text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Rich Hill – città della Contea di Bates, Missouri (Stati Uniti d'America)
Rich Hill – giocatore di baseball statunitense | wiki |
The Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express is an Superfast train belonging to Western Railway zone that runs between Porbandar and Delhi Sarai Rohilla in India. It is currently being operated with 20937/20938 train numbers on a bi-weekly basis.
Coach composition
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches :
1 AC II Tier
5 AC III Tier
9 Sleeper coaches
1 Pantry car
4 General Unreserved
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
Service
19263/Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/hr and covers 1373 km in 23 hrs 50 mins.
19264/Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Porbandar Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/hr and covers 1373 km in 24 hrs 50 mins.
Route and halts
The important halts of the train are:
(Ahmedabad)
Schedule
Rake sharing
The train shares its rake with 12905/12906 Shalimar–Porbandar Superfast Express, 19269/19270 Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express and 19201/19202 Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express.
Traction
Both trains are hauled by a Vatva Loco Shed-based WDM-3A diesel locomotive from Muzaffarpur to Porbandar and vice versa.
See also
Porbandar railway station
Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station
Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express
Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express
Shalimar–Porbandar Superfast Express
References
External links
20937/Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express
20938/Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Porbandar Superfast Express
Transport in Delhi
Transport in Porbandar
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Delhi
Rail transport in Haryana
Rail transport in Rajasthan
Rail transport in Gujarat | wiki |
__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__
97000 | wiki |
Date rape is a form of acquaintance rape and dating violence. The two phrases are often used interchangeably, but date rape specifically refers to a rape in which there has been some sort of romantic or potentially sexual relationship between the two parties. Acquaintance rape also includes rapes in which the victim and perpetrator have been in a non-romantic, non-sexual relationship, for example as co-workers or neighbors.
Since the 1980s, date rape has constituted the majority of rapes in some countries. It is particularly prevalent on college campuses, and frequently involves consumption of alcohol or other date rape drugs. The peak age for date rape victims is from the late teens to early twenties.
Overview
A feature of date rape is that in most cases the victim is female, knows the perpetrator, and the rape takes place in the context of an actual or potential romantic or sexual relationship between the parties, or when that relationship has come to an end. The perpetrator may use physical or psychological intimidation to force a victim to have sex against their will, or when the perpetrator has sex with a victim who is incapable of giving consent, for example, because they have been incapacitated by alcohol or other drug.
According to the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), date rapes are among the most common forms of rape cases. Date rape most commonly takes place among college students when alcohol is involved or date rape drugs are taken. One of the most targeted groups are women between the ages of 16 to 24.
The phenomenon of date rape is relatively new. Historically, date rape has been considered less serious than rape by a stranger. Since the 1980s, it has constituted the majority of rapes in some countries. It has been increasingly seen as a problem involving society's attitude towards women and as a form of violence against women. It is controversial, however, with some people believing the problem is overstated and that many date rape victims are actually willing, consenting participants, and others believing that date rape is seriously underreported and almost all women who claim date rape were actually raped.
American researcher Mary Koss describes date rape as a specific form of acquaintance rape, in which there has been some level of romantic interest between the perpetrator and the victim, and in which sexual activity would have been generally seen as appropriate, if consensual. Acquaintance rape is a broader category than date rape, that can include many types of relationships including employer-employee, landlord-tenant, service provider-consumer, driver-hitchhiker, and rape among people who have a family relationship or who are neighbours.
In his 1992 book Sex and Reason American jurist, legal theorist and economist Richard Posner characterized the increased attention being given to date rape as a sign of the changing status of women in American society, pointing out that dating itself is a feature of modern societies and that date rape can be expected to be frequent in a society in which sexual morals vary between the permissive and the repressive. In Sara Alcid's 2013 article "Navigating Consent: Debunking the 'Gray Area' Myth", she argues that dating is incorrectly believed to mean "a permanent state of consenting to sex".
History
Since the final decades of the 20th century, in much of the world, rape has come to be broadly regarded as sexual intercourse (including anal or oral penetration) without a person's immediate consent, making rape illegal, including among people who know each other or who have previously had consensual sex. Some jurisdictions have specified that people debilitated by alcohol or other drugs are incapable of consenting to sex. Courts have also disagreed on whether consent, once given, can later be withdrawn. "Cultural and legal definitions of rape are always shaped by the relationships and status of those involved, a premise that holds both historically and cross-culturally."
Many societies rank the seriousness of a rape based on the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. "An assault by a stranger is more likely to be seen as a 'real rape' than one by some-one known to the victim." Because of this cultural conception, many date rapes are considered to be less serious than stranger rapes because the nature of the perpetrator-victim relationship, especially for those who have had a prior or current sexual relationship.
Use of term
The first appearance of the term date rape in a book was in 1975, in Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape by American feminist journalist, author and activist Susan Brownmiller. The phrase appears in a few newspapers and journal articles earlier, but these had a more limited readership. The prominent feminist American-British lawyer Ann Olivarius helped popularize "date rape" in a series of public lectures at Yale University when she was an undergraduate to describe the strangulation and rape of a woman by a now-prominent gerontologist in California, Dr. Calvin Hirsch, to Yale's police department. In 1980 it was used in Mademoiselle magazine, in 1982 Ms. magazine published an article titled "Date Rape: A Campus Epidemic?", and in 1984 English novelist Martin Amis used the term in his novel Money: A Suicide Note. One of the earliest and most prominent date rape researchers is Mary Koss, who in 1987 conducted the first large-scale nationwide study on rape in the United States, surveying 7,000 students at 25 schools, and who is sometimes credited with originating the phrase date rape.
Prevalence
The concept of date rape originated in the United States, where most of the research on date rape has been carried out.
One out of every five teens are victims of date rape.
Rape prevalence among women in the U.S. (the percentage of women who experienced rape at least once in their lifetime so far) is in the range of 15–20%, with different studies disagreeing with each other. An early 1987 study found that one in four American women will be the victim of a rape or attempted rape in her lifetime, and 84% of those will know their attacker. However, only 27% of American women whose sexual assault met the legal definition of rape think of themselves as rape victims, and only about 5% report their rape. One study of rape on American college campuses found that 13% of acquaintance rapes, and 35% of attempted acquaintance rapes, took place during a date, and another found that 22% of female rape victims had been raped by a current or former date, boyfriend or girlfriend, and another 20% by a spouse or former spouse. A 2007 American study found black non-Hispanic students were likeliest to be victims of dating violence, followed by Hispanic students and then white non-Hispanic students.
Rates of date rape are relatively low in Europe compared with the United States.
The rate of reported rapes is much lower in Japan than the United States,. In a 1993 paper German sociologist and criminologist Joachim Kersten suggested date rape may be less prevalent in Japan compared with the United States because Japanese culture puts a lesser emphasis on romantic love and dating, and because young Japanese people have less physical privacy than their American counterparts, and in her 2007 book Kickboxing Geishas: How Modern Japanese Women Are Changing Their Nation, American feminist Veronica Chambers questions whether date rape is under-reported in Japan because it isn't yet understood there to be rape. In the 2011 book Transforming Japan: How Feminism and Diversity Are Making a Difference Japanese feminist Masaki Matsuda argued that date rape was becoming an increasing problem for Japanese college and high school students.
A 2007 study of attitudes towards rape among university students in South Korea found that date rape was "rarely recognized" as a form of rape, and that forced sex by a date was not viewed as traumatizing or criminal.
Date rape is generally underreported in Vietnam.
In 2012, 98% of reported rapes in India were committed by someone known to the victim.
Victims
Researcher Mary Koss says the peak age for women being date raped is from their late teens to early twenties.
Even though date rape is considered a hurtful, destructive and life-changing experience, research done by Mufson and Kranz showed that lack of support is a factor that determines the fragmented recovery of victims. They refused to disclose any information about the sexual assault to others, especially if they have experienced date or acquaintance rape due to self-humiliation and self-blame feelings.
However, there are several situational contexts where victims are able to seek for help or reveal the sexual assaults they have experienced. One act for disclosure can be provoked from the willing of preventing other people from being raped, in other words, speaking out. Also, a concern transmitted by the people surrounding the victim can lead into a confession of the assault, or within a situation in which alcohol is involved and that leads to recount the experience.
Minority group victims
Most of the research on sexual assault victims has been carried out with White-middle class population. However, the scale of date and acquaintance rape among the Black and Hispanic youth population is higher, and has its particular risk factors. A study conducted in 2013 indicated that sexual assault situations were greater among Hispanic (12.2%) and Black (11.5%) female high-school students than whites (9.1%).
Effects
Date rape affects victims similarly to stranger rape, although the failure of others to acknowledge and take the rape seriously can make it harder for victims to recover.
Rape crimes are more frequently perpetrated by people that the victims have confidence with and have known for quite some time. Nevertheless, some people's beliefs do not fit within the date rape scenario paradigm because they firmly prejudiced and stereotyped rape, victims and perpetrators. They tend to justify date rape and blame victims, particularly women victims, for the sexual assault by emphasizing the wearing of provocative clothing or the existence of a romantic relationship.
One of the main problems of date rape attributions is the type of relationship that the victim and the offender shared. The more intimate the relationship between both partners, the more probable that witnesses will consider the sexual assault as consensual rather than a serious incident.
Perpetrators and motivations
A 2002 landmark study of undetected date rapists in Boston found that compared with non-rapists, rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, antisocial, hypermasculine, and less empathic. The study found the rapists were extremely adept at identifying potential victims and testing their boundaries, and that they planned their attacks and used sophisticated strategies to isolate and groom victims, used violence instrumentally in order to terrify and coerce, and used psychological weapons against their victims including power, manipulation, control and threats. Date rapists target vulnerable victims, such as female freshmen who have less experience with drinking and are more likely to take risks, or people who are already intoxicated; they use alcohol as a weapon, as it makes the victim more vulnerable and impairs their credibility with the justice system should they choose to report the rape.
American clinical psychologist David Lisak, the study's author and an expert in date rape, says that serial rapists account for 90% of all campus rapes, with an average of six rapes each. Lisak argues that this and similar findings conflict sharply with the widely held view that college rapes are typically perpetrated by "a basically 'decent' young man who, were it not for too much alcohol and too little communication, would never do such a thing", with the evidence actually suggesting that the vast majority of rapes, including date rapes, are committed by serial, violent predators.
Punishment
Date rape has a particular dynamic: the sexual assault happens on a date type of setting. Therefore, date rapes trials are considered inconclusive by nature and are charged with social concerns (e.g. gender roles, sexuality, body-shape). The criminal justice system urges the victim to describe the sexual assault in detail in order to be able to make a decision in court, ignoring the possibility that cross-examination can be a hostile and disturbing moment for the victim. Jurors’ personal beliefs and rape myth acceptance can be influential in their decision when it comes to evaluating the scenery, evidence, and making a sentence.
Research has found that jurors are more likely to convict in stranger rape cases than in date rape cases. Often, even in cases in which sufficient physical evidence is present to support conviction, juries have reported being influenced by irrelevant factors related to the female victim such as whether she used birth control, engaged in non-marital sex, was perceived by jurors as sexually dressed, or had engaged in alcohol or other drug use. Researchers have noted that because date rape by definition occurs in the context of a dating relationship, jurors' propensity to discount the likelihood of rape having occurred based on date-like behaviors is problematic. A 1982 American study of assignment of responsibility for rape found respondents were more likely to assign greater responsibility to a rape victim if she was intoxicated at the time of the rape; however, when her assailant was intoxicated, respondents assigned him less responsibility.
Some critics of the term date rape believe the distinction between stranger rape and date rape seems to position date rape as a lesser offence, which is insulting to date rape victims and could partly explain the lower conviction rates and lesser punishments of date rape cases.
Prevention
David Lisak argues that prevention efforts aimed at persuading men not to rape are unlikely to work, and universities should instead focus on helping non-rapists to identify rapists and intervene in high-risk situations to stop them. Lisak also argues that whenever a nonstranger sexual assault is reported, it represents a window of opportunity for law enforcement to comprehensively investigate the alleged offender, rather than "putting blinders on looking solely on the alleged 45-minute interaction between these two people". Lisak believes rape victims should be treated with respect, and that every report of an alleged rape should trigger two simultaneous investigations: one into the incident itself, and a second into the alleged perpetrator to determine whether they are a serial offender.
Education programs are one way to prevent, protect, and raise awareness about rape and acquaintance rape. But these prevention programs don't have a huge impact. The combination of sexual harassment prevention tips, survival information and the psychosocial data gathered from women's assessment of date risks, make these programs focus on broad topics and don't emphasize specific and particular areas of date rape prevention.
Future prevention programs should focus on engaging men, creating an open space for conversation and the possible recognition of holding gender bias beliefs and sexual behavior myths, which can lead them to promote sexual harassment behavior.
In media and popular culture
Date rape was widely discussed on college campuses in North America during the 1980s but first attracted significant media attention in 1991, when an unnamed 29-year-old woman accused William Kennedy Smith, a nephew of former President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and Senator Ted Kennedy, of raping her on a nearby beach after meeting in a Florida bar. Millions of people watched the trial on television. Also in 1991, Katie Koestner came forward publicly about her own experience with date rape. Koestner was featured on the cover of Time magazine, appeared on shows such as Larry King Live and The Oprah Winfrey Show. Her efforts helped bring a human face to victims of date rape and helped bring the term into common use. Koestner was featured in a 1993 HBO special, No Visible Bruises: The Katie Koestner Story as part of the series, Lifestories: Families in Crisis.
British ska band The Special AKA, with Rhoda Dakar, released the single The Boiler in 1982, which follows a woman who recounts being date raped by a boiler; the single reached No. 35 in the UK charts. Hip hop band A Tribe Called Quest has a song titled "The Infamous Date Rape", included in their album The Low End Theory, which was released shortly after the William Kennedy Smith incident. American ska punk band Sublime released a humorous song called "Date Rape" in 1991; the song ends with the date rapist being sent to prison and being anally raped by a fellow inmate.
Date rape received more media attention in 1992, when former boxer Mike Tyson was convicted of rape after inviting 18-year-old Desiree Washington to a party and then raping her in his hotel room.
Controversies
In her 1994 book The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism, American author Katie Roiphe wrote about attending Harvard and Princeton in the late 1980s and early 1990s, amid what she described as a "culture captivated by victimization", and argued "If a woman's 'judgment is impaired' and she has sex, it isn't always the man's fault; it isn't necessarily always rape."
In 2007, American journalist Laura Sessions Stepp wrote an article for Cosmopolitan magazine titled "A New Kind of Date Rape", in which she popularized the term "gray rape" to refer to "sex that falls somewhere between consent and denial". The term was afterwards picked up and discussed by The New York Times, Slate, and PBS, and was criticized by many feminists, including Bitch founding editor Lisa Jervis, who argued that gray rape and date rape "are the same thing", and that the popularization of gray rape constituted a backlash against women's sexual empowerment and risked rolling back the gains women had made in having rape taken seriously.
See also
National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape
Types of rape
Online dating service: safety issues
References
External links
http://sexualityandu.ca/sexual-health/drug_facilitated_sexual_assault
Rape
Dating
Intimate partner violence | wiki |
Ine Barlie (born 31 May 1965) is a Norwegian sport wrestler.
She won gold medals at the 1987 and 1992 World Wrestling Championships, and silver medals in 1989 and 1991. She has won the Norwegian championships sixteen times.
References
1965 births
Living people
Norwegian female sport wrestlers
World Wrestling Championships medalists
20th-century Norwegian women
21st-century Norwegian women | wiki |
Novelty yarns include a wide variety of yarns made with unusual features, structure or fiber composition such as slubs, inclusions, metallic or synthetic fibers, laddering and varying thickness introduced during production. Some linens, wools to be woven into tweed, and the uneven filaments of some types of silk are allowed to retain their normal irregularities, producing the characteristic uneven surface of the finished fabric. Man-made fibres, which can be modified during production, are especially adaptable for special effects such as crimping and texturizing.
Complex yarns
Novelty yarns are sometimes referred to as complex yarns. A yarn which makes a fabric is not always smooth and uniform. Complex yarns are the uneven yarns which may be thick and thin or have curls, loops, twists and even differently coloured areas along their length. This look of the yarns are used to add interesting effects in fabrics. In complex ply two or more complex yarns are twisted around each other to form loops, curls and knots to create fancy effects. Many knitting yarns are complex ply yarns which give interesting textures in finished products. They consist of three parts: coreply yarn, effect ply and binder yarn.
Types
Bouclé
Bouclé, or looped, yarns are created by loosely looping an effect yarn around a base yarn. They can be made of any type of fiber and are usually composed of three plies, or strands, wrapped around each other. The texture is created by spinning one of the three plies more loosely than the other two. Fiber artists who choose to create projects in bouclé yarn must use extra care because if not handled carefully, the loose strand may split and snag on the knitting needles or crochet hook.
Chenille
The soft, fuzzy surface of chenille yarns, which resemble pipe cleaners in appearance, can be created in several ways. Most commonly, a fabric is first produced and then cut into narrow strips resembling a yarn. Then, when the fabric is cut, the raw edges become very fuzzy and produce the chenille appearance. Other chenilles are created by trimming a loosely attached effect fiber to create the fuzzy appearance. Still other chenilles are created by attaching or gluing fibers to the yarn.
Core
A yarn in which the core has been wrapped by another strand, such as of cotton or nylon around an elastic base as used in commercial socks.
Corkscrew or spiral
The appearance of corkscrew or spiral yarns is achieved by using yarns of two different fibers and often twisting one under a different tension than the other.
Crepe yarns
Crepe yarns may be classified as fancy yarns and are created by tightening the twist given to a yarn, resulting in a kinked or looped strand.
Eisengarn
Eisengarn, meaning "iron yarn" in English, is a light-reflecting, strong, waxed-cotton thread. It is made by soaking cotton threads in a starch, paraffin wax solution. The threads are then stretched and polished. The end result of the process is a lustrous, tear-resistant yarn which is extremely hardwearing.
Invented in the 19th Century, eisengarn was used as a weaving yarn and for making lace, ribbons and lining materials. The yarn is also known as Glanzgarn ('gloss' or 'glazed' yarn) and can be knitted into woollen clothing and other textiles to add shiny highlights.
Eyelash
Eyelash yarn is made from a polyester fiber with a furry texture resembling eyelashes. These novelty yarns are made of a thin central ply surrounded by short "hairs". This yarn differs from "fur" type yarn in that it contains evenly spaced threads at intervals between lengths of bare core thread, whereas fur yarns have an abundance of threads covering the entirety of the core thread. Eyelash yarn comes in a wide range of colors, with the "hairs" sometimes being made of multicolored or metallic fibers.
Ladder
Ladder yarn resembles a ladder, with two flat threads representing the two sides of the ladder held together by a strip of material at the center that represents the rungs. The material at the center of ladder yarn can be metallic, beaded, or otherwise adorned. This type of yarn is more often used to create trim or embellishments than to knit or crochet entire garments.
