides (the most common is Aluminium oxide Al2O3), as it was the rare example of aluminium(II) compound since aluminium usually exists in its +3 oxidation state.
See also
Aluminium oxide
Aluminium(I) oxide
References
Aluminium compounds
Oxides | wiki |
Animal's Run () is a 2011 Argentine drama film written and directed by Nicolás Grosso. The film won the Jury Prize at the 2011 Buenos Aires International Independent Film Festival.
Plot
The closure of a factory produces a crisis for the owner, a father in the film who remains in the shadows, marking from there the fate of his two children, the other two main characters and protagonists: Valentine, the youngest, who lives humbly away from the family business; and Cándido, the elder, who seems better prepared for the power and violence game of business, even if it means harming his own family.
Cast
Julián Tello
Lautaro Vilo
Gonzalo Martínez
Valeria Lois
Ignacio Rogers
Marcelo Pozzi
Esteban Lamothe
References
External links
2011 films
2011 drama films
2010s Spanish-language films
Argentine drama films
2010s Argentine films | wiki |
Aluminium oxides or aluminum oxides are a group of inorganic compounds with formulas including aluminium (Al) and oxygen (O).
Aluminium(I) oxide ()
Aluminium(II) oxide () (aluminium monoxide)
Aluminium(III) oxide (aluminium oxide), (), the most common form of aluminium oxide, occurring on the surface of aluminium and also in crystalline form as corundum, sapphire, and ruby. | wiki |
Dentifrices, including toothpowder and toothpaste, are agents used along with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth. They are supplied in paste, powder, gel, or liquid form. Many dentifrices have been produced over the years, some focusing on marketing strategies to sell products, such as offering whitening capabilities. The most essential dentifrice recommended by dentists is toothpaste which is used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help remove food debris and dental plaque. Dentifrice is also the French word for toothpaste.
Types
Toothpaste
Toothpaste is a dentifrice used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help maintain oral hygiene. The essential components are an abrasive, binder, surfactant and humectant. Other ingredients are also used. The main purpose of the paste is to help remove debris and plaque with some marketed to serve accessory functions such as breath freshening and teeth whitening.
Tooth powder
Tooth powder was historically used among the Romans to clean and whiten teeth, to fix them when loose, to strengthen the gums, and to assuage toothache. They made tooth powder from a variety of substances, such as the bones, hoofs, and horns of certain animals; crabs; oyster and murex shells; and egg-shells. These ingredients were reduced to a fine powder, sometimes after having been previously burnt. Some versions contained honey, ground myrrh, nitre, salt, and hartshorn, which would be added after the initial powdering process. Pliny the Elder reported the use of pounded pumice as a dentifrice. Arguably the best-known mention of tooth care among the Romans is found in a letter by Apuleius, who complains that using tooth powder is nothing to be ashamed of, especially compared to the "utterly repulsive things they do in Spain." Apuleius quotes Catullus in saying that he would be using his own urine "to brush his teeth and his red gums."
By 1924, diatomaceous earth was mined for tooth powder. In modern times, baking soda has been the most commonly used tooth powder.
The use of powdered substances such as charcoal, brick, and salt for cleaning teeth has been historically widespread in India, particularly in rural areas. Modern tooth powder has been positioned as a cost-effective substitute for toothpaste, as it can be applied with the index finger without requiring use of a toothbrush.
Mouthwash
Mouthwashes come in a variety of compositions, many claiming to kill bacteria that make up plaque or to freshen breath. In their basic form, they are usually recommended for use after brushing but some manufacturers recommend pre-brush rinsing. Dental research has recommended that mouthwash should be used as an aid to brushing rather than a replacement, because the sticky resistant nature of plaque prevents it from being actively removed by chemicals alone, and physical detachment of the sticky proteins is required.
See also
List of toothpaste brands
References
Oral hygiene
Dentifrices | wiki |
A Certified Quality Auditor (CQA) is a professional that knows and employs the standards and principles associated with auditing. A CQA is capable of using various evaluation techniques to identify a production system's strengths and weaknesses in quality control.
A quality audit is a process that involves the systematic identification and examination of a production quality system. A Certified Quality Auditor must analyze all elements of a quality system and assess its degree of adherence to the applicable industry criteria. This is described in detail in Russell.
Formal CQA certification is given by the American Society for Quality (ASQ).
Each CQA certification candidate needs to pass a multiple choice examination that focuses mostly on auditing practices, and measures comprehension of the ASQ Body of Knowledge (BOK), covering:
Auditing Basics
Process of auditing
Auditor competencies
Audit program and business applications
Quality tools and techniques
References
External links
Personnel Audit Service
ASQ Quality Auditor Certification
Auditing
Quality | wiki |
Shoe studs may refer to:
Caulkin (UK) or calks (USA) on a horseshoe
Cleats on a human shoe
The sole studs of Caulk boots, which are similar to cleats.
Hobnail, special nails driven into the smiles of boots or other footwear to increase traction and improve durability. | wiki |
Whitemans Pond est un petit lac de barrage canadien sur la Spray River, au sud-ouest de Canmore, dans l'Alberta.
Liens externes
Lac de barrage au Canada
Lac en Alberta
Système hydrologique du Nelson-Winnipeg | wiki |
The Italian electronic identity card (, CIE), or simply carta d'identità (), is an identification document issued to any Italian citizen and to legal aliens, that has been progressively replacing the paper-based identity card since version 3.0 was first released on 4 July 2016. The CIE is intended for both digital and physical identification. The biometric information is printed on an ID-1 card and stored in a contactless chip.
Overview
The Italian identity card is an optional identity document that may be issued to anyone who is resident in Italy and to Italian citizens living abroad. A card issued to an Italian citizen is accepted in lieu of a passport to exercise the right of free movement in the European Economic Area and Switzerland or to travel to those countries with which Italy has signed specific agreements.
Despite any government-issued document, such as the passport or the driving licence, can be shown for identification, the identity card is very widespread in Italy; so much so that it is the first document asked and the most accepted in both the public and private sectors. For an Italian citizen, it is not compulsory to carry the card itself, unless expressly ordered by public security authorities, which usually ask for only the identity of a person, not a specific document. However, if public-security officers are not convinced of the claimed identity, such as a verbal claim of identity, they may hold the claimant in custody until the identity is ascertained.
All foreigners in Italy are required by law to have identification with them at all times. Citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland must be ready to display a national identity card or a passport. NonEEA citizens must have their passport with the proper entry stamp. Permanent resident foreigners with a valid permesso di soggiorno (residence permit) may request an Italian identity card, but in this case the document is valid only in Italy for identification purposes.
History
In 1931, during the Fascist regime, the Kingdom of Italy adopted the identity card for reasons of public security, based on the article 3 of the Law 773/1931. From then on, the identity card has been in service without interruption according to this old law, to which many other laws have been added over time.
The classic paper-based identity card was issued for nearly 87 years until 2018 in Italy, and can still be issued abroad or in case of emergency.
The project of an electronic identity card began in 1997, but the first phase started only in 2001 with a very first experimental model in 83 municipalities in order to identify any technical problem related to software, hardware, manufacture and use of the card. In 2004 a second experimental model was introduced, that was the CIE 2.0, working as a pilot version for future use on a national scale. In 2006 the service was extended to 153 municipalities, but at the end of 2009 just a total of 1.8 million cards was issued. The production turned out to be complex and inefficient due to the materials and mainly to the transfer printing machines which any municipality had to install to make the card. Therefore, on 23 December 2015 the government decided to use a single centralized manufacturing site, which is the IPZS in Rome (where Italian passports are made), and set the specifications of the next model.
Finally, after about 15 years of trials, as per decree of 25 May 2016 every classic identity card with expired validity has to be replaced by the electronic version. The issue of the CIE 3.0 began on 4 July 2016, initially in 199 municipalities and was extended to the whole country until 2018, as the issue of the classic identity card was definitively being suppressed inside the national territory.
According to the Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 of 20 June 2019, the phasing-out of every classic identity card shall be completed by 3 August 2026, because it does not meet the minimum security standards and does not include a functional MRZ.
On 18 July 2019, the Minister of Foreign Affairs signed a decree allowing Italians who reside abroad to request an electronic identity card. The service was tested at the consular offices in Vienna, Athens and Nice, before being extended throughout the European Union, to some countries where Italians have the right of free movement (Norway, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City) and to United Kingdom.
As per decree of 21 July 2022 which complies with the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/1157, on 29 September 2022 there were some design changes, such as the addition of the two-letter country code "IT" inside an EU flag (in the top left corner) as well as inside a square with optically variable ink (in the bottom right corner) and, if it is not valid abroad, a new position of "NON VALIDA PER L'ESPATRIO" field.
Contactless chip
Like European biometric passports, the CIE has an embedded electronic microprocessor chip which complies with the international ICAO 9303 recommendations governing the characteristics of electronic travel documents and stores the following items:
Name
Surname
Place and date of birth
Residency
Holder's picture
Two fingerprints (one of each hand), only if the applicant is aged 12 or over
The information can be read by means of NFC tools, but anyway fingerprints are accessible just by police forces.
Physical appearance
The card has an ID-1 standard size and it is made of polycarbonate with many security features (such as holograms, security backgrounds, micro-texts, guilloches, optically variable ink), over which the information is printed by using laser engraving technology.
The front side bears the emblem of the Italian Republic and the background of the reverse side is derived from the geometric design of the Piazza del Campidoglio in Rome created by Renaissance artist and architect Michelangelo Buonarroti.
The descriptions of the fields are printed in Italian and English.
Front
ICAO symbol for contactless chip
EU flag with "IT" country code
Card number (for example CA00000AA)
Issuing municipality (or, if living abroad, issuing embassy/consulate)
Surname
Name
Place and date of birth
Sex
Height
Nationality
Date of issue
Date of expiry
Holder's signature
"IT" country code with optically variable ink
Card Access Number – CAN
(Optional) The sentence "NON VALIDA PER L'ESPATRIO" is printed only if the card is not valid for travel abroad
Reverse
Surname and name of parents or legal guardian (for applicants aged 0–14, only if the card is valid abroad)
Italian tax code
Italian birth code
Residence address
(Optional) The field "COMUNE DI ISCRIZIONE AIRE" is added in case of an Italian applicant residing abroad
Secondary (ghost) facial image
Italian tax code in the form of barcode
Machine Readable Zone – MRZ
Trilingual versions
In some parts of Italy where a minority language is recognized as official, the identity card could be issued with a third additional language:
in South Tyrol with German
in the Aosta Valley with French
in Friuli Venezia Giulia with Slovene
Issue, price and validity
The CIE may be requested at the Italian municipality of residence by Italian citizens and resident aliens. The request is digitally processed and transmitted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs which issues the card in collaboration with the IPZS in Rome. The card is sent to the address specified by the applicant (or else to the municipality) and it should arrive within 6 working days. The costs are: €16.79 for the card issuing and €5.42 for fees charged by the municipality, which may vary (usually doubled) if the previous card was lost, stolen or deteriorated.
Italian citizens residing outside Italy may submit an application for the electronic identity card at an Italian embassy or consulate in European Union, Norway, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City and United Kingdom. The issuing process is the same as in Italy and the card should arrive within 15 days. The costs are: €21.95 in case of renewal or first issue, otherwise €27.11 if the previous card was lost or stolen.
Validity
According to the Law 106/2011 the card lasts:
10 years for adults aged 18 and above
5 years for minors aged 3–18
3 years for children aged up to 3
and, according to the Law 35/2012, the validity must expire on the applicant's birthday.
See also
National identity cards in the European Economic Area
Identity document
List of national identity card policies by country
Italian passport
Visa requirements for Italian citizens
References
External links
Italian Identity Card Official Site – Ministry of Internal Affairs
CNSD – Ministry of Internal Affairs
Identity Card abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Identity documents of Italy
National identity cards by country | wiki |
Oscar Ghiglia (1876-1945), peintre italien,
Oscar Ghiglia (1938-), guitariste italien. | wiki |
Grossology may refer to:
Grossology (books), a series of non-fictional children's books written by Sylvia Branzei
Grossology (TV series), a Canadian animated TV series | wiki |
The deaf community in Australia is a diverse cultural and linguistic minority group. Deaf communities have many distinctive cultural characteristics, some of which are shared across many different countries. These characteristics include language, values and behaviours. The Australian deaf community relies primarily on Australian Sign Language, or Auslan. Those in the Australian deaf community experience some parts of life differently than those in the broader hearing world, such as access to education and health care.
Australian Sign Language
Australian Sign Language, also known as Auslan, is the primary signed language for deaf Australians. It is hard to tell how many signing deaf people are in Australia as much information is unavailable, and what information is available is largely out of date.
Auslan is the native languages of a few deaf signers in Australia, although it is the preferred language. It's common for deaf Australians to not learn Auslan until they are in school with other deaf children. In some cases, they do not learn it or pick it up until adulthood because they did not go to a specialized school for the deaf where there would be more people to learn from or practice with.
Signers in Australia use a combination of Auslan and natural sign language, signed English and contact signing to communicate best between each other, including with hearing people. Not all deaf signers are especially proficient in English, and English and Australian Sign Language are not interchangeable and are, in fact, entirely separate languages although they have influenced one another. Those who know Auslan and English would be considered bilingual. Although some schools for the deaf teach using Auslan, English is the written language.
Auslan shows up in many ways through different dialects or accents, and the way someone may sign Auslan can be affected by several external factors such as region, religion, age and school.
Community
People of the Australian deaf community are usually someone who acquired deafness or significant hearing impairments in childhood and can sign in Auslan. Those who acquired deafness or hearing differences in adulthood likely have a good understanding of spoken language, namely English, and may be able to read lips or communicate with most people relatively easily. The number of deaf people in Australia may be configured using data from hearing tests done at birth, although this does not guarantee that said persons know how to sign Auslan.
Being a part of the Australian deaf community may include a robust social life with other deaf people, although deaf people are a part of the larger hearing world as well. Signing is used in schools, clubs, and organizations directly between members or through interpreters.
Education
Deaf children are typically not born from deaf parents, and therefore likely do not learn much signing from their parents at the time that is critical for language development. They likely pick it up when they enter school, assuming that said school has other deaf children or teaches Auslan. More often, schools do not teach Auslan unless it is a specialized school for deaf children depending on the mode of teaching used. Even so, teachers of Auslan may have learned slightly outdated Auslan which may affect the quality of education of Deaf students who rely on signing.
Bilingual programs are available to deaf students in Australia. While bilingual models of teaching exist, they are relatively recent. Deaf children often learned or currently learn Auslan or another form of signed language during social events like recess. Currently, it is often that students in mainstream schooling are taken out of classrooms and taught one-on-one, which may impede their socialization with other students. Interpreters are not always available, and the quality of the sign language in the classroom varies.
Medicine
Health care related to hearing impairments in Australia includes hearing devices like hearing aids and cochlear implants. Implantation of cochlear implants for deaf children is relatively high in Australia compared to the rest of the world, and around 80% of significantly deaf or hard of hearing children receive one. Many in deaf communities, including the Australian deaf community, object to the push for cochlear implants to solve or cure deafness since, to some, deafness is a cultural trait and not something to be fixed, and the reliance on spoken language can hinder a deaf child's ability to acquire a language proficiently.
There are notable shortages of Auslan interpreters trained to give medical information in the sign language. There are also some places in Australia where accommodations for deaf patients, such as appointment booking with text or email; and limitations such as additional fees for interpreters or longer appointments, and additional patient responsibilities like providing one's own interpreter.
References
Australian culture
Community
Disability in Australia | wiki |
Margaret Anne Knowles is professor of cancer research at Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, where she has led research on bladder cancer. In 2016 she was awarded the St Peter's Medal of the British Association of Urological Surgeons.
References
Living people
20th-century British medical doctors
21st-century British medical doctors
British medical writers
British non-fiction writers
Recipients of the St Peter's Medal
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
This is a '''list of mayors of Woodstock, New Brunswick
See also
List of people from New Brunswick
References
Woodstock | wiki |
Student Hosteling Program is a Conway, Massachusetts based bicycle touring company offering trips in the United States and Europe. In 2010 it was 39 years old. Recording artist David Wilcox was a trip leader during his college years. A summer camp alternative, programs have been offered for 7th through 12th graders. Trips offer touring experiences in various areas.
References
Travel and holiday companies of the United States | wiki |
A kipper tie is a type of necktie primarily fashionable in Britain in the mid-1960s to late 1970s. The primary characteristics of the kipper tie are its extreme breadth (normally ) and often garish colours and patterns.
Design origin
Wide neckties were fashionable in the 1940s: first among Zoot suiters rebelling against wartime austerity, and later as part of the "Bold Look" worn by World War II veterans returning to civilian life. Ties of this period often featured bright colors and bold prints, including birds, animals, and floral designs like paisley. British comedian Max Miller was well known for wearing suits and wide ties made from the same fabric as aloha shirts.
Kipper ties made a comeback among the younger generation during the late 1960s and early 70s as the thin ties and slim fitting Mod suits began to be replaced by the precursors to disco fashion. British fashion designer Michael Fish designed the kipper tie in 1966 in his establishment in Piccadilly.
Revival
Despite the backlash against disco during the early 1980s, thinner kipper ties continued to be worn, often with double-breasted "power suits". The end of the 80s saw ultra-thin ties become fashionable, together with 1950s-inspired bolo ties. In the mid-1990s, kipper ties made a comeback due to a resurgence of interest in 1970s fashion. These were typically darker and less kitsch than those from its heyday. By the 2000s, however, wide ties had become associated with older men, and fell out of favour as skinny ties influenced by indie pop and Mod subculture became fashionable.
Name of the tie
It has alternately been proposed that the name "kipper tie" is a reference to the extreme breadth of the tie resembling a kipper, or a sly reference to the designer, whose last name, Fish, was evocative of a kipper.
Subject of humour
The terminology itself "kipper tie" forms a part of a joke: "Who says Kipper Tie?" to which the punch line is "A Brummie when you ask him whether he'd like a tea or a coffee!". It makes a joke of the Brummie dialect.
Notes
Neckties
Neckwear
1960s fashion
1970s fashion | wiki |
Res Gestae is Latin term meaning "things done", and may refer to:
Res gestae, a legal term in American jurisprudence and English law
The term appears in titles of works recording the accomplishments of certain people, including:
Res Gestae Divi Augusti, the funerary inscription of the Roman emperor Augustus
Various other "Res Gestae" inscriptions scattered across the former Roman Empire
Res Gestae Divi Saporis, a name given by some Western scholars to the Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
"Res gestae of Darius", sometimes used to refer to the Behistun Inscription
Res gestae Saxonicae sive annalium libri tres, or The Deeds of the Saxons
Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis or Res gestae Alexandri Magni, a work translated by Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius
Latin words and phrases | wiki |
Electric rotating machinery includes:
Electric motor
Electrical generator
Motor-generator
Rotary transformer | wiki |
Put-Put Troubles is a 1940 American Donald Duck short film directed by Riley Thomson and produced by Walt Disney.
Plot
Donald is in his motorboat with Pluto towing it. Pluto gets distracted by a frog, and loses control of the boat. Donald then struggles with the outboard motor causing chaos to rein.
