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Cayuga is a village in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 549 at the 2010 census. The village derives its name from the indigenous Cayuga people and the lake named after them.
The village of Cayuga is in the western part of the town of Aurelius.
History
The Sullivan Expedition of 1779 passed through the town. The village was incorporated in 1857, and re-incorporated in 1874.
The Hutchinson Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Cayuga has a total area of , of which is land and , or 33.81%, is water.
Cayuga is located on the eastern shore of the northern end of Cayuga Lake.
New York State Route 90 is a north–south highway through the village.
Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 509 people, 203 households, and 137 families in the village. The population density was 554.4 people per square mile (213.6/km). There were 240 housing units at an average density of 261.4 per square mile (100.7/km). The racial makeup of the village was 99.02% White, 0.39% African American, 0.39% Native American, and 0.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.39%.
Of the 203 households 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 29.6% of households were one person and 14.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.17.
The age distribution was 28.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.
The median household income was $37,679 and the median family income was $50,156. Males had a median income of $30,769 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,894. About 1.5% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
William Foote Whyte (in retirement), sociologist
Marie Parcello, singer
Rod Serling, creator of The Twilight Zone
References
External links
Village of Cayuga webpage
Villages in Cayuga County, New York | wiki |
Kenneth Golden may refer to:
Kenneth M. Golden, American applied mathematician
Kenneth Ivan Golden, American physicist | wiki |
Kim Waugh (née Waugh) is an Australian horse trainer, operating from Wyong Racecourse.
Her most notable achievement in Thoroughbred racing has been winning the 2005 Sydney Cup with the stayer Mahtoum.
She is married to former Australian cricketer, Mark Waugh.
References
External links
Kim Waugh official web site
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian horse trainers | wiki |
The Flower Girl is a North Korean revolutionary genre theatrical performance.
The Flower Girl may also refer to:
The Flower Girl (Ingham), 19th-century painting
The Flower Girl (Murillo), 17th-century painting
"(I Love) The Flower Girl", another name for "The Rain, the Park & Other Things", a 1967 song by The Cowsills
See also
The Flower Girl of Potsdam Square, a 1925 German silent comedy film | wiki |
This is the discography of gospel artist Vickie Winans.
Albums
References
Christian music discographies
Discographies of American artists | wiki |
A power trowel (also known as a "power float" and "troweling machine") is a piece of light construction equipment used by construction companies and contractors to apply a smooth finish to concrete slabs.
Types
Power trowels differ in the way they are controlled:
Ride-on power trowels have two spider/rotor assemblies and are controlled by an operator sitting on a seat upon the machine, controlling the power trowel movement with two joystick/levers (these can be either mechanical or electronic/hydraulic). Blade pitch is controlled either by manual turn handles, (usually both spiders are linked together) or by electric motors and switches. Ride on power trowels range in size from 6' machines weighing 600-700lb, up to 12'+ machines weighing over 2000lbs . And in power ranges from small 13 hp single cylinder engines, all the way up to 100+ hp multi fuel V8 engines. Drive systems come in two basic variations direct mechanical drive (typically using a CVT style clutch) and hydrostatic drive. Additionally, they are available in overlapping and non-overlapping configurations, the latter allowing the use of float pans.
Walk-behind power trowels are used by an operator walking behind the machine.
A power trowel performs the tasks of several hand tools, hand trowel, hand float, darby and concrete float.
See also
Concrete pump
Screed
References
Engineering vehicles
Construction equipment
Articles containing video clips | wiki |
Bruce Gaston may refer to:
Bruce Gaston (American football) (born 1991), American football player from Illinois
Bruce Gaston (musician) (1947–2021), expatriate American musician in Thailand | wiki |
Meilleurs marqueurs d'essais de la National Rugby League par saison
Ce tableau retrace les meilleurs marqueurs d'essais de la National Rugby League par saison.
Meilleurs marqueurs de points de la National Rugby League par saison
Ce tableau retrace les meilleurs marqueurs de points de la National Rugby League par saison.
National Rugby League | wiki |
Bob Ripa (1913–1943) was an American entertainer killed in a plane crash in 1943 while on a USO tour.
He was a leading juggler of the time.
References
1913 births
1943 deaths
Jugglers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1943 | wiki |
DPCCH, Dedicated Physical Control CHannel, is a term from UMTS. This is the physical channel on which the signalling is transmitted, both on the uplink by the UE (user equipment) to the Node B (the base transceiver station) and on the downlink by the Node B to the UE.
References
UMTS | wiki |
Skeneopsis is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Skeneopsidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
Skeneopsis planorbis
Skeneopsis sultanarum
References
Gastropods | wiki |
La Yamaha YZ100 est une moto spécialement conçue pour les courses hors route et de motocross, de la marque Yamaha.
Notes et références
Motocyclette Yamaha | wiki |
The men's decathlon at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Olympic Stadium on .
Summary
Before the competition started, there were a lot of athletes considered to be possible medal contenders. World leader Rico Freimuth (GER), Götzis winner Damian Warner (CAN) had shown solid performances throughout the season. Olympic silver medallist Kevin Mayer(FRA) had the best PB of the athletes, but had not done a decathlon in 2017. Ilya Shkurenev (ANA) had scored more than 8600 points, but hadn't been competing with the rest of the decathletes for nearly two years because of the ban of the Russian team. Another question mark was behind Trey Hardee (USA), the champion of 2009 and 2011. If he was able to reproduce his form of earlier years, he could be a contender as well.
The first four times in the 100 metres were Warner, Freimuth, Karl Robert Saluri (EST) and Mayer. Warner's 10.50 was the best of the day but not as exceptional as his of 10.15. Sutthisak Singkhon (THA) had the best long jump, though still over 20 cm short of his best from July, his jump was a centimeter longer than Kai Kazmirek (GER), who moved into contention behind his teammate Freimuth and the other top 100 runners. In the shot put, Meyer assumed the lead with the second best throw behind Lindon Victor (GRN) 15.86. Hardee moved into third. Kazmirek moved into second place with the best high jump of the day , but Mayer maintained the lead as one of several to clear 2.08 m. And Kazmirek ended the first day still in second with the best 400 of 47.17 as Mayer's 48.26 kept him close enough to maintain the lead.
Starting the second day, Warner's 13.63 hurdles put him back in third, with Freimuth and Mayer close behind to take the top two positions. Both Hardee and Shkurenev disappeared from the leader board after crashing over the fourth hurdle. With a discus throw, Freimuth gained over 4 metres on Mayer and pulled to within 24 points. A 48.79 m put Oleksiy Kasyanov (UKR) into third. Pau Tonnesen (ESP) have the best pole vault at 5.40 m but he was out of contention. Kazmirek and Mayer tied at the next best height to allow Mayer to separate in the lead and Kazmirek to move back to third. Janek Õiglane (EST) threw the javelin a 71.73 m in the javelin to move into fourth place, Mayer's was more than 3 and a half metres longer than the German teammates, giving him a solid lead going in to the final event. Mayer's 4:36.73 1500 beat both Germans to win going away. Kazmirek beat Freimuth by three and a half seconds in the race, but still finished 76 points behind him in the final tally.
The competition is notable for being the second decathlon in the World Championships history with the highest fraction of athletes (over 41%) not finishing the competition. The decathlon during the 1997 World Championships in Athletics similarly featured 34 athletes, of whom 14 were non-finishers.
Records
Before the competition records were as follows:
The following records were set at the competition:
Qualification standards
The standard to qualify automatically for entry was 8100 points.
Schedule
The event schedule, in local time (UTC+1), was as follows:
Results
100 metres
The 100 metres took place on 11 August in four heats as follows:
The overall results were as follows:
Long jump
The long jump took place on 11 August in two groups both starting at 11:11. The results were as follows:
Shot Put
The shot put took place on 11 August in two groups both starting at 12:55. The results were as follows:
High jump
The high jump took place on 11 August in two groups, Group A started at 17:00 and Group B at 17:01. The results were as follows:
400 metres
The 400 metres took place on 11 August in four heats as follows:
The overall results were as follows:
110 metres hurdles
The 110 metres hurdles took place on 12 August in four heats as follows:
The overall results were as follows:
Discus throw
The discus throw took place on 12 August in two groups, Group A started at 11:00 and Group B at 12:10. The results were as follows:
Pole vault
The pole vault took place on 12 August in two groups, Group A started at 12:58 and Group B at 14:08. The results were as follows:
Javelin throw
The javelin throw took place on 12 August in two groups, Group A started at 17:30 and Group B at 18:55. The results were as follows:
1500 metres
The 1500 metres took place on 12 August at 20:55. The results were as follows (photo finish):
Final standings
The final standings were as follows:
References
Decathlon
Decathlon at the World Athletics Championships | wiki |
A rondel () is a circular piece of metal used for protection, as part of a harness of plate armour, or attached to a helmet, breastplate, couter or on a gauntlet.
Rondels most commonly hang off breastplates and cover the armpit, which is a vulnerable point. They may also have been used to steady the jousting lance. In this instance they are commonly known as besagews. They also appear on the back of a type of late medieval helmet known as the armet. Their purpose for this is unknown, though it has been surmised that they may protect strapping, or just be some sort of added protection. Rondels also appear uncommonly on the metacarpal parts of some historical gauntlet designs, and appear in some period illustrations protecting the side of the head, and the point of the elbow (where a fan may normally be).
See also
Besagew—a kind of rondel for armpit protection
Mirror armour—oriental armour developed from local types of polished rondels, called as "mirrors"
References
External links
Leg Harness (1400 - 1620) description of historic developments in leg armour
Western plate armour | wiki |
Jessica Jones (Marvel), een superheldin van Marvel Comics
Jessica Jones (televisieserie), een serie over de gelijknamige superheldin | wiki |
Coldest winter may refer to:
The coldest winter, see List of weather records
The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (2007 book), a 2007 book about the Korean War
"Coldest Winter" (song), 2008
The Coldest Winter (comics), a sequel to the graphic novel The Coldest City
Other uses
The Coldest Winter in Peking (1981 film)
The Coldest Winter Ever (1999 novel)
See also
Coldest place (disambiguation)
Cold (disambiguation)
Winter (disambiguation) | wiki |
The 1957–58 British Home Championship was a football tournament played between the British Home Nations during the 1957–58 season. The competition was marred by the Munich air disaster on 6 February 1958, when an aircraft carrying the Manchester United football team home from a European Cup match in Belgrade crashed at the Munich-Riem airport on take-off. Eight players and fifteen other people, including an array of senior coaches, officials and sports journalists, were killed and another nineteen seriously injured. Three of the dead, Roger Byrne, Tommy Taylor and Duncan Edwards were experienced England team members while Jackie Blanchflower, an Ireland international, was left permanently disabled. Several other international footballers were also injured more or less severely. This tragedy rather subdued the tournament culmination two months later, although the England team did secure a cathartic 4–0 victory in Glasgow over the Scots with one of the goals coming from Bobby Charlton, who had been injured in the Munich crash.
The tournament itself was shared by England and Ireland after weak performances by Scotland and Wales in their games. While Scotland and Ireland played out a 1–1 draw in their opener, England began well, beating the Welsh 4–0 in Cardiff. The second round of matches however changed the tournament's direction as Ireland beat England in London in a surprising overturn of form. The match was very close, the Irish only winning 3–2, one of the English goals coming from Duncan Edwards. Scotland and Wales meanwhile were both unable to take advantage of England's discomfort, drawing 1–1. Before the final matches, the season was permanently disfigured by the Munich disaster. Wales and Ireland again struggled to a 1–1 draw, denying the Irish a rare undisputed title while England, with a team containing several young and inexperienced players, achieved an impressive 4–0 victory over the Scots in Glasgow to take their share of the tournament.
The competition was also intended to have been a good indicator of form going into the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden, which all four Home Nations had reached through separate qualifying groups. The disaster however made the tournament a poor indicator and so it proved, England and Scotland unable to progress from the group stage, England still suffering from the loss of so many key players. Wales and Northern Ireland progressed from their groups in impressive form but were unable to sustain their momentum, Wales going down to a Pelé goal in a hard fought match to eventual winners Brazil, while the Irish lost 4–0 in the Quarter-Final to the France of Just Fontaine.
Table
Results
References
1951
1957–58 in Northern Ireland association football
1957–58 in English football
1957–58 in Scottish football
1957–58 in Welsh football
1958 in British sport
1957 in British sport | wiki |
JAGS may refer to:
James Allen's Girls' School, south London
Just another Gibbs sampler, simulation software
JAGS McCartney International Airport, Turks and Caicos Islands
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Jags may refer to:
Jags Panesar, a fictional character from EastEnders
The Jags, 1970s British rock band
Jacksonville Jaguars, NFL American football team
Jaguar Cars, "Jags" in the plural sense
Partick Thistle F.C., Scottish association football team
See also
JAG (disambiguation)
Jaguar (disambiguation) | wiki |
Empetrichthyinae is a subfamily of fishes, one of two subfamilies that make up the family Goodeidae.
Genera
There are two genera within the subfamily Empetrichthyinae:
Crenichthys Hubbs, 1932
Empetrichthys Gilbert, 1893
References
Goodeidae | wiki |
Vetiver is a species of tropical grass, Chrysopogon zizanioides, native to India.
Vetiver may also refer to:
Vétiver, a men's fragrance produced by Guerlain
Vetiver (band), an American folk band
Vetiver (album), their debut album
Vetiver System, a system of soil and water conservation | wiki |
A braadworst () or verse worst is a large Dutch sausage, most often composed of pork for its meat to fat ratio, although beef or veal can be used too. The meat is spiced with pepper and nutmeg, but other spices and herbs such as cloves, sage, fennel seed, coriander seed, or juniper berries can be used in addition. Along with rookworst it is the most common sausage served along most varieties of stamppot but is eaten with other dishes as well and can be found throughout the Netherlands and Flanders.
The name braadworst is Dutch for roast sausage, whereas verse worst simply means fresh sausage (as opposed to dried or cured sausages).
Typically the sausage is pan fried with a large complement of butter, though during the summertime it is not uncommon to see the sausage on a barbecue.
In the Dutch language the name braadworst is occasionally used for the German Bratwurst as well, though the sausages involved are very different. Bratwursts are also referred to by their native name or are called Duitse braadworst which means German braadworst.
The Dutch verse worst or braadworst is the direct ancestor of the internationally more known Afrikaner boerewors, to which it still bears great resemblance.
See also
List of sausages
References
Dutch sausages
Fresh sausages
nl:Braadworst | wiki |
Daddy Duck is a 1948 animated short film featuring Donald Duck. It was released by Walt Disney Productions.
Plot
Donald Duck adopts a baby kangaroo and tries to give him take a bath. The lady at the adoption bureau is on the telephone with him giving him instructions. After they get through that, the kangaroo gets scared by a rug made of a bear skin.
Voice cast
Clarence Nash as Donald Duck
Bea Benaderet as Adoption Bureau
Home media
The short was released on December 11, 2007 on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Three: 1947-1950.
References
External links
1948 films
1948 animated films
1940s Disney animated short films
Donald Duck short films
Films produced by Walt Disney
Films scored by Oliver Wallace | wiki |
Academic dress prescribed at the University of Dublin and its sole constituent college, Trinity College, follows a relatively complex protocol which, nonetheless, shares some particular characteristics with other universities in Ireland and with the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.
Occasions when worn
The 1966 consolidated statutes of the university and the college stated, "The Provost, and every Fellow, professor, other Academic Officer, scholar, and other Student shall have a cap and gown, and shall wear them while performing their Academic duties"; the precise significance of "Academic duties" was not made explicit. As late as the 1960s, gowns were still commonly worn for some lectures and examinations, but in practice the wearing of academic dress is now confined to graduation ceremonies and other formal occasions. Some student societies, such as the College Historical Society and the University Philosophical Society, officially require academic dress at their meetings, but this postulation is never now observed.