Metallic fiber
Metallic fibers are often classified as fancy yarns and are created by adding a metallic fiber or yarn to the blend. These are not to be confused with actual wire used in jewellery that is sometimes knit or crocheted.
Nub
A nub is a small bump or knot created by tightly twisting the fiber around the base fiber. The nub is most easily identified when the effect and base yarns are of different colors.
Plarn
Plastic yarn, or “plarn”, is constructed from plastic bags, large toilet paper and other commodity wrappers (e.g. planting soils sacks etc.); it can be used to weave, knit or crochet plastic mats, baskets, small bags and totes of all kinds.
Ribbon
Ribbon yarn resembles a ribbon. It can be made from synthetic or natural fibers, such as silk or cotton. Some ribbon yarns are flat, while others are tubular in construction.
Slub
A slub or thick spot in a yarn is created by varying the tightness of the twist of the yarn at various intervals.
References
Yarn
Knitting
Crochet
Weaving | wiki |
Glasgow Tigers may refer to:
Glasgow Tigers (American football), an American football team competing in the BAFA National Leagues
Glasgow Tigers (speedway), a motorcycle speedway team competing in the Speedway Premier League | wiki |
Certified MBA (CMBA) was a professional certification designed as an "objective measure of a student's grasp of the MBA skill set". It was offered by the International Certification Institute.
The CMBA focused on the "10 key subject areas" comprising the MBA "core curriculum" (Financial Accounting, Management Accounting, Quantitative Analysis, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Finance, Marketing Management, Operations Management, Organizational Behavior, and Business Strategy). The certification was a series of exams taken over several days. Each four-hour exam focused on several of the subject areas and was composed of multiple choice questions. The exams were administered by Prometric.
The certification was incorporated into the Western Governors University MBA program for several years.
See also
Professional certification (Business)
Chartered Manager (disambiguation)
Certified Business Manager (CBM)
Certified Management Consultant
Certified Manager
External links
The website was www.certifiedmba.com (archived, 2012-03), which as of 2/14/2013 has been taken down.
MBA Certification
References
New MBA Certification Exams: Testing What's Been Learned, and Taught, Selections magazine, gmac.com
'Certified' MBA Arrives Amid Controversy, Datamation.com
Professional titles and certifications
Business qualifications | wiki |
"Opie the Birdman" is the first episode of the fourth season of The Andy Griffith Show. It aired on CBS on September 9, 1963. In the episode, Opie accidentally kills a mother songbird and bears the responsibility of rearing her three young birds.
The episode was #24 in TV Guide's ''Top 100 Episodes of All Time'' 1997 list, and moved up to #18 when the list was revised in 2009.
Plot
Barney makes an old-fashioned slingshot for Opie. Looking on, Andy tells him to be careful with it. When Barney demonstrates one of his trick shots, he breaks a window in a bookcase, prompting Andy to remind Opie to never shoot it indoors.
Playing outside, Opie is pretending to shoot at various targets with his new toy. Seeing something in the tree in his front yard, he aims and shoots and kills a bird, which falls to the ground in front of him. Opie refuses to believe the bird is dead and pleads for it to fly away. When he realizes what he has done, he runs to his room, sobbing.
At the dinner table that evening, Opie is melancholy, barely touching his meal. Andy comments to Aunt Bee that he found a dead songbird in the yard and that he believes the neighbors cat is responsible. Aunt Bee tells him it can't be the cat because their neighbor, Mrs. Snyder, has been away for over a week and she took her cat with her. Opie leaves the table and rushes to his room.
It is easy for Andy to recognize what has happened and he confronts Opie about it. Opie admits his mistake and says that he is sorry, but Andy tells him that being sorry is not enough. He opens Opie's bedroom window where he can hear the baby birds calling for their mother, who will never return.
In the morning, Opie has decided that he will take care of the baby birds, and begins by feeding them breakfast. When Mrs. Snyder has returned with her cat, Andy moves the birds to a cage on the front porch. When Opie names the birds, Andy reminds him that someday they will grow up and he will have to release them.
When the birds have grown big enough to be released, Andy tells Opie that their mother would have set them free, and Opie acknowledges that he must release them. After this, Opie comments that the cage looks empty, to which Andy replies, "But don't the trees seem nice and full?"
Cast
Andy Griffith as Andy Taylor
Ron Howard as Opie Taylor
Don Knotts as Barney Fife
Frances Bavier as Aunt Bee
Reception
The episode was #24 in TV Guide's ''Top 100 Episodes of All Time'' 1997 list, and moved up to #18 when the list was revised in 2009.
The episode is regarded by critics as one of the show's best episodes. In The Platinum Age of Television, American TV critic David Bianculli wrote that it is the show's best episode, noting that it displays a firm yet thoughtful parenting style at a time when corporal punishment was common. Saul Austerlitz cites this episode as a specific example in describing The Andy Griffith Show as groundbreaking in its balance of poignancy and dramatic subplots. It is listed as one of the top twenty all-time favorite episodes in The Andy Griffith Show Book.
References
External links
1963 American television episodes
The Andy Griffith Show | wiki |
Flipboard is a news aggregator and social network aggregation company based in Palo Alto, California, with offices in New York, Vancouver, and Bejiing. Its software, also known as Flipboard, was first released in July 2010. It aggregates content from social media, news feeds, photo sharing sites, and other websites, presents it in magazine format, and allows users to "flip" through the articles, images, and videos being shared. Readers can also save stories into Flipboard magazines. As of March 2016 the company claims there have been 28 million magazines created by users on Flipboard. The service can be accessed via web browser, or by a Flipboard application for Microsoft Windows and macOS, and via mobile apps for iOS and Android. The client software is available at no charge and is localized in 21 languages.
History
The original launch of Flipboard in 2010 was exclusively for iPad. It launched the iPhone and iPod Touch versions seventeen months later in December 2011.
The company raised more than $200 million in funding from investors, and an additional $50 million from JPMorgan Chase in July 2015.
On May 5, 2012, Flipboard was released for Android phones, beginning with the Samsung Galaxy S3. On May 30, 2012, a beta version of Flipboard for Android was released through its website. A final stable release of the Flipboard for Android was released on June 22, 2012, in Google Play. The Windows 8 version of the Flipboard app was also demonstrated during the Microsoft 2013 Build Conference and on the Flipboard blog with a video, although no release date was given. On October 22, 2014, Flipboard for Windows 8 was rolled out to Windows Phone devices starting with the Nokia Lumia 2520.
In March 2014, Flipboard bought Zite, a magazine-style reading app, from the CNN television network. Flipboard's content filtering, topic engine and recommendations system were integrated from this acquisition. Zite was shut down on December 7, 2015.
In February 2015, Flipboard became available on the web. Up until then, Flipboard was a mobile app, only available on tablets and mobile phones. The web client provides webpage links on desktop browsers, and lacks some features of the client software.
In February 2017, Flipboard updated their mobile apps for iOS and Android to 4.0, which brought a full redesign to the application, and implemented new features such as smart magazines, which allow users to bundle different things together, such as various news sources, people, and hashtags.
On May 29, 2019, Flipboard disclosed a security breach that affected an unspecified number of users between June 2, 2018, and March 23, 2019, and April 21 and 22, 2019, where customer databases including information, such as encrypted passwords and access tokens for third-party services, were accessible to an unauthorized party. All passwords and authentication tokens for third-party services are being reset, although Flipboard noted that almost all passwords were hashed using the strong bcrypt algorithm (except for some using the insecure and obsolete SHA-1 algorithm, replaced by the service in 2012), and there was no evidence that the access to tokens was abused.
In September 2021, Flipboard introduced a new personalisation feature to allow users to customise their For You page. When users open the app, they will see a "tune" icon where they can select topics they are interested in. This feature was added to combat doomscrolling and allow users to have greater control of what they see.
Reception
The reaction to the application was mainly positive, with Techpad calling it a "killer" iPad application. Time magazine named it one of the 50 best inventions of 2010. Apple reviewed Flipboard positively, and named the application Apple's "iPad App of the Year" in 2010. When a new update of the software added more features such as support for Google Reader, a web-based aggregator, and content from more publishers, the app received a favorable review from the Houston Chronicle.
Censorship
On May 15, 2011, Flipboard was blocked by the Great Firewall of China. McCue said on his Twitter feed"China has now officially blocked Flipboard."
The company then released its first edition localized for China. Beginning in February 2015, the company started self-censoring users using the application from China. The content guide for China does not include Twitter and Facebook anymore. Existing subscriptions for Twitter or Facebook are also automatically removed.
User interface
The application's user interface is designed for intuitive flipping through content. Once the feeds have been set up, the first page seen when the application is opened is a list of the subscribed content. The iPhone and Android versions have a "Cover Stories" section on the first page collating only the most recent, important items from all of the subscriptions. This is meant to be read when the user only has a short period of time for reading.
See also
Comparison of feed aggregators
List of most downloaded Android applications
References
Further reading
Richmond, Shane (August 4, 2010). "Flipboard: The Closest Thing I've Seen to the Future of Magazines". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved March 4, 2012.
Westaway, Luke (July 22, 2010). "Flipboard for iPad Review" . CNET. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
External links
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
News aggregator software
Universal Windows Platform apps
2010 software | wiki |
Supernatural is an American supernatural drama television series, created by Eric Kripke, that follows brothers Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) as they travel throughout the United States hunting supernatural creatures. The series borrows heavily from folklore and urban legends, and explores mythology and Christian theology, and their main adversaries throughout the series are demons.
The series premiered on September 13, 2005 on The WB. The first season was broadcast on The WB, and following The WB's merger with UPN in September 2006, Supernatural continued to be aired on the new network, The CW. All fifteen seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4 and are also available on Blu-ray.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2005–06)
Season 2 (2006–07)
Season 3 (2007–08)
Season 4 (2008–09)
Season 5 (2009–10)
Season 6 (2010–11)
Season 7 (2011–12)
Season 8 (2012–13)
Season 9 (2013–14)
Season 10 (2014–15)
Season 11 (2015–16)
Season 12 (2016–17)
Season 13 (2017–18)
Season 14 (2018–19)
Season 15 (2019–20)
Home video releases
Notes
References
External links
Lists of American drama television series episodes
Lists of American action television series episodes
Lists of American fantasy television series episodes
Lists of American horror-supernatural television series episodes | wiki |
This is a list of dramatic television series (including web television and miniseries) that premiered in 2010–2015 which feature lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender characters. Non-binary, pansexual, asexual, and graysexual characters are also included. The orientation can be portrayed on-screen, described in the dialogue or mentioned.
2010
2011
Shameless (2011–2021)
2011 continued
2012
2013
2014
2015
See also
List of fictional asexual characters
List of fictional intersex characters
List of fictional non-binary characters
List of fictional pansexual characters
List of animated series with LGBTQ+ characters
List of comedy television series with LGBT characters
List of horror television series with LGBT characters
List of made-for-television films with LGBT characters
List of news and information television programs featuring LGBT subjects
List of reality television programs with LGBT cast members
List of LGBT characters in radio and podcasts
List of LGBT characters in soap operas
References
Further reading
GLAAD Primetime Television Season Report:
Dramatic television series 2010-2015
Dramatic
LGBT characters in dramatic television | wiki |
Judas Tree is a common name for a flowering tree, Cercis siliquastrum from which Judas Iscariot is reputed to have hanged himself.
Judas Tree may also refer to:
Other flowering tree species in the genus Cercis
The Judas Tree, a 1961 novel by A. J. Cronin
The Judas Tree (ballet), by Kenneth MacMillan
"The Judas Tree" (Jonathan Creek), an episode of Jonathan Creek | wiki |
Bouclé is a looped yarn or the resulting fabric woven from this yarn.
The yarn is made from a length of loops of similar size, which can range from tiny circlets to large curls. To make bouclé, at least two strands are combined, with the tension on one strand being much looser than the other as it is being plied, resulting in the loose strand (known as the "effect yarn") forming the loops, with the other strand acting as the anchor.
The fabric woven from bouclé yarn maintains this looped appearance and is also called bouclé.
Machine spinning
In machine spinning, bouclé yarn can be created in a single step, using a hollow spindle. It is made by differing the feed rate of the effect yarn with respect to the core yarns. The core yarns are wrapped around the effect yarn either loosely or tightly, depending on the difference in feed rates and amount of twist used. The regularity of the loops is controlled by varying the distance between the point where the core yarns come together and the guide. By increasing the distance, the bouclé effect becomes more irregular.
References
Yarn | wiki |
Amita is a brand of fruit juices, nectars and drinks that is available in Greece and Albania. Amita has been a subsidiary brand of Coca-Cola since its release in Greece in 1983.
References
Drink companies of Greece
Coca-Cola brands | wiki |
A springform pan is a type of bakeware that features sides that can be removed from the base. Springform refers to the construction style of this pan. The base and the sides are separate pieces that are held together when the base is aligned with a groove that rings the bottom of the walls. The pan is then secured by a latch on the exterior of the wall. This tightens the 'belt' that becomes the walls of the pan and secures the base into the groove at the base of the walls.
Design
The most common springform pan is the nine-inch round. However, small circular pans are common along with squares, rectangles, and hearts. They come in a variety of materials including anodized aluminum, heavy-gauge steel, and glass. Optional features include a non-stick surface and a waterproofing seal around the base.
This pan is used to bake dishes that cannot be easily inverted for removal from the pan. Some of the most common recipes to call for springform pans are cheesecakes and tortes. The easy removal of the sides from a springform pan lends itself to dishes with delicate bottom layers such as the graham cracker crumb crusts commonly constructed for cheesecakes. Springform pans, however, are also used in the preparation of pizzas, quiches, and frozen desserts.
Although most cheesecakes are baked in a water bath, this does not mean that springform pans are waterproof around the base. Many may be waterproof initially. However, as the latch loosens and the coating wears off this waterproof feature will fade. For this reason many will wrap the pan in aluminum foil.
There are many types and finishes of springform pans. While the most common bottom is smooth, bottoms can also be waffled or glass.
Springform pan alternatives
If a springform pan is unavailable, bakers may choose any of the following options:
serve cake from a pan
line cake pan with parchment paper
use a silicone pan
use a disposable aluminum pan
use a removable-bottom non-springform pan
See also
List of cooking vessels
References
External links
Cookware and bakeware
Food preparation utensils
Cooking vessels | wiki |
This is a comprehensive listing of the radio programs made by Orson Welles. Welles was often uncredited for his work, particularly in the years 1934–1937, and he apparently kept no record of his broadcasts.
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1950
1951–1952
1952
1953
1954
1956
Notes
References
External links
Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946 at Indiana University Bloomington
More information
Lists of radio programs
radio
Works by Orson Welles | wiki |
The Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Konkani, Meitei (officially called "Manipuri") and Nepali languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to eighteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop.
The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages. Sindhi was included by the 21st Amendment, enacted in 1967. Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithili were included in the Eighth Schedule in 2004, through the 92nd Amendment, raising the total number of languages to 22.
Text
Proposal and enactment
The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992, was introduced in Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992, as the Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Bill, 1992 (Bill No. 142 of 1992). It was introduced by Shankarrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to include Konkani, Meitei and Nepali languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:
The Bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 20 August 1992 and, as amended, passed on the same day. Clause 1 of the Bill was adopted by the Lok Sabha with a formal amendment replacing the word "Seventy-eighth" by the word "Seventy-first". The Bill, as passed by the Lok Sabha, was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 20 August 1992. The bill received assent from then President Shankar Dayal Sharma on 31 August 1992, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in The Gazette of India on 1 September 1992.
See also
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References
71
1992 in India
1992 in law
Languages of India
Rao administration
Konkani
Meitei language
Nepali language | wiki |
Eyelash yarn is a type of novelty yarn. It has a thread base, with several long strands spaced at even intervals that jut out at an angle from the main strand. The long strands, or hair, can be metallic, opalescent, matte, or a combination of types. The hair can be curly or straight and can be two different lengths. Prominent types are composed of 100% polyester with a straight and relatively short hair. Because of its thinness, eyelash is normally carried along with another, plainer yarn to add visual interest to the primary yarn.
There are many variations in the texture and composition of eyelash yarns, such as pigtail or ponytail, which have a thicker base and what appear to be flags tied onto the base strand at even intervals, or fur, in which the base has a more frequently occurring or thicker grouping of hairlike strands which, in the finished fabric, will be hairy and have the general aspect of faux fur.
Drawbacks of eyelash yarns include poor stitch definition, because the hairs obscure the appearance of the base, and that they add bulk to a garment. Because of this, they are mostly used for accessories, such as scarves, or as garment trim.
Some types of eyelash yarn can be used for decorative purposes. These types combine metal-look lurex with a polyester core which mimics a tinsel effect but is more durable than typical tinsel and be reused for annual celebrations.
References
Yarn
Human eyes in culture | wiki |
Muziek
Night after night (album van Nils Lofgren) (1977), een muziekalbum van Nils Lofgren
Night after night (U.K.) (1979), een muziekalbum van de Britse band UK
Night after night (Out of the Shadows) (2005), een lied van Out of the Shadows
Film en televisie
Night After Night (1932), een film met George Raft, Constance Cummings en Mae West
Night After Night (Allan Havey), een Amerikaanse talkshow van Allan Havey
Night After Night (Zuid-Koreaanse talkshow), een Zuid-Koreaanse talkshow
Night After Night (televisieserie) (2008), een Zuid-Koreaanse dramaserie | wiki |
A comfort woman was a woman forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II.
Comfort Woman may also refer to:
Comfort Woman (album) by Me'shell Ndegeocello
Comfort Woman (novel) by Nora Okja Keller | wiki |
2001: A Space Odyssey, a science-fiction narrative.
2001: A Space Odyssey may also refer to:
2001: A Space Odyssey (film)
2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)
2001: A Space Odyssey (comics)
2001: A Space Odyssey (score)
2001: A Space Odyssey (soundtrack) | wiki |
Michael Shapiro é um dublador estadunidense. Dublou Barney Calhoun e G-Man, nos jogos de computador Half-Life, Half-Life: Opposing Force, Half-Life: Blue Shift, Half-Life: Decay, Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2: Episode One, Half-Life 2: Episode Two e Half-Life: Alyx.
Ligações externas
Dubladores dos Estados Unidos
Judeus dos Estados Unidos | wiki |
Алексей Петрович Князев:
Князев, Алексей Петрович (1913—1991) — протопресвитер, богослов.
Князев, Алексей Петрович (1921—1990) — Герой Советского Союза. | wiki |
Mystriophis is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van slangalen (Ophichthidae).
Soorten
Mystriophis crosnieri Blache, 1971
Mystriophis rostellatus Richardson, 1848
Slangalen | wiki |
Gassing can mean:
Emitting gas
Gassing (battery), destructive gas generation in batteries
Gassing (textile process), passing newly spun yarn through a flame to remove the loose fibre ends
Harming or killing with gas, see Poison gas
Gassing, prison slang for throwing feces or other bodily fluids at someone
Talking diffusely or profusely
Places in Austria
Gassing, Frauenstein, Austria
Gassing, Sankt Lorenzen im Mürztal | wiki |
Lammas growth, also called Lammas leaves, Lammas flush, second shoots, or summer shoots, is a season of renewed growth in some trees in temperate regions put on in July and August (if in the northern hemisphere, January and February if in the southern), that is around Lammas day, August 1.