Voice cast
Clarence Nash as Donald Duck
Lee Millar as Pluto
Home media
The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume One: 1934-1941.
References
External links
Donald Duck short films
Films produced by Walt Disney
1940s Disney animated short films
1940 animated films
1940 films | wiki |
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore" is a 1978 song by Rose Royce, later covered by a number of artists.
Love Don't Live Here Anymore may also refer to:
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore", a 1999 song by Kenny Rogers from She Rides Wild Horses
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore", a 1978 song by Kris Kristofferson and Rita Coolidge from Natural Act
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore", a 1985 song by Modern Talking from Let's Talk About Love
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore", a 1992 song by Sven Gali from Sven Gali
See also
Love Don't Live Here (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ontario is the most populous province in Canada with 14,223,942 residents as of 2021 and is third-largest in land area at . Ontario's 444 municipalities cover only of the province's land mass yet are home to of its population. These municipalities provide local or regional municipal government services within either a single-tier or shared two-tier municipal structure.
A municipality in Ontario is "a geographic area whose inhabitants are incorporated" according to the Municipal Act, 2001. Ontario's three municipality types include upper and lower-tier municipalities within the two-tier structure, and single-tier municipalities (unitary authorities) that are exempt from the two-tier structure. Single and lower-tier municipalities are grouped together as local municipalities. Of Ontario's 444 municipalities, 30 of them are upper-tier municipalities and 414 are local municipalities—241 lower-tier municipalities and 173 single-tier municipalities.
The Municipal Act, 2001 is the legislation that enables incorporation and stipulates governance of Ontario's municipalities, excluding the City of Toronto, which is subject to the City of Toronto Act, 2006. The Municipal Act, 2001 provides lower and single-tier municipalities with the authority to incorporate as cities, towns, villages, townships, or generically as municipalities. There are no minimum population thresholds or other requirements for these municipal sub-types. A municipality can change its status to any of these so long as its resulting name is not being used by another municipality. For upper-tier municipalities, the act provides them with the authority to incorporate as counties, regions and district municipalities.
Ontario's largest municipality by population is the City of Toronto with 2,794,356 residents, while the largest by land area is the City of Greater Sudbury at . The City of Ottawa, Canada's capital city, is the province's second-most populous municipality with 1,017,449 residents. Ontario's smallest municipality by population is the Township of Cockburn Island with 16 residents while the smallest by land area is the Village of Newbury at . The first community to incorporate as a municipality in Ontario was Brockville in 1832.
Upper-tier municipalities
Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines upper-municipality as "a municipality of which two or more lower-tier municipalities form part for municipal purposes". Ontario has 30 upper-tier municipalities that comprise multiple lower-tier municipalities, which have a total population of 7,090,079, a total land area of . These upper-tier municipalities include 19 counties, 3 united counties and 8 regional municipalities or regions, all of which represent 30 of Ontario's 49 census divisions. Regional governments are responsible for arterial roads, health services, policing, region-wide land use planning and development, sewer and water systems, social services, transit, and waste disposal, whereas county governments have the lesser responsibilities of arterial roads, county land use planning, health services, and social services.
Local municipalities
Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines local municipality as "a single-tier municipality or a lower-tier municipality". Combined, Ontario has 414 local municipalities comprising 173 single-tier municipalities and 241 lower-tier municipalities. The 414 local municipalities have a total population of 14,134,681, a total land area of . These totals represent of Ontario's population and of its land area.
Single-tier municipalities
Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines a single-tier municipality as "a municipality, other than an upper-tier municipality, that does not form part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes". In southern Ontario, single-tier municipalities are either politically separate from but geographically within neighbouring counties or were formed through the amalgamation of upper-tier and lower-tier municipalities. All municipalities in northern Ontario are single-tier municipalities as upper-tier municipalities are not present. Single-tier municipalities provide for all local government services. Ontario has 173 single-tier municipalities comprising 32 cities, 23 municipalities, 28 towns, 85 townships, and 5 villages.
Lower-tier municipalities
Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001 defines a lower-tier municipality as "a municipality that forms part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes". Ontario has 241 lower-tier municipalities comprising 19 cities, 41 municipalities, 61 towns, 114 townships and 6 villages. Within regions, they are responsible for providing certain local services that are not provided by the regional municipality. Within counties, they are responsible for providing a wider range of local services since counties as upper-tier municipalities provide fewer local services than regions.
List of local municipalities
See also
Former municipalities in Ontario
List of census agglomerations in Ontario
List of census divisions of Ontario
List of cities in Ontario
List of designated places in Ontario
List of population centres in Ontario
List of towns in Ontario
List of township municipalities in Ontario
List of villages in Ontario
Notes
References
External links
Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing
Municipal Restructuring Activity Summary Table
Municipalities | wiki |
Bridgeboro may refer to:
Bridgeboro, Georgia, an unincorporated community
Bridgeboro, New Jersey, an unincorporated community
Bridgeboro Limestone, a geologic formation | wiki |
Cinema e TV
Julia (filme), com Jane Fonda e Vanessa Redgrave
Julia (1979) — telenovela mexicana
Outros usos
Julia (Sergio Bonelli Editore) — editora
Julia (linguagem de programação)
Julia (canção) — canção da banda The Beatles
89 Julia — asteroide
Desambiguações de topônimos | wiki |
De Perzische onager (Equus hemionus onager) is een van de nog levende ondersoorten van de Onager.
Ezels
Dier uit het Palearctisch gebied
Dier uit het Oriëntaals gebied
IUCN-status bedreigd | wiki |
Dolphin Cove may refer to:
Dolphin Cove (SeaWorld), a SeaWorld theme park attraction
Dolphin Cove (TV series), a TV drama created by Peter Benchley, set in Queensland, Australia
Dolphin Cove Jamaica, a tourist attraction chain in Jamaica | wiki |
Ammihoud est un descendant d'Éphraïm et un bisaïeul de Josué.
La famille d'Ammihoud
Ammihoud est un fils de Ladân et le père d'Élishama.
Références
Personnage du Tanakh
Personnage de l'Ancien Testament | wiki |
It girl - termo utilizado para se referir a mulheres, geralmente muito jovens, que, mesmo sem querer, criam tendências
The It Girl - série de livros criada por Cecily von Ziegesar
It Girl (canção de Jason Derulo)
It Girl (canção de Pharrell Williams) | wiki |
Tympany or tympanites (sometimes tympanism or tympania), also known as meteorism (especially in humans), is a medical condition in which excess gas accumulates in the gastrointestinal tract and causes abdominal distension. The term is from the Greek τύμπανο (meaning "drum"); it should not be confused with tympanitis.
Possible causes
Bowel obstruction
Renal stones
Functional disorder
Overeating
Bacterial overgrowth
Inflammation of the bowel
Blunt kidney trauma
Peritonitis
Menstruation
See also
Ruminal tympany
Bloating
Kwashiorkor
References
External links
Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen | wiki |
State Road 421 (SR 421) is a major thoroughfare that runs east–west through Port Orange, Florida from Interstate 95 (I-95) east to U.S. Route 1 (US 1) where it turns into SR A1A. It is partially six lanes (from I-95 east to SR 5A) and 4 lanes (from SR 5A east to US 1), and is known locally as Taylor Road (for about east of I-95) and Dunlawton Avenue.
Taylor Road continues west as County Road 421 (CR 421) to CR 415 (Tomoka Farms Road).
Major intersections
References
External links
421
421
0421 | wiki |
Каолань () — вьетнамский топоним:
Каолань — город в провинции Донгтхап.
Каолань — уезд в провинции Донгтхап. | wiki |
A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the , haploûs, "onefold, simple" and ) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. More specifically, a haplogroup is a combination of alleles at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and that tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. As such, membership of a haplogroup, by any individual, relies on a relatively small proportion of the genetic material possessed by that individual.
Each haplogroup originates from, and remains part of, a preceding single haplogroup (or paragroup). As such, any related group of haplogroups may be precisely modelled as a nested hierarchy, in which each set (haplogroup) is also a subset of a single broader set (as opposed, that is, to biparental models, such as human family trees).
Haplogroups are normally identified by an initial letter of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, such as (for example) .
In human genetics, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, each of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material.
Haplogroup formation
Mitochondria are small organelles that lie in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, such as those of humans. Their primary function is to provide energy to the cell. Mitochondria are thought to be reduced descendants of symbiotic bacteria that were once free living. One indication that mitochondria were once free living is that each contains a circular DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose structure is more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organisms (see endosymbiotic theory). The overwhelming majority of a human's DNA is contained in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, but mtDNA is an exception.
An individual inherits their cytoplasm and the organelles contained by that cytoplasm exclusively from the maternal ovum (egg cell); sperm only pass on the chromosomal DNA, all paternal mitochondria are digested in the oocyte. When a mutation arises in a mtDNA molecule, the mutation is therefore passed in a direct female line of descent. Mutations are changes in the nitrogen bases of the DNA sequence. Single changes from the original sequence are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
Human Y chromosomes are male-specific sex chromosomes; nearly all humans that possess a Y chromosome will be morphologically male. Although Y chromosomes are situated in the cell nucleus and paired with X chromosomes, they only recombine with the X chromosome at the ends of the Y chromosome; the remaining 95% of the Y chromosome does not recombine. Therefore, the Y chromosome and any mutations that arise in it are passed on from father to son in a direct male line of descent. This means the Y chromosome and mtDNA share specific properties.
Other chromosomes, autosomes and X chromosomes in women, share their genetic material (called crossing over leading to recombination) during meiosis (a special type of cell division that occurs for the purposes of sexual reproduction). Effectively this means that the genetic material from these chromosomes gets mixed up in every generation, and so any new mutations are passed down randomly from parents to offspring.
The special feature that both Y chromosomes and mtDNA display is that mutations can accrue along a certain segment of both molecules and these mutations remain fixed in place on the DNA. Furthermore, the historical sequence of these mutations can also be inferred. For example, if a set of ten Y chromosomes (derived from ten different men) contains a mutation, A, but only five of these chromosomes contain a second mutation, B, then it must be the case that mutation B occurred after mutation A.
Furthermore, all ten men who carry the chromosome with mutation A are the direct male line descendants of the same man who was the first person to carry this mutation. The first man to carry mutation B was also a direct male line descendant of this man, but is also the direct male line ancestor of all men carrying mutation B. Series of mutations such as this form molecular lineages. Furthermore, each mutation defines a set of specific Y chromosomes called a haplogroup.
All men carrying mutation A form a single haplogroup, and all men carrying mutation B are part of this haplogroup, but mutation B also defines a more recent haplogroup (which is a subgroup or subclade) of its own to which men carrying only mutation A do not belong. Both mtDNA and Y chromosomes are grouped into lineages and haplogroups; these are often presented as tree-like diagrams.
Haplogroup population genetics
It is usually assumed that there is little natural selection for or against a particular haplotype mutation which has survived to the present day, so apart from mutation rates (which may vary from one marker to another) the main driver of population genetics affecting the proportions of haplotypes in a population is genetic drift—random fluctuation caused by the sampling randomness of which members of the population happen to pass their DNA on to members of the next generation of the appropriate sex.
This causes the prevalence of a particular marker in a population to continue to fluctuate, until it either hits 100%, or falls out of the population entirely. In a large population with efficient mixing the rate of genetic drift for common alleles is very low; however, in a very small interbreeding population the proportions can change much more quickly. The marked geographical variations and concentrations of particular haplotypes and groups of haplotypes therefore witness the distinctive effects of repeated population bottlenecks or founder events followed by population separations and increases.
The lineages which can be traced back from the present will not reflect the full genetic variation of the older population: genetic drift means that some of the variants will have died out. The cost of full Y-DNA and mtDNA sequence tests has limited the availability of data; however, their cost has dropped dramatically in the last decade. Haplotype coalescence times and current geographical prevalences both carry considerable error uncertainties. This is especially troublesome for coalescence times, because most population geneticists still continue (albeit decreasing a little bit) to use the "Zhivotovski method", which is heavily criticised by DNA-genealogists for its falsehood. The eusocial wasp Angiopolybia pallens presents with 8 haplogroups depending on its location. This displays the idea of genetic drift.
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
Human Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are named from A to T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome Consortium.
Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to the male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans.
Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to
the recent European colonization), include:
Groups without mutation M168
Haplogroup A (M91) (Africa, especially the Khoisan and Nilotes)
Haplogroup B (M60) (Africa, especially the Pygmies and Hadzabe)
Groups with mutation M168
(mutation M168 occurred ~50,000 bp)
Haplogroup C (M130) (Oceania, North/Central/East Asia, North America and a minor presence in South America, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and Europe)
YAP+ haplogroups
Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203)
Haplogroup D (CTS3946) (Tibet, Japan, the Andaman Islands, Central Asia, and a sporadic presence in Nigeria, Syria, and Saudi Arabia)
Haplogroup E (M96)
Haplogroup E1b1a (V38) West Africa and surrounding regions; formerly known as E3a
Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) Associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages; now concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, as well as parts of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and the Balkans; formerly known as E3b
Groups with mutation M89
(mutation M89 occurred ~45,000 bp)
Haplogroup F (M89) Oceania, Europe, Asia, North and South America
Haplogroup FT (P14, M213) (China, Vietnam, Singapore)
Haplogroup G (M201) (present among many ethnic groups in Eurasia, usually at low frequency; most common in the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, and Anatolia; in Europe mainly in Greece, Italy, Iberia, the Tyrol, Bohemia; rare in Northern Europe)
Haplogroup H (L901/M2939)
H1'3 (Z4221/M2826, Z13960)
H1 (L902/M3061)
H1a (M69/Page45) India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan, Iran, Central Asia
H1b (B108) Found in a Burmese individual in Myanmar.
H3 (Z5857) India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bahrain, Qatar
H2 (P96) Formerly known as haplogroup F3. Found with low frequency in Europe and western Asia.
Haplogroup IJK (L15, L16)
Groups with mutations L15 & L16
Haplogroup IJK (L15, L16)
Haplogroup IJ (S2, S22)
Haplogroup I (M170, P19, M258) (widespread in Europe, found infrequently in parts of the Middle East, and virtually absent elsewhere)
Haplogroup I1 (M253, M307, P30, P40) (Northern Europe, dominant in Scandinavia)
Haplogroup I2 (S31) (Central and Southeast Europe, Sardinia, Balkans)
Haplogroup J (M304) (the Middle East, Turkey, Caucasus, Italy, Greece, the Balkans, North Africa)
Haplogroup J* (Mainly found in Socotra, with a few observations in Pakistan, Oman, Greece, the Czech Republic, and among Turkic peoples)
Haplogroup J1 (M267) (Mostly associated with Semitic peoples in the Middle East but also found in; Mediterranean Europe, Ethiopia, North Africa, Iran, Pakistan, India and with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan; J1 with DYS388=13 is associated with eastern Anatolia)
Haplogroup J2 (M172) (Mainly found in West Asia, Central Asia, Italy, Greece, the Balkans and North Africa)
Haplogroup K (M9, P128, P131, P132)
Groups with mutation M9
(mutation M9 occurred ~40,000 bp)
Haplogroup K
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326)
Haplogroup L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) (South Asia, Central Asia, Southwestern Asia, the Mediterranean)
Haplogroup T (M70, M184/USP9Y+3178, M193, M272) (North Africa, Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, South Asia); formerly known as Haplogroup K2
Haplogroup K(xLT) (rs2033003/M526)
Groups with mutation M526
Haplogroup M (P256) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia)
Haplogroup NO (M214)
Haplogroup N (M231) (northernmost Eurasia)
Haplogroup O (M175) (East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, South Asia, Central Asia)
Haplogroup O1 (F265)
Haplogroup O1a (M119)
Haplogroup O1b (P31, M268)
Haplogroup O2 (M122)
Haplogroup P-M45 (M45) (M45 occurred ~35,000 bp)
Haplogroup Q-M242 (M242) (Occurred ~15,000–20,000 bp. Found in Asia and the Americas)
Haplogroup Q-M3 (M3) (North America, Central America, and South America)
Haplogroup R (M207)
Haplogroup R1 (M173)
Haplogroup R1a (M17) (Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe)
Haplogroup R1b (M343) (Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, Central Africa)
Haplogroup R2 (M124) (South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia)
Haplogroup S (M230, P202, P204) (New Guinea, Melanesia, eastern Indonesia)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
Human mtDNA haplogroups are lettered:
A,
B,
C,
CZ,
D,
E,
F,
G,
H,
HV,
I,
J,
pre-JT,
JT,
K,
L0,
L1,
L2,
L3,
L4,
L5,
L6,
M,
N,
P,
Q,
R,
R0,
S,
T,
U,
V,
W,
X,
Y, and
Z. The most up-to-date version of the mtDNA tree is maintained by Mannis van Oven on the PhyloTree website.
Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor of all living humans.
Defining populations
Haplogroups can be used to define genetic populations and are often geographically oriented. For example, the following are common divisions for mtDNA haplogroups:
African: L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6
West Eurasian: H, T, U, V, X, K, I, J, W (all listed West Eurasian haplogroups are derived from macro-haplogroup N)
East Eurasian: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Y, Z (note: C, D, E, G, and Z belong to macro-haplogroup M)
Native American: A, B, C, D, X
Australo-Melanesian: P, Q, S
The mitochondrial haplogroups are divided into three main groups, which are designated by the sequential letters L, M, N.
Humanity first split within the L group between L0 and L1-6. L1-6 gave rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group.
The M group comprises the first wave of human migration which is thought to have evolved outside of Africa, following an eastward route along southern coastal areas. Descendant lineages of haplogroup M are now found throughout Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, as well as in parts of the Horn of Africa and North Africa; almost none have been found in Europe. The N haplogroup may represent another macrolineage that evolved outside of Africa, heading northward instead of eastward. Shortly after the migration, the large R group split off from the N.
Haplogroup R consists of two subgroups defined on the basis of their geographical distributions, one found in southeastern Asia and Oceania and the other containing almost all of the modern European populations. Haplogroup N(xR), i.e. mtDNA that belongs to the N group but not to its R subgroup, is typical of Australian aboriginal populations, while also being present at low frequencies among many populations of Eurasia and the Americas.
The L type consists of nearly all Africans.
The M type consists of:
M1 – Ethiopian, Somali and Indian populations. Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman), separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
CZ – Many Siberians; branch C – Some Amerindian; branch Z – Many Saami, some Korean, some North Chinese, some Central Asian populations.
D – Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians
E – Malay, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwanese aborigines, Papua New Guinea
G – Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians
Q – Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations
The N type consists of:
A – Found in many Amerindians and some East Asians and Siberians
I – 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe
S – Some Australian aborigines
W – Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians
X – Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans
Y – Most Nivkhs and people of Nias; many Ainus, Tungusic people, and Austronesians; also found with low frequency in some other populations of Siberia, East Asia, and Central Asia
R – Large group found within the N type. Populations contained therein can be divided geographically into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. Almost all European populations and a large number of Middle-Eastern population today are contained within this branch. A smaller percentage is contained in other N type groups (See above). Below are subclades of R:
B – Some Chinese, Tibetans, Mongolians, Central Asians, Koreans, Amerindians, South Siberians, Japanese, Austronesians
F – Mainly found in southeastern Asia, especially Vietnam; 8.3% in Hvar Island in Croatia.
