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The New York City Municipal Archives (NYCMA) is a division of the New York City Department of Records and Information Services, located in the Surrogate's Courthouse in Manhattan. Founded in 1950, the Municipal Archives preserves and makes accessible records created by the government of New York City (including the mayor's office, city agencies, the City Council, the Comptroller, borough presidents and the Public Advocate). The collections include manuscripts, sound recordings, film and tape footage, maps, blueprints, photographs and digital media.
Genealogy and family history
The New York City Municipal Archives preserves and makes available more than 10 million historical vital records (birth, marriage and death certificates) for all five boroughs (Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens and Staten Island). Researchers have open access to the indexes, and both microfilmed and digital copies of vital records on-site in the Municipal Library and Archives Reference Room. Copies of vital records can be ordered through the Department of Records and Information Services.
Municipal Archive units
The Municipal Archives consists of four units to ensure the multi-format collections created by New York City Government are acquired, described, preserved and made publicly accessible. They are:
Appraisals and Accessions unit works with the Department's Records Management Division to formally acquire city records with historical, cultural or other value.
Collections Management unit implements the core stewardship standards for maintaining a records depository through industry-standard descriptions and access tools.
Conservation and Preservation unit ensures environmental and physical actions are taken to anticipate, prevent, reduce or halt the deterioration of library and archival materials. The unit manages a professional paper conservation lab.
Digital Programs unit manages the digital infrastructure and implements the policies and workflows for digitized and born-digital materials.
Collections
The archives’ collections consist of more than 200,000 cubic feet and 185 TB of digital records in the Surrogate's Courthouse. Highlights include documents from the first Dutch colonial government in New Amsterdam, the most comprehensive collection of records pertaining to the administration of criminal justice in the English-speaking world, two centuries of mayoral papers, the architectural plans for construction of Central Park and the Brooklyn Bridge, and a nationally recognized collection of public education records. The online portal offers 1.6 million images including pictures of every house and building in the city dating from 1940 and 1985.
Internal collections
Artifacts and Memorial Collections of the World Trade Center Attack on September 11, 2001
Almshouse, 1758-1953
Assessed Valuation of Real Estate, 1789-1979
Board of Education, 1842-2002
Brooklyn Bridge, 1867-1938
Department of Buildings, 1866-1975
Census
City Cemetery, 1881-1950s
City Council, 1647-1977
Civil List, 1883-1967/68
Coroner and Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 1823-1950
Court Records, 1684-1966
District Attorney Records, 1895-1971
Genealogy, 1795-1948
Mayors, 1849-present
New Amsterdam Records, 1647-1862
New York County Court of General Sessions Grand Jury Indictments, 1879-1893
"Old Towns," 1663-1898
Department of Parks, 1850-1960
Website of Mayor Bloomberg, 2002-2013
Website of Mayor Giuliani, 1994-2001
WNYC, 1936-198 1 and WNYC
WPA Federal Writers' Project (NYC Unit), 1936-1943
The Municipal Archives presents several exhibits each year. Recent exhibits include Feeding the City: The Unpublished WPA manuscript; Unlikely Historians showcasing materials collected by the New York City Police Department while conducting surveillance between 1960 and 1975; and Little Syria, presented in cooperation with the Arab American National Museum.
The Archives has developed various projects to engage non-traditional audiences including participation in Photoville on an annual basis, gathering community stories from residents of City neighborhoods, and sponsoring a five-year celebration of American women winning suffrage.
References
External links
New York City Municipal Archives
Additional exhibit information. www.archives.nyc.
NYMA Online Gallery
Government of New York City
1950 establishments in New York City
Government agencies established in 1950
Archives in the United States
City archives | wiki |
The term "water thief" refers to three devices – one ancient and two modern.
A water thief is a synthetic rubber fitting that attaches to an unthreaded faucet (American English) / tap (British English) on one end and a common garden hose on the other. It is commonly used to fill fresh water tanks in recreational vehicles when a threaded hose bib is not available.
A water thief allows firefighters to break down one larger line into several smaller ones, each with independent control of water flow at the valve.
Another device, used in antiquity, was called a "water thief" or "clepsydra". Carl Sagan described it in his book Cosmos as "... a brazen sphere with an open neck and small holes in the bottom, it is filled by immersing it in water. If you pull it out with the neck uncovered, the water pours out of the holes, making a small shower. But if you pull it out properly, with the neck covered, the water is retained in the sphere until you lift your thumb."
References
External links
Tools | wiki |
Art metal may refer to:
Avant-garde metal, heavy metal music that emphasises experimentation and unconventional techniques
Neoclassical metal, heavy metal strongly influenced by classical music
Post-metal, music that is rooted in heavy metal but discards many of its conventions
Progressive metal, a fusion of heavy metal with progressive rock
Art Metal (band), a Swedish band led by Jonas Hellborg
Art Metal (album), the band's debut album
Art rock, a subgenre of rock music
Art metal, a fusion genre of heavy metal and art rock. Closely related to post metal and progressive metal. | wiki |
Space filling or spacefilling may refer to:
Space-filling curve
Space-filling model, in chemistry
Space-filling polyhedron
Space-filling tree
Space-filling bubble in a foam | wiki |
Palaquium edenii is a tree in the family Sapotaceae.
Description
Palaquium edenii has brownish twigs. The inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid, up to long.
Distribution and habitat
Palaquium edenii is endemic to Borneo, where it is known only from Sarawak. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests.
References
edenii
Endemic flora of Borneo
Trees of Borneo
Flora of Sarawak
Plants described in 1909 | wiki |
Glue is any fluid adhesive.
Glue or GLUE may also refer to:
In arts and entertainment
Glue (film), a 2006 Argentine film written and directed by Alexis Dos Santos
Glue (novel), a novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh
Glue (TV series), a 2014 British television drama written by Jack Thorne
"Glue" (New Girl)
"Glue" (Weeds)
In music
Glue (Eugene + the Lizards album), 2009
Glue (Boston Manor album), 2020
"Glue", a song from the 2010 Ten (Gabriella Cilmi album)
"Glue", a song by Bicep from their 2017 Bicep (album)
"Glue", a song by Breathe Carolina from their 2017 EP Coma
Glue, a hip-hop trio fronted by Adeem (rapper)
"Glue" a 2023 song by Beabadoobee
In electronics and computing
Glue logic, circuitry to interface between off-the-shelf integrated circuits
Glue records, records used in the Domain Name System (DNS)
General Language Understanding Evaluation, a benchmark in Natural Language Understanding
Grid Laboratory Uniform Environment, a technology-agnostic information model for a uniform representation of Grid resources
Software
glue (software), a data-visualization package
Glue code, code that serves to "glue together" otherwise incompatible code
Glue language, a programming language used for connecting software components together
webMethods Glue, a platform that provides web services/SOAP capabilities to existing Java and C/C++ applications
Other uses
GLUE (uncertainty assessment), a method to quantify the uncertainty of model predictions
Glue semantics, a syntax-semantics interface formalism based on linear logic
Quotient space (topology), or gluing spaces, the concept of gluing points or subspaces together
See also
Glu (disambiguation) | wiki |
Rebar is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry.
Rebar may also refer to:
Rebar (Taiwan), a company in Taiwan
Rebar art and design studio, an art studio in San Francisco, United States
People with the surname
Edward Rebar, American biologist
Kelly Rebar (born 1956), Canadian playwright and screenwriter | wiki |
Monobryozoon is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Monobryozoidae.
The species of this genus are found in Northern Europe.
Species:
Monobryozoon ambulans
Monobryozoon bulbosum
Monobryozoon sandersi
References
Bryozoan genera | wiki |
Márcia (avó de Júlio César)
Márcia (cantora brasileira)
Márcia (cantora portuguesa)
Márcia (mãe de Trajano)
Márcia (programa de televisão)
Desambiguações de antropônimos | wiki |
Chest surgery may refer to:
Thoracic surgery
Breast surgery | wiki |
This is a list of commercial banks in Malawi.
CDH Investment Bank
Ecobank Malawi
FDH Bank
First Capital Bank Malawi Limited
National Bank of Malawi
NBS Bank
Standard Bank Malawi
MyBucks Malawi
External links
Website of Reserve Bank of Malawi
See also
List of banks in Africa
Reserve Bank of Malawi
Economy of Malawi
List of companies based in Malawi
References
Banks
Malawi
Malawi | wiki |
Pembroke College may refer to:
Pembroke College, Cambridge
Pembroke College, Oxford
Pembroke College (Brown University), the former women's college
University of North Carolina at Pembroke, formerly known as Pembroke State College
See also
Pembroke University, fictional setting for Netflix series The Chair, referred to in some sources as Pembroke College
Pembroke School (disambiguation)
no:Pembroke College | wiki |
Marcia Freedman
Michael Freedman
Dougie Freedman | wiki |
Licensed commercial banks in Namibia :
Bank Windhoek Limited
First National Bank Namibia Limited
Nedbank Namibia Limited
Standard Bank Namibia Limited
Trustco Bank Namibia Limited
Banco Atlantico
Bank BIC Namibia Limited
Letshego Bank Namibia Limited
EBank, a bank with electronic presence but no branches, operated between 2015 and 2017. It is now part of FNB.
See also
List of banks in Africa
Economy of Namibia
References
External links
Bank PHB Granted Provisional License
Bank PHB Provisional License Withdrawn
Banks
Namibia
Namibia | wiki |
Schroder Oriental Income Fund () is a British investment trust that invests in businesses which derive a significant proportion of their revenues from the Asia Pacific region. Established in 2005, the company is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. The chairman is Peter Rigg and the fund is managed by Schroders.
References
External links
Official site
Financial services companies established in 2005
Investment trusts of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Santa Anita is a USGS place name within the city of Arcadia in Los Angeles County, California. Formerly within Rancho Santa Anita, it lies at an elevation of 558 feet (170 m).
References
Arcadia, California
Former settlements in Los Angeles County, California | wiki |
Glud (plaats), plaats in Denemarken
Glud (parochie), parochie in Denemarken | wiki |
Radiolicious was an internet radio service created by MySimBook, based in Lafayette, Louisiana. Users were able to search and listen to terrestrial radio stations. While listening, users are offered the ability to send in song requests to DJs, enter contests, bookmark favorite stations, post wall comments, share the station with friends, and access social networks such as Facebook.
The service is free to users and is supported by advertisements and barter from participating radio stations.
On October 8, 2008, Radiolicious launched a mobile version of their software available on the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch through the iTunes App Store. In 2009, Citadel Media, formerly ABC Radio Networks, signed a sales and marketing agreement with MySimBook to sell and market Radiolicious to their current affiliates.
As of June, 2012, the Radiolicious app does not function on portable devices, its listing has been removed from Apple's iTunes Store, and the company's web site is no longer available online. Many of the stations that used to use Radiolicious have moved to the TuneIn, iHeartRadio and the lesser known RadioPup apps allowing them to continue to be streamed on portable devices.
References
External links
Radiolicious website
Internet radio stations in the United States
Defunct radio stations in the United States
IOS software | wiki |
A general medical journal is an academic journal dedicated to medicine in general, rather than a specific field of medicine.
History
The first English-language general medical journal was Medicina Curiosa, which was established in 1684 and ceased publication after only two issues. Among the oldest general medical journals that are still published today are the Lancet, which was established in 1823, and the New England Journal of Medicine, which was established in 1812. In 1999, Medscape launched Medscape General Medicine, the world's first online-only general medical journal.
