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Dinocephalia may refer to:
Dinocephalia, a synapsid suborder from the Permian
Dinocephalia (beetle), a beetle genus | wiki |
Palya Bareli is a Bhil language of India. It is close to two other languages called Bareli, but not mutually intelligible with them.
References
Languages of India | wiki |
Breadcoin is a community food token created in 2016 to help address the food needs of disadvantaged populations.
The token is issued by the Breadcoin Foundation, Ltd., a 501(c)3 nonprofit registered in Washington DC. Over 60 food vendors in the Washington DC and Baltimore Maryland area accept the currency.
Local nonprofits distribute breadcoins to those with food-insecurity. Recipients can then use the tokens to purchase food at any of the vendors, increasing their food options and helping them retain their dignity.
References
Alternative currencies
Social welfare charities | wiki |
A demoted tenancy is, in English law, a type of tenancy created by a court when a housing association get a demotion order from a court. It is typically created when an assured tenant or secure tenant engages in anti-social behaviour. The creation of the demoted tenancy is an alternative to eviction and makes a tenant easier to evict in the future. The Housing Act 1985 established demoted tenancy, and the Housing Act 1996 expanded on it.
Demotion order
A social landlord can apply to their county court for a demotion order. This is often done when tenants or their visitors engage in repeated anti-social behavior, break terms of the tenancy agreement, or use premises for unlawful purposes.
Demotion orders expire after twelve months.
The landlord must provide assured tenants at least two weeks notice, and must provide secure tenants at least four weeks notice on a special form; however, the court can waive notice requirements when it is 'just and equitable' to do so.
Effects
Demoted tenants lose their rights as assured or secure tenants, and have the same rights as assured shorthold tenants. Demoted tenants lose the Right to Buy and time spent as a demoted tenant does not count towards the three year qualifying period for the right to buy.
Possession orders are more likely to be granted while demoted tenancy is present, making eviction much easier for landlords.
If demoted tenants follow the terms of the tenancy agreement, they are automatically given assured tenancy after the twelve months.
References
English property law
Tenancies in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Paddle boat may refer to:
Paddle steamer or paddleboat, a boat propelled by a paddle wheel
Pedalo, a boat propelled by pedalling with the feet
A boat which is paddled, such as a canoe or kayak | wiki |
Negócios são negócios – em francês Les affaires sont les affaires - é uma comédia do escritor francês Octave Mirbeau (1903).
Mirbeau denuncia o poder soberano do dinheiro através de Isidore Lechat, agente de negócios que tem-se tornado um tipo.
Ligações externas
Affaires Sont Les Affaires, Les
Affaires Sont Les Affaires, Les
Affaires Sont Les Affaires, Les | wiki |
Placulumab is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
This drug was developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc. As of 2012, development of placulumab has been discontinued.
References
Monoclonal antibodies | wiki |
Michael Fish is a television weatherman in the UK.
Michael Fish may also refer to:
Michael Fish (fashion designer), fashion designer prominent in the UK in the 1960s and 1970s
Michael Fish (architect) (born 1934), Canadian architect and urban conservationist
Mike Fish, Australian rugby league player | wiki |
Coconut cake is a popular dessert in the Southern region of the United States. It is a cake frosted with a white frosting and covered in coconut flakes.
Varieties
Typically, the cakes used in coconut cake are either white or yellow cakes. While some recipes do not call for coconut flavor in the cake itself, there are others that replace the milk with coconut milk and/or use coconut extract. It is also common to brush the cakes with a simple syrup to make it more moist. Often the cake layers are filled with either a white frosting or coconut pastry cream. Traditionally, the cake is frosted with a 7-minute frosting, but cream cheese icings and buttercreams are not uncommon. Like the cakes, coconut flavor is not always a must in the frosting. One constant characteristic of coconut cake is the use of shredded coconut (often toasted and/or sweetened) to cover the frosting.
One popular variation of coconut cake is coconut poke cake. While traditional coconut cake is round and multi-layered, coconut poke cake is either a white or yellow cake that is rectangular and single-layered. What makes it a "poke" cake are the holes made into the cake to act as pores to absorb a coconut liquid mixture or cream of coconut, such as CoCo Lopez. Afterwards, the cake is frosted with a whipped topping.
Many Southerners also make non-traditional versions of coconut cake. One popular variation is to pair the coconut with other flavors, particularly by filling the cake with a lemon curd to add a tart flavor to a usually very sweet cake. Red velvet cake, another cake popular in the South, will sometimes have shredded coconut cover the cake.
See also
Coconut pandan cake
German chocolate cake
Grater cake
Klappertaart
Lamington
Nagasari
Ruske kape
Sno Balls
Sugar cake
References
Cakes
Foods containing coconut | wiki |
Studio Tour may refer to one of the following:
Hollywood Pictures Backlot Tour, an attraction in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure at Disneyland in Anaheim, California
Fox Studio Tour Hollywood, an attraction at Fox Movie World U.S.A. in Costa Mesa, California
Studio Tour, an attraction at Universal Studios Hollywood
Warner Bros. Studio Tour Hollywood, an attraction at Warner Bros. Movie World U.S.A. in Los Angeles, California
Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter, an attraction in Leavesden, England
Fox Studio Tour London - The Making of Star Wars, an attraction in London, England
Studio Backlot Tour, a former attraction at Walt Disney World, Florida
Production Studio Tour (Universal Studios Florida), a former attraction at Universal Studios Florida
Studio Tram Tour: Behind the Magic, an attraction at Disneyland Paris
Warner Bros. Studio Tour, a current attraction at Warner Bros. Movie World which toured the nearby Village Roadshow Studios in Australia and Warner Bros. Movie World U.S.A. in Los Angeles, California and Fox Movie World U.S.A. in Costa Mesa, California
Fox Studio Tour, a current attraction at Fox Studios Australia which toured the nearby Fox Studios Australia in Australia and Warner Bros. Movie World U.S.A. in Los Angeles, California | wiki |
WX Pyxidis is a cataclysmic variable star system in the constellation Pyxis. Its X-ray emissions were discovered in 1984, after which a visual correlate was searched for. It is classed as an intermediate polar system, composed of a white dwarf and red dwarf with a calculated spectral type of M2V in close orbit around each other and the spin of the degenerate star is such that it does not present the same face to the other star. The degenerate star spins on its axis every 25 minutes. The stars are estimated to take 5.3 hours to orbit each other and the system is 1530 parsecs distant.
References
Pyxis (constellation)
Pyxidis, WX
Intermediate polars | wiki |
This is a list of tennis players who have represented the Mexico Davis Cup team in an official Davis Cup match. Mexico have taken part in the competition since 1924.
Players
References
Lists of Davis Cup tennis players
Davis Cup | wiki |
Mary O'Sullivan may refer to:
Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, organizer in the early U.S. labor movement
Mary Blanche O'Sullivan, Canadian teacher, writer, and editor
Mary Josephine Donovan O'Sullivan, professor of history
Mary Rhys-Jones (née O'Sullivan), British charity worker and secretary, mother of Sophie, Countess of Wessex
Mary O'Sullivan (camogie), Irish camogie-player | wiki |
Shock to the System or variants may refer to:
Literature, film, and television
A Shock to the System (novel), a 1984 novel by Simon Brett
Shock to the System, a 1995 mystery novel by Richard Stevenson
A Shock to the System (1990 film), an adaptation of Brett's novel, directed by Jan Egleson
Shock to the System (2006 film), an adaptation of Stevenson's novel, directed by Ron Oliver
"Shock to the System" (Grey's Anatomy), a television episode
"Shock to the System" (Static Shock), a television episode
Music
"Shock to the System" (Billy Idol song), 1993
"Shock to the System" (Gemma Hayes song), 2011
"Shock to the System", a song by Sara Jorge from R3MIX, 2005
"Shock to the System", a song by Yes from Union, 1991
See also
System Shock (disambiguation) | wiki |
Benson Bubblers are iconic bronze drinking fountains named after businessman and philanthropist Simon Benson (1852–1942), mostly located in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 1912, Benson donated $10,000 for the purchase and installation of 20 fountains; the designer was Portland architect A. E. Doyle.
Two reasons have been suggested for his decision to donate the fountains; one was his hope that they would reduce the consumption of alcoholic beverages during lunch breaks, and the other was that he felt the need after witnessing a girl crying at an Independence Day parade due to her inability to find a drink of water. In the 1970s, the Benson family requested that the bubblers only be installed within specific boundaries of Downtown Portland "so as not to diminish the uniqueness of them".
Also commonly known simply as "Benson fountains", additional bubblers replicating the original style have been cast and installed over the years. Construction of the Portland Transit Mall in 1976–77 included the addition of 15 new Benson fountains.
According to the Portland Water Bureau, 52 "true" Benson Bubblers, each of which supports four bowls, can be found throughout downtown. Two bubblers exist outside of Downtown Portland. In 1965, the City of Portland gifted one to its sister city Sapporo, Japan. The other was installed at the Maryhill Museum of Art near Maryhill, Washington, by special request from Sam Hill, a friend to Simon Benson. Portland also features 74 single-bowl variations.
Combined, the fountains normally pour out close to 100,000 gallons of drinking water per day every day of the year, except during extremely cold weather. However, on occasion, during periods of prolonged summer drought, the Water Bureau has turned them off for a period of time, both to conserve water and to encourage citizens to conserve during such times.
See also
Bronze and brass ornamental work
Drinking fountains in the United States
Fountains in Portland, Oregon
Temperance fountain
References
External links
Benson Bubbler brochure and map
1912 establishments in Oregon
Bronze
Drinking fountains in Oregon
Fountains in Portland, Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon | wiki |
Hardness scales may refer to:
Methods of measuring mineral hardness
Scratch hardness
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness
The Vickers hardness test
The Brinell scale
The Janka hardness test
The Rockwell scale
The Durometer scale
The Barcol scale
The Leeb rebound hardness scale
The Rosiwal scale
The Meyer hardness test
The Knoop hardness test
Other hardness scales
Hardness scales may also refer to:
Methods of measuring the deposit formation by hard water.
The scale of Pencil hardness | wiki |
Automotive paint is paint used on automobiles for both protective and decorative purposes. Water-based acrylic polyurethane enamel paint is currently the most widely used paint for reasons including reducing paint's environmental impact.
Modern automobile paint is applied in several layers, with a total thickness of around 100 µm(0.1mm). Paint application requires preparation and primer steps to ensure proper application. A basecoat is applied after the primer paint is applied. Following this, a clearcoat of paint may be applied that forms a glossy and transparent coating. The clearcoat layer must be able to withstand UV light.
History
In the early days of the automobile industry, paint was applied manually and dried for weeks at room temperature because it was a single component paint that dried by solvent evaporation. As mass production of cars made the process untenable, paint began to be dried in ovens. Nowadays, two-component (catalyzed) paint is usually applied by robotic arms and cures in just a few hours either at room temperature or in heated booths.
Until several decades ago lead, chromium, and other heavy metals were used in automotive paint. Environmental laws have prohibited this, which has resulted in a move to water-based paints. Up to 85% of Lacquer paint can evaporate into the air, polluting the atmosphere. Enamel paint is better for the environment and replaced lacquer paint in the late 20th century. Water-based acrylic polyurethane enamels are now almost universally used as the basecoat with a clearcoat.
Processes and coatings
Preparation
High-pressure water spray jets are directed to the body. Without proper pretreatment, premature failure of the finish system can almost be guaranteed. A phosphate coat is necessary to protect the body against corrosion effects and prepares the surface for the E-Coat.
The body is dipped into the Electro-Coat Paint Operation (ELPO/E-Coat), then a high voltage is applied. The body works as a cathode and the paint as an anode sticking on the body surface. It is an eco-friendly painting process. In E-Coat, also called CED paint, use is approximately 99.9% and provides superior salt spray resistance compared to other painting processes.
Primer
The primer is the first coat to be applied. The primer serves several purposes.
It serves as a leveler, which is important since the cab often has marks and other forms of surface defect after being manufactured in the body shop. A smoother surface is created by leveling out these defects and therefore a better final product.
It protects the vehicle from corrosion, heat differences, bumps, stone-chips, UV-light, etc.
It improves ease of application by making it easier for paints to stick to the surface. Using a primer, a more varied range of paints can be used.
Base Coat
The base coat is applied after the primer coat. This coat contains the visual properties of color and effects, and is usually the one referred to as the paint. Base coat used in automotive applications is commonly divided into three categories: solid, metallic, and pearlescent pigments.
Solid paints have no sparkle effects except the color. This is the easiest type of paint to apply, and the most common type of paint for heavy transportation vehicles, construction equipment and aircraft. It is also widely used on cars, trucks, and motorcycles. Clear coat was not used on solid colors until the early 1990s.
Metallic paints contain aluminium flakes to create a sparkling and grainy effect, generally referred to as a metallic look. This paint is harder to manage than solid paints because of the extra dimensions to consider. Metallic and pearlescent paints must be applied evenly to ensure a consistent looking finish without light and dark spots which are often called "mottling". Metallic basecoats are formulated so that the aluminium flake is parallel to the substrate. This maximises the "flop". This is the difference in the brightness between looking perpendicularly at the paint and that at an acute angle. The "flop" is maximised if the basecoat increases in viscosity shortly after application so that the aluminium flake which is in a random orientation after spraying is locked into this position while there is still much solvent (or water) in the coating. Subsequent evaporation of the solvent (or water), leads to a reduction in the film thickness of the drying coating, causing the aluminium flake to be dragged into an orientation parallel to the substrate. This orientation then needs to be unaffected by the application of the clear coat solvents. The formulation of the clear coat needs to be carefully chosen so that it will not "re-dissolve" the basecoat and thus affect the orientation of the metallic flake but will still exhibit enough adhesion between the coatings so as to avoid delamination of the clear coat. A similar mode of action occurs with pearlescent pigmented basecoats.
Pearlescent paints contain special iridescent pigments commonly referred to as "pearls". Pearl pigments impart a colored sparkle to the finish which works to create depth of color. Pearlescent paints can be two stage in nature (pearl base color + clear) or 3 stage in nature (basecoat + pearl mid-coat + clear-coat).
Clearcoat
Usually sprayed on top of a colored basecoat, clearcoat is a glossy and transparent coating that forms the final interface with the environment. For this reason, clearcoat must be durable enough to resist abrasion and chemically stable enough to withstand UV light. Clearcoat can be either solvent or water-borne.
One part and two part formulations are often referred to as "1K" and "2K" respectively. Car manufacturer (OEM) clear coats applied to the metal bodies of cars are normally 1K systems since they can be heated to around 140 °C to effect cure. The clear coats applied to the plastic components like the bumpers and wing mirrors however are 2K systems since they can normally only accept temperatures up to about 90 °C. These 2K systems are normally applied "off line" with the coated plastic parts fixed to the painted metallic body. Owing to the difference in formulation of the 1K and 2K systems and the fact they are coated in different locations they have a different effect on the "redissolving" of the metallic base coat. This is most easily seen in the light metallic paints like the silver and light blue or green shades where the "flop" difference is most marked.