It can occur in both hardwoods and softwoods. Examples of common trees which exhibit regrowth are oak, ash, beech, sycamore, yew, scots pine, sitka spruce, poplar and hawthorn. This secondary growth may be an evolutionary strategy to compensate for leaf damage caused by insects during the spring. It is not present in birch or willow.
Lammas growth declines with the age of the tree, being most vigorous and noticeable in young trees. It differs in nature from spring growth which is fixed when leaves and shoots are laid down in the bud the previous year. The lammas flush is free growth of newly made leaves/needles throughout the tree. One or more of the buds set in the Spring on the ends of terminal and lateral stems will break, and begin to grow, producing a new shoot.
References
Plant morphology | wiki |
Chocolate mint may refer to:
Mint chocolate (flavoured chocolate)
Mint chocolate chip
Chocolate Mint (plant) | wiki |
Missing Man or missing man can mean:
Missing Man, a superhero created by Steve Ditko
Missing man formation, a flypast or similar salute to a fallen comrade | wiki |
A Jožo... egy 1999-ben kiadott Elán-válogatásalbum.
Dalok
Források
Elán: Jožo... (1999, CD) Discogs
Elán: Jožo... (Album) Rate Your Music
Elán-albumok
Elán
1999 nagylemezei | wiki |
Affirmative may refer to:
Pertaining to truth
An answer that shows agreement or acceptance, such as "yes"
Affirmative (linguistics), a positive (non-negated) sentence or clause
Affirmative (policy debate), the team which affirms the resolution
Affirmative action
See also
Affirmation (disambiguation) | wiki |
World Cup Korea may refer to:
the 2002 FIFA World Cup of Korea and Japan.
the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup of Korea Republic.
the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup of Korea Republic. | wiki |
Samite may refer to :
Samite, a heavy silk fabric, of a twill-type weave, worn in the Middle Ages
Samite Mulondo, Ugandan-American musician
SS Samite, a Liberty ship | wiki |
Neatypus is een monotypisch geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van de loodsbaarzen (Kyphosidae).
Soort
Neatypus obliquus Waite, 1905
Loodsbaarzen | wiki |
The name Matmo has been used to name three tropical cyclones in the Western North Pacific Ocean. It means "heavy rain" in the Chamorro language. Matmo replaced Chataan after the damaging 2002 typhoon.
Tropical Storm Matmo (2008) (T0803, 04W, Dindo)
Typhoon Matmo (2014) (T1410, 10W, Henry)
Severe Tropical Storm Matmo (2019) (T1422, 23W ,BOB 04)
Pacific typhoon set index articles | wiki |
See flammé (vexillology) for the flag design.
Flammé yarns are a kind of novelty yarn. It is generally a loose or untwisted core wrapped by at least one other strand. The extra element can be a metallic thread, or a much-thicker or much-narrower strand of yarn, or yarn that varies between thick and thin. Some companies have come to put twin yarns on the market to show off combinations of one regular yarn and novelty yarns in assorted colors or even two different types of novelty yarns.
Yarn | wiki |
The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system. It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system.
The number is sometimes referred to as a NI No or NINO.
Allocation of number
Shortly before a person's 16th birthday, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies them of their NI number.
In 1993, a one-off mass allocation of NI numbers was made to all children under the age of 16 whose parents were in receipt of Child Benefit. As a result of this, siblings who met the criteria above were allocated NI numbers sequentially.
People from abroad who wish to work in the UK, or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children, must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP).
Format
The format of the number is two prefix letters, six digits and one suffix letter. An example is QQ123456C.
Neither of the first two letters can be D, F, I, Q, U or V. The second letter also cannot be O. The prefixes BG, GB, NK, KN, TN, NT and ZZ are not allocated. Validation lists of issued two-letter prefixes are published from time to time.
After the two prefix letters, the six digits are issued sequentially from to . Since 2009, the last two digits determine the day of the week on which various social security benefits are payable and when unemployed claimants need to attend their Jobcentre to sign on (renew their claims): 00 to 19 for Monday, 20 to 39 for Tuesday, 40 to 59 for Wednesday, 60 to 79 for Thursday and 80 to 99 for Friday.
The suffix letter is either A, B, C, or D. The NI number is unique without the suffix letter, so, for example, if exists, then there will be no other numbers beginning with (although temporary numbers were not necessarily unique, because two people with the same date of birth would have had the same number). In official electronic submissions, the final letter may be represented by a space if not known.
The Northern Ireland National Insurance scheme is funded and administered separately from the scheme in Great Britain but operates identically so that, in practice, the same rules apply throughout the United Kingdom.
History
Until 1975, the suffixes A, B, C and D at the end of the NI number signified the period of validity of the National Insurance cards originally used to collect National Insurance contributions (NICs). Cards were exchanged every twelve months and because of the very large numbers of cards issued the exchange was staggered.
Suffix A cards ran from March of one year until March of the next when they were exchanged for a new one. Suffix B suffix cards ran from June until the following June, suffix C from September until the following September and suffix D from December until the following December. For example, a B stagger card issued in 1955 might have run from the first Monday in June that year until the first Sunday in June the following year.
This staggered system operated from 5 July 1948 until 1975, at which time the A stagger cards were extended to run an extra five weeks, until 5 April 1975, in line with the end of the tax year. The B, C and D stagger NI Cards had a shorter period of validity in their final year and ran from June, September and December respectively in 1974 until 6 April 1975. From 6 April 1975 onwards, a computerised National Insurance Recording System (NIRS) was used to allocate all NICs by tax years.
In Great Britain, expired NI cards were sorted into one hundred separate groups corresponding to the final two numbers of the NI number and were posted to the individual insured person's NI account (the RF1) by the corresponding one hundred ledger sections at the Records Branch of the Central Office of the Ministry of National Insurance and its successors .
These sections dealt not only with the recording of NI contributions but with requests for information about qualifying contributions necessary to pay sickness, unemployment, widows, and other benefits and also with any correspondence arising from those NI accounts and NI cards. Within each of the sections, NI numbers were allocated among 16 splits with one clerk administering each split. To trace unknown NI numbers, a general index contained millions of small RF2 index slips, filed in order of surname and listing the name(s), date of birth, and NI number for every person within the National Insurance scheme.
Temporary numbers
Until April 2001, employers sometimes allocated their employees a temporary insurance number, which followed the format , where 'TN' stands for temporary number and is static and x is M for male, F for female, or P for pensioner and the numbers in the midsection were the employee's date of birth. In the case of a woman born on 31 December 1958, for example, the temporary NI number would have been . Temporary NI numbers could not be used to trace back any NI credits or personal details. Since 2001 the National Insurance number must be obtained – the temporary code must not now be used.
Another type of temporary NI number is the Revenue-issued Temporary Reference Number (TRN) used when HMRC is unable to trace a taxpayer's original NI number. It follows the format 63T12345.
Administrative numbers
Reference numbers similar in format to NI numbers are sometimes allocated for tax or benefit purposes with special prefix letters. Special prefixes used now or in the past include the letters OO (for Tax Credit claims), CR (for investigations), FY (formerly for Attendance Allowance claims, named after the Fylde social security office where claims were processed), MW (used from 1980 to 1987 for migrant workers), NC (formerly for Stakeholder Pensions), PP (for use by pension schemes as PP999999P), and PY or PZ (both used for tax-only accounts created prior to 2003).
Numbercards
Prior to 1984, when a person was allocated an NI number, a manila notification card was issued to them. From 1984 until 2011, they received a plastic 'numbercard', of similar proportions to a credit card, with the number raised on the front. The card was only used as a reminder of the number; it was not needed to start work, and was not considered a valid identity card. Numbercards were phased out after September 2010 and their issue ceased in October 2011. NI numbers are now notified by letter.
Crown dependencies
National Insurance numbers issued in the Isle of Man hold the prefix MA. Similarly, those issued in Jersey start with JY, and those issued in Guernsey hold the prefix GY. Only Channel Island NINOs issued prior to 1975 are validated, and recognised for UK use by HMRC.
Use for tax purposes
The National Insurance number is used as a reference number in the Pay As You Earn system, and also by the self-employed. It is also used in applications for Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs), to check that an individual has opened only one ISA in a tax year.
However, the NI number is not used universally as a tax identification number. Taxpayers who need to file a tax return are given a different number, a Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR), which is used as a reference number in the self-assessment tax system.
Use for identification
NI numbers are sometimes used for identification purposes in other contexts which have nothing to do with their original National Insurance purpose – such as forming part of evidence of right to work in the UK, or as the account number with a credit union. The NI card, however, is not proof of identity.
See also
Social Security number (SSN) and Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) - U.S. equivalents
Social insurance number (SIN) - Canadian equivalent
Notes
References
External links
UK Government Data Standards Catalogue - National Insurance Number - The official UK government definition of the NI number format. Also includes links to the XML Schema data type definition in the CitizenIdentificationTypes schema published by the Office of the e-Envoy.
Format and Security: What a NINO looks like HM Revenue & Customs official page
Where Is My UTR Number? Information about UTR Number.
National identification numbers
Taxation in the United Kingdom
Social security in the United Kingdom
Number | wiki |
SRIM may refer to:
Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter
Structural reaction injection molding, a specialized type of injection molding for reinforced thermosets | wiki |
The relative strength of two systems of formal logic can be defined via model theory. Specifically, a logic is said to be as strong as a logic if every elementary class in is an elementary class in .
See also
Abstract logic
Lindström's theorem
References
Model theory
Mathematical logic
Concepts in logic | wiki |
The Food Festivals of South Korea is a compilation of celebrations that provide insight into Korea's cuisine and culture. They range from traditional to modern food, with dishes often featuring local ingredients of the region. They seek to retain Korean cultural identity, raise awareness, and promote local produce, cuisine, and the Korean food industry. Over time, some festivals and dishes such as Chimaek have become part of modern Korean culture and were further popularised by K-dramas.
Annual Food Festivals
Food Festivals in Spring
Boseong Green Tea Festival
Historically, Boseong has been known for its high-quality green tea. The county boast of one of the best topological and weather conditions for growing green tea. The month of May witnesses an increase in visitors to the areas of Korean Tea Culture Park, especially Boseong-gun. The annual Boseong Green Tea Festival is held during the time when green tea leaves are harvested, called haetcha (Hangeul: 햇차). The festival hosts tea-themed programmes and activities, such as tea ceremony, tea making, harvest rituals, and tea picking. These activities are popular among Korean as well as international visitors. Trekking in the green tea farms, tasting cuisine made from green tea, and witnessing the green tea door bath are some of the other attractions of this festival. Visitors also visit nearby attractions such as Daehan Dawon Tea Plantation, Yulposolbat Beach, Yulpo Seawater Green Tea Centre.
Food festivals in Summer
Daegu Chimac Festival- July
In July, the Daegu Chimac Festival takes place at Duryu Park in Dalseo-gu, Daegu. The term "chimac" is a portmanteau of chicken and maekju (meaning "beer"). There were over 880,000 visitors in 2015, and one million visitors during the festival in 2016. During the festival the city's Duryu park is filled with citizens enjoying chi-maek and music in the outdoors performed by artist, DJs . The festival kicks off with a "memorial service" for chickens and continue on for five days. Visitors taste chicken cooked in various different ways along with beers from all around the world as many fried chicken franchise take part in the festival. Since this festival is held in summer visitors enjoy chimaek in an ice-cold footbath, Chimac 99 toast time (an event held at 9:09pm where all the participants toast together), Chimac Cooking Competition, Chimac Ice Pub, Chimac busking. Participants and visitors also visit the nearby attractions like Palgongsan Mountain cable car, Modern Cultural Street, Seomun market.
Bonghwa Eun-uh (Sweetfish) Festival- End of July
Naeseongcheon stream and Naeseongcheon Stream sports park in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do is the destination for Sweetfish festival. The festival holds many activities which can be enjoyed with family and friends. One can experience various ways of catching sweetfish from bare hands or with scoop nets from water tank to catching sweetfish from chilling and clean stream of Naeseongcheon. These catches are charbroiled to eat later. The festival also offers many water sports for visitors.
Chuncheon Dakgalbi & Makkuksu Festival- August
Every year between August and September, a Dakgalbi (spicy grilled chicken) and Makguksu(buckwheat noodles) festival is held in Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do province, the hometown of the two dishes. Many programs like food sampling, making makguksu and a makguksu eating contests are offered at the festival.
Food festival in Fall
Geumsan Insam Festival- Sept-Oct
Korea is the birthplace of Goryeo Insam (Korean ginseng), and the ginseng from Geumsan is specially well known for its quality with over a thousand years of history. Every year a ginseng festival is held in Geumsan in South Chungcheong province around Chuseok (Autumn harvest day; August 15 by the lunar calendar). The festival offers visitors to see the cultivation and processing of ginseng, learn about i's benefits through the various exhibitions and experience the traditional culture of the community. Popular events includes selecting ginseng seeds to harvesting ginseng, ginseng footbath to ginseng cooking contest, making medicine using ginseng to traditional massage and more. Visitors also go to the nearby tourist spot such as Garden of Sky and Daedunsan Provincial Park while returning from the festival.
Songi Mushroom Festival- Sept-Oct
The Yangyang Songi mushroom festival, held sometime between late September and early October, offers visitors the opportunity to see and pick mushrooms by themselves in the mushrooms' natural habitat. Songi or pine mushroom is a precious mushroom hence often referred to as “golden mushroom” and “diamond in the tree”. Events and programs in the festival include the Sansinje rituals, picking mushrooms, sampling mushroom cuisine and making Songcheon rice cake.
Jinan Red Ginseng Festival- October
This festival is held in the beginning of October every year in the Northern area of Maisan in Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Jinan in Korea is a designated special district for the production of Hangsam (Hangeul:홍삼), red ginseng. This festival is designed to spread awareness and knowledge about red ginseng. The activities in the festival ranges from sampling high-quality red ginseng and trying menus and products made with them. The festival extends out to give more authentic and traditional experience for the visitors such as royal martial arts, traditional performances, music festivals.
Imsil N Cheese Festival- Beginning of October
The festival is held in Imsil Cheese Theme Park and Imsil Cheese village in Imsil, a town historically related to production of cheese dating back to 1958. Throughout the event delicious cuisines and products made with indigenous ingredients are available. The festival has 84 different programs of cheese making, cheese themed cooking shows, performances for children, EDM party and also parade during the night. Visitors often visit Imsil Hyanngyo Confucian academy, Okjeongho Lake, Guksabong Okjeongho overlook.
Gangneung Coffee Festival- Beginning of October
Every fall Gangneung in Gangwon-do holds the coffee festival and hosts many celebrity barista making it the center for coffee culture. The festival is held in the Gangneung Ice arena and Anmok beach. This event provide opportunity for upcoming baristas and coffee houses as the festival activities also involve coffee tasting events for free and hosts seminars providing expertise and knowledge from coffee masters and contests are also held for different categories like brewing, roasting, latte art etc. Other than these, concerts and cultural events are also organized. Nearby attractions are Ojukheon House, Gyeongpo Beach and Haslla Art world.
Icheon Rice Cultural Festival- October
Icheon in Gyeonggi province well known as the city of rice, hosts an agriculture festival every fall around the end of October. Through the festival visitors experience the flavor of Icheon rice and various aspects of the Korean traditional farming culture including threshing, planting; Fairy tale section, craft making, parade, Songpyeon making (half moon shaped rice cake) and Mujigae garaetteok (rainbow rice cake) making with Icheon Rice as long as 600m. Other popular event includes a Thanksgiving ritual and an international rice cooking contest.
Yeoju Ogok Naru Festival- October
This festival is quiet different from other festivals as rather than focusing on a particular food this festival is for all produce grown in Yeoju. Yeoju is well known for its high-quality rice, grains and sweet potatoes. Visitors experience different themes from locally grown crops, parties, ferry, folk culture and also have hands-on experience in harvesting different produce and use it to making various dishes like Bibimbap (Hangeul: 비빔밥). Visitors also visit the market Ogok Jangteo for sample tasting and purchasing indigenous Yeoju produce.
Gwangju World Kimchi (Hangeul: 김치) Festival- October
The Gwangju World Kimchi festival is targeted at both local and international tourists. It introduces and promotes Korea's Kimchi to overseas audiences, and also offers diverse experience programs, events, market, and more other special features of the festival include the Kimchi Exhibition hall and Kimchi Master contest. Foreign participants particularly enjoy the Foreigners Kimchi making contest.
Jeonju Bibimbap (Hangeul:비빔밥) Festival- October
The National Intangible Heritage Centre and at the Hanok village in Jeonju the gastronomic capital of Korea, a festival is held every October promoting Jeonju's representative food, Bibimbap. Jeonju Bibimbap is usually topped with quality Jeonju soy bean sprouts, hwangpo-muk, gochujang, jeopjang, and seasoned raw beef and served with kongnamul-gukbap. The rice of Jeonju bibimbap is specially prepared by being cooked in beef shank broth for flavor and finished with shiteme oil for flavor and nutrients. Many local cooks and public figures introduce their own unique variation of Bibimbap along with other local cuisines. Major programs include the gigantic Bibimbap made by all the participants- capable of feeding a 1000 people, a cooking contest for foreigners and an event called find Bibimbap.
Hoengseong Hanu Festival- October
In the month of October Hanu (Hangeul: 한우,Korean beef) festival is held in Hoengseong, the largest Korean beef festival. This festival offers Balgol performance, parade, LED light festival, fireworks, EDM party with dining area for over a thousand visitors with barbeque place, sampling booths and signature dishes at an affordable prices. Visitors also go to the neighboring tourist destination like Hoengseong National SoopCheWin, Hoengseong Recreational Forest and Welli Hilli Park.
Sunchang Fermented Food Festival- October
Sunchang Fermented Food festival is held in October. The region of Sunchang is where gochujang (Korean chilli paste) served at the royal palace during Joseon Dynasty was first made. The place has made name for methods of making traditional condiments, jang (장) and are carefully preserved till this day. Every fall this festival showcase the top three fermented food of Korean gochujang and other traditional condiments, Kimchi, Jeotgal (salted and fermented seafood), Tteokbokki (stir fried rice cakes) made with gochujang. Additionally, sixty different programs are held for visitors such as hands-on programs, cultural performances, exhibitions, craft making program for kids and markets where visiters purchase various fermented condiments made in a traditional way by masters at the Sunchang Traditional Gochujang Village.
Cheongsong Apple Festival- Between the end of October and Beginning of November
During fall the festival is held in Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongsang province to celebrate the apple harvest, offering hands-on experience. The festival also has its own unique games like "Finding the golden Apple", and make apple jam by participating in "Apple Nanta", parades, sports events and masquerade.