Examples
Journals that are considered general medical journals include the Lancet, the New England Journal of Medicine, and the Annals of Internal Medicine. In 2009, the three highest-ranked general medical journals by impact factor were JAMA, the Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine. The BMJs web editor, Tony Delamothe, has described the BMJ as a general medical journal. The Medical Journal of Australia is the only general medical journal in Australia, and the Canadian Medical Association Journal has been called the leading general medical journal in Canada.
References
General medical journals
Medical literature | wiki |
In automata theory (a branch of theoretical computer science), DFA minimization is the task of transforming a given deterministic finite automaton (DFA) into an equivalent DFA that has a minimum number of states. Here, two DFAs are called equivalent if they recognize the same regular language. Several different algorithms accomplishing this task are known and described in standard textbooks on automata theory.
Minimal DFA
For each regular language, there also exists a minimal automaton that accepts it, that is, a DFA with a minimum number of states and this DFA is unique (except that states can be given different names). The minimal DFA ensures minimal computational cost for tasks such as pattern matching.
There are two classes of states that can be removed or merged from the original DFA without affecting the language it accepts.
Unreachable states are the states that are not reachable from the initial state of the DFA, for any input string. These states can be removed.
Dead states are the states from which no final state is reachable. These states can be removed unless the automaton is required to be complete.
Nondistinguishable states are those that cannot be distinguished from one another for any input string. These states can be merged.
DFA minimization is usually done in three steps:
remove dead and unreachable states (this will accelerate the following step),
merge nondistinguishable states,
optionally, re-create a single dead state ("sink" state) if the resulting DFA is required to be complete.
Unreachable states
The state of a deterministic finite automaton is unreachable if no string in exists for which . In this definition, is the set of states, is the set of input symbols, is the transition function (mapping a state and an input symbol to a set of states), is its extension to strings (also known as extended transition function), is the initial state, and is the set of accepting (also known as final) states. Reachable states can be obtained with the following algorithm:
let reachable_states := {q0}
let new_states := {q0}
do {
temp := the empty set
for each q in new_states do
for each c in Σ do
temp := temp ∪ {p such that p = δ(q,c)}
new_states := temp \ reachable_states
reachable_states := reachable_states ∪ new_states
} while (new_states ≠ the empty set)
unreachable_states := Q \ reachable_states
Assuming an efficient implementation of the state sets (e.g. new_states) and operations on them (such as adding a state or checking whether it is present), this algorithm can be implemented with time complexity , where is the number of states and is the number of transitions of the input automaton.
Unreachable states can be removed from the DFA without affecting the language that it accepts.
Nondistinguishable states
The following algorithms present various approaches to merging nondistinguishable states.
Hopcroft's algorithm
One algorithm for merging the nondistinguishable states of a DFA, due to , is based on partition refinement, partitioning the DFA states into groups by their behavior. These groups represent equivalence classes of the Nerode congruence, whereby every two states are equivalent if they have the same behavior for every input sequence. That is, for every two states and that belong to the same block of the partition , and every input word , the transitions determined by should always take states and to either states that both accept or states that both reject. It should not be possible for to take to an accepting state and to a rejecting state or vice versa.
The following pseudocode describes the form of the algorithm as given by Xu. Alternative forms have also been presented.
P := {F, Q \ F}
W := {F, Q \ F}
while (W is not empty) do
choose and remove a set A from W
for each c in Σ do
let X be the set of states for which a transition on c leads to a state in A
for each set Y in P for which X ∩ Y is nonempty and Y \ X is nonempty do
replace Y in P by the two sets X ∩ Y and Y \ X
if Y is in W
replace Y in W by the same two sets
else
if |X ∩ Y| <= |Y \ X|
add X ∩ Y to W
else
add Y \ X to W
The algorithm starts with a partition that is too coarse: every pair of states that are equivalent according to the Nerode congruence belong to the same set in the partition, but pairs that are inequivalent might also belong to the same set. It gradually refines the partition into a larger number of smaller sets, at each step splitting sets of states into pairs of subsets that are necessarily inequivalent.
The initial partition is a separation of the states into two subsets of states that clearly do not have the same behavior as each other: the accepting states and the rejecting states. The algorithm then repeatedly chooses a set from the current partition and an input symbol , and splits each of the sets of the partition into two (possibly empty) subsets: the subset of states that lead to on input symbol , and the subset of states that do not lead to . Since is already known to have different behavior than the other sets of the partition, the subsets that lead to also have different behavior than the subsets that do not lead to . When no more splits of this type can be found, the algorithm terminates.
Lemma. Given a fixed character c and an equivalence class Y that splits into equivalence classes B and C, only one of B or C is necessary to refine the whole partition.
Example: Suppose we have an equivalence class Y that splits into equivalence classes B and C. Suppose we also have classes D, E, and F; D and E have states with transitions into B on character c, while F has transitions into C on character c. By the Lemma, we can choose either B or C as the distinguisher, let's say B. Then the states of D and E are split by their transitions into B. But F, which doesn't point into B, simply doesn't split during the current iteration of the algorithm; it will be refined by other distinguisher(s).
Observation. All of B or C is necessary to split referring classes like D, E, and F correctly—subsets won't do.
The purpose of the outermost if statement (if Y is in W) is to patch up W, the set of distinguishers. We see in the previous statement in the algorithm that Y has just been split. If Y is in W, it has just become obsolete as a means to split classes in future iterations. So Y must be replaced by both splits because of the Observation above. If Y is not in W, however, only one of the two splits, not both, needs to be added to W because of the Lemma above. Choosing the smaller of the two splits guarantees that the new addition to W is no more than half the size of Y; this is the core of the Hopcroft algorithm: how it gets its speed, as explained in the next paragraph.
The worst case running time of this algorithm is , where is the number of states and is the size of the alphabet. This bound follows from the fact that, for each of the transitions of the automaton, the sets drawn from that contain the target state of the transition have sizes that decrease relative to each other by a factor of two or more, so each transition participates in of the splitting steps in the algorithm. The partition refinement data structure allows each splitting step to be performed in time proportional to the number of transitions that participate in it. This remains the most efficient algorithm known for solving the problem, and for certain distributions of inputs its average-case complexity is even better, .
Once Hopcroft's algorithm has been used to group the states of the input DFA into equivalence classes, the minimum DFA can be constructed by forming one state for each equivalence class. If is a set of states in , is a state in , and is an input character, then the transition in the minimum DFA from the state for , on input , goes to the set containing the state that the input automaton would go to from state on input . The initial state of the minimum DFA is the one containing the initial state of the input DFA, and the accepting states of the minimum DFA are the ones whose members are accepting states of the input DFA.
Moore's algorithm
Moore's algorithm for DFA minimization is due to . Like Hopcroft's algorithm, it maintains a partition that starts off separating the accepting from the rejecting states, and repeatedly refines the partition until no more refinements can be made. At each step, it replaces the current partition with the coarsest common refinement of partitions, one of which is the current one and the rest of which are the preimages of the current partition under the transition functions for each of the input symbols. The algorithm terminates when this replacement does not change the current partition. Its worst-case time complexity is : each step of the algorithm may be performed in time using a variant of radix sort to reorder the states so that states in the same set of the new partition are consecutive in the ordering, and there are at most steps since each one but the last increases the number of sets in the partition. The instances of the DFA minimization problem that cause the worst-case behavior are the same as for Hopcroft's algorithm. The number of steps that the algorithm performs can be much smaller than , so on average (for constant ) its performance is or even depending on the random distribution on automata chosen to model the algorithm's average-case behavior.
Brzozowski's algorithm
Reversing the transitions of a non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA) and switching initial and final states produces an NFA for the reversal of the original language. Converting this NFA to a DFA using the standard powerset construction (keeping only the reachable states of the converted DFA) leads to a DFA for the same reversed language. As observed, repeating this reversal and determinization a second time, again keeping only reachable states, produces the minimal DFA for the original language.
The intuition behind the algorithm is this: determinizing the reverse automaton merges states that are nondistinguishable in the original automaton, but may merge also states that should not be merged (i.e., are not merged in the minimal DFA). In such case, after we reverse the automaton for the second time, it may not be deterministic. That is why we need to determinize it again, obtaining the minimal DFA.
Proof of correctness
After we determinize to obtain , we reverse this to obtain . Now recognises the same language as , but there's one important difference: there are no two states in from which we can accept the same word. This follows from being deterministic, viz. there are no two states in that we can reach from the initial state through the same word. The determinization of then creates powerstates (sets of states of ), where every two powerstates differ ‒ naturally ‒ in at least one state of . Assume and ; then contributes at least one word to the language of , which couldn't possibly be present in , since this word is unique to (no other state accepts it). We see that this holds for each pair of powerstates, and thus each powerstate is distinguishable from every other powerstate. Therefore, after determinization of , we have a DFA with no indistinguishable or unreachable states; hence, the minimal DFA for the original .
If is already deterministic, then it suffices to trim it, reverse it, determinize it, and then reverse it again. This could be thought of as starting with in the process above (assuming it has already been trimmed), since the input FA is already deterministic (but keep in mind it's actually not a reversal). We reverse and determinize to obtain , which is the minimal DFA for the reversal of the language of (since we did only one reversal so far). Now all that's left to do is to reverse to obtain the minimal DFA for the original language.
Complexity
The worst-case complexity of Brzozowski's algorithm is exponential in the number of states of the input automaton. This holds regardless of whether the input is a NFA or a DFA. In the case of DFA, the exponential explosion can happen during determinization of the reversal of the input automaton; in the case of NFA, it can also happen during the initial determinization of the input automaton. However, the algorithm frequently performs better than this worst case would suggest.
NFA minimization
While the above procedures work for DFAs, the method of partitioning does not work for non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs). While an exhaustive search may minimize an NFA, there is no polynomial-time algorithm to minimize general NFAs unless P=PSPACE, an unsolved conjecture in computational complexity theory that is widely believed to be false. However, there are methods of NFA minimization that may be more efficient than brute force search.
See also
State encoding for low power
Notes
References
.
.
.
.
. See also preliminary version, Technical Report STAN-CS-71-190, Stanford University, Computer Science Department, January 1971.
.
.
.
.
.
External links
DFA minimization using the Myhill–Nerode theorem
Finite automata
Articles with example pseudocode | wiki |
Many Jews who strictly observe Shabbat (the Sabbath) refrain from using electrical devices on Shabbat, with the exception of passive enjoyment of devices which were set up before Shabbat. Various rabbinical authorities have pronounced on what is permitted and what is not, but there are many disagreements in detailed interpretation, both between different individual authorities and between branches of Judaism.
In Orthodox Judaism, it is generally discouraged to use electrical devices on Shabbat, but Orthodox Poskim (authorities) of Jewish law have disagreed about the basis of this claim since the early 20th century. Many Orthodox leaders have held that turning on an incandescent light bulb violates the Biblical prohibition against igniting a fire. However, the reasons for prohibiting the operation of an electrical appliance that does not involve heating metal to glowing temperatures (which is considered like kindling a fire because of the heat and light), are not agreed upon. At least six substantive reasons have been suggested, and a minority (including Rav Shlomo Zalman Auerbach) believe that turning on most electrical appliances is prohibited only because of common Jewish practice and tradition (minhag) and to maintain the spirit of Shabbat, but not for any substantive technical halachik reason.