R0 – Found in Arabia and among Ethiopians and Somalis; branch HV (branch H; branch V) – Europe, Western Asia, North Africa;
Pre-JT – Arose in the Levant (modern Lebanon area), found in 25% frequency in Bedouin populations; branch JT (branch J; branch T) – North, Eastern Europe, Indus, Mediterranean
U – High frequency in West Eurasia, Indian sub-continent, and Algeria, found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe; U5 in particular shows high frequency in Scandinavia and Baltic countries with the highest frequency in the Sami people.
Y-chromosome and MtDNA geographic haplogroup assignation
Here is a list of Y-chromosome and MtDNA geographic haplogroup assignation proposed by Bekada et al. 2013.
Y-chromosome
According to SNPS haplogroups which are the age of the first extinction event tend to be around 45–50 kya. Haplogroups of the second extinction event seemed to diverge 32–35 kya according to Mal'ta. The ground zero extinction event appears to be Toba during which haplogroup CDEF* appeared to diverge into C, DE and F. C and F have almost nothing in common while D and E have plenty in common. Extinction event #1 according to current estimates occurred after Toba, although older ancient DNA could push the ground zero extinction event to long before Toba, and push the first extinction event here back to Toba. Haplogroups with extinction event notes by them have a dubious origin and this is because extinction events lead to severe bottlenecks, so all notes by these groups are just guesses. Note that the SNP counting of ancient DNA can be highly variable meaning that even though all these groups diverged around the same time no one knows when.
mtDNA
See also
International HapMap Project
Molecular evolution
Molecular phylogenetics
Human evolutionary genetics
Race (biology) / Race (human categorization)
Genetic genealogy
Genealogical DNA test
List of genetic genealogy topics
List of haplogroups of notable people
References
External links
General
The Genographic Project
all DNA haplogroups
Y-Chromosome
https://web.archive.org/web/20040728005528/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf
Y chromosome DNA haplogroups
Y Chromosome Consortium
ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree
PhyloTree's Y-tree A minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y-chromosome
Haplogroup Predictor
The Y Chromosome Consortium (2002), A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups, Genome Research, Vol. 12(2), 339–48, February 2002. (Detailed hierarchical chart has conversions from previous naming schemes)
Semino et al. (2000), The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans, Science, Vol 290 (paper which introduced the "Eu" haplogroups).
Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
PhyloTree – The phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation
PhyloD3 – D3.js-based phylogenetic tree based on PhyloTree
MitoTool – a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations
HaploGrep – automatic classification of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups based on PhyloTree
HaploFind – fast automatic haplogroup assignment pipeline for human mitochondrial DNA
graphical mtDNA haplogroup skeleton
The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape
Do the Four Clades of the mtDNA Haplogroup L2 Evolve at Different Rates?
Software
Y-DNA Haplogroup Browser
DNA
Human evolution
Phylogenetics
Population genetics
Classical genetics | wiki |
Noe is a surname in various European countries originating from the given name Noah, as well as a rare Korean surname meaning "thunder".
Origins
As a Dutch, English, French, and German surname, Noe is derived from the biblical given name Noah (Middle English and Latin ). Other surnames with the same derivation include the English variant Noy, as well as Noa and Nohe. The spelling Noè usually originates from the Italian form of the given name Noah, while the spelling Noé usually originates from the French form, but in many cases, descendants in other countries have dropped the diacritics. Occasionally, the ancestors of some modern-day bearers of the surname had instead derived it from the given name Noël, or as a toponymic surname from Noé, Haute-Garonne, France. Noah was not a common given name in medieval England when the surname first appeared there, and so Patrick Hanks suggests that the surname may have been used by descendants of people who were nicknamed Noah, for example as a jocular reference to the Genesis flood narrative, or because they had played the part of Noah in a stage play.
As a Korean surname, Noe () can be written with either of two hanja characters: one meaning "thunder" (; ), and the other meaning "to request" (; ). In North Korea, both of these surnames are still spelled Roe (), but in South Korea, the spelling of Sino-Korean words starting with 'r' has changed. The first character is used to write the Chinese surname now pronounced Léi in Mandarin Chinese, while the second is used to write the surname Lài. In Korea, surnames are also divided by identification with bon-gwan, which are hometowns of a clan lineage. The main bon-gwan for the surname Noe meaning "thunder" is , a township and island in Ganghwa County, Incheon. However, in the 1930 colonial census, most of the households with the surname Noe resided in Hwanghae Province (34 households), with the remaining six households being in South Pyongan (5) and Chungcheongnamdo (1). Its members claim descent from Noe I-seong (; ), who came from China to Korea to take the official post of during the reign of Emperor Dezong of Qing in the late 19th century.
Statistics
In Italy, 426 families bore the surname Noe, with 197 (46.2%) located in Lombardy, 49 (11.5%) in Piedmont, and 42 (9.9%) in Veneto.
In the Netherlands, there were 184 people with the surname Noë as of 2007, up from 175 in 1947.
In South Korea, the 2000 census found 80 people in 26 households with the surname Noe meaning "thunder", all but two of whom identified with the Gyodong bon-gwan. There were also 12 people in two households with the surname Noe meaning "to request", but the census did not record their bon-gwan. Statistics for the current distribution of these surnames in North Korea are not available. A 1930 taxation survey by the Japanese colonial government found roughly thirty households with the surname meaning "thunder", primarily in Suan County and Hwangju County, North Hwanghae province (in an area that became part of North Korea after the division of Korea).
The 2010 United States Census found 11,182 people with the surname Noe, making it the 3,229th-most-common name in the country. This represented an increase in absolute numbers, but a decrease in relative proportion, from 10,789 (3,080th-most-common) in the 2000 Census. In both censuses, more than 90% of the bearers of the surname identified as White, between three and five per cent as Hispanic, and between one and two percent as Asian.
People
Humanities
Yvan Noé (1895–1963), French playwright
Kenneth W. Noe (born 1957), American historian
Alva Noë (born 1964), American philosophy professor
Ian Noe (born 1990), American musician
Katherine Schlick Noe, American education professor
Mary Noe, American educator, writer and lecturer
Constantin Noe (1883–1939), Megleno-Romanian editor and professor
Politics
José de Jesús Noé (1805–1862), the last Mexican alcalde of Yerba Buena, now San Francisco
Giovanni Noè (1866–1908), Italian lawyer, anarchist, and politician
James A. Noe (1890–1976), American politician from Louisiana
Cindy Noe (born 1947), American politician from Indiana
Thomas Noe (born 1954), American politician from Ohio
Science and medicine
Friedrich Wilhelm Noë (1798–1858), German-born Austrian pharmacist
Adolf Carl Noé (1873–1939), Austrian-born palaeobotanist
Jerre Noe (1923–2005), American computer scientist
Joel Mark Noe (1943–1991), American plastic surgeon
Sport
Chuck Noe (1924–2003), American basketball coach
Chet Noe (born 1931), American basketball player
Anne Noë (born 1959), Belgian football coach
Marc Noë (born 1962), Belgian footballer and later manager
Ángel Noé Alayón (born 1964), Colombian cyclist
Andrea Noè (born 1969), Italian road bicycle racer
Jacob Noe (born 1980), American mixed martial artist
Guilherme Noé (1992–2021), Brazilian footballer
Bálint Noé (born 1993), Hungarian canoeist
Visual arts
Amédée de Noé (1818–1879), French caricaturist and lithographer
Luis Felipe Noé (born 1933), Argentine artist and writer
Gaspar Noé (born 1963), Argentine filmmaker
Ignacio Noé (born 1965), Argentine graphic artist
Rémy Noë (born 1974), British painter
Other
Sydney P. Noe (1885–1969), American numismatist
Ana María Noé (1914–1970), Spanish actress
Virgilio Noè (1922–2011), Italian Catholic prelate
Marie Noe (born 1928), American woman convicted of murdering eight of her children
Clifford Noe (1930–2004), American conman
(1938–2008), German economist
Arvid Noe (1946–1976), pseudonym of a Norwegian man who died due to AIDS
Leo Noe (born 1953), British real estate investor
Kevin Noe (born 1969), American conductor and stage director
Tankeu Noé (?–1964), Cameroonian guerrilla
References
Dutch-language surnames
English-language surnames
French-language surnames
German-language surnames
Korean-language surnames
Megleno-Romanian-language surnames | wiki |
Kiss Daddy Goodbye, also known as Revenge of the Zombie, is a 1981 American horror film directed by Patrick Regan. The film stars Fabian, Marilyn Burns, Jon Cedar, and Marvin Miller. It is about two psychic children who avenge the death of their father.
Plot
Two children who have psychic powers use them to avenge the death of their father, who was murdered by a biker gang.
Cast
Fabian as Deputy Blanchard
Marilyn Burns as Nora Dennis
Jon Cedar as Wally Stanton
Marvin Miller as Bill Morris
Chester Grimes as biker gang leader
Jed Mills as biker
Gay French as Nicky - female biker
Robert Dryer as Billy
References
External links
1981 films
American horror films
1981 horror films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
English-language horror films | wiki |
Paphiopedilum ooii is named after Michael Ooi, a slipper orchid enthusiast from Malaysia. The plant blooms in the spring to early summer with a spike that can reach up to 2 meters and produce up to 17 flowers.
Distribution
Paphiopedilum ooii is found on the island of Borneo in the state of Sabah, Malaysia at elevations of 1050 meters. Plants are found on sharp cliffs growing in moss and leaf litter. The area is subjected to heavy rain from fall to early spring. The area is rarely dry and usually very foggy.
Culture
Keep in moderate shade to bright light with intermediate to warm temperature from 60F to 86F. Use an open mix and keep humidity high from about 70 to 85%. Water heavily during the fall to spring.
References
ooii
Orchids of Malaysia
Orchids of Borneo
Flora of Sabah | wiki |
Versioning may refer to:
Version control, the management of changes to documents, computer programs, large web sites, and other collections of information
Versioning file system, which allows a computer file to exist in several versions at the same time
Software versioning, the process of assigning either unique version names or numbers to unique states of computer software
See also
Version (disambiguation) | wiki |
1. Quartal
2. Quartal
3. Quartal
4. Quartal
Datum unbekannt
Einzelnachweise | wiki |
My First Wedding can refer to:
My First Wedding (2006 film), a 2006 American film
My First Wedding (2011 film), a 2011 Argentine film | wiki |
L'UCI Coupe des Nations Femmes Juniors 2020 est la cinquième édition de l'UCI Coupe des Nations Femmes Juniors. Elle est réservée aux cyclistes de sélections nationales de moins de 19 ans (U19). Elle est organisée par l'Union cycliste internationale.
Plusieurs manches sont annulées en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19 et seuls les championnats d'Europe et la Bizkaikoloreak sont organisés.
Résultats
Épreuves
Classement par nations
Voir aussi
UCI World Tour féminin 2020
UCI Coupe des Nations Juniors 2020
Notes et références
Liens externes
Site officiel
Classements
2020
Cyclisme sur route en 2020 | wiki |
Saint Anthony with the Christ Child refers to two paintings by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, dating to 1665-1666 and 1668-1669 and both now in the Museum of Fine Arts of Seville.
Gallery
References
Paintings by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Paintings depicting Jesus
1660s paintings
Paintings of Anthony of Padua
Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts of Seville | wiki |
Migrant crisis is the intense difficulty, trouble, or danger situation in the receiving state (destination country) due to the movements of large groups of immigrants (displaced people, refugee or asylum seeker) escaping from the conditions (natural or artificially created) which negatively affected their situation (security, economic, political or societal) at the country of origin (departure). The "crisis" situation is not the refugee numbers (number of migrants seeking protection) but the system's failure to respond in an orderly way to the government's legal obligations. Some notable crises are; European migrant crisis, English Channel migrant crisis and World War II evacuation and expulsion.
A refugee crisis refers to a movement of "large" groups of displaced people, and may or may not involve a migrant crisis. The US government's legal obligations inadvertently created the 2014 American immigration crisis. The crisis developed because of unaccompanied children who do not have a legal guardian to provide physical custody (USA ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child), and care quickly overwhelmed the "local border patrols" creating a migrant crisis. Push-Pull view: The "refugee crisis" is a humanitarian one for those adopting the "Push" factors as main cause, while they acknowledge that reasons for migration may be mixed, even the refugees as weapons. For those focusing on "Pull" factors, the "migration crisis" has its roots in border enforcement policies (Immigration system) that were perceived as not sufficiently strict and the need for cheap workers for US business (family separation policy), severe (Operation Streamline), or careful (catch & release) by potential migrants. Compared to refugee crisis (refugee is a refugee), migrant crises also have a separate or distinguish between the “deserving” refugee from the “undeserving” migrant and play into fear of cultural, religious, and ethnic difference in the midst of increasing intense, excessive, and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations and lacking in predictability, job security, material or psychological welfare for many in Europe (such in closure of Green Borders).
"Migrant crisis management" involves dealing with issues ("immigration system", "resource management", etc.) before, during, and after they have occurred. According to Global Crisis Centre, migrant crisis management is shaped using the definitions and responsibilities outlined in the UN's Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and subsequent Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees and international solidarity and burden-sharing with collaboration, communication and information dissemination, which are needed for solving migratory issues of the world.
Crisis management
Immigrant receiving states need effective management strategies at achieving a set of tasks for responding to the threat [reasons of crisis] to re-establish a perceived normalcy.
"Transboundary crisis management" (migration is transboundary) involves co-decision, shared procedures and collective instruments in aligned with the steps below:
Detection: Recognition of threat. (process: emerging-timely)
Sense-making: critical information for picture of the situation. (process: the collecting, analysing, sharing)
Decision-making: formulation of an effective strategy (process: formulation of key decisions)
Coordination: collaboration between key partners.
Meaning-making: Messaging on the path taken (process: explanation, actionable advice, and a sense).
Communication: message delivery (victims, citizens, stakeholders, ...).
Accountability: Production of documents that list the decisions and strategies.
European migrant crisis
Management of the crisis shows succession of four scenarios.
(2011 fall of Gaddafi) Libya let the flow of irregular migrants. EU Commission approve "Communication on Global Approach to Migration and Mobility" (GAMM).
(November 2013-October 2014) The Italy's humanitarian Operation Mare Nostrum.
(November 2014-September 2015) The EU recognize humanitarian and migratory pressures shelves GAMM and develops another comprehensive approach
(October 2015) Migrants and refugees: the European Council secure the borders against the unwanted migrants and refugees. (Valletta Summit on Migration)
Role of NGO
Institution that works in this area is the Migration Policy Institute. Global Crisis Centre of PricewaterhouseCoopers works on migrant crisis management.
Crisis and immigration system
Broken immigration system (Crisis) is what immigration experts and lawyers refer to as failure in management of "push and pull factors." Push forces for the displaced people are summarized as running from horrors and poverty in the departure country toward a broken immigration system in the receiving states. Pull forces are receiving states having a functioning economy, the safer-faster journey with the help of communication technology (organize and warn) and established smuggler networks which has safer-faster ways to move people. For a full description Human migration#Lee. The condition of refugee or asylum seekers in receiving countries, from the perspective of governments, employers, and citizens, is a topic of continual debate (debate on migrant crises), and on the other end, the violation of migrant human rights is an ongoing crisis.
Immigration reform
According to Salil Shetty, Secretary General of Amnesty International,
Crisis and resource management
Broken resource management toward the immigrants is part of the inability to develop efficient responses to people in need, causing crisis. The asylum offices in USA, United Kingdom and Australia manages the immigration services.
United States
During 2014 American immigration crisis, immigration courts as well as the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) asylum system are completely under-resourced and confronting an unmanageable caseload. In June, 2019 (five years into crisis), more than 350 "unaccompanied children" have been removed from a holding facility in Texas to bring it into compliance as designed to hold around 120.
Resource management towards the immigrants in USA includes "private sector" involvement as listed in the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Law mandates that all companies must help the federal government. Specific immigration areas where human resource managers must ensure compliance by meeting the legal requirements of this immigration reform regulation by incorporating the Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) Form I-9 into their hiring processes.
Another case for resource management for migrant crisis is the Trump wall, which is a colloquial name for President Trump's solution to immigration. President Trump signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting wall construction. Executive Order 13767 followed with the 2018 federal government shutdown because of presidential veto on any spending bill that did not include "resource" on wall funding. In February 2019, Trump signed a Declaration of National Emergency, saying situation is a "crisis," officially declaring a "Migrant Crisis" in the Mexico–United States border.
EU
The financial burden of crises: Germany allocated roughly 10 billion Euros for the cost of refugee care and acceptance in 2015. On the other hand, Greece was exempt to pay from EU-wide refugee sharing initiatives between 2013 and 2015. The migrant crisis is thought to have influenced policies in countries seeking accession to the EU, such as Serbia.
United Kingdom
Resource management toward the immigrants in UK managed under National Asylum Support Service (NASS) which is tasked with the responsibility for regulating entry to, and settlement in the interests of sustainable growth and social inclusion. NASS is a section of the UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) division of the Home Office which support "otherwise be destitute." Provision of accommodation is part of the process.
List of migrant crises
2014 American immigration crisis
2020 Greek–Turkish border crisis
2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis
European migrant crisis
English Channel migrant crisis
Turkey's migrant crisis
World War II evacuation and expulsion (For the 1940s migration and refugees developments)
References
Migrant crises | wiki |
The Leopard Man is a 1943 American horror film directed by Jacques Tourneur, and starring Dennis O'Keefe, Jean Brooks, and Margo. Based on the book Black Alibi by Cornell Woolrich, it follows a series of violent murders in a small New Mexico town, which coincide with the escape of a leopard from a nightclub.
It is one of the first American films to attempt an even remotely realistic portrayal of a serial killer (although that term was yet to be used).
Plot
In a sleepy New Mexico town, nightclub promoter Jerry Manning hires a black leopard as a publicity stunt for his girlfriend, Kiki Walker, a performer there. Kiki uses the opportunity to interrupt the act of her rival, Clo-Clo, by storming into the restaurant with the leopard on a leash. Angered, Clo-Clo frightens the leopard with her castanets, and it escapes, fleeing into the night. Charlie, the Native American owner of the leopard who leased it to Jerry, begins pestering him for money to replace the cat.
That night, a young local woman, Teresa, goes to purchase corn meal for her family's dinner. Under a bridge in an arroyo, she encounters the leopard, and flees to her house. She is killed at the door just before her family is able to let her back in the house. The medical examiner rules Teresa's death an accident, concluding she was mauled by the leopard. Shortly after, Consuela, another local, goes to visit her father's grave in the cemetery on her birthday. Lost in thought, Consuela fails to leave before the gatekeeper locks the gate, and finds herself trapped within the cemetery's stone walls. When help arrives, Consuela is found, another apparent victim of the leopard.