Terminology
The terminology for automotive paints has been driven by the progression of technologies and by the desire to both distinguish new technologies and relate to previous technologies for the same purpose. Modern car paints are nearly always an acrylic polyurethane "enamel" with a pigmented basecoat and a clear topcoat. It may be described as "acrylic", "acrylic enamel", "urethane", etc. and the clearcoat in particular may be described as a lacquer. True lacquers and acrylic lacquers are obsolete, and plain acrylic enamels have largely been superseded by better-performing paints. True enamel is not an automotive paint. The term is common for any tough glossy paint but its use in the automotive industry is often restricted to older paints before the introduction of polyurethane hardeners.
Chemistry
Modern car paint is typically a made from acrylic-polyurethane hybrid dispersions, which are a combination of two different plastics. They were developed during the 1970's and 80's as a water-soluble replacement for enamel paints, following health concerns over their high VOC content. Acrylic is less expensive and can hold more pigment, but has poor scratch resistance, whereas polyurethanes are harder but more costly. Combining both types gives a material which can contain a lot of color and be hard-wearing. Simply mixing the materials is not sufficient, as this give heterogeneous coating with separate acrylic and polyurethane domains. Instead, the starting chemicals for each plastic (monomers) are combined and partially polymerized to give an interpenetrating polymer network. Within this the polymer-chains are not chemically bonded to one another, but instead become entangled and interwoven and as they form. This is possible because they polymerize in different ways, which are incompatible with each other. Polyurethane is formed by step growth polymerization involving polycondensation, whereas acrylic is formed by chain growth polymerization featuring free radicals. The resulting product is homogeneous and tough, with superior properties to the individual plastics.
Types and Form
Innovations are taking place in paint industry as well. These days, automotive paints come in liquid form, spray form, and powder forms:-
Liquid: Usually polyurethane paints. Compressor is needed to apply.
Spray: This is as same as perfume in spray bottle. Made for DIYer.
Powder or additive: Paints in powder form applied after mixing in paint thinner.
Types of Automotive Paints
Removable: These kinds of paints are made for giving custom appearance to vehicle.
Non-removable: Made for touch-ups and painting vehicle.
See also
Fordite, automotive paint which has been layered and dried over time
References
Automotives Paints and Coatings, Streitberger & Dössel, 2008
/ paint car
Paint Materials and Processes from an Automotive OEM Perspective
Automotive technologies
Paints | wiki |
A spica splint is a type of orthopedic splint used to immobilize the thumb and/or wrist while allowing the other digits freedom to move. It is used to provide support for thumb injuries (ligament instability, sprain or muscle strain), gamekeeper's thumb, osteoarthritis, de Quervain's syndrome or fractures of the scaphoid, lunate, or first metacarpal. It is also suitable for post-operative use or after removal of a hand/thumb cast.
References
Medical equipment | wiki |
Chanz may refer to:
Nadine Chanz
See also
Chazz (name) | wiki |
Doublures are ornamental linings on the inside of a book. Doublures are protected from wear, compared to the outside of a book, and thus offer bookbinders scope for elaborate decoration.
The 15th-century Islamic doublures strongly influenced the doublures in Western Europe.
The term doublure is of French origin. Tooled doublures are found in French bookbinding of the seventeenth century: in particular, they are associated with the books of the Jansenist sect, which were extremely simple on the outside, while they had gilding on the doublure. One of the bookbinders known for his Jansenist-style bindings was Luc-Antoine Boyet, binder to Louis XIV. The term Jansenist is also applied to bindings in this style of a much later date.
The British bookbinder G.T. Bagguley patented a process for tooling in colours called the "Sutherland binding" which was principally employed on doublures. Bagguley, who was librarian to the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland, named the process after the duchess.
References
Bookbinding | wiki |
Strawberry Shortcake's Berry Bitty Adventures is the third incarnation of American Greetings' Strawberry Shortcake character. The very first episode of the show is "A Berry Grand Opening" which aired on March 21, 2009. The show was created by Chris Nee (creator of Doc McStuffins) and it was previewed on The Hub on October 10, 2010, and made its official premiere on October 11. It is also currently airing on Family Jr. in Canada and Discovery Kids in Latin America.
A fourth season aired on June 20, 2015 and ended on September 12 the same year.
Series overview
Episodes
Pilot (2009)
The pilot season contains 1 episode, titled "A Berry Grand Opening", of the series which was available on American Greetings' website and was later included with a certain Strawberry Shortcake doll. The film, The Strawberry Shortcake Movie: Sky's the Limit, was released on July 31, 2009 and on DVD on September 15.
Season 1 (2010)
Season 2 (2011–12)
Season 3 (2013)
Season 4 (2015)
North American DVD episode list
References
Strawberry Shortcake
Strawberry Shortcake
Strawberry Shortcake
Strawberry Shortcake | wiki |
Utah Youth Soccer Association (UYSA) is the Utah soccer organization that represents the United States Youth Soccer Association. UYSA is part of Region IV (of four regions) of US Youth Soccer. Utah Youth Soccer Association provides soccer for youth across the state of Utah for all levels of play. UYSA organizes youth soccer events and tournaments for teams throughout each seasonal year.
Criticisms
Utah Youth Soccer Association uses a secure online database to register all of their members but has been criticized by parents and the Utah Attorney General's Office for collecting sensitive information by scanning children's birth certificates creating the possibility of identity theft.
Gaming League
Tournaments
RSL State Cup is a first-stage National Championship Series tournament. The national Championship Series is provided by US Youth Soccer as an opportunity for teams to advance to the US Youth Soccer national Championship. RSL State Cup determines Utah State Champions from each age group of each gender U11-U19. The RSL State Cup is played in the fall and spring. The Champions of RSL state cup advance to the US Youth Soccer Region IV Championships (second-stage).
State Cup
President's Day Cup
Utah Youth Soccer holds President's Cup annually on separate weekends in January and February in Mesquite Nevada. The champions of President's Cup in Utah move on to Regional and National President's Cup. President's Cup is an opportunity for more Utah teams to play on a Regional and National level with US Youth Soccer. Teams are not allowed to play in State Cup and President's Cup in the same year.
Kirk Hoecherl Hall of Fame
The Kirk Hoecherl Award is given out every year to an individual who has distinguished themselves by volunteering for Utah Youth Soccer.
See also
Ogden City SC
Utah Soccer Association
References
External links
Utah Youth Soccer Association (UYSA)
Soccer governing bodies in the United States
Soccer in Utah
Youth soccer in the United States
Sports organizations established in 1978 | wiki |
This is a list of yearly Mid-South Conference football standings.
Mid-South Conference football standings
NAIA Division II (1989–1996)
NAIA (1997–present)
References
Mid-South Conference
Standings | wiki |
Wizards & Warriors is a 1987 game from Rare Ltd.
Wizards and Warriors may also refer to:
Wizards & Warriors II, sequel to first game
Wizards & Warriors III third entry in the series
Wizards & Warriors X: The Fortress of Fear a Game Boy entry in the Wizards & Warriors series
Wizards and Warriors (TV series)
Wizards & Warriors (2000 video game) a role-playing video game for Microsoft Windows
See also
Flashing Swords! 3: Warriors and Wizards, a 1976 fantasy anthology | wiki |
Latin translation may refer to:
Bible translations into Latin
Latin translations of the 12th century
Tirukkuṟaḷ translations into Latin
List of Latin translations of modern literature | wiki |
Rio Salgadinho - um rio que banha o Ceará.
Rio Salgadinho - um rio que banha a Paraíba.
Rio Salgadinho - um rio que banha a cidade de Maceió, capital de Alagoas
Desambiguação | wiki |
PHP Studio (formerly Top PHP Studio) is a commercial code editor which is specialized in PHP programming language.
Features
Builtin HTTP server and integrated web browser for running PHP scripts.
Syntax highlighting for PHP, HTML, JavaScript, SQL, and XML.
Function hints for PHP
Code Insight for HTML and PHP
Automatic syntax checking
File / FTP Explorer
Code browser
Project Manager
See also
List of PHP editors
External links
Cayoren Software website
PHP Editor Review at php editors
Integrated development environments | wiki |
The Pyxis globular cluster is a globular cluster in the constellation Pyxis. It lies around 130,000 light-years distant from earth and around 133,000 light-years distant from the centre of the Milky Way—a distance not previously thought to contain globular clusters. It is around 13.3 ± 1.3 billion years old. Discovered in 1995 by astronomer Ronald Weinberger while he was looking for planetary nebulae, it is in the Galactic halo. Irwin and colleagues noted that it appears to lie on the same plane as the Large Magellanic Cloud and raised the possibility that it might be an escaped object from that galaxy.
References
Pyxis globular cluster
Pyxis (constellation) | wiki |
Thermal transpiration (or thermal diffusion) refers to the thermal force on a gas due to a temperature difference. Thermal transpiration causes a flow of gas in the absence of any other pressure difference, and is able to maintain a certain pressure difference called thermomolecular pressure difference in a steady state. The effect is strongest when the mean free path of the gas molecules is comparable to the dimensions of the gas container.
Thermal transpiration appears as an important correction in the readings of vapor pressure thermometers, and the effect is historically famous as being an explanation for the rotation of the Crookes radiometer.
See also
Knudsen pump — a gas pump with no moving parts which functions via thermal transpiration.
Thermophoresis (Soret effect) — diffusion of colloidal particles in a liquid, induced by a temperature gradient.
References
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics | wiki |
"Too Close" is a song by British singer Alex Clare. The track was first released in the United Kingdom on 15 April 2011 as the second single from Clare's debut studio album, The Lateness of the Hour (2011). The track was written by Clare, Jim Duguid and produced by Major Lazer (Diplo and Switch), with co-production from Ariel Rechtshaid and Mike Spencer. Lyrically, the song describes the protagonist who is not ready for a committed relationship and he must end things with his love interest in good terms.
The song became popular after it was used in an advertising campaign for Microsoft's Internet Explorer 9. "Too Close" was a number-one hit in Germany and Luxembourg. It became a top-ten hit in multiple countries, including the UK, where it peaked at number 4, and the U.S., where it peaked at number 7. The song has also been certified double platinum by the RIAA. The song was also nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 Brit Awards.
Background
Clare said "Too Close" was inspired by a particular relationship with a close friend that turned romantic. He said, "One thing led to another, but it didn't really work out and that felt too close."
The song was first released in the UK on 15 April 2011 as the second single from the album. In March 2012, it was selected as the soundtrack to Microsoft's advertisement for Internet Explorer 9, released the following month. The exposure propelled the song to international success. This marked a turnaround in Clare's musical career and fortunes. Prior to it entering the UK Singles Chart, he had been forced to take a job as an estate agent after being dropped by his record label due to poor sales of his album. Soon after its success on the chart, Universal Republic Records signed Clare to a distribution deal that allowed The Lateness of the Hour to be released in the US. The song's success in the US also led to it being featured as one of the 16 main tracks on NOW That's What I Call Music! 43.
Chart and sales performance
In the weeks after the premiere of the Microsoft advertising campaign where the song was featured, "Too Close" sold more than 100,000 digital downloads, and it made its debut at number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 in its third week of release. It reached the top-ten in September after a boost in download due to it being featured in Fox TV's So You Think You Can Dance, with 127,000 downloads sold for the week. The song peaked at number 7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. The song has sold over 3 million digital downloads in the US as of May 2013.
In the UK, the song sold 70,000 copies in the weeks after the Microsoft advertising campaign premiered. The song peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart and at number-one in Germany and Luxembourg. It was the eighteenth best-selling single of 2012 in the UK with sales of 557,000.
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Too Close" was first released onto YouTube on 15 March 2011 at a total length of four minutes and eighteen seconds. The video contains Clare singing on a chair, intermixed with scenes of a heavily dramaticised representation of a Kendo match between two heavily padded athletes in black uniforms. The fight takes place in an urban setting resembling a deserted factory building. Clare said that he originally wanted samurais cutting each other up in the music video but the budget did not permit it, so he had to settle for kendo fighters.
The video opened to very small numbers, but two months after the Internet Explorer 9 advert campaign, it gained much popularity and by 24 February 2013, it had more than 40 million views. It has over 79 million views as of September 2022.
An alternate music video was released to YouTube on 28 August 2012. There is also an official version of the music video with footage from Taken 2.
Covers
In October 2012, Leona Lewis performed an acoustic cover of the song during a session with The Sun. Tim Halperin and Macy Maloy also covered the song.
Track listing
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
2011 singles
Alex Clare songs
Dubstep songs
Island Records singles
Number-one singles in Germany
Song recordings produced by Diplo
2011 songs
Songs written by Jim Duguid
Number-one singles in Russia | wiki |
Almond bark (also known as vanilla flavored candy coating) is a chocolate-like confection made with vegetable fats instead of cocoa butter and with coloring and flavors added. It can be bought in packages, blocks, or round discs where candy and baking supplies are sold. The confection is commonly used to cover or dip fruits, caramel, oats, granola, nuts, cookies, or crackers, in place of real chocolate.
The term is also applied to a type of candy consisting of sheets or chunks of semisweet or milk chocolate to which almonds or almond pieces, and/or cherry almond flavoring have been added.
See also
White chocolate
Dark chocolate
References
Chocolate confectionery
Nut confections
Almond desserts | wiki |
is a platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii. A follow-up to New Super Mario Bros., it was first released in Australia, North America, and Europe in November 2009, followed by Japan a month later. A high-definition port for the Nvidia Shield TV was released in China in December 2017. Like other side-scrolling Super Mario games, the player controls Mario as he travels eight worlds and fights Bowser's henchmen to rescue Princess Peach. New Super Mario Bros. Wii was the first Super Mario game to feature simultaneous cooperative multiplayer gameplay; up to four people can play in cooperative and competitive multiplayer modes, taking control of Mario as well as Luigi and one of two multicolored Toads. The game also introduces "Super Guide", which allows the player to watch a computer-controlled character complete a level.
Shigeru Miyamoto had desired to create a Super Mario game with cooperative multiplayer since the series' conception. After failed attempts to integrate it into Super Mario 64 due to hardware limitations, he was able to fully explore the concept with the advent of the Wii and its more advanced hardware capabilities. Having developed New Super Mario Bros. and feeling that it was not as challenging as he hoped, Miyamoto designed New Super Mario Bros. Wii with the intent of accessibility for players of all skill levels. Features such as Super Guide and the ability to enter a floating bubble on command and opt out of doing a certain part of a level was added to cater to beginners, whereas other details, such as an award for not prompting the Super Guide block to appear in any level, were added to provide a layer of difficulty. Shiho Fujii and Ryo Nagamatsu composed the game's soundtrack, whereas Koji Kondo, the series' regular composer, served as sound adviser.