Some Conservative authorities, on the other hand, reject the argument that turning on incandescent lights is considered "igniting". The Conservative movement's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards has argued that "refraining from operating lights and other permitted electrical appliances is a pious behavior," but is not required, while also stating that the use of some electrical devices (such as computers, cameras, and smartphones which record data) is forbidden on the sabbath.
Although directly operating electrical appliances is prohibited in Orthodoxy, several indirect methods are permitted according to some authorities. For example, Jews may set a timer before Shabbat to operate a light or appliance on Shabbat, and in some cases, they may adjust the timer on Shabbat. Actions that activate an electrical appliance but are not specifically intended to do so may be permitted if the activation is not certain to occur or if the person does not benefit from the appliance's automatic operation. For example, most authorities allow Jews to open a refrigerator door even though it may cause the motor to turn on immediately or later (not certain to occur); however, they prohibit opening the door if a light inside will automatically turn on (certain and of benefit). Some rabbinic authorities permit, under certain conditions, walking past a house with a motion sensor which switches on a light (for example, if the street is already well-lit so there would not be any direct benefit for you).
Some uses of electricity are especially controversial in Israel because of its majority Jewish population. The use of automated machines to milk cows on Shabbat, an activity that is prohibited if done by hand, is disputed because the farmer may derive economic benefit from the milk, although cows suffer if not milked regularly. The use of electricity from power plants operated by Jews in violation of Shabbat is also controversial because it is normally forbidden to benefit from the action of another Jew's violation of Shabbat. However, because of communal need and other halakhic factors, most religious authorities in Israel permit these uses of electricity.
Incidental prohibitions and leniencies
Many electric devices may not be used on Shabbat for reasons unrelated to electricity. For example:
An electric stove may not be used to cook food, since all cooking of food is forbidden ().
An electric lawn mower may not be used, since cutting grass by any means is forbidden ().
Use of a computer may violate the prohibition of writing (), either in displaying words on the screen, or saving information to the disk (see fuller discussion below).
Conversely, even if use of an electric device would normally be forbidden on Shabbat, in certain circumstances it may be permitted due to leniencies which apply to all Shabbat prohibitions. For example:
If violating Shabbat is the only way to save a human life (), one may and must do so.
If one performs an activity which indirectly causes Shabbat to be violated (), the level of violation is considered lower. If other reasons for leniency are present, the activity may become permitted under certain conditions.
If one performs an activity which has the unwanted consequence of violating Shabbat (), the level of violation is considered lower. If other reasons for leniency are present, the activity may become permitted.
If one performs an activity which has the unwanted consequence of possibly (not definitely) violating Shabbat (), the activity is permitted on Shabbat.
Incandescent lights
Of the 39 categories of creative activities prohibited on Shabbat, rabbinic authorities have associated at least three with incandescent lights. The overwhelming majority of Orthodox halakhic authorities maintain that turning on an incandescent light on Shabbat violates a Biblical prohibition on "igniting" a fire (Hebrew: הבערה, ), because the filament becomes glowing hot like a coal. Some argue instead that it violates the prohibition on "cooking". Another approach is that of Raavad, who would classify incandescent light as a third creative activity: "completing a product" (Hebrew: מכה בפטיש, : literally, "striking the final hammer blow").
The Mishnah, in the context of laws prohibiting cooking, states: "One who heats a metal pot may not pour cold water into it to heat [the water], but he may pour water into the pot or a cup to quench [the vessel]." In the Gemara, Rav says it is permitted to add water to cool it, but forbidden to add water to mold the metal. Shmuel says it is also permitted to add enough water to mold the metal as long as that is not his intent, but if he intends to mold the metal it is forbidden. In a different context, Rav Sheshet says that "cooking" a metal filament is forbidden by analogy to cooking spices.
Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach prohibits raising (or lowering) the level of an electric heater with an adjustable dial, since numerous small heating elements are turned on (or off) in the process.
Conservative Rabbi Daniel Nevins has argued that, according to traditional halakhic sources, heating a filament is not prohibited, because the heat does not cause any significant change in the metal and provides no benefit.
Fluorescent and LED lights
While the visible light produced by fluorescent lamps comes from a phosphor coating which luminesces at low temperature, such lamps also include metal electrodes which are heated to a very high temperature, seemingly causing the same halachic issues as incandescent lamps. However, LED lamps contain no hot metal filament and do not have the same halachic questions, though they may be halachically problematic for reasons discussed later in this article.
Shabbat laws potentially related to electricity
Other prohibitions may apply to electric devices that do not involve heating metal to glowing temperatures.
Molid
The Talmud prohibits infusing a fragrant scent into one's clothing on Shabbat. According to Rashi, this is because a rabbinic prohibition exists to "create anything new" (molid). Rabbi Yitzchak Schmelkes suggested applying molid to the generating of electric current. Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and many others disagree with this application. Among other reasons, they state that molid is a limited category that cannot be expanded past the definitions the Talmudic Sages imposed. Rav Auerbach also stated that molid only applies when the new property is visible (which is not the case with an electric current in a circuit, but is the case when a computer screen is lit up, for example). Nevins has endorsed Rav Auerbach's reasoning.
In any case, molid would seemingly apply only creating an electric circuit, not to extinguishing an existing current (or modifying its strength).
Boneh
The Chazon Ish wrote that closing an electrical circuit to create an electrical current is Biblically prohibited as "building" (boneh), and opening a closed circuit is prohibited as "destroying".
R' Shlomo Zalman Auerbach disagreed vigorously with the Chazon Ish. Among other reasons, he claimed that building and destroying must be fundamentally permanent in nature, whereas most electrical devices are routinely turned on and off at will, and the person who turns it on usually intends that it will be turned off at some later point, and vice versa. Building an item that is fundamentally temporary in nature is at most a Rabbinic prohibition, and Rav Auerbach said that opening and closing a circuit is like opening and closing a door, which is not prohibited at all. Many other Orthodox authorities take this position as well, as does the Conservative Committee on Jewish Law and Standards.
One contemporary authority states that even according to the Chazon Ish, the prohibition of "building" would not apply to changing the state of electric circuits in a computer which is already running.
Makeh Bapatish
The Chazon Ish argued, in addition, that closing a circuit to render a device operational might violate the Biblical prohibition of (striking the final hammer blow, i.e.. completing a product). The argument would be that an electrical device is not complete because it does not function unless the electricity is turned on.
Rabbis Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, Yaakov Breisch, and Nevins strongly disagree because refers to a fundamentally permanent act that requires great effort, and turning on an electrical appliance is fundamentally temporary because it will be turned off, and requires a minimal amount of effort.
Rabbi Osher Weiss argues that intentionally creating an electric circuit violates because (in his opinion) any activity that is sufficiently significant and creative is prohibited on Shabbat, and if it does not fit into one of the 38 other forbidden activities, it is categorized as . He also argues that unintentionally creating a circuit (as often occurs when electronic devices operate in a person's vicinity) is completely permitted, as it does not have the level of significance needed to qualify as .
Sparks
Intentionally creating burning sparks, for example by rubbing stones together to make a fire, is prohibited on Shabbat as igniting a fire; it is possible that this prohibition includes the sparks momentarily generated when an electric appliance is turned on. However, R' Shlomo Zalman Auerbach rules leniently for several reasons: the lighting of sparks is undesired, and might not occur, and the sparks are very small so they might not be considered significant. With solid-state technology, the probability of generating sparks is greatly reduced.
Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman recounted that while staying at a Jewish seminary for a conference, he was approached by some young rabbis who asked him whether electricity was fire. He replied that it was not, then asked why they wanted to know. He was shocked to learn that they were not interested in science at all, but only wanted clarification to assist them in interpreting the Talmud. Feynman explained to them that electricity differed from fire in that it was not a chemical process, and pointed out the presence of electricity in atoms and thus every phenomenon occurring in the world. Since the rabbis were worried about creating sparks when a button was pushed to close a circuit, Feynman proposed the following solution: '"If that's what's bothering you, you can put a condenser across the switch, so the electricity will go on and off without any spark whatsoever—anywhere.' But for some reason, they didn't like that idea either."
Additional fuel consumption
Turning on an appliance may indirectly cause the power plant to consume more fuel, and as so violates mavir, the augmenting of a fire. For various reasons most authorities permit this indirect causation if the power-plant is operated by non-Jews. (If the power plant is operated by Jews, the issue is more complicated. See the section below regarding Israeli power plants.)
Heating a wire or filament
Injecting current into a wire might cause that wire to heat to the temperature of yad soledet bo. According to the Chazon Ish, this would cause operation of such a device to be forbidden. However, R' Auerbach disagrees, saying that heating metal is only prohibited when the intent is to modify the metal (e.g. tempering). Some feel that the prevalence of solid-state technology has made the reality underlying this concern obsolete in many cases.
Custom
Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach rejected any technical prohibition on electricity: "In my opinion there is no prohibition [to use electricity] on Shabbat or Yom Tov... There is no prohibition of Fine-tuning or molid... (However, I [Rabbi Auerbach] am afraid that the masses will err and turn on incandescent lights on Sabbath, and thus I do not permit electricity absent great need...) ... This matter requires further analysis. ... However, the key point in my opinion is that there is no prohibition to use electricity on Sabbath unless the electricity causes a prohibited act like cooking or starting a flame."
However, he considered the use of electricity forbidden by custom, and thus would only permit its use in situations of great need.
Practical applications
In general, from an Orthodox perspective, it is permissible to benefit from most electrical objects during Shabbat, provided they are preset before the start of Shabbat, and the status of the appliance is not manually modified during Shabbat. These include lights, heating, and air conditioning.
Cooking appliances
Cooking on Shabbat, whether by electrical or other means, is generally prohibited on Shabbat. Food may be kept hot when it is cooked before the start of Shabbat. There are various laws governing how this food is kept hot and served. Often, a blech or crock pot is used for this purpose.
Refrigerators
Though most Shabbat observant Jews permit opening and closing a refrigerator during Shabbat, some authorities require that the door only be opened when the refrigerator motor is already running. Otherwise, the motor will be caused to go on sooner by the increase in temperature indirectly caused by the flow of heat from the outside. Most refrigerators and freezers automatically turn the motor on to operate the cooling pump whenever the thermostat detects a temperature that is too high to keep the food cold. However, Auerbach and most authorities permit opening the door because this result is indirect and because there are additional grounds to be lenient.
Additionally, any incandescent light which is triggered upon opening the door must be disconnected before Shabbat. It is not permitted to open the door if the light will turn on because, unlike with the motor running, the light turning on is a Biblical prohibition whereas the motor running may be a Rabbinic prohibition, and also, the light is turned on immediately as an effect of opening the refrigerator whereas the motor turning on is an indirect effect.
Some appliance manufacturers have implemented subtle design aspects to accommodate Shabbat observant Jews. In 1998 Whirlpool's KitchenAid line patented a "Sabbath mode", and since then many manufacturers have followed by offering similar options. These modes typically turn off the electronic displays, disable oven and refrigerator lights that turn on automatically, and use delay timers that allow for permitted temperature controls. According to Jon Fasman, "about half of all ovens and refrigerators on the market (including those made by GE, Whirlpool, and KitchenAid) now have a Sabbath mode."
Thermostats
Some rabbinic authorities have questioned that if a thermostat for a heating or air conditioning system is set prior to the start of Shabbat, if changes made to the temperature of the room in which the thermostat is contained may impact the system's on/off status. Of particular concern is an action that intentionally triggers the thermostat; for example, if the thermostat is set to turn on the room's heat, and an occupant of the room wishes the heater would turn on, opening a window to allow cold air into the room, thereby triggering the heat to turn on.