Components
After the names of the components, the Groves Classification Number is given in square brackets.
For full academic dress at special occasions, the prescribed clothing for men with degrees is a dinner jacket, worn with dark trousers, a white shirt, white or black bow tie, black socks and black shoes - in other words, following the black tie dress code. (The option to wear a white bow tie is a vestige of previous decades where full white tie formal dress was required for all men at degree ceremonies). Men with diplomas or certificates wear a dark suit instead of a dinner jacket. Women are required to wear formal clothing in black, white, or a combination of both. Members of the military are exempted from these requirements and may wear service dress uniform; similarly, members of the clergy may wear black or white clerical clothing with a shirt in black or grey.
Gowns
Gowns are open-fronted, like those generally used throughout Ireland and the United Kingdom, but not the United States, and they are largely similar in shape to those of the University of Oxford. The main types seen are the bachelors' and masters' gowns. In addition, for certain formal occasions, Doctors wear special dress gowns, distinguished by the use of scarlet; the sleeves and facings of these are adorned in some cases with various patterns that indicate the exact degree or degrees that they possess, allowing this to be determined even when hoods are not being worn.
Undergraduates
Commoners (i.e. those not otherwise classified, including Pensioners (those who pay fees)) wear a gown that is now very rarely seen. It consists of a short, sleeveless gown [u8] made of black shtuff stuff with a flap collar. It is similar in shape to the Oxford Advanced Students' gown [u5], but it reaches down as far as the knees, and the "streamers" over the arm are wider and reach only as far as the elbow. It has distinctive decoration: three rows of tassels are found on the flap above each armhole, with another three rows below, and a nine-inch slit upwards from the back midline hem. The streamers may be considered the remnants of closed sleeves, as can still be seen on the laced gowns of the higher faculties.
Scholars (both those on the Foundation and non-Foundation) wear the same gown as bachelors.
Fellow Commoners / Nobles; these were historically enrolled in a special, shorter, intensive course (three years as opposed to four, as they did not want to neglect their estates for too long) and had a particular gown. This was embellished with gold tassels, etc.
Sizars/ Exhibitioners: A Sizar was a poor student, the son of poor parents, often of clergy.
From the writings of William Howitt about Goldsmith, 1847 – "The sizer wears a black gown of coarse stuff without sleeves, a plain black cloth cap without a tassel, and dines at the fellows' table after they have retired. It was at that period far worse; they wore red caps to distinguish them, and were compelled to perform derogatory offices; to sweep the courts in the morning, carry up the dishes from the kitchen to the fellows' table, and wait in the hall till they had dined." A distinct gown for Sizars/ Exhibitioners is no longer worn, and they currently wear the Commoners gown, when required or desired.
In addition to undergraduate use, the undergraduate gown is worn as the prescribed academic dress for the conferral of undergraduate diplomas, with an epitoge.
Bachelors
These wear a clerical-type gown [b10] of black Irish Russell cord, in the Oxford BA shape [b1] but with shorter sleeves. It has no collar, but instead has the voluminous material of its back and the open bell-shaped sleeves gathered into a yoke.
Masters
Masters wear a gown [m3] in black cloth, silk or poplin, similar to the Oxford MA shape [m1] but with a very high cresentic cut in the sleeves giving a deep blunt point to the bases, and with a cord and button on the yoke.
Doctors
Holders of University of Dublin doctoral degrees have two sets of costume: undress, and full dress (or scarlet). Full dress is worn on formal college and university occasions.
Full dress
Most gowns are scarlet, with the exceptions of the Mus.D. robe, which is white; the D.Mus.Perf robe, which is white rose; the D.Clin.Psych robe, which is red; and the D.Ed. robe, which is blue. They are in the Oxford doctors' shape [d2]. There is a cord and button on the yoke, and the sleeves, facings and edgings vary in colour according to the degree.
Undress
Doctoral undress is as for masters' gowns.
Hoods
Hoods made of silk are worn on the back as an indicator of academic status. The design of hoods as set by University and College Statutes Chapter XXII is below. Their design is distinctive [f2], having a full shape with an inch-wide edging to the cape and cowl, and in some cases they have poplin or fur decoration.
For several years around the turn of the 21st century, the BA hood was erroneously cut in a modified (with a curved liripipe) Belfast simple-shape [s3] and lined with fur differently. Before 1909, the shape was the same as the Belfast shape but was then changed to the full-shape. However, in recent years, the hood had been made in the modified Belfast shape, for unknown reasons, by the university's authorised robemakers. Subsequently, the MB hood had also been cut in the simple shape, apparently without any official authorisation from the university. Since the 2012–13 academic year, both the BA and MB hoods have once again supplied in the Dublin full shape.
Bachelors
Masters
Doctors
Hoods are edged one inch around the cape and cowl and lined with silk to match the facings of the appropriate full-dress robes.
Epitoge
Graduates of diploma or certificate programmes wear academic dress consisting of an epitoge [e1], a strip of material worn over the left shoulder, on top of the relevant (undergraduate or bachelor's) gown. Those holding an undergraduate diploma or certificate wear a blue epitoge, while those with a postgraduate diploma or certificate wear a blue-and-black epitoge. The gown and epitoge are mandatory for those attending diploma conferral ceremonies, but are optional for certificate ceremonies.
Headdresses
A form of a black hat known as a square cap (also mortarboard) [h1] is worn or carried. The Consolidated Statutes of the College (Chapter XVIII) state that:
"The caps to be worn by Graduates and Undergraduates shall be black, and of the ordinary academical shape; the cap to be worn by Scholars and ex-Scholars shall be covered in velvet, and all other caps in fine cloth; and the caps of Graduates shall in all cases have a black silk tassel added in the usual manner. Students shall salute the Provost and Fellows by doffing their caps."
Officers
Certain officers wear distinctive dress.
Chancellor
The Chancellor of the university is elected by the Senate (i.e. Masters and Doctors) of the university. For ceremonial occasions, she or he wears on ceremonial occasions a black corded silk lay-type gown with a long train, decorated with a row of gold lace along the sleeves and with two rows down the front and along the cope, similar to the gowns of the Lord Chancellor. The Chancellor's velvet mortarboard has a gold tassel, like that of the former noble undergraduates.
Proctors
The Proctors wear the ancient form of the BA hood with their gown. The hood is in the Belfast simple-shape and lined with ermine (white fur with black spots).
Notes
References
Christianson, Bruce. "In the pink: the strange case of Trinity College Dublin." Transactions of the Burgon Society 4.1 (2004): 53–58. online.
Groves, Nicholas ed. (2011): Shaw's Academical Dress of Great Britain and Ireland, third edition, pp. 145–148. Oxford: The Burgon Society.
Shaw, G.W. (1995): Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities, pp. 231,232. Chichester: Philmore & Co. Ltd.
University of Dublin Calendar, 2008–2009, Part 1, pp. E10-E14. Dublin: Trinity College, Dublin.
Academia in the Republic of Ireland
Dublin
University of Dublin | wiki |
Flask may refer to:
Container
Hip flask, a small container used to carry a small amount of liquid
Laboratory flask, laboratory glassware for holding larger volumes than simple test tubes
Erlenmeyer flask, a common laboratory flask with a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck
Vacuum flask, a container designed to keep warm drinks warm and refrigerated drinks cold
Other
Flask (metal casting), a containing frame without a top or bottom, with sides only, used to hold molding sand
Flask (web framework), a web framework for the Python programming language
Powder flask, a small container for gunpowder
FLASK, the Flux Advanced Security Kernel, an operating system security architecture
Flask (unit), a unit used in UK avoirdupois weight to measure the element mercury
The Flask, Hampstead, a Grade II listed public house at 14 Flask Walk, Hampstead, London
The Flask, Highgate, a Grade II listed public house at 74–76 Highgate West Hill, Highgate, London
See also
Lagena (disambiguation), a word derived from the Greek meaning flask | wiki |
Make A Splash is a child-focused water safety initiative created by the USA Swimming Foundation. The goal of the foundation is to prevent drownings by teaching every child in the United States how to swim. Make A Splash works by providing free swimming lessons to underprivileged children at their partner institutions.
The program works by partnering with swim schools, YMCAs, and youth clubs across the country. Currently, Make A Splash has partner institutions in California, Washington, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Missouri, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey.
In October 2016, Make A Splash partnered with SafeSplash Swim Schools, Swimtastic Swim Schools, and Missy Franklin to create the Ripples to Waves program as an extension to the Make A Splash program.
Celebrities Who Help Out
Cullen Jones
Missy Franklin
References
Ripples to Waves – Partnership with SafeSplash Swim Schools
Ripples to Waves – Partnership with Swimtastic Swim Schools
Missy Franklin - Partnership with Missy Franklin
Swimming safety
Lifesaving organizations
Non-profit organizations based in the United States | wiki |
Cet article présente la discographie de la chanteuse australienne Kylie Minogue.
Albums
Albums studio
Compilations
Albums remix
Albums live & EP
Singles
Années 1980
Années 1990
Années 2000
Années 2010
Singles promotionnels
Musiques de films
Notes et références
Minogue | wiki |
Perspectives on Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes contributions to science studies that integrate historical, philosophical, and sociological perspectives. The journal contains theoretical essays, case studies, and review essays. Perspectives on Science was established in 1993 and is published online and in hard copy by the MIT Press.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed by the following bibliographic databases:
References
External links
History of science journals
MIT Press academic journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1993
Quarterly journals
Philosophy of science journals | wiki |
Coenocharopa est un genre de mollusques gastéropodes terrestres de l'ordre des Stylommatophora et de la famille des Charopidae.
Liste des espèces
Selon :
Coenocharopa alata Stanisic, 1990
Coenocharopa elegans Stanisic, 2010
Coenocharopa macromphala Stanisic, 1990
Coenocharopa multiradiata Stanisic, 1990
Coenocharopa parvicostata Stanisic, 1990
Coenocharopa sordida Stanisic, 1990
Coenocharopa yessabahensis Stanisic, 1990
Nom en synonymie
Coenocharopa sordidus Stanisic, 1990, un synonyme de Coenocharopa sordida Stanisic, 1990
Références
Lien externe
Charopidae
Genre de gastéropodes (nom scientifique) | wiki |
Bingham Canyon Mine of Kennecott Copper Mine in Utah is de diepste dagbouwmijn ter wereld. De mijn is in productie sinds 1906 en tot 1200 m diep.
Het is sinds 1966 een National Historic Landmark.
Externe link
Kennecott: Bingham Canyon Mine
National Historic Landmark
Geografie van Utah
Mijnbouw in de Verenigde Staten | wiki |
Sarah Elizabeth Wardroper (née Bisshopp; 12 November 1813 – 14 December 1892) was an English nurse who was matron of St Thomas' Hospital, London, and the first superintendent of the Nightingale School of Nursing at that hospital.
Biography
Wardroper was born at West Burton, West Sussex in 1813. She was married in 1840 to Woodland Wyatt Wardroper a medical doctor in Arundel who died in 1849.
A 42-year-old widow with four children, Wardroper had had no nursing experience apart from looking after her own family, nevertheless her general level of education, good organizational skills and appropriate manner were sufficient for her appointment as matron at St Thomas' Hospital in January 1854. Although nursing was still largely a disreputable occupation she made St Thomas' a model of reformed, professional, nursing and in 1860, with the creation of the training school for nurses by the Nightingale Fund at the same hospital, she was appointed superintendent.
Florence Nightingale selected St Thomas' Hospital as the site for her new nurse training school, largely because of Wardroper's qualities (and those of the enlightened resident medical officer, R.G. Whitfield). Nightingale, Wardroper and Whitfield worked together to establish the new school, the first secular training school for nurses in the world. Wardroper, however, was not so interested in the school. She was and remained, for Nightingale, a "hospital genius", for her ability to deploy nurses efficiently throughout the hospital and advise on the introduction of trained nurses in other institutions.
She and Henry Bonham Carter, as the secretary of the Nightingale Fund Council, worked closely together for decades to send out teams of trained matrons and nurses from St Thomas' to bring in the new high standards to other hospitals. She took visitors to St Thomas' to show how the reformed system operated, and visited hospitals on Nightingale's behalf which were considering the introduction of trained nursing. Her important role can be seen in "S.E. Wardroper, Superintendent 1860-87".
On Wardroper's death in East Grinstead, aged 79, Florence Nightingale wrote, "The Reform of Sick Nursing and the Late Mrs Wardroper".
A memorial to Wardroper in the chapel of St Thomas's Hospital was unveiled in May 1894 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, a marble bas-relief representing the Good Samaritan sculpted by George Tinworth in 1893-94.
References
Bibliography
Lynn McDonald (ed.), Florence Nightingale: The Nightingale School (Collected Works of Florence Nightingale, Volume 12), Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2009, pp. 885–887.
Pratt, Edwin. "Pioneer Women In Victoria's Reign". Kessinger Publishing, 1 December 2004)
Wardroper's letters to Nightingale, and a few surviving letters from Nightingale, are preserved at the British Library, Add Mss 47729-33.
External links
Memorial to Sarah Elizabeth Wardroper on The Victorian Web
1813 births
1892 deaths
British nursing administrators
People from Chichester District
People from East Grinstead | wiki |
Целезеро:
Целезеро (деревня) — деревня (нежил.) в Моржегорском сельском поселении Виноградовского района Архангельской области
Целезеро (озеро) — озеро в Виноградовском районе Архангельской области, впадает в реку Моржевка | wiki |
Salem Evangelical Church may refer to:
Salem Evangelical Church, built 1942 in Rolling Meadows, Illinois
Salem Evangelical Church, built 1862 in Blue Earth, Minnesota
Salem Evangelical Church, part of the German United Evangelical Church Complex in Rochester, New York
Salem Evangelical Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin
Salem Evangelical Church (Plain, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin
See also
German Evangelical Salem Church, listed on the NRHP in Le Sueur County, Minnesota
Salem Church (disambiguation)
Salem Cemetery (disambiguation) | wiki |
A French press, also known as a press pot, coffee press, coffee plunger, cafetière or cafetière à piston, is a simple coffee brewing device.
French press may also refer to:
French pressure cell press, apparatus used in biological experimentation to disrupt the plasma membrane of cells
Lying triceps extensions, also known as French presses, a strength exercise used in many different forms of weight lifting
The French newspaper industry; see Media of France#Newspapers
Melior (typeface), a font | wiki |
The Mountaineers may refer to:
The Mountaineers (club), an American mountaineering club
The Mountaineers (band), a Welsh pop group
The Mountaineers (opera), an English romantic opera by Guy Eden and Reginald Somerville
The Mountaineers (film), a 1924 silent German film directed by Arnold Fanck | wiki |
A língua de sinais egípcia ou língua gestual egípcia é a língua de sinais (pt: língua gestual) usada pela comunidade surda no Egito.
Ver também
Egipto
Egipcia | wiki |
Colonial Country Club may refer to:
Colonial Country Club (Fort Worth) in Texas
Colonial Country Club (Memphis) in Tennessee
Colonial Golf and Country Club in the New Orleans suburb of Harahan, Louisiana
See also
Colonial Club, a collegiate social club at Princeton University | wiki |
Dyslexia is a reading disorder wherein an individual experiences trouble with reading. Individuals with dyslexia have normal levels of intelligence but can exhibit difficulties with spelling, reading fluency, pronunciation, "sounding out" words, writing out words, and reading comprehension. The neurological nature and underlying causes of dyslexia are an active area of research. However, some experts believe that the distinction of dyslexia as a separate reading disorder and therefore recognized disability is a topic of some controversy.
History
Dyslexia was first identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881, and the term 'dyslexia' later coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin, an ophthalmologist practicing in Stuttgart, Germany.