Some special mentions: Food attraction in festivals
There are many festivals in South Korea and often due the reason that they attract a lot of visitors the locals put their best foot forward to introduce many indigenous specialities including local favourite food or unique delicacy. Below are some Korean local delicacies from some well known festivals:-
Suwon Galbi from Suwon Hwaseong Cultural festival is a grilled seasoned beef rib.
Hodugwaja from Cheonan World Dance festival is a type of baked walnut sweet pastry with red bean paste.
Tteokgalbi from Damyang Bamboo festival is a dish made with beef, where the marinated beef is grilled with vegetables and is often eaten with steam rice.
Heukdwaejigugi from Jeju fire festival is a delicacy grilled on charcoal made with local bred black pork of Jeju with high marbling and thin fat.
Chuncheon Dakgalbi from Chuncheon International Mime festival is a stir fried dish made with chicken, vegetables and a special spicy sauce on a large iron plate which takes the heat one notch higher.
Andong Jjimdak from Andong Mask Dance festival is a local sweet, salty and savory delicacy made with soy sauce marinated chopped chicken simmered with shiitake mushroom, potatoes and dried red chili.
Maeungalbijjim from Daegu Yangnyeongsi Herbal Medicine festival is a steamed pork meat cooked with sweet and spicy sauce with a little soupy base and pepper flakes. This delicacy is also available in Daegu Chimac festival.
Dwaejigukbap from Gwangalli Eobang festival is a soup made with pork broth and steamed rice.
Kkulppang from Tongyeong Hansan Battle festival also known as honey bread, is a sticky, sweet bread traditionally filled with sweetened red bean paste with a coating of Korean grain syrup, jocheong (Hangeul: 조청).
See also
Korean cuisine
References
South Korean cuisine
Food
Cultural festivals in South Korea | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Round Rock (Arizona)
Round Rock (Texas) | wiki |
Rachel Zuntz (1787–1874), was a German businessperson. She founded the famous coffee company A. Zuntz sel. Wwe. in Bonn in 1837, which expanded all over Germany and Belgium and provided coffee for the Imperial German court.
References
1787 births
1874 deaths
19th-century German businesswomen
19th-century German businesspeople
19th-century Jews | wiki |
That's Fairly Interesting was a New Zealand TV series showcasing quirky people and events.
Its title was reference to the American show That's Incredible!. The Company that produced the programme was Communicado - owned by Neil Roberts, Murray Roberts, Garry McAlpine, and Robyn Scholes. Communicado produced TV shows, advertisements, and films, including 'Once Were Warriors'.
The programms's reporters included Phil Keoghan, who later became famous for hosting the US show The Amazing Race.
Link
Segment on Pat's Uninteresting Tours (July 1988) via YouTube
http://www.nzonscreen.com/person/neil-roberts/biography
References
New Zealand reality television series | wiki |
Susan Kelley may refer to:
Susan Kelley (figure skater) (born 1954)
Susan J. Kelley, Dean of the College of Health and Human Sciences at Georgia State University
See also
Susan Kelly, American model and actress
Sue W. Kelly, congresswoman | wiki |
Ladder yarn or train tracks yarn is a type of novelty yarn. It is constructed like ladders, with a horizontal stripe of material suspended between two thinner threads, alternating with gaps. Sometimes a contrasting strand is fed through the gaps to produce another look.
References
Yarn | wiki |
An optical fiber connector joins optical fibers, and enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so light can pass. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers. In all, about 100 different types of fiber optic connectors have been introduced to the market.
Application
Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a connect/disconnect capability is required. Due to the polishing and tuning procedures that may be incorporated into optical connector manufacturing, connectors are often assembled onto optical fiber in a supplier's manufacturing facility. However, the assembly and polishing operations involved can be performed in the field, for example, to terminate long runs at a patch panel.
Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone exchanges, for customer premises wiring, and in outside plant applications to connect equipment and fiber-optic cables, or to cross-connect cables.
Most optical fiber connectors are spring-loaded, so the fiber faces are pressed together when the connectors are mated. The resulting glass-to-glass or plastic-to-plastic contact eliminates signal losses that would be caused by an air gap between the joined fibers.
Performance of optical fiber connectors can be quantified by insertion loss and return loss. Measurements of these parameters are now defined in IEC standard 61753-1. The standard gives five grades for insertion loss from A (best) to D (worst), and M for multimode. The other parameter is return loss, with grades from 1 (best) to 5 (worst).
A variety of optical fiber connectors are available, but SC and LC connectors are the most common types of connectors on the market. Typical connectors are rated for 500–1,000 mating cycles. The main differences among types of connectors are dimensions and methods of mechanical coupling. Generally, organizations will standardize on one kind of connector, depending on what equipment they commonly use.
In many data center applications, small (e.g., LC) and multi-fiber (e.g., MTP/MPO) connectors have replaced larger, older styles (e.g., SC), allowing more fiber ports per unit of rack space.
Outside plant applications may require connectors be located underground, or on outdoor walls or utility poles. In such settings, protective enclosures are often used, and fall into two broad categories: hermetic (sealed) and free-breathing. Hermetic cases prevent entry of moisture and air but, lacking ventilation, can become hot if exposed to sunlight or other sources of heat. Free-breathing enclosures, on the other hand, allow ventilation, but can also admit moisture, insects and airborne contaminants. Selection of the correct housing depends on the cable and connector type, the location, and environmental factors.
Types
Many types of optical connector have been developed at different times, and for different purposes. Many of them are summarized in the tables below.
Notes
Obsolete connectors
Contact
Modern connectors typically use a physical contact polish on the fiber and ferrule end. This is a slightly convex surface with the apex of the curve accurately centered on the fiber, so that when the connectors are mated the fiber cores come into direct contact with one another. Some manufacturers have several grades of polish quality, for example a regular FC connector may be designated FC/PC (for physical contact), while FC/SPC and FC/UPC may denote super and ultra polish qualities, respectively. Higher grades of polish give less insertion loss and lower back reflection.
Many connectors are available with the fiber end face polished at an angle to prevent light that reflects from the interface from traveling back up the fiber. Because of the angle, the reflected light does not stay in the fiber core but instead leaks out into the cladding. Angle-polished connectors should only be mated to other angle-polished connectors. The APC angle is normally 8 degrees, however, SC/APC also exists as 9 degrees in some countries. Mating to a non-angle polished connector causes very high insertion loss. Generally angle-polished connectors have higher insertion loss than good quality straight physical contact ones. "Ultra" quality connectors may achieve comparable back reflection to an angled connector when connected, but an angled connection maintains low back reflection even when the output end of the fiber is disconnected.
Angle-polished connections are distinguished visibly by the use of a green strain relief boot, or a green connector body. The parts are typically identified by adding "/APC" (angled physical contact) to the name. For example, an angled FC connector may be designated FC/APC, or merely FCA. Non-angled versions may be denoted FC/PC or with specialized designations such as FC/UPC or FCU to denote an "ultra" quality polish on the fiber end face. Two different versions of FC/APC exist: FC/APC-N (NTT) and FC/APC-R (Reduced). An FC/APC-N connector key will not fit into a FC/APC-R adapter key slot.
Field-mountable connectors
Field-mountable optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fiber jumper cables that contain one single-mode fiber. Field-mountable optical fiber connectors are used for field restoration work and to eliminate the need to stock jumper cords of various sizes.
These assemblies can be separated into two major categories: single-jointed connector assemblies and multiple-jointed connector assemblies. According to Telcordia GR-1081, a single-jointed connector assembly is a connector assembly where there is only one spot where two different fibers are joined together. This is the situation generally found when connector assemblies are made from factory-assembled optical fiber connector plugs. A multiple-jointed connector assembly is a connector assembly where there is more than one closely spaced connection joining different fibers together. An example of a multiple-jointed connector assembly is a connector assembly that uses the stub-fiber type of connector plug.
Attributes
Features of good connector design:
Low insertion loss - should not exceed 0.75 dB
Typical insertion repeatability, the difference in insertion loss between one plugging and another, is 0.2 dB.
High return loss (low amounts of reflection at the interface) - should be higher than 20 dB
Ease of installation
Low cost
Reliability
Low environmental sensitivity
Ease of use
Analysis
On all connectors, cleaning the ceramic ferrule before each connection helps prevent scratches and extends the connector life substantially.
Connectors on polarization-maintaining fiber are sometimes marked with a blue strain relief boot or connector body. Sometimes a blue buffer tube is used on the fiber instead.
Hardened Fiber Optic Connectors (HFOCs) and Hardened Fiber Optic Adapters (HFOAs) are passive telecommunications components used in an outside plant environment. They provide drop connections to customers from fiber distribution networks. These components may be provided in pedestal closures, aerial and buried closures and terminals, or equipment located at customer premises such as a Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH) or an optical network terminal unit.
These connectors, which are field-mateable and hardened for use in the OSP, are needed to support Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) deployment and service offerings. HFOCs are designed to withstand climatic conditions existing throughout the U.S., including rain, flooding, snow, sleet, high winds, and ice and sand storms. Ambient temperatures ranging from to can be encountered.
Telcordia GR-3120 contains the industry’s most recent generic requirements for HFOCs and HFOAs.
Testing
Glass fiber optic connector performance is affected both by the connector and by the glass fiber. Concentricity tolerances affect the fiber, fiber core, and connector body. The core optical index of refraction is also subject to variations. Stress in the polished fiber can cause excess return loss. The fiber can slide along its length in the connector. The shape of the connector tip may be incorrectly profiled during polishing. The connector manufacturer has little control over these factors, so in-service performance may well be below the manufacturer's specification.
Testing fiber optic connector assemblies falls into two general categories: factory testing and field testing.
Factory testing is sometimes statistical, for example, a process check. A profiling system may be used to ensure the overall polished shape is correct, and a good quality optical microscope to check for blemishes. Insertion loss and return loss performance is checked using specific reference conditions, against a reference-standard single-mode test lead, or using an encircled flux compliant source for multi-mode testing. Testing and rejection (yield) may represent a significant part of the overall manufacturing cost.
Field testing is usually simpler. A special hand-held optical microscope is used to check for dirt or blemishes. A power meter and light source or an optical loss test set (OLTS) is used to test end-to-end loss, and an optical time-domain reflectometer may be used to identify significant point losses or return losses.
See also
Gap loss – attenuation sources and causes
Index-matching material – a liquid/gel to reduce Fresnel reflection
Mechanical splice – a more permanent, but still mechanical connection
Optical attenuator – fiber optic attenuator
Notes
References
External links
Fiber Optic Connector Reference
How To Terminate Fiber Optic Connectors
Fiber optic connector termination processes
es:Fibra óptica#Tipos de conectores | wiki |
Rafita (cortos animados), serie de cortos animados
(1644) Rafita, asteroide perteneciente al cinturón de asteroides | wiki |
William Hocking may refer to:
Bill Hocking, Cornish fisherman
William Ernest Hocking, American philosopher
William John Hocking, British numismatist | wiki |
DQL may refer to:
DAML+OIL Query Language, an RDF query language.
Data query language, particularly for SQL.
Doctrine Query Language, for Doctrine (PHP).
Query languages | wiki |
State highway loops in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
Loop 300
Loop 300 was a proposed route in Snyder. It was designated on February 23, 1956, from US 180 west of the city, around its west and south sides, to US 84 southeast of it. The route was never built, and the designation was cancelled on October 1, 1968.
Loop 301
Loop 301 is located in Sulphur Springs. It runs from the junction of SH 19 and SH 154 to I-30/US 67.
Loop 301 was designated on February 23, 1956, from US 67 (later Loop 313; now Business US 67) and SH 19 in west Sulphur Springs, northward to SH 154. On September 21, 1965, it was extended southeast to I-30. On April 27, 1967, the section from SH 154 southwest to Loop 313 was transferred to SH 19.
Loop 302
Loop 302 was located in Greenville. It became Business US 67, which is now Spur 302.
Loop 304
Loop 304 is a beltway within Crockett, the county seat of Houston County. It is in length. It was established in on March 28, 1956. Nearly all of the loop is two lanes wide (one lane in each direction), and provides access for long distance travelers and trucks to bypass the downtown core. Populated areas also dot outside the loop, but have less population density.
Junction list
Loop 305
Loop 305 is located in La Pryor.
Loop 305 was designated on March 28, 1956, as a loop off of US 83 when it was rerouted.
Loop 306
Loop 306 is a state loop that encircles much of San Angelo. Loop 306 begins on the north side of San Angelo, at the US 67/277 interchange, and continues south on the eastern edge of town. The highway multiplexes with US 87 while being routed west. The multiplex ends at the US 87/277/Loop 306 interchange, with Loop 306 routed northwest. Loop 306 ends at the Business US 67 (Sherwood Way) overpass, however the freeway continues and is signed as US 67, Houston Harte Expressway; named after the San Angelo-native publishing magnate. The route is often referred to locally as "the Loop" or "Loop 306", despite the terminus of Loop 306 at Sherwood Way. TxDOT upgraded portions of Loop 306 to expand it from a two-lane road to a four-lane divided highway. From the US 67/277 interchange, Loop 306 continues as a four-lane divided highway all the way to US 87. The upgrades included adding two overpasses and improvements to a divided highway.
Loop 306 was designated on October 24, 1956. On July 30, 1976, the section from US 67 west and southwest to US 67 was transferred to rerouted US 67.
Junction list
Loop 307
Loop 307 was a proposed route in Teague. It was designated on February 23, 1956, from US 84 (now Business US 84) north of Teague, east and south to SH 179, east of Teague. On October 21, 1959, part of the route was transferred to US 84 when that highway was rerouted. The remainder of Loop 307 was cancelled on April 30, 2004, as its route was already part of FM 553.
Loop 308
Loop 308 is located in Briggs.
Loop 308 was designated on June 22, 1956, as a loop off of US 183 when it was rerouted.
Loop 310
Loop 310 was located in Carrollton. It was designated on February 23, 1956, as a loop off US 77 (now I-35E). Loop 310 was cancelled on November 21, 1991, and returned to the city of Carrollton.
Loop 311
Loop 311 was located in Kilgore.
Loop 311 was designated on August 1, 1956, from SH 259 in downtown Kilgore west 2.4 miles to SH 135 near the west edge of Kilgore. The route was signed as Business SH 135 rather than Loop 311. On June 14, 1968, Loop 311 was cancelled and removed from the highway system.
Loop 313
Loop 313 was located in Sulphur Springs. It ran along a former alignment of US 67. It is now Business US 67.
Loop 315
Loop 315 was located in Greenville.
Loop 315 was designated on November 21, 1956, from US 69 near Peniel south to US 67 southwest of Greenville. On November 30, 1961, the road was extended east over old US 67 to I-30, and southeast to US 69 on October 13, 1971. On May 21, 1979, Loop 315 was routed over US 69 while the old route of Loop 315 was transferred to US 69. Loop 315 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Business US 69-D.
Loop 316
Loop 316 was located in Loraine. It is now Business I-20.
Loop 318
Loop 318 (1957)
The first use of Loop 318 was in Callahan County, from US 380 west and north to FM 576, then east along FM 576 to US 380. Loop 318 was cancelled three months later and transferred to FM 880 and FM 880 Spur.
Loop 318 (1960)
The second use of the Loop 318 designation was in Washington County, as a loop off US 290 in Brenham. This was the former routing of US 290 before it was rerouted on top of a section of Loop 283. On February 28, 1973, the section from US 290 west of Brenham to Market Street was transferred to SH 105. The remainder of Loop 318 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Business US 290-F.
Loop 319
Loop 319 was located in Trent. It is now Business I-20.
Loop 320
Loop 320 was located in Tye. It is now Business I-20.
Loop 321
Loop 321 is located in Wilson County. It is the former route of US 87 through La Vernia.
Loop 322
Loop 323
Loop 328
Loop 328 is located in Carey.
Loop 328 was designated on October 30, 1957, as a loop off of US 287 when it was rerouted.
Loop 329
Loop 329 was located in Columbus.
Loop 329 was designated on February 16, 1982, from SH 71, 4 miles northwest of Columbus, southeast and south 5.1 miles along Fannin Street to I-10. This was formerly a portion of SH 71 before it was rerouted. On June 21, 1990, Loop 329 was cancelled and transferred to Business SH 71-F.
Loop 332
Loop 332 was located in Liberty Hill. Its western terminus was at SH 29. The route headed southeast on a two-lane undivided road that became Main Street. It crossed RM 1869 before turning east at CR 279. Loop 332 crossed a railroad line that is owned by the Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority and used by the Austin Western Railroad. Loop 332's eastern terminus was at another intersection with SH 29.
Loop 332 was designated on January 22, 1958, as a loop off SH 29 in Liberty Hill. On January 31, 2019, Loop 332 was cancelled and returned to the city of Liberty Hill by request of the city council.
Loop 333
Loop 333 was located in Westbrook. It is now Business I-20.
Loop 334
Loop 334 (1958)
The first use of the Loop 334 designation was in Bexar County, from FM 1604 and I-10 west and south to US 90. On February 27, 1958, the road was extended southwest 3.5 miles to FM 2173 near Macdona. Loop 334 was cancelled on August 7, 1959, and transferred to FM 1604 (now Loop 1604).
Loop 334 (1981)
The next use of the Loop 334 designation was in Panola County as a loop off US 79 in Carthage. The same day a break in the route was added at Loop 455 (now Business US 59). The route was signed as US 79 Business rather than Loop 334. Loop 334 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Business US 79-G.
Loop 335
Loop 335 encircles Amarillo.
Loop 335 was designated on January 18, 1960, from US 60/US 87 south of Amarillo east and north to US 287 east of Amarillo. On January 31, 1961, the road was extended north and west to US 87/US 287 (now Loop 434) and west and north to US 66 (now I-40) on July 30, 1965. On June 21, 1977, the road was extended to new US 87/US 287, replacing a section of FM 1719. On July 24, 1984, the road was extended 10 miles north, northeast and east to US 287, replacing a second section of FM 1719 and completing the loop around Amarillo. On April 21, 2018, the road was rerouted along FM 2186 with the old route transferred to FM 2590, although this will not be effective until construction is complete on this section.
Loop 336
Loop 336, also known as the Veterans Memorial Highway, encircles the city of Conroe. Through trucks traveling east and west are directed onto this loop, as they are prohibited on SH 105 inside Conroe.
Loop 336 was designated on September 27, 1960, as a loop off SH 105 in Conroe. On November 20, 1984, the road was extended around the eastern and southern sides of Conroe to FM 2854 west of Conroe. On February 23, 1989, the road was extended north 1.1 miles from FM 2854 to SH 105, replacing FM 3374 and completing the loop around Conroe.
Junction list
Loop 337
Loop 337 is located in New Braunfels.
Loop 337 was designated on June 1, 1960, from I-35 southwest of New Braunfels north, east and south to FM 25 (now SH 46) at then-US 81 (now Business I-35) east of the Guadalupe River. On February 26, 1972, the road was extended to I-35, replacing a section of FM 25. On May 14, 1990, the route description was modified to show that SH 46 was rerouted concurrent with Loop 337.
Loop 338
Texas State Highway Loop 338 (Loop 338) encircles Odessa. Unlike Loop 250 in neighboring Midland, Loop 338 is not a freeway at any point. Instead, it runs as a divided expressway, divided highway and undivided road.