While most rabbis have ruled that the example of intentionally letting cold air into the room to operate the thermostat constitutes a violation of Shabbat, if the person opens the window for some other, legitimate, reason, and the cold air enters as a side effect, no violation has occurred. Additionally, most agree that if a person who has no intention to operate the thermostat does something which happens to operate it, no violation has occurred.
A few rabbinical authorities have completely forbidden the use of heating or cooling systems controlled by a thermostat on Shabbat, declaring that human actions that trigger the system on or off constitute a violation, regardless of intention.
While (in general) it is prohibited to adjust an electric device so that it turns on or off sooner, many authorities permit adjusting it so an expected change will be delayed and the current state preserved for longer. According to the permissive opinion if a heating system is currently off (because the temperature is currently higher than the thermostat setting), one would be permitted to lower the thermostat, as this causes the heating system to remain in its current "off" state for longer.
Television and radio
Most rabbinical authorities have prohibited watching television during Shabbat, even if the TV is turned on before the start of Shabbat, and its settings are not changed. However, most rabbis have permitted programming a device to record television programmes during Shabbat, the programming to be done before the start of Shabbat and the viewing after.
Most authorities also prohibit either turning on or listening to a radio. The reason is, although an electric current is not turned on, the radio makes a loud noise, falling under the Rabbinic prohibition of making noise with an instrument designed to make noise. However, it may be permitted to turn up the volume of a radio that is already on because many authorities permit adding to an electric current. Eliezer Waldenberg says that changing the station on a radio by using a dial is prohibited, but Shlomo Auerbach says that it is permitted.
Regardless of permissibility, almost all authorities (including Conservative Nevins) consider that watching television, listening to a radio, or use of appliances for similar purposes on Shabbat violates the spirit of Shabbat and is not ideal.
Jewish people also might not leave certain devices on according to maris ayin—the prohibition of doing something which another might view as prohibitory in Jewish law.
Computers and similar appliances
In addition to possible halachic issues with any use of electricity, some additional issues may apply when using electronic devices such as computers.
Writing on the screen
Opinions differ regarding causing text to appear on an electronic screen (such as a computer screen or cellphone). Many argue that since the text will only appear on the screen for a short period, the Biblical prohibition on writing and erasing permanent text is not violated, so the action is only forbidden by rabbinic law. R' Shmuel Wosner was stricter, arguing that since text on the screen can last for a significant amount of time (i.e. an hour), it is considered "permanent" writing which is forbidden. However, other authorities say that even according to R' Wosner's approach, the Biblical prohibition would not apply if the device has a screensaver which automatically replaces the screen contents after a short period, or if the device is battery-powered (and not plugged in) and will inevitably run out of battery in not too long.
This judgment may be affected by the type of display used. For example, when using a CRT display (but not later types of display), words which appear on a computer screen are actually flickering many times a second; according to some authorities this means that such writing is not considered writing at all. On the other hand, text on an E Ink display (such as an Amazon Kindle) remains permanently even if the device loses electric power (unless the user decides to change the text), which makes it Biblically forbidden.
Writing to disk
Another issue is recording information on a computer (e.g. saving a file, or sending a text message which will be stored on a server or on the recipient's phone). Conservative Rabbi Daniel Nevins wrote that such recording violates the Biblical prohibition of writing. Among Orthodox authorities, opinions are divided on whether magnetic recording violates the prohibition of writing. In addition, R' Shlomo Zalman Auerbach argued that recording may violate a separate Biblical prohibition of "building", since one is creating the capability for the computer to show you this information later on.
Other considerations
It is also questionable whether the use of a keyboard or other input device to change what is displayed is a direct effect, as it depends both on the keyboard and on the device's pre-programmed behavior. Regarding printing a document on paper, some authorities view it as grama and only rabbinically prohibited (since the printing only occurs after some time and after the computer has calculated how best to print), while others view it as straightforward writing and thus Biblically prohibited.
The use of a computer might be considered "Uvdin d'Chol" (weekday/mundane activities), which are prohibited rabbinically to preserve the spirit of the sanctity of Shabbat, by preventing one from carrying out unrequired or grueling tasks and weekday-specific activities on Shabbat.
R' Nahum Rabinovitch ruled that soldiers (who need to write to save lives) should preferably use a pen with disappearing ink (which is rabbinically prohibited as the writing is temporary) rather than electronic writing on a computer, indicating what he saw as the seriousness of the prohibitions involved in using a computer.
The Shabbos App was a proposed Android app claimed by its creators to enable Jews to permissibly use a smartphone to text on Shabbat. Developers stated that the application would be released in December 2014, but the app was delayed and eventually never released. When announced, the app caused an uproar among the public, and many rabbis spoke out against the development.
Telephones
Like other electrical appliances, telephones are bound by similar restrictions on Shabbat. Operating a telephone may involve separate prohibitions at each stage of the operation. Thus, removing a telephone from the receiver to produce a dial tone closes a circuit and makes a noise. Dialing closes more circuits and creates more noises. Speaking on the phone increases an existing current, but Shlomo Auerbach and many other authorities permit this. Hanging up the phone opens a circuit, which is a Biblical prohibition of "destroying" according to the Chazon Ish but a Rabbinic prohibition according to others.
Dialing on many phones, including cell phones, also causes the numbers to be written on a display screen, thus violating the prohibition of writing (as described above). If a phone call must be made on Shabbat, other factors being equal, it is preferable to use a phone without a display screen.
It is questionable if it is permissible to use an answering machine or voicemail to receive messages left during Shabbat, since one is benefiting from a violation of Shabbat, particularly if the caller is a Jew.
In an emergency case where a phone call must be made to save a life, making the phone call is permitted. In addition, a special phone has been invented to minimize the halachic issues regarding phone use on Shabbat; the inventors argue that its use by soldiers or other essential workers in less urgent situations is permitted. This phone is marketed as a "kosher phone" (unrelated to "kosher phones" in some other Jewish communities, which lack internet or media access to comply with bans on the internet in those communities).
Microphones
There are varying views on the use of a microphone during Shabbat. While most Orthodox rabbinic authorities prohibit the use of microphones, there has been some argument for allowing the use of a microphone in a synagogue that is turned on before the start of Shabbat on the basis that a microphone does not create a human voice, but rather amplifies it. Those in the majority, who forbid the microphone, have various concerns, including the conduction of electricity that is affected by the human voice, and the attention that is drawn from the sound coming from the speakers.
A "Shabbat microphone" has been developed, which is intended to allow Rabbis or Hazzans to amplify and transmit their voice without affecting the electrical current of the microphone to hold congregations without violating Shabbat. It uses acousto-fluidic technology and constant electric current, so the sound source does not change the status of the electric current. It has not been approved by all Orthodox rabbinic authorities. Rabbis disagree about whether even a Shabbat microphone can be used when the sound is being recorded.
Laundry
Washing clothes is not permitted on Shabbat, whether by hand or machine. Most rabbinical authorities have prohibited allowing a washing machine or dryer to run on Shabbat, even if it is set before the start of Shabbat. If the machine is still running after Shabbat starts when this was not planned, no benefit may be derived from clothes or other objects in the appliance during that Shabbat.
Automobiles
According to Orthodox authorities, while driving on Shabbat is prohibited directly because of the combustion of fuel, modern automobiles also have numerous electrical components whose operation is prohibited during Shabbat. These include headlamps and other external and internal lights, turn signals, and gauges. Additionally, the operation of the vehicle involves many uses of electricity and electrical circuits. According to many Conservative authorities, this use of electricity is not prohibited, and it may even be permitted to drive a car powered by an internal combustion engine in certain circumstances.
Elevators
Operating an elevator is generally prohibited by Orthodox authorities for multiple reasons. However, Shabbat elevators have been designed automatically to travel from one floor to the next regardless of whether a human is riding the elevator or not, so many authorities permit the use of such elevators under certain circumstances. The environmental advantages of reducing energy consumption when the device is not in use are lost.
Surveillance systems
The use of automated surveillance systems has been reviewed. Examples include closed-circuit television, video cameras, and motion detectors. A person who walks within view of an operating surveillance camera may permit photography if the camera must be passed to enter a building or location and the photograph is not of direct benefit to the passerby. This is called a (Aramaic: פסיק רישא דלא ניחא ליה, loose translation: "an inevitable resultant action that does not benefit the one who indirectly caused that action"). However, it is prohibited to knowingly walk past a motion sensor which switches on a light on Shabbat if the street or place is dark and because the turning on of the light substantively benefits the person, and it is a (Aramaic: פסיק רישא דניחא ליה, loose translation: "an inevitable resultant action that does benefit the one who indirectly caused that action"). Observant Jews are advised to avoid walking past a motion sensor that they know is there and will switch on a light, or close their eyes when doing so.
Static electricity
Many authorities permit separating clothes or performing other actions that might generate sparks due to static electricity.
Milking of cows
Some review articles have been published on the permissibility of milking cows on Shabbat using automated machines. Milking cows is fundamentally prohibited on Shabbat, but is permitted to relieve the suffering of an engorged cow, as long as the milk is allowed to go to waste rather than being stored.
Due to the desire that so much milk not go to waste, it was proposed to attach the pumping machine on Shabbat, to let the first few drops go to waste, then position a container to store the subsequent milk flow. While the Chazon Ish wrote that such a practice is forbidden, he is reported to have permitted it when asked orally, and some communities have used the practice accordingly. Using a device invented by the Zomet Institute in the 1980s, which allowed the switch from milking to waste to milking into containers to occur indirectly without human intervention, the act of milking cows became more indirect and thus more likely to be permitted. Yet another solution, whereby the cows are hooked up to the machine with electricity off, and the electricity is soon turned on automatically to milk the cows, was permitted in theory by the Chazon Ish and became practical in the late 20th century. It is currently practiced by the religious kibbutz at Sde Eliyahu.
Ways of circumventing the Shabbat prohibitions
Several innovations have been developed to address the needs of the Shabbat-observant user while not violating Shabbat.
Shabbat clocks
In general, halacha permits a Jew to begin a Shabbat-violating action on Friday (before Shabbat) even though the action will be completed automatically on Shabbat. Therefore, the consensus of contemporary authorities permits a Jew to program a timer (referred to as a "Shabbat clock") before Shabbat to perform automatically a prohibited action on Shabbat. For example, it is permitted to attach a timer to a light switch on Friday afternoon so that the light will turn off late on Friday night when people wish to sleep, and will turn on again the next day when people are awake.
However, an exception to this rule may be the production of a noise which disturbs the peaceful environment of Shabbat, as shown by a debate in the Talmud over whether a Jew may add wheat on Friday to a water mill that will run automatically on Shabbat, because the addition of wheat to the mill will cause a loud noise. Rishonim disagree as to which opinion is normative. Joseph Caro in the Shulchan Aruch permits this action, but Moses Isserles (the Ramo) prohibits it absent great need. Accordingly, Rabbis Moses Feinstein and Shlomo Auerbach prohibit programming a radio to turn on during Shabbat, or allowing it to run on Shabbat, not because of the violation of electricity as such, but rather because the noise of the radio violates a separate prohibition.
Some authorities have raised other reasons to prohibit Shabbat clocks in general, but the consensus of many rabbis permits their use. Nowadays they are commonly used to manage lights in private homes, to operate dishwashers and milk cows in Shabbat-observant kibbutzim and moshavim, and for various purposes in public facilities such as hospitals and hotels.