During the twentieth century, dyslexia was primarily seen as a phonological deficit (specifically phonological awareness) that resulted in a reading deficit. Dyslexia was seen as an issue with reading achievement specifically, caused by deficits in discrimination of written word sounds as opposed to a broader disorder of brain function. However, much research from the 1990s onward has focused on the potential biological bases of dyslexia and understanding dyslexia as a disorder of brain function. One of the first weaknesses of the strictly phonological deficit hypothesis for dyslexia was its inability to account for the genetic link of dyslexia. Specifically, it's been shown that "Relatively high heritabilities were observed for both reading ability and dyslexia indicating substantial genetic influences." In a large twin study (sample 1031 twins), Gayan and Olson established that dyslexia was highly heritable, while a family study by Pennington (sample 1698 individuals) showed familial risk rates of 35-45%.
Without a biological explanation for dyslexia, this heritability went unexplained. Not only must the heritability be explained, but also the environmental factors that protected at-risk children from developing dyslexia. Research began to focus on potential biological causes and to center the study of dyslexia in a developmental framework. A second major weakness of the strictly phonological deficit hypothesis was its strict definition of dyslexia as a reading disorder. Consequently, the various secondary symptoms were unable to be explained, including automatization deficits of both skill and knowledge acquisition, balance impairments, motor skill/writing deficits, and muscle tone underdevelopment. New theories of dyslexia began to be a focus of research, with the most well established being the magnocellular deficit theory the automatization deficit theory, and the double-deficit hypothesis.
Theories
Theories of the etiology of dyslexia have and are evolving with each new generation of dyslexia researchers, and the more recent theories of dyslexia tend to enhance one or more of the older theories as understanding of the nature of dyslexia evolves.
Theories should not be viewed as competing, but as attempting to explain the underlying causes of a similar set of symptoms from a variety of research perspectives and background.
Cerebellar theory
The cerebellar theory of dyslexia asserts that the cause of dyslexia is an abnormality in the cerebellum (a region in the back of the brain), which in turn cause disruption in normal development, which causes issues with motor control, balance, working memory, attention, automatization, and ultimately, reading. This theory was initially proposed by Harold Levinson and Jan Frank in 1973 and further developed by Levinson and other researchers. Angela Fawcett and Rod Nicolson later proposed that the cerebellum contributes to motor control during the articulation of speech, and that articulation problems can contribute to the phonological processing deficits that can cause dyslexia. They also reasoned that the cerebellum contributes to the automatisation of learned behaviors, which may include learning the grapheme-phoneme relationships when reading text.
In attempting to explain all the many known reading and non-reading dyslexic symptoms, therapies and theories as well as the presence of only cerebellar and related vestibular neurophysiological signs in dyslexics, the cerebellum was postulated to coordinate in time and space all signals (visual, auditory, tactile, proprioceptive, motion) entering and leaving the brain as well as signal interconnections. The quality and severity of the many symptoms characterizing each dyslexic was reasoned to depend on the diverse cerebral cortical and other brain processors receiving scrambled signals due to a cerebellar dysfunction. Helpful therapies were reasoned to enhance cerebellar fine tuning (e.g., the use of cerebellar-vestibular stabilizing antimotion sickness medications) and/or improve descrambling and other compensatory cognitive capabilities (e.g., tutoring, biofeedback). Most other theories equate the dyslexia disorder with impaired reading comprehension and so attempt to only explain the latter. Another cerebellar proposal indicated that articulation problems can contribute to the phonological deficits that can cause dyslexia. The cerebellum also contributes to the automatisation of learned behaviors, which can include learning the grapheme-phoneme relationships when reading texts.
However, some have suggested that cerebellar dysfunction alone may not be a primary cause of dyslexia and that dysarticulation and phonological deficits appear unrelated.
Evolutionary hypothesis
This theory considers that reading is an unnatural act carried out for a very brief period in human evolutionary history. It has only been in the last hundred years that reading a visual form of speech has been promoted as a major form of communication, and subsequently a lack of time for reading behaviors to evolve. In many societies around the world the majority of the population do not use the visual notation of speech as a form of communication and do not use reading skills, and therefore have no dyslexia.
Many developmental dyslexics significantly compensate for their cerebellar-vestibular
determined symptoms and signs over time and most normal young children evidence age-appropriate "dyslexic-like" symptoms and cerebellar-vestibular(CV) "immaturities." It was thus hypothesized that genetic dyslexia may represent an ontogenetic recapitulation of a pre-reading state in phylogeny and that ontogeny extended beyond the embryo into childhood and occasionally beyond, thus perhaps explaining late and even late-late blooming. The development of reading and related writing and spelling functioning, as well as the corresponding ontogenetic CV-cerebral developmental lag hypothesis of dyslexia, is indirectly supported by studies suggesting that "the cerebellum has enlarged between three and fourfold in [only] the past million years of evolution [together with a corresponding spurt of the cerebrum]."
Magnocellular theory
The Magnocellular theory attempts to unify the Cerebellar Theory, the Phonological Theory, the Rapid Auditory Processing Theory, and the Visual Theory. The Magnocellular theory proposes that the magnocellular dysfunction is not only restricted to the visual pathways but also includes auditory and tactile modalities.
Historically, studies of contrast sensitivity were held to be in conflict with magnocellular theory, but as of 2010, studies of visual evoked potentials have generally supported it. Subjects' age (10-46), differences in experimental design, small sample sizes (<10 dyslexic subjects in prominent studies), and the presence, absence, or failure to assess for comorbid ADHD might explain these contradictory findings.
Naming speed deficit and double deficit theories
The speed with which an individual can engage in the rapid automatized naming of familiar objects or letters is a strong predictor of dyslexia. Slow naming speed can be identified as early as kindergarten and persists in adults with dyslexia.
A deficit in naming speed is hypothesized to represent a deficit that is separate from phonological processing deficit. Wolf identified four types of readers: readers with no deficits, readers with phonological processing deficit, readers with naming speed deficit, and readers with double deficit (that is, problems both with phonological processing and naming speed). Students with double deficits are most likely to have some sort of severe reading impairment.
Distinguishing among these deficits has important implications for instructional intervention. If students with double deficits receive instruction only in phonological processing, they are only receiving part of what they need.
Perceptual visual-noise exclusion hypothesis
The concept of a perceptual noise exclusion deficit (impaired filtering of behaviorally irrelevant visual information in dyslexia or visual-noise) is an emerging hypothesis, supported by research showing that subjects with dyslexia experience difficulty in performing visual tasks (such as motion detection in the presence of perceptual distractions) but do not show the same impairment when the distracting factors are removed in an experimental setting. The researchers have analogized their findings concerning visual discrimination tasks to findings in other research related to auditory discrimination tasks. They assert that dyslexic symptoms arise because of an impaired ability to filter out both visual and auditory distractions, and to categorize information so as to distinguish the important sensory data from the irrelevant.
Phonological deficit theory
The phonological deficit theory proposes that people with dyslexia have a specific sound manipulation impairment, which affects their auditory memory, word recall, and sound association skills when processing speech. The phonological theory explains a reading impairment when using an alphabetic writing system which requires learning the grapheme/phoneme correspondence, the relationship between the graphic letter symbols and speech sounds which they represent.
Rapid auditory processing theory
The rapid auditory processing theory is an alternative to the phonological deficit theory, which specifies that the primary deficit lies in the perception of short or rapidly varying sounds. Support for this theory arises from evidence that people with dyslexia show poor performance on a number of auditory tasks, including frequency discrimination and temporal order judgment.
Visual theory
The visual theory represents a traditional perspective of dyslexia, as being the result of a visual impairment creating problems when processing information from letters and words from a written text. This includes visual processing problems such as binocular, poor vergence, and visual crowding. The Visual Theory does not deny the possibility of alternative causes of dyslexia
Research
Various methods and models have been used to study dyslexia.
Genetics
High genetic concordance found in twin studies suggest a significant genetic influence on reading ability, although the degree depends on the definition of dyslexia. Linkage analysis and genetic association studies (typically quantitative trait locus association studies, which use microarrays to look at single nucleotide polymorphisms of multiple genes at once) have been used to identify candidate genes that may be implicated in dyslexia, which have then been confirmed in various knockout models.
the leading candidate genes included DYX1C1 on chromosome 15, DCDC2 and KIAA0319 on chromosome 6, and ROBO1 on chromosome 3. These genes appear to be involved in neuronal migration, which has led to a theory of impaired migration during development of the nervous system in humans as a cause for developmental dyslexia. Other genes associated with dyslexia have included RBFOX2, ABCC13, ZNF385D, COL4A2 and FGF18.
However, these genes account for a small proportion of variance in reading disability, often less than 0.5%. Additionally, the findings are not always replicated nor consistently supported by genome-wide association studies. Therefore, no single gene is definitively implicated in dyslexia. A 2007 review reported that no specific cognitive processes are known to be influenced by the proposed genes and that scientists had begun to include neurophysiological (e.g., event-related potential) and imaging (e.g., functional MRI) procedures in their phenotype characterisation of people with dyslexia.
It is likely that multiple genes, as well as the environment, interact to influence reading ability. The Generalist Genes Hypothesis proposes that many of the same genes are implicated within different aspects of a learning disability as well as between different learning disabilities. Indeed, there also appear to be a large genetic influence on other learning abilities, such as language skills. The Generalist Genes Hypothesis supports the findings that many learning disabilities are comorbid, such as speech sound disorder, language impairment, and reading disability, although this is also influenced by diagnostic overlap.
Neuroimaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are the main neuroimaging methods used to study brain structure in people with dyslexia, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) along with EEG are used to study brain function.
Visual processing
Visual processes constitute an important part of higher cortical functioning. The encoding and interpretation of retinal stimulation occur at the neurological level upon reception of afferent input from the eyes. Reading, for example, requires the possession of both adequate vision and the neurological ability to process what is seen. In the past, many researchers have associated anomalies in the visual system as the main cause of dyslexia. While acknowledging that most such theories are untenable, visual system deficits have been shown to contribute to symptoms of dyslexia, such as word reversal and skipping words.
A small subset of dyslexic individuals have been demonstrated to have deficits in the magnocellular visual system. A compromised magnocellular system, responsible for the processing of images with high temporal frequencies and high degree of movement, might be the main contributing factor to the reported "masking" of words reported amongst dyslexic individuals. Researchers posit that such a "masking" effect is due to the abnormal longevity of the visual trace produced in the magnocellular system, resulting in a lapse in acuity as effected individuals attempt to process connected text.
Anomalies in saccadic movement, which are instantaneous, fast, oscillating eye movements essential for unimpaired reading have been observed in people with dyslexia. When corrected for reading ability, dyslexic individuals demonstrate below normal saccadic eye movements, suggesting that the severity reading disorders may be due to oculo-motor deficits. However, further examination of the phenomenon shows that saccadic patterns in dyslexics seem to be a result and not the cause of the disorder, as decoding and comprehension failure were isolated as the antecedent for impairments in both the speed and accuracy with which dyslexics read. Also, there is no evidence that children with oculomotor impairments are at risk of developing dyslexia.
Also suspected are convergence insufficiency and poor accommodation, both of which are uncommon in children, can interfere with the physical act of reading but not with decoding.
Language processing
Brain activation studies using PET to study language have found that people with dyslexia have a deficit in parts of the left hemisphere of the brain involved in reading, which includes the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and middle and ventral temporal cortex. A neural basis for the visual lexicon and for auditory verbal short term memory components have been proposed. Wernicke's and Broca's areas are being recast in terms of localized components of phonological input and output. Some classical regions, such as the arcuate fasciculus, are having their "classical" roles questioned, while other regions, such as the basal temporal language zone, are growing progressively in terms of their recognized importance.
Working memory
People with dyslexia have been commonly associated with working memory deficits, along with reduced activity in the pre-frontal and parietal cortex.
Observed differences in the neural pattern of people with dyslexia, namely decreased activation in the left and posterior midfrontal gyrus (LMG, PMG) and superior parietial regions of the brain further supports the view that deficits in working memory contribute to dyslexia. LMG and PMG are commonly associated with working memory processes such as memory updating and temporal order memory. Behavioral experiments in dyslexia have largely been supportive of the mediating role assumed by working memory between neurological abnormalities and dyslexic behavior.
Limitations
It is difficult to control for confounders when attempting to isolate specific causes; for example, the response to instructions by children is itself confounded by a subjects' environments, genetics and socio-economic status.
Controversy
In recent years there has been significant debate on the categorization of dyslexia. In particular, Elliot and Gibbs argue that "attempts to distinguish between categories of 'dyslexia' and 'poor reader' or 'reading disabled' are scientifically unsupportable, arbitrary and thus potentially discriminatory".
While acknowledging that reading disability is a valid scientific curiosity, and that "seeking greater understanding of the relationship between visual symbols and spoken language is crucial" and that while there was "potential of genetics and neuroscience for guiding assessment and educational practice at some stage in the future", they conclude that "there is a mistaken belief that current knowledge in these fields is sufficient to justify a category of dyslexia as a subset of those who encounter reading difficulties".
The Dyslexia Myth is a documentary that first aired in September 2005 as part of the Dispatches series produced by British broadcaster Channel 4. Focusing only on the reading difficulties that people with dyslexia encounter the documentary says that myths and misconceptions surround dyslexia. It argues that the common understanding of dyslexia is not only false but makes it more difficult to provide the reading help that hundreds of thousands of children desperately need. Drawing on years of intensive academic research on both sides of the Atlantic, it challenged the existence of dyslexia as a separate condition, and highlighted the many different forms of reading styles.
Julian Elliot, an educational psychologist at Durham University in the United Kingdom, disputes the characterization of dyslexia as a medical condition, and believes it should be treated simply as a reading difficulty. According to Elliot, "Parents don’t want their child to be considered lazy, thick or stupid. If they get called this medically diagnosed term, dyslexic, then it is a signal to all that it’s not to do with intelligence.” Elliot believes that children of all levels of intelligence may struggle with learning to read, and that all can be helped by educational strategies appropriate to their needs. He feels that resources are wasted on diagnosis and testing, and favors early intervention programs for all struggling readers.
More recently Julian Elliot has also made reference to the 28 Definitions of Dyslexia which were documented in the Appendices of the National Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy report on Developmental dyslexia in adults: a research review by Michael Rice with Greg Brooks May 2004.
John Everatt of the University of Surrey 2007, has suggested that:-
dyslexic students can be distinguished from other children with low reading achievement by testing geared to assessing their strengths as well as weaknesses
dyslexic children tend to score significantly better than other children, including non-impaired children, on tests of creativity, spatial memory, and spatial reasoning
dyslexic children also perform better than other reading-impaired children on tests of vocabulary and listening comprehension
dyslexic children may be better served by educational intervention which includes strategies geared to their unique strengths in addition to skill remediation
and thus recommends more comprehensive evaluation and targeted interventions.
See also
Linguistics
Orthographies and dyslexia
References
External links
The Neural Basis of Reading articles 1995 - 2005 | wiki |
A maraca (), sometimes called shaker or chac-chac, is a rattle which appears in many genres of Caribbean and Latin music. It is shaken by a handle and usually played as part of a pair.
Maracas (from Guaraní ), also known as tamaracas, were rattles of divination, an oracle of the Brazilian Tupinamba people, found also with other Indigenous ethnic groups, such as the Guarani, Orinoco and in Florida. Rattles made from Lagenaria gourds are being shaken by the natural grip, while the round Crescentia calabash fruits are fitted to a handle. Human hair is sometimes fastened on the top, and a slit is cut in it to represent a mouth, through which their shamans (payes) made it utter its responses. A few pebbles are inserted to make it rattle and it is crowned with the red feathers of the (scarlet ibis). Every man had his maraca. It was used at their dances and to heal the sick. Andean curanderos (healers) use maracas in their healing rites.
Modern maraca balls are also made of leather, wood or plastic.
A maraca player in Spanish is a .