The game was announced following a slight drop in profits, with Nintendo hoping its release would help to rejuvenate sales of the Wii. New Super Mario Bros. Wii was both critically and commercially successful, receiving particular praise for its multiplayer aspect, although some critics were disappointed by the lack of innovation compared to previous Super Mario titles. It received several honors, including the Best Wii Game award from the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards, IGN, and GameTrailers, and is the fourth-best-selling game for the Wii as of March 2021, having sold 30.32 million copies worldwide. It was followed by New Super Mario Bros. 2 for the Nintendo 3DS in July 2012 and New Super Mario Bros. U for the Wii U in November 2012 and Nintendo Switch in January 2019.
Gameplay
New Super Mario Bros. Wii is a 2.5D side-scrolling platformer; although it plays out in 2D, most of the in-game characters and objects are 3D polygonal renderings on 2D backgrounds. In single-player mode, the player controls Mario and must complete various levels, which are filled with both helpful items and harmful obstacles. The player must maneuver him to a large flag pole at the end of each stage to progress. The game can be played with the Wii Remote held horizontally, or vertically with the Wii Nunchuk attached. Mario can run, jump, and perform additional moves returning from New Super Mario Bros. such as wall kicks, ground pounds and double and triple jumps. New Super Mario Bros. Wii frequently makes use of the Wii Remote's motion control features; the player can shake the controller in order to perform various different actions, such as a short spin jump which kills enemies, a mid-air twirl that can be used to sustain air time, and the ability to pick up, carry and throw certain objects. Certain areas within levels, such as specific platforms, can be manipulated by standing over them and tilting the Wii Remote. Certain levels are set underwater, where the player must swim to traverse the level.
In addition to gold coins, which the player can collect to earn extra lives, levels contain power-ups encased in floating blocks which aid Mario in his quest. For instance, the Super Mushroom makes Mario increase in size and allows him to take one extra hit; the Fire Flower lets Mario shoot fireballs at enemies; and the Super Star gives the player temporary invincibility and increases his running speed. The Mini Mushroom, which reappears from New Super Mario Bros., causes Mario to shrink in size, letting him jump higher, run on water and fit through small spaces, albeit while making him vulnerable to enemies and other obstacles. New power-ups include the Propeller Suit, which allows Mario to fly for a short time by shaking the Wii Remote; the Ice Flower, which gives Mario the ability to shoot balls of ice which freeze enemies into large ice blocks that can be lifted and thrown; and the Penguin Suit, which functions like the Ice Flower while also allowing the player to slide along the ground and across water, as well as giving them tighter control on ice and in water. Yoshi appears in certain levels and is able to eat, swallow and spit enemies and objects, and flutter for a period of time.
The game consists of eight worlds, with a secret ninth world accessible by beating the eight world and locating hidden Star Coins that serve as the main collectibles in each level. Levels are accessed via a 3D world map; completing a stage unlocks the next one, with multiple paths sometimes available after completing a stage. Each world contains two boss levels — a midway fortress and a castle at the end of the world — where the player battles one of the seven Koopalings. Certain worlds also contain an Airship stage in which the player battles against Bowser Jr. In addition to levels, there are also "Toad Houses" located across the map in which the player can play a short minigame to earn extra lives or items that can be equipped from the map screen. Map screens often have enemies roaming them in certain dedicated areas which, when encountered, initiate a "mini-boss" fight that always awards the player three mushrooms. At certain points, a Toad will appear trapped in one of the previously completed levels, and the player can choose to rescue him from a block and carry him safely to the end of the stage in order to earn a reward. Every course contains three Star Coins which are hidden in hard-to-reach areas. These can be spent on hint movies which show off tips and tricks for the game, including the locations of secrets and methods for earning extra lives.
The player begins the game with five lives, but more can be obtained through a plethora of ways including collecting items<ref name="OfficialSite">{{cite web |url=http://mariobroswii.com/ |title=New Super Mario Bros. Wii' official website |publisher=Nintendo of America |access-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016191521/http://www.mariobroswii.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and playing minigames. Losing a life will return the player to the map, and losing all lives results in a game over, forcing the player to return from their last save point. Most levels contain a midway flag which acts as a save point for that level. Certain levels contain hidden alternative exits leading to a flag pole with a red flag. Reaching this goal opens up a path on the map that leads to a hidden area.New Super Mario Bros. Wii features "Super Guide", a concept meant to help players that are having difficulty completing a certain level, and the first Nintendo game to include the concept. During single-player mode, if a player dies eight times in a row in any level, a green "!" Block appears, which can be hit to allow a computer-controlled Luigi to show the player a safe path through the level without revealing any Star Coin locations or secret exits. The player may interrupt the guide at any time and take control of Luigi from that point. After Luigi completes the course, the player has the option to try the level again, or skip it completely.
Multiplayer New Super Mario Bros. Wii is the first Super Mario game to feature simultaneous cooperative multiplayer gameplay. Up to four players, as either Mario, his brother Luigi, Blue Toad, or Yellow Toad, can play through levels together. Stages are completed when one player touches the flag pole; other players have a limited amount of time to grab it in pursuit before the game stops any further input from the players and focuses on the “course clear” animation.
Players are able to interact with each other in several ways, which can be used to either help or compete with each other; for instance, players can jump on each other's heads in order to reach higher places. They can also pick up and throw each other, and eat and spit each other out while riding Yoshi. If a large distance forms between two or more characters, the game's camera will compensate by panning out to show all of them at once. If the players still do not catch up, they are then dragged by the edge of the screen until they move forward faster or lose a life via a passing obstacle. If one player enters a different area of a level, such as one enclosed via a warp pipe or a door, without the other players, they will warp to the same place after a short period of time.
The first player navigates the world map and selects stages. Players return to the map screen if they all die before anybody respawns in the stage. If all players run out of lives and get a game over, they must restart from their last save point. If a player dies, they re-emerge in the level encased in a bubble. They can resume play when another player breaks the bubble. A player can break the bubble by touching it, or by hitting it with a fireball, ice ball, a throwable projectile (shells, ice blocks, etc.), and Yoshi’s tongue. Players can also voluntarily encase themselves inside the bubble while a more skilled player traverses a difficult segment. If every character in a co-op session enters a bubble at the same time (whether through death or voluntarily), they will lose the level and must restart.
In addition to the main story mode, which can be played in either single-player or multiplayer modes, there are two dedicated multiplayer modes; "Free-for-All Mode", in which players complete courses together and compete to get the highest rank, and "Coin Battle", where they compete to collect the highest number of coins.
Plot
When Mario, Luigi, Yellow Toad, and Blue Toad are celebrating Princess Peach's birthday in her castle, a large cake appears. Bowser Jr. and the Koopalings emerge from the cake and trap Peach inside. The cake is loaded onto Bowser's airship, and it takes off, with Mario, Luigi, and the two Toads giving chase. The Toads in the castle grant them access to the new items, the Propeller Mushrooms and Penguin Suits.
After traveling through several worlds fighting the Koopalings, Bowser Jr., and Kamek the Magikoopa, the Mario Bros. and the Toads arrive at Bowser's castle. Bowser is defeated but is revived by Kamek, who casts a magical spell that transforms him into a giant. Bowser chases after Mario and the others, destroying everything in his path, until Mario finds a large switch and triggers it, causing Bowser to fall through the ground and releasing Peach from her cage. Peach and Mario depart from the castle in a hot-air balloon, with Luigi and the Toads following behind.
The credits are shown as a minigame where the letters in the credits are written on blocks, which can be broken by the playable characters to get coins (all four characters appear, but only the ones controlled by players can get coins). After the credits, Bowser Jr. and the Koopalings help Bowser out of his unstable castle, which falls over.
Development New Super Mario Bros. Wii was created out of a desire to recreate the Super Mario series' single-player gameplay experience for multiple players. Shigeru Miyamoto, the head game developer at Nintendo, had been interested in creating a Super Mario game with multiplayer features since the series' beginnings with the 1983 arcade game, Mario Bros. Attempts to integrate cooperative multiplayer into Super Mario 64, the first 3D game in the series, ultimately failed due to the hardware limitations of the Nintendo 64. With the faster CPU and enhanced graphical and memory capabilities of the Wii, Miyamoto and the rest of the development team were able to revisit this idea, as the hardware allowed the smooth display of enough enemies and items on the screen at once, and allowed a camera that could dynamically adapt to the players' movements, ensuring they constantly know what is the situation of their character. Miyamoto said that Princess Peach was not a playable character because of her dress, since making her skirt realistically move would require complex dedicated programming.
Miyamoto wanted the game to be accessible to all players, and thus tried to balance its difficulty via features catering both to casual and hardcore Super Mario fans. After the release of New Super Mario Bros. for the Nintendo DS, which Miyamoto felt had not been hard enough in retrospect, he wanted to create a new Super Mario game which would provide a higher level of challenge for players who desired one. Simultaneously, the Super Guide feature, which would allow a player to watch a level get completed before trying again after failing a certain number of times, was included with the game in order to make the game accessible to unfamiliar players as well. The development team decided to include the feature as an option that would appear in a level after failing a certain number of times to prevent hindering the experience for more experienced players. As an extra incentive for advanced players, the team also added achievements that could be earned by completing the game without making the green block appear in any levels. The ability for a player to put themselves into a bubble and opt out of doing a level was devised so that both novice players and more experienced ones could play without interfering with each other. Miyamoto also hoped for the game to turn into a staple game for the Wii and achieve levels of success similar to that of New Super Mario Bros..New Super Mario Bros. Wii was worked on by several developers, some of whom had varying understandings of the design principalities of Super Mario games. Miyamoto, who served as the game's producer, helped the directors out with creating a general understanding of the ground rules for the game's design, writing out specification documents explaining the "rules" of how the game would work. This led to discussions and decisions over what was considered "natural" and "unnatural" for a Mario game; for instance, with the advent of the Ice Flower's ability to freeze enemies, the developers decided that it would be logical for the ice blocks to melt when shot with fireballs, and to float to the surface when submerged in water.
The music for New Super Mario Bros. Wii was composed and arranged by Shiho Fujii and Ryo Nagamatsu, with additional work provided by sound director Kenta Nagata. C0073 Series regular Koji Kondo was the sound advisor and did not write any new compositions, though some of his creations were re-arranged for the game. Charles Martinet returned to voice Mario and Luigi, along with Samantha Kelly as the Toads and Princess Peach, Kenny James as Bowser, and Caety Sagoian as Bowser Jr.
While the game's playable Toads are unnamed, referred to simply as Blue Toad and Yellow Toad, the game's developers reportedly internally referred to the characters as Bucken-Berry and Ala-Gold, respectively.
Release
On May 30, 2009, the online version of the Japanese newspaper Nihon Keizai Shimbun reported that two new sequels would be released for the Wii: a sequel to Wii Fit titled Wii Fit Plus, and a sequel to New Super Mario Bros. tentatively called New Super Mario Bros. Wii. The latter game was announced at E3 2009 and further shown off at Gamescom. To highlight the uniqueness of the game, Nintendo released the game in a red case instead of the traditional white box color that Wii games generally have. The game's announcement came following a standstill in Wii sales, which had led to a 52% drop in Nintendo's first-half earnings for 2009. Nintendo hoped that the game would help to increase sales of the Wii in the coming holiday season. In a Japanese retail briefing event prior to its release, Miyamoto expressed his faith that the game would retain strong sales stretching beyond its first year on the market.New Super Mario Bros. Wii was released in Australia on November 12, 2009, and in North America on November 15. It was later released in Europe and Japan on November 20 and December 3, respectively. On October 29, 2010, it was released as a pack-in game with a red Wii console, alongside Wii Sports and a built-in download of Donkey Kong, which was released to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Super Mario Bros. It was also included as part of a bundle release with a black Wii Family Edition console alongside a soundtrack CD for Super Mario Galaxy on October 23, 2011.
At E3 2011, a variation of New Super Mario Bros. Wii, dubbed New Super Mario Bros. Mii, was showcased as a playable demo for Nintendo's then new console, the Wii U, allowing players to play as their Mii characters. It was a prototype designed to showcase the technology of the system.
An enhanced port of the game was released in China for the Nvidia Shield TV on December 5, 2017, alongside other Wii and GameCube ports such as The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess. This updated version of the game features high definition graphics in 1080p and a redesigned UI.
Piracy lawsuit
In November 2009, 24-year-old Australian James Burt purchased a copy of New Super Mario Bros. Wii several days before its release, as the store had mistakenly sold the game before its release date, and ripped and uploaded the game disk online. Nintendo took down the game and sued Burt shortly afterwards, accusing him of violating copyright laws and depriving Nintendo of potential sales. The case was ultimately settled in January 2010, with Burt receiving a fine of AU$1.3 million as compensation for lost sales, as well as an additional fine of AU$100,000 as a part of Nintendo's legal fine. Burt was also forced to disclose the locations of all of his computers and electronic storage devices, as well as give access to his email, social networking and website accounts. Nintendo of Australia managing director Rose Lappin called the incident "a global issue", noting that thousands of copies of the game had been downloaded across the world before it was taken down. Burt later commented on the incident, calling his actions "very stupid" and asserting that the crime's repercussions were something that he would have to deal with for the rest of his life.
Reception
Pre-release
The game received praise for its multiplayer features following its showcase at E3, with critics praising its competitive aspects as well as its cooperative aspects, though the game's lack of online play was criticized as a missed opportunity. Many favorably compared the game to The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures, which similarly took its respective series' traditional gameplay and interlaced it with cooperative multiplayer. Chad Concelmo of Destructoid praised the game's "creative and giggle-inducing" levels and tighter control compared to New Super Mario Bros., while calling the multiplayer gameplay "unique, addictive, and gloriously entertaining" and giving the game a 9.5 score based on his initial impressions. Engadget's Andrew Yoon called the game "playable, addictive and fresh", and commended the game's camera system that could zoom out automatically to show off-screen players. Ars Technica praised the game as "insidiously fun" despite noting the simplicity of the game's graphics. Sophia Tong of GameSpot compared the game to Super Mario Bros. 3 and called the new multiplayer feature "a blast to play and hilarious to watch". Eurogamer's Oli Welsh called the multiplayer "a simple stroke of genius". Chris Kohler of Wired praised the difficulty behind the multiplayer mode.
The game's presentation was another point of praise for some critics. CNET's Jeff Balakar called seeing a side-scrolling Super Mario game in widescreen "an eye-opening experience", and praised the worlds' attentions to detail. IGN's Craig Harris also praised the widescreen graphics, noting that the game looked smooth in progressive widescreen mode despite the version of the game being displayed being an incomplete build, while Matt Casamassina said that it looked "crisp, clean [and] colorful".
Some reviewers were slightly critical of the game's multiplayer. Although CNET's three reviewers enjoyed the game, Balakar mused that the multiplayer gameplay was occasionally frustrating due to the chaos and tight screen space. CNET's Dan Ackerman, whilst praising New Super Mario Bros. Wiis overall enjoyability, noted its strong similarity to its side-scrolling predecessors, musing that it felt "firmly planted in the 2D era." MTV writer Russ Frushtick commented on the game's difficulty, comparing it to that of the NES game Contra.
Post-release
The game received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu called it a "masterpiece of 2D action" and gave it a perfect 40/40, making it only the 13th game and the fourth Wii game to receive this score in the publication's 23-year history. Kotaku highly praised the game, calling it a reason to buy a Wii. Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com regarded it as the true spiritual successor to 1991's Super Mario World.