After learning of the second murder, Jerry inquires to the police as to why the leopard has remained within the city, as he was informed it would naturally flee to the wilderness. Charlie also questions whether the leopard killed Consuela, but is goaded by the local historian and museum curator Galbraith, into believing he may be responsible, committing the murders during his nightly alcohol binges in which he blacks out. At his request, Charlie is kept in a jail cell overnight. Clo-Clo spends the night with an elderly wealthy man at the nightclub, who gifts her a hundred-dollar bill. After, she visits Maria, a fortune teller, who warns her that "something black" is coming to claim her. En route home, Clo-Clo loses the hundred-dollar bill. When she goes back out to find it, she is attacked and murdered.
Kiki and Jerry prepare to leave on a trip to Chicago, coinciding with an annual procession that occurs in the town, commemorating the mass murder of the Natives by the Conquistadors. As they depart for their train, Kiki and Jerry are gifted a bouquet of flowers from Galbraith, which Kiki wishes to place on Consuela's grave before they leave town. At the cemetery, they are met by Charlie, who notifies them his leopard has been found shot dead in the arroyo, and its fur taken; he presumes the cat has been dead for at least a week, suggesting a human may be responsible for the murders. Charlie recalls having seen Galbraith in the area, and suspects he killed the leopard. Jerry attempts to turn Galbraith in to the police, but they do not believe him.
During the procession that night, Galbraith hears a woman's scream at the cemetery. He subsequently enters the museum, where he hears the sound of the castanets echoing. Shortly after, Kiki arrives at the museum, where she offers to accompany Galbraith in viewing the procession. She convinces Galbraith to turn off the lights, remarking they will better be able to watch the procession. Galbraith agrees and, once the lights are off, Kiki drops a pair of castanets. Galbraith attacks her, but she is saved by Jerry. Galbraith flees into the street, where he is eventually stopped amongst the procession marchers. Confronted by Jerry and Raoul, Consuela's fiancé, Galbraith confesses to having murdered both Consuelo and Clo-Clo. He admits to having been inspired to do so after witnessing the leopard maul Teresa to death. Seeking vengeance, Raoul shoots Galbraith to death.
Later, while at the funeral parlor, Jerry and Kiki reaffirm their love for one another.
Cast
Critical reaction
Initial response
Upon its initial theatrical release, The Leopard Man received mixed reviews.
In their 1943 review of the film, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film "Half-baked", and wrote, "The Leopard Man is nothing but a feeble and obvious attempt to frighten and shock the audience with a few exercises in mayhem."
Reassessment
In the subsequent years, following the film's release, modern critical response has been mostly positive, with many critics praising the film's atmosphere, direction, and suspense. On Rotten Tomatoes, The Leopard Man holds an approval rating of 89% based on , with a weighted average rating of 7.37/10.
Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine awarded the film four out of four stars, praising Tourneur's use of sound and shadows to create tension. Dennis Schwartz of Ozus' World Movie Reviews rated the film a grade A, writing, "Tourneur's fast-paced film is armed with a taut and intelligent script, and is one of those memorable films that gets even better with age like a good wine."
Legacy
The Leopard Man has gradually acquired a cult following over the years, and is now considered a cult classic. It has been included in multiple lists at various media publications as one of the greatest horror films ever made. Indiewire placed it at No. 90 in their "The 100 Greatest Horror Movies of All-Time". Slant Magazine listed it at number 30 in their "The 100 Best Horror Movies of All Time".
References
Further reading
External links
Screenplay for film by Ardel Wray and Edward Dein
1943 films
1943 horror films
1940s serial killer films
American horror films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films scored by Roy Webb
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Cornell Woolrich
Films directed by Jacques Tourneur
Films produced by Val Lewton
Films set in New Mexico
American serial killer films
Publicity stunts in fiction
RKO Pictures films
American exploitation films
1940s American films | wiki |
Miracle Park may refer to:
Miracle Park (community), a Floridian religious community for sex offenders
Miracle Park, a facility for physically and mentally challenged children in Gardendale, Alabama
Miracles Park, a park in Detroit, see The Miracles
See also
Miracle Beach Provincial Park, British Columbia
Miracle Strip Amusement Park, Florida
Miracle Strip at Pier Park, Florida | wiki |
Calvert Beach – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Maryland, w hrabstwie Calvert.
CDP w stanie Maryland | wiki |
Clearer may refer to:
Clearing house (finance)
Yarn clearer | wiki |
Nokia C3 may refer to:
Nokia C3-00, a 2010 feature phone with a QWERTY keyboard
Nokia C3 Touch and Type or C3-01, a 2010 feature phone
Nokia C3 (2020), an Android smartphone released in 2020 | wiki |
This is a list of plants that have a culinary role as vegetables. "Vegetable" can be used in several senses, including culinary, botanical and legal. This list includes botanical fruits such as pumpkins, and does not include herbs, spices, cereals and most culinary fruits and culinary nuts. Edible fungi are not included in this list.
Legal vegetables are defined for regulatory, tax and other purposes. An example would include the tomato, which is botanically a berry (fruit), but culinarily a vegetable according to the United States.
Leafy and salad vegetables
Fruits
Chili peppers
Edible flowers
Podded vegetables
Bulb and stem vegetables
Root and tuberous vegetables
Sea vegetables
See also
Herbs
Vegetable juice
List of culinary fruits
List of leaf vegetables
List of vegetable dishes
List of foods
References
External links
Lists of vegetables
50 vegetables name in hindi and english
vegetables
vegetables
' | wiki |
The Department of Passport is a government agency of Nepal assigned with the responsibilities of issuing Passports to the Nepalese citizens and Travel Documents to the legally applicable persons under Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
History
Until 31 March 2010, Nepal still issued hand-written Passports. However, as a member of International Civil Aviation Organization, Nepal was obliged to issue machine-readable passports. The Central Passport Office stopped issuing hand-written passports on 31 March 2010 and had to be withdrawn from circulation as of November 2015. On 26 December 2010, the Office introduced machine-readable passports and issued them thereafter. As of 2021, Nepal began issuing E-passport to replace the Machine-readable passport.
References
Government departments of Nepal
Passport offices
2012 establishments in Nepal | wiki |
Opus III or Opus 3 may refer to:
Opus 3 of various composers, see Op. 3 (disambiguation)
Opus-3 Lithuanian National Radio and Television
Opus 3 Artists
Opus III (band) 1992–1994
See also
Opus 111, French classical record label | wiki |
NextBox may refer to:
Xbox 360
Xbox One | wiki |
Gargoyle Games était une entreprise britannique de développement de jeu vidéo fondée en 1983 par Roy Carter et Greg Follis afin de publier leur premier jeu vidéo Ad Astra.
Jeux notables
Ad Astra (1984)
(1984)
(1985)
(1985)
(1986)
(1986)
(1986)
(/Gargoyle 1987)
Voir aussi
Source de la traduction
Liens externes
Article about Gargoyle Games, ,
Interview with Gargoyle Games, , Sinclair User.
Information about Gargoyle Games sur Planet Sinclair.
Further info on Gargoyle Games
Entreprise fondée en 1983
Entreprise de jeux vidéo ayant son siège en Angleterre
Développeur de jeux vidéo
Éditeur de jeux vidéo | wiki |
The squirrel is a rodent in the family Sciuridae.
Squirrel or squirrels may also refer to:
Animals
Scaly-tailed squirrels (Anomaluridae), a group of African rodents unrelated to true (Sciuridae) squirrels
Squirrel monkey
Computing
Squirrel (DHT), a web-caching system
Squirrel (programming language)
SQuirreL SQL Client, a database administration tool
Yahoo Squirrel, former name of Yahoo Together, a messaging app by Yahoo
People
Julian Edelman (b. 1986), American NFL football player
Robert "Squirrel" Lester (1942–2010), member of the singing group The Chi-Lites
Leonard Squirrell (1893–1979), English artist
Places
Squirrel, Idaho, an unincorporated community
Squirrel Creek, California
Squirrel Creek, in Spitler Woods State Natural Area, Illinois
Squirrel Island, Maine
Squirrel Lake, Nova Scotia, Canada
Squirrel River, Alaska
The Squirrels (Highland Falls, New York), an estate on the National Register of Historic Places
Music
"The Squirrel", composed by Sir George Thomas Smart (1776–1867)
"The Squirrel", a 1951 jazz standard composed by Tadd Dameron
The Squirrel (album), an album by Dexter Gordon recorded in 1967
The Squirrels, a Seattle pop band
Squirrel Records, a UK-based record company in the 1990s
Theatre and TV
Squirrels (play), a 1974 play by David Mamet
The Squirrels (TV series), a 1970s UK sitcom
"Squirrels", an episode of the television series Teletubbies
Other uses
HMS Squirrel, 11 Royal Navy ships
Squirrel (debate), debating jargon
Squirrel (horse), a British thoroughbred racehorse
Squirrel (peanut butter), a Canadian brand of peanut butter
Squirrel (personal finance company)
Squirrel, a post-World War I motorcycle produced by The Scott Motorcycle Company
Squirrel Scouts (disambiguation), various youth organisations
Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil (Squirrel), a light transport helicopter
See also
Squirreling, Scientolgy jargon for splinter groups
Sqrl (disambiguation)
Sqrrl | wiki |
The name Phyllis has been used for twelve tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific Ocean.
Typhoon Phyllis (1953) (T5310, 11W)
Typhoon Phyllis (1958) (T5803)
Typhoon Phyllis (1960) (T6028, 31W)
Typhoon Phyllis (1963) (T6326, 41W, Sisang)
Tropical Storm Phyllis (1966) (T6609, 09W)
Typhoon Phyllis (1969) (T6901, 01W)
Typhoon Phyllis (1972) (T7206, 07W)
Typhoon Phyllis (1975) (T7505, 07W, Etang)
Typhoon Phyllis (1978) (T7825, 28W)
Tropical Storm Phyllis (1981) (T8110, 12W)
Typhoon Phyllis (1984) (T8418, 20W)
Typhoon Phyllis (1987) (T8724, 24W, Trining)
Pacific typhoon set index articles | wiki |
The 1921 College Baseball All-Southern Team consists of baseball players selected at their respective positions after the 1921 NCAA baseball season. Vanderbilt won the SIAA.
All-Southerns
Key
CW = Cliff Wheatley's selection.
References
All-Southern
College Baseball All-Southern Teams | wiki |
Debt-Lag is a condition which results from overuse of one's credit card or other forms of credit while travelling. The debt itself can refer to the amount spent in the lead up to travelling, during the trip and any unexpected costs which come about from that trip, such as cross currency conversion fees and foreign ATM access charges.
The condition of debt-lag may last months or even years after a person's trip is complete, as long as the debt accrued within the travel period is still outstanding. It is recommended that sufferers of debt-lag seek treatment as soon as possible to avoid paying exorbitant fees in interest charges.
The term debt-lag is similar to jet lag in that both have to do with travel, however travellers can be affected by debt-lag without leaving their time zone. Jet lag refers to the condition sustained by the body after rapid long-distance travel which requires days of adjustment upon return. Debt-lag works in much the same way as it refers to a traveller's need to adjust upon return as well, except it is more directly related to the traveller's financial situation than their biological one.
Causes
Debt-lag is primarily attributed to spending on credit cards while abroad, including paying for items before travel such as transportation costs and accommodation. It is estimated that roughly 85% of travellers use their credit card while on holiday, presumably because of the ease of use, wide acceptance, ability to earn rewards points and security features of credit cards.
Debt-lag is not strictly tied to the distance or duration of a trip, but longer trips will typically cost more and thus cause more severe cases of debt-lag. It is a financial problem more commonly found in men than in women, with over two in five men suffering credit card shock upon return compared to less than one in three women.
The speed at which a person recovers from debt-lag is largely dependent on the individual's financial situation and any extenuating circumstances met with while travelling. Lack of travel insurance in cases of emergency and/or disruption to travel can exacerbate debt-lag, especially with one in four travelling without cover. One of the most common unexpected costs incurred while travelling overseas is last-minute transport or accommodation changes, which could be covered by a comprehensive travel insurance policy.
A common cause of debt-lag is tied to fees and charges by financial institutions to access their services while overseas. In fact, these hidden charges, such as currency conversion fees and foreign ATM access charges, are cited as the top "travel rip-offs" experienced by travellers.
There is no maximum to debt-lag attributed debt, although it is largely limited by an individual's credit limit and ability to accrue debt. Inversely, there is no limit to the amount of time it takes to resolve debt-lag as repayment habits, compound interest charges and the ability to continually accrue debt even after the trip is complete can make the debt rollover perpetually. Over a third of people would holiday again before paying down their debt-lag induced debt, lengthening the duration of this condition.
Management
Budgeting and proper care of one's finances is the strongest stimulus for ridding oneself of debt-lag. This includes preparation, research and budgeting around optimal financial products for travel, both before and after travel.
Before travelling
Many banks and financial institutions will have specific travel products on offer such as prepaid travel money cards or credit cards with little or no currency conversion fees and complimentary travel insurance. These kinds of financial products will often be far better suited to travel than typical banking products and will minimise the amount spent on fees and charges associated with travel.
Another alternative option for travellers to take their money with them is traveller's checks. These are a very secure method of taking money abroad but aren’t widely accepted.
During Travel
There are a few product features that will affect how you should use your financial products overseas. These include:
credit card purchase credit card purchase rate and cash advance rates
prepaid travel card reload fees
foreign ATM usage fees
currency conversion fees
Knowing these fees and the circumstance in which they are charged can help travellers avoid them and thus lowers the chances of severe debt-lag upon return.
After Travelling
The period directly after travel is crucial to minimising the long-term effects of debt-lag. If the debt is paid off in a timely manner, the traveller can avoid paying interest, especially if they incorporated interest free days into their budget before travelling.
While the majority of travellers believe they can pay back their debt within just a few months, those who fail to do so can find themselves paying thousands in interest on top of having to pay back their initial debt amount. A balance transfer of the debt to a low rate or zero percent credit card can help alleviate the stress of long-term debt-lag.
References
Travel
Debt | wiki |
May Smith may refer to:
May Smith (textile designer) (1906–1988), painter, engraver, textile designer and textile printer
May Smith (psychologist) (1879–1968), British psychologist
Lady May Abel Smith (1906–1994), great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria
May Smith, character in Almost a Rescue | wiki |
A skyscraper generally refers to any building that is more than tall and has more than 40 floors. The following is a list of countries with the most skyscrapers.
List of countries by number of completed skyscrapers
The following is a list of countries with the most completed buildings over tall, . The list includes all 64 countries that have at least one skyscraper.
References
Skyscrapers,most | wiki |
A synonymous substitution (often called a silent substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the genetic code is "degenerate", meaning that some amino acids are coded for by more than one three-base-pair codon; since some of the codons for a given amino acid differ by just one base pair from others coding for the same amino acid, a mutation that replaces the "normal" base by one of the alternatives will result in incorporation of the same amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain when the gene is translated. Synonymous substitutions and mutations affecting noncoding DNA are often considered silent mutations; however, it is not always the case that the mutation is silent.
A synonymous mutation can affect transcription, splicing, mRNA transport, and translation, any of which could alter the resulting phenotype, rendering the synonymous mutation non-silent. The substrate specificity of the tRNA to the rare codon can affect the timing of translation, and in turn the co-translational folding of the protein. This is reflected in the codon usage bias that is observed in many species. A nonsynonymous substitution results in a change in amino acid that may be arbitrarily further classified as conservative (a change to an amino acid with similar physiochemical properties), semi-conservative (e.g. negatively to positively charged amino acid), or radical (vastly different amino acid).
Degeneracy of the genetic code
Protein translation involves a set of twenty amino acids. Each of these amino acids is coded for by a sequence of three DNA base pairs called a codon. Because there are 64 possible codons, but only 20-22 encoded amino acids (in nature) and a stop signal (i.e. up to three codons that do not code for any amino acid and are known as stop codons, indicating that translation should stop), some amino acids are coded for by 2, 3, 4, or 6 different codons. For example, the codons TTT and TTC both code for the amino acid phenylalanine. This is often referred to as redundancy of the genetic code. There are two mechanisms for redundancy: several different transfer RNAs can deliver the same amino acid, or one tRNA can have a non-standard wobble base in position three of the anti-codon, which recognises more than one base in the codon.
In the above phenylalanine example, suppose that the base in position 3 of a TTT codon got substituted to a C, leaving the codon TTC. The amino acid at that position in the protein will remain a phenylalanine. Hence, the substitution is a synonymous one.
Evolution
When a synonymous or silent mutation occurs, the change is often assumed to be neutral, meaning that it does not affect the fitness of the individual carrying the new gene to survive and reproduce.
Synonymous changes may not be neutral because certain codons are translated more efficiently (faster and/or more accurately) than others. For example, when a handful of synonymous changes in the fruit fly alcohol dehydrogenase gene were introduced, changing several codons to sub-optimal synonyms, production of the encoded enzyme was reduced and the adult flies showed lower ethanol tolerance.
Many organisms, from bacteria through animals, display biased use of certain synonymous codons. Such codon usage bias may arise for different reasons, some selective, and some neutral. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae synonymous codon usage has been shown to influence mRNA folding stability, with mRNA encoding different protein secondary structure preferring different codons.
Another reason why synonymous changes are not always neutral is the fact that exon sequences close to exon-intron borders function as RNA splicing signals. When the splicing signal is destroyed by a synonymous mutation, the exon does not appear in the final protein. This results in a truncated protein. One study found that about a quarter of synonymous variations affecting exon 12 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene result in that exon being skipped.
See also
Ka/Ks ratio
Missense mutation
Nonsynonymous substitution
Point mutation
Expanded genetic code, where more than 20-22 natural encoded amino acids are used
References
Molecular evolution
Molecular biology
Protein biosynthesis
Gene expression
Mutation
Neutral theory | wiki |
Mariptiline (EN-207) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was developed in the early 1980s, but was never marketed.
References
Amines
Dibenzocycloheptenes
Ketoximes
Tricyclic antidepressants
Cyclopropanes
Abandoned drugs | wiki |
«Muder» es la décima canción del tercer álbum de estudio la cantante pop/rock estadounidense Ashlee Simpson, Bittersweet World que incluida en su tercer álbum, Bittersweet World, que saliera al mercado el 22 de abril de 2008.
Sencillos de Ashlee Simpson
Sencillos de 2008
Canciones de 2007
en:Murder (Ashlee Simpson song) | wiki |
Batter bread is bread made with a substantial liquid-to-flour ratio, so that the dough is a batter. It is known for its ease of preparation.
Batter bread is a staple food of the American South. Batter bread can be made with wheat flour, cornmeal or corn flour, or both. A recipe for batter bread appears in The Virginia Housewife by Mary Randolph. Sally Lunn, Johnny cake, corn pone, and pancakes are well-known batter breads.
References
Quick breads
Types of food | wiki |
The Samuel Paty Square is a green space located in the 5th arrondissement of Paris next to the Sorbonne and the Musée de Cluny.
Location
The garden is located at the address 2, Place Paul-Painlevé, in front of the Sorbonne, in the heart of the historic quarter of the Latin Quarter, Paris.