Gallery
References
External links
Venezuelan musical instruments
South American percussion instruments
Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments
Orchestral percussion instruments
Vessel rattles
Hand percussion
Unpitched percussion instruments | wiki |
This article details the list of Little League World Series winners by division. There are currently four World Series tournaments played each summer.
Little League Baseball Divisions
Discontinued after 2016
Champions by year
International teams were banned from the 1975 Little League World Series
(H) Host team
Statistics
World Series won by Country/State
Most titles by tournament
All–Time
Consecutive
The Intermediate World Series has yet to have a repeat champion
Winners of three World Series tournaments in the same year
^ Won at every World Series level
Winners of two World Series tournaments in the same year
^ Won at every World Series level
References
champions by division | wiki |
Scale analysis may refer to:
Scale analysis (mathematics)
Scale analysis (statistics) | wiki |
This page, one list of hereditary baronies, lists all lords of Parliament, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the Peerage of Scotland. For feudal barons (mainly Scottish), see List of feudal baronies.
Lordships of Parliament, 1233–1707
Before 1300
1301–1400
1401–1500
1501–1600
1601–1700
1701–1707
See also
List of baronies in the Peerage of England
List of baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
List of baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
List of hereditary baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
References
Lists of peerages of Britain and Ireland
Lists of nobility | wiki |
This page, one list of hereditary baronies, lists all baronies, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the Peerage of Ireland.
See also
List of baronies in the Peerage of England
List of lordships of Parliament (for Scotland)
List of baronies in the Peerage of Great Britain
List of hereditary baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
References
Ireland
Lists of nobility
Ireland-related lists | wiki |
59th Regiment or 59th Infantry Regiment may refer to:
59th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation), three British Army units carried this name
59th (Warwickshire) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, a unit of the British Army
59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force), a unit of the British Indian Army
59th Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the United States Army
59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, a unit of the United States Army
American Civil War
Union (Northern) Army
59th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment
59th Indiana Infantry Regiment
59th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
59th Ohio Infantry
Confederate (Southern) Army
59th Virginia Infantry | wiki |
The Bank of England, which is now the central bank of the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories, has issued banknotes since 1694. In 1921 the Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the ability of other banks to issue notes was restricted.
Banknotes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855. Since 1970, the Bank of England's notes have featured portraits of British historical figures.
Of the eight banks authorised to issue sterling notes in the UK, only the Bank of England can issue banknotes in England and Wales, where its notes are legal tender. Bank of England notes are not legal tender in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but are always accepted by traders.
The Bank of England now issues notes, all in polymer, in four denominations – £5, £10, £20 and £50.
Current banknotes
The notes now in circulation all feature a portrait of the late Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. The Bank of England unveiled new notes, in the same design but featuring the new monarch, Charles III, on 20 December 2022. They are expected to enter circulation in mid-2024.
There are currently four different denominations of notes – £5, £10, £20 and £50. Each value has its own distinct colour scheme and the size of each note increases in length and width as the value increases. The notes currently in circulation are as follows:
Features
All current Bank of England banknotes are printed by contract with De La Rue at Debden, Essex. They include the printed signature of the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England, Sarah John, for notes issued since mid-2018, and depict Queen Elizabeth II in full view, facing left. On the left-hand side of the Series F £20 and £50 notes there is a hidden watermark, featuring the Queen facing right. The £5, £10, £20 and £50 polymer notes do not contain a watermark. More recent issues also include the EURion constellation, a pattern of yellow circles which stops copying of banknotes and is easily identified by photocopiers.
Queen Elizabeth II has appeared on all the notes issued since Series C in 1960. The custom of depicting historical figures on the reverse began in 1970 with Series D, designed by the Bank of England's first permanent artist, Harry Eccleston.
Withdrawn notes
History
The Bank of England has not always had a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales. Until the middle of the 19th century, private banks in Great Britain and Ireland were free to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation. Over the years, various Acts of Parliament were introduced by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to increase confidence in banknotes in circulation by limiting the rights of banks to issue notes. Eventually the Bank of England gained a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales.
Provincial banknote issues
Attempts to restrict banknote issue by banks other than the Bank of England began in 1708 and 1709, when Acts of Parliament were passed which prohibited banking companies of more than six partners or shareholders. Notes under 1 guinea and 5 guineas were prohibited in the 1770s and thereafter almost all the provincial banks were established by the more substantial merchants, landed gentry etc. of a town and district.
Gold shortages
Gold shortages in the 18th century, caused by the Seven Years' War and war with Revolutionary France, began to affect the supply of gold bullion reserves, giving rise to the "Restriction period". The Bank was unable to pay out gold for its notes, and so under the Bank Restriction Act 1797 began to issue lower denomination £1 and £2 notes in place of gold guineas, that were hoarded as so often was the case in time of war. Confidence in the value of banknotes was rarely affected, except during 1809–11 and 1814–15 under the extreme conditions of war.
Restriction of banknote issues
The Country Bankers Act 1826 allowed some joint-stock banks outside London to issue notes, and also allowed the Bank of England to open branches in major provincial cities, enabling better distribution of its notes.
Introduction of legal tender
With the passing of the Bank Notes Act 1833, Bank of England notes over £5 in value were first given the status of "legal tender" in England and Wales, effectively guaranteeing the worth of the Bank's notes and ensuring public confidence in the notes in times of crisis or war. The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 extended the definition of legal tender to 10/– and £1 notes; unlike the 1833 Act, this law also applied to Scotland, meaning that Bank of England notes under £5 were classed as legal tender. Due to inflation the Bank of England 10/– note was withdrawn in 1969 and the £1 was removed from circulation in 1988, leaving a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is now no paper legal tender in Scotland. (Scottish notes were not included in the 1833 or 1954 Acts.)
Note-issuing monopoly
The Bank Charter Act 1844 began the process which gave the Bank of England exclusive note-issuing powers. Under the Act, no new banks could start issuing notes, and note-issuing banks in England and Wales were barred from expanding their note issue. Gradually, these banks vanished through mergers, closures and take-overs, and their note issues went with them. The last privately issued banknotes in Wales were withdrawn in 1908, on the closure of the last Welsh bank, the North and South Wales Bank. The last private English banknotes were issued in 1921 by Fox, Fowler and Company, a Somerset bank.
Note printing
Notes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855, no doubt to the relief of the bank's workers. Until 1928 all notes were the monochromatic Series A type, printed in black with a blank reverse. During the 20th century Series A were issued in denominations between £5 and £1,000, but in the 18th and 19th centuries there were Series A notes for £1 and £2.
20th century
In 1921 the Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the ability of other banks to issue notes was restricted.
The Bank's first issue of 10/– and £1 notes in the 20th century was on 22 November 1928 when the Bank took over responsibility for these denominations from the Treasury. The Treasury had issued notes of these denominations three days after the declaration of war in 1914 in order to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign and remove gold coins from circulation. The notes issued by the Bank in 1928 were the first coloured banknotes and also the first notes to be printed on both sides.
World War II saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes when, in order to combat forgery, higher denomination notes (at the time as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation.
Denominations
Banknotes in various denominations have been issued over time. The denominations are listed in this table, using information from the Bank of England's Withdrawn Banknotes guide:
10/–
The Bank of England's first 10 shilling (10/-) note was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was red-brown. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous £1 note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to mauve for the duration of the war. The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 12 October 1961, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes.
As part of the planned Series D, which introduced historical figures, a new 10 shilling note was planned that featured Sir Walter Raleigh, which would be issued as a 50 pence note upon decimalisation. However inflation, particularly after the 1967 sterling devaluation, was eroding the note's lifespan in circulation and it was decided to replace the note with a coin. The 10 shilling note was withdrawn from circulation on 20 November 1970.
£1
The first Bank of England £1 note was issued on 2 March 1797 under the direction of Thomas Raikes, Governor of the Bank of England, and according to the orders of the government of William Pitt the Younger, in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars.
The Bank of England's first £1 note since 1845 was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was green. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous ten shilling note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to blue and pink for the duration of the war, to combat German counterfeits (see below). The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 17 March 1960, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. The Series C £1 note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979. On 9 February 1978 the Series D design (known as the "Pictorial Series") featuring Sir Isaac Newton on the reverse was issued, but like the 10/– note in the 1960s, inflation was quickly making production of the note uneconomic and printing was discontinued in favour of a coin. The note was withdrawn from circulation on 11 March 1988.
£5
The first Bank of England £5 note was issued in 1793 in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars. (Previously the smallest note issued had been £10.) The 1793 design, latterly known as the "white fiver" (black printing on white paper), remained in circulation essentially unchanged until 21 February 1957 when the multicoloured (although predominantly dark blue) "Series B" note, depicting the helmeted Britannia, was introduced. The old "white fiver" was withdrawn on 13 March 1961.
The Series B note was replaced in turn on 21 February 1963 by the "Series C" £5 note which for the first time introduced the portrait of the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to the £5 note (the Queen's portrait having first appeared on the Series C ten shilling and £1 notes issued in 1960). The Series C£5 note was withdrawn on 31 August 1973.
On 11 November 1971, the "Series D" pictorial £5 note was issued, showing a slightly older portrait of the Queen and a battle scene featuring the Duke of Wellington on the reverse. It was withdrawn on 29 November 1991.
On 7 June 1990, the "Series E" £5 note, by now the smallest denomination issued by the Bank, was issued. The Series E note (known as the "Historical Series") changed the colour of the denomination to a turquoise blue, and incorporated design elements to make photocopying and computer reproduction of the notes more difficult. Initially the reverse of the Series E £5 note featured the railway engineer George Stephenson, but on 21 May 2002 a new Series E note, in a green colour and featuring the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, was issued.
The initial printing of several million Stephenson notes was destroyed when it was noticed that the wrong year for his death had been printed. The original issue of the Fry banknote was withdrawn after it was found the ink on the serial number could be rubbed off the surface of the note; these notes are now very rare and sought by collectors. The Stephenson £5 note was withdrawn as legal tender from 21 November 2003, at which time it formed around 54 million of the 211 million £5 notes in circulation.
£10
The first Bank of England £10 note was issued in 1759, when the Seven Years' War caused severe gold shortages. It ceased to be produced in 1943. A string of devaluations through the late 1940s and 1950s meant increased demand for notes of higher values than £5 and on the 21 February 1964 a new brown-coloured note was issued in the Series C design. The Series C note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979.
The Series D pictorial note appeared on 20 February 1975, featuring nurse and public health pioneer Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) on the reverse, plus a scene showing her work at the army hospital in Scutari during the Crimean War. It was withdrawn on 20 May 1994.
On 29 April 1992, a new £10 note in Series E, with orange rather than brown as the dominant colour, was issued. The reverse featured Charles Dickens and a scene from The Pickwick Papers. This note was withdrawn from circulation on 31 July 2003. A second Series E note was issued on 7 November 2000 featuring Charles Darwin, HMS Beagle, a hummingbird, and flowers under a magnifying glass, illustrating the Origin of Species. The hummingbird's inclusion was criticised, since Darwin's ideas were spurred by finches and mockingbirds, not hummingbirds.
A newly designed £10 banknote, featuring early 19th-century novelist Jane Austen, was issued on 14 September 2017. The decision to replace Darwin with Austen followed a campaign to have a woman on the back of a Bank of England banknote when it was announced that the only woman to feature on the back of a note — prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the £5 note — was to be replaced by Winston Churchill. Like the £5 note featuring Churchill, the new £10 note is made from polymer rather than cotton paper.
£20
£20 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.
After the 1967 sterling devaluation increased demand for a higher denomination notes than £10, the Series D £20 note was introduced on 9 July 1970. The note was predominantly purple and featuring a statue of William Shakespeare and the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet on its reverse, . On 5 June 1991 this note was replaced by the first Series E £20 note, featuring the physicist Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution lectures. By 1999 this note had been extensively counterfeited, and therefore it became the first denomination to be replaced on 22 June 1999 by a second Series E design, featuring a bolder denomination figure at the top left of the obverse side, and a reverse side featuring the composer Sir Edward Elgar and Worcester Cathedral.
In February 2006, the Bank announced a new design for the note which featured Scottish economist Adam Smith with a drawing of a pin factorythe institution which supposedly inspired his theory of economics. Smith is the first Scot to appear on a Bank of England note, although the economist has already appeared on Scottish Clydesdale Bank £50 notes. The design of the £20 note was controversial for two reasons: the choice of a Scottish figure on an English note was a break with tradition; and the removal of Elgar took place in the year of the 150th anniversary of the composer's birth, causing a group of English MPs to table a motion in the House of Commons calling for the new design to be delayed. The new note entered circulation on 13 March 2007. The Elgar note ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 2010.
A new polymer £20 note, featuring the artist J. M. W. Turner, was issued in 2020.
£50
Series A £50 notes appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.
The Series D £50 note was released on 20 March 1981 featuring the architect Christopher Wren and the plan of St Paul's Cathedral on the reverse. In 1994 this denomination was the last of the first Series E issue, when the Bank commemorated its 300th birthday by featuring its first governor, Sir John Houblon, on the reverse. The old Series D £50 note was withdrawn from circulation on 20 September 1996.
In May 2009, the Bank of England announced a new design in Series F, featuring James Watt, Matthew Boulton, the Whitbread Engine and Soho Manufactory. It entered circulation on 2 November 2011 and is the first Bank of England note to feature two portraits on the reverse. The predominant colour of this denomination banknote is red. This note includes a security feature not present in the other denominations (though it is by no means the only security feature in any of the notes). The interwoven thread ("Motion") is a hologram whose image of a green circle with a "£" sign alternates with a green "50" as the note is rotated. If the note is rotated, the image appears to move up and down, in the opposite plane to the rotation.
A new polymer £50 note, featuring Alan Turing, was issued on 23 June 2021.
£500
A £500 note, issued by the Bank of England's Leeds branch in 1936, fetched £24,000 at auction in 2023.
£500,000
The Bank of England held money on behalf of other countries and issued Treasury bills to cover such deposits, on Bank of England paper. Examples include a note issued in London on behalf of the Royal Roumanian Government on 21 January 1915, payable on 21 January 1916, for £500,000, and a similar Treasury bill, dated 22 April 1927 and payable on 22 April 1928. These exist in private hands as cancelled specimens.
£1,000,000, £10,000,000 and £100,000,000
The banknotes issued by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland are required to be backed pound for pound by Bank of England notes. High denomination notes, for £1 million ("Giants") and £100 million ("Titans"), were used for this purpose. They were used only internally within the Bank and were never seen in circulation. They were based on a much older design of banknote, and are A5 and A4 sized respectively. However, the need for these large notes has been obviated by section 217(2)(c) of the Banking Act 2009.
Nine £1 million notes were issued in connection with the Marshall Plan on 30 August 1948, signed by E. E. Bridges, and were used internally as "records of movement", for a six-week period (along with other denominations, with total face value of £300,000,000, corresponding to a loan from the US to help shore up HM Treasury. These were cancelled on 6 October 1948, and presumably destroyed, except for the £1,000,000 "Number Seven" and "Number Eight" notes (serial numbers 000007 and 000008), which were given to the British and American Treasury Secretaries. These two have been in private hands since 1977, and most recently, the "Number Eight" was auctioned for £69,000. These are "Treasury Notes" issued on Bank of England paper, and indicate "It states: 'This Treasury note entitles the Bank of England to payment of one million pounds on demand out of the Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom'."
A third note surfaced on the collector market, dated 8 September 2003, and with the serial number R016492; it is signed by Andrew Turnbull, Secretary to the Treasury, and cancelled.
A £10.000,000 Treasury Bill stamped "cancelled", sold for £17,000 at auction in London on 29 September 2014 by Dix Noonan Webb.