Critics continued to praise the game's multiplayer features, with several singling it out as one of the game's most potent and worthwhile features. Patrick Kolan of IGN Australia called it the funnest 4-player experience since Super Smash Bros. Brawl, and stated that it exceeded their initial expectations despite strong suspicions. Matt Wales of IGN UK lamented that the game worked as both a single-player and a multiplayer experience, but stated that it was at its best when played with multiple people. Nick Chester of Destructoid called the cooperative mode fun despite occasional frustrations, and stated that players would likely have more fun playing alongside other friends. GameSpot's Randolph Ramsay called the multiplayer "initially great fun", but also admitted that they found it tedious at times due to the sheer chaos that it led to. Craig Harris of IGN US praised the bubble system, calling it a smart design choice; however, he criticized the game's lack of any online multiplayer features, highlighting it as a particular point of dissatisfaction. Kolan also saw this as a shortcoming, criticizing a lack of online leaderboard features for the competitive multiplayer modes. Conversely, Wales did not see this omission as a major issue, arguing that sociality was a primary aspect that made the multiplayer enjoyable and that it was wise not to include the feature because of Nintendo's poor-quality online service, though they noted that a leaderboard would have been an admirable addition. GameSpy also gave the game leeway for its lack of online play, arguing that the medium is a primarily competitive experience whereas New Super Mario Bros. Wii required a cooperative experience in order to be thoroughly enjoyed. Brett Elston of GamesRadar+, highly critical of the four-player multiplayer, called it frustrating and stated that it felt cramped due to the several characters and small screen size, while advising that the game was best experienced with only two players.
Gameplay and controls were praised for their reminiscence of older 2D Super Mario titles; many singled out the use of the Wii Remote held sideways as the best way to play the game and praised it for calling back to the layout of the rectangular-shaped controller of the Nintendo Entertainment System. Ramsay lamented that the game's lack of support for the Wii's Classic Controller was disappointing. Thoughts on the game's integration of motion controls were varied. Kolan praised them as being "easy, intuitive and unobtrusive – the three most critical aspects in any motion-controlled game", while Ramsay stated that they were occasionally intrusive on general gameplay. Chester mostly praised the motion controls for being natural, taking exception with the need to hold a button and shake in order to carry items. Elston stated that the game's handling was "compromised" by the motion-controlled spin jump, which they stated the review team kept repeatedly activating by accident while trying to play the game.
Some writers criticized New Super Mario Bros. Wii for feeling streamlined and banking off of the gameplay of its predecessors. Although Harris awarded the game an 8.9 out of 10 and deemed it a fun experience overall, he also was highly critical of it for "playing it safe", and, comparing it to Super Mario Galaxy, called it a "missed opportunity" for Nintendo in terms of content. Edge, while giving the game a positive score of 7/10, criticized it for having a lack of traditional Mario charm and low difficulty level. Elston argued that the game lacked the creativity of others in the series. The A.V. Club called the game "the least essential Mario title to date", stating that it lacks a strong concept and shows an underlying repetitiveness in Mario games. Conversely, Nintendo Power argued that the game works as a sequel because it maintains what made the original Mario games great while adding new features.
Corbie Dillard of Nintendo Life pointed out the game's visual polish and smooth animations, but also stated that it did not hold the same level of splendor as other first party Wii releases. Ramsay also compared the game's graphics to other Nintendo-developed titles, stating that it lacked the level of polish that the previously-released Super Mario Galaxy had despite utilizing a bright and varied array of colors. Kolan praised the game's music as one of the best in the series, and lauded the game's sound design for calling back to previous Super Mario entries. Elston also shed praise on the game's soundtrack, as well as the enemy interaction with the in-game music.New Super Mario Bros. Wii received the Best Wii Game award at the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards. IGN gave it the 2009 Wii Game of the Year Award. GameTrailers awarded it Best Wii Game of 2009. It also received the Best Family Game of the Year award in Yahoo's 2009 Game Awards, and the Nintendo Power Award for 2009's "Wii Game of the Year". GamesRadar named the game the 13th best on the Wii in 2016. IGN listed it as #8 on their list of the top 25 Wii games in 2012, and also as #103 on their list of the top 125 Nintendo games of all time in 2014. Polygon placed it at the #10 spot in their ranking of every Super Mario game, stating that the game's single-player was "standard Mario fare" while singling out the multiplayer experience as an incredible inclusion.
Sales New Super Mario Bros. Wii was a commercial success, selling 936,734 units within four days of its release in Japan, the biggest debut for a Wii game in the region; its sales increased to 1,401,558 in the following week. Upon the game's release, sales for the Wii console increased by 128%, following a recent slowing in hardware sales for the system. New Super Mario Bros. Wii sold 3,002,753 units within seven weeks of its release in Japan, making it the fastest game in that country to sell 3 million. In North America, New Super Mario Bros. Wii sold 1,390,000 units in November 2009, making it the third-best-selling game of the month behind the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Within 45 days, the game had sold 4.2 million copies in the US, surpassing Super Mario Galaxys 4.1 million sales. In December 2009, the game sold units. By the end of 2009, New Super Mario Bros. Wii had sold units worldwide, making it the fastest selling single-system game in history, with 4.5 million units sold in the U.S., 3 million in Japan, and nearly 3 million in Europe.
In its first year of sales, New Super Mario Bros. Wii sold 4,001,276 units in Japan, making it the first Wii title with 4 million sales in the country. On November 19, 2014, Nintendo of America announced via Twitter that the game had surpassed sales of 10 million units in the United States alone. , the game has sold 30.32 million copies worldwide, making it the fourth-best-selling Wii game as well as the second-best-selling Mario game on the Wii console (behind Mario Kart Wii).
Sequel
In 2012, a sequel to New Super Mario Bros. Wii was released as a launch title for the Wii U, entitled New Super Mario Bros. U. It was later re-released for the Nintendo Switch in 2019, titled New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe.
New Super Mario Bros. Wii Coin World
is a 2011 Japan-only arcade game developed by Capcom. The gameplay features multiplayer like its console counterpart, and is based primarily on a slot-machine mechanic. The game features a variety of "event" elements, each based upon gameplay from New Super Mario Bros. Wii''. Winning various events and on the slot machine gives players opportunities to collect keys. Once five keys are collected, the player enters an event with Bowser to win a jackpot.
Notes
References
External links
2009 video games
Cooperative video games
Side-scrolling video games
Video game sequels
Wii games
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Video games about magic
Fiction about monsters
Video games about size change
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Wii games re-released on the Nintendo eShop
Super Mario
Pack-in video games
Video games scored by Ryo Nagamatsu
Video games produced by Takashi Tezuka
Japan Game Awards' Game of the Year winners | wiki |
A performance domain is a construct of all the essential behaviors that should be exhibited by someone on specific job to achieve the goals set by the organization.
It is determined by the judgments of the decision-makers of the organization after they have conducted a thorough job analysis. It may be thought of as a blueprint, outlining the ideal behaviors that an employee should exhibit on the job. Because the performance domain is subjectively determined, it varies between similar jobs, depending on the goals of the organization.
A performance domain can be constructed to outline all the behaviors and outcomes on a job or only a subset of behaviors and outcomes. Organizations’ analysts can draw from the performance domain to infer personal characteristics that will lead to the essential behaviors and valued outcomes.
References
Human resource management | wiki |
The King's Feast (, , ) has been celebrated in Belgium on November 15 since 1866. Since 2001, the Belgian Federal Parliament has held a ceremony in honor of the King, in the presence of members of the Belgian Royal Family and other dignitaries. It is not a national public holiday; however, Federal government institutions are closed on this day. Traditionally, a Te Deum is sung as well as a private observance being held.
November 15 is the name day of Leopold (the feast of Saint Leopold in the German liturgical calendar) and Albert (the feast of Saint Albert the Great in the General Roman Calendar). In 1951, King Baudouin decided to honor November 15, as did his brother King Albert II. During the regency of Prince Charles, the designations Day of the Dynasty or Feast of the Dynasty were used, and these terms are still often erroneously used. However, it is not the correct name, as was confirmed in a circular letter in 1953.
References
Public holidays in Belgium
Belgian monarchy
November observances | wiki |
Événements
Date probable de la composition du Requiem de Johannes Ockeghem, le plus ancien requiem de style polyphonique dont la partition est conservée.
Naissances
-
Décès
-
Musique classique
Chronologie de la musique classique | wiki |
Medieval Lords: Soldier Kings of Europe is a 1991 video game published by Strategic Simulations.
Gameplay
Medieval Lords: Soldier Kings of Europe is a game in which players manage a medieval European kingdom.
Reception
Chuck Moss reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Medieval Lords is an entertaining and challenging computer game, despite — or, perhaps, because of — its limitations."
Janice Greaves for Run said that "Medieval Lords is well suited to solitaire, multi-player and classroom use."
Reviews
Computer Gaming World - Jun, 1993
Compute!
Power Play - 1991-10
References
1991 video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Strategic Simulations games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Europe
Video games set in the Middle Ages | wiki |
Kiss tha Game Goodbye é o álbum do rapper americano de Nova York Jadakiss. O álbum teve como singles as músicas "Knock Yourself Out", "We Gonna Make It", e "Put Ya Hands Up". Foi lançado dia 7 de Agosto de 2001 pela gravadora
Interscope Records.
Faixas
Posições do Álbum
Posições dos Singles
Álbuns de 2001
Álbuns de Jadakiss | wiki |
The shifting burden of persuasion is the process of transferring the obligation to prove a fact in an issue raised during a lawsuit from one party to the other party. When the party initially bearing the burden of proof has presented sufficient evidence to support its claim then it becomes the responsibility of the other party to issue a rebuttal that provides defensive evidence.
References
Legal terminology | wiki |
This is a list of the highest feature on Earth for each category.
References
Extreme points of Earth | wiki |
All-American Murder is a 1991 American direct-to-video thriller film directed by Anson Williams and starring Christopher Walken and Charlie Schlatter. It was released on December 18, 1991, in UK.
Premise
Artie Logan (Schlatter) is the new guy on campus. Suddenly, he meets Tally Fuller: the most popular and beautiful girl at Fairfield college and she finally agrees to go on a date with him. But that night she is brutally killed by a blowtorch-wielding maniac and Artie is wrongfully arrested. Despite protests from other police officers, detective P.J. Decker (Walken) believes Artie's story and gives him 24 hours to track down the real killer. But, as Artie gets closer to the killer, each suspect is murdered and all the clues point to him.
Cast
Christopher Walken as P.J. Decker
Charlie Schlatter as Artie Logan
Josie Bissett as Tally Fuller
Joanna Cassidy as Erica Darby
Richard Kind as Lou Alonzo
Woody Watson as Frank Harley
Mitchell Anderson as Doug Sawyer
Production
The town in the film is Sand Springs, Oklahoma. The campus in the film is Oklahoma State University, in Stillwater. The football scenes, the stadium and the shower scene were all filmed at Union High School's Tuttle Stadium in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in May 1991.
External links
Films set in Tulsa, Oklahoma
1991 direct-to-video films
1991 films
1990s mystery thriller films
American mystery thriller films
American direct-to-video films
Direct-to-video thriller films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by Anson Williams
Films shot in Oklahoma
Trimark Pictures films
1990s American films | wiki |
A business necessity is a legitimate business purpose that justifies an employment decision as effective and needed to optimally achieve the organization's goals and ensure that operations run safely and efficiently. This is often presented as a defense of an employment decision that is questioned because it was found to cause disparate impact.
References
Business terms | wiki |
Spirkelbach is een plaats in de Duitse deelstaat Rijnland-Palts, en maakt deel uit van de Landkreis Südwestpfalz.
Spirkelbach telt inwoners.
Bestuur
De plaats is een Ortsgemeinde en maakt deel uit van de Verbandsgemeinde Hauenstein.
Gemeente in Rijnland-Palts | wiki |
Noble Quran may refer to:
Quran, the original Arabic version
Noble Quran (Hilali–Khan), a translation of the Quran by Muhammad Muhsin Khan and Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali | wiki |
Two-phase may refer to:
Two-phase electric power
Two-phase commit protocol
Two-phase flow
Two-phase locking
Binary phase, chemical compounds composed of two elements | wiki |
Bunchberry is a common name for several species of dwarf dogwoods:
Cornus canadensis - Canadian or eastern bunchberry
Cornus suecica - Eurasian or northern bunchberry
Cornus × unalaschkensis - Alaskan or western bunchberry
Cornus | wiki |
Undercover Boss est une émission de téléréalité britannique (2009), déclinée dans de nombreux pays, notamment dans :
Undercover Boss aux États-Unis ;
Undercover Boss en grande-Bretagne ;
Patron incognito en France. | wiki |
This is a worldwide list of World Athletics Label Road Races marathon runs.
Legend
Race list
Platinum
Gold
Gold/Elite/Label
See also
World Athletics Label Road Races
World Marathon Majors
References
External links
List of marathons in the United States and Canada
List of Fastest Marathons - U.S. & Canada
List of marathons 1940–present (Association of Road Racing Statisticians)
List of marathons from Association of International Marathons and Road Races
Marathon races | wiki |
Unrepentant may refer to:
Unrepentant (album) album by Greg Koch 2017
Unrepentant Geraldines album by Tori Amos 2014
Unrepentant Geraldines Tour concert tour by Tori Amos 2014
Woes to the unrepentant cities text in Matthew's gospel
See also
Repentance (disambiguation)
Disambiguation pages | wiki |
For Bitter or Worse (album), studioalbum van Anouk
For Bitter or Worse (nummer), nummer van Anouk | wiki |
Microstoma (Greek "small mouth") may refer to genera:
Microstoma (fish)
Microstoma (fungus)
Microstoma, a genus of hydrozoans in the family Pteronemidae, synonym of Pteronema
as well as a species:
Macropinna microstoma, a fish, the only known species in its genus. | wiki |
Wootton Bassett railway stations may refer to:
Wootton Bassett Road railway station, temporary railway station in England opened from 1840 to 1841
Wootton Bassett Junction railway station, railway station in England opened from 1841 to 1965 | wiki |
"Teaching to the test" is a colloquial term for any method of education whose curriculum is heavily focused on preparing students for a standardized test.
Opponents of this practice argue that it forces teachers to limit curriculum to a set range of knowledge or skills in order to increase student performance on the mandated test. This produces an unhealthy focus on excessive repetition of simple, isolated skills ("drill and kill") and limits the teacher's ability to foster a holistic understanding of the subject matter. With high-stakes testing impeding over every decision teachers make, they are often forced to teach to the tests rather than to their students. This can drain instruction of passion and meaning as students are taught information from a bare-bones curriculum. This would be an incidence of Campbell's law, the general principle that a social indicator distorts the process it is intended to monitor. Furthermore, opponents argue, teachers who engage in it are typically below-average teachers.
Some research suggests that teaching to the test is ineffective and often does not achieve its primary goal of raising student scores.