This site is serviced by the neighbouring Cluny–La Sorbonne Métro station on Line 10.
Origin of the name
The garden takes its name after French teacher Samuel Paty, assassinated in a terrorist attack on 16 October 2020 in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, a suburb of Paris. Paty was killed and beheaded by an Islamist.
Description
This park is a symbolic place in the middle of the historic Parisian neighborough of schools and universities.
History
The public garden was created in 1900 and originally called Square de la Sorbonne. It was renamed at the first anniversary of Paty's assassination.
See also
List of parks and gardens in Paris
5th arrondissement of Paris
Murder of Samuel Paty
Sorbonne
References
Parks in France
Gardens in Paris
Monuments and memorials in Paris | wiki |
Voćna komina je proizvod u proizvodnji voćnog vina i soka. Ostatak je tiještenja svježeg voća, fermentirana ili nefermentirana. Kod voćnih vina, dopušteno je bojanje prirodno crvenog vina od jezgričavog ili bobičastog i koštičavog voća svježim kominama ili sokovima iste skupine voćnih vrsta. Zakonski je zabranjeno proizvoditi voćno vino od komine ili taloga.
Izvori
Voćarstvo
Enologija | wiki |
Merkén or merquén (from the Mapuche mezkeñ [ or merkeñ [) is a smoked chili pepper (or in Spanish, ají) used as a condiment that is often combined with other ingredients when in ground form. Merkén is a traditional condiment in Mapuche cuisine in Chile.
Ingredients
The base ingredient of merkén is the smoked pepper "cacho de cabra" (Capsicum annuum var. longum), a dried, smoked, red pepper that is sometimes ground with toasted coriander seed and salt. The peppers are dried naturally in the sun and are then smoked over a wood fire. They are then stored by being hung to dry prior to grinding. Once reduced to powder or flakes, the peppers are often mixed with salt and roasted ground coriander seed.
Commercially, merkén pepper with only an addition of salt is known as "natural merken" (merkén natural), while "special merkén" (merkén especial) contains coriander seeds. The composition of special merkén is about 70% chili, 20% salt, and 10% coriander seed.
Culinary use
Merkén originates primarily from the cuisine of the Mapuches of the Araucanía Region of Chile, but is also used in the Chilean cuisine as a replacement for fresh chili. Since the beginning of the 21st century, merkén has drawn the attention of professional chefs and has begun to find an international market, at the same time, having a widespread use in Chilean cuisine.
Merkén is most commonly used as:
A general condiment for seasoning dishes such as lentils, gold potatoes, and sautéed vegetables
A dry rub for tuna, lamb, pork, duck or beef
A sprinkle, spice rub, or boiling spice for seafood including crab
An addition to stews, savory pies, and purees
A spice for ceviches
An addition to cow or goat cheese
An addition to peanuts or salty olives
See also
List of smoked foods
References
Herb and spice mixtures
Food additives
Chilean cuisine
Mapuche cuisine | wiki |
This is a list of actors and actresses who have had roles on the soap opera As the World Turns.
Cast members
References
External links
As the World Turns
As the World Turns | wiki |
A blunderbuss is a type of muzzle-loading firearm.
Blunderbuss may also refer to:
Blunderbuss (album), a 2012 album by Jack White
Blunderbuss, a 2004 EP by Teddy Thompson
See also
Blunderbore, a giant of Cornish folklore | wiki |
Etchen may refer to:
Frederick Etchen, a 1924 Olympic sport shooter
Saint Etchen, an Irish saint
South Coffeyville, Oklahoma, formerly named Etchen in 1909 after local John P. Etchen | wiki |
Shumi may refer to:
"Shumi Maritsa", Bulgarian national anthem
Shumishi, or shumi, official title in imperial China
Genzeb Shumi (born 1991), Ethiopian-born middle distance runner
Shumi Dechasa (born 1989), Ethiopian-born Bahraini long distance runner | wiki |
In the United States, a loosie (or loosey) is a single cigarette that is purchased or sold.
Cigarettes are required be sold in quantities of no less than 20. The sale of loose cigarettes was outlawed because of Loosies' potential appeal to children. Loosies are commonly found in low-income areas. The high cost of cigarettes due to increased taxation has been blamed for increased sales of loosies.
In 2014, Eric Garner was killed when NYPD officers attempted to arrest him for allegedly selling loosies.
References
Smoking in the United States
English-language slang | wiki |
Edward Neumeier, född 1957, har bland annat författat manuset till Starship Troopers (filmatiseringen av Robert A. Heinleins roman med samma namn) och Starship Troopers 2.
Filmmanus (filmer som haft svensk premiär)
1987 - RoboCop
1997 - Starship Troopers
2004 - Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid
Externa länkar
Amerikanska manusförfattare
Födda 1957
Män
Levande personer
Alumner från University of California, Los Angeles | wiki |
Georgia State Route 3E may refer to:
Georgia State Route 3E (Atlanta–Marietta): A former state highway that traveled in Atlanta and Marietta
Georgia State Route 3E (Thomaston): A former state highway that traveled in Thomaston
0003E | wiki |
The Mary Rogers Kimball House, also known as the Kimball House, is located at 2236 St. Mary's Avenue in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska.
It is an official Omaha City Landmark and also is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by Thomas Rogers Kimball.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska
Thomas Rogers Kimball buildings | wiki |
A hexayurt is a simplified disaster relief shelter design. It is based on a hexagonal geodesic geometry adapted to construction from standard 4x8 foot sheets of factory made construction material, built as a yurt. It was invented by Vinay Gupta. Hexayurts are common at Burning Man.
References
See also
Yurt
Tents | wiki |
Alexander Hug may refer to:
Alexander Hug (ski mountaineer) (born 1975), Swiss ski mountaineer
Alexander Hug (rugby union) (born 1984), German international rugby union player | wiki |
Beastmaster is a Canadian television series that aired from 1999 to 2002. It was loosely based on a 1982 MGM film The Beastmaster. The series aired 66 episodes over three complete seasons. It was produced by Coote/Hayes Productions.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1999–2000)
Season 2 (2000–01)
Season 3 (2001–02)
External links
Lists of American action television series episodes
Lists of Australian drama television series episodes
Lists of American fantasy television series episodes
Lists of Canadian television series episodes | wiki |
LUTA Sportswear is a sports clothing company, which gives half of its profits to a charity called Fight For Peace. It was created in 2011 by Fight For Peace founder Luke Dowdney to provide financial sustainability for his charity. It has offices in Rio de Janeiro, London and New York.
LUTA was developed when Dowdney noticed that T-shirts produced for Fight For Peace's students were in such high demand, they were even being stolen from washing lines. The brand, Fightwear, was designed to reflect life in the favelas where Fight For Peace works, using graffiti-inspired fonts and bright colours. It was developed in consultation with the Central St Martins College of Art and Design.
Supporters of LUTA Sportswear and Fight for Peace include Olympic heavyweight gold medalist Anthony Joshua and British actor Idris Elba.
References
External links
Official UK website
Official USA website
Fight for Peace website
Clothing companies established in 2011 | wiki |
Food Compass is a nutrient profiling system which ranks foods based on their healthfulness using characteristics that impact health in positive or negative ways. It was developed by the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University.
References
External links
The Tufts Food Compass
Tufts University
Nutrition guides
Rating systems | wiki |
Faith Academy may refer to:
Faith Academy, Delhi, India
Faith Academy, New Zealand
Faith Academy, Gowon Estate, Nigeria
Faith Academy, Ota, Nigeria
Faith Academy (Mobile, Alabama), U.S.
See also | wiki |
The WCF Hall of Fame is an international curling Hall of Fame that was established by the World Curling Federation (WCF) in 2012. The induction is given as an honor that recognizes outstanding contributions to the sport of curling, and is awarded annually. Inductees are also awarded the World Curling Freytag Award, an award which predated the WCF Hall of Fame as the highest honor given by the WCF. Previous Freytag Award winners have been inducted into the WCF Hall of Fame.
Inductees in the WCF Hall of Fame are curlers or builders of the sport of curling; curlers are inducted based on their performance results, ability, sportsmanship, and character, while builders are inducted based on their distinguished service and major contributions to the development of the sport of curling.
Inductees
The inductees are listed as follows:
Notes
References
External links
World Curling Hall of Fame
Curling trophies and awards
Sports halls of fame
World Curling Federation | wiki |
Let's Stick Together is a 1952 animated short film featuring Donald Duck. It was released by Walt Disney Productions.
Plot
Two old friends, Donald Duck and Spike hang out in a park and look back on their long friendship. They reminisce about picking up trash together, being tattoo artists, and then doing embroidery. Eventually Spike asks for time off and Donald presents him with a custom-built greenhouse full of flowers. Unfortunately is also contains a lady bee, which causes some jealousy from Donald.
Voice cast
Clarence Nash as Donald Duck
Bill Thompson as Spike
June Foray as Spike's wife
Home media
The short was released on November 11, 2008 on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Four: 1951-1961.
References
External links
1952 films
1952 animated films
1950s Disney animated short films
Donald Duck short films
Films produced by Walt Disney
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
Films scored by Oliver Wallace | wiki |
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini. It also completely enclaves the country Lesotho. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World, and the second-most populous country located entirely south of the equator, after Tanzania. South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot, with unique biomes, plant and animal life. With over 60 million people, the country is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of . South Africa has three capital cities, with the executive, judicial and legislative branches of government based in Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and Cape Town respectively. The largest city is Johannesburg.
About 80% of the population are Black South Africans. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (White South Africans), Asian (Indian South Africans and Chinese South Africans), and multiracial (Coloured South Africans) ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world. According to the 2011 census, the two most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%) and Xhosa (16.0%). The two next ones are of European origin: Afrikaans (13.5%) developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most Coloured and White South Africans; English (9.6%) reflects the legacy of British colonialism and is commonly used in public and commercial life.
The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular elections have been held for almost a century. However, the vast majority of Black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority, which played a large role in the country's recent history and politics. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation. After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. Since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the "rainbow nation" to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid.
South Africa is a middle power in international affairs; it maintains significant regional influence and is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and the G20. It is a developing country, ranking 109th on the Human Development Index, the 7th highest on the continent. It has been classified by the World Bank as a newly industrialised country and has the third-largest economy and the most industrialized, technologically advanced economy in Africa overall as well as the 39th-largest economy in the world. South Africa has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa. Since the end of apartheid, government accountability and quality of life have substantially improved. However, crime, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about 40% of the total population being unemployed , while some 60% of the population lived under the poverty line and a quarter under $2.15 a day.
Etymology
The name "South Africa" is derived from the country's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation, the country was named the Union of South Africa in English and in Dutch, reflecting its origin from the unification of four formerly separate British colonies. Since 1961, the long formal name in English has been the "Republic of South Africa" and in Afrikaans. Since 1994, the country has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages.
Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun meaning "south", is a colloquial name for South Africa, while some Pan-Africanist political parties prefer the term "Azania".
History
Prehistoric archaeology
South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human-fossil sites in the world. Archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has been branded "the Cradle of Humankind". The sites include Sterkfontein, one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world, as well as Swartkrans, Gondolin Cave, Kromdraai, Cooper's Cave and Malapa. Raymond Dart identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa, the Taung Child (found near Taung) in 1924. Other hominin remains have come from the sites of Makapansgat in Limpopo Province; Cornelia and Florisbad in Free State Province; Border Cave in KwaZulu-Natal Province; Klasies River Caves in Eastern Cape Province; and Pinnacle Point, Elandsfontein and Die Kelders Cave in Western Cape Province.
These finds suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa from about three million years ago, starting with Australopithecus africanus, followed by Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi and modern humans (Homo sapiens). Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for at least 170,000 years. Various researchers have located pebble tools within the Vaal River valley.
Bantu expansion
Settlements of Bantu-speaking peoples, who were iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were present south of the Limpopo River (now the northern border with Botswana and Zimbabwe) by the 4th or 5th century CE. They displaced, conquered, and absorbed the original Khoisan, Khoikhoi and San peoples. The Bantu slowly moved south. The earliest ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people. The Xhosa reached the Great Fish River, in today's Eastern Cape Province. As they migrated, these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples. In Mpumalanga Province, several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named Adam's Calendar, and the ruins are thought to be created by the Bakone, a Northern Sotho people.
Portuguese exploration
In 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa. On 4 December, he landed at Walfisch Bay (now known as Walvis Bay in present-day Namibia). This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor, the Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão (Cape Cross, north of the bay). Dias continued down the western coast of southern Africa. After 8 January 1488, prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast, he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of Africa without seeing it. He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as, what he called, , probably the present-day Groot River, in May 1488. On his return he saw the cape, which he named ('Cape of Storms'). King John II renamed the point , or Cape of Good Hope, as it led to the riches of the East Indies. Dias' feat of navigation was immortalised in Luís de Camões' 1572 epic poem Os Lusíadas.
Dutch colonisation
By the early 17th century, Portugal's maritime power was starting to decline, and English and Dutch merchants competed to oust Portugal from its lucrative monopoly on the spice trade. Representatives of the British East India Company sporadically called at the cape in search of provisions as early as 1601 but later came to favour Ascension Island and Saint Helena as alternative ports of refuge. Dutch interest was aroused after 1647, when two employees of the Dutch East India Company were shipwrecked at the cape for several months. The sailors were able to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the natives. They also sowed vegetables in the fertile soil. Upon their return to Holland, they reported favourably on the cape's potential as a "warehouse and garden" for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages.
In 1652, a century and a half after the discovery of the cape sea route, Jan van Riebeeck established a station at the Cape of Good Hope, at what would become Cape Town, on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. In time, the cape became home to a large population of , also known as (), former company employees who stayed in Dutch territories overseas after serving their contracts. Dutch traders also brought thousands of enslaved people to the fledgling colony from Indonesia, Madagascar, and parts of eastern Africa. Some of the earliest mixed race communities in the country were formed between , enslaved people, and indigenous peoples. This led to the development of a new ethnic group, the Cape Coloureds, most of whom adopted the Dutch language and Christian faith.
The eastward expansion of Dutch colonists ushered in a series of wars with the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe, known as the Xhosa Wars, as both sides competed for the pastureland near the Great Fish River, which the colonists desired for grazing cattle. Vrijburgers who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as Boers, with some adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being denoted as . The Boers formed loose militias, which they termed commandos, and forged alliances with Khoisan peoples to repel Xhosa raids. Both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives, and sporadic violence, often accompanied by livestock theft, remained common for several decades.
British colonisation and the Great Trek
Great Britain occupied Cape Town between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it from falling under the control of the French First Republic, which had invaded the Low Countries. After briefly returning to Dutch rule under the Batavian Republic in 1803, the cape was occupied again by the British in 1806. Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it was formally ceded to Great Britain and became an integral part of the British Empire. British emigration to South Africa began around 1818, subsequently culminating in the arrival of the 1820 Settlers. The new colonists were induced to settle for a variety of reasons, namely to increase the size of the European workforce and to bolster frontier regions against Xhosa incursions.
In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader, Shaka. Shaka's warfare indirectly led to the ('crushing'), in which one to two million people were killed and the inland plateau was devastated and depopulated in the early 1820s. An offshoot of the Zulu, the Matabele people created a larger empire that included large parts of the highveld under their king Mzilikazi.
During the early 19th century, many Dutch settlers departed from the Cape Colony, where they had been subjected to British control, in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as , meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". They migrated to the future Natal, Free State, and Transvaal regions. The Boers founded the Boer republics: the South African Republic, the Natalia Republic, and the Orange Free State.
The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior started the Mineral Revolution and increased economic growth and immigration. This intensified British efforts to gain control over the indigenous peoples. The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor in relations between Europeans and the indigenous population and also between the Boers and the British.
On 16 May 1876, President Thomas François Burgers of the South African Republic declared war against the Pedi people. King Sekhukhune managed to defeat the army on 1 August 1876. Another attack by the Lydenburg Volunteer Corps was also repulsed. On 16 February 1877, the two parties signed a peace treaty at Botshabelo. The Boers' inability to subdue the Pedi led to the departure of Burgers in favour of Paul Kruger and the British annexation of the South African Republic. In 1878 and 1879 three British attacks were successfully repelled until Garnet Wolseley defeated Sekhukhune in November 1879 with an army of 2,000 British soldiers, Boers and 10,000 Swazis.
The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British and the Zulu Kingdom. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. In 1874, Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as the British High Commissioner to bring such plans into being. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the Boers, and the Zululand army. The Zulu nation defeated the British at the Battle of Isandlwana. Eventually Zululand lost the war, resulting in the termination of the Zulu nation's independence.
Boer Wars
The Boer republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, which were well-suited to local conditions. The British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and new strategy in the Second Boer War (1899–1902) and, although they suffered heavy casualties through attrition, they were ultimately successful. Over 27,000 Boer women and children died in the British concentration camps.
South Africa's urban population grew rapidly from the end of the 19th century onward. After the devastation of the wars, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers fled into cities from the devastated Transvaal and Orange Free State territories to become the class of the white urban poor.
Independence
Anti-British policies among white South Africans focused on independence. During the Dutch and British colonial years, racial segregation was mostly informal, though some legislation was enacted to control the settlement and movement of indigenous people, including the Native Location Act of 1879 and the system of pass laws.
Eight years after the end of the Second Boer War and after four years of negotiation, the South Africa Act 1909 granted nominal independence while creating the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910. The union was a dominion that included the former territories of the Cape, Transvaal and Natal colonies, as well as the Orange Free State republic. The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks; at that stage they controlled only 7% of the country. The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased.
In 1931, the union became fully sovereign from the United Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, which abolished the last powers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to legislate on the country. Only three other African countries—Liberia, Ethiopia, and Egypt—had been independent prior to that point. In 1934, the South African Party and National Party merged to form the United Party, seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English-speaking whites. In 1939, the party split over the entry of the union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which the National Party followers strongly opposed.
Beginning of apartheid
In 1948, the National Party was elected to power. It strengthened the racial segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule. Taking Canada's Indian Act as a framework, the nationalist government classified all peoples into three races (Whites, Blacks, Indians and Coloured people (people of mixed race)) and developed rights and limitations for each. The white minority (less than 20%) controlled the vastly larger black majority. The legally institutionalised segregation became known as apartheid. While whites enjoyed the highest standard of living in all of Africa, comparable to First World Western nations, the black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy. The Freedom Charter, adopted in 1955 by the Congress Alliance, demanded a non-racial society and an end to discrimination.
Republic
On 31 May 1961, the country became a republic following a referendum (only open to white voters) which narrowly passed; the British-dominated Natal province largely voted against the proposal. Elizabeth II lost the title Queen of South Africa, and the last Governor-General, Charles Robberts Swart, became state president. As a concession to the Westminster system, the appointment of the president remained an appointment by parliament and was virtually powerless until P. W. Botha's Constitution Act of 1983, which eliminated the office of prime minister and instated a unique "strong presidency" responsible to parliament. Pressured by other Commonwealth of Nations countries, South Africa withdrew from the organisation in 1961 and rejoined it in 1994.