Until 2006, these Treasury Notes were issued by the Bank of England, in the City of London. HM Treasury would manage its cash and ensure that adequate funds were available. London's banks and other financial institutions would bid for these instruments, at a discount, specifying which day the following week they wanted the bills issued. Maturities would be for one, three, six, or theoretically but not practically, twelve months. The tenders were for the face value of the Treasury Notes, less a discount, which represented the interest rate. This system was replaced by a computerised system by the Debt Management Office, an executive agency of the Treasury, and the last Treasury Notes were printed in September 2003. These notes would often get traded to other banks, so they did circulate; this was done without the Bank of England's knowledge, and the notes would be redeemed by the bank on their date of maturity by the bearer. The circulating nature of the notes led to the City bonds robbery on 2 May 1990, when John Goddard, a messenger for the firm Sheppards, was mugged of £292 million in Treasury bills and certificates of deposit. All but two of these bonds were eventually recovered.
The Bank of England £100,000,000 note, also referred to as Titan, is a non-circulating sterling banknote used to guarantee the value of the notes issued by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Counterfeited and withdrawn notes
William Booth, of South Staffordshire, was a notable forger of English banknotes, and was hanged for the crime in 1812. Several of his forgeries and printing plates are in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.
After the start of the World War II in September 1939 the German Operation Bernhard attempted to counterfeit various denominations between £5 and £50. Although the plans were classified, in November Michael Palairet, Britain's ambassador to Greece, got full details of them from a Russian émigré and reported them to London. Although the Bank considered the existing security measures to be sufficient, in 1940 it released emergency notes with different colour schemes and a magnetic security thread running through the paper.
The original plan was to parachute or smuggle the counterfeit notes into Britain in an attempt to destabilise the British economy, but in 1942 Heinrich Himmler decided it was more useful to use the notes to pay German agents operating throughout Europe, and in 1943 they were producing 500,000 notes monthly. Although most fell into Allied hands at the end of the war and were destroyed, forgeries frequently appeared for years afterwards, so all denominations of banknote above £5 were subsequently removed from circulation. The incident is alluded to in Ian Fleming's James Bond novel Goldfinger.
All banknotes, regardless of when they were withdrawn from circulation, may be presented at the Bank of England where they will be exchanged for current banknotes and coins. In practice, commercial banks will accept most banknotes from their customers and negotiate them with the Bank of England themselves. However, forgeries (including Bernhard notes) will be retained and destroyed by the Bank. If a suspect note is found to be genuine a full refund by cheque will be made. However, it is a criminal offence to knowingly hold or pass a counterfeit bank note without lawful authority or excuse.
In popular culture
The 2007 Austrian-German film The Counterfeiters (Die Fälscher) tells the story of Salomon Sorowitsch (real name Salomon Smolianoff), a Jewish forger who is put to work forging Bank of England notes on Operation Bernhard in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. On 13 March 2009 BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Counterfeiter's Tale, a 30-minute partly dramatised documentary about the production of the notes in Sachsenhausen. It was re-broadcast by Radio 4 Extra on 15 November 2015.
Mark Twain's 1893 short story "The Million Pound Bank Note" deals with an impoverished American in London who is given the use of a £1,000,000 Bank of England note for thirty days by two wealthy gentlemen betting whether or not he will be able to survive on a note for which he cannot possibly be given change. He does succeed in surviving on the note's promise to pay and marries one of the bettors' daughters. The story was also made into a 1953 film, The Million Pound Note starring Gregory Peck, and was parodied in a 1998 episode of The Simpsons, "The Trouble with Trillions".
A fictionalised version of the Operation Bernhard story was the topic of a comedy drama serial Private Schulz (starring Michael Elphick and Ian Richardson) broadcast on BBC Two in 1981.
The 2001 British TV film Hot Money, starring Caroline Quentin, tells the story of three workers at the Bank who come up with a method of stealing from the cages containing old notes waiting to be destroyed.
See also
Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928
Sterling banknotes
Notes
References
External links
Bank of England official website
Bank of England: Banknotes
Bank of England: Withdrawn Banknotes
Bank of England Museum
1947 Bank of England £5 note at The British Museum
1694 establishments in England
Bank of England
Banknotes of the United Kingdom
pl:Emisje banknotów Banku Anglii
vi:Phát hành tiền giấy của Ngân hàng Anh
be:Выпуск банкнот Банка Англіі
be-tarask:Выпуск банкнот Банка Англіі
ru:Выпуск банкнот Банка Англии | wiki |
The Yuan River, also known by its Chinese name as the Yuanjiang, is one of the four largest rivers in Hunan province in southeast-central China. It is a tributary of Yangtze River. It is long and rises in Guizhou province in the Miao Mountains near Duyun and is navigable. The upper stream is called the Longtou River, and downstream it is called the Qingshui or Ch‘ing-shui River. It becomes the Yuan River after its confluence with its northern tributary, the Wu River.
After its merger with the Wu River, the Yuan flows in a northeasterly direction, hugging the western side of the Xuefeng Mountains of Hunan. Ultimately, the Yuan flows into the Dongting Lake at Changde and from there into the Yangtze River. The Yuan serves as a major waterway for western Hunan and eastern Guizhou. The Yuan is navigable for large vessels up to Changde, whereas smaller boats can make it to Taoyuan.
Gallery
See also
Other Yuan Jiangs and Yuanjiangs
References
External links
Rivers of Hunan
Tributaries of the Yangtze River | wiki |
Beethoven's Guitar Shred é o segundo DVD da premiada guitarrista virtuose inglesa The Great Kat. Foi lançado em 2009, sob o selo TPR Records.
Faixas
Álbuns de 2009
Álbuns em língua inglesa
Álbuns da The Great Kat | wiki |
The Cars were an American rock band who recorded 89 songs during their career, of which included 86 originals and 3 covers. Emerging from the new wave scene in the late 1970s, the group consisted of singer, rhythm guitarist, and songwriter Ric Ocasek, bassist and singer Benjamin Orr, lead guitarist Elliot Easton, keyboardist Greg Hawkes, and drummer David Robinson.
Songs
Notes
References
Cars, The | wiki |
Martial race was a designation which was created by army officials in British India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which they classified each caste as belonging to one of two categories, the 'martial' caste and the 'non-martial' caste. The ostensible reason for this system of classification was the belief that a 'martial race' was typically brave and well-built for fighting, while the 'non-martial races' were those races which the British considered unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control.
According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait. British-trained Indian soldiers were among those who had rebelled in 1857 and thereafter, the Bengal Army abandoned or diminished its recruitment of soldiers who came from the catchment area and enacted a new recruitment policy which favored castes whose members had remained loyal to the British Empire.
The concept already had a precedent in Indian culture as one of the four orders (varnas) in the Vedic social system of Hinduism is known as the Kshatriya, literally "warriors". Brahmins were described as 'the oldest martial community', in the past having two of the oldest British Indian regiments, the 1st Brahmans and 3rd Brahmans.
Following Indian independence, the Indian government in February 1949 abolished the official application of "martial race" principles with regard to military recruitment, although it has continued to be applied formally and informally in certain circumstances. In Pakistan, such principles, although no longer rigidly enforced, have continued to hold considerable sway and have had major consequences for the nation's political life—the most extreme case being the Bangladesh Liberation War, following decades of continued Bengali exclusion from the armed forces.
Criteria
In their attempts to assert control after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British faced fierce resistance in some regions while easily conquering others. British officials sought 'martial races' accustomed to hunting, or from agricultural cultures from hilly or mountainous regions with a history of conflict. Others were excluded due to their 'ease of living' or branded as seditious agitators. The doctrine of 'martial races' postulated that the qualities that make a useful soldier are inherited and that the rest of most Indians did not have the requisite traits that would make them warriors.
British general and scholar Lieutenant-General George MacMunn (1869–1952) noted in his writings "It is only necessary for a feeling to arise that it is impious and disgraceful to serve the British, for the whole of our fabric to tumble like a house of cards without a shot being fired or a sword unsheathed". To this end, it became British policy to recruit only from those tribes whom they classified as members of the 'martial races', and the practice became an integral part of the recruitment manuals for the Army in the British Raj.
The British regarded the 'martial races' as valiant and strong but also intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. They were also regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority. For these reasons, the martial races theory did not lead to officers being recruited from them; recruitment was based on social class and loyalty to the British Raj. One source calls this a "pseudo-ethnological" construction, which was popularised by Frederick Sleigh Roberts, and created serious deficiencies in troop levels during the World Wars, compelling them to recruit from 'non-martial races'. Winston Churchill was reportedly concerned that the theory was abandoned during the war and wrote to the Commander-in-Chief, India that he must, "rely as much as possible on the martial races".
Critics of the theory state that the Indian rebellion of 1857 may have played a role in reinforcing the British belief in it. During this event the troops from the Bengal Native Infantry led by sepoy Mangal Pandey mutinied against the British. Similarly, the Revolt of Rajab Ali from Chittagong also caused trouble with British forces. However, the loyal Rajputs, Jats, Pashtuns, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Kumaunis and Garhwalis did not join the mutiny, and fought on the side of the British Army. From then on, this theory was used to the hilt to accelerate recruitment from among these 'races', whilst discouraging enlistment of 'disloyal' troops and high-caste Hindus who had sided with the rebel army during the war.
Some authors, such as Heather Streets, argue that the military authorities puffed up the images of the martial soldiers by writing regimental histories, and by extolling the kilted Scots, kukri-wielding Gurkhas and turbaned Sikhs in numerous paintings. Richard Schultz, an American author, has claimed the martial race concept as a supposedly clever British effort to divide and rule the people of India for their own political ends.
Tribes and groups designated as martial races
In British colonial times
British-declared martial races in the Indian subcontinent included some groups that were officially designated instead as "agricultural tribes" under the provisions of the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900. These terms were considered to be synonymous when the administration compiled a list in 1925. Among the communities listed as martial were:
Ahir
Arain
Awan
Baloch
Brahmins
Dogra
Gakhar
Gurjars
Janjua
Jat
Kamboh
Khokhar
Labana
Mahton
Mughal
Saini
Pathan
Rajputs
Rowthers
Qureshi
Sial
Syed
Communities that were at various times classified as martial races include:
Sudhan Pathan
Gaur Brahmin
Bhumihar Brahmins
Garhwali
Gurkhas
Kumaoni
Kurmi
Marathas
Mohyal Brahmin
Naga people
Mukkulathor
Nairs
Post-colonial period
India
India was quick to formally disclaim the martial races theory after gaining independence. The largest single of source recruitment for the British Indian Army had come from Punjab, with Sikhs and Punjabi Muslims particularly preferred, with the result that at independence over 50% of the new Indian Armed Forces' senior officers came from East Punjab, despite the fact that it made up just 5% of the new country's population. Recognizing the destabilising potential of an unrepresentative armed forces, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru soon urged the Commander-in-Chief, India and Defence Secretary to undertake "large scale reform to the armed forces”.
However, while most caste or tribal bars on recruitment were lifted, recruitment in regions populated by the former "martial races" was progressively intensified, with the result that by the beginning of the 1970s, India had more than doubled the number of "martial class" units. The Punjab Regiment, which recruits mainly Sikhs and Dogras, had gone from five to 29 battalions since independence, while the Rajputana Rifles, which is mainly composed of Jats and Rajputs, increased from six to 21 battalions over the same time period. The three states that comprised the former East Punjab—Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab—remain substantially over-represented in the contemporary Indian Armed Forces. In 2001, Haryana, which accounted for 2.2% of India's population, accounted for 7.82% of the armed forces' headcount; the figures for Himachal Pradesh were 0.6% of the population, and 4.68% of the armed forces, and for Punjab, 2.4% of the population and 16.6% of the armed forces.
Explicit ethnic- or caste-based requirements have nevertheless persisted amongst some military formations. The most notable instance is the President's Bodyguard, the most senior and arguably the most prestigious unit of the Indian Army, which recruits exclusively from Sikhs, Jats and Rajputs in equal proportion. The Indian government has defended what it terms as "class composition" restrictions on the grounds of the "functional requirements" of the ceremonial detachment, namely its "ceremonial duties [which] demand common height, built, appearance and dress for reason of pomp and projection".
Pakistan
At independence, the new Pakistan Armed Forces likewise reflected the institutional legacy of the "martial races" theory, although it was no longer formally applied there as well. The British preference of Punjabis, combined with the fact that Bengalis (who were the single largest group in the new nation) had been disfavored ever since the Revolt of 1857, led to an even more ethnically lopsided army corps than in India. At the Pakistan Army's establishment in 1947, Punjab, with 25% of the new nation's population, accounted for 72% of the Army's headcount, while East Bengal, with 55% of the total population, was virtually unrepresented. In the Armoured Corps, there was not a single Muslim member from Sindh, Balochistan or Bengal, which together comprised 70% of Pakistan's total population.
This imbalance created tensions, particularly amongst the Bengalis of East Pakistan, who felt humiliated by the continued belief in the theory which continued to hold sway in West Pakistan, that they were not 'martially inclined' compared to the Punjabis and Pashtuns. Pakistani author Hasan-Askari Rizvi notes that the limited recruitment of Bengali personnel in the Pakistan Army was because the West Pakistanis "could not overcome the hangover of the martial race theory". As a result, in 1955, out of the Pakistan Army's 908-strong officer corps, 894 hailed from West Pakistan and a mere 14 from East Pakistan. Thus, following the coup d'état of 1958, the exclusion of East Pakistani Bengalis from military leadership translated into their exclusion from the nation's political leadership. This deepened the alienation of East Pakistanis from the Pakistani government, which would eventually lead to the independence of Bangladesh.
Furthermore, it has been alleged that the continued influence of the theory among the command of the Pakistan Armed Forces, whose rank and file had largely drawn from the erstwhile martial races, contributed to an otherwise unjustified confidence that they would easily defeat India in a war, especially prior to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Based on this belief in martial supremacy numerical superiority of the foe could be overcome. Defence writers in Pakistan have noted that the 1971 defeat was partially attributable to the flawed 'martial races' theory which led to wishful thinking that it was possible to defeat the Bengali Rebel Forces based on the theory alone. Author Stephen P. Cohen notes that "Elevating the 'martial races' theory to the level of an absolute truth had domestic implications for Pakistani politics and contributed to the neglect of other aspects of security.".
In contemporary Pakistan, army recruitment still reflects the biases of "martial races" theory, with a considerable over-representation of ethnic Pashtuns and Punjabis, particularly from the Salt Range, and under-representation of Balochis and Sindhis. In the past few decades there have been some efforts to rectify these imbalances and make the Armed Forces more representative, in part by relaxing recruitment standards in Sindh and Balochistan. In 2007 a report published by the Inter-Services Public Relations claimed success bringing the army's composition closer to national demographics; the proportion of Punjabis in the army had fallen from 71% in 2001 to 57% in 2007, and was expected to reach 54% by 2011. In turn, the proportion of Sindhis was expected to increase from 15% to 17%, and Balochis from 3.2% in 2007 to 4% in 2011. The report also projected an increase in the soldiers from Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan from 0% to 9% by 2011. However, noting that, for instance, a disproportionately large share of new recruits from Sindh are ethnic Pathans (Pashtuns) rather than Sindhis, critics have alleged that such figures, in measuring provincial origin rather than ethnicity per se, mask continued biases in recruiting.
See also
Criminal Tribes Act
Historical definitions of races in India
References
Further reading
Military history of India
Military history of British India
Caste system in India
Historical definitions of race
Warriors
Military history of Pakistan
Military of India | wiki |
Vocal effort is a quantity varied by speakers when adjusting to an increase or decrease in the communication distance. The communication distance is the distance between the speaker and the listener. Vocal effort is a subjective physiological quantity, and is mainly dependent on subglottal pressure, vocal fold tension and jaw opening. Vocal effort is different from sound pressure. To measure vocal effort, listeners are asked to rate the distance between speaker and addressee.