Adjusting a Shabbat clock on Shabbat
Shabbat clocks are typically mechanical devices that are "programmed" by moving pegs that represent specific hours. One is permitted on Shabbat to move pegs on a mechanical device, but when the pegs are part of a Shabbat clock, the resulting activity (e.g. turning on a light) may be forbidden. Several different cases must be considered:
Adjusting the shabbat clock so that a light turns on, sooner than it otherwise would have: This is forbidden, though some authorities are lenient in situations of need, since this can be considered turning on the light indirectly (grama).
Adjusting the shabbat clock so that a light turns on, later than it otherwise would have: Nearly all authorities permit this, and the common practice is to permit it. However, if the adjustment is done by removing and reinserting a peg, the reinsertion could cause the light to turn on earlier relative to the state of no peg, which would likely be forbidden as previously discussed.
Adjusting the shabbat clock so that a light turns off, sooner than it otherwise would have: This is similar to the case of turning the light on sooner, and thus forbidden. However, the act of turning off a light is less halachically serious than turning it on (a rabbinic rather than Biblical prohibition), so R' Shlomo Zalman Auerbach permits if the light (or other device) is of a type whose operation is only rabbinically forbidden, as the multiple layers of rabbinic prohibition create more grounds for leniency.
Adjusting the shabbat clock so that a light turns off, later than it otherwise would have: This is similar to the case of turning the light on later, and thus permitted. (A minority of authorities hold it is forbidden due to causing more electricity to be consumed than would have otherwise.)
Other proposed bypasses
The KosherLamp, sold since 2004, is a lamp in which the electricity runs continually, but which contains a sliding cover so that the light can be exposed or blocked as desired. Thus, the lamp can be "turned on" or "turned off" even though in reality the bulb is always on.
In 2015, the KosherSwitch wall switch was introduced amid controversy, as a means of controlling electricity on-demand in a manner that is permissible according to several Orthodox authorities.
Use of electricity generated in Israeli power plants
Several review articles have been written about the permissibility of using electricity generated in Israeli power plants. In principle, it should be prohibited because one may not benefit from an action performed in violation of Shabbat. Thus, for example, if a Jew lights a candle in violation of Shabbat, both he and other Jews are forbidden to read a book using that candlelight. Similarly, if a Jew generates electricity in a power plant in violation of Shabbat, other Jews may not benefit from that electricity. However, there are several considerations to permit Jews to generate electricity in Israeli power plants and to use electricity generated in this manner.
Generating electricity
The primary motive to permit generating electricity is (Hebrew: פיקוח נפש, "saving lives"). Electricity generated on Shabbat is needed for the day-to-day operations of hospitals, first aid centers, outpatients who require medical care in their homes, and climate control for people who need it, a refrigerator for a baby or the elderly who must eat refrigerated food, and possibly street lights which help prevent road accidents. Because it is impossible to distinguish between the electric current going to purposes recognised as and to other purposes, all electricity generation is classified as . The argument based on would allow a Jew to work at the power plant on Shabbat to generate electricity. Rabbis Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and Shlomo Goren permit this, but Auerbach and Moshe Feinstein question why non-Jews are not employed to do this work instead.
Using electricity
Assuming that a Jewish worker may generate electricity on Shabbat due to , opinions are divided on whether Jewish consumers may use this electricity for non- purposes. R' Shlomo Goren prohibits using it in ordinary circumstances using a Talmudic precedent: if meat is cooked for a patient who needs it for , nobody else may eat that meat, as this possibility could encourage the cook to prepare more meat than necessary, violating Shabbat without justification. However, R' Shlomo Auerbach, who permits the generation of electricity on Shabbat with some hesitation (see citation below), also permits the use of electricity based on a different Talmudic precedent: if a sick patient requires meat, and no dead meat is available, a live animal may be slaughtered (otherwise in violation of Shabbat) and its excess meat may be consumed by others on Shabbat. Since in this case, there is no way to cook any meat without slaughtering a whole animal, the rationale that the violator might do more than necessary does not hold.
Another possible reason for leniency is the fact that some Jewish power plant workers are unaware their work is considered Shabbat violation. Thus, it could be considered unintentional (Hebrew: שוגג, ). When a person violates Shabbat unintentionally (as opposed to intentionally), some authorities permit other Jews to benefit from the violation. Thus, customers might be allowed to use electricity generated on Shabbat.
Nowadays, it is generally accepted that consumers may use electricity from the power plant. However, part of the charedi community refuses to use the electric grid (instead of running
electricity generators at home), following the opinion of the Chazon Ish who argued that even if a power plant could run permissibly, using its electricity would be forbidden, as the secular workers there do not respect Shabbat and using their electricity would show public approval of their actions.
It is projected that in the future, when Israel's coal generating plants are shut down and replaced with natural gas power plants, it will be possible to run all-electric plants automatically without human intervention, removing the halachic questions about the use of this electricity on Shabbat.
Alternatives to publicly generated electricity
Tens of thousands of Israeli haredim, forming a significant fraction of the Haredi population, run private electric generators to avoid using the public electricity supply on Shabbat. Some even refuse to use a generator because the end-product of electricity is indistinguishable from what is provided to ordinary consumers, so using electricity in any manner constitutes the appearance of violating Halakhah. Some of these people use a kerosene lamp that provides them with a minimal amount of light, and some use only Shabbat candles for Friday night dinner.
Some people who do not use electricity also do not use faucets or other mechanisms that provide water from public supplies, because the municipal water pumps are operated electrically. These people prepare containers of water on Friday sufficient to provide for their needs on Shabbat.
See also
Activities prohibited on Shabbat
External links
The New York Times – Entrepreneurs find ways to make technology work with Jewish Sabbath
Notes
References
Michael Broyde and Howard Jachter (Pesach 1991). The Use of Electricity on Shabbat and Yom Tov. Journal of Halacha & Contemporary Society, No. XXI. Retrieved on 2008-05-16.
Encyclopedia Talmudit, "Electricity" 18:155–190.
Dovid Ribiat. The 39 Melochos: An Elucidation of the 39 Melochos from Concept to Practical Application. Nanuet, N.Y. : Feldheim Publishers, 1999. Volume 4, pages 1201ff.
Rabbi Hayim Halevy Donin. To Be a Jew, A Guide to Jewish Observance in Contemporary Life'', Basic Books, 1972, 1991, , pages 89–93
Electricity
Laws of Shabbat | wiki |
The pectoral fascia is a thin lamina, covering the surface of the pectoralis major, and sending numerous prolongations between its fasciculi: it is attached, in the middle line, to the front of the sternum; above, to the clavicle; laterally and below it is continuous with the fascia of the shoulder, axilla, and thorax.
It is very thin over the upper part of the pectoralis major, but thicker in the interval between it and the latissimus dorsi, where it closes in the axillary space and forms the axillary fascia; it divides at the lateral margin of the latissimus dorsi into two layers, one of which passes in front of, and the other behind it; these proceed as far as the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, to which they are attached.
As the fascia leaves the lower edge of the pectoralis major to cross the floor of the axilla it sends a layer upward under cover of the muscle; this lamina splits to envelop the pectoralis minor, at the upper edge of which it is continuous with the coracoclavicular fascia. The hollow of the armpit, seen when the arm is abducted, is produced mainly by the traction of this fascia on the axillary floor, and hence the lamina is sometimes named the suspensory ligament of the axilla.
At the lower part of the thoracic region the deep fascia is well-developed, and is continuous with the fibrous sheaths of the rectus abdominis.
References
External links
- "Pectoral Region: Reflect Pectoralis Major Muscle"
Fascia | wiki |
Larimichthys is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van de ombervissen (Sciaenidae).
Soorten
Larimichthys crocea (Richardson, 1846)
Larimichthys polyactis (Bleeker, 1877)
Larimichthys pamoides (Munro, 1964)
Ombervissen | wiki |
Candy Cane Lane may refer to:
Places
Canada
Candy Cane Lane, Bredenbury, Saskatchewan
Candy Cane Lane (Edmonton), Alberta
United States
Candy Cane Lane, Duboistown, Pennsylvania
Candy Cane Lane, West Allis, Wisconsin
Candy Cane Lane, Ravenna, Seattle, Washington
Candy Cane Lane, West Frankfort, Illinois
Candy Cane Lane, Pacific Grove, California
Other uses
Candy Cane Lane (film), upcoming film
"Candy Cane Lane", a song by Sia on the 2017 album Everyday Is Christmas
"Candy Cane Lane", a song by Point of Grace on the 2010 album Home for the Holidays
Candy Cane Lanes, a minigame in the 2009 video game We Wish You a Merry Christmas
See also
Candy cane, a candy stick served at Christmas, from which the streets get their name | wiki |
The 20913/20914 Rajkot–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Superfast Express is a Superfast train belonging to Western Railway zone that runs between and in India. It is currently being operated with 20913/20914 train numbers on a weekly basis.
Coach composition
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 23 coaches:
1 AC II Tier
5 AC III Tier
11 Sleeper coaches
4 General Unreserved
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
Service
The 20913/Rajkot–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 57 km/hr and covers 1107 km in 19 hrs 20 mins.
The 20914/Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Rajkot Weekly Superfast Express has an average speed of 56 km/hr and covers 1107 km in 19 hrs 40 mins.
Route and halts
The important halts of the train are:
Schedule
Traction
Both trains are hauled by a Vatva Loco Shed-based WDM-3A or WDM-3D diesel locomotive from Rajkot to Delhi and vice versa.
Rake sharing
The train shares its rake with 22937/22938 Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express.
See also
Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station
Rajkot Junction railway station
Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express
Notes
References
External links
20913/Rajkot–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Superfast Express India Rail Info
20914/Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Rajkot Weekly Superfast Express India Rail Info
Transport in Rajkot
Transport in Delhi
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Rajasthan
Rail transport in Gujarat
Rail transport in Haryana
Rail transport in Delhi
Railway services introduced in 2014 | wiki |
Afek is a mythic heroine in the religion of the Min peoples living in Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea.
Humans were believed created in a multiple birth of the cultural heroine Afek, emerging immediately after the first dog. Afek gave the bush to the spirits right before birthing humans so that they would clear out the villages for the humans to dwell in.
Since as such dogs are spirits (and the "older brother" of man), Urapmin do not kill or eat them (unlike some neighboring tribes), nor do they let dogs breathe on their food. (This contrasts with humans—the Urapmin previously had no cannibalism taboo, but they can share food with them.) In fact, the taboo on eating dogs is one of the few still widely observed.
See also
Afekan, equivalent of Afek in Tifalmin mythology
References
Bibliography
Heroes in mythology and legend
Papua New Guinean mythology | wiki |
The 14521 / 22 Delhi Junction - Ambala Cantonment Junction Intercity Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways Northern Railway zone that runs between and in India.
It operates as train number 14521 from to and as train number 14522 in the reverse direction serving the states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh & Delhi.
Coaches
The 14521 / 22 Delhi Junction - Ambala Cantonment Junction Intercity Express has one AC Chair Car, ten general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a pantry car coach.
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.
Service
The 14521 - Intercity Express covers the distance of in 6 hours 00 mins (44 km/hr) & in 6 hours 00 mins as the 14262 - Intercity Express (44 km/hr).
As the average speed of the train is less than , as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.