Despite opposition to apartheid both within and outside the country, the government legislated for a continuation of apartheid. The security forces cracked down on internal dissent, and violence became widespread, with anti-apartheid organisations such as the African National Congress (ANC), the Azanian People's Organisation, and the Pan-Africanist Congress carrying out guerrilla warfare and urban sabotage. The three rival resistance movements also engaged in occasional inter-factional clashes as they jockeyed for domestic influence. Apartheid became increasingly controversial, and several countries began to boycott business with the South African government because of its racial policies. These measures were later extended to international sanctions and the divestment of holdings by foreign investors.
End of apartheid
The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by black and white political leaders in South Africa. Ultimately, F.W. de Klerk opened bilateral discussions with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for a transition of policies and government.
In 1990, the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the ANC and other political organisations. It released Nelson Mandela from prison after 27 years of serving a sentence for sabotage. A negotiation process followed. With approval from the white electorate in a 1992 referendum, the government continued negotiations to end apartheid. South Africa held its first universal elections in 1994, which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. It has been in power ever since. The country rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations and became a member of the Southern African Development Community.
In post-apartheid South Africa, unemployment remained high. While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of black people worsened between 1994 and 2003 by official metrics but declined significantly using expanded definitions. Poverty among whites, which was previously rare, increased. The government struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. The United Nations Human Development Index rose steadily until the mid-1990s then fell from 1995 to 2005 before recovering its 1995 peak in 2013. The fall is in large part attributable to the South African HIV/AIDS pandemic which saw South African life expectancy fall from a high point of 62 years in 1992 to a low of 53 in 2005, and the failure of the government to take steps to address the pandemic in its early years.
In May 2008, riots left over 60 people dead. The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions estimated that over 100,000 people were driven from their homes. The targets were mainly legal and illegal migrants, and refugees seeking asylum, but a third of the victims were South African citizens. In a 2006 survey, the South African Migration Project concluded that South Africans are more opposed to immigration than any other national group. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees in 2008 reported over 200,000 refugees applied for asylum in South Africa, almost four times as many as the year before. These people were mainly from Zimbabwe, though many also come from Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. Competition over jobs, business opportunities, public services and housing has led to tension between refugees and host communities. While xenophobia in South Africa is still a problem, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2011 reported that recent violence had not been as widespread as initially feared. Nevertheless, as South Africa continues to grapple with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality.
By 2020, numerous warnings have been issued that South Africa is heading towards failed state status with unsustainable government spending, high unemployment, high crime rates, corruption, failing government owned enterprises and collapsing infrastructure. In 2022, the World Economic Forum said that South Africa risks state collapse and identified five major risks facing the country. The Director-General of the South African Treasury, Dondo Mogajane, has said that, "SA is showing the signs of a failing state more common in countries like Sierra Leone and Liberia". Former minister Jay Naidoo has said that South Africa is in serious trouble and is showing signs of a failed state, with record unemployment levels and the fact that many young people will not find a job in their lifetime. Efficient Group chief economist Dawie Roodt said the country is in deep trouble, "South Africans have been getting poorer for a decade". He said he is very concerned because "32 million people get an income from the state. The state cannot afford this anymore". Neal Froneman, CEO of Sibanye-Stillwater, said that crime is out of control, with 'mafia-style shakedowns' for procurement contracts becoming the norm. "Government leadership has created this problem and they are doing nothing. The government can't deal with it because it goes against their ideology." Professor Eddy Maloka, from the Institute of Risk Management, "The ANC has left us in a mess. They've turned their crisis into ours... Government has collapsed in areas across the country. We are seeing inner-cities collapse and degenerate". Professor David Himbara said that "South Africa is a classic case of a de facto one-party state with mismanaged institutions and endemic crime and corruption".
Geography
South Africa is in southernmost Africa, with a coastline that stretches more than and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At , South Africa is the 24th-largest country in the world. Excluding the Prince Edward Islands, the country lies between latitudes 22° and 35°S, and longitudes 16° and 33°E. The interior of South Africa consists of a large, in most places almost flat plateau with an altitude of between and , highest in the east and sloping gently downwards towards the west and north, and slightly so to the south and south-west. This plateau is surrounded by the Great Escarpment whose eastern, and highest, stretch is known as the Drakensberg. Mafadi in the Drakensberg at is the highest peak. The KwaZulu-Natal–Lesotho international border is formed by the highest portion of the Great Escarpment which reaches an altitude of over .
The south and south-western parts of the plateau (at approximately 1,1001,800m above sea level) and the adjoining plain below (at approximately 700800m above sea levelsee map on the right) is known as the Great Karoo, which consists of sparsely populated shrubland. To the north, the Great Karoo fades into the more arid Bushmanland, which eventually becomes the Kalahari Desert in the north-west of the country. The mid-eastern and highest part of the plateau is known as the Highveld. This relatively well-watered area is home to a great proportion of the country's commercial farmlands and contains its largest conurbation (Gauteng). To the north of Highveld, from about the 25°30'S line of latitude, the plateau slopes downwards into the Bushveld, which ultimately gives way to the Limpopo River lowlands or Lowveld.
The coastal belt, below the Great Escarpment, moving clockwise from the northeast, consists of the Limpopo Lowveld, which merges into the Mpumalanga Lowveld, below the Mpumalanga Drakensberg (the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment). This is hotter, drier and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld above the escarpment. The Kruger National Park, located in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in north-eastern South Africa, occupies a large portion of the Lowveld covering 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi)
The coastal belt below the south and south-western stretches of the Great Escarpment contains several ranges of Cape Fold Mountains which run parallel to the coast, separating the Great Escarpment from the ocean. (These parallel ranges of fold mountains are shown on the map, above left. Note the course of the Great Escarpment to the north of these mountain ranges.) The land between the Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges to the south and the Swartberg range to the north is known as the Little Karoo, which consists of semi-desert shrubland similar to that of the Great Karoo, except that its northern strip along the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains has a somewhat higher rainfall and is, therefore, more cultivated than the Great Karoo. The Little Karoo is famous for its ostrich farming around Oudtshoorn. The lowland area to the north of the Swartberg range up to the Great Escarpment is the lowland part of the Great Karoo, which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the Karoo above the Great Escarpment. The narrow coastal strip between the Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges and the ocean has a moderately high year-round rainfall, which is known as the Garden Route. It is famous for the most extensive areas of forests in South Africa (a generally forest-poor country).
In the south-west corner of the country, the Cape Peninsula forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean and ultimately terminates at the country's border with Namibia at the Orange River. The Cape Peninsula has a Mediterranean climate, making it and its immediate surrounds the only portion of Sub-Saharan Africa which receives most of its rainfall in winter. The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north–south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east. The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32°S line of latitude, after which the Great Escarpment bounds the coastal plain. The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the Swartland and Malmesbury Plain, which is an important wheat growing region, relying on winter rains. The region further north is known as Namaqualand, which becomes more arid near the Orange River. The little rain that falls tends to fall in winter, which results in one of the world's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of veld in spring (AugustSeptember).
South Africa also has one offshore possession, the small sub-Antarctic archipelago of the Prince Edward Islands, consisting of Marion Island () and Prince Edward Island () (not to be confused with the Canadian province of the same name).
Climate
South Africa has a generally temperate climate because it is surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides, because it is located in the climatically milder Southern Hemisphere, and because its average elevation rises steadily toward the north (toward the equator) and further inland. This varied topography and oceanic influence result in a great variety of climatic zones. The climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern Namib in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the border with Mozambique and the Indian Ocean. Winters in South Africa occur between June and August. The extreme southwest has a climate similar to that of the Mediterranean with wet winters and hot, dry summers, hosting the famous fynbos biome of shrubland and thicket. This area produces much of the wine in South Africa and is known for its wind, which blows intermittently almost all year. The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope is particularly treacherous for sailors, causing many shipwrecks. Further east on the south coast, rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year, producing a green landscape. The annual rainfall increases south of the Lowveld, especially near the coast, which is subtropical. The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau. North of the Vaal River, the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the centre of the Highveld, is at above sea level and receives an annual rainfall of . Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare.
The coldest place on mainland South Africa is Buffelsfontein in the Eastern Cape, where a temperature of was recorded in 2013. The Prince Edward Islands have colder average annual temperatures, but Buffelsfontein has colder extremes. The deep interior of mainland South Africa has the hottest temperatures: a temperature of was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near Upington, but this temperature is unofficial and was not recorded with standard equipment; the official highest temperature is at Vioolsdrif in January 1993.
Climate change in South Africa is leading to increased temperatures and rainfall variability. Extreme weather events are becoming more prominent. This is a critical concern for South Africans as climate change will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country, for example with regards to water resources. Speedy environmental changes are resulting in clear effects on the community and environmental level in different ways and aspects, starting with air quality, to temperature and weather patterns, reaching out to food security and disease burden. South Africa contributes considerable carbon dioxide emissions, being the 14th largest emitter of carbon dioxide, primarily from its heavy reliance on coal and oil for energy production. As part of its international commitments, South Africa has pledged to peak emissions between 2020 and 2025.
Biodiversity
South Africa signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 4 June 1994 and became a party to the convention on 2 November 1995. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006. The country is ranked sixth out of the world's seventeen megadiverse countries. Ecotourism in South Africa has become more prevalent in recent years, as a possible method of maintaining and improving biodiversity.
Numerous mammals are found in the Bushveld including lions, African leopards, South African cheetahs, southern white rhinos, blue wildebeest, kudus, impalas, hyenas, hippopotamuses and South African giraffes. A significant extent of the Bushveld exists in the north-east including Kruger National Park and the Sabi Sand Game Reserve, as well as in the far north in the Waterberg Biosphere. South Africa houses many endemic species, among them the critically endangered riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticullaris) in the Karoo.
Up to 1945, more than 4,900 species of fungi (including lichen-forming species) had been recorded. In 2006, the number of fungi in South Africa was estimated at 200,000 species but did not take into account fungi associated with insects. If correct, then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants. In at least some major South African ecosystems, an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur. The country's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan does not mention fungi (including lichen-forming fungi).
With more than 22,000 different vascular plants, or about 9% of all the known species of plants on Earth, South Africa is particularly rich in plant diversity. The most prevalent biome is the grassland, particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses, low shrubs, and acacia, mainly camel-thorn (Vachellia erioloba). Vegetation is sparse towards the north-west because of low rainfall. There are numerous species of water-storing succulents, like aloes and euphorbias, in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. And according to the World Wildlife Fund, South Africa is home to around a third of all succulent species. The grass and thorn savanna turns slowly into a bush savanna towards the north-east of the country, with denser growth. There are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area, near the northern end of Kruger National Park.
The fynbos biome, which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the Cape Floristic Region, is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species, or three times more plant species than found in the Amazon rainforest, making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity. Most of the plants are evergreen hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like leaves, such as the sclerophyllous plants. Another uniquely South African flowering plant group is the genus Protea, with around 130 different species. While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, only 1% of the land is forest, almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal, where there are also areas of Southern Africa mangroves in river mouths. Even smaller reserves of forests are out of the reach of fire, known as montane forests. Plantations of imported tree species are predominant, particularly the non-native eucalyptus and pine.
Conservation issues
South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily because of overpopulation, sprawling development patterns, and deforestation during the 19th century. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.94/10, ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries. South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many (e.g., black wattle, Port Jackson willow, Hakea, Lantana and Jacaranda) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources. The original temperate forest found by the first European settlers was exploited until only small patches remained. Currently, South African hardwood trees like real yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), and South African black ironwood (Olea capensis) are under strict government protection. Statistics from the Department of Environmental Affairs show a record 1,215 rhinos were killed in 2014. Since South Africa is home to a third of all succulent species (many endemic to the Karoo), it makes it a hotspot for plant poaching, leading to many species to be threatened with extinction.
Climate change is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already semi-arid region, with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, flooding and drought. According to computer-generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute, parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about along the coast to more than in the already hot hinterland such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050. The Cape Floral Region is predicted to be hit very hard by climate change. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire, and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction. South Africa has published two national climate change reports in 2011 and 2016.
Demographics
South Africa is a nation of about 60 million (as of 2021) people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions. The last census was held in 2011, with estimates produced on an annual basis. South Africa is home to an estimated five million illegal immigrants, including some three million Zimbabweans. A series of anti-immigrant riots occurred beginning in May 2008.
Statistics South Africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups. The 2011 census figures for these groups were: Black African at 79.2%, White at 8.9%, Coloured at 8.9%, Indian or Asian at 2.5%, and Other/Unspecified at 0.5%. The first census in 1911 showed that whites made up 22% of the population; this had declined to 16% by 1980.
South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007. Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the DRC (24,800), and Somalia (12,900). These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, and Port Elizabeth.
Languages
South Africa has 11 official languages: Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, English, Pedi, Tswana, Southern Sotho, Tsonga, Swazi, Venda, and Southern Ndebele (in order of first language speakers). In this regard it is fourth only to Bolivia, India, and Zimbabwe in number. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. According to the 2011 census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%), Xhosa (16.0%), and Afrikaans (13.5%). Although English is recognised as the language of commerce and science, it is only the fourth most common home language, that of only 9.6% of South Africans in 2011; nevertheless, it has become the de facto lingua franca of the nation. Estimates based on the 1991 census suggest just under half of South Africans can speak English. It is the second most commonly spoken language outside of the household, after Zulu.
The country also recognises several unofficial languages, including Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, and South African Sign Language. These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent. Many of the unofficial languages of the San and Khoekhoe peoples contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from the Bantu people who make up most of the Black Africans in South Africa, have their own cultural identity based on their hunter-gatherer societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and the remainder of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct.
White South Africans may also speak European languages, including Italian, Portuguese (also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans), Dutch, German, and Greek, while some Indian South Africans speak Indian languages, such as Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. French is spoken by migrants from Francophone Africa.
Religion
According to the 2001 census, Christians accounted for 79.8% of the population, with a majority of them being members of various Protestant denominations (broadly defined to include syncretic African-initiated churches) and a minority of Roman Catholics and other Christians. Christian category includes Zion Christian (11.1%), Pentecostal (Charismatic) (8.2%), Roman Catholic (7.1%), Methodist (6.8%), Dutch Reformed (6.7%), and Anglican (3.8%). Members of remaining Christian churches accounted for another 36% of the population. Muslims accounted for 1.5% of the population, Hindus 1.2%, traditional African religions 0.3% and Judaism 0.2%. 15.1% had no religious affiliation, 0.6% were "other" and 1.4% were "unspecified."
African-initiated churches formed the largest of the Christian groups. It was believed that many of the persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to a traditional African religion. There are an estimated 200,000 traditional healers, and up to 60% of South Africans consult these healers, generally called ('diviner') or ('herbalist'). These healers use a combination of ancestral spiritual beliefs and a belief in the spiritual and medicinal properties of local fauna, flora, and funga commonly known as ('medicine'), to facilitate healing in clients. Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences.
South African Muslims comprise mainly Coloureds and Indians. They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as those from other parts of Africa. South African Muslims describe their faith as the fastest-growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004.
There is a substantial Jewish population, descended from European Jews who arrived as a minority among other European settlers. This population peaked in the 1970s at 120,000, though only around 67,000 remain today, the rest having emigrated, mostly to Israel. Even so, these numbers make the Jewish community in South Africa the twelfth largest in the world.
Education
The adult literacy rate in 2007 was 88.7%. South Africa has a three-tier system of education starting with primary school, followed by high school, and tertiary education in the form of (academic) universities and universities of technology. Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to 12. Grade R, or grade 0, is a pre-primary foundation year. Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling. High school education spans a further five years. The National Senior Certificate examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a South African university. Public universities are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically oriented university degrees; universities of technology (formerly called technikons), which offer vocationally-oriented diplomas and degrees; and comprehensive universities, which offer both types of qualification. There are 23 public universities in South Africa: 11 traditional universities, 6 universities of technology, and 6 comprehensive universities.
Under apartheid, schools for black people were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called Bantu Education which only taught skills sufficient to work as labourers.
In 2004, South Africa started reforming its tertiary education system, merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions, and renaming all tertiary education institutions "university". By 2015, 1.4 million students in higher education have benefited from a financial aid scheme which was promulgated in 1999.
Health
According to the South African Institute of Race Relations, the life expectancy in 2009 was 71 years for a white South African and 48 years for a black South African. The healthcare spending in the country is about 9% of GDP. About 84% of the population depends on the public healthcare system, which is beset with chronic human resource shortages and limited resources. About 20% of the population use private healthcare. Only 16% of the population are covered by medical aid schemes; the rest pay for private care out-of-pocket or through in-hospital-only plans. The three dominant hospital groups, Mediclinic, Life Healthcare and Netcare, together control 75% of the private hospital market.
HIV/AIDS
According to the 2015 UNAIDS medical report, South Africa has an estimated seven million people that are living with HIV – more than any other country in the world. In 2018, HIV prevalence—the percentage of people living with HIV—among adults (15–49 years) was 20.4%, and in the same year 71,000 people died from an AIDS-related illness.
A 2008 study revealed that HIV/AIDS infection is distinctly divided along racial lines: 13.6% of blacks are HIV-positive, whereas only 0.3% of whites have the virus. Most deaths are experienced by economically active individuals, resulting in many AIDS orphans who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support. It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa.
The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS was long denied by President Thabo Mbeki and his health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, who insisted that the many deaths in the country are caused by malnutrition, and hence poverty, and not HIV. In 2007, in response to international pressure, the government made efforts to fight AIDS. After the 2009 general elections, President Jacob Zuma appointed Aaron Motsoaledi as the health minister and committed his government to increasing funding for and widening the scope of HIV treatment, and by 2015, South Africa had made significant progress, with the widespread availability of antiretroviral drugs resulted in an increase in life expectancy from 52.1 years to 62.5 years.
Urbanization
One online database lists South Africa having more than 12,600 cities and towns. The following are the largest cities and towns in South Africa.
Government and politics
South Africa is a parliamentary republic, but unlike most such republics, the president is both head of state and head of government and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament. The executive, legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution of South Africa, and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional. The National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years by a system of party-list proportional representation. The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine provincial legislatures electing ten members.
After each parliamentary election, the National Assembly elects one of its members as president; hence the president serves a term of office the same as that of the Assembly, normally five years. No president may serve more than two terms in office. The president appoints a deputy president and ministers (each representing a department) who form the cabinet. The National Assembly may remove the president and the cabinet by a motion of no confidence. In the most recent election, held on 8 May 2019, the ANC won 58% of the vote and 230 seats, while the main opposition, the Democratic Alliance, won 21% of the vote and 84 seats. The Economic Freedom Fighters, founded by Julius Malema, former president of the ANC Youth League who was later expelled from the ANC, won 11% of the vote and 44 seats. The ANC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid.
South Africa has no legally defined capital city. The fourth chapter of the constitution states "The seat of Parliament is Cape Town, but an Act of Parliament enacted in accordance with section 76(1) and (5) may determine that the seat of Parliament is elsewhere." The country's three branches of government are split over different cities. Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is the legislative capital; Pretoria, as the seat of the president and cabinet, is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal, is the judicial capital; while the Constitutional Court of South Africa sits in Johannesburg. Most foreign embassies are located in Pretoria.