Repeated vocal effort can lead to chronic vocal pathologies. Several professional occupations requiring a heavy vocal use, such as sport and fitness instructor, have been associated with an increase of developing vocal pathologies
References
Phonetics
Human voice
Phonation
Speech | wiki |
Lead-based paint was widely used in the United States because of its durability. The United States banned the manufacture of lead-based house paint in 1978 due to health concerns.
Lead has long been considered to be a harmful environmental pollutant. Cited cases of lead poisoning date back to the early 20th century. In the July 1904 edition of its monthly publication, paint manufacturer Sherwin-Williams reported the dangers of paint containing lead, noting that a French expert had deemed lead paint "poisonous in a large degree, both for the workmen and for the inhabitants of a house painted with lead colors."
In 1971, Congress banned the use of lead-based paint in residential projects (including residential structures and environments) constructed by, or with the assistance of, the federal government. The Consumer Product Safety Commission followed with implementing regulations, effective in 1978. Additional regulations regarding lead abatement, testing and related issues have been issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Much of the government's response to the lead public health problems in the 1970s can be credited to the work of epidemiologist and pediatrician Philip J. Landrigan, who conducted detailed studies of lead poisoning near lead refineries, as well as the effects of lead in gasoline.
In 1991, Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services Louis Wade Sullivan called lead the "number one environmental threat to the health of children in the United States." Humans are exposed to lead through air, drinking water, food, contaminated soil, deteriorating paint, and dust. Airborne lead enters the body by breathing or swallowing lead particles or dust once it has settled. Old lead-based paint is the most significant source of lead exposure in the U.S. Most homes built before 1960 contain heavily leaded paint. Some homes built as recently as 1978 may also contain lead paint.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics monitors blood lead levels in the United States. Experts use a new level based on the U.S. population of children ages 1-5 years who are in the top 2.5% of children when tested for lead in their blood (when compared to children who are exposed to more lead than most children). Currently that is 3.5 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood.
Overview
Definition
The District of Columbia defines "lead-based paint" as any "paint, surface coating that contains lead equal to or exceeding one milligram per square centimeter (1.0 mg/cm2) or 0.5% by weight." Some states have adopted this or similar definitions of "lead-based paint." These definitions are used to enforce regulations that apply to certain activities conducted in housing constructed prior to 1978, such as abatement, or the permanent elimination of a "lead-based paint hazard."
The U.S. government and many states have regulations regarding lead-based paint. Many of them apply to evaluating a property for lead-based paint. There are two different testing procedures that are similar but yield different information. Lead-based paint inspections will evaluate all painted surfaces in a complex to determine where lead-based paint, if any, is present. The procedures for lead inspections is outlined in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Guidelines, Chapter 7, 1997 Revision. The other testing is a lead-based paint risk assessment. In this testing, only deteriorated painted surfaces are tested and dust wipe samples are collected. This information will help the risk assessor determine if there are any lead hazards. Many property owners decided to get a combination of both tests to determine where the lead-based paint is present and what hazards are present as well. Risk assessments are outlined in the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 5. In addition, if a child is poisoned in a property, the owner may be required to perform abatement (permanent elimination of the lead hazard).
The Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation
In 1996, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Environmental Protection Agency enacted the Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation. It requires owners of pre-1978 "target housing" to disclose to potential buyers or renters all known information about the presence of lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards in the property. It requires that the potential buyer or tenant be given the lead information pamphlet, "Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home," or other EPA-approved pamphlet as well as a specific disclosure statement. The option of whether to test for the presence of lead-based paint is left to the owner, so long as a decision not to test is disclosed.
Renovation, Repair and Painting
The EPA issued a new regulation called 'Renovation, Repair and Painting' (RRP) regarding the renovation of residential housing and child-occupied buildings built before 1978 on April 22, 2008. The rule (Federal Register: July 15, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 134)) became effective April 22, 2010. Under the rule, contractors performing renovation, repair and painting projects that disturb lead-based coatings (including lead paint, shellac or varnish) in child-occupied facilities built before 1978 must be certified and must follow specific work practices to prevent lead contamination. EPA’s RRP rule impacts many construction trades, including general contractors and special trade contractors, painters, plumbers, carpenters, glaziers, wood floor refinishers and electricians. Activities performed by all of these trades can disturb lead-based paint and have the potential to create hazardous lead dust. For most individuals, eight hours of training is required. However, individuals who have successfully completed renovation courses developed by HUD or EPA, or an abatement worker or supervisor course accredited by EPA or an authorized State or Tribal program, can become certified renovators by taking a four-hour EPA-accredited renovator refresher training.
The RRP rule is controversial, primarily due to the increased cost remodelers incur as a result of having to set up dust containment apparatuses, including sealing off doorways and HVAC ducts with plastic. Various national trade associations have been very vocal in their opposition, some going so far as to sue the EPA. Though the EPA considered expanding the rule to require contractors to pass a third-party dust wipe clearance exam these revisions were rejected in July, 2011.
Although the rule was not fully implemented until April 2010, certain elements were required before, and others required attention well before April 2010.
Before April 2009, contractors that disturb paint in homes, residential buildings, schools and child care facilities built prior to 1978 had to provide lead hazard information prior to the start of the job to building owners, occupants, and to the families of children using the facilities by distributing EPA’s new Renovate Right brochure.
As of April 2009, trainers could begin to apply to EPA or an EPA-approved state for accreditation, and, once approved, contractors and construction trade workers could begin to take the training to become certified.
Beginning October 2009, firms could apply for EPA or state certification.
Beginning April 2010, all businesses engaged in renovation, repair or painting activities in homes, residential buildings, schools and child care facilities built prior to 1978 must be certified, use certified workers, and follow specific lead-safe work practices to prevent lead contamination.
State action against the lead paint industry
The state of Rhode Island filed a public nuisance lawsuit in 1999 (State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association) to force the former manufacturers of lead paint to pay for the cleanup of current lead hazards in Rhode Island. After a trial that ended in a hung jury in 2002, the state refiled the case. In February 2006, the jury decided in favor of the state and said that Sherwin-Williams, NL Industries and Millennium Holdings would have to pay for the clean-up of lead paint in the state. On July 1, 2008, the Rhode Island Supreme Court in a landmark decision overturned the verdict, dismissing the case stating that "the State of Rhode Island 'cannot allege' facts sufficient to state a claim for common law public nuisance against lead pigment manufacturers."
In 2007, the Missouri Supreme Court and the New Jersey Supreme Court also rejected the use of the public nuisance theory in lead paint lawsuits, leaving Ohio and California as the only two remaining public nuisance cases.
The California Supreme Court has reviewed the contingency fee agreement between the municipalities and private counsel. A briefing schedule is currently being set. In recent rulings, the Supreme Court held the contingent fee agreement was improper, stating that “When a government attorney has a personal interest in the litigation, the neutrality so essential to the system is violated.”
While the City of Columbus, Ohio voluntarily dropped its lawsuit against the paint industry after the Rhode Island decision, the State of Ohio's suit remains.
Real estate maintenance and renovation
Humans can be poisoned during unsafe renovations or repainting jobs on housing that has lead paint. Therefore, homeowners are encouraged to carefully stabilize any deteriorated (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) paint in a lead-safe manner. More than 250,000 children in the United States have significantly harmful levels of lead in their bodies. There is no safe level of exposure.
Dry sanding, dry scraping, removing paint by torching and burning, the use of heat guns over 1100°F, and machine-sanding or grinding without a HEPA filtered dust collection system or a HEPA-filtered vacuum are all prohibited by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) as methods of removing lead-based-paint. HUD prohibits these methods because they have been proven to create significant levels of lead dust during remodeling, renovation and painting. The use of these methods should be avoided because they significantly increase the chance to become lead poisoned.
Paint strippers are also often used to remove lead-based-paint from walls. There are specialized paint strippers for use with lead paint which render lead non-hazardous decreasing the risks associated with lead paint removal.
HUD requires a dust test for "clearance" at the end of any remodeling or repainting job be performed by a third-party professional who is independent of the entity performing the work.
Lead evaluations of paint are usually performed by a field testing method known as X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) using equipment which can effectively detect lead. XRF is the preferred method because it is not destructive and a reading is usually obtained in about 4–8 seconds with a 95% accuracy at the 2-sigma level.
Instruments of this sort have an inconclusive range, and when a reading falls in this range (range is different for each instrument and model), a paint chip may be taken and sent for laboratory analysis. Testing for lead in dust, water, and air also require laboratory analysis. Although there are commercially available lead test kits, they are not reliable and are not authorized by HUD for the use of determining if a property is lead-based-paint free.
The home's year of construction can be a clue as to the likelihood that lead is present in its paint. As of April 2011, 87% of homes built before 1940 contain at least some lead paint, homes built between 1940 and 1960 have a 69% chance of containing such paint, homes built between 1960 and 1978 have a 24% chance of containing lead paint, while homes built after 1978 are unlikely to have lead-based paint. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control performs regular studies of housing-based health hazards in the U.S.
See also
Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance
Environmental issues with paint
Environmental issues in the United States
Lead abatement in the United States
Lead safe work practices
Lead abatement
References
External links
EPA - Lead Information
HUD - Lead Cleanup Information
Lead-Based Paint: Health Risk and Testing Information - Cincinnati Children's Hospital
Environmental issues in the United States
Lead
Environmental impact of paint
Environmental controversies | wiki |
Hopeless Romantic may refer to:
Hopeless Romantic (The Bouncing Souls album), a 1999 album
Hopeless Romantic (Michelle Branch album), a 2017 album
"Hopeless Romantic" (Michelle Branch song), the title song
"Hopeless Romantic", a song by Meghan Trainor from her 2016 album Thank You
"Hopeless Romantic", a song by Sam Fischer
"Hopeless Romantic" (Wiz Khalifa song), a 2018 song
Hopeless Romantics, a 2005 album by Michael Feinstein
See also
“Call Me Hopeless, Not Romantic”, a song on Mayday Parade's eponymous 2011 album
Para sa Hopeless Romantic, a 2015 Philippine teen romance film | wiki |
Alle micro-organismen in een bepaalde omgeving, zie Microbioom
Microbiota (plantengeslacht) | wiki |
Evans is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 16,356 at the 2010 census. The town derives its name from David E. Evans, an agent of the Holland Land Company and nephew of land agent Joseph Ellicott.
The town is approximately southwest of Buffalo and is a rural community with of waterfront. The town is located close to the major trading centers of the Northeast and is a bi-national gateway for commerce due to the region's border location with Canada.
History
The town of Evans was established in 1821 from part of the town of Eden. The first settler arrived circa 1804, but there was no permanent settlement until 1808. David Evans was named the local agent of the Holland Land Company in 1827. He was known for his humane management of the company business in relation to the impoverished settlers.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.08%, is water.
The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90), US 20 (Southwestern Boulevard), and NY 5 (Erie Road) pass through the town.
The north town line is defined by Eighteen Mile Creek, which is well known for excellent fossil formations. Lake Erie defines the west town line.
Neighboring towns
The town of Brant is to the south, Hamburg is to the northeast, and the town of Eden is to the east.
Communities and locations
Angola – A village in the south part of the town.
Angola Lake Shore Addition – A community in the southwest part of the town.
Angola on the Lake – A lakeside community by Lake Erie.
Bennett Beach – A lakeside park west of Evans Center.
Camp Lakeland – A lakeside community by Lake Erie.
Camp Pioneer – A lakeside community by Lake Erie.
Derby – A hamlet in the northwestern part of the town.
Evans Beach Park – A hamlet on the lake shore west of Angola.
Evans Center – A hamlet on NY-5 north of Angola.
Evangola State Park – A small part of the state park is at the town's south line.
Grandview Bay – A lakeside hamlet west of Angola.
Highland-on-the-Lake – A lakeside hamlet on NY-5.
Jerusalem Corners – A hamlet in the western part of the town.
Lake Erie Beach – A lakeside hamlet southwest of Angola.
North Evans – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town.
Pontiac – A location near the eastern town line.
Wendt Beach Park – A lakeside park north of Camp Lakeland.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,070 people, 6,639 households, and 4,773 families residing in the town. The population density was 420.5 people per square mile (162.3/km2). There were 7,507 housing units at an average density of 179.4 per square mile (69.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.81% White, 0.38% African American, 0.62% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.
There were 6,639 households, out of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $43,142, and the median income for a family was $50,765. Males had a median income of $39,022 versus $26,698 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,122. About 5.4% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.
Parks and recreation
The Town's waterfront location has also made it a popular spot for tourism and recreation, especially during the summer months. Bennett Beach and Wendt Beach Park are popular recreation and tourism spots in the town. Sturgeon Point Marina is also a popular recreation spot in the town. A small part of Evangola State Park lies within the town at the south town line.
Government
Evans is served by five volunteer fire departments, which are Highland Hose, North Evans, Evans Center, Angola and Lake Erie Beach.
Police services are provided by the Evans Police Department. The Marine Rescue and Recovery Unit of the Evans Police Department responds to calls for assistance in water and ice rescue situations, including drowning or possible drowning, boating accidents, and recovery of property and bodies. The Evans Police have two Humvees for inclement weather and search and rescue operations. The Department acquired these vehicles through the 1033 program. The Town of Evans Communications Center dispatches Emergency Services for Brant Police and Fire Departments, Towns of Collins, North Collins, Village of North Collins and Seneca Nation Territory. Over all 13 fire companies and two EMS companies.
Education
The town has one high school, one middle school, three elementary schools and an educational center (formerly an elementary school).
Notable people
Willis Carrier, inventor of air conditioning
Alfred Gray, former Kansas legislator
Patrick Kaleta, ice hockey player for the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL
Christian Laettner, former NBA player
Nathaniel O. Murray, Wisconsin State Assemblyman and steamboat owner
Francis J. Pordum, former New York state assemblyman, served as Town Supervisor
A. W. Shepard, former college football head coach, lived in North Evans
References
External links
Town of Evans official website
Town of Evans Police Department
Evans Historical Society and 1857 Museum
Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area
Towns in Erie County, New York | wiki |
High Court of Justice of Ireland may refer to:
High Court (Ireland) current court established in 1924 under Irish law
High Court of Justice in Ireland former court 1877–1924 established under British law | wiki |
Regulation CF, also known as Regulation Crowdfunding or Reg CF is a section of the United States Code, in particular 17 U.S.C. § 227 (2021) dealing with equity crowdfunding. This section of the law originated with Title III of the 2012 JOBS Act which went into effect on May 16, 2016. It was amended in November 2020, and those amendments effectively became law in 2021.
Several U.S. platforms, called funding portals, currently facilitate Reg CF investments, including SeedInvest and Wefunder.
See also
Regulation A
References
Crowdfunding
United States federal legislation | wiki |
The Grand Valley Trail is 250 km long hiking route in Ontario and runs from Port Maitland on Lake Erie to Belwood. It is managed by the volunteer group, the Grand Valley Trails Association (GVTA). Hikers are able to identify the main Grand Valley Trail by the white blazes approximately 5 cm wide by 15 cm high. The trail is well-maintained by dedicated volunteers and enjoys good relationships with the nearby landowners. A guidebook is published by the GVTA.
See also
List of trails in Canada
External links
Grand Valley Trails Association
References
Hiking trails in Ontario
Grand River (Ontario) | wiki |
Martins Ferry Times Leader (also known as The Times Leader) is the daily newspaper serving Martins Ferry, Ohio. The Times Leader is published each afternoon, Saturday, and Sunday mornings.
Newspapers published in Ohio
Belmont County, Ohio | wiki |
Simon Richard Gower Irvine (born 15 April 1952) is a Swedish-English gardener and author. Irvine presented the Sveriges Radio show Sommar i P1 on 17 August 1999.
References
Living people
1952 births
English gardeners | wiki |
Prague 21, also known as Újezd nad Lesy is municipal district (městská část) in Prague, Czech Republic. It is located in the eastern part of the city. It has 9,209 inhabitants.