Activities
The usual method of teaching to the test is to give specific information, then test it at the end of each unit. Typically, these are tests of rote procedures and memorized facts, rather than of understanding or logical thinking. Teaching to the test is also frequently used for skill-based learning, like typing or athletics; in this context, teaching to the test is the dominant practice.
Teaching to the test may misrepresent students' true learning. For example, students who have learned vocabulary words for a reading test will score well even though they cannot use a broad vocabulary. In mathematics, students drilled on only test-like questions often can not correctly answer questions that assess the same skill or concept in a different way. According to Craig Jerald, one study has shown that in a district that relied heavily on item drilling, 83 percent of students selected the correct answer to a multiple-choice item "87 − 24 =." However, only 66 percent could correctly answer the equivalent non-drilled item "Subtract 24 from 87."
Criticism
The No Child Left Behind Act, which placed a far higher emphasis than before on the evaluation of schools' effectiveness through standardized tests, could hypothetically be considered to have been a step in the wrong direction for USA schooling. Teaching to the test is frequently criticized by academics and educators, while its critics argue that students who are simply taught to the test fail to achieve a lasting and truly comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Even if students score better on tests, something which different studies have not confirmed, critics worry students may not truly grasp the domain's key concepts, as teaching to the test centers on rote memorization while excluding the building of creative skills and abstract-thinking abilities. According to Richard D. Kahlenber, both teachers and students spend most of their time studying textbook concepts to prepare for exams, despite morality, aesthetic, life skills, and, depending on the student's ambitions, creativity being more important for success. According to critics, educational systems that center on standardized tests do not truly educate students or provide them with the ability to fulfill the needs of their future lives.
The practice has also been shown to reduce the validity of standardized tests, and can create an incorrect profile of a student's achievement. Dr. Louis Volante, an associate professor at Brock University, observed that test scores are, for many reasons, not necessarily a fair indicator of a student's ability. Some students who master class materials through homework or study may not succeed in testing environments due to a lack of test-taking skills.
WNBC-TV senior correspondent Gabe Pressman expressed another concern about teaching to the test; benchmarks for standardized tests can sometimes be affected by political pressures. In many cases test scores are dumbed down to achieve the forecasted figures; as a result, improvement in standardized tests result does not always represent students' real level of skill.
W. James Popham, an emeritus professor at University of California Graduate School of Education Studies, also claimed that standardized tests are not a level playing field for students with different backgrounds. The high-stakes exam would be a larger challenge to international students, who probably have had different class materials and learning methods. If teaching to the test remains prevalent in the U.S. education system, the course-drop rates of new immigrants are likely to be high.
Ethics
A 1989 study on teaching to the test evaluated the ethical "continuum" of the practice, and identified seven practice points, ranging from most to least ethical:
General instruction on local objectives
Instruction on general test-taking skills
Instruction on objectives generally measured by standardized tests
Instruction on objectives specific to the test used
Instruction on objectives specific to the test used and using the same format
Instruction using a released test or a "clone" test that replicates the format and content of the test used
Instruction using the test to be used, either before or during test administration
The study concluded that the ethical boundary fell between points three and five, with points one and two being ethical and points six and seven being unethical.
In practice
The federal No Child Left Behind Act in the United States has increased the practice of teaching to the test because of its emphasis on standardized test scores; this is especially true in schools with disadvantaged students, which rely heavily on government funding. Test-preparation courses and cram schools are limited examples of teaching to the test.
See also
Campbell's Law
Education in the United States
Maotanchang Middle School
Washback effect, the general phenomenon which gives rise to teaching to the test
Overfitting, a similar problem in statistics and optimization problems
Volvo effect
References
Further reading
Educational assessment and evaluation | wiki |
In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery.
After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery.
Structure
The axillary artery is often referred to as having three parts, with these divisions based on its location relative to the Pectoralis minor muscle, which is superficial to the artery.
First part – the part of the artery superior to the pectoralis minor
Second part – the part of the artery posterior to the pectoralis minor
Third part – the part of the artery inferior to the pectoralis minor.
Relations
The axillary artery is accompanied by the axillary vein, which lies medial to the artery, along its length.
In the axilla, the axillary artery is surrounded by the brachial plexus. The second part of the axillary artery is the reference for the locational descriptions of the cords in the brachial plexus. For example, the posterior cord of the brachial plexus is so named because it lies posterior to the second part of the artery.
Branches
The axillary artery has several smaller branches. The branches can be remembered, in order, when traveling from the heart, with the mnemonics "Screw The Lawyers Save A Patient", "Summertime: The Lakers Schedule Another Parade", "Sixties Teens Love Sex And Pot", or "She Tastes Like Sweet Apple Pie." The origin of these branches is highly variable (e.g. the posterior and anterior circumflex arteries often have a common trunk). An arterial branch is named for its course, not its origin.
First part (1 branch)
Superior thoracic artery (Supreme thoracic artery)
Second part (2 branches)
Thoraco-acromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery. If the lateral thoracic artery is not branching from the axillary artery, will most likely branch from the following (in order of likelihood): (1) thoracoacromial, (2) third part of axillary artery, (3) suprascapular artery, (4) subscapular artery
Third part (3 branches)
Subscapular artery
Anterior humeral circumflex artery
Posterior humeral circumflex artery
Continues as the brachial artery past the inferior border of the teres major.
Clinical significance
The axillary artery can be safely clamped without endangering the arm, but only in a location proximal to the origin of the subscapular artery (and distal to the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery). The anastomotic network surrounding the scapula provides an alternate path for collateral circulation to the arm from arteries including the dorsal scapular artery and suprascapular artery.
The right axillary artery is often used as an arterial cannulation site in cardiac surgery, particularly for repair of aortic dissection and replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic arch.
Additional images
References
External links
– "Axillary Region: Parts of the Axillary Artery"
– "The axillary artery and its major branches shown in relation to major landmarks."
Arteries of the upper limb | wiki |
Burundi produced in 2018:
2.3 million tons of cassava;
1.6 million tons of banana;
583 thousand tons of sweet potato;
556 thousand tons of vegetable;
393 thousand tons of beans;
302 thousand tons of potato;
290 thousand tons of maize;
178 thousand tons of sugar cane;
85 thousand tons of palm oil;
56 thousand tons of taro;
55 thousand tons of rice;
53 thousand tons of tea;
In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like sorghum (28 thousand tons) and coffee (14 thousand tons).
References | wiki |
DemocracyInAction, or DIA, was a Washington, D.C.-based 501(c)(3) public charity organization focused on being a nonprofit technology provider.
DemocracyInAction was the creator and primary maintainer of an open source software application. The original version is referred to as Tomato but was not named until after the release of the current version. This release is named Salsa. It is written in Java. Incorporated as a 501(c)(3), DemocracyInAction also operates as an application service provider hosting a suite of electronic advocacy tools for other nonprofits. Over 300 organizations use the DemocracyInAction / Salsa toolset.
References
External links
Official Site
Charities based in Washington, D.C.
Internet-related activism
Internet-based activism
Organizations established in 2005 | wiki |
Shatterfist is a name of two different fictional character properties:
Shatterfist (DC Comics)
Shatterfist (Marvel Comics) | wiki |
A knife bin, also known as a knife bank, weapon surrender bin, knife amnesty bin or knife amnesty bank, is a place where the owners of knives may dispose of them in a safe and legal way. Knife bins are associated with attempts to reduce knife crime and may be sponsored by the police or churches.
Background
On 8 February 2006, the United Kingdom home secretary, Charles Clarke announced that police forces in England, Scotland and Wales would hold a national knife amnesty between 24 May and 30 June 2006 in order to "reduce the devastation caused by knife crime." Since then, occasional amnesties have been held in local areas around the country. While Police agencies have observed some reductions in reports of knife crime during and after these amnesties, the effects are usually only short term. There is limited evidence that these amnesties are effective, other than raising awareness of the issues. Although, campaigners argue they do make a difference.
See also
Knife Angel
Knife legislation
References
External links
Knife Bin Locations in Greater London
Crime prevention
Knives | wiki |
Air sac generally refers to an organ or portion of an organ containing air within an animal's respiratory system. It may refer specifically to:
Pulmonary alveolus, small hollow cavities which are a part of the lungs within mammals
Air sacs, structures in the saurischian dinosaur respiratory system, including the extant bird respiratory system
See also | wiki |
Garth Anderson (born 12 March 1976) is a Caymanian footballer who plays as a midfielder. He has represented the Cayman Islands during World Cup qualifying matches in 2004 and 2008.
References
Association football midfielders
Living people
1976 births
Caymanian footballers
Cayman Islands international footballers
George Town SC players | wiki |
A Summer Place may refer to:
A Summer Place (novel), a 1958 novel by Sloan Wilson
A Summer Place (film), a 1959 American romantic drama film based on the novel
Theme from A Summer Place, a 1959 song written for the film | wiki |
A strap is a ribbon used to fasten.
Strap or STRAP may also refer to:
Shoulder strap, strap of a clothing over shoulder.
Currency strap, straps used to bundle banknotes
Aerial straps, a type of aerial apparatus on which various feats of strength and flexibility may be performed
Lower third, the graphics at the bottom of telecasts, in the UK known as a strap or namestrap
Strap, a colloquial word for a handgun
The Strap, punishment. Usually a long band or strip of leather.
The Straps, the band
STRAP, human enzyme
STRETCH Assembly Program (STRAP), an assembler for IBM 7030 Stretch
STRAP Clearance, a form of security vetting in the United Kingdom
Strap (options), an option trading strategy in finance
Strapping option, a hardware configuration setting usually sensed during power-up/bootstrapping
See also
Strapping, a flexible flat material used to fasten objects | wiki |
Frank Crow is the name of:
Frank Fools Crow (died 1989), Oglala Lakota spiritual leader, Yuwipi medicine man, and the nephew of Black Elk
Frank Crowe (1882–1946), chief engineer of the Hoover Dam
Frank W. Crowe (1919–1987), American physician
Franklin C. Crow, computer graphics researcher | wiki |
Acrasis rosea is a species of heterolobosean, previously described as a slime mold.
References
Further reading
Percolozoa | wiki |
The Name of the Game – singel ABBY
Name of the Game – singel The Crystal Method
Name of the Game – singel Badfingera
The Name of the Game – serial
The Name of the Game – komiks Willa Eisnera
The Name of the Game Was Love – singel Hanka Snowa | wiki |
Anne or Ann Richardson may refer to:
G. Anne Richardson (born 1956), chief
Anne Vavasour (fl. 1580s), married name Richardson
Anne Richardson (lawyer) see Obaidullah (detainee)
Anne Richardson (conservationist), New Zealand conservationist
Ann Richardson (oncologist), New Zealand oncologist | wiki |
Public Landing may refer to:
Public Landing, Maryland
Public Landing, Cincinnati
See also
Landing (water transport) | wiki |
Omaze is an American for-profit fundraising company which partners with charities in fundraising events. Omaze's events feature prizes, such as material goods, property, or celebrity experiences, usually with one grand prize and several lesser prizes. In order to enter the draw for the prizes, financial contributions are encouraged, with 15% to 60% of the money going to the partner charity.
The company was founded by Ryan Cummins and Matthew Pohlson in July 2012, is privately owned, and is based in Los Angeles, California. The company has raised over $130 million for over 350 charities, including UNICEF, After-School All-Stars, Julia's House, Product Red, and Make-A-Wish Foundation.
Contests
Omaze will typically launch a sweepstake that offers a grand prize or experience, with a promotional video endorsed by a celebrity. Entrants are encouraged to contribute financially to the cause, with the amount given proportionally determining the number of sweepstake entries that person receives: a person donating $100 has ten times more chances to win than a person donating $10.
Sweepstake systems such as Omaze's include a "no purchase necessary" clause to avoid being classed as a lottery. In the US, participants may select an "enter for free" option to receive 2,000 entries at no cost, in the United Kingdom participants may submit a postal entry with no fee.
Omaze released their first sweepstakes in July 2012, with the winner becoming a judge on Cupcake Wars and all entries supported Team Rubicon.
In December 2015, Omaze partnered with Star Wars where people donated $10 to be entered to win the opportunity to visit the closed set of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. The experience raised more than $4.26 million to benefit UNICEF. The experience launch video was a 2016 Webby Award Honoree.
Model
Omaze is a privately owned, for-profit company which has two models to raise funds for charities. Sweepstake entries for a celebrity experience (set visit, dinner date, tickets to a premiere, etc.) see 60% of the money donated to charity, 25% towards fees and Omaze's costs for advertising and creating content for the event, and 15% to Omaze as profit.
For prize-based experiences (like a car, vacation, or tuition), 15% goes to the charity, 70% to sourcing and shipping the prize, covering the winner's taxes, processing credit card fees, and Omaze's costs in marketing and creating content for the experience, and 15% to Omaze in profit.
In the United Kingdom, Omaze gives 80% of the net profit from a sweepstake to the charity, after deducting the cost of the prize and marketing, and takes 20% as its profit.
The company launched its first campaign in the United Kingdom in 2020.
References
Companies based in Culver City, California
American companies established in 2012
American fundraising websites
Online auction websites of the United States | wiki |
Stearyl palmityl tartrate is a derivative of tartaric acid used as an emulsifier. It is produced by esterification of tartaric acid with commercial grade stearyl alcohol, which generally consists of a mixture of the fatty alcohols stearyl and palmityl alcohol. Stearyl palmityl tartrate consists mainly of diesters, with minor amounts of monoester and of unchanged starting materials.
Use
Stearyl palmityl tartrate is used as emulsifier under the E number E 483. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations sets limits of use at 4 g/kg for bakery wares and 5 g/kg for dessert products.
Law
Use of stearyl palmityl tartrate is prohibited in Australia.
References
Food additives
Tartrate esters
E-number additives | wiki |
"Catch Us If You Can" is a 1965 song by The Dave Clark Five.
Catch Us If You Can may also refer to:
Catch Us If You Can (film), a 1965 film by John Boorman
"Catch Us If You Can" (Grounded for Life episode), a 2001 episode of the sitcom Grounded for Life
Catch Us If You Can (game show), an Australian television series
See also
Catch Me If You Can (disambiguation) | wiki |
Rabbit hair (also called rabbit fur, cony, coney, comb or lapin) is the fur of the common rabbit. It is most commonly used in the making of fur hats and coats, and is considered quite valuable today, although it was once a lower-priced commodity in the fur trade.
Types of rabbit fur
The hair of a rabbit can be divided into three types: "longer, rectrix guard hairs, stiff at the base; the more numerous tectrix barbed hairs forming the major part of the coat, which share a hair follicle with the third type-the shorter hairs making up the undercoat."
Colloquially, these types are called
guide hairs: external hairs, long and rough
guard hairs (also called "barbes"): four guard hairs surround each guide hair, sealing the coat
down: there are approximately sixty down hairs for each guide hair; they are very short and barely visible, and serve to insulate the rabbit.
A selectively bred rabbit from the 1900s, the Rex rabbit, has guard hairs of the same length as the down, but this is an atypical recessive trait that is relatively rare in wild rabbits.