Routing
The 14521 / 22 Delhi Junction - Ambala Cantonment Junction Intercity Express runs from via , , to .
Traction
As the route is going to be electrified, a based WAP-7 electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.
References
External links
14521 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
14522 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains
Rail transport in Haryana
Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh
Rail transport in Delhi
Transport in Delhi
Transport in Ambala | wiki |
The 22937/22938 Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express is a Superfast train belonging to Western Railway zone that runs between and in India. It is currently being operated with 22937/22938 train numbers on a weekly basis.
Coach composition
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 23 coaches:
1 AC II Tier
5 AC III Tier
11 Sleeper coaches
4 General Unreserved
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
Service
The 22937/Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/hr and covers 1601 km in 27 hrs 30 mins.
The 22938/Rewa–Rajkot Superfast Express has an average speed of 62 km/hr and covers 1601 km in 25 hrs 45 mins.
Route and halts
The important halts of the train are:
Schedule
Traction
Both trains are hauled by a Vatva Loco Shed-based WDM-3A diesel locomotive from Rajkot to Ahmedabad. From Ahmedabad, trains are hauled by a Vadodara Loco Shed-based WAP-4E electric locomotive uptil Itarsi. From Itarsi trains are hauled by an Itarsi Loco Shed-based WDM-3A diesel locomotive uptil Rewa and vice versa.
Rake sharing
The train shares its rake with 20913/20914 Rajkot–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Superfast Express.
See also
Rewa Terminal railway station
Rajkot Junction railway station
Rajkot–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Superfast Express
Notes
References
External links
22937/Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express India Rail Info
22938/Rewa–Rajkot Superfast Express India Rail Info
Transport in Rajkot
Transport in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Maharashtra
Rail transport in Rajasthan
Rail transport in Gujarat
Railway services introduced in 2015 | wiki |
2-Aminomuconic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.
See also
Muconic acid
References
Amino acids
Dicarboxylic acids | wiki |
Polytechnic Stadium may refer to:
Polytechnic Stadium (Kremenchuk)
Polytechnic Stadium (London) | wiki |
The FIBA Women's Asia Cup All-Tournament Team is a FIBA award given every two years, awarded to the five strongest competitors throughout the tournament.
Honourees
See also
FIBA Women's Asia Cup Most Valuable Player
FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup Most Valuable Player
FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup All-Tournament Team
FIBA Awards
References
Team
Basketball trophies and awards | wiki |
Beguiled or The Beguiled can refer to:
To be subject to deception
To be subject to charisma
The Beguiled, a 1966 novel about the American civil war by Thomas P. Cullinan
The Beguiled (1971 film), a film adaptation
The Beguiled (2017 film), a film adaptation | wiki |
A lid, also known as a cover, is part of a container, and serves as the closure or seal, usually one that completely closes the object. Lids can be placed on small containers such as tubs as well as larger lids for open-head pails and drums. Some lids have a security strip or a tamper-evident band to hold the lid on securely until opening is desired or authorized. These are usually irreversible to indicate that the container has been opened.
History
Lids have been found on pottery dating back as far as 3100 BC. Ancient Egyptian canopic jars with lids held the organs of mummified bodies as early as 2686 BC. The coffee lid market is valued at roughly $180 million. An estimated 14 billion lids were sold in 2009 in the United States. Some containers such as tubs or jars now have a plastic film heat sealed onto the container: this is often called a lidding film.
Examples
Cultural references
The word is used metaphorically, as in "keeping the lid on the secret" and "flipped his lid". Other meanings or usages include:
A well-known myth concerns Pandora opening the lid of a box and unleashing terrible evils into the world.
An old saying that you never have to put a lid on a bucket of crabs (because when one gets near the top, another will inevitably pull it down) is often used as a metaphor for group situations where an individual feels held back by others.
An old Yiddish saying, that "every pot will find its lid" refers to people finding an appropriate match in marriage.
The term "lid" is commonly used slang as a synonym for an ounce of herbal cannabis.
Lids are referred to in the Bible, in the Book of Numbers:
See also
Closure (container)
References
Sources
Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
Seals (mechanical)
Packaging
pt:Tampa | wiki |
Bobek Bryen (1907-1977) – musicista ceco
Camille Bryen (1907-1977) – pittore e poeta francese
Keith Bryen (1927-2013) – motociclista australiano | wiki |
Batwing may refer to:
In fiction
Batplane, the Batman vehicle
Batwing (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character
Batwing (DC Comics), a DC Comics character
Roller coasters
Batwing (roller coaster), a roller coaster at Six Flags America
Batwing (roller coaster element)
Batwing Spaceshot, a drop tower at Warner Bros. Movie World
Aviation
Stout Batwing
Other uses
Batwing sleeves, a type of sleeve
A type of bow tie
The common name of genus Atrophaneura
See also
Bat wing, the wing of a bat | wiki |
Titan V was a steel roller coaster at Space World in Yahata Higashi ward, Kitakyushu, Japan.
Roller coasters in Japan
Roller coasters introduced in 1994 | wiki |
Allomethus mysticus is a species of fly in the family Pipunculidae. It was described by Rapp in 1943.
It is endemic to Quebec.
References
Pipunculidae
Insects of Canada
Diptera of North America
Insects described in 1943 | wiki |
Peter Bernstein may refer to:
*Peter Bernstein (composer) (born 1951), American film and television composer
Peter Bernstein (guitarist) (born 1967), American jazz guitarist
Peter L. Bernstein (1919–2009), American author, economist and educator | wiki |
Barbari bread () is a type of yeast leavened Hazara flatbread. It is one of the thickest flat breads and is commonly topped with sesame or black caraway seeds. A notable characteristic of the bread is its top skin that is similar to pretzels or lye roll's skin due to the Maillard reaction that occurs during baking. Before baking it is glazed with a mixture of baking soda, flour and water.
It is widely known as Persian flatbread in United States and Canada.
Etymology
Barbari is an obsolete Persian term for the Hazara people living in Khorasan, Iran. Barbari bread was first baked by Hazaras and taken to Tehran, becoming popular during the Qajar dynasty. Hazaras are no longer called barbari (i.e. Easterners), as Hazara people were called barbar or barbarian in Iran. But the bread is still referred to as nān-e barbari in Iran while Hazaras refer to it as ("tandoor [tandir] bread"). It is popular among Iranian Azerbaijanis.
Manufacture and style
The bread is usually 70 cm to 80 cm long, and 25 cm to 30 cm wide. It is the most common style baked in Iran. It is served in many restaurants with Lighvan cheese, a ewe's milk cheese similar to feta cheese.
See also
Naan
Taftan, Iranian bread
Sangak, a leavened Iranian flatbread
Lavash, an unleavened Armenian flatbread popular in Iran
References
Flatbreads
Iranian breads | wiki |
Slippering is a term for the act of smacking the buttocks, or the hands, with a slipper or a slide as a form of corporal punishment. A slippering on the buttocks is a form of spanking; it is a much more common method than slippering on the hands. The verb "to slipper" means "to give a slippering". Slipperings are particularly associated with Britain and Commonwealth countries, although not exclusively so.
History
Until at least the 1970s, slippering was widely used by British parents as a means of punishing children and adolescents. There has been very little data, research or evidence compiled about the use of slippering. Information is mainly based on anecdotal reports from individuals who have given, received, or observed slipperings, or who have been in households or schools where slipperings were used. Slippering as a means of punishing children and adolescents has been historically common in Latin American, South Asian and West Asian cultures.
School slippering
In the United Kingdom, especially in England and Wales, the slipper was a common implement for administering corporal punishment in schools for students of both genders and all ages. In schools that used the cane as the ultimate penalty, the slipper was seen as a less severe alternative for punishing less serious misconduct. In some mixed schools, the slipper was used on girls and the cane was reserved for boys.
"Slipper" is a misnomer, as the usual item of footwear used was the plimsoll, dap or gym shoe or tennis shoe, with a fabric upper and a heavy rubber or synthetic sole. This could deliver a very painful stroke, depending on the force with which it was used, and the size and flexibility of the particular slipper; a size 11, well-worn, flexible slipper would deliver more sting than one that was new and stiff. Though not a slipper in the usual sense of the term, in England the implement used was invariably referred to as "the slipper" by teachers and pupils alike, presumably on account of its similarity to the type of carpet slipper used for parental punishments.
The slipper was also widely used to enforce discipline outside lesson time within the boarding houses of boarding schools, especially preparatory schools. This "informal", on-the-spot type of discipline was typically not recorded in the official punishment register, as it was not seen as sufficiently serious to be classified as real corporal punishment. It could also be administered by staff who were not officially authorised to administer formal corporal punishment, i.e. the cane.
A minority of schools also designated the slipper as their official punishment implement instead of the cane for more serious misbehaviour, especially infractions committed outside the classroom, such as smoking. In this case, slipperings were carried out as a formal ceremony in the same way as canings at other schools, i.e. the student would be summoned to the private office of the Head Teacher (principal) or Deputy Head or of a senior teacher of the same gender as the student.
An example of a school that opted for the slipper as its formal disciplinary implement was Litherland High School near Liverpool, a mixed-sex school, although the policy there was that only boys could receive corporal discipline. The school recorded more than 1,800 official slipperings in 1980. Another school where the slipper was in regular use was the King's School, Macclesfield. At that boys' grammar school in Cheshire slipperings were administered in the classroom in a solemn, formal atmosphere. Boys aged between 11 and 16 were required to bend over and received up to 12 hard whacks on the seat of the trousers. The punishment, which was extremely painful, was the standard response to a wide variety of disciplinary offences, including failing end-of-term tests.
More typical, in that the cane was the "official" punishment, and slippering routinely used more informally, was Highbury Grove School, then a large boys' school in north London.
All forms of corporal punishment were banned in state schools in the UK in 1987. A ban in private schools followed in England and Wales (1999), Scotland (2000), and Northern Ireland (2003).
Popular culture
The routine nature of such punishment is demonstrated by the frequency with which comics of the day (e.g., The Beano and The Dandy) showed scenes in which characters such as Dennis the Menace, Roger the Dodger, Minnie the Minx and Beryl the Peril were slippered by an irate parent.
Ishmael, a fictional character in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, recalled, in chapter four of the novel, begging his stepmother for the favor of receiving from her "a good slippering" for his misbehaviour.
See also
Shoeing
References
Spanking
Corporal punishments
School punishments | wiki |
Mycosphaerella eumusae is a fungal disease of banana (Musa spp.), causing Eumusae leaf spot. Its symptoms are similar to black leaf streak (Black Sigatoka, ). M. eumusae is the predominant Mycospharella of banana in mainland Malaysia and in Thailand, and is present in Mauritius and Nigeria. Septoria eumusae is an anamorph of Mycosphaerella eumusae.
References
See also
List of Mycosphaerella species
eumusae
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Fungi described in 2000 | wiki |
Roger Murdock may refer to:
Roger E. Murdock (1909–1995), police chief
Roger Murdock, drummer for the band King Missile
Roger Murdock, the character played by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in the film Airplane! | wiki |
Toe shoe may refer to:
Pointe shoe, used by ballet dancers when dancing on the tips of toes
Vibram FiveFingers, a type of shoe with individual toe pockets
Minimalist shoe, a shoe designed to mimic barefoot conditions, some of which feature individual toe pockets
Peep-toe shoe, a shoe with an opening near the toe
Steel-toe boot, a shoe with protective steel shell | wiki |
Fixed-Income Relative-Value Investing (FI-RV) is a hedge fund investment strategy made popular by the failed hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management.