The administrative district (správní obvod) of the same name consists of municipal district Prague 21, Běchovice, Klánovice and Koloděje.
External links
Prague 21 - Official homepage
Districts of Prague | wiki |
Edgar Itt (né le à Gedern) est un athlète allemand spécialiste du 400 mètres et du 400 mètres haies.
Carrière
Palmarès
Records
Liens externes
Athlète ouest-allemand
Sprinteur allemand
Hurdleur allemand
Coureur de 400 mètres
Coureur de 400 mètres haies
Athlète (homme) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1988
Naissance en juin 1967
Naissance à Gedern | wiki |
William Macaulay may refer to:
William E. Macaulay, American billionaire businessman
William Herrick Macaulay, British mathematician
William MacAulay, Australian politician
See also
William McCauley (disambiguation) | wiki |
Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings may refer to:
Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)
Music Inspired by The Lord of the Rings (Mostly Autumn album) | wiki |
Nicephellus is a monotypic genus of Neotropical butterflies in the family Hesperiidae, in which it is placed in tribe Phocidini.
The sole species of the genus is Nicephellus nicephorus, also called the two-spotted scarlet-eye, and was originally described in 1876 by William Chapman Hewitson as Eudamus nicephorus. It is found from southern Mexico to Peru and western Brazil.
The wingspan is 28–30 mm. The wings are dark brown with red-brown overscaling basad on both wings, with faint pale discal macules on the posterior hindwings (at times extending to the forewings).
Original description
References
Eudaminae
Monotypic butterfly genera | wiki |
Rhododendron aureum is a flowering plant species in the genus Rhododendron.
Larvae of Boloria freija feed on Rhododendron aureum.
R. aureum produces (-)-rhododendrol, (-)-rhododendrin, avicularin and hyperoside.
References
External links
aureum | wiki |
Transitions Optical est une société américaine connue pour la fabrication de lentilles photochromiques fondée en 1990.
Références
Entreprise ayant son siège en Floride
Fabricant d'optique médicale | wiki |
"Shit happens" is a common slang phrase meaning that events (especially unfortunate) occur every day, all the time.
Shit happens may also refer to:
Shit Happens, a DVD by the band Every Time I Die
"Shit Happens", the second episode of the second season of TV series Bad Girls | wiki |
Big Brother 2017 may refer to:
Big Brother Naija 2017
Big Brother 18 (UK)
Big Brother 19 (U.S.) | wiki |
Meltwater is water released by the melting of snow or ice.
Meltwater may also refer to:
Meltwater (company), an online media monitoring company headquartered in California
Meltwater Entrepreneurial School of Technology, Accra, Ghana, a technology entrepreneur training program
Meltwater, Edmonton, Canada, a neighborhood in the Decoteau area of Edmonton | wiki |
Arylsulfatase A (or cerebroside-sulfatase) is an enzyme that breaks down sulfatides, namely cerebroside 3-sulfate into cerebroside and sulfate. In humans, arylsulfatase A is encoded by the ARSA gene.
Pathology
A deficiency is associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy, an autosomal recessive disease.
Biochemistry
Enzyme regulation
Arylsulfatase A is inhibited by phosphate, which forms a covalent bond with the active site 3-oxoalanine.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arylsulfatase A Deficiency - Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
OMIM entries on ARSA Deficiency | wiki |
Artificial nutrition may refer to:
Feeding tube
Feeding by nasogastric tube
Parenteral nutrition | wiki |
Jefferson Elementary School may refer to;
United States schools by state
Jefferson Elementary School (Little Rock, Arkansas), in Cammack Village, Arkansas
Jefferson Elementary School (Corona, California), part of Corona-Norco Unified School District
Jefferson Elementary School (Redondo Beach, California)
Jefferson Elementary School (Santa Ana, California)
Jefferson Elementary School (Vandalia, Illinois)
Jefferson Elementary School (Washington, Indiana)
Jefferson Elementary School (Creston, Iowa)
Jefferson Elementary School (Muscatine, Iowa)
Jefferson Elementary School (Winona, Minnesota)
Jefferson Elementary School (Westfield, New Jersey)
Jefferson Elementary School (Pottstown, Pennsylvania)
Jefferson Elementary School (Spokane, Washington)
Jefferson Elementary School (Tacoma, Washington), part of Tacoma Public Schools
See also
List of schools named after Thomas Jefferson | wiki |
Elizabeth Arnold – poetessa statunitense
Elizabeth Arnold – nuotatrice britannica
Elizabeth Arnold – attrice britannica, madre di Edgar Allan Poe | wiki |
Mask Man could refer to:
Hikari Sentai Maskman, Japanese television series
Mask Man (TV series), South Korean television series | wiki |
The Electrochemical equivalent, sometimes abbreviated Eq or Z, of a chemical element is the mass of that element (in grams) transported by 1 coulomb of electric charge. The electrochemical equivalent of an element is measured with a voltameter.
Definition
The electrochemical equivalent of a substance is the mass of the substance deposited to one of the electrodes when a current of 1 ampere is passed for 1 second, i.e. a quantity of electricity of one coulomb is passed.
The formula for finding electrochemical equivalent is as follows:
where is the mass of substance and is the charge passed. Since , where is the current applied and is time, we also have
Eq values of some elements in kg/C
References
Physical chemistry
Units of chemical measurement | wiki |
Thanga Mama 3D is a 1985 Indian Tamil-language film directed by K. Simon, starring Arun and Sasikala. It was released on 6 September 1985.
Plot
Cast
Arun
Sasikala
M. N. Nambiar
Production
Thanga Mama 3D is the second 3D film made in Tamil film industry after Annai Bhoomi 3D.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.
References
External links
1985 3D films
1980s Tamil-language films
1985 films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian 3D films | wiki |
General Frost is a nickname given to the Russian Winter. General Frost may also refer to:
Daniel M. Frost (1823–1900), Missouri Volunteer Militia brigadier general and Confederate States Army brigadier general
John Frost (British Army officer) (1912–1993), British Army major general
Kathryn Frost (1948–2006), U.S. Army major general
Malcolm B. Frost (born 1966), U.S. Army major general | wiki |
A língua de sinais costarriquenha ou língua gestual costarriquenha é a língua de sinais (pt: língua gestual) usada pela comunidade surda da Costa Rica.
Ver também
Costa Rica
Costa Rica | wiki |
John Linnell may refer to
John Linnell (born 1959), American musician
John Linnell (painter) (1792–1882), English landscape and portrait painter
John Linnell (cabinet maker) (1729–1796), 18th-century English cabinet maker
See also
John Wycliffe Linnell, British physician
John Linnell Bond, architect | wiki |
58th Regiment or 58th Infantry Regiment may refer to:
58th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation), three British Army units have carried this name
58th (Middlesex) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, a British Army unit, 1938–1955
58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force), a unit of the British Indian Army
58th Infantry Regiment (United States), most recent 58th Infantry in the United States Army
American Civil War
Union (Northern) Army
58th Pennsylvania Infantry
58th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment
58th Indiana Infantry Regiment
Confederate (Southern) Army
58th Regiment Alabama Infantry
58th Virginia Infantry | wiki |
La chingada is a term commonly used in colloquial, even crass, Mexican Spanish that refers to various conditions or situations of, generally, negative connotations. The word is derived from the verb chingar, "to fuck".
The concept of "la chingada" has been famously analysed by Octavio Paz in his book The Labyrinth of Solitude.
Spanish uses of the expression
The following list of expressions featuring "la chingada" appear in Gómez de Silva's Diccionario breve de mexicanismos (2001):
Estar dado a la chingada: "to be given to la chingada," that is, ruined, that you have lost everything.
Estar de la chingada: to be somehow too bad, difficult, or complicated.
Ir hecho la chingada: to go lightning-fast.
Ir a la chingada: "to go to la chingada," or to go away upset, to go fuck yourself.
Irse algo a la chingada: to break or damage something, something "going away to la chingada".
Llevárselo a alguien la chingada: to be angry, or in a tight spot.
Hijo de tu chingada madre: "you son of your fucking mother" or "hijo de tu puta madre" (literally: son of your whore mother) meaning "you son of a whore" and also "hijo-esu (hijo de su) puta madre" is similar to saying "son of a bitch" in general. Hijo de su chingada madre can be idiomatically translated as "Son of your fucking mom" (madre means mother, chingada is "fuck" or other bad words).
Mandar a alguien a la chingada: "send someone to la chingada," which means saying goodbye with disdain or annoyance to someone who is bothersome.
¡Me lleva la chingada!: "I'm fucked!", exclamation of protest that is used to give vent to anger, when adversity is experienced, or surprise; euphemistic forms are: ¡me lleva la fregada!, la tía de las muchachas —the aunt of the girls—, la que se cayó por asomarse —the one that fell because peeked—, la tiznada —the begrimed—, la tostada —the toast, the tan one—, la trampa —the trap—, el tren —the train—, la tristeza —the sadness—, la trompada —the slap—, la verga —the dick—.
Vete a la chingada: "Fuck off!" or "go to hell"
Tu chingada madre: "you motherfucker", or also like: "your fucked mother".
External links
Octavio Paz "La Chingada" - in English and Spanish
Diccionario breve de mexicanismos - in Spanish
Mexican slang
Mexican culture | wiki |
A Trial plate was a piece of metal used as a standard in the assaying of coins to determine a coin's accuracy and fineness. Plates made from various metals including copper, silver and gold were used in events such as the Trial of the Pyx as benchmarks of quality. A contender for the earliest known ingot-shaped silver trial plate that dates from 1279 and is held by the Royal Mint Museum in the United Kingdom.
References
Bibliography
Numismatics
Coins | wiki |
Granite is a type of rock.
Granite may also refer to:
Places
Australia
Granite Island (South Australia)
United States
Granite, Colorado
Granite City, Illinois
Granite, Iowa
Granite, Maryland
Granite Falls, Minnesota
Granite, Oklahoma
Granite, Utah
Granite, Wyoming
Granite State, the official nickname of New Hampshire
Granite Peak, any one of 43 peaks by that name
Granite Bay, California
Canada
Granite Peak, either of two peaks by that name in British Columbia
People
Zack Granite, a professional baseball player
Other uses
Granite (Northern Rock vehicle), a financial instrument
"Granite" (song), a song by the drum and bass band Pendulum
The Granite, college yearbook of the University of New Hampshire
Granite Construction, a California-based heavy civil general contractor and construction material producer
Granite Broadcasting Corporation
GMC Granite, a concept car
See also
Granite Falls (disambiguation)
Granite Lake (disambiguation)
Granit (disambiguation)
The Granites (disambiguation) | wiki |
The following is a list of episodes of the American science fiction television drama Eureka. Seventy-seven episodes were aired over five seasons. In addition to these episodes, there is a short webisode series called "Hide and Seek", which was available on Syfy's Eureka homepage.
The episodes of the first season were not aired in the order intended by the show's creators, resulting in small inconsistencies. However, these were supervised and controlled. In podcast commentaries, the show's creators and its star Colin Ferguson confirmed that the production order was that in which the producers intended. However, network executives changed the order to try to place the stronger episodes earlier in the run to attract viewers.
The creators made minor changes through edits and they redubbed dialogue in later episodes (for instance, they removed the explicit mention of Zoe's first day at school) to minimize audience confusion.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2006)
Season 2 (2007)
Season 3 (2008–09)
Season three production was interrupted and delayed by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.
Season 4 (2010–11)
Season four included the first crossover event with the Syfy series Warehouse 13. Douglas Fargo (Neil Grayston) appeared in the August 3, 2010 episode of Warehouse 13, while Claudia Donovan (Allison Scagliotti) of Warehouse 13 appeared on Eureka on August 6, 2010. James Callis joined the cast as Dr. Trevor Grant, a scientist from 1947.
Season 4 was made in two parts and two stand alone Christmas specials. The first nine episodes were shown in the US summer of 2010. A Christmas episode was shown in December 2010 and another 10 episodes began airing on July 11, 2011. A second Christmas special aired on December 6, 2011.
Season 5 (2012)
On August 17, 2010, Syfy announced that there would be a fifth season. On August 8, 2011, it was announced that season 5 was to be the final season; it was later announced that the network had ordered an additional episode for season 5 to wrap up the series. On February 16, 2012, Syfy announced that the show's fifth and final season would premiere on April 16, 2012. The season concluded on July 16, 2012.
Webisodes
Hide and Seek (2006)
References
External links
List of Eureka episodes at Syfy
Eureka at YouTube - syfy.cz
Eureka | wiki |
Winfield is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 2,086 at the 2010 census. The town is named after General Winfield Scott and is in the southwestern corner of the county, south of Utica. "The town has recently been certified a Clean Energy Community."
History
The area was first settled circa 1789, mostly by people from New England. The town of Winfield was formed from parts of Richfield, Plainfield (both in Otsego County), and Litchfield (Herkimer County) in 1816.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which , or 0.05%, are water.
The southern town line and part of the western town line are the border of Otsego County. The remainder of the western town line is the border of Oneida County.
The East Branch of the Unadilla River flows from northeast to southwest through the town. Winfield Creek flows into the Unadilla River at West Winfield village. The Unadilla is part of the Susquehanna River watershed. The northeastern corner of the town drains northeast via Steele Creek to the Mohawk River and is part of the Hudson River watershed.
U.S. Route 20 passes across the southern part of the town and is briefly conjoined with New York State Route 51.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,202 people, 821 households, and 614 families residing in the town. The population density was 93.1 people per square mile (35.9/km2). There were 871 housing units at an average density of 36.8 per square mile (14.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.73% White, 0.14% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.
There were 821 households, out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $35,588, and the median income for a family was $42,841. Males had a median income of $27,414 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,809. About 6.4% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.
Notable person
Seth M. Gates, U.S. congressman from New York
Communities and locations in Winfield
Birmingham Corners – A hamlet near the eastern town line on Routes US-20/NY-51.
Cedarville – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town, located at the town line on NY-51.
Cedarville Station – A hamlet southwest of Chepachet on NY-51.
Chepachet – A hamlet southwest of Cedarville on NY-51.
East Winfield – A location east of Hitching Corner on US-20
Hitching Corner – A hamlet east of West Winfield village on combined US-20/NY-51.
Meeting House Green – A location southeast of North Winfield, located on County Road 172. The Brace Farm and Meetinghouse Green Road Cemetery were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.
North Winfield – A hamlet at the northern town line on County Road 91.
Round Top – An elevation located southeast of East Winfield.
West Winfield – The village of West Winfield, located on US-20, is close to the western town line.
Woods Corners – A hamlet in the southwestern part of the town, south of West Winfield on NY-51.
References
External links
Town of Winfield official website
Early history of Winfield, New York
Herkimer County Historical Society
City-Data.com
Towns in New York (state)
Utica–Rome metropolitan area
Towns in Herkimer County, New York | wiki |
Manual fire alarm activation is the process of triggering a fire alarm through a call point, pull station, or other device. This usually causes the alarm to sound the evacuation signal for the relevant building or zone. Manual fire alarm activation requires human intervention, as distinct from automatic fire alarm activation such as that provided through the use of heat detectors and smoke detectors. It is, however, possible for call points/pull stations to be used in conjunction with automatic detection as part of the overall fire detection and alarm system. Systems in completed buildings tend to be wired in and include a control panel. Wireless activators are common during construction.
When a fire pull station or call point is activated, codes usually require evacuation begin immediately. There are certain exemptions like system maintenance and security lockdowns, where manual activation outside the control panel may be overridden. Security alarms, emergency door releases, industrial fire suppression systems, and hazardous material leak alarms are all examples of specialty systems which are sometimes activated with similar manual initiating devices to a fire alarm. They may be linked to fire alarm systems to varying degrees.