Rabbit hair is commonly considered a byproduct of the ordinary process of breeding rabbits for meat, and as such is manufactured in vast quantities in England and France; more than seventy million pelts a year in France alone. However, the quality of fur from these rabbits tends to be low, as the rabbits are slaughtered before reaching twelve weeks old and still have the infant coat. The lower quality hair is sometimes used for felt.
In temperate climates, the highest quality furs are obtained in winter from rabbits over five months old, when the thickness of the fur is even; at other times of year, varying degrees of hair shedding causes uneven patches in the fur. The coat is also at its thickest at this time of year. The highest quality pelts are suitable for clothing, and typically constitute less than half of all pelts collected. The hair of the Angora rabbit is plucked or shaved and used as fiber, rather than as pelts.
Rabbit fur products have a tendency to shed more easily than some other furs and might not have the same longevity.
Use in the fur trade
The use of rabbit pelts in the commercial fur trade took off in the 1920s, when it was incorporated into everything from hats to stoles, coats and baby blankets. By 1924, it accounted for half the US fur trade. While it was considerably cheaper than furs from other animals, it had softness and density and could also be dyed, plucked or shorn to look like other furs – shearing was also known as blocking.
White pelts commanded a premium since they could be most easily dyed and in their natural state bore a close resemblance to much pricer ermine (stoat). New Zealand white rabbit (actually bred in the US) was highly prized, but other rabbit varieties in different hues – including Havana, Lilac and Checkered Giant were also valuable because they could be used in their natural colouring. One commentator noted in the 1920s: "[W]here one sealskin coat graced Milady of Fifth Avenue in 1900, a hundred thousand coats of rabbit-seal are turned out on Sixth Avenue during the fur season for the Misses of Main Street all over America".
Names developed such as minkony, ermiline and northern seal – all of which were rabbit fur. After 1938, American fur coats had to be labelled using the name of the animal used in its making – for instance 'seal dyed coney' or 'beaver dyed rabbit' – in order to avoid confusion among consumers.
List of former names for rabbit hair coats
Australian seal: Australian rabbit shorn and dyed to replicate natural seal fur. See also sealine.
Baltic black fox or Baltic brown fox or Baltic white fox: Rabbit dyed in a variety of hues to resemble fox fur. White fox was undyed fur from white rabbit or hare. See also Baltic lion/red fox.
Baltic leopard: Australian rabbit dyed and marked to resemble the distinctive spots of a leopard skin coat.
Baltic lion or Baltic red fox: Australian rabbit in its natural hue of either (respectively) yellow or reddish tones.
Baltic tiger: Australian rabbit dyed to resemble the markings of tiger skin.
Beaver dyed coney or French beaver or beaverette or Belgian beaver: Dyed and with the tips sheared in order to resemble the short dark-brown coat of natural beaver fur. Note that Hudson seal was muskrat
Bluerette: Rabbit dyed blue.
Castorette: Rabbit dyed to replicate beaver.
Chinchillette: Rabbit dyed to resemble a chinchilla (not the variety of rabbit), with characteristic graduated markings. Note that chapchillas and French chinchilla were made of dyed hare.
Cony leopard or cony mole: Sheared and dyed rabbit. Cony often designated rabbits from Europe.
Electric: Denoted a trade name for a variety of rabbit furs designed to replicate other animals, for instance electric beaver, mole or seal.
Ermilette or ermilene or imitation ermine: White rabbit fur, sometimes painted with spots to look like ermine. Ermine was a traditional trimming, used on stoles and for robes of state, although rabbit versions of ermine became more widely used.
French cony: White rabbit that had been shorn.
French sable: Rabbit dyed to imitate more expensive sable.
Lapin: Shorn and dyed rabbit – this may be in a variety of colours.
Mendoza beaver dyed coney or Mendoza beaver: A trade name of the Mendoza Fur Dyeing Works see beaver dyed coney.
Meskin: Denoted a trade name for a variety of rabbit furs designed to replicate other animals, for instance meskin seal or ermine. A variety replicating mole was known as Meskin moline.
Minkony: Rabbit dyed and treated to resemble mink, a fur available in a wide variety of colours from white to near black.
Molin or Moline or cony mole: Rabbit designed to resemble mole fur. See also Meskin moline.
Muskratine: Shorn and dyed rabbit resembling seal.
Nutriette: Shorn and dyed to resemble a Nutria fur.
Sealine or Arctic seal or Australian seal or Roman seal or northern seal or seal dyed coney or Baltic seal or bay seal or coast seal or near seal or sealette: Sheared and dyed to replicate the brown, grey or black fur of harp or northern seal.
Squirrelette: Dyed to resemble a squirrel fur – typically the blue/grey Siberian squirrel.
See also
Angora wool
List of types of fur
References
Animal hair products
History of fashion
cs:Srst angorského králíka | wiki |
High Time to Kill är en roman av Raymond Benson från 1999. Det är den fjärde delen i den officiella James Bond-serien.
Externa länkar
Commanderbond.net: “All Time High” (High Time to Kill recensioner)
Her Majesty's Secret Servant: HMSS reviews Raymond Benson's High Time to Kill (av Michael Reed)
Skönlitteratur 1999
James Bond-böckerna | wiki |
An Axel lift in pair skating is a movement in which the woman is turned over her partner's head one and a half times.
From a position of holding hands on one side, her partner lifts her with his hand under her armpit and the lift begins from the woman's outside forward edge and ends on the outside backward edge of her opposite skate. The man rotates below her during the movement.
External links
Axel lift
Figure skating elements
Pair skating | wiki |
In computer science tree data structures, an X-tree (for eXtended node tree) is an index tree structure based on the R-tree used for storing data in many dimensions. It appeared in 1996, and differs from R-trees (1984), R+-trees (1987) and R*-trees (1990) because it emphasizes prevention of overlap in the bounding boxes, which increasingly becomes a problem in high dimensions. In cases where nodes cannot be split without preventing overlap, the node split will be deferred, resulting in super-nodes. In extreme cases, the tree will linearize, which defends against worst-case behaviors observed in some other data structures.
Structure
The X-tree consists of three different types of nodes—data nodes, normal directory nodes and supernodes. The data nodes of the X-tree contain rectilinear minimum bounding rectangles (MBRs) together with pointers to the actual data objects, and the directory nodes contain MBRs together with pointers to sub-MBRs. Supernodes are large directory nodes of variable size(a multiple of the usual block size). The basic goal of supernodes is to avoid splits in the directory that would result in an inefficient directory structure.
References
R-tree
Database index techniques | wiki |
Starship & Empire is a 1976 board wargame published by R-Squared Games.
Gameplay
Starship & Empire involves fleet maneuvering on a strategic scale, and uses a pseudo-3D movement system for tactical purposes.
Reception
Kevin P. Kenney reviewed Starship & Empire in The Space Gamer No. 7. He described the game as "a multi-level combination of many of the ideas present in other S-F games cleaned up and merged into one of the better of the current onslaught of space/naval wargames".
References
Board games introduced in 1976
Science fiction board wargames | wiki |
In combat sports such as boxing, an orthodox stance is one in which the boxer places their left foot in front of the right foot, thus having their weaker side closer to the opponent. Because it favors the stronger, dominant side (often the right side; see laterality), the orthodox stance is the most common stance in boxing and MMA. It is mostly used by right-handed boxers. Many boxing champions have fought in a left stance.
Alternative stances
The corresponding designation for a left-handed boxer is southpaw and is generally a mirror image of the orthodox stance. A southpaw boxer guards and jabs with their right hand. Some famous boxers who use southpaw are Marvelous Marvin Hagler, Victor Ortiz, Sultan Ibragimov, Naseem Hamed, Joe Calzaghe, Manny Pacquiao, and Lucian Bute. Francisco Palacios, Andre Ward, and Terence Crawford normally fight as orthodox, but occasionally switch to a southpaw stance to confuse their opponents. Hagler was the opposite, normally fighting southpaw but able to switch to orthodox. Some fighters who are naturally left-handed fight in the orthodox stance with the advantage of a fast, hard jab and left hook, including Oscar De La Hoya, Sonny Liston, Miguel Angel Cotto, Gerry Cooney, and Marco Antonio Barrera. Likewise, Vasiliy Lomachenko is a naturally right-handed fighter who stands in the southpaw stance, as the same with Shakur Stevenson.
References
External links
Boxing terminology
Kickboxing terminology | wiki |
Amy Harper may refer to:
Amy Merania Harper, New Zealand photographer
Amy Harper (swimmer); see Swimming at the 2011 Island Games
Amy Harper Bellafonte | wiki |
EUR is the ISO 4217 currency code for the Euro, the European Union currency.
EUR may also refer to:
EUR, Rome, a residential and business district in Rome, Italy
Eastern Union Railway, a mid-nineteenth century railway company in East Anglia
Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, in the U.S. Department of State
Erasmus University Rotterdam, in the Netherlands
Estimated ultimate recovery, or expected ultimate recovery
EUR.1 movement certificate, for the reduction of import duties (preferential treatment between certain countries)
EUR-Lex, a service on the official website of the European Union | wiki |
Taekwondo was contested at the 2017 Summer Universiade from August 20 to 26 at the Taoyuan Arena in Taoyuan at the metropolitan area of Taipei, Taiwan.
Medal summary
Medal table
Men's events
Women's events
Mixed events
References
External links
2017 Summer Universiade – Taekwondo
Result book – Taekwondo
Universiade
2017 Summer Universiade events
2017 | wiki |
Marine mammal training is the training of and caring for marine life such as, dolphins, orcas, sea lions, walruses, and other marine mammals.
Methodology
The trainers use a method called operant conditioning. Two types of reinforcers are used to train an animal to do the desired behavior. A primary reinforcer is an unlearned or unconditioned reward such as food. A secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reward that acquires reinforcing value through its association with a primary reinforcer. Examples of a secondary reinforcer for the animal could be receiving rubs from a trainer or playing with an enrichment device like a basketball. Trainers need to make sure they reinforce the animal immediately after they have successfully done the behavior. If the reinforcer is not given immediately, the animal will not know that it did the correct behavior. In order to achieve this, the trainer needs to create a bridging stimulus, which is a signal that tells the animal that they have done the correct behavior at the moment they respond to the stimulus. This signal from the trainer could be a whistling sound, a click from a training clicker, or even a point of a finger toward the animal. The bridging stimulus acts as a bridge between the moment of the desired behavior and the moment the animal receives the reward. This helps the animal to receive immediate feedback which leads to faster learning and the maintaining of focus when a trainer works with an animal across physical space or an interval of time that causes immediate reinforcement to be impossible. When training a new behavior, it is important to teach in small steps. By training in small steps, you can train an animal to do complex behaviors. This step-by-step learning experience is called shaping. Trainers create different signals for the animals for different behaviors. This helps let the animal know the correct behavior to perform. If an animal does not respond to a signal or responds with an undesired behavior, then the trainer normally will remain motionless and wait three seconds before trying the signal again. This three-second pause is referred to as the Least Reinforcing Stimulus or LRS. It is like a short "time-out" for the animals. The trainers try not to force a situation and never punish an animal for not doing a behavior correctly.
History of Marine Training
Applied animal training employs many of the behavioral training techniques described by B.F. Skinner developed an experimental analysis of behavior through the use of rats and pigeons in operant chambers. During Skinner’s pigeon project, he and some graduate students including Marian and Keller Breland, trained pigeons to use a screen and steer a missile to a target. However, this project was never operational. After this project, the Brelands and Skinner were interested in potential applications of behavioral technology and operant principles. In 1944, the Breland’s opened a business called Animal Behavior Enterprises (ABE) on a farm they purchased. They used operant conditioning techniques to train a variety of animals for commercials, advertisements, and entertainment purposes. In 1950, the Breland’s opened a tourist attraction in Hot Springs, Arkansas called the I. Q. Zoo in Arkansas. The “Zoo” featured exhibits where trained animals would demonstrate many different behaviors, from dropping small basketballs into a hoop, or hitting a small baseball bat on a miniature field to hit a home run, and much more. In 1951, the Breland’s wrote an article called “A Field of Applied Animal Psychology” where they proposed that modern behavioral science and professional animal training are brought together through applied animal psychology. In the late 1950s into the early 1960’s, the Breland’s promoted and patented Master Mind, which was a dog training program and clicker training, before creating it in an early version.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Breland’s and ABE adapted operant methods in order to use with marine mammals and began a training program at Marine Studios. The training program included training and developing new behaviors, providing written training manuals, instructing staff in operant methods, and designing props. When working with a dolphin named Splash, the Brelands were able to precisely shape and control behavior through using the bridging stimulus. In 1955, the Brelands wrote the first operant training manual for dolphins. It included general principles such as stimulus, bridging, shaping, differentiation, extinction, props, and schedules of reinforcement. It also included individual act instructions such as descriptions of act goals, target behaviors, signaling instructions, specific training directions, and educational as well as publicity considerations. ABE started the use of training logs to systematize and standardize training and to track the animal’s progress. In addition, the Brelands wrote the first manuals on training whales and dolphins. They scripted and created shows and taught others how to train using operant technology. Other marine parks that use operant training can be traced back to the ABE and the spread of behavioral technology, which helped the marine animal training industry to grow rapidly.
The world’s first oceanarium called Marine Studios was located in St. Augustine, Florida, and opened on June 23, 1938. This park was originally designed as an underwater movie studio, educational facility, and marine research center, but it became a popular tourist attraction. Park visitors could watch marine animals from an observation deck or through the clear walls of the saltwater pools. Atlantic bottlenose dolphins were featured in the first major dolphin attraction called the Top Deck Show. Personnel used a form of shaping by requiring varying and increasingly higher jumps. Personnel would hold fish over the water and the dolphins would leap into the air and take fish out of their hands or their mouth.
Marine Studios hired a former sea lion trainer from the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus named Adolf Frohn to train the dolphins to, on command, play with inner tubes. Frohn had no previous experience working with dolphins. He worked with a two-year-old male dolphin named Flippy beginning in September 1949. Frohn first worked with Flippy to get him to remain in his presence and accept fish from him. The trainer did so by rowing a small boat around the lagoon to stay near Flippy. Flippy learned six tricks which included honking a bulb horn, ringing a bell, raising a flag, retrieving and catching a ball, pulling a surfboard ridden by a woman or dog, and jumping through a hoop. Marine Studios announced the world’s first trained dolphin to the public in February of 1951. Frohn kept his training methods secretive by not keeping training records, not writing method instructions, and not allowing assistants to participate in training due to the circus training tradition of passing down the craft through apprenticeship. He used positive reinforcement and believed in the importance of a trusting, patient, and affectionate relationship between a trainer and animal.