Since 2004, South Africa has had many thousands of popular protests, some violent, making it, according to one academic, the "most protest-rich country in the world". There have been numerous incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of the constitution, leading some analysts and civil society organisations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression.
In 2008, South Africa placed fifth out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. South Africa scored well in the categories of Rule of Law, Transparency and Corruption, and Participation and Human Rights, but score low in Safety and Security. In 2006, South Africa became the first and only African country to legalise same-sex marriage.
The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme rule of law in the country. The primary sources of South African law are Roman-Dutch mercantile law and personal law and English Common law, as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism. The first European-based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman-Dutch law. It was imported before the codification of European law into the Napoleonic Code and is comparable in many ways to Scots law. This was followed in the 19th century by English law, both common and statutory. After unification in 1910, South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa, building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies. The judicial system consists of the magistrates' courts, which hear lesser criminal cases and smaller civil cases; the High Court, which has divisions that serve as the courts of general jurisdiction for specific areas; the Supreme Court of Appeal; and the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court.
Foreign relations
As the Union of South Africa, the country was a founding member of the United Nations (UN), with Prime Minister Jan Smuts writing the preamble to the UN Charter. South Africa is one of the founding members of the African Union (AU) and has the third largest economy of all the members. It is a founding member of the AU's New Partnership for Africa's Development. After apartheid ended, South Africa was readmitted to the Commonwealth of Nations. The country is a member of the Group of 77 and chaired the organisation in 2006. South Africa is also a member of the Southern African Development Community, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, Antarctic Treaty System, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, G8+5, and the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa.
South Africa has played a key role as a mediator in African conflicts over the last decade, such as in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Comoros, and Zimbabwe.
President Jacob Zuma and Chinese President Hu Jintao upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries in 2010 when they signed the Beijing Agreement which elevated South Africa's earlier "strategic partnership" with China to the higher level of "comprehensive strategic partnership" in both economic and political affairs, including the strengthening of exchanges between their respective ruling parties and legislatures. In 2011, South Africa joined the Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRICS) grouping of countries, identified by Zuma as the country's largest trading partners and also the largest trading partners with Africa as a whole. Zuma asserted that BRICS member countries would also work with each other through the UN, G20, and the India, Brazil South Africa (IBSA) forum.
Military
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) was created in 1994 as a volunteer military composed of the former South African Defence Force, the forces of the African nationalist groups ( and Azanian People's Liberation Army), and the former Bantustan defence forces. The SANDF is subdivided into four branches, the South African Army, the South African Air Force, the South African Navy, and the South African Military Health Service. In recent years, the SANDF has become a major peacekeeping force in Africa, and has been involved in operations in Lesotho, the DRC, and Burundi, amongst others. It has also served in multinational UN Peacekeeping forces such as the UN Force Intervention Brigade.
In 1998 a major defence procurement programme was undertaken to re-equip the South African armed forces for the post-apartheid era also known as the ″South African Arms Deal″ the country had spent $4.8 billion on acquiring 26 Gripen multi-role fighters, 24 BAE Hawks, 30 A109s, 4 Valour-class frigates and 3 Heroine-class submarines.
Armaments Corporation of South Africa (Armscor) is the arms procurement agency of the South African Department of Defence. As of today the South African military industry is considered one of the most advanced in the non western world. The country produces military equipment such as the Ratel IFV which is the world's first wheeled IFV to enter service worldwide, the country also developed the Denel Rooivalk attack helicopter which is considered one of the worlds most powerful attack helicopters. During the 1980s after developing the Atlas Cheetah fighter aircraft South Africa started development of a Fourth-generation fighter aircraft known as the ″Atlas Carver″ the country had spent more than $2 billion on this project but it was cancelled in 1991 due to the end of the Cold War as the country no longer faced external military threats.
The SANDF has recently been deployed to counter gang violence in the Cape Flats and during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the 2021 South African unrest one of the largest deployments of soldiers since the end of Apartheid, 25,000 South African troops were deployed to the Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces to assist the South African Police quell the riots. In a show of strength, a convoy of more than a dozen armored personnel carriers brought soldiers into South Africa’s most populous province Gauteng, which includes the largest city Johannesburg, and the Executive Capital of South Africa Pretoria. The largest deployment of soldiers since South Africa won democracy in 1994 was in March 2020, when 70,000 army troops were sent out to enforce the country's strict lockdown to combat the spread of COVID-19.
Nuclear weapons
South Africa is the only African country to have successfully developed nuclear weapons. It became the first country (followed by Ukraine) with nuclear capability to voluntarily renounce and dismantle its programme and in the process signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991. South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons programme in the 1970s. According to President F.W. de Klerk, the decision to build a "nuclear deterrent" was taken "as early as 1974 against a backdrop of a Soviet expansionist threat." South Africa is alleged to have conducted a nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979, although this is officially denied; de Klerk maintained that South Africa had "never conducted a clandestine nuclear test." Six nuclear devices were completed between 1980 and 1990 but all were dismantled by 1991.
In 1990, the apartheid government extracted the country’s inventory of highly enriched uranium from its nuclear weapons, then melted the fuel before storing it in a silver vault at the Pelindaba nuclear research center which is located in the country’s administrative capital Pretoria. In 2011 South African president Jacob Zuma had rejected an offer from the Obama administration to get rid of his country’s nuclear-weapons fuel. Obama warned Zuma that a terrorist nuclear attack would constitute a "global catastrophe." In 2017, South Africa signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
Law enforcement and crime
Law enforcement in South Africa is primarily the responsibility of the South African Police Service (SAPS), South Africa's national police force. SAPS is responsible for investigating crime and security throughout the country. The South African Police Service has over 1,154 police stations across the country and over 150,950 officers. In 2023 the Special Task Force (SAPS) placed 9th at the international SWAT competition out of 55 law enforcement teams from across the world making it the best in Africa.
From April 2017 to March 2018, on average 57 murders were committed each day in South Africa. In the year ended March 2017, there were 20,336 murders and the murder rate was 35.9 per 100,000 – over five times higher than the global average of 6.2 per 100,000. More than 526,000 South Africans were murdered from 1994 to 2019. Middle-class South Africans seek security in gated communities. Many emigrants from South Africa state that crime was a major factor in their decision to leave. Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem. In an attempt to reduce crime rate, the police arrested over 500 undocumented foreigners in a raid in August 2019. South Africa has a high rape rate, with 43,195 rapes reported in 2014/15, and an unknown number of sexual assaults going unreported. A 2009 survey of 1,738 men in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape by the Medical Research Council found one in four men admitted to raping someone, and another survey of 4,000 women in Johannesburg by CIET Africa found one in three said they had been raped in the past year. Rape occurs most commonly within relationships, but many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner. Rapes are also perpetrated by children (some as young as ten). The incidence of child and infant rape is among the highest in the world, largely as a result of the virgin cleansing myth, and a number of high-profile cases (sometimes as young as eight months) have outraged the nation.
Between 1994 and 2018, there were more than 500 xenophobic attacks against foreigners in South Africa. The 2019 Johannesburg riots were similar in nature and origin to the 2008 xenophobic riots that also occurred in Johannesburg.
Administrative divisions
Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature, which is elected every five years by party-list proportional representation. The legislature elects a premier as head of government, and the premier appoints an Executive Council as a provincial cabinet. The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the constitution; these topics include such fields as health, education, public housing and transport.
The provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts: 8 metropolitan and 44 district municipalities. The district municipalities are further subdivided into 205 local municipalities. The metropolitan municipalities, which govern the largest urban agglomerations, perform the functions of both district and local municipalities.
Economy
South Africa has a mixed economy, the third largest in Africa, after Nigeria and Egypt and the 39th largest in the world. It also has a relatively high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa US$16,040 at purchasing power parity as of 2023 ranked 95th. Despite this, South Africa is still burdened by a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment and is ranked in the top ten countries in the world for income inequality, measured by the Gini coefficient.
South Africa is ranked 40th by total Wealth, making it the second wealthiest country in Africa, and in terms of private wealth South Africa has a private wealth of $651 billion making it the wealthiest country in Africa by private wealth followed by Egypt with $307 billion and Nigeria with $228 billion.
Approximately 55.5% (30.3 million people) of the population is living in poverty at the national upper poverty line while a total of 13.8 million people (25% of the population) are experiencing food poverty.
In 2015, 71% of net wealth are held by 10% of the population, whereas 60% of the population held only 7% of the net wealth, and the Gini coefficient was 0.63, whereas in 1996 it was 0.61.
Unlike most of the world's poor countries, South Africa does not have a thriving informal economy. Only 15% of South African jobs are in the informal sector, compared with around half in Brazil and India and nearly three-quarters in Indonesia. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) attributes this difference to South Africa's widespread welfare system. World Bank research shows that South Africa has one of the widest gaps between per capita GDP versus its Human Development Index ranking, with only Botswana showing a larger gap.
After 1994, government policy brought down inflation, stabilised public finances, and some foreign capital was attracted, however growth was still subpar. From 2004 onward, economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and capital formation increased. During the presidency of Jacob Zuma, the government increased the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Some of the biggest SOEs are Eskom, the electric power monopoly, South African Airways (SAA), and Transnet, the railroad and ports monopoly. Some of these SOEs have not been profitable, such as SAA, which has required bailouts totaling R30 billion ($ billion) over the 20 years preceding 2015.
Principal international trading partners of South Africa—besides other African countries—include Germany, the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and Spain. The 2020 Financial Secrecy Index ranked South Africa as the 58th safest tax haven in the world.
The South African agricultural industry contributes around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6% of GDP for the nation. Due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land.
In August 2013, South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by fDi Intelligence based on the country's economic potential, labour environment, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure, business friendliness, and foreign direct investment strategy.
Mining
South Africa has always been a mining powerhouse. In 2006 South Africa was the world’s largest gold producer for almost a century, by the end of 2009 gold mining in South Africa had declined rapidly having produced 205 metric tons (mt) of gold in 2008 compared to 1,000 metric tons produced in 1970 (almost 80% of the world’s mine supply at the time). Despite this, the country still has 6,000 tonnes of gold reserves and is still number 5 in gold production and remains a cornucopia of mineral riches. It is the world's largest producer of chrome, manganese, platinum, vanadium and vermiculite. It is the second largest producer of ilmenite, palladium, rutile and zirconium. It is the world's third largest coal exporter. It is a huge producer of iron ore; in 2012, it overtook India to become the world's third-biggest iron ore supplier to China, the world's largest consumers of iron ore.
Labour market
From 1995 to 2003, the number of formal jobs decreased and informal jobs increased; overall unemployment worsened. According to data published by the University of Cape Town, between 2017 and the end of 2020, South Africa had lost 56% of its middle-class earners, and the number of ultra-poor who earn below minimum wage had increased by 6.6 million individuals (54%).
The government's Black Economic Empowerment policies have drawn criticism from Neva Makgetla, previous lead economist for research and information at the Development Bank of Southern Africa, for focusing "almost exclusively on promoting individual ownership by black people [which] does little to address broader economic disparities, though the rich may become more diverse." Official affirmative action policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and an emerging black middle class. Other problems include state ownership and interference, which impose high barriers to entry in many areas. Restrictive labour regulations have contributed to the unemployment malaise.
Along with many African nations, South Africa has been experiencing a brain drain in the past 20 years and is almost certainly detrimental for the wellbeing of those reliant on the healthcare infrastructure. The skills drain in South Africa tends to demonstrate racial contours given the skills distribution legacy of South Africa and has thus resulted in large white South African communities abroad. However, the statistics which purport to show a brain drain are disputed and also do not account for repatriation and expiry of foreign work contracts. According to several surveys, there was a reverse in brain drain following the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 and expiration of foreign work contracts. In the first quarter of 2011, confidence levels for graduate professionals were recorded at a level of 84% in a Professional Provident Society survey. Illegal immigrants are involved in informal trading. Many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions, and the immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994.
Human Rights Watch reported in August 2019 that foreign national truck drivers were being subjected to deadly attacks carried out by South African truck drivers. The organization urged the South African government to take immediate actions ensuring the safety of the foreign national truck drivers putting up with violence, harassment, intimidation, stoning, bombing, and shooting, by local truck drivers in the country.
Tourism
Infrastructure
Roads
South Africa has a total road network of 750 000 kilometres which makes it the largest road network in Africa and the 10th largest in the world. According to SANRAL, the road network is valued at more than R2.1 trillion. SANRAL manages national roads and has a network of 22 197 kilometres of paved roads. Provinces are responsible for 222 951 kilometres while, according to the DoT, the municipal network is estimated at 275 661 kilometres of the proclaimed network. The rest are unproclaimed gravel roads (mainly serving rural communities) and are therefore not owned or maintained by any road authority. The country has more than 12 million motor vehicles with an average density of 16 motor vehicles per kilometre. The provincial road network is about 222 951 kilometres in length, consisting of 170 837 kilometres of unpaved and 52 114 kilometres of paved roads.
Rail
Rail transport in South Africa is an important element of the country's transport infrastructure. All major cities are connected by rail. Transnet Freight Rail mainly operates freight services while PRASA operates commuter services. State-owned utility Transnet Freight Rail is the largest freight rail transport operator on the African continent, the company maintains a rail network of approximately 31,000 km but only 20,900 km of this are in use.
South Africa's railway system is the most developed and largest in Africa as well as the 13th largest in the world, However, freight, passenger and port capacity shortages remain a severe constraint in domestic and regional trade.
Coal and iron ore are mainly transported on these lines, the country's rail network carried nearly 230 million tons of freight in 2017 this has declined to 179 million tons in 2021.
Energy
South Africa has a very large energy sector and is currently the only country on the African continent that possesses a Nuclear power plant. The country ranks as the largest producer of electricity on the African continent and it ranks 21st globally. South Africa also ranks as the 7th largest coal producer in the world and produces in excess of 248 million tonnes of coal and consumes almost three-quarters of that domestically. Around 77% of South Africa's energy needs are directly derived from coal and 92% of coal consumed on the African continent is mined in South Africa. South Africa is also the world's 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Power stations in South Africa include: Koeberg, Kendal, Kriel, Camden, Tutuka, Majuba, Grootvlei, Arnot, Hendrina, Lethabo, Matimba, Matla, Kusile and Medupi.
Despite being the largest electricity producer on the continent, the country still faces an energy crisis which causes a drastic effect on the country's economy and infrastructure, most notability manifesting in the form of successive rounds of loadshedding.Loadshedding is an ongoing period of widespread national level rolling blackouts that is being implemented by the national utility Eskom in order to prevent a total grid collapse, this is mainly due to Eskom not being able to keep up with electricity demand as its ageing coal power-station fleet breaks down often as well as crime and corruption.
As a response 2 new power plants are being built known as the Kusile Power Station and Medupi Power Station's which together will be the among the largest coal-fired power stations and the largest dry-cooled power stations in the world expected to be completed by 2023-2026.
Between December 2022 and February 2023 around 2700 South African National Defence Force troops were deployed to Eskom power stations throughout the country to counter theft and sabotage. In February 2023 South African President Cyril Ramaphosa declared a state of disaster over the energy crisis as it has escalated in recent months with South Africans facing power cuts for 288 days in 2022 while in 2023 there have been power cuts for up to 15 hours a day.
Science and technology
Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. South Africa was ranked 61st in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, up from 63rd in 2019. The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in December 1967; Max Theiler developed a vaccine against yellow fever, Allan MacLeod Cormack pioneered X-ray computed tomography (CT scan); and Aaron Klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques. Cormack and Klug received Nobel Prizes for their work. Sydney Brenner won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in molecular biology.
Mark Shuttleworth founded an early Internet security company Thawte, that was subsequently bought out by world leader Verisign. It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity.
South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the €1.5 billion Square Kilometre Array project.
Transport
Modes of transport include roads, railways, airports, water, and pipelines for petroleum oil. The majority of people in South Africa use informal minibus taxis as their main mode of transport. Bus rapid transit has been implemented in some cities in an attempt to provide more formalised and safer public transport services. These systems have been widely criticised because of their large capital and operating costs. South Africa has many major ports including Cape Town, Durban, and Port Elizabeth that allow ships and other boats to pass through, some carrying passengers and some carrying petroleum tankers.
Water supply and sanitation
Two distinctive features of the South African water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of water boards, which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities. These features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers, leading to a lack of attention to maintenance. Following the end of apartheid, the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010. Sanitation access increased from 71% to 79% during the same period. However, water supply and sanitation has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry.
The eastern parts of South Africa suffer from periodic droughts linked to the El Niño weather phenomenon. In early 2018, Cape Town, which has different weather patterns to the rest of the country, faced a water crisis as the city's water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of June. Water-saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than per day. Cape Town rejected an offer from Israel to help it build desalination plants.
Culture
The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and Westernised, aspects of traditional culture have declined. Members of the middle class, who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of Black, Coloured and Indian people, have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and Australasia.
Arts
South African art includes the oldest art objects in the world, which were discovered in a South African cave and dated from roughly 75,000 years ago. The scattered tribes of the Khoisan peoples moving into South Africa from around 10,000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. They were superseded by the Bantu/Nguni peoples with their own vocabularies of art forms. Forms of art evolved in the mines and townships: a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-influenced folk art of the Afrikaner and the urban white artists, earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards, also contributed to this eclectic mix which continues to evolve to this day.
Popular culture
The South African media sector is large, and South Africa is one of Africa's major media centres. While the many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another.
There is great diversity in South African music. Black musicians have developed unique styles called Kwaito and Amapiano, that is said to have taken over radio, television, and magazines. Of note is Brenda Fassie, who launched to fame with her song "Weekend Special", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String Quartet performs classical music with an African flavour. South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, and Sathima Bea Benjamin. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr, the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar, and the singer-songwriter Jeremy Loops. South African popular musicians that have found international success include Manfred Mann, Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die Antwoord, rock band Seether and rappers such as AKA, Nasty C and Cassper Nyovest gained notoriety in other avenues like the BET Awards for best African acts.
Although few South African film productions are known outside South Africa, many foreign films have been produced about South Africa. Arguably, the most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was District 9 and its upcoming sequel. Other notable exceptions are the film , which won the Academy Award for Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards in 2006, as well as , which won the Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. In 2015, the Oliver Hermanus film The Endless River became the first South African film selected for the Venice Film Festival.
Literature
South African literature emerged from a unique social and political history. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's Mhudi, written in 1930. During the 1950s, Drum magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to the urban black culture.
Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the novel Cry, the Beloved Country in 1948. Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1991. J.M. Coetzee won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee "in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider."
The plays of Athol Fugard have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in South Africa, London (Royal Court Theatre) and New York. Olive Schreiner's The Story of an African Farm (1883) was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form.
Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. André Brink was the first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the government after he released the novel A Dry White Season.
Cuisine
The cuisine of South Africa is diverse, and foods from many different cultures and backgrounds are enjoyed by all communities, and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety available. The cuisine is mostly meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as the , a variation of the barbecue. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl and Barrydale.