Fire alarm pull station
A fire alarm pull station is an active fire protection device, usually wall-mounted, that, when activated, initiates an alarm on a fire alarm system. This is the most common design in North America. In its simplest form, the user activates the alarm by pulling the handle down, which completes a circuit and locks the handle in the activated position, sending an alarm to the fire alarm control panel. After operation, most fire alarm pull stations must be restored to the ready position using a special tool or key for the panel to be reset. Primitive manual stations, requiring only a single action or hand motion to activate, can be subject to unwanted activation by jarring or accidental contact. Early strategies to cope with this problem included requiring the operator to break a pane of glass to release an internal spring-operated mechanism. Manual pull stations that require two hand motions, such as lift up and pull down, or push in and pull down, have since replaced the break-glass and single-action models in many modern installations.
Coded pull stations
In the past, pull stations controlled the entire system. These coded pull stations were much bigger than modern pulls and had a code wheel in them. They had a gear mechanism that was wound up when the station was pulled, and (unlike modern pull stations) the handle did not stay down. The gears would turn a small wheel with a specific number of teeth, which determined the coding. The teeth would push up on a contact, which would open and close a circuit, pulsing the code to the bells or horns. This code was used by building security to determine where the alarm was originating from. For example, consider a pull station in the fourth-floor elevator lobby of an office building with a code of 5-3-1. When the station was pulled, the security officers in the building would look up 5-3-1 in a master list of codes. After finding the location of the pull, they would check to see if there is a real fire. If there was, they would evacuate the building and call the fire department.
System tests could be conducted in one of two ways: In a coded pull station, there is either a test hole on the front (usually activated with an Allen wrench) or a test switch on the inside. Turning the switch one way causes the notification appliances to sound continuous (or in the case of single-stroke bells, ding once). Turning it the other way and then activating the pull allows a silent test to be done in which the station's mechanical parts are checked to ensure proper function. Once pulled, the station would do at least four rounds of code before resetting itself. Coded pulls were typically used in new fire alarm systems until roughly the 1950s, and then occasionally into the 1970s. Until the early 1990s, some panels were made with an extra zone to accommodate any existing coded pull stations. Nowadays, coded pull stations are rarely seen in working fire alarm systems.
Modern pull stations
Many modern fire alarm pull stations are single action and only require the user to pull down the handle to sound the alarm. Other fire alarm pull stations are dual-action, and as such require the user to perform a second task before pulling down, such as lifting or pushing in a panel on the station or breaking a glass panel with an attached hammer. Perhaps the most recognizable pull station is the "T-bar"-style pull station, so named because the handle is shaped like the letter "T". This style is manufactured by many companies, most notably SimplexGrinnell.
Resetting a fire alarm pull station after it has been operated normally requires building personnel or emergency responders to open the station using a key, which often is either a hex key or a more traditional key. Opening the station causes the handle to go back to its original position, allowing the alarm to be reset from the fire alarm control panel after the station has been closed.
In some places, particularly at college dormitories and schools, students can deliberately set off the fire alarm as a prank or just because they want to (because they are angry, curious, they want to seek revenge, or to postpone or skip an exam). These false alarms can result in alarm fatigue if they occur repeatedly, causing occupants to dismiss the importance of alarms or completely ignore them. In areas where false alarms are a recurring problem, pull stations may be covered with a clear plastic cover (sold under the "Stopper" trade name) that will cause people to notice the person by sounding an alarm when tampered with or opened, creating a clear focus on the fire alarm. The plastic covers may also be used to help prevent accidental pulls caused by bumping a pull station or accidental pulls by small children. Some covers lack internal alarms and are just used to help prevent bumping the pull station. Because of these and other issues, intentionally setting off a fire alarm when there is no fire or other emergency is illegal in most jurisdictions.
Manual call points
In Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Asia, pull stations are generally not used; instead of a manual call point is used, which is usually referred to as an MCP, call point, break-glass point, or Fire Point within the fire protection industry and as a "transmitter" in Japan. They are used to allow building occupants to signal that a fire or other emergency exists within the building. When activated they will raise a plastic flag out of the top to tell which alarm was activated. They are usually connected to a central fire alarm panel which is in turn connected to an alarm system in the building, and often to a local fire brigade dispatcher as well. The first modern MCP arrived in Europe in 1972 and was developed by KAC.
Manual call points are used to initiate an alarm signal and operate using a simple button press or when glass is broken revealing a button. They can form part of a manual alarm system or an automatic alarm system. There will be an indicator on the monitoring unit for visual indication to locate the call point easily, and there should be a visual identifier of the unit which triggered the alarm, typically a mechanical flag that operates on a latch and must be manually reset, e.g. by a key.
Previously, the old British standard did not allow hinged covers and plastic resettable elements. Plastic elements must have the same printing as the EN 54 glass.
In the US and Canada, alarm initiating devices with button-like designs are sometimes used in high-hazard occupancies. The NFPA 72 standard uses the term Alarm Box, which could encompass a number of initiation mechanisms. A few manual call points have been approved to UL/UL Canada standards. At the time of this writing, the pull station is still the most prominent design in this part of the world.
A report by the UK-based Building Research Establishment (BRE) stated "there is a commonly held view that equipment designed to meet the European EN54 Fire detection and fire alarm systems standard cannot be used within an installation designed to the US National Fire Alarm Code, NFPA 72." In actuality, "there appears to be no requirement in NFPA 72 that precludes the use of manual call points..."
Temporary MCPs
It is becoming increasingly common in the UK and Europe for wireless MCPs to be used in temporary environments such as construction sites. These typically provide the same level of protection as a standard wired fire alarm installation, but can be moved around as needed in the changing environment of a building under construction without the need for specialist electrician installation. They often combine call point functionality with sounder and strobe functions for ease of installation.
Such systems typically operate a similar structure to a standard wired fire alarm network, in that Manual Call Points may be mixed with automatic fire detection in the form of heat detection and smoke detection (often specially designed to be dust resistant, due to the increased likelihood of dust on a construction site) and can be connected to a monitoring base station unit. This unit provides visual identification of the triggering unit in any alarm, and should also be able to monitor radio signal strength (which may change as the build progresses) and battery life.
Due to their use for life inherent purposes, radio receivers used in such systems should be of Category 1 standard.
Systems for use during construction can be wireless or mechanical. In the United Kingdom, interconnecting wireless systems are recommended for timber-framed construction.
European Standards
Fire detection and alarm products placed on the market within the European Union must, following Regulation (EU) No 305/2011, conform to the European harmonized technical standard EN 54 Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems.
EN 54 part 11 is the section of the mandatory standard relating to manual call points.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN, French: ) is responsible for the development and maintenance of the standard, as part of its remit for developing harmonized European standards for free movement of goods in the European Union countries.
The EN 54 certification of each device has to be issued annually, and for products of this nature must be issued by a notified body following the stringent testing procedures outlined within the standard.
If an EN 54 certificate is over one year old, it has expired and it is not a valid certificate. Manufacturers can not sell or install the device with expired certification in any country of the European Union.
See also
Fire safety
References
External links
Active fire protection
Fire detection and alarm
de:Brandmelder#Handfeuermelder
ja:自動火災報知設備#発信機 | wiki |
Vaginal ultrasonography is a medical ultrasonography that applies an ultrasound transducer (or "probe") in the vagina to visualize organs within the pelvic cavity. It is also called transvaginal ultrasonography because the ultrasound waves go across the vaginal wall to study tissues beyond it.
Uses
Vaginal ultrasonography is used both as a means of gynecologic ultrasonography and obstetric ultrasonography.
It is preferred over abdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.
See also
Gynecologic ultrasonography
References
External links
Medical ultrasonography | wiki |
Flurgönder is a specialty meat in the Fulda country of Hesse, Germany. It is a raw, smoked brawn, served warm with noodles. It is called "Flurgönder" because it is served in particular in the Catholic region around Fulda and the Rhön after the processions through "field and meadow" (German: "Feld und Flur") for Ascension and Corpus Christi. "Gönder" is a vernacular term for the regional and seasonal specialties, each butcher has his own recipe. It is prepared in hot but not boiling water, ten minutes for every cm of diameter, and is served together with noodles, usually with bread crumbs, a green salad or apple sauce.
Literature
Spalzeklöß un Flurgönder: was im Fuldaer Land gut schmeckt, Bettina Kempf; Jürgen H. Krenzer. Parzeller, Fulda 1997
See also
List of smoked foods
References
Hessian cuisine
Meat dishes
Smoked meat | wiki |
Jack Madden is an American retired professional basketball referee. He was born in Trenton, NJ.
Madden's career accomplishments included officiating in the 1970 NBA All-Star Game, 1975 ABA All-Star Game, 1978 NBA Finals, 1979 NBA All-Star Game, 1980 NBA Finals, 1981 NBA Finals, 1984 NBA Finals, 1986 NBA All-Star Game, 1989 NBA Finals, 1990 NBA Finals, 1991 NBA Finals and 1993 NBA All-Star Game, 1994 NBA Finals
Madden broke his leg officiating a 1985 game between the Boston Celtics and Philadelphia 76ers.
References
Living people
American Basketball Association referees
Basketball people from Manitoba
National Basketball Association referees
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Articles on electronic software licensing include:
Software license
Software license agreement
Shrink wrap contract
Clickwrap | wiki |
Might makes right is an aphorism used in negative assessments of expressions of power.
Might makes right may also refer to:
"Might Makes Right", a song by Camper Van Beethoven from their album New Roman Times
Might Is Right, a book by Ragnar Redbeard | wiki |
Krautshäuptchen, also Krautshäubchen is a stuffed cabbage, a specialty of northern Hesse, Germany. It is served with boiled potatoes and mustard sauce or bechamel sauce. Often the Krautshäuptchen discs are fried until golden brown before serving in the pan.
See also
List of stuffed dishes
External links
German Food Guide
Hessian cuisine
Stuffed dishes
North Hesse | wiki |
Fancy Free – album di Donald Byrd del 1969
Fancy Free – album di Richard Davis del 1977
Fancy Free – balletto di Jerome Robbins
Fancy Free – spettacolo teatrale
Fancy Free – dal film "The Petty Girl", regia di Henry Levin | wiki |
Michael Rich may refer to:
Michael Rich (cyclist) (born 1969), German road bicycle racer
Michael D. Rich, President and CEO of the RAND Corporation
R. Michael Rich (born 1957), American astrophysicist
Mike Rich, American screenwriter | wiki |
Build America Bonds are taxable municipal bonds that carry special tax credits and federal subsidies for either the bond issuer or the bondholder. Build America Bonds were created under Section 1531 of Title I of Division B of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law on February 17, 2009. The program expired December 31, 2010.
Purpose of and eligibility for Build America Bonds
The purpose of Build America Bonds, commonly referred to as BABs, is to reduce the cost of borrowing for state and local government issuers and governmental agencies. Some traditionally tax-exempt issuers, such as private party issuers and 501(c)(3) organizations, were not eligible to use the Build America Bond program. The program was only open to new issue capital expenditure bonds issued before January 1, 2011; BABs could not be issued for refinancing transactions.
Build America Bonds can provide states and localities with substantial savings on their borrowing costs. According to the United States Department of the Treasury, the savings for a 10-year bond are estimated to be 31 basis points and the savings for a 30-year bond are estimated to be 112 basis points versus traditional tax-exempt financing.
Types of Build America Bonds
There are two types of Build America Bonds (often abbreviated as BABs): "Tax Credit BABs" and "Direct Payment BABs." The Direct Payment bonds provide a subsidy of 35% of the interest, paid to the issuer. The Tax Credit bonds provides a refundable tax credit directly to the bondholders. While the bondholder is the recipient of the tax credit through Tax Credit bond, and the bond issuer is the recipient of the tax subsidy through Direct Payment bond, both options reduce the cost of borrowing for the issuer in comparison to traditional taxable corporate bonds; in many cases, it is more cost effective than issuing traditional tax-exempt bonds.
Investors
While Build America Bonds are taxable fixed income securities, the biggest holders include both traditional and non-traditional municipal bond holders. The largest buyers include insurance companies, mutual funds, foreign central banks, and foreign commercial banks.
Issuance
From the time of the program's inception in April 2009, through the end of the program at the end of 2010, a total of US$181 billion of Build America Bonds were issued.
See also
Municipal bonds
References
Government bonds issued by the United States
Local government in the United States | wiki |
"The Meaning of Love" is a song by Depeche Mode.
The Meaning of Love may also refer to:
The Meaning of Love (album), by Michelle McManus
"The Meaning of Love" (Michelle McManus song)
"The Meaning of Love", a song by Joe Satriani from the album Super Colossal | wiki |
La Tournée des grands ducs – film del 1910 diretto da Léonce Perret
La Tournée des grands ducs – film del 1953 diretto da André Pellenc | wiki |
The Old People () is a 2011 Bolivian drama film directed by Martín Boulocq.
Cast
Andrea Camponovo as Ana
Fabricio Camponovo as Fabricio
Roberto Guilhon as Tono
Julio Iglesias as Tio Mario
References
External links
2011 films
Bolivian drama films
2010s Spanish-language films
2011 drama films | wiki |
Drop It Low may refer to:
"Drop It Low" (Ester Dean song), 2009
"Drop It Low" (Kat DeLuna song), 2011
"Drop It Low" (S.O.S song), 2013 | wiki |
The two Eiffel Towers in Cedar Fair parks—one at Kings Dominion and one at Kings Island—are replicas of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. They opened at Kings Island in 1972 and Kings Dominion in 1975, each when the park originally opened.
Statistics
Both of the replicas at Kings Dominion and Kings Island are one-third replicas of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. They were both constructed by then-owner Taft Broadcasting. Each tower stands tall with the observation floors at and high.
Kings Dominion
The Eiffel Tower at Kings Dominion was built by Bristol Steel. It was modeled and built at Kings Island three years prior to construction. It is the centerpiece of the park, located in the International Street section of the park, just beyond the fountains at the main entrance. It is currently the tallest attraction at Kings Dominion if measured by the top of the structure. It is the 4th tallest if measured by the observation platform with Drop Tower, Intimidator 305 and WindSeeker being taller. It is constructed of 450 tons of steel. Elevators in the replica were installed by Haushahn Elevator of Austria with subsequent modernizations and upgrades in recent years.
Kings Island
The Eiffel Tower at Kings Island was built by Southern Ohio Fabricators, and designed by Intamin Inc. It is the centerpiece of the park, located in the International Street section of the park, just beyond the fountains at the main entrance. It is currently the largest attraction at Kings Island if measured by the top of the structure. If measured by the observation platform, it is one foot shy of Drop Tower for being the second tallest with Orion being the tallest. 15,000 bolts hold together the structure with 410 steps leading to the top. Unlike Kings Dominion, Kings Island features Fast Lane which enables visitors to get to the front of the line without waiting. It is also a 1/3 scale of the real Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. During the 2021-2022 off season the ride got repainted for the park's 50th anniversary celebration.
References
External links
The Eiffel Tower at Kings Dominion
The Eiffel Tower at Kings Island
Amusement rides manufactured by Intamin
Amusement rides introduced in 1972
Amusement rides introduced in 1975
Towers completed in 1972
Towers completed in 1975
Cedar Fair attractions
Eiffel Tower reproductions
Kings Dominion
Kings Island
Observation towers in the United States
1972 establishments in Ohio
1975 establishments in Virginia | wiki |
Septoria secalis is a fungal plant pathogen infecting rye.
Morphology & Biology
Septoria Secalis, also known as Septoria leaf blotch, is a common disease that mainly attacks rye leaves. Small spots appear between leaf veins, elongate, then turn yellow-brown and become pale. The disease appears most often on seedling leaves during the autumn, but also affects adult plants.
Economic Impact
Severe attacks of Septoria Secalis can result in crop yield losses between 10% and 40%. Common control measures include crop rotation, the ploughing of plant debris, and fungicidal treatment of affected plants.
References
External links
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Rye diseases
secalis | wiki |
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