FI-RV Investors most commonly exploit interest-rate anomalies in the large, liquid markets of North America, Europe and the Pacific Rim. The financial instruments traded include government bonds, interest rate swaps and futures contracts.
Investment Strategy
Most FI-RV Investors focus on large, long-term mispricings in the global Fixed income markets - described below - capturing relative-value anomalies. Trades of interest include:
Yield Curve: Trade LIBOR yield curve using combinations of futures and swaps of varying maturities.
Bond vs Bond: Identify and trade bonds that are mispriced compared to other very similar bonds.
LIBOR vs Bond: Take advantage of anomalies in the spread between Bond and Libor Curves.
Frequently, these above described anomalies occur when market participants are forced to make non-economic decisions due to accounting regulations, book clean-up, public furor or exuberance over a certain product, or sheer panic. The FI-RV Investor aims to capitalize on these and other inefficiencies. When a mispricing is identified between products, FI-RV Investors have the freedom to wait until the anomaly corrects. In contrast, other market participants, such as bank proprietary desks, are often limited by balance sheet considerations and accounting standards which influence the size and timing of their trades.
However, the irony of Long-Term Capital Management's failure is that although they were correct on all of their trades and hedges, they just did not have the excess collateral to meet the margin calls after the Russian financial crisis hit in 1998. In an interview, fund manager Bob Treue, who had started a hedge fund specifically to capitalize on the opportunities left over by LTCM's failure, stated that excess collateral is the key to the survival of a fixed-income relative-value strategy, and that this is the primary reason LTCM failed. Further, LTCM's failure has had an enormous impact on the public perception of the fixed-income relative-value space, possibly an irreversible impact, with investors fearing the strategy too risky.
Relative value
Classic arbitrage
In times when there are dramatic flows into or out of a specific asset, there can be disparate pricings on products that are, for all economic purposes, identical. The FI-RV Investor can capture these inefficiencies by combining bonds, swaps, options, currencies and/or futures into products that replicate another product in every sense.
One example of this occurred in late 1998. The Euro had been defined as .6242 Deutsche Marks, 1.332 French francs, .08784 British pounds, 151.8 Italian Lira, .2198 Dutch Guilder, 3.431 Belgian Franc, 6.885 Spanish Peseta, .1976 Danish Krone, .00855 Irish Punt, 1.44 Greek Drachma and 1.393 Portuguese Escudo. On December 31, 1998, the Euro would officially become a currency and these exchange rates would become irrevocable and trading Deutschemarks for Euros would be like exchanging nickels for dimes. Yet, leading up to this conversion, the demand for Euros was so incredibly high that one could buy all of the constituent currencies of the Euro for 98.25% of the value of the Euro and then sell the Euro itself for its full value. This was caused when corporates, governments and banks had decided that after January 1, 1999, the majority of their electronic billing and transfers would be done in Euros. So naturally, these entities (who aren’t interested in buying 11 currencies in hopes of exchanging them later) went out and started buying Euros in anticipation of European Monetary Union. The flows from this were dominant and pushed the value of the now favored Euro out of line with its parts.
Yield curve anomalies
At various times, yield curves will be hit by a wave of purchases or sales in a specific area of the curve. This will cause that area to form a 'trough' or 'hump' to it. By exploiting this odd shape through receiving the high rates around 'hump' and paying the low rates within the trough, The FI-RV Investor hopes to profit by waiting until the yield curve normalizes.
An example of this type of distortion occurred in late 1994 and early 1995 when Alan Greenspan raised the US Fed Funds rate from 3.00% in May 1994 to 5.25% in February 1995. Prior to these hikes, Orange County had initiated highly leveraged bets on short maturity interest rate derivative products in the hopes that interest rates would decline. As short maturity rates moved higher as a result of continued action on the part of the US central bank, market participants, including Orange County, were forced to exit out of their short end positions. The leveraged nature of Orange County's positions and its imminent bankruptcy forced them to continue to dump risk at a time when the financial markets were unwilling to receive it.
In addition to loss management and panic, a second powerful force drove traders out of the short end of the curve. At the time, Orange County was ridiculed by the press for their imprudence with the public's money. In fear that year end accounting would reveal that they held similar positions to the 'toxic waste' which poisoned Orange County, traders stampeded out of short end positions.
Credit spreads
The FI-RV also seeks to take advantage of periodic mispricings between LIBOR (London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, essentially AAA and AA rated credit) and government credit. Since all of the major futures exchanges list both LIBOR (or the respective national equivalent) based contracts and government bond contracts, a fund such as The FI-RV Investor can take advantage of opportunities in this area of relative value as well. Frequently, as the credit concerns of either banks, governments or corporations comes into question, the spreads between these issuers moves quite substantially.
In the fall/winter of 1998, Long Term Capital Management's Long term capital management takeover prompted rumors in the market that unwinds of their positions would be forthcoming. Hedge Funds would be forced to liquidate their long German Asset spreads (long German government credit against short bank credit in Deutschemarks) and their short Sterling Asset Spreads (short English government credit and long bank credit in British Pounds). At the time, the British Government had paused in its debt issuance and was running a small budget surplus, while the Germans had just elected a left leaning government and had large pension liabilities as well as a deficit in excess of 2% of GDP for 1998. Based on these fundamentals, the credit spread between government bonds and banks should have been larger in Britain than in Germany, but the crucial question was 'How much larger should the spread be?' The credit spreads for 5 yr. bonds started 1998 around 40 basis points in Britain and near 15 basis points in Germany. As news of problems in the Hedge Fund industry and potential credit unwinds began to permeate the market, the British spread exploded out to 140 basis points in October of '98 while the German spread managed only a meager move to 20 basis points. Although the British spreads deserved to be wider, they did not merit a 120 basis point premium over German Spreads. By November 1998, the premium had already contracted to 80 basis points.
Global macro
Market imbalances can cause fundamental, as well as relative, mispricings. These anomalies are more difficult to capitalize on since you must make assumptions as to where inflation, GDP, trade balance, etc. will be in the future. In addition, the fundamentals themselves are not tradable; you must employ market instruments as a proxy. While acknowledging the limiting nature of these assumptions, The FI-RV Investor will trade certain products that are mispriced from a fundamental prospective. For example, the 10 yr. bond contract in Japan had a yield of 0.70% as of early November 1998. This seemed inconsistent with long term expectations of the fundamentals. The Japanese Government was set to run the largest deficit in the history of the world (in absolute terms) and the Bank of Japan had said that they were going to target monetary growth rather than inflation. These policies would seem to create an enormous amount of new bond issuance and some future inflation due to the monetary growth. The variables which pushed yields to this low level could not last forever. The Japanese had been hurt in every investment they had made over the previous few years (Tokyo real estate prices were down 75% from their highs, the Nikkei had gone from 40,000 in January 1990 to 14,000 in November 1998 and the Yen had gone from 82 in April 1995 to 123 in November 1998, stopping at 145 along the way) and as a result, the Japanese had bought up bonds. The JGBs (Japanese Government Bonds) had given them nothing but gains and assurance of capital. It was no longer an issue of return on capital, but rather return of capital. With yields at this low level though, the market seemed to have made the assumption that a strong or even neutral economy would never return to Japan. By the spring of 1999, yields had risen to the 1.5-2.0% range from the 0.70% of early November 1998
Volatility
Occasionally, The FI-RV Investor will trade volatility. In the hedge fund unwind panic of October 1998, equity volatility on the S&P soared to around 40%. This unusual premium proved excessive and as of November 1998, these volatilities had returned to the high 20s. Also, sometimes volatility products will be used as a tool to implement the previously mentioned arbitrage strategies.
External links
For a Few Hedge Funds, Profits Are Relative
Many hedge fund strategies reach positive territory in Q1
Credit Suisse/Tremont Hedge Fund Index
High Return Investments
Investment
Hedge funds
Fixed income
Arbitrage | wiki |
Roller shoes are shoes that have wheels protruding slightly from the heel, allowing the wearer to alternate between walking and rolling.
There are a number of tricks that can be done with them, including pop wheelies and spins.
These shoes commonly include either one or two wheels on them.
Speeds
Although not found usually, roller shoes can have a battery and other items that would be related to machinery.
Depending on how fast you run, roller shoes should go 5 - 25 MPH
See also
Aircoasters
Heelys
References
Athletic shoes
Roller skates | wiki |
Buzzsaw is a common alternative name for a circular saw.
Buzzsaw may also refer to:
BuzzSaw, a former rock channel of Sirius Satellite Radio
Buzzsaw (roller coaster), a roller coaster at the Dreamworld theme park on the Gold Coast, Australia
Buzzsaw (Transformers), the name of several characters from the Transformers franchise
The mascot of Howard Payne University
The Arizona Cardinals of the NFL
A "stalkers" from the movie The Running Man
A discontinued file sharing and synchronization service operated by Autodesk
"Hitler's Buzzsaw", the MG 42 general-purpose machine gun
"Buzzsaw", a song by The Turtles from The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands
"Buzz Saw", a song by Xiu Xiu from their 2006 album The Air Force | wiki |
Android Eclair is a codename of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google, the fifth operating system for Android and the second major release of Android. Eclair spans the versions 2.0.x and 2.1. Unveiled on October 26, 2009, Android Eclair builds upon the significant changes made in Android 1.6 "Android Donut". The first phone with Android Eclair is Nexus One. Google ceased Android Market support for Android Eclair on June 31, 2017.
Features
User experience
The default home screen of Eclair displays a persistent Google Search bar across the top of the screen. The camera app was also redesigned with numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene mode, white balance, color effect and macro focus. The photo gallery app also contains basic photo editing tools. This version also included the addition of live wallpapers, allowing the animation of home-screen background images to show movement. Speech-to-text was first introduced, replacing the comma key.
Platform
Android Eclair inherits platform additions from the Donut release, including the ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, improved Google Maps 3.1.2, and Exchange support for the Email app. The operating system also provides improved typing speed on virtual keyboard, along with new accessibility, calendar, and virtual private network APIs. For internet browsing, Android Eclair also adds support for HTML5, refreshed browser UI with bookmark thumbnails and double-tap zoom.
See also
Android version history
iPhone OS 3
Windows Mobile 6.5
Windows 7
Mac OS X Snow Leopard
References
External links
Android (operating system)
2009 software | wiki |
Toxocara vitulorum is a species of nematode belonging to the family Toxocaridae.
The species has cosmopolitan distribution.
References
Ascaridida | wiki |
The men's freestyle 86 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2019 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan on 21 and 22 September.
Results
Legend
F — Won by fall
WO — Won by walkover
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
Repechage
References
External links
Official website
Men's freestyle 86 kg | wiki |
Lunar arithmetic, formerly called dismal arithmetic, is a version of arithmetic in which the addition and multiplication operations on digits are defined as the max and min operations. Thus, in lunar arithmetic,
and
The lunar arithmetic operations on nonnegative multidigit numbers are performed as in usual arithmetic as illustrated in the following examples. The world of lunar arithmetic is restricted to the set of nonnegative integers.
976 +
348
----
978 (adding digits column-wise)
976 ×
348
----
876 (multiplying the digits of 976 by 8)
444 (multiplying the digits of 976 by 4)
333 (multiplying the digits of 976 by 3)
------
34876 (adding digits column-wise)
The concept of lunar arithmetic was proposed by David Applegate, Marc LeBrun, and Neil Sloane.