Loop 338 was designated on September 26, 1960, from US 80, 2.5 miles west of Odessa, north, east, and south around Odessa to then-proposed I-20. On June 30, 1961, the section from US 80 to I-20 was transferred to FM 1357, while Loop 338 was rerouted over a section of FM 1357 from US 80 to a point 2.7 miles north. On April 3, 1964, the road was extended to I-20 east of Odessa, replacing FM 1357. On September 30, 1964, the road was extended south 0.6 mile to I-20. On September 26, 1967, the section from I-20 to SH 302 was transferred to SH 302. On September 27, 1985, the road was extended southeast to US 385, creating a concurrency with SH 302. On February 25, 1992, the road was extended west and north to I-20, completing its current route.
Junction list
Loop 340
Texas State Highway Loop 340 encircles Waco.
Loop 340 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from US 84 southeast and east to US 77 south of Waco. On February 26, 1964, the road was extended northwest 5 miles to US 84 east of Bellmead, replacing Loop 232. On February 29, 1968, the road was extended northwest 1.7 miles to FM 3051, west of US 81. On September 25, 1984, SH 6 was rerouted concurrent with Loop 340; the old route of SH 6 became Loop 484.
Junction list
Loop 343
Loop 343 is located in Austin.
Loop 343 was designated on May 30, 1961, from SH 71 east of Austin near Bergstrom Air Force Base, north along US 183, then west and south to US 290 near western Austin. Portions of the route were formerly SH 71 and US 290 before they were rerouted onto Loop 293. On February 25, 1977, Loop 343 was rerouted along 1st Street (now Cesar Chavez Street) with the former route removed altogether. On November 10, 1986, the section from SH 71 north and east to I-35 was removed from the highway system and returned to the city of Austin.
Loop 344
Loop 344 is located in Azle.
Loop 344 was designated on November 22, 1960, as a loop off SH 199 in Azle as a replacement of SH 199 when it was rerouted.
Loop 345
Loop 345 was located in San Antonio.
Loop 345 was designated on January 26, 1962, as a loop off I-10 in San Antonio as a replacement of US 87 when it was rerouted. The route was signed as US 87 Business until 1992. On December 18, 2014, the section from Balcones Heights south to I-10 was removed and returned to the city of San Antonio and the remainder was redesignated as Spur 345.
Loop 346
Loop 346 was located in Kemp.
Loop 346 was designated on June 25, 1984, as a loop off US 175 in Kemp as a replacement of US 175 when it was rerouted. On June 21, 1990, Loop 346 was cancelled and transferred to Business US 175-D.
Loop 350
State Highway Loop 350 (Loop 350) is a loop in Sealy. It runs from SH 36 via Sealy to SH 36.
Loop 352
Loop 352 was located in Chico.
Loop 352 was designated on August 29, 1961, as a loop off SH 114 (now SH 101) in Chico as a replacement of SH 114 when it was rerouted. On June 21, 1990, Loop 352 was cancelled and transferred to Business SH 101-B.
Loop 353
Loop 354
Loop 354 was located in Dallas.
Loop 354 was designated on September 19, 1961, from IH-35E in the north part of Dallas, southward along the old route of US 77 to IH-35E in the south part of Dallas. On June 25, 1991, the section from Loop 12 in north Dallas to I-35E in the south part of Dallas was cancelled and given to the city of Dallas. The remainder was cancelled on March 29, 2018, and was given to the city of Dallas.
Loop 355
Loop 355 was located in Abilene. It is now Business I-20.
Loop 357
Loop 357 was located in Decatur. It is now Business US 81.
Loop 358
Loop 358 was located in Orange.
Loop 358 was designated on April 30, 1962, as a loop off I-10 in Orange as a replacement of US 90 when it was rerouted. The route was signed as Business US 90 rather than Loop 358. On June 21, 1990, Loop 358 was cancelled and transferred to Business US 90-Y.
Loop 360
Loop 361
Loop 361 is located in Bedias.
Loop 361 was designated on June 25, 1962, from SH 90/FM 1696 in Bedias west and south to FM 1696.
Loop 362
Loop 362 is located in Amarillo.
Loop 362 was designated on June 26, 1962, along Nelson Street from I-10 to US 287 (now Loop 395). Although Loop 362 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Business US 287-C, it was changed back to Loop 362 four months later.
Loop 363
Loop 365
Loop 365 was located in Lavon.
Loop 365 was designated on April 24, 1967, as a loop off SH 78 in Lavon as a replacement of SH 78 when it was rerouted. The route was signed as SH 78 Business rather than Loop 365. On June 21, 1990, Loop 365 was cancelled and transferred to Business SH 78-G.
Loop 367
Loop 367 (1962)
The first use of the Loop 367 designation was in Scurry County as a loop off US 84 in Hermleigh. The route was signed as US 84 Business rather than Loop 367. On June 21, 1990, Loop 367 was cancelled and transferred to Business US 84-H.
Loop 367 (1996)
The next use of the Loop 367 designation was in Johnson County, from US 67, 3.3 miles west of US 67/SH 174 in Cleburne, north and east 7.9 miles to SH 174, 1 mile north of SH 174/SH 171, north of Cleburne. Loop 367 was cancelled six months later by district request and transferred to US 67 when it was rerouted; the former route of US 67 became Business US 67.
Loop 368
Loop 368 is located in San Antonio.
Loop 368 was designated on August 1, 1962, from I-35 at Fratt southwest along old US 81 to I-35 and Broadway as a replacement of US 81 when it was rerouted east. The route was signed as Business US 81 until 1991 when US 81 was decommissioned in favor of I-35. On December 18, 2014, the section from Alamo Heights to I-410 was planned to be removed from the highway system. This section was to be removed when construction was complete, but in January 2022, TxDOT reversed its decision and retained its jurisdiction as San Antonio did not provide the required acceptance letter for the project.
Loop 369
Loop 369 is located in Abernathy. It is an old alignment of US 87 through the city.
Loop 370
Loop 370 was located in Wichita Falls.
Loop 370 was designated on September 25, 1962, from US 287 near northwestern Iowa Park east via Wichita Falls to SH 79/Loop 165. The route was signed as US 287 Business rather than Loop 370. On February 8, 1972, the western terminus was moved to US 287 in Iowa Park. Loop 370 was cancelled on June 21, 1990, and transferred to Business US 287-J.
Loop 372
Loop 372 was located in Rowlett.
Loop 372 was designated on February 28, 1962, from SH 66 west of Long Branch south and east to Liberty Grove Road, then north to then-proposed SH 66. On December 19, 1991, Loop 372 was cancelled and transferred to Business SH 66-G.
Loop 373
Loop 373 is located in Bridgeport.
Loop 373 was designated on March 29, 2007, from US 380 south, west, and south to SH 114 as a replacement of a section of Business SH 114-H (old Loop 373) and all of Business US 380-E (former Spur 129).
Loop 373 (1962)
The original Loop 373 was designated on November 1, 1962, from FM 920 and new SH 114 east to Spur 129, then south to SH 114. On June 21, 1990, Loop 373 was cancelled and transferred to Business SH 114-H.
Loop 374
Loop 374 was designated on March 20, 1963, from US 83 near western Mission east to US 83 near western Harlingen. The designation became effective when traffic was routed on new US 83. The route was also signed as US 83 Business rather than Loop 374. On March 2, 1967, the road was extended west 5.5 miles to US 83, 0.5 mile west of FM 1427. On September 27, 1987, Loop 374 was rerouted in Mission. On June 21, 1990, Loop 374 was cancelled and transferred to Business US 83-S.
Loop 375
Loop 376
Loop 376 was located in Winnie.
Loop 376 was designated on October 31, 1962, from SH 124/FM 1406 at Winnie, east and northeast 1.3 miles to SH 73. On August 4, 1988, Loop 376 was cancelled by district request and transferred to FM 1406.
Loop 377
Loop 377 was located in Colorado City. It is now Business I-20.
Loop 378
Loop 378 is located in San Angelo.
Loop 378 was designated on December 4, 1968, from US 87 north of San Angelo along Chadbourne St to US 87 at Washington Drive as a replacement of US 87 when it was rerouted. On February 19, 1972, the road was extended south to US 87 when it was rerouted again. On March 29, 1988, the section from US 87 to FM 388 was given to San Angelo and the section from FM 388 to FM 1223 became part of FM 1223.
Loop 382
Loop 382 was located in Grapevine.
Loop 382 was designated on April 18, 1963, as a loop off SH 114 in Grapevine as a replacement of SH 114 when it was rerouted. The route was signed as SH 114 Business rather than Loop 382. On June 21, 1990, Loop 382 was cancelled and transferred to Business SH 114-L.
Loop 384
Loop 384 was located in Round Rock. It was redesignated Business I-35, a segment of which later became the now-cancelled Spur 379.
Loop 385
Loop 385 is located in Bainer.
Loop 385 was designated on May 24, 1963, on the current route as a replacement of US 84 when it was rerouted.
Loop 387
Loop 387 was located in Pilot Point.
Loop 387 was designated on September 26, 1963, as a loop off SH 99 (now US 377) in Pilot Point as a replacement of SH 99 when it was rerouted. On December 19, 1991, Loop 387 was cancelled and transferred to Business US 377-E.
Loop 388
Loop 388 is located in Shallowater.
Loop 388 was designated on September 26, 1963, as a loop off of US 84 in Shallowater as a replacement of US 84 when it was rerouted.
Loop 389
Loop 389 is located in Carbon.
Loop 389 was designated on September 26, 1963, as a loop off SH 6 in Carbon as a replacement of SH 6 when it was rerouted. The route was signed as SH 6 Business rather than Loop 389. On March 2, 1967, a 0.7 mile section from FM 2526 north to SH 6 was cancelled (it was already a portion of FM 2526).
Loop 390
Loop 391
Loop 391 is located in Windom.
Loop 391 was designated on November 20, 1963, as a loop from FM 1743 in Windom east and north via Main Street to US 82.
Loop 392
Loop 392 was located in Alvarado. It is now Business I-35.
Loop 393
Loop 393 is located in Goodrich.
Loop 393 was designated on November 20, 1963, as a loop off of US 59 in Goodrich as a replacement for US 59 when it was rerouted.
Loop 395
Loop 395 is located in Amarillo.
Loop 395 was designated on December 20, 1963, from I-40 and Tee Anchor Boulevard along old US 287 to Pierce Street. On June 21, 1990, Loop 395 was transferred to Business US 287-B, but was transferred back to Loop 395 four months later.
Loop 396
Loop 396 is located in Waco.
Loop 396 was designated on May 27, 1969, as a redesignation of Spur 396 when it was extended to SH 6.
References
+3
State highway loops 300
State highway loops 300 | wiki |
French pronouns are inflected to indicate their role in the sentence (subject, direct object, and so on), as well as to reflect the person, gender, and number of their referents.
Personal pronouns
French has a complex system of personal pronouns (analogous to English I, we, they, and so on). When compared to English, the particularities of French personal pronouns include:
a T-V distinction in the second person singular (familiar tu vs. polite vous)
the placement of object pronouns before the verb: « Agnès les voit. » ("Agnès sees them.")
the existence of distinct pronouns for indirect objects and for certain prepositional objects
the use of a distinct disjunctive form, e.g. for emphasis (moi, toi, etc.).
The three types of "you" in French
There are two words for you but they cover three distinct cases:
Singular "you": "Tu" is used to address someone informally.
Singular "you": "Vous" is used to address someone formally.
Plural "you": "Vous" is also used to address (formally or informally) two or more people.
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns refer to an object (or person) by identifying its possessor. They lexically indicate the person and number of the possessor, and like other pronouns they are inflected to indicate the gender and number of their referent. This is a key difference from English: in English, possessive pronouns are inflected to indicate the gender and number of their antecedent — e.g., in "the tables are his", the form "his" indicates that the antecedent (the possessor) is masculine singular, whereas in the French les tables sont les siennes, "siennes" or its base form "sien" indicates that the antecedent is third person singular but of unspecified gender while the inflection "-nes" indicates that the possessed noun "table" is feminine plural.
In French, the possessive pronouns are determined by the definite article le, la, les ("the"), depending on the gender and number of their referent; nonetheless, they are considered pronouns.
The following table lists the possessive pronouns by the possessor they indicate:
Examples:
« Est-ce que c'est ta fleur ou la mienne ? » ("Is this your flower or mine?")
« Je parle à mon frère pendant que tu parles au tien. » ("I am talking to my brother while you are talking to yours.")
The term "possessive pronoun" is also sometimes applied to the possessive determiners ("my", "your", etc.), which are discussed at French articles and determiners.
Interrogative pronouns
Like English, French has a number of different interrogative pronouns. They are organized here by the English pronoun to which they correspond:
What:
As the direct object of a verb, que (or qu before a vowel or mute "h") is used in front of the verb: « Que faites-vous ? » ("What are you doing?")
Also as the direct object of a verb, quest-ce que (or quest-ce qu before a vowel or mute "h") is used, without subject-auxiliary inversion. This phrase is analysed as a single word: « Quest-ce que vous faites ? » ("What is it that you are doing?")
As the object of a preposition, or after the verb, quoi is used: « Après quoi aboie-t-il ? » ("At what is it barking?"), « Vous faites quoi ? » ("You are doing what?")
There is no indirect-object form; rather, a full prepositional phrase (with quoi) is used: « À quoi pensez-vous ? » ("About what are you thinking?")
As the subject form, quest-ce qui is used, without inversion: « Quest-ce qui vous dérange ? » ("What is it that bothers you?")
Who, whom:
As the subject or direct object of a verb, or as the object of a preposition, qui is used: « Qui vous dérange ? » ("Who bothers you?")
There is no indirect-object form; rather, a full prepositional phrase (with qui) is used: « À qui avez-vous donné cela ? » ("To whom did you give that?")
Which, which one(s):
The basic form is lequel (le + quel; see French articles and determiners for information about each component).
Both parts of lequel are inflected to agree with its referent in gender and number: hence, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles.
The prepositions à and de contract with le and les to form au, aux, du, and des, respectively; this is still the case here. Thus, for example, auxquelles means "at/to which ones" (feminine), and duquel means "of/from which one" (masculine).
For more information on the formation of questions, see French grammar.
Relative pronouns
French, like English, uses relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. The relative pronoun used depends on its grammatical role (such as subject or direct object) within the relative clause, as well as on the gender and number of the antecedent and whether the antecedent represents a human. Further, like English, French distinguishes between ordinary relative clauses (which serve as adjectives) and other types.
In ordinary relative clauses
If the relative pronoun is to be the subject of the clause's verb, qui is ordinarily used: « l'homme qui a volé ma bicyclette » ("the man who stole my bike"). Note that qui in this use does not change form to agree in any way with its antecedent: « les bicyclettes qui ont été volées » ("the bikes that were stolen"). However, it may occasionally be replaced with a form of lequel to specify the antecedent's gender or number. For example, while the phrase « Jean et Marie, qui vole(nt) des bicyclettes » ("Jean and Marie, who steal(s) bicycles") is ambiguous in speech (since vole and volent are homophones), the phrases « Jean et Marie, laquelle vole des bicyclettes » ("Jean and Marie, who steals bicycles") and « Jean et Marie, lesquels volent des bicyclettes » ("Jean and Marie, who steal bicycles") are not: in the former, only Marie is being described, while in the latter, both Jean and Marie are. This substitution is very rare, however.
If the relative pronoun is to be the direct object of the clause's verb, que (or qu before a vowel; see elision) is ordinarily used: « la bicyclette quil a volée » ("the bicycle that he stole"). Like qui, que does not change form to agree with its antecedent, and may occasionally be replaced with a form of lequel for the sake of clarity.
If the relative pronoun is to be the grammatical possessor of a noun in the clause (usually marked with de), dont is used: « le garçon dont j'ai volé la bicyclette » ("the boy from whom I stole the bicycle", "the boy whose bicycle I stole"). Note that unlike in English, the object of possession is not moved to appear immediately after dont; that is, dont, unlike whose, is not a determiner.
Traditionally, if the relative pronoun was to be the object of a preposition in the clause (other than the de of possession), or the indirect object of the clause's verb, a form of lequel was used, with the preposition placed before it: « la femme de laquelle j'ai parlé » ("the woman about whom I spoke"). (Note that here, as in the interrogative case described above, à and de contract with most forms of lequel.) Nowadays, the form of lequel is typically replaced with qui when the antecedent is a human: « la femme de qui j'ai parlé ». Further, if the preposition is de, even if it is not the de of the possession, dont has started to be used (with both human and non-human antecedents): « la femme dont j'ai parlé ». (However, dont has not started to be used in the case of compound prepositions ending in de, such as à côté de, loin de, and à cause de: « la femme à cause de laquelle j'ai parlé », "the woman because of whom I spoke").
Alternatively, if the relative pronoun is to be an adverbial complement in the clause, introduced by the preposition à (or a similar preposition of time or place), où may be used: « la ville où j'habite » ("the city where I live"), « au moment où il a parlé » ("at the moment that he spoke").
In other relative clauses
When a relative clause is to serve as an inanimate noun, it is prefixed with ce: « ce que j'ai dit » ("that which I said", "what I said"). In a prepositional phrase after ce, the pronoun lequel is replaced with the pronoun quoi: « ce à quoi je pense » ("that about which I am thinking", "what I am thinking about"; note the non-contraction of ce), except that ce dont is usually preferred to ce de quoi ( both meaning "that of which").
When a relative clause serves as an animate noun usually a construction like « l'homme qui ... » ("the man who ...") is used, rather than a "he who" construction. However, qui is sometimes used alone: « Qui vivra, verra » ("Whoever lives, will see" "He who lives, will see").
When a relative clause is to serve as an adverb, it takes the same form as when it is to serve as an inanimate noun, except that ce is omitted before a preposition: « Ils sont allés dîner, après quoi ils sont rentrés » ("They went out to eat, after which they went home"); « Ils ne se sont pas du tout parlé, ce qui me semblait étrange » ("They did not talk to each other at all, which seemed strange to me").
Demonstrative pronouns
French has several demonstrative pronouns. The pronouns and / correspond roughly to English "this" and "that"; the pronoun corresponds to English "this one, that one; the one (which)". The major reason why there is confusion by native English speakers is that "this" and "that" are also used in English as demonstrative adjectives that correspond to the single French demonstrative adjective 'this; that' (declined as: m. before vowels, f. and m.pl.).
The pronouns ceci, cela, and ça
Ceci and cela correspond roughly to English "this" and "that," respectively. Ça is a truncated form of cela, used in standard spoken contexts. Unlike English this, French ceci is quite rare; its most common use is in writing, to refer to something that is about to be mentioned: « Ceci est le problème : il boit trop. » ("This is the problem: he drinks too much.") Cela and ça are often used even when English would use "this."
The pronoun celui
Celui corresponds to English "the one," "this one," and "that one." Since its purpose is to identify ("demonstrate") its referent, it is always accompanied by additional identifying information.