The rising popularity of marine mammal attractions led to the creation of additional parks such as Sea Life Park Hawaii and SeaWorld. Sea Life Park was opened in 1963 and founded by Pryor and her first husband. Pryor used Ronald Turner’s operant training manual for dolphins and was able to train dolphins and teach training staff about operant conditioning. These methods were applied to training spinner, Kiko, and pacific bottlenose dolphins. Pryor’s writings about her experiences played a major role in the spread of the use of operant psychology in animal training. SeaWorld was founded by George Millay, Ken Norris, and other investors. In 1964, Millay hired Kent Burgess to be SeaWorld’s Director of Animal Training who was from ABE. Burgess used his experience from Marineland of the Pacific and Marine Studios to apply behavioral training in a structured system that included using behavioral record-keeping, manuals, and courses that train in behavioral psychology. Burgess used operant psychology to train a Killer whale named Shamu. After two months of training, Shamu performed in shows for the public on a regular basis. This show included behaviors like opening her mouth to have her teeth brushed and examined, showing her fluke reflexes, having her heart checked, kissing her doctor on the cheek, and jumping to a target 15 feet in the air. The training program that Burgess implemented was valid, reliable, and efficient in all animal acts. The animal’s behavior was the focus at SeaWorld through the use of operant psychology instead of on the trainer’s skill.
How to Become a Marine Mammal Trainer
There are five steps needed to become a marine mammal trainer: earn a high school diploma, volunteer at a marine mammal facility, earn a college degree, obtain an internship, and become SCUBA certified. Most marine mammal trainers earn their degree in marine biology, psychology, and/or animal behavior. Even though formal education is very important, it is even more important to get hands-on experience with an experienced trainer to learn and become familiar with marine mammal behaviors.
Marine Mammal trainer Job Description and Salary
Training marine life is a very big task and takes a lot of responsibility. Many people have an unrealistic view of what training these mammals involve. A trainer’s duties include an enormous amount of cleaning, preparing food, feeding, training, writing records, performing in shows, public education, and public interaction. A study done by dolphins.org states, that the average salary for an entry-level trainer is between $18,000-$20,000. This ranges from facility to facility but this is the average. Since marine mammal trainers tend to be secure in their position and close to the animals they work with, the job turnover rate is low. Once people secure a job in this field, they tend to stay for life.
Marine Mammal Facilities
California, Florida, and New York are the three highest states with available animal trainer job positions. Since there are few marine parks and aquariums that open each year, the demand for marine mammal trainers is very competitive. Marine mammal trainers can work in aquariums, zoos, non-profit environmental advocacy organizations, eco-tourism companies, university research laboratories, industrial research centers, private companies, and government research laboratories or marine stations.
Schooling for Marine Mammal Training
Here are some great schools for marine mammal training: University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of California Santa Cruz, California State University, Cornell University, University of Delaware, Duke University, University of Hawaii at Manoa, University of Maine, and many more. Most of these schools provide an extensive schooling program with field experiences integrated with classroom and laboratory courses. While a bachelor's degree is not mandatory for this career, it is more beneficial to have at least a 4-year degree. If a bachelor's degree is not acquired, then all of the certifications, volunteering, and qualifications are still needed to become a marine mammal trainer. Dolphin Research Center Training Institute, established in 2012 as the College for Marine Mammal Professions, DRCTI offers an accelerated Occupational associate degree in Marine Mammal Behavior, Care and Training that can be attained in 36 weeks.
International Marine Animal Trainers' Association
The International Marine Animal Trainers' Association (known as IMATA), was created in 1972. IMATA was created for communication, professionalism, and cooperation between those who serve marine life. This helps network and exchange ideas between marine animal trainers internationally. IMATA is dedicated to providing and advancing the most professional, effective, and humane care of marine animals in all habitats. IMATA's responsibilities are for striving to continue the existence of oceanaria, aquaria, and laboratories housing marine animals. There are four rules for the Code of Professional Ethics. Each member is committed to:
Exercising the highest levels of respect and humaneness for all animals.
Exercising professional integrity in representing ourselves as members of the marine animal community, as representatives of the facilities we serve, or as members of this Association.
Fostering respect, understanding, and cooperation among fellow members and others associated with the zoological community in general and the marine animal community in particular.
Contributing to the promotion of public and professional interest in IMATA and accepting the obligations of membership as required to the best of our abilities.
References
Animal training
Animal trainers
Marine mammals | wiki |
The Corpus Christi Tournament was a golf tournament on the LPGA Tour, played only in 1952. It was played in Corpus Christi, Texas. Betty Jameson won the event.
References
Former LPGA Tour events
Golf in Texas
Sports in Corpus Christi, Texas
Women's sports in Texas | wiki |
The Law Firm is an American reality competition series which aired on NBC from July 28, 2005, until August 4, 2005. It features up-and-coming lawyers competing against each other while trying real court cases with real clients, in front of real judges and juries, resulting in outcomes that are final, legal and binding for the parties. The grand prize is $250,000. Trial attorney and legal analyst Roy Black is the managing partner of The Law Firm. As managing partner, Black decides who will be eliminated each week.
5.08 million viewers tuned into the premiere and later dipped to 4.04 million for its second episode thus leading NBC to pull the series off the air. The remaining episodes aired on Bravo.
Contestants
Michael Cavalluzzi
Olivier Taillieu
Deep Goswami
Aileen Page
Christopher Smith
Keith Bruno
Regina Silva
Barrett Rubens
Anika Harvey
Barrett Elizabeth Rubens
Jason Adams
Kelly Chang
References
External links
2000s American reality television series
2005 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Bravo (American TV network) original programming
NBC original programming
Court shows
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television | wiki |
Dutch process may refer to:
Dutch process cocoa
Dutch process paint | wiki |
Ulocladium atrum is a fungal saprophyte.
U. atrum is used to control Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen (gray mold) of grapes and other fruit.
The species has also been found as a cause of keratitis, inflammation of the cornea.
References
External links
Index Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal pest control agents
Pleosporaceae | wiki |
Hunters Point Avenue – stacja metra nowojorskiego, na linii 7. Znajduje się w dzielnicy Queens, w Nowym Jorku i zlokalizowana jest pomiędzy stacjami 45th Road – Court House Square i Vernon Boulevard – Jackson Avenue. Została otwarta 5 listopada 1916.
Linki zewnętrzne
Przypisy
Stacje metra w Queens | wiki |
Tian Yuan (; born January 29, 1993) is a Chinese weightlifter.
External links
the-sports.org
1993 births
Living people
Chinese female weightlifters
Weightlifters at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2014 Asian Games
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Youth Olympic gold medalists for China
Asian Games competitors for China
21st-century Chinese women | wiki |
See also
Construction of Queensland railways
References
Railway tunnels in Queensland
Queensland transport-related lists
Lists of buildings and structures in Queensland | wiki |
Entrada (agricultura)
Entrada (economia)
Entrada (informàtica)
Entrada (text), l'inici d'un text | wiki |
The lusekofte (, lice jacket), also called the Setesdalsgenser (Setesdal sweater) is a traditional Norwegian sweater, dating from the 19th century.
The original sweater features a black and white design, the name referring to the isolated black stitches. They may also feature selburose designs. In recent times additional color is sometimes given to this black and white sweater by woven ribbons or bands of black woolen fabric embroidered in the type of colorful designs also found in the bunads and in rosemaling around the neck and along the front opening. These front opening are usually closed by a row of pewter or silver clasps.
After the lusekofte was discovered by tourists in the 1920s, it became very popular and today they are made in many different patterns and colours in addition to the traditional Setesdal sweater.
The lusekofte is casual attire, traditionally mostly worn by men.
See also
Mariusgenser
Lopapeysa
Intarsia
References
External links
Lusekofte pictures:
Setesdalsgenser pictures and instructions:
Norwegian clothing
Knitted garments
Sweaters | wiki |
WEUP could refer to:
WEUP (AM), a radio station (1700 AM) licensed to Huntsville, Alabama, United States
WEUP-FM, a radio station (103.1 FM) licensed to Moulton, Alabama, United States | wiki |
Here is a complete list of songs by the Korean girl group 4Minute.
0–9
A
B
C
D
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
P
R
S
V
W
Y
Other songs
4Minute | wiki |
Delivery Man oder The Delivery Man (englisch für Lieferant) steht für:
Delivery Man, Originaltitel von Der Lieferheld – Unverhofft kommt oft, US-amerikanischer Spielfilm von Ken Scott (2013)
The Delivery Man (Album), Album von Elvis Costello (2004)
The Delivery Man (Roman), Roman von Joe McGinniss, Jr. (2008)
Major League Baseball Delivery Man of the Year Award, früherer Name für Major League Baseball Reliever of the Year Award, Preis der Major League Baseball | wiki |
Jonathan Bennett (philosophe) (né en 1930), philosophe anglais
Jonathan Bennett (acteur) (né en 1981), acteur américain
Jonathan Bennett (né en 1973), créateur de AutoIt
, mathématicien britannique | wiki |
The Calcutta Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra that once existed in Calcutta, India. The last conductor of the orchestra was Bunny Jacob.
Francisco Casanovas also once conducted the orchestra and Yehudi Menuhin performed with it in 1952.
See also
Calcutta School of Music
Calcutta Chamber Orchestra
References
Symphony orchestras
Culture of Kolkata | wiki |
The World Urban Games (WUG) is a multi-sport event featuring both competition and showcase urban sports alongside a cultural festival. The first edition was held in Budapest, Hungary from 13 to 15 September 2019. The event is organised by the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF).
History
The event is the brainchild of the former GAISF President, the late Patick Baumann. Although Baumann's death occurred before the first games, the project was maintained by the new executive of GAISF, and finally announced in 2018, with the first two editions originally awarded to Los Angeles, California. Disagreement over the program led to the venue of the first two editions being changed to Budapest, Hungary. The Games are designed as a showcase for new, urban sports and lifestyle.
List of World Urban Games
Sports
Competitions
2019 World Urban Games
External links
Official website
References
Multi-sport events
Recurring sporting events established in 2019 | wiki |
Hippopotaminae é uma subfamília dos hipopotamídeos, a que pertencem os hipopótamos. Esta subfamília foi proposta por Gray em 1821.
Hippopotamidae | wiki |
The Event is a 2010 American television series.
The Event may also refer to:
The Event (2003 film)
The Event (2015 film)
The Event (Iranian TV program)
See also
The Event Group
Event (disambiguation) | wiki |
Caramel corn or caramel popcorn (toffee popcorn in the UK) is a confection made of popcorn coated with a sugar or molasses based caramel candy shell that is normally less than 1mm thick. Typically a sugar solution or syrup is made and heated until it browns and becomes thick, producing a caramelized candy syrup. This hot candy is then mixed with popped popcorn, and allowed to cool. Sometimes, a candy thermometer is used, as making caramel is time-consuming and requires skill to make well without burning the sugar. The process creates a sweet flavored, crunchy snack food or treat. Some varieties, after coating with the candy syrup, are baked in an oven to crisp the mixture. Mixes of caramel corn sometimes contain nuts, such as peanuts, pecans, almonds, or cashews.
History
The combination of caramel and corn dates back at least as far as the 1890s with the strong molasses flavor of Cracker Jack, an early version of which was introduced at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893. The lighter, sweet but un-caramelized kettle corn, may be a North American Colonial predecessor to caramel corn.
There are many commercial brands and forms of caramel corn available, such as Cracker Jack, Fiddle Faddle, Lolly Gobble Bliss Bombs, and Crunch 'n Munch. In grocery stores, at cinemas, and convenience stores, pre-bagged caramel corn made locally may also be sold.
Regulation
Candy-coated popcorn is defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value.
See also
Cretors, the Chicago company who invented the first commercial popcorn machine
Kettle corn, the sweetened popcorn with a lighter, thinner (in both flavor and color) sweet coating
References
Confectionery
Popcorn
Halloween food | wiki |
Ghost Recon är en datorspelsserie inspirerad av Tom Clancy.
En soldatsimulator spelat ur förstapersonsperspektiv och tredjepersonsperspektiv.
Spelversioner
Datorspelsserier | wiki |
George Bickley may refer to:
George Harvey Bickley (1868–1924), American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church
George W. L. Bickley (1823–1867), founder of the Knights of the Golden Circle | wiki |
The European Union value-added tax (or EU VAT) is a value added tax on goods and services within the European Union (EU). The EU's institutions do not collect the tax, but EU member states are each required to adopt in national legislation a value added tax that complies with the EU VAT code. Different rates of VAT apply in different EU member states, ranging from 17% in Luxembourg to 27% in Hungary. The total VAT collected by member states is used as part of the calculation to determine what each state contributes to the EU's budget.
How it works
The EU VAT system is regulated by a series of European Union directives. The EU VAT is based on the "destination principle": the value-added tax is paid to the government of the country in which the consumer who buys the product lives.
Businesses selling a product charge the VAT and the customer pays it. When the customer is a business, the VAT is known as an "input VAT." When a consumer purchases the end product from a business, the tax is called the "output VAT."
Coordinated administration
A value-added tax collected at each stage in the supply chain is remitted to the tax authorities of the member state concerned and forms part of that state's revenue. A small proportion goes to the European Union in the form of a levy ("VAT-based own resources").
The co-ordinated administration of value-added tax within the EU VAT area is an important part of the single market. A cross-border VAT is declared in the same way as domestic VAT, which facilitates the elimination of border controls between member states, saving costs and reducing delays. It also simplifies administrative work for freight forwarders. Previously, in spite of the customs union, the differing VAT rates and the separate VAT administration processes resulted in a high administrative and cost burden for cross-border trade.
For private persons (not registered for VAT) who transport to one member state goods purchased while living or traveling in another member state, the VAT is normally payable in the state where the goods were purchased, regardless of any differences in VAT rates between the two states, and any tax payable on distance sales is collected by the seller. However, there are a number of special provisions for particular goods and services.
European Union directive
The aim of the EU VAT directive (Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value-added tax) is to harmonize VATs within the EU VAT area and specifies that VAT rates must be within a certain range.
It has several basic purposes:
Harmonization of VAT law (content)
Harmonization of content and layout of the VAT declaration
Regulation of accounting, providing a common legal accounting framework
Providing detailed invoices (article 226) and receipts (article 226b), meaning that member states have a common invoice framework
Regulation of accounts payable
Regulation of accounts receivable
Standard definition of national accountancy and administrative terms
The VAT directive is published in all EU official languages.
In the UK, Directive 2006/112/EC is referred to as the Principal VAT Directive or "PVD".
History
Most member states already had a system of VAT before joining the EU but for some countries, such as Spain, VAT was introduced with membership into the EU.
In 1977, the Council of the European Communities sought to harmonise the national VAT systems of its member states by issuing the Sixth Directive to provide a uniform basis of assessment and replacing the Second Directive promulgated in 1967. In 2006, the Council sought to improve on the Sixth Directive by recasting it.
First Directive
The First Directive is concerned with harmonising the legislation of the member states with respect to turnover taxes (not applicable). This act was adopted to replace the multi-level cumulative indirect taxation system in the EU member states by simplifying tax calculations and neutralising the indirect taxation factor in relation to competition in the EU.
Sixth Directive
The Sixth Directive characterised the EU VAT as harmonisation of the member states' general tax on the consumption of goods and services. The Sixth Directive defined a taxable transaction within the EU VAT scheme as a transaction involving the supply of goods, the supply of services, and the importation of goods.