Sports
South Africa's most popular sports are association football, rugby union and cricket. Other sports with significant support are swimming, athletics, golf, boxing, tennis, rugby league, ringball, field hockey, surfing and netball. Although football (soccer) commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, judo, softball and skateboarding are becoming increasingly popular amongst the populace.
Association football is the most popular sport in South Africa. Footballers who have played for major foreign clubs include Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radebe and Philemon Masinga, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, and Delron Buckley. South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event. Player Benni McCarthy is also a first-team coach for the English football club Manchester United.
Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Corrie Sanders, Gerrie Coetzee and Brian Mitchell. Durban surfer Jordy Smith won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open making him the highest ranked surfer in the world. South Africa produced Formula One motor racing's 1979 world champion Jody Scheckter. Famous active cricket players include Kagiso Rabada, David Miller, Keshav Maharaj, Anrich Nortje, Reeza Hendricks and Rilee Rossouw; some also participate in the Indian Premier League.
South Africa has produced numerous world class rugby players, including Francois Pienaar, Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha, and Bryan Habana. South Africa has won the Rugby World Cup three times, tying New Zealand for the most Rugby World Cup wins. South Africa first won the 1995 Rugby World Cup, which it hosted. They went on to win the tournament again in 2007 and in 2019. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations, with the national team Bafana Bafana going on to win the tournament. In 2022, the women's team also won the Women's Africa Cup of Nations, beating Morocco 2–1 in the final. It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship. South Africa's national cricket team, the Proteas, have also won the inaugural edition of the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy by defeating West Indies in the final. The 2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup was hosted in South Africa and the women's team came in second place. South Africa's national blind cricket team also went on to win the inaugural edition of the Blind Cricket World Cup in 1998.
In 2004, the swimming team of Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4×100 Freestyle Relay. Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, and more recently, swimmers Tatjana Schoenmaker and Lara van Niekerk have both broken world records and won gold medals at the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. In 2012, Oscar Pistorius became the first double amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympic Games in London. In golf, Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the Career Grand Slam, one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen and Charl Schwartzel.
See also
Outline of South Africa
Timeline of South Africa
References
Further reading
A History of South Africa, Third Edition. Leonard Thompson. Yale University Press. 2001. 384 pages. .
Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN.
Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. .
Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. .
South Africa: A Narrative History. Frank Welsh. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. .
South Africa in Contemporary Times. Godfrey Mwakikagile. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. .
The Atlas of Changing South Africa. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. .
The Politics of the New South Africa. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. .
Twentieth-Century South Africa. William Beinart Oxford University Press 2001, 414 pages, .
External links
Government of South Africa
South Africa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
South Africa from UCB Libraries GovPubs
South Africa from the BBC News
South Africa luxury travel from Scott Dunn
South Africa
BRICS nations
Countries in Africa
English-speaking countries and territories
G20 nations
Member states of the African Union
Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations
Member states of the United Nations
Newly industrializing countries
Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
Southern African countries
States and territories established in 1910 | wiki |
" " is the fourteenth episode of the ninth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 198th episode overall. The episode's name is a reference to "The Appointment in Samarra", a fable by W. Somerset Maugham based on an ancient Mesopotamian story about the inevitability of death.
Plot
Picking up where "Bass Player Wanted" left off, at 1 a.m on Sunday, 17 hours before the wedding, Marshall is about to slap Barney when Future Ted says there is a back story to this slap. A few weeks earlier at MacLaren's Bar, Marshall tells Barney that he wants the next slap from the slap bet to be as painful as humanly possible. Barney counters that he is now immune to all of Marshall's torments.
Marshall proceeds to tell Barney that he went to seek "special training" for the next slap, which he describes as happening sometime in the future. First, he learned from a kid at a martial arts training center about the existence of the "Slap of a Million Exploding Suns", and that he needed to visit three masters to learn this skill. He traveled to Shanghai for a year to learn the speed component from "The Cruel Tutelage of Red Bird", to the Slap Mountain to learn the strength component from "The Punishing Scholarship of White Flower" and to Cleveland to learn the accuracy component from "The Schooling of the Calligrapher".
The training from Red Bird (in the likeness of Robin) included Marshall practicing with a fabled "slapping tree" in Gongqing Forest Park, a tree that slaps back with its branches. White Flower (in the likeness of Lily) instructed Marshall to get slapped by several of Barney's former conquests so he can harness their anger to give him the strength for his slap. When visiting the Calligrapher (in the likeness of Ted), Marshall tried to save him from choking by slapping his back, but without learning accuracy yet, he slapped the Calligrapher's heart right out of him. Marshall ends his story complaining that he never got to finish his training.
Flashing forward to the wedding weekend, Barney runs into woods in panic just before Marshall's hand makes contact with his face. The gang finally catches up to him, and Marshall tells Barney that the Calligrapher did in fact teach him the secret to accuracy while dying on the floor, and that his training is complete. Barney says that he is also ready, and Marshall slaps Barney. Marshall reminds Barney that there is one slap remaining in the slap bet.
Production
Critical reception
Bill Kuchman of Popculturology said that despite the episode not advancing the show's story or featuring The Mother, "it was still a highlight of Season 9" thanks to "Marshall finally [being] reunited with Lily, Ted, Robin and Barney." Kuchman also noted that HIMYM may have created another timeline error, with Marshall yelling "That's four!" after slapping Barney in both this episode and in the Season 7 episode Disaster Averted. Except there was no error as there were two slaps remaining and Marshall said "One more!" shortly after saying "That's four!"
The A.V. Clubs Donna Bowman graded the episode an A−.
Max Nicholson of IGN gave the episode 6.5/10, saying it delivered a fun and concise storyline that effectively set up future events.
Controversy
The episode generated criticism that the actors were in "yellow face", and were depicting Asian stereotypes and accents. While the episode was airing, #HowIMetYourRacism became a trending topic on Twitter. In response, show co-creator Carter Bays posted on Twitter that they were trying to pay homage to the kung fu movies that they grew up on and apologized to people who were offended.
References
External links
How I Met Your Mother (season 9) episodes
2014 American television episodes
Race-related controversies in television
Stereotypes of East Asian people | wiki |
Chemical elements that have been mistakenly "discovered". Further investigation showed that their discovery was either mistaken, that they have been mistaken from an already-known element, or mixture of two elements, or that they indicated a failing in theory where a new element had been assumed rather than some previously unknown behaviour.
References
Chemistry-related lists | wiki |
Twice Upon a Time may refer to:
Film and television
Twice Upon a Time (1953 film), a British comedy film
Twice Upon a Time (1983 film), an American animated film
Twice Upon a Time (1998 film), an American fantasy/romantic comedy TV film
"Twice Upon a Time" (Doctor Who), a 2017 episode of Doctor Who
Il était une seconde fois, a French TV series released in English as Twice Upon a Time
Music
Twice Upon a Time (Joe Diffie album)
Twice Upon a Time (The Kingston Trio album)
Twice Upon a Time: The Singles, an album by Siouxsie and the Banshees
Other uses
Twice Upon a Time (book series), a children's fantasy novel series by Wendy Mass | wiki |
A currant bun is a European sweet bun that contains currants or raisins.
The Chelsea bun is a variant. Neither should be confused with a spiced bun, nor with a similar cake called the tea cake. Nor should it be confused with the scone, a form of cake that is also likely to use currants but which is generally smaller, and which is usually eaten with butter or some butter substitute.
Currant Bun is English rhyming slang for the tabloid newspaper The Sun.
History
Towards the end of the seventeenth century the Reverend Samuel Wigley founded the Currant Bun Company in Southampton, Hampshire, UK. He imported currants from the island of Zakynthos where he had served as a missionary in his youth. Despite having failed to convert the population to Puritanism he did bring back the prize of the currant which he combined with traditional Hampshire bakery expertise to create the currant bun.
In 1824 Duncan Higgins adapted the recipe and used the now freely available Zakynthos currants to create the classic Chelsea bun in his bakery on Fulham Road, adjacent to the fashionable Chelsea district of London.
Every year in February the descendants of Mr Higgins hold a Chelsea Bun festival in which they celebrate their forefather's culinary achievements.
See also
List of buns
References
Sweet breads
Buns | wiki |
God mode (traduction littérale : mode Dieu) est un terme utilisé dans les jeux vidéos pour désigner un cheat code qui rend un joueur invulnérable, ou trop puissant.
God Mode peut désigner :
, un jeu vidéo de tir à la troisième personne ;
Windows Master Control Panel shortcut, un raccourci pour accéder à divers paramètres de contrôle sous Windows Vista et les systèmes d'exploitation ultérieurs, y compris Windows 10. | wiki |
Studio 8 can refer to:
Studio 8 (company), a production company
Capcom Production Studio 8, a defunct development studio of Capcom USA, Inc.
Macromedia Studio 8, a software suite | wiki |
A blue-ice area is an ice-covered area of Antarctica where wind-driven snow transport and sublimation result in net mass loss from the ice surface in the absence of melting, forming a blue surface that contrasts with the more common white Antarctic surface. Such blue-ice areas typically form when the movement of both air and ice are obstructed by topographic obstacles such as mountains that emerge from the ice sheet, generating particular climatic conditions where the net snow accumulation is exceeded by wind-driven sublimation and snow transports.
Only about 1% of Antarctic ice area can be considered to be blue-ice area, but they have attracted scientific interest due to the large numbers of meteorites that accumulate on them; these meteorites either fall directly on the blue-ice area and remain there or they fall elsewhere into the ice sheet and are transported to the blue-ice area by ice flow. Additionally, ice up to 2.7 million years old has been obtained from blue-ice areas. Blue-ice areas are sometimes used as runways for aircraft.
Appearance
Blue-ice areas have a generally smooth and often rippled appearance, a blue colour and a sparseness of bubbles in the ice. This light blue colour is a consequence of the absorption of light by ice and air bubbles encased within it and the source of the name "blue-ice area". It contrasts markedly with the white colour of Antarctic plains and can be seen from space and from aerial images while the density of the blue ice makes it appear on radar images as a dark ice form. Scalloped or rippled surfaces have almost regular surface patterns, although wholly smooth blue-ice areas exist as well and the terrain even of rippled surfaces features very low aerodynamic roughness, perhaps among the lowest of all permanent natural surfaces. This is because most aerodynamic drag is caused by surface anomalies less than a centimetre long, not larger uneven forms. Wave structures form through sublimation.
The occurrence of supraglacial moraines at blue-ice areas has been reported, these form when debris contained within a glacier accumulates at the surface due to melting or sublimation. Small depressions in the ice known as cryoconite holes are common and are formed where rocks got embedded in the ice, but are absent on more mountainous blue-ice areas.
Typical blue-ice areas often feature intense katabatic winds, with average winds reaching and gusts of up to ; such winds can remove and take up large amounts of snow. They are usually warmer than comparable snow-covered areas, sometimes by up to , which makes them identifiable from brightness temperature imaging. This warming is due to the lower albedo of the blue ice compared to snow, which results in them absorbing more sunlight and warming more. Blue-ice areas also alter the climate above them.
As commonly defined, blue-ice areas display little or no evidence of melting, thus excluding glaciers and frozen lakes in the Antarctic Dry Valleys where sublimation-dominated ice also occurs but which may be more comparable to the ablation areas of regular glaciers.
Occurrence
Blue-ice areas were first discovered in 1949-1952 by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition. They have been identified only in Antarctica although similar ice patches on Greenland have been reported and blue ice is widespread at glaciers worldwide. Blue-ice areas make up only about 1% of the Antarctic surface ice; however, they are locally common and scattered across the continent, especially in coastal or mountainous areas, but not directly beside the coastline.
They have been found in Dronning Maud Land, the catchment of the Lambert Glacier, the Transantarctic Mountains and Victoria Land. Individual locations in Antarctica include areas of the Allan Hills, the Queen Fabiola Mountains (the Yamato ice field there covers an area of and is the largest such structure), Scharffenberg-Botnen and the Sør Rondane Mountains. Their location has been correlated with specific atmospheric pressures, temperatures and a relative humidity of less than 100%.
Origin and processes
Blue-ice areas are regions where more snow is removed by sublimation or by wind than accumulates by precipitation or wind-driven transport, leading to the emergence of (blue) ice. In most of Antarctica, the net tendency is for snow to accumulate except in coastal Antarctica where melting occurs and blue-ice areas where sublimation dominates. This sublimation occurs at rates of snow water equivalent and is balanced by ice flow, with the sublimation rate decreasing with elevation and increasing with temperature. Summer also increases the sublimation rate, although it still occurs during winter. Winds remove snow that rest on the surface and could even scour exposed ice away, although the occurrence of scouring is not established without doubt and the role of abrasion is also unclear.
Such areas exist even in the coldest parts of Antarctica, and they are characterized by high mean wind speeds and low precipitation. Once they have formed, the smooth surface prevents snow from accumulating as it is quickly blown away by the wind, and the blue colour increases the absorption of sunlight and thus sublimation; both these phenomena act to maintain the blue-ice area, and wind-driven transport of warm air can cause the blue-ice area to expand downwind.
Blue-ice areas are common in mountainous regions. Presumably, irregular surface topography obstructs ice flow and locally creates atmospheric conditions suitable for the development of blue-ice areas. Irregular topography does not need to be exposed to the surface to generate blue-ice areas, although they must have an effect on the ice surface topography to induce the formation of blue-ice areas. Consequently, many blue-ice areas form when ice thicknesses decrease, which has been postulated to happen during interglacials although in general the past history of blue-ice areas is poorly known. Such areas may not have existed at all during glacial times when the ice sheet was thicker. Changes in mean wind speeds cause short-term fluctuations in the land covered by blue-ice areas. Global warming is predicted to decrease wind speeds across Antarctica causing a small decrease in the land surface covered by blue-ice areas. Thermal contraction of blue-ice can cause icequakes.
Age
Ages of particular blue-ice areas have been inferred from the ages of the meteorites there discovered, although redistribution of meteorites between various areas through ice flow can cause this procedure to yield erroneous age estimates. The oldest blue-ice areas may be up to 2.5 million years old and the ice in them can be quite old as well, with ages of several hundred thousand years estimated on the basis of ice flow dynamics and radiometric dating and the development of a horizontal stratigraphy. This occurs because ice blocked by obstacles stagnates and moves at a rate commensurate with the ablation rate. Younger ages have been found as well however, such as 250,000 years old at the Allan Hills, 75,000 years old at the Yamato Mountains, and 25,000 years old at the Larsen blue-ice area.
Types
Several subtypes have been defined, which encompass most blue-ice areas.
Type I form in the lee of an obstacle and are the most common type of blue-ice area although they usually cover only a small surface area, compared to the other three types. They are often 50 – 100 times as long as the obstacle is high, which is often a mountain.
Type II form where katabatic winds clear snow from the surface until ice appears. They form on valley glaciers.
Type III form where winds blowing on steep slopes – or even over flat terrain – remove snow from the surface.
Type IV form by wind removing snow from the lowest part of a glacier basin.
Meteorites
Blue-ice areas are known primarily for the meteorites that accumulate there. They originally fell on ice elsewhere and were transported by ice flows to the blue-ice area, where they accumulate when the ice they were encased in ablates away; this mechanism has been compared to a conveyor belt that transports meteorites to blue-ice areas. Additionally, meteorites that fell directly on the blue-ice areas are represented; because of the often great age of the surface a number of meteorites can accumulate even without ice-driven transport. Over 20,000 meteorites from blue-ice areas were known by 1999, a large share of all known meteorites on Earth.
Meteorite findings occur only on a minority of all blue-ice areas and are mostly limited to inland blue-ice areas whereas coastal ones tend to be lacking in meteorites. This might reflect the fact that at low altitude the ice surrounding the meteorites can melt due to solar heating of the meteorite, thus removing it from view.
Research history
The earliest research in blue-ice areas occurred during the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition in 1949–1952, and was followed by two decades of mostly geological and geomorphological research. The discovery of meteorites in a blue-ice area of the Yamato Mountains led to an uptick in scientific interest; a number of programs to collect meteorites began. This also led to increased research in the glaciological and dynamical properties of blue-ice areas, and later to their meteorological and climatological implications.
Use
The hard, flat and smooth surfaces of blue-ice areas have been used as aircraft runways (Blue ice runways) in parts of Antarctica. The very old ice in blue-ice areas has been used to reconstruct past climate, and the temporal resolution may be larger than in deep ice cores. Blue-ice areas are candidate sites for ice core drilling aimed at recovering 1.5 million year old ice, and 2.7 million year old ice has been recovered from such areas.
References
Citations
Sources
Glacial erosion landforms
Environment of Antarctica
Geomorphology
Ice | wiki |
Merchant service may refer to:
An alternative term for merchant navy
Merchant services, a category of financial services relating to business | wiki |
Cutoff grade is the minimum grade required in order for a mineral or metal to be economically mined (or processed). Material found to be above this grade is considered to be ore, while material below this grade is considered to be waste.
The cutoff grade can be determined through a variety of methods, each of varying complexity. Cutoff grades are selected to achieve a certain objective, such as resource utilization or economic benefit. Dividing these objectives even further gives way to specific goals such as the maximization of total profits, immediate profits, and present value. It is important to recognize that the cutoff grade is not simply calculated to a definitive answer. It is in fact a strategic variable that has major implications on mine design. The cutoff grade is adapted as the economic environment changes with regard to metal prices and mining costs, and is therefore constantly changing. Metal value is not the only factor affecting the profitability of an ore block. The presence of unwanted material in an ore block may increase the processing cost. This is also considered when classifying waste rock and ore.
References
Mining engineering
Mineral economics | wiki |
Close Quarters may refer to:
Close Quarters (Gilbert), a novel by Michael Gilbert
Close Quarters (Golding), a novel by William Golding
Close Quarters, a novel by Kenneth Bulmer, writing as Adam Hardy
Close Quarters, a novel by Jeff Gulvin
Close Quarters, a novel by Larry Heinemann
"Close Quarters" (The Professionals), an episode of the crime action television drama series
See also
Close-quarters combat
At Close Quarters, a 2007 novel | wiki |
The original Frita is a Cuban dish with a seasoned ground beef and pork patty (sometimes mixed with chorizo) on Cuban bread topped with shoestring potatoes. Variations also include lettuce, onions, and a spiced ketchup sauce. A similar dish on Cuban bread is called pan con bistec (bistec de palomilla) topped with the shoestring potatoes. This type of burger is found mainly in South Florida.
This burger is usually washed down with a batido de trigo, a Cuban puffed wheat milk shake.
One of many burgers featured in Hamburgers and Fries by John T. Edge. Frita along with Loco Moco, Jucy Lucy, green chile burgers at Bobcat Bite, and the fried onion burgers of El Reno, Oklahoma are considered some of the unique regional takes on the hamburger in the United States.
References
Frita Cuban hamburger recipe as made in Cuba
Cuban cuisine
Culture of Miami
The Cuban Frita was originally made in Ciego de Avila, Camaguey by Luis Obregon. He created it and sold it on a roadside stand during the Machado era. When the patties became popular, the stand was shut down and the Frita was adopted by a local Hotel. More details to come | wiki |
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