Like other pronouns, celui is inflected to agree with its antecedent in gender and number. Its forms are as follows:
As mentioned above, the demonstrative pronoun is always accompanied by additional identifying information. This information can come in any of the following forms:
the suffix -ci or -là, attached with a hyphen. These suffixes indicate proximity and distance, respectively; celui-ci means "this one (masculine)," for example, while celle-là means "that one (feminine)." In writing, celui-ci (or another of its forms) is often used to mean "the latter," while celui-là means "the former".
a relative clause. This construction is more common than in English; for example, English's "the blue one" may be rendered in French as celui qui est bleu (lit. "the one that is blue") — except that celui and bleu would be celle and bleue if the referent were feminine, and est "is" might be replaced by était "was" or sera "will be" or serait "would be". "The blue one" can also be rendered, especially in colloquial language, as le bleu (m.), la bleue (f.), which are closer to English, but, depending on context, the latter construction can, in the masculine, mean either "the blue one" or "blue" (the blue color).
one of a few common expressions of location. For example, celui de gauche means "the one on the left (masculine)."
de, followed by a possessor. For example, « Ceux de Marie sont cassés » ("The ones (masculine) of Marie are broken", "Marie's (masculine) are broken").
References
Pronouns
Pronouns by language | wiki |
Suosan is calorie-free artificial sweetener derived from β-alanine, discovered in 1948 by Petersen et Muller.
Suosan is a sodium salt of p-Nitrophenylcarbamidopropionic acid and is 700 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) with a bitter aftertaste. It was never commercialized due to its low solubility in water, particularly under acidic pH (which limited its use, particularly in soft drinks) and concerns that it might form the toxic compound 4-nitroaniline.
See also
Aspartame
References
External links
Organic sodium salts
Sugar substitutes
Ureas
Salts of carboxylic acids
Nitrobenzenes
Anilines | wiki |
Ribbon yarn or tape yarn is a kind of novelty yarn. It is made of ribbon, but generally not the kind of ribbon used in sewing and millinery. Rather, they are ribbons made especially for knitting or crocheting, with some in a tubular form, some woven flat, and some similar in appearance to Bias tape. Ribbon yarns can be composed of many materials, from synthetics to silk to plant fibers.
Yarn | wiki |
The Catahoula Leopard Dog is an American dog breed named after Catahoula Parish, Louisiana. It became the state dog of Louisiana in 1979. It is recognized by the United Kennel Club under the name Louisiana Catahoula Leopard Dog, while the American Kennel Club Foundation Stock Service calls it Catahoula Leopard Dog. Both registries have assigned the breed a herding group designation, although it has traditionally been used in hunting feral boars.
History
The Catahoula lineage is unknown. One theory suggests the breed originated in the mid-1700s when French settlers emigrated to what became Louisiana with Beauceron dogs. The settlers crossbred their dogs with well-adapted swamp hunting wolfdogs owned by Native Americans in an effort to develop a better working dog. In the 1800s, breeding intensified in an effort to develop a family dog that was well-suited to work, hunt, and guard yet good with children.
On July 9, 1979, in recognition of the historic significance of the Catahoula cur to the State of Louisiana, Governor Edwin Edwards signed House Bill #75 officially naming the Louisiana Catahoula Leopard Dog as the state dog. On January 1, 1995, the Louisiana Catahoula Leopard Dog was recognized by the United Kennel Club. In 1996, the AKC added the Catahoula Leopard Dog into their Foundation Stock Service.
Appearance
Though physical characteristics are varied, Catahoulas are usually muscular dogs with a rectangular-shaped body. They tend to have a large head with drop ears and a strong, slightly tapered muzzle. They tend to have a thick muscular neck and a long, curved tail. They come in many colors and have medium/short hair.
Catahoulas come in many different colors, including blue merle, red merle, brindle, and solid colors. Often, solid coat Catahoulas have small splashes of other colors such as white on their face, legs or chest. The leopard-like coat of most Catahoulas is the result of the merle gene. The merle gene does not normally affect the entire coat of the dog, but dilutes the color only in areas that randomly present the characteristic of the gene. Deeper colors are preferred; predominantly white coats are discouraged. Since Catahoula is a working dog, coat color is not a primary consideration.
The Catahoula has a single smooth short or coarse medium coat. The short looks almost painted. The medium can have extended "feathering" on the hind legs, tail, and chest.
The breed may have any eye color or combination of colors including blue, brown, green, or amber.
Work
The Catahoula was initially used for hunting. Native Americans tended to use the dog for hunting large game. European settlers used the dog for hunting and herding livestock. The first white settlers in Louisiana are believed to have used the dog to hunt feral pigs in the swamps of Louisiana.
Catahoulas are used as bay dogs, tree dogs, and for hunting a variety of wild game, including small game such as raccoons and squirrels, as well as big game such as deer, mountain lions and bear. They are also used for scent trailing game, and as a search and rescue dog.
Catahoulas have a natural herding instinct and a unique way of working a herd. AKC describes it as creating a “canine fence” around the herd which allows the dog's master to work the herd within that circle. Herding ability and a natural working instinct are a top priority to Catahoula breeders, over and above a dog's appearance. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Catahoulas exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in cow/hog dog trials.
Health
Deafness is one of the major genetic faults common in Catahoulas and is associated with individuals that are excessively white in color and deafness attributed to a lack of melanocytes. A Catahoula that is predominantly white has an 80% chance of being bi-laterally deaf or uni-laterally hearing. Hearing in one ear is referred to as "directional deafness". Breeders are often unwilling to allow deaf Catahoulas to leave their premises and will generally euthanize deaf pups. Puppies born from a litter where both parents have the merle color pattern have a 25% chance of turning out to be blind, deaf, or blind and deaf. These puppies are often referred to as "double merles". A double merle can come from any breed, or breed mix. As long as both parents are merle, each puppy has a chance of inheriting these traits.
It has been suggested that deafness and blindness from double merle may be rarer in Catahoulas than in other dog breeds.
Gallery
References
External links
National Association of Louisiana Catahoulas, Inc.
Catahoula Owners, Breeders & Research Association
Curs
Dog breeds originating in the United States
Herding dogs
Rare dog breeds
Symbols of Louisiana | wiki |
__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__
179500 | wiki |
Mike & Molly is an American television sitcom created by Mark Roberts. Billy Gardell and Melissa McCarthy star as the two title characters, who begin to date after meeting at an Overeaters Anonymous group. The series premiered on CBS on September 20, 2010. Roberts and Chuck Lorre serve as executive producers. On March 12, 2015, CBS renewed Mike & Molly for a sixth and final season, which premiered on January 6, 2016.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2010–11)
Season 2 (2011–12)
Season 3 (2012–13)
Season 4 (2013–14)
Season 5 (2014–15)
Season 6 (2016)
References
External links
List of Mike & Molly episodes at MSN TV
List of Mike & Molly episodes at The Futon Critic
Lists of American sitcom episodes
Mike & Molly | wiki |
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.
The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for the 1986 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and Baseball America (since 1981).
Key
All-Americans
See also
Baseball awards#U.S. college baseball
References
College Baseball All-America Teams
All-America | wiki |
The Moto E4 and Moto E4 Plus are Android smartphones developed by Motorola Mobility, a subsidiary of Lenovo. They were released in June 2017. The phones are regarded as being low-budget and having a long battery life. The E4 model has a 2,800 mAh battery and the E4 Plus has a 5,000 mAh battery. The Moto E4 has an 8 megapixel camera, while the Plus version has a 13 megapixel one. Both Moto E4 variants also have custom ROMs available.
Generation comparison
All generations use:
micro-SIMs
micro-USB B power connectors
Bluetooth version is 4.2 LE.
A fingerprint sensor is included on the unlocked E4 and the E4 for Verizon and for U.S. Cellular. A fingerprint sensor is not included with the Sprint E4.
See also
Moto C
References
Android (operating system) devices
Motorola smartphones | wiki |
The following is a list of selected recordings by Perry Como (all on RCA Victor except where Ted Weems orchestra is referenced; in those cases, on Decca):
References
Como, Perry | wiki |
Stantec Tower is a 66-storey above and 4 underground, mixed-use skyscraper in Ice District in the downtown core of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On May 23, 2018, it reached a construction height of and surpassed the JW Marriott Edmonton Ice District & Residences, becoming the tallest building in Edmonton and one of the largest mixed-use projects in Canada. The office area of the tower opened on September 26, 2018, and the residential portion opened in 2019.
At tall, the Stantec Tower is the 7th-tallest building in Canada, and the tallest in Canada outside Toronto. The 66-storey tower consists of retail space, offices, and 454 residential units. It houses the headquarters of Stantec and is located close to Rogers Place, home of the NHL's Edmonton Oilers, and near the centre of Ice District directly northwest of Downtown Edmonton.
Construction
Engineering and design work was completed by Stantec themselves and unveiled to the public on August 26, 2014. The initial design consisted of 62 storeys at a height of . However, the finalized design of the tower would consist of 66-storeys at a height of .
Construction started in the fall of 2014, completing foundation works and moving above grade in August 2016. The project reached a milestone when it topped out the 30th floor, marking the top of the commercial and office floors, in November 2017.
Stantec Tower had reached its 30th floor just 14 days after its next door neighbour, JW Marriott Edmonton Ice District & Residences, had become the tallest building in Edmonton. Both these construction projects continued adding floors, with the JW Marriott Edmonton Ice District & Residences reaching its full height () in March 2018. Stantec Tower added structural steel for its 54th floor on May 23, 2018, bringing its height to and becoming the tallest building in Edmonton, and work continued upward on the residential floors at a rate of per week.
The tower opened on September 26, 2018, with employees of commercial tenants moving in to occupy 29 floors in October 2018. On November 16, 2018 the tower was fully topped out, becoming the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto. Dismantling of the crane took place in March 2019, as work on the SKY residences neared completion, with residents expected to move in starting in the fall. In November of that year, it was announced that, due to poor sales, the bottom 12 floors of the planned SKY residences would be converted into hotel space. Existing owners in the affected units would be upgraded to higher floors at no additional cost.
Major tenants
In September 2019, Stantec sold the 29 floors of commercial space to German real estate company Deka Immobilien, a subsidiary of DekaBank. The sale was facilitated by the high commercial occupancy, including:
PwC Canada - two floors -
Dentons Canada - 3 floors (Floors 24, 25, and 26) Q2 of 2019.
Stantec
DLA Piper
See also
List of tallest buildings in Edmonton
List of tallest buildings in Canada
References
External links
Ice District Properties
Stantec.com Info on Project
Headquarters in Canada
Skyscraper office buildings in Canada
Skyscrapers in Edmonton
Ice District
Residential skyscrapers in Canada | wiki |
Harrow tube station could refer to one of a number of London Underground stations serving the Harrow area of north London:
Harrow-on-the-Hill
North Harrow
South Harrow
West Harrow
Harrow & Wealdstone
National Rail station Sudbury Hill Harrow is a short walk from Sudbury Hill but is a separate station.
Disambig-Class London Transport articles | wiki |
Kennebec Bridge may refer to these bridges crossing the Kennebec River:
Kennebec Memorial Bridge (Augusta, Maine)
Maine Kennebec Bridge (Richmond-Dresden, Maine)
Pearl Harbor Remembrance Bridge (Gardiner-Randolph, Maine)
Calumet Bridge at Old Fort Western (Augusta, Maine)
Sagadahoc Bridge (Bath-Woolwich, Maine) | wiki |
A free-ranging dog is a dog that is not confined to a yard or house. Free-ranging dogs include street dogs, village dogs, stray dogs, feral dogs, etc., and may be owned or unowned. The global dog population is estimated to be 900 million, of which around 20% are regarded as owned pets and therefore restrained.
Origin
Dogs living with humans is a dynamic relationship, with a large proportion of the dog population losing contact with humans at some stage over time. This loss of contact first occurred after domestication and has reoccurred throughout history.
The global dog population is estimated to be 900 million and rising. Although it is said that the "dog is man's best friend" for the 17–24% of dogs that live as pets in the developed countries, in the developing world pet dogs are uncommon but there are many village, community or feral dogs. Most of these dogs live out their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, stray or that are in shelters, as the majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.
Categories of dogs
There is confusion with the terms used to categorize dogs. Dogs can be classed by whether they possess an owner or a community of owners, how freely they can move around, and any genetic differences they have from other dog populations due to long-term separation.
Owned dogs
Owned dogs are "family" dogs. They have an identifiable owner, are commonly socialized, and are not allowed to roam. They are restricted to particular outdoor or indoor areas. They have little impact on wildlife unless going with humans into natural areas.
Free-ranging owned dogs
A free-ranging dog is a dog that is not confined to a yard or house. Free-ranging owned dogs are cared for by one owner or a community of owners, and are able to roam freely. This includes "village dogs", which live in rural areas and human habitations. These are not confined. However, they rarely leave the village vicinity. This also includes "rural free-ranging dogs", which also live in rural areas and human habitations. These are owned or are associated with homes, and they are not confined. These include farm and pastoral dogs that range over particular areas.
Free-ranging unowned dogs
Free-ranging unowned dogs are stray dogs. They get their food and shelter from human environments, but they have not been socialized and so they avoid humans as much as possible. Free-ranging unowned dogs include "urban free-ranging dogs", which live in cities and urban areas. These have no owner but are commensals, subsisting on left over food from human, garbage or other dogs' food as their primary food sources. Free-ranging unowned dogs also include feral dogs.
Feral dogs
The term "feral" can be used to describe those animals that have been through the process of domestication but have returned to a wild state. "Domesticated" and "socialized" (tamed) do not mean the same thing, as it is possible for an individual animal of a domesticated species to be feral and not tame, and it is possible for an individual animal of a wild species to be socialized to live with humans.
Feral dogs differ from other dogs because they did not have close human contact early in their lives (socialization). Feral dogs live in a wild state with no food and shelter intentionally provided by humans and show a continuous and strong avoidance of direct human contact. The distinction between feral, stray, and free-ranging dogs is sometimes a matter of degree, and a dog may shift its status throughout its life. In some unlikely but observed cases, a feral dog that was not born wild but lived with a feral group can become rehabilitated to a domestic dog with an owner. A dog can become a stray when it escapes human control, by abandonment or being born to a stray mother. A stray dog can become feral when it is forced out of the human environment or when it is co-opted or socially accepted by a nearby feral group. Feralization occurs by the development of a fear response to humans. Feral dogs are not reproductively self-sustaining, suffer from high rates of juvenile mortality, and depend indirectly on humans for their food, their space, and the supply of co-optable individuals.
"Wild" dogs
The existence of "wild dogs" is debated. Some authors propose that this term applies to the Australian dingo and dingo-feral dog hybrids. They believe that these have a history of independence from humans and should no longer be considered as domesticated. Others disagree, and propose that the dingo was once domesticated and is now a feral dog.
The first British colonists to arrive in Australia established a settlement at Port Jackson in 1788 and recorded dingoes living there with indigenous Australians. Although the dingo exists in the wild, it associates with humans but has not been selectively bred as have other domesticated animals. The dingo's relationship with indigenous Australians can be described as commensalism, in which two organisms live in close association but without depending on each other for survival. They will both hunt and sleep together. The dingo is therefore comfortable enough around humans to associate with them, but is still capable of living independently, much like the domestic cat. Any free-ranging unowned dog can be socialized to become an owned dog, as some dingoes do when they join human families.
Another point of view regards domestication as a process that is difficult to define. It regards dogs as being either socialized and able to exist with humans, or unsocialized. There exist dogs that live with their human families but are unsocialized and will treat strangers aggressively and defensively as might a wild wolf. There also exists a number of cases where wild wolves have approached people in remote places, attempting to get them to play and to form companionship.
Rabies impact
In 2011, a media article on the stray dog population by the US National Animal Interest Alliance said that there are 200 million stray dogs worldwide and that a "rabies epidemic" was causing a global public health issue. In 2013, the World Health Organization reports that dogs are responsible for the vast majority of human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of all rabies transmissions to humans. Rabies causes tens of thousands of deaths every year, mainly in Asia and Africa. More than 15 million people receive post-bite rabies vaccines to prevent the disease.
Conservation impact
Increasing numbers of free-ranging dogs have become a threat to the snow leopard and young brown bears on the Tibetan Plateau because dog packs chase these animals away from food. Free-ranging dogs are often vectors of diseases such as rabies and canine distemper, which can jump into species such as African wild dogs, wolves, lions and tigers. In addition, they can interbreed with other members of the genus Canis such as the Ethiopian wolf and the dingo, raising genetic purity concerns.
See also
Dogs portal
Feral cat
Dog
Puppy
References
Bibliography
Beck, Alan M., "The Ecology of Stray Dogs: A Study of Free-Ranging Urban Animals" (1973). Purdue University Press Books.
Feral dogs
Urban wildlife | wiki |
The Summer King or Summer King may refer to:
The Summer King (novel), 1999 novel by O. R. Melling
The Summer King (opera), a 2017 opera by Daniel Sonenberg, based on the story of baseball player Josh Gibson
Summer King, a variant of the Red Astrachan apple cultivar
The Summer King, a 2009 poetry collection by Joanna Preston, winner of the 2010 Mary Gilmore Prize
See also
The Winter King, Frederick V
The Winter King (novel), a 1995 novel by Bernard Cornwell | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Dexter (Missouri)
Dexter (New York)
Dexter City (Ohio)
Dexter (Oregon)
Dexter (Új-Mexikó)
Dexter (Wisconsin)
Dexter (közösség, Wisconsin)
egyéb
Dexter (televíziós sorozat)
Dexter laboratóriuma, televíziós sorozat
Dexter (szarvasmarha) | wiki |
Northern Metropolis () is a planning area, consisting of two district administration areas, including North District and Yuen Long District in the northern New Territories in Hong Kong. It is envisioned as an integrated living and economic region aimed at leveraging the strengths of integration with Shenzhen.
The development strategy is also focus on strengthening the radiation of Hong Kong with comprehensive footholds in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area. Chief Executive Carrie Lam stressed that connects with the Greater Bay Area and facilitates Hong Kong's development integration with Shenzhen.
See also
New towns of Hong Kong
Lantau Tomorrow Vision
North East New Territories New Development Areas Planning
Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area
References
Hong Kong
New Territories
Urban planning in Hong Kong
Proposed infrastructure in Hong Kong | wiki |
Seek and Destroy (新コンバットチョロQ, Shin Combat Choro Q) est un jeu vidéo de combat motorisé développé par Barnhouse Effect et sorti en 2002 sur PlayStation 2.
Il fait partie de la série Choro Q.
Système de jeu
Accueil
Notes et références
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2002
Jeu PlayStation 2
Jeu de combat motorisé
Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
Choro Q | wiki |
Egg roast is a dish native to Kerala, India, consisting of eggs roasted in a masala gravy. It is commonly consumed as an accompaniment mainly with appam and puttu or less often with chapattis (Indian flat bread) or porotas (typical all flour flat bread which is popular in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka) or it is also used (least often) with steamed rice.