Abuse criteria are identified by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) developed from 2006 onwards: VAT cases of Halifax and University of Huddersfield, and subsequently Part Service, Ampliscientifica and Amplifin, Tanoarch, Weald Leasing and RBS Deutschland. EU member states are under a duty to make their anti-abuse laws and rules compliant with the ECJ decisions, besides to retroactively re-characterize and prosecute transactions which meet those ECJ criteria.
The accrual of an undue tax advantage may be even found under a formal application of the Sixth Directive and shall be based on a variety of objective factors highlighting that the "organization structure and the form transactions" freely chosen by the taxpayer are essentially aimed to carry out a tax advantage which is contrary to the purposes of the EU Sixth Directive.
Such a jurisprudence implies an implicit judicial evaluation of the organizational structure chosen by the entrepreneurs and investors operating across multiple EU member states, in order to establish if the organization was appropriately ordered and necessary to their economic activities or "had the purpose of limiting their tax burdens". It is in contrast with the constitutional right to the freedom of entrepreneurship.
Eighth Directive
The Eighth Directive focuses on harmonising the legislation of the member states with respect to turnover taxes—provisions on the reimbursement of value added tax to taxable persons not established on the territory of the country (the provisions of this act allow a taxpayer of one member state to receive a VAT refund in another member state).
Recast Sixth Directive
The recast of the Sixth Directive retained all of the legal provisions of the Sixth Directive but also incorporated VAT provisions found in other Directives and rearranged text order to make it more readable. In addition, the Recast Directive codified certain other instruments including a Commission decision of 2000 relating to funding of the EU budget from with a percentage of the VAT amounts collected by each member state.
Supply of goods
Domestic supply
A domestic supply of goods is a taxable transaction where goods are received in exchange for consideration within one member state. One member state then charges VAT on the goods and allows a corresponding credit upon resale.
Intra-Community acquisition
An Intra-Community acquisition of goods is a taxable transaction for consideration crossing two or more member states. The place of supply is determined to be the destination member state, and VAT is normally charged at the rate applicable in the destination member state; however there are special provisions for distance selling (see below).
The mechanism for achieving this result is as follows: the exporting member state does not collect VAT on the sale, but still gives the exporting merchant a credit for the VAT paid on the purchase by the exporter (in practice this often means a cash refund) ("zero-rating"). The importing member state "reverse charges" the VAT. In other words, the importer is required to pay VAT to the importing member state at its rate. In many cases a credit is immediately given for this as input VAT. The importer then charges VAT on resale normally.
Distance sales
When a vendor in one member state sells goods directly to individuals and VAT-exempt organisations in another member state and the aggregate value of goods sold to consumers in that member state is below €100,000 or €35,000 (or the equivalent) in any 12 consecutive months, that sale of goods may qualify for a distance sales treatment. Distance sales treatment allowed the vendor to apply domestic place of supply rules for determining which member state collects the VAT. This allows VAT to be charged at the rate applicable in the exporting member state. However, there are some additional restrictions to be met: certain goods do not qualify (e.g., new motor vehicles), and a compulsory VAT registration is required for a supplier of excise goods such as tobacco and alcohol to the U.K.
If sales to final consumers in a member state exceeded €100,000, the exporting vendor is required to charge VAT at the rate applicable in the importing member state. If a supplier provides a distant sales service to several EU member states, a separate accounting of sold goods in regards to VAT calculation was required. The supplier must then seek a VAT registration (and charge applicable rate) in each country where the volume of sales in any 12 consecutive months exceeds the local threshold.
A special threshold amount of €35,000 was allowed if the importing member states fears that without the lower threshold amount competition within the member state would be distorted. Only Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands applied the higher €100,000 threshold.
Supply of services
A supply of services is the supply of anything that is not a good.
The general rule for determining the place of supply is the place where the supplier of the services is established (or "belongs"), such as a fixed establishment where the service is supplied, the supplier's permanent address, or where the supplier usually resides. VAT is charged at the rate applicable in and collected by the member state where the place of supply of the services is located.
This general rule for the place of supply of services (the place where the supplier is established) is subject to several exceptions if the services are supplied to customers established outside the Community, or to taxable persons established in the Community but not in the same country as the supplier. Most exceptions switch the place of supply to the place of receipt. Supply exceptions include:
transport services
cultural services
artistic services
sporting services
scientific services
educational services
ancillary transport services
services related to transfer pricing services
Miscellaneous services include:
legal services
banking and financial services
telecommunications
broadcasting
electronically supplied services
services from engineers and accountants
advertising services
intellectual property services
The place of real estate-related services is where the real estate is located.
There are special rules for determining the place of electronically delivered supply of services.
The mechanism for collecting VAT when the place of supply is not in the same member state as the supplier is similar to that used for the Intra-Community Acquisitions of goods; zero-rating by the supplier and reverse charge by the recipient of the services for taxable persons. But if the recipient of the services is not a taxable person (i.e. a final consumer), the supplier must generally charge VAT at the rate applicable in its own member state.
If the place of supply is outside the EU, no VAT is charged.
Importation of goods
Goods imported from non-member states are subject to VAT at the rate applicable in the importing member state, whether or not the goods are received for consideration and the importer. VAT is generally charged at the border, at the same time as customs duty and uses the price determined by customs. However, as a result of EU administrative VAT relief, an exception called Low Value Consignment Relief is allowed on low-value shipments.
VAT paid on importation is treated as input VAT in the same way as domestic purchases.
Following changes introduced on 1 July 2003, non-EU businesses providing digital electronic commerce and entertainment products and services to EU countries are required to register with the tax authorities in the relevant EU member state, and to collect VAT on their sales at the appropriate rate according to the location of the purchaser. Alternatively, under a special scheme, non-EU and non-digital-goods businesses may register and account for VAT on only one EU member state. This produces distortions as the rate of VAT is that of the member state being registered to, not where the customer is located, and an alternative approach is therefore under negotiation where VAT is charged at the rate of the member state where the purchaser is located.
Exemptions
There is a distinction between goods and services which are exempt from VAT and those which are subject to 0% VAT. The seller of exempt goods and services is not entitled to reclaim input VAT on business purchases, whereas the seller of goods and services rated at 0% is entitled.
For example, a book manufacturer in Ireland who purchases paper including VAT at the 23% rate and sells books at the 0% rate is entitled to reclaim the VAT on the purchase of paper, as the business is making taxable supplies. In countries like Sweden and Finland, non-profit organisations such as sports clubs are exempt from all VAT, and have to pay full VAT for purchases without reimbursement. Additionally, in Malta, the purchase of food for human consumption from supermarkets, grocers etc., the purchase of pharmaceutical products, school tuition fees and scheduled bus service fares are exempted from VAT. The EU commission wants to abolish or reduce the scope of exemptions. There are objections from sports federations since this would create cost and a lot of bureaucracy for voluntary staff.
VAT groups
A VAT group is a grouping of companies or organisations who are permitted to treat themselves as a single unit for purposes related to the collection and payment of VAT. Article 11 of the Directive permits member states to decide whether to allow groups of closely-linked companies or organisations to be treated as a single "taxable person", and if so, also to implement its own measures decided to combat any associated tax avoidance or evasion arising from misuse of the provision. The group members must be 'closely related' e.g. a principal company and its subsidiaries, and should register jointly for VAT purposes. VAT does not need to be levied on the costs of transactions undertaken within the group.
Article 11 reads:
Requirements vary between EU states which have opted to allow VAT groups because the EU legislation provides for member states to determine their own detailed rules for group eligibility and operations.
Italian tax legislation permits the operation of VAT Groups,
UK tax legislation permits the operation of VAT Groups, subject to certain limitations. Supplies made between members of the group are ignored for VAT purposes and all external supplies are treated as having been made by the "representative member". Following Brexit, the system remains in place if the members of the group are established in the UK, although for the sale of goods between members in Great Britain and members in Northern Ireland, supplies are only disregarded if both members are established in Northern Ireland.
All bodies (whether companies or limited liability partnerships) within the group are jointly and severally liable for all VAT due.
Eighth and Thirteenth Directives
Businesses can be required to register for VAT in EU member states other than the one in which they are based if they supply goods via mail order to those states over a certain threshold. Businesses established in one member state but receive supplies in another member state may be able to reclaim VAT charged in the second state. To do so, businesses have a value added tax identification number. The Thirteenth VAT Directive allows businesses established outside the EU to recover VAT in certain circumstances.
Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS)
To comply with these new rules, businesses need to decide if they want to register to use the EU VAT Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS) simplification scheme. Registration for MOSS is voluntary. If suppliers decide against the MOSS, registration will be required in each Member State where B2C supplies of e-services are made. With no minimum turnover threshold for the new EU VAT rules, VAT registration will be required regardless of the value of e-service supply in each Member State. EU MOSS registrations opened on 1 October 2014. As of 1 July 2021, the MOSS Was be extended to B2C goods and turned into a One Stop-Shop (OSS):
The non-Union scheme MOSS for supplies of e-services by taxable persons not established in the EU has been extended to all types of cross-border services to final consumers in the EU;
The Union scheme for intra-EU supplies of e-services will be extended to all types of B2C services as well as to intra-EU distance sales of goods and certain domestic supplies facilitated by electronic interfaces. The extension to intra-EU distance sales of goods goes hand in hand with the abolition of the current distance sales thresholds, in line with the commitment to apply the destination principle for VAT;
An import scheme has been created covering distance sales of goods consignments (i.e. may be multiple goods in single package) imported from third countries or territories to customers in the EU not exceeding EUR 150.
The seller must now charge and collect the VAT at the point-of-sale to EU customers and may opt to declare to pay that VAT globally to the Member State of identification in the new Import One-Stop Shop (IOSS). Alternatively, they may use a regular VAT registration. These goods will then benefit from a VAT exemption upon importation, allowing a fast release at customs.
The introduction of the import scheme goes hand in hand with the abolition of the current VAT exemption for goods in small consignment of a value of up to EUR 22. This is also in line with the commitment to apply the destination principle for VAT.
Zero-rate derogation
Some goods and services are "zero-rated", though the term is not used in the Directive. The Directive refers to "exemptions" with or without refund of VAT charged at the preceding stage (see 2006/112/EC Article 110). In the U.K., examples include some food, books, and medications, along with certain kinds of transport. The Directive does provide for very limited mandatory "zero-rates", generally related to supplies if an international nature such as exports and international transportation where the exemptions has a right of deduction (2006/112/EC Article 169). However, generally it was intended that the minimum VAT rate throughout Europe would be 5%. However, zero-rating remains in some member states e.g. Ireland, as a legacy of pre-EU legislation (permitted by Article 110). These member states have been granted a derogation to continue existing zero-rating but are not permitted to add new goods or services. An EU member state may uplift their domestic zero rate to a higher rate, for example to 5% or 20%; however, EU VAT rules do not allow a reversal back to the zero rate once it has been given up. Member states may institute a reduced rate on a previously zero-rated item even where EU law does not provide for a reduced rate. On the other hand, if a member state makes an increase from a zero-rate to the prevalent standard rate, they may not decrease to a reduced rate unless specifically provided for in EU VAT Law (the Annex III of 2006/112/EC list sets out where a reduced rate is permissible).
VAT rates
Different rates of VAT apply in different EU member states. The lowest standard rate of VAT throughout the EU is 17%, although member states can apply two reduced rates of VAT (not below 5%) to certain goods and services. Certain goods and services are required to be exempt from VAT (for example, postal services, medical care, lending, insurance, betting), and certain other goods and services may be exempt from VAT ("zero rated") although individual EU member states may opt to charge VAT on those supplies (such as land and certain financial services). Input VAT that is attributable to exempt supplies is not recoverable.
EU VAT area
The EU VAT area is a territory consisting of all member states of the European Union and certain other countries which follow the European Union's (EU) rules on VAT. The principle is also valid for some special taxes on products like alcohol and tobacco.
All EU member states are part of the VAT area. However some areas of member states are exempt areas:
Territories outside of the EU that are included
Included with the Republic of Cyprus at its 19% rate:
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (British Overseas Territory)
Included with France at its 20% rate:
Monaco (sovereign state)
Applies the United Kingdom 20% rate:
Northern Ireland (Country of the United Kingdom) aligned with EU VAT Area VAT rules on goods only. (See Northern Ireland Protocol.)
Territories within the EU which are excluded
Finland:
Åland (local VAT)
France:
French Guiana (VAT free)
Guadeloupe (local VAT)
Martinique (local VAT)
Mayotte (VAT free)
Réunion (local VAT)
Saint Martin (local VAT)
Germany:
Büsingen am Hochrhein (enclave within Switzerland; Swiss VAT rates apply within Swiss Customs Area)
Heligoland (a small German archipelago in the North Sea with VAT free status)
Greece:
Mount Athos (VAT free)
Italy:
Campione d'Italia and the Italian waters of Lake Lugano (enclave within Switzerland; VAT free, local purchase tax equivalent to Swiss VAT applies)
Livigno (alpine town with VAT free status due to relative isolation)
Spain:
Canary Islands (VAT free, a local sales tax applies)
Ceuta (VAT free territory in Africa)
Melilla (VAT free territory in Africa)
Territories connected to or bordering EU VAT area countries and not included
Kingdom of Denmark:
Faroe Islands
Greenland
France:
Clipperton Island
French Southern Territories
New Caledonia
Overseas collectivities
Kingdom of the Netherlands:
Aruba
Caribbean Netherlands
Curaçao
Sint Maarten
Other nations:
Iceland
Liechtenstein (in a customs union with Switzerland; Swiss VAT rates apply within Switzerland–Liechtenstein customs area)
Norway, including Svalbard, Jan Mayen and Bouvet Island
Andorra
Vatican City
San Marino
Switzerland, including Samnaun
United Kingdom, including three Crown Dependencies: Jersey, Guernsey and Isle of Man and one overseas territory: Gibraltar. Excludes Northern Ireland which is subject to EU VAT Area rules on goods only.
See also
European Union Customs Union
Sales tax
Special member state territories and the European Union
European Customs Information Portal (ECIP)
VAT identification number
VAT Information Exchange System (VIES)
VAT-free imports from the Channel Islands
Notes
References
External links
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax (merge revision version of 1 July 2013)
6th Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes – Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment (not in force: repealed by directive 2006/112/EC)
8th Council Directive 79/1072/EEC of 6 December 1979 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes – Arrangements for the refund of value added tax to taxable persons not established in the territory of the country (not in force: repealed by directive 2008/9/EC)
13th Council Directive 86/560/EEC of 17 November 1986 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes – Arrangements for the refund of value added tax to taxable persons not established in Community territory
Council Regulation (EC) No 1798/2003 of 7 October 2003 on administrative cooperation in the field of value added tax
Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax
Council Directive 2008/9/EC of 12 February 2008 laying down detailed rules for the refund of value added tax, provided for in Directive 2006/112/EC, to taxable persons not established in the Member State of refund but established in another Member State
VAT refunds
Online tax database VIES
European Union law
Taxation in the European Union
Value added taxes | wiki |
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