Kerala cuisine
Egg dishes | wiki |
Dieser Artikel listet die Erfolge und den Kader der Radsportteams Wiggle Honda in der Saison 2014 auf.
Erfolge
Team
Weblinks
Radsportteam 2014 | wiki |
Hurricane Linda was a strong tropical cyclone in September 2015 that resulted in heavy rains across portions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States. The seventeenth named storm, eleventh hurricane, and eighth major hurricane of the season, Linda developed southwest of Mexico from a low-pressure area on September 5. Under warm sea surface temperatures and low to moderate wind shear, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Linda by September 6 and a hurricane by the next day. A well-defined eye soon formed within the storm's central dense overcast and Linda reached its peak intensity as a 125 mph (205 km/h) Category 3 major hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on September 8. Thereafter, the storm moved into a stable environment and an area of lower sea surface temperatures, causing rapid weakening. Convective activity dissipated and Linda degenerated into a remnant low on September 10. The lingering system persisted southwest of Baja California, ultimately opening up into a trough on September 14.
In Mexico, the storm brought rainfall to nine states, causing flooding, especially in Oaxaca, Sinaloa, and Zacatecas. In Oaxaca, mudslides resulted in the closure of multiple highways and damage to over a dozen homes. Flooding in Sinola affected approximately 1,000 homes with hundreds damaged, prompting dozens of families to evacuate. Several small communities were temporarily isolated after flood waters covered bridges. Localized flooding in Zacatecas damaged crops and 25 dwellings; damage reached approximately 500,000 pesos (US$30,000). Although Linda did not directly impact land, moisture from the storm was pulled northeast into the Southwestern United States and enhanced the local monsoon. Los Angeles received of rain, contributing to the city's second wettest September on record. One fatality in the state occurred from a drowning at San Bernardino National Forest. Utah was impacted by major flash flooding incidents—with rainfall amounting to 1-in-100 year levels—which left 21 deaths in the state: 14 near Hildale and 7 in Zion National Park. This flash flooding ultimately made this the deadliest storm in the history of Utah since at least 1950. Damage across the Southwest amounted to US$3.6 million.
Meteorological history
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on August 21. By four days later, the system spawned Tropical Storm Erika over the eastern Atlantic. The southern portion of the wave persisted westward and moved over Central America on August 30. Shower and thunderstorm activity associated with the wave began to increase over the next few days as it crossed the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Convection was enhanced further on September 2 as a Kelvin wave interacted with the tropical wave, eventually resulting in the development of a broad low-pressure area. Early the following day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) issued a Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO) for a cluster of clouds that showed signs of organizing into a tropical system. Wind shear was forecast to become more conducive for tropical cyclogenesis over the next few days. Although the shear remained moderately strong, the low acquired a well-defined center of circulation by September 4. Following further organization of deep convection, Tropical Depression Fifteen-E developed at 18:00 UTC on September 5 while located about southwest of Manzanillo, Colima.
Under the influence of a strong mid-level ridge over northern Mexico, the depression moved northwestward into an area of moderate northeasterly vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures. By 06:00 UTC on September 6, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Linda. Due to a decrease in wind shear, Linda began to undergo rapid deepening shortly thereafter. Between that day and early on September 7, the storm increased in convective banding and developed central dense overcast; satellite imagery also indicated that an eye was forming around that time. At 06:00 UTC on September 7, Linda intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Just six hours later, the cyclone reached Category 2 status. Due to a slight increase in wind shear and possibly an intrusion from dry air, Linda temporarily remained steady in intensity while passing between Socorro Island and Clarion Island. Operationally, the NHC briefly downgraded Linda to a Category 1 hurricane at 0:300 UTC on September 8, though post-analysis concluded that the storm remained a Category 2 hurricane.
Strengthening resumed by early on September 8, when the system became a Category 3 hurricane, which coincided with satellite imagery indicating a banded eye feature. Around 12:00 UTC, Linda attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of . Early on September 9, the hurricane rapidly weakened after entering a region of slightly colder sea surface temperatures, falling to Category 2 by 06:00 UTC and to Category 1 intensity only six hours later. Around that time, Linda began encountering a dry, stable air mass and ocean temperature under . At 18:00 UTC on September 9, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm while also losing convective coverage. After the remaining showers and thunderstorms detached from the low-level circulation, Linda transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone around 12:00 UTC the following day while situated about 260 mi (415 km) west-southwest of Punta Eugenia, Baja California Sur. The remnants weakened over the next few days, until degenerating into a trough while still well west of Baja California on September 14.
Impact and aftermath
Mexico
The outer bands of Linda brought rainfall to nine states across Mexico: Baja California, Baja California Sur, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora and Zacatecas. Within Sinaloa, flooding affected the municipalities of Angostura, Culiacán, Mazatlán, Rosario, and Salvador Alvarado. Rainfall accumulations peaked at in Rosario. Flooding affected approximately 1,000 homes in the state with hundreds damaged, prompting dozens of families to evacuate. Several small communities were temporarily isolated as flood waters covered bridges. Civil officials declared an emergency for the municipalities of Rosario and Salvador Alvarado in the wake of Linda. Scattered power outages occurred in Mazatlán city. Scattered thunderstorms in Oaxaca resulted in multiple landslides and flooding, prompting closure of several highways and damaging more than a dozen homes. Localized flooding attributed to Linda in Zacatecas damaged crops and 25 homes; losses reached MXN$500,000 (US$27,000). Waves of likely impacted coastal areas of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, and Sonora. Additionally, Linda passed roughly 100 mi (155 km) west of Socorro Island on September 7; sustained winds reached with gusts to .
United States
California
Monsoonal moisture pulled north from Linda to produce thunderstorms across portions of California starting on September 8. Victorville and Hesperia, started on September 8 had knocked out electricity. Flooding and rock slides prompted numerous road closures. One person drowned in the San Bernardino National Forest. Moisture from the hurricane's remnants partially contributed to an enhanced monsoon across the Southwestern United States, combining with a seasonable upper-level trough to bring above-average rainfall to many areas. Strong winds from a thunderstorm on September 14 knocked five rail cars off their track, costing insurance companies $1.2 million. On September 15, Los Angeles received of rain, contributing to the city's second-wettest September day since records began in 1877 ― second only to September 25, 1939. Water penetration along State Route 91 in the city resulted in a crack in the road. Rainfall of was common around San Diego; an underground parking lot in the Midway neighborhood was flooded. Flood-related losses throughout the state reached $912,000. Over 12,000 customers in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area lost power.
Utah
After degenerating into a remnant low on September 10, moisture associated with the former tropical cyclone spread across the Southwestern United States. Aided by above-average water vapor levels and the aforementioned upper-level trough, scattered thunderstorms developed across the region on September 14. Two major incidents of flash flooding resulted in 21 deaths in Utah, the deadliest flash flood event in the state's history. The previous deadliest event was on August 13, 1923, when seven people died near Farmington. Flash floods occur annually in Washington County, Utah, with an average of one to two flash flood days per year since 1950.
During the afternoon of September 14, two successive thunderstorms produced more than of rain—a 1-in-100 year event—near Hildale, Utah in Washington County. The National Weather Service issued a strongly worded flash flood warning at 20:22 UTC (2:22 p.m. MDT) for the area, stating "Move to higher ground now. Act quickly to protect your life". The first storm resulted in a rise along the Short Creek, as measured by a stream gauge in Colorado City, Arizona, in 19 minutes around 21:18 UTC (3:18 p.m. MDT), with residents gathering nearby to observe. Between 22:48 and 23:05 UTC (4:48 and 5:05 p.m. MDT), a second surge of water swept down the creek with the Colorado City gauge reporting a rise of ; the gauge stopped reporting at 23:47 UTC (5:47 p.m. MDT). The second flood swept away two vehicles carrying a collective 16 people while they were observing the rising waters. Thirteen people were killed and three children were rescued. Six bodies were recovered in Utah and two in Arizona, downstream. Other bodies were found up to downstream.
Alongside the fatalities, the floods left several blocks of the town without power. Water lines, bridges, and other infrastructure sustained varying degrees of damage. Several homes sustained water and mud damage. Total losses in Washington County reached $750,000. Flooding continued downstream into Arizona, rendering multiple roads impassible and damaging bridges around Colorado City; losses in the city amounted to $500,000. Around 150 federal personnel and 500 community volunteers, including 70–80 percent of Hildale's residents, conducted search and rescue in the immediate aftermath. Twenty-four members of Utah Task Force One and twenty-six personnel from the Utah National Guard were dispatched to Hildale to assist in search and rescue along Short Creek. Dangerous conditions along the creek slowed the operation. By September 17, 300 personnel were searching for a 6-year-old boy who was still missing. Ultimately, thousands of people from more than 60 agencies took part in the search for the final victim; efforts were called off by September 29 and the missing boy was presumed dead. Local residents continued periodic searches for the boy through December. The Utah Department of Public Safety granted the Public Safety Award to Washington County Sheriff Cory Pulsipher, Hildale Mayor Philip Barlow and, Hildale Marshall's Office Chief Jeremiah Darger for their response coordination. Following the floods, the Washington County allocated $1.6 million through the Natural Resources Conservation Service for repair costs and mitigation efforts for future floods. Of this total, $1.5 million went to Hildale. The United States Department of Agriculture also provided $100,000 through the Emergency Watershed Protection program.
The second flash flood incident occurred in Keyhole Canyon at Zion National Park after of rain fell between 22:30 and 23:30 UTC (4:30 and 5:30 p.m. MDT). For the two-day period ending September 14, the park saw of rain. The earlier flash flood warning prompted officials at the park to close all canyons by 21:30 UTC (3:30 p.m. MDT). A group of seven canyoneers entered Keyhole Canyon between 21:30 and 22:30 UTC (3:30 and 4:30 p.m. MDT). Flow along the Virgin River dramatically increased following the rains, with the river's North Fork experiencing a rise from 55 ft3 (1.5 m3) per second to 2,630 ft3 (74.5 m3) per second in just 15 minutes. All seven people were swept away by the ensuing flood and died. Rescue operations were launched that evening; however, dangerous conditions in the canyons resulted in the search being held off until the following day. The bodies of the canyoneers were discovered miles apart along Clear Creek and Pine Creek.
Elsewhere, a man from Hurricane, Utah, west of Hildale, died on September 14 after being swept away by floods while traveling remote dirt roads. His vehicle was discovered in Mohave County, Arizona on September 17 about south of the Arizona–Utah border and his body was found a further away the following day. In Utah County, Utah, the rain resulted in traffic accidents and mudslides, including several at American Fork Canyon that shut down parts of State Route 92 and State Route 144. Scattered thunderstorms caused sporadic damage across Arizona, leaving $206,000 in losses.
See also
Weather of 2015
Tropical cyclones in 2015
List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
Hurricane Kathleen (1976)
Hurricane Ismael (1983)
Tropical Storm Octave (1983)
Hurricane Nora (1997)
Hurricane Dolores (2015)
References
External links
The National Hurricane Center's Advisory Archive for Hurricane Linda
for Hurricane Linda
2015 in Utah
Linda (2015)
Linda (2015)
Floods in the United States
Linda (2015)
Linda (2015)
Linda (2015)
Linda (2015)
2015 in Mexico
2015 natural disasters in the United States
September 2015 events in the United States
Linda | wiki |
A crossmember is a structural section that is transverse to the main structure. In the automotive industry, the term typically refers to a component, usually of steel, usually boxed, that is bolted across the underside of a monocoque / unibody motor vehicle, to support the internal combustion engine and / or transmission. For the suspension of any car to operate as it should, for proper handling, and to keep the body panels in alignment, the frame has to be strong enough to cope with the loads applied to it. It must not deflect, and it has to have enough torsional strength to resist twisting.
A "K" member is a crossmember in a vehicle with a longitudinally-mounted engine, contains the engine mounts.cross member of frame is I section.
In early Ford vehicles
An "X" crossmember can usually be found on the frames of vintage.
Although it used more substantial rails than a Model T, the Model A frame was still just a simple "ladder" design. Unlike the '32 frame, which had a K-member, and '33 to '48 frames, which were equipped with a substantial X-member, the A-frame was only fitted with front, center, and rear crossmembers.
Auto parts | wiki |
Gigg may refer to:
Gigg, Greater Manchester a suburb of Bury, Greater Manchester
Gigg Lane an all-seater football stadium in Bury, Greater Manchester
Ross Gigg, Australian rugby league footballer
See also
Gig (disambiguation)
Giggs (disambiguation) | wiki |
Siege of Florence may refer to:
Siege of Florence (405), part of the barbarian invasion of the Roman Empire
Siege of Florence (1312), part of the Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
Siege of Florence (1529–1530), part of the War of the League of Cognac
See also
History of Florence | wiki |
In baseball, a baserunner is safe when he reaches a base without being put out by various ways. While a runner is touching a base, he is usually not in jeopardy of being put out, and is thus "safe" from fielders' actions, such as tags. The runner is in jeopardy once again, negating this safety, when:
he ceases touching the base
he is forced to reach another base on a force play or when tagging up
a runner further along the basepath legally returns to the base that he is touching (two runners on the same base)
he commits interference.
By the rules, a runner is safe when he is entitled to the base he is trying for. Umpires will signal that a runner is safe by extending their elbows to their sides and then extending their arms fully to the side. For emphasis, an umpire may fully cross and extend his arms several times to indicate safe. Verbally, the umpire will usually simply say "safe". If a close play occurs that may have appeared to be a putout, the umpire will also call a reason for the safe call, such as "he dropped the ball" or "he missed the tag".
Calling safe is a subjective decision which is better made using the sounds of the runner hitting the bag and the fielder catching the ball, rather than by sight.
See also
Tie goes to the runner
Batsman in his/her ground, the cricket equivalent
References
Baseball terminology
Baseball rules | wiki |
GED Connection is a television program on PBS that provides instruction on how to pass the General Educational Development (GED) test. It is part of an instructional course that also includes workbooks and practice tests. GED Connection is part of a larger program called LiteracyLink created by PBS, Kentucky Educational Television, the National Center on Adult Literacy, and the Kentucky Department of Education.
External links
GED Connection page on LiteracyLink website
PBS original programming
Adult education television series
Kentucky Educational Television | wiki |
There are two London Underground stations called Hammersmith:
Hammersmith tube station (District and Piccadilly lines)
Hammersmith tube station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines)
See also
Hammersmith & Chiswick railway station
Hammersmith (Grove Road) railway station
Disambig-Class London Transport articles | wiki |
Draw reins and running reins are pieces of riding equipment used for training that use the mechanical advantage of a 'single movable pulley' to cause the horse to bring its head down and inward. While a regular rein is the strap that attaches to the bit and is held by the rider, these types of reins slide through the bit ring, adding leverage to the rider's hands and arms, allowing the rider to force the horse's head into a desired position.
Usage of the term in English riding and Western riding disciplines refers to slightly different designs that nonetheless work on essentially the same leverage principles.
English Riding
The terms "draw reins" and "running reins" are often used interchangeably in the English disciplines. The terms most often refer to reins which go from the rider's hand, through one bit ring (inside to outside), and attach to the girth. Usually this style is called a "running rein," though the term "draw rein" is also sometimes used. Some styles attach directly to a regular snaffle rein, which limits the degree of force applied, while others slide freely and with little limit to the leverage that can be applied. Another style, also called a "draw rein," runs from the rider's hands, through the bit ring (outside to inside), over the poll, through the other bit ring, and back to the rider's hands, without attaching to the girth.
In Hunt seat style English riding, these devices originally developed as a two-rein bitting system. One set of reins is an ordinary direct snaffle rein, and the other is the running or draw rein. The rider holds these reins in a manner similar to a double bridle, usually with the snaffle rein below the fourth finger and the running or draw rein between the third and fourth fingers, although there are variations on this. When riding in this fashion, the rider should ride predominantly on the snaffle rein. However, riders and trainers may often be observed using only the running or draw rein, in many cases with the snaffle rein completely absent from the bridle. Riding with draw reins alone is a controversial practice among English riders.
Western Riding
Draw reins in the western riding disciplines are always attached to the rings of the cinch (a western-style girth), usually on each side of a western saddle, run through the bit rings (either inside to outside or vice versa, there is no firm rule, though the rein moves more smoothly if the inside goes to the girth and the outside to the hand), and then to the hands of the rider. They are rarely used in a two-rein system, usually are used alone or used with the regular bridle reins allowed to lay slack and not held by the rider. While use of the standard draw reins presents only mild controversy in western circles, a controversial use of this rein in western riding is its use on a curb bit, a practice that applies incorrect leverage, is dangerous, and creates an effect that some consider abusive.
Polo
Draw reins are common in polo, connected through the "snaffle" bit ring of a Pelham bit or a gag bit in lieu of a direct rein, to the saddle billets. The draw reins have a direct rein action. A second pair of reins, on the "curb" bit ring, provides a lever action. When the rider pulls all four reins (both pairs) together, the draw reins become slack, transferring tension to the other pair of reins. However, in the sport of polocrosse, draw reins are forbidden with the exception of Market Harborough.
Uses
Running reins and draw reins are intended for use when the horse is performing an undesired behavior that cannot be corrected with less extreme equipment, and it is best practice to stop use as soon as the desired response is given.
Running reins (or western-style draw reins) are used by many trainers to teach the horse to give to rein pressure, and most horses respond by bringing the head in and lowering it. They may also provide additional control of heavy-mouthed horses, though it can also become a "crutch" that a rider becomes dependent on using at all times.
English style draw reins that run over the poll have a gag bit-like action. They encourage the horse to raise its head, although they may cause slight pressure on the poll, and are therefore good for certain horses that buck and plunge with the head lowered, attempt to run away by first lowering the head, and for horses that pull, lean on the bit, or have learned to lower the head and stop to unseat the rider.
Western style draw reins work similarly to the English style running rein, in that they encourage the horse to bring its head down and in. However, they may apply more leverage and because western riders rarely use the regular rein, they offer less relief to the horse. Some trainers even run draw reins between the front legs and attach them to the cinch underneath the belly in order to get the horse to travel with the low and controversial "peanut roller" style headset popular in some western pleasure classes. However, horses can learn to evade draw reins by overflexing and putting their head practically on their chest, then charging ahead or, conversely, balking and refusing to move forward at all.
Misuses and Dangers
There are many riders who use leverage devices, which also can include not only draw reins and running reins, but also the running martingale, to force the horse into position. However, this is incorrect usage.
Misuse usually involves the rider pulling the horse's head in to achieve a "headset" rather than getting the animal correctly on the bit. Like the equally controversial practice of rollkur, the horse does not flex properly at the poll, but rather flexes improperly at a lower neck vertebrae. This practice often results in a horse that is working in a "headset" or "outline" that, to the inexperienced observer appears acceptable, but the horse has no self-carriage or suppleness and does not properly engage its hindquarters.
These pieces of equipment can have very detrimental effects if they are adjusted tightly, used strongly, or if used for long periods of time. Horses may become hard-mouthed and heavy, and they will begin to travel on the forehand if the rider can not keep sufficient impulsion. Additionally, many horses that are continuously or incorrectly ridden in draw or running reins may never learn to engage the hind quarters and lift their withers for self-carriage, and this habit may permanently damage their training. In extreme cases, horses may develop neck and back pain from being forced to hold an artificial position for long periods of time. The incorrect use of draw reins will produce horses who are overflexed on short necks with correspondingly flat backs and disengaged hind legs.
It was this improper flexion that ruined the reputation of their inventor, William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
That being said, competent riders who correctly and tactfully use the draw and running reins can have success in correcting specific problems in horses that require retraining to get rid of bad habits. These are often the riders who use the equipment the least, because they can achieve correct results through good riding instead of gadgets.
References
Reins | wiki |
Gros blanc is the name for several French and Italian wine grape varieties including:
Elbling weiss
Gouais blanc
Graisse
Luglienga
Melon (grape)
Petoin
Prié blanc
Sacy (grape) | wiki |
Sleeping Lions is a children's game.
Rules
All but one or two players are "lions", and lie down on the floor, eyes closed, as if they were sleeping. The remaining one or two players ("hunters") move about the room attempting to encourage the lions to move. The hunters can't touch the lions, but may move close to them, tell things to them, jokes, etc. Any person who moves must stand up and join the hunters.
Usage
Sleeping lions is also sometimes used in schools as an exercise. All the children will play "lions" and the teacher will play the "hunter". Usually, in this case, the teacher will make no effort to make the "lions" move, because in this case the real aim of the "game" is to calm the children down after playing other exciting games.
Other names for the game include: dead soldiers.
References
Children's games | wiki |
Datuk Seri Mahadi bin Che Ngah is a Malaysian civil servant who became the 13th and current mayor of Kuala Lumpur since 2020.
Honours
:
Grand Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (S.M.W.) – Datuk Seri (2021)
References
Mayors of Kuala Lumpur
1959 births
Living people | wiki |
Maraschino Cherry may refer to:
Maraschino cherry, a preserved, sweetened cherry
Maraschino Cherry (film), a 1978 American adult erotic film | wiki |
Ground speed radar is a non-mechanical way of measuring the speed of a vehicle.
The Speed sensor fires a radar beam towards the ground and measures the Doppler shift of the returning beam. This information is then sent to the engine control unit which calculates the forward speed.
References
See also
Radar gun
Vehicle parts
Speed sensors | wiki |
The following is a list of flags of Belarus.
State flag
Presidential flag
Presidential Institutions
Military flags
Governmental flags
Subdivision flags
Political flags
Minority flags
Historical flags
Former national flag proposals
See also
Flag of Belarus
Coat of arms of Belarus
References
External links
VEXILLOGRAPHIA - Флаги Беларуси
Flags
Lists and galleries of flags | wiki |
La HMS Fearless (Pennant number L10) fu una nave della Royal Navy in servizio dal 1965 al 2002.
La classe Fearless di navi da sbarco (landing platform dock - LPD) della Royal Navy era composta da due unità gemelle, HMS Fearless e HMS Intrepid.
La Fearless fu la prima nave da sbarco con bacino allagabile costruita allo scopo; venne impostata e realizzata nei cantieri Harland & Wolff di Belfast (dai quali uscì anche ad esempio il Titanic).
Era dotata di ponte di volo per 5 elicotteri da trasporto truppe e ospitava 4 LCU (Landing Craft Utility) e 4 LVTP.
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Fearless | wiki |
The White Sea herring, Clupea pallasii marisalbi, is a subspecies of the Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, in the genus Clupea of the family Clupeidae.
References
External links
Clupeidae
Commercial fish
Fish described in 1923 | wiki |
The FEL lamp (less accurately called a light bulb) is an ANSI standard 1000 watt quartz halogen lamp with a G9.5 medium 2-pin base used in many stage and studio lights that costs around $12 and is available from a number of manufacturers including GE, Osram, Ushio, Eiko, and Philips. Note that the term FEL is an ANSI designation (not an acronym).
What sets this apart from other lamps used for similar purposes is that it almost literally sets the standard (more precisely, it is the means by which the standard is transmitted from one location to another). Specially seasoned and calibrated FEL lamps are used in laboratories as radiance and irradiance standards (related to luminance and illuminance) used to calibrate photometers, light meters, spectrophotometers and other laboratory instruments. An FEL lamp purchased from NIST that has been calibrated for light output, color temperature, and spectral energy distribution is over ten thousand dollars. NIST Traceable FEL lamps are available from commercial suppliers.
Matching sockets for the G9.5 base include Sylvania TP22, TP220, Buhl Electric QEW-2, QEW-21, QEW-22, Bender + Wirth 968, Ushio: C-3, C-3(A). The calibration lamps are generally modified to use a larger bi-post base that fits into special kinematic mount sockets for precise optical alignment. Although the socket for calibration lamps is not polarized, polarity must be observed because the calibration lamps are normally run on DC and the lamp filament will recrystallize according to the applied DC polarity.
References
External links
NIST Calibration Services: Spectroradiometric Source Measurements
Characterization of Modified FEL Quartz-Halogen Lamps for Photometric Standards.
Photometric data for stage lighting fixtures lists 125 popular stage lighting instruments, including lamp used.
NIST Total Spectral Radiant Flux shows the light output and color temperature vs. viewing angle
Breman Verlichting - Webshop Lampen
OSA Handbook of Applied Photometry
Hi-Tech Lamps - Halogen Sockets
Types of lamp | wiki |
The Colour of Murder is a 1957 crime novel by the British writer Julian Symons. It was awarded the Gold Dagger of the Crime Writers' Association for that year. It was republished by British Library Publishing in 2018 along with another Symons novel The Belting Inheritance.
Plot
Unhappily married John Wilkins meets Sheila, an attractive young librarian. He fantasises about killing his wife, so he can leave her and start a new life with Sheila.
References
Bibliography
Walsdorf, John J. & Allen, Bonnie J. Julian Symons: A Bibliography. Oak Knoll Press, 1996.
1957 British novels
Novels by Julian Symons
British crime novels
British mystery novels
Collins Crime Club books
Novels set in England | wiki |
Savage Planet may refer to:
"Savage Planet", a PBS television special
Savage Planet (TV series), a British documentary series produced for ITV, first aired in 2000
Savage Planet (film), a 2006 Sci Fi channel original film
An alternative title for the 1973 animated science fiction film Fantastic Planet | wiki |
New Zealand is party to several free-trade agreements (FTAs) worldwide.
History
The Economy of New Zealand is a market economy which is greatly dependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the United States of America, China and Japan. It is strongly dependent on tourism and agricultural exports, and has only small manufacturing and high-tech components. Economic free-market reforms of the last decades have removed many barriers to foreign investment, and the World Bank has praised New Zealand as being the most business-friendly country in the world.
Regional and bilateral free trade agreements have become an important part of New Zealand's international trade policy. New Zealand has used free trade agreements also known as closer economic partnerships to liberalise trade between economies. A Closer Economic Partnership Agreement with Thailand was negotiated in 2004 and implemented in 2005. Negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement with Chile, Brunei and Singapore known as the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership were concluded in 2005. Negotiations for further agreements with Malaysia were undertaken in 2006, but failed to reach a conclusion. The historic FTA with China was signed in Beijing in April 2008.
On 27 February 2009 New Zealand and its close partner Australia signed a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN regional block of 10 countries. It is estimated that an FTA with ASEAN would boost aggregate GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period 2000–2020 with an additional US$3.4 billion to New Zealand alone.
Free Trade Agreements in force
Here is a list of free trade agreements of which New Zealand is part. In parentheses, the abbreviation, if applicable, membership if not stated before, and the date of coming into force are to be seen.
Bilateral agreements
: Closer Economic Relations (1983)
: New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement (2008)
: New Zealand–Hong Kong, China Closer Economic Partnership (2011)
: Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement announced on 2 June 2009
: New Zealand and Singapore Closer Economic Partnership (2001)
: NZ-Korea Free Trade Agreement (2015)
: Agreement between New Zealand and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu on Economic Cooperation (2013)
: New Zealand and Thailand Closer Economic Partnership (2005)
: New Zealand-United Kingdom Free Trade agreement (2021, to be brought into force by end of 2022)
Multilateral agreements
Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (2005), with:
(2005)
(2005)
: (2005) – Auxiliary to the bilateral New Zealand and Singapore Closer Economic Partnership
Association of Southeast Asian Nations: ASEAN Australia NZ FTA (2009)
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (2018), with:
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (2022), with:
: New Zealand-European Union Free Trade Agreement (2022, to be brought into force by end of 2024)
Proposed Free Trade Agreements
New Zealand is negotiating bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements with the following blocs and countries:
: New Zealand - Pacific Alliance – negotiating since 2017
: New Zealand-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement – negotiating since 2010
: Negotiations began in 2007 and concluded in 2009 but the agreement is not yet in force
India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement – negotiating since 2007 with the establishment of a JSG (Joint Study Group) looking at the feasibility of an Indian-NZ FTA.
Russia-Kazakhstan-Belarus Free Trade Agreement – negotiations began in 2010 but are currently suspended
Russia-Kazakhstan-Belarus New Zealand Free Trade Agreement – negotiations began in 2010 but are currently suspended
Russia-Kazakhstan-Belarus Free Trade Agreement – negotiations began in 2010 but are currently suspended
Abandoned or superseded proposals
The Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership, a multilateral trade agreement involving 4 countries with which New Zealand has existing trade agreements – Malaysia, Brunei, Chile, Singapore, and Australia – and nations with which New Zealand does not have an existing FTA:
: New Zealand–United States Free Trade Agreement. These negotiations resulted in the United States signing but not ratifying the now-defunct Trans-Pacific Partnership.
: Negotiated alongside the United States, Australia and Vietnam to join the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership. Became part of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.
: Negotiated alongside the United States, Australia and Peru to join the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership. Became part of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.
: Conducting feasibility study as of (14 May 2008). Superseded as Japan joined the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership.
See also
United States free trade agreements
References
External links
New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Official site
Ministry of Economic Development New Zealand – Official site
Tariff Finder, Ministry of Foreign Affarirs and Trade - Tool to find export and import tariffs
Free trade agreements of New Zealand | wiki |
In sleep science, sleep onset latency (SOL) is the length of time that it takes to accomplish the transition from full wakefulness to sleep, normally to the lightest of the non-REM sleep stages.
Sleep latency studies
Pioneering Stanford University sleep researcher William C. Dement reports early development of the concept, and of the first test for it, the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), in his book The Promise of Sleep. Dement and colleagues including Mary Carskadon had been seeking an objective measure of daytime sleepiness to help assess the effects of sleep disorders. In the course of evaluating experimental results, they realized that the amount of time it took to fall asleep in bed was closely linked to the subjects' own self-evaluated level of sleepiness. "This may not seem like an earthshaking epiphany, but conceiving and developing an objective measure of sleepiness was perhaps one of the most important advances in sleep science," Dement and coauthor Christopher Vaughn write of the discovery.
When they initially developed the MSLT, Dement and others put subjects in a quiet, dark room with a bed and asked them to lie down, close their eyes and relax. They noted the number of minutes, ranging from 0 to 20, that it took a subject to fall asleep. If a volunteer was still awake after 20 minutes, the experiment was ended and the subject given a maximal alertness/minimal sleepiness rating. When scientists deprived subjects of sleep, they found sleep latency levels could drop below 1, i.e., subjects could fall asleep in less than a minute. The amount of sleep loss was directly linked to changes in sleep latency scores.
The studies eventually led Dement and Carskadon to conclude that "the brain keeps an exact accounting of how much sleep it is owed". Not getting enough sleep during any given period of time leads to a phenomenon called sleep debt, which lowers sleep latency scores and makes sleep-deprived individuals fall asleep more quickly.
Home testing of sleep latency
For home-testing for an unusually low sleep latency and potential sleep deprivation, the authors point to a technique developed by Nathaniel Kleitman, the "father of sleep research". The subject reclines in a quiet, darkened room and drapes a hand holding a spoon over the edge of the bed or chair, placing a plate on the floor beneath the spoon. After checking the time, the subject tries to relax and fall asleep. When sleep is attained, the spoon will fall and strike the plate, awakening the subject, who then checks to see how much time has passed. The number of minutes passed is the sleep onset latency at that particular hour on that particular day.
Dement advises against doing these evaluations at night when sleep onset latency can naturally be lower, particularly in older people. Instead, he suggests testing sleep onset latency during the day, ideally at 10:00 a.m., 12:30 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. A sleep onset latency of 0 to 5 minutes indicates severe sleep deprivation, 5 to 10 minutes is "troublesome", 10 to 15 minutes indicates a mild but "manageable" degree of sleep debt, and 15 to 20 minutes is indicative of "little or no" sleep debt.
Biomarkers of sleepiness
Contemporary sleep researchers, including Paul Shaw of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, have been pursuing development of biological indicators, or biomarkers, of sleepiness. In December 2006, Shaw reported online in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that his lab had shown that levels of amylase increased in fruit fly saliva when the flies were sleep-deprived. He then showed that human amylase also increased as human subjects were deprived of sleep.
References
Sleep medicine
Sleep disorders
Sleep | wiki |
Rieche formylation is a type of formylation reaction. The substrates are electron rich aromatic compounds, such as mesitylene or phenols, with dichloromethyl methyl ether acting as the formyl source. The catalyst is titanium tetrachloride and the workup is acidic. The reaction is named after Alfred Rieche who discovered it in 1960.
See also
Reimer–Tiemann reaction.
References
Organic reactions
Formylation reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Name reactions | wiki |
Lucien Legrand est un ingénieur du son français.
Biographie
Filmographie partielle
Lien externe
Ingénieur du son français | wiki |
Love Me, Love Me Not or Loves Me, Loves Me Not may refer to:
Television
Love Me, Love Me Not (game show), a 1986–1987 Canadian game show
Love Me, Love Me Not (British game show), 1988, based on the Canadian game show
Loves Me, Loves Me Not (TV series), a 1977 American situation comedy
Love Me, Love Me Not (Singaporean TV series), 2001
"He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not", a Shining Time Station episode, 1991
Film
Love Me, Love Me Not (film), a 1996 Canadian drama film
He Loves Me... He Loves Me Not (film), a 2002 French film
Other
Love Me, Love Me Not (manga), a 2015 Japanese manga series by Io Sakisaka
She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not, album by Kiss it Goodbye
He loves me... he loves me not, a game
See also
"He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not, He Loves Me, Oops He's Dead!", an episode of Psych
She Loves Me Not (disambiguation) | wiki |
Don't Tell the Wife – film del 1927 diretto da Paul L. Stein
Don't Tell the Wife – film del 1937 diretto da Christy Cabanne | wiki |
The Okanagan Trail was an inland route to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush from the Lower Columbia region of the Washington and Oregon Territories in 1858–1859. The route was essentially the same as that used by the Hudson's Bay Company fur brigades, following the Columbia River to the confluence of the Okanogan River, and then up that river's watercourse via Osoyoos, Skaha (Dog) and Okanagan lakes, then using a pass via Monte Creek to Fort Kamloops, at the confluence of the North and South Thompson rivers. From there, the route went west down the Thompson River either to the lower gold-bearing bars of the Fraser River between what is now Lytton, British Columbia and Yale, British Columbia, or via Hat Creek and Marble Canyon to the upper Fraser goldfields around present-day Lillooet, British Columbia. A shorter branch-route to the lower Thompson and lower Fraser Canyon diverged from the main route at the confluence of the Similkameen River and the Okanogan (at present-day Oroville, Washington). Cayoosh and The Fountains are today's Lillooet, British Columbia and environs.
See also
Whatcom Trail
Yakima War
Cayuse War
Fraser Canyon War
Dewdney Trail
Douglas Road
Old Cariboo Road
Cariboo Road
Similkameen Trail
River Trail
Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail
Columbia District
Oregon boundary dispute
Oregon Country
Oregon Treaty
Oregon Territory
Fort Vancouver
External links
Detailed history on "Crowsnest Highway" website history page
Indians ambush gold prospectors in McLoughlin Canyon (Okanogan Valley) on July 29, 1858, HistoryLink.org Essay 7614
Further reading
History of British Columbia
Historic trails and roads in Washington (state)
Historic trails and roads in British Columbia
Syilx
Gold rush trails and roads | wiki |
Pessoas
Dog Murras
Localidades
Dog (ilha)
Outros
Dog, um personagem do vídeo game Half-Life 2.
Dog tag
Dogs
Think Like a Dog
Desambiguação | wiki |
Google SMS est un service de Google qui permet à l'utilisateur d'envoyer une requête à Google par SMS et de recevoir les résultats de cette requête également par SMS.
Références externes
SMS à Google pour des résultats rapides
Google | wiki |
International Christian Academy may refer to:
International Christian Academy (Ivory Coast)
Buenos Aires International Christian Academy
Yokohama International Christian Academy
See also
ICA (disambiguation)
International Christian School (disambiguation) | wiki |
The inferior carotid triangle (or muscular triangle), is bounded, in front, by the median line of the neck from the hyoid bone to the sternum; behind, by the anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid; above, by the superior belly of the omohyoid.
It is covered by the integument, superficial fascia, platysma, and deep fascia, ramifying in which are some of the branches of the supraclavicular nerves.
Beneath these superficial structures are the sternohyoid and sternothyroid, which, together with the anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid, conceal the lower part of the common carotid artery.
This vessel is enclosed within its sheath, together with the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve; the vein lies lateral to the artery on the right side of the neck, but overlaps it below on the left side; the nerve lies between the artery and vein, on a plane posterior to both.
In front of the sheath are a few descending filaments from the ansa cervicalis; behind the sheath are the inferior thyroid artery, the recurrent nerve, and the sympathetic trunk; and on its medial side, the esophagus, the trachea, the thyroid gland, and the lower part of the larynx.
By cutting into the upper part of this space, and slightly displacing the sternocleidomastoid, the common carotid artery may be tied below the omohyoid.
Gallery
See also
Anterior triangle of the neck
References
External links
()
Human head and neck
Triangles of the neck | wiki |
"Lollipop Pt. 2" is a song recorded by South Korean group Big Bang for to promote a cellphone by LG Cyon. The recording also was released as their sixth digital single on February 19, 2010, by YG Entertainment. It was produced by Teddy and co-written with G-Dragon and T.O.P. The song peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart, with 1,337,098 copies sold in the year of 2010.
Background
BigBang collaborated with their labelmate 2NE1 a year before, in the release of the promotional single "Lollipop", released on March 27, 2009, and created to promote a cellphone by LG Cyon. In February, 2010 it was announced that BigBang would collaborate with LG Cyon Electronics again, this time only the group and returning with a digital single entitled "Lollipop 2", with date scheduled for the beginning of the month.
Track listing
Charts
Sales
References
BigBang (South Korean band) songs
YG Entertainment singles
Korean-language songs
Songs written by Teddy Park
Songs written by G-Dragon
Songs written by T.O.P
2010 singles
2010 songs | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.