In the general definition of lunar arithmetic, one considers numbers expressed in an arbitrary base and define lunar arithmetic operations as the max and min operations on the digits corresponding to the chosen base. However, for simplicity, in the following discussion it will be assumed that the numbers are represented using 10 as the base.
Properties of the lunar operations
A few of the elementary properties of the lunar operations are listed below.
The lunar addition and multiplication operations satisfy the commutative and associative laws.
The lunar multiplication distributes over the lunar addition.
The digit 0 is the identity under lunar addition. No non-zero number has an inverse under lunar addition.
The digit 9 is the identity under lunar multiplication. No number different from 9 has an inverse under lunar multiplication.
Some standard sequences
Even numbers
It may be noted that, in lunar arithmetic, and . The even numbers are numbers of the form . The first few distinct even numbers under lunar arithmetic are listed below:
These are the numbers whose digits are all less than or equal to 2.
Squares
A square number is a number of the form . So in lunar arithmetic, the first few squares are the following.
Triangular numbers
A triangular number is a number of the form . The first few triangular lunar numbers are:
Factorials
In lunar arithmetic, the first few values of the factorial are as follows:
Prime numbers
In the usual arithmetic, a prime number is defined as a number whose only possible factorisation is . Analogously, in the lunar arithmetic, a prime number is defined as a number whose only factorisation is where 9 is the multiplicative identity which corresponds to 1 in usual arithmetic. Accordingly, the following are the first few prime numbers in lunar arithmetic:
Every number of the form , where is arbitrary, is a prime in lunar arithmetic. Since is arbitrary this shows that there are an infinite number of primes in lunar arithmetic.
Sumsets and lunar multiplication
There is an interesting relation between the operation of forming sumsets of subsets of nonnegative integers and lunar multiplication on binary numbers. Let and be nonempty subsets of the set of nonnegative integers. The sumset is defined by
To the set we can associate a unique binary number as follows. Let .
For we define
and then we define
It has been proved that
where the "" on the right denotes the lunar multiplication on binary numbers.
Magic squares of squares using lunar arithmetic
A magic square of squares is a magic square formed by squares of numbers. It is not known whether there are magic square of square of order 3 with the usual addition and multiplication of integers. However, it has been observed that, if we consider the lunar arithmetic operations, there are an infinity of magic squares of squares of order 3. Here is an example:
See also
Tropical arithmetic
References
External links
Multiplication
Elementary arithmetic
Arithmetic
Prime numbers
Integer sequences | wiki |
Vincent Breen may refer to:
Vincent DePaul Breen (1936–2003), American Roman Catholic bishop
Vincent I. Breen (1911–1986), American Roman Catholic priest | wiki |
Amy Clarke (1892–1980), is a British mystical poet and writer.
Amy Clarke or Amy Clark may also refer to:
Amy Clarke (historical fiction writer) (Amy Clarke, 1853–1908), English writer
Amy Clarke (musician) (born 1976), American singer-songwriter, musician and activist
Amy Ashmore Clark, Canadian-born American songwriter, composer, and businesswoman | wiki |
The Nokia 3610 is a mobile phone released in 2001 by Nokia.
References
Mobile phones introduced in 2002
3610 | wiki |
Class attribute may refer to:
Class attribute (HTML), an HTML attribute which is a feature of many HTML and XHTML elements, typically to identify them for styles
Class attributes (computer programming), defining the structure of a class
See also
Pseudo-class, in Cascading Style Sheets
Span and div, practical usage of the HTML attribute
Class (disambiguation) | wiki |
Population density (in agriculture: standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical term. In simple terms, population density refers to the number of people living in an area per square kilometre, or other unit of land area.
Biological population densities
Population density is population divided by total land area, sometimes including seas and oceans, as appropriate.
Low densities may cause an extinction vortex and further reduce fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it. Examples of the causes of reduced fertility in low population densities are:
Increased problems with locating sexual mates
Increased inbreeding
===Human densities===
Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a county, city, country, another territory or the entire world.
The world's population is around 8,000,000,000 and the Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510,000,000 km2 (197,000,000 sq. mi.). Therefore, from this very crude type of calculation, the worldwide human population density is approximately 7,800,000,000 ÷ 510,000,000 = 15.3/km2 (40 per sq. mi.). However, if only the Earth's land area of 150,000,000 km2 (58,000,000 sq. mi.) is taken into account, then human population density is 50/km2 (129 per sq. mi.). This includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. However, if Antarctica is excluded, then population density rises to over 55 persons/km2 (over 142 per sq. mi.).
Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates and urban dependencies. In fact, 95% of the world's population is concentrated on just 10% of the world's land. These territories have a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation.
Deserts have very limited potential for growing crops as there is not enough rain to support them. Thus, their population density is generally low. However, some cities in the Middle East, such as Dubai, have been increasing in population and infrastructure growth at a fast pace.Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Very densely populated cities are mostly in Asia (particularly Southeast Asia); Africa's Lagos, Kinshasa, and Cairo; South America's Bogotá, Lima, and São Paulo; and Mexico City and Saint Petersburg also fall into this category.City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on the definition of "urban area" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the center only than when suburban settlements and intervening rural areas are included, as in the agglomeration or metropolitan area (the latter sometimes including neighboring cities).
In comparison, based on a world population of 7.8 billion, the world's inhabitants, if conceptualized as a loose crowd occupying just under 1 m2 (10 sq. ft) per person (cf. Jacobs Method), would occupy a space a little larger than Delaware's land area.
Countries and dependent territories
Other methods of measurement
Although the arithmetic density is the most common way of measuring population density, several other methods have been developed to provide alternative measures of population density over a specific area.
Arithmetic density: The total number of people / area of land
Physiological density: The total population / area of arable land
Agricultural density: The total rural population / area of arable land
Residential density: The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land
Urban density: The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land
Ecological optimum: The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources
Living density: Population density at which the average person lives
See also
Distance sampling
Demography
Human geography
Idealised population
List of population concern organizations
Plant density
Population dynamics
Population decline
Population growth
Population genetics
Population health
Population momentum
Population pyramid
Rural transport problem
Significant figures
Small population size
Lists of entities by population density
List of Australian suburbs by population density
List of countries by population density
List of cities by population density
List of city districts by population density
List of English districts by population density
List of European Union cities proper by population density
List of islands by population density
List of states and territories of the United States by population density
References
External links
Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
Environmental controversies
Geography
Human overpopulation
Population ecology
Demography | wiki |
Risk aversion is a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher or equal expected value. Conversely, the rejection of a sure thing in favor of a gamble of lower or equal expected value is known as risk-seeking behavior.
The psychophysics of chance induce overweighting of sure things and of improbable events, relative to events of moderate probability. Underweighting of moderate and high probabilities relative to sure things contributes to risk aversion in the realm of gains by reducing the attractiveness of positive gambles. The same effect also contributes to risk seeking in losses by attenuating the aversiveness of negative gambles. Low probabilities, however, are overweighted, which reverses the pattern described above: low probabilities enhance the value of long-shots and amplify aversion to a small chance of a severe loss. Consequently, people are often risk seeking in dealing with improbable gains and risk averse in dealing with unlikely losses.
Related theories
Most theoretical analyses of risky choices depict each option as a gamble that can yield various outcomes with different probabilities. Widely accepted risk-aversion theories, including Expected Utility Theory (EUT) and Prospect Theory (PT), arrive at risk aversion only indirectly, as a side effect of how outcomes are valued or how probabilities are judged. In these analyses, a value function indexes the attractiveness of varying outcomes, a weighting function quantifies the impact of probabilities, and value and weight are combined to establish a utility for each course of action. This last step, combining the weight and value in a meaningful way to make a decision, remains sub-optimal in EUT and PT, as people's psychological assessments of risk do not match objective assessments.
Expected utility theory
Expected Utility Theory (EUT) poses a utility calculation linearly combining weights and values of the probabilities associated with various outcomes. By presuming that decision-makers themselves incorporate an accurate weighting of probabilities into calculating expected values for their decision-making, EUT assumes that people's subjective probability-weighting matches objective probability differences, when they are, in reality, exceedingly disparate.
Consider the choice between a prospect that offers an 85% chance to win $1000 (with a 15% chance to win nothing) and the alternative of receiving $800 for sure. A large majority of people prefer the sure thing over the gamble, although the gamble has higher (mathematical) expected value (also known as expectation). The expected value of a monetary gamble is a weighted average, in which each possible outcome is weighted by its probability of occurrence. The expected value of the gamble in this example is .85 X $1000 + .15 X $0 = $850, which exceeds the expected value of $800 associated with the sure thing.
Research suggests that people do not evaluate prospects by the expected value of their monetary outcomes, but rather by the expected value of the subjective value of these outcomes (see also Expected utility). In most real-life situations, the probabilities associated with each outcome are not specified by the situation, but have to be subjectively estimated by the decision-maker. The subjective value of a gamble is again a weighted average, but now it is the subjective value of each outcome that is weighted by its probability. To explain risk aversion within this framework, Bernoulli proposed that subjective value, or utility, is a concave function of money. In such a function, the difference between the utilities of $200 and $100, for example, is greater than the utility difference between $1,200 and $1,100. It follows from concavity that the subjective value attached to a gain of $800 is more than 80% of the value of a gain of $1,000. Consequently, the concavity of the utility function entails a risk averse preference for a sure gain of $800 over an 80% chance to win $1,000, although the two prospects have the same monetary expected value.
While EUT has dominated the analysis of decision-making under risk and has generally been accepted as a normative model of rational choice (telling us how we should make decisions), descriptive models of how people actually behave deviate significantly from this normative model.
Modern Portfolio Theory
Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) was created by economist Harry Markowitz in 1952 to mathematically measure an individual’s risk tolerance and reward expectations. The theory was that constant variance allowed for a maximized expected return and to gain a constant expected return variance should be minimized. An asset must be considered in regard to how they will move within the market and by taking these movements into account an investment portfolio can be constructed that decreased risk and had a constant expected return.
The levels of additional expected returns are calculated as the standard deviation of the return on investment (square root of the variance). Standard deviation illustrates the fluctuation of an asset’s returns over the period of time creating an accepted trading range to estimate possible returns on the asset. This tool enables individuals to determine their level of risk aversion to create a diversified portfolio.
MPT has been critiqued for using standard deviation as a form of measurement. Standard deviation is a relative form of measurement and investors using this index for their risk assessment must analyse an appropriate context in which the market sits to ensure a quantified understanding of what the standard deviation means. MPT automatically assumes that investors have an aversion towards risk however can be used by all types of investors to suit their needs individually. Furthermore, under MPT, two portfolios could be represented by the same level of variance hence would be considered equally desirable. The first portfolio may experience small losses frequently, and the second may experience a singular decline. This contrast between portfolios needs to be examined by investors prior to their purchasing of assets. By eliminating downside risk instead of volatility, Post-modern portfolio theory aims to build on MPT.
Prospect theory and gain-loss asymmetry (S-shaped value function)
Prospect Theory (PT) claims that fair gambles (gambles in which the expected value of the current option and all other alternatives are held equal) are unattractive on the gain side but attractive on the loss side. In contrast to EUT, PT is posited as an alternative theory of choice, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets (total wealth), and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights. In an effort to capture inconsistencies in our preferences, PT offers a non-linear, S-shaped probability-weighted value function, implying that the decision-maker transforms probabilities along a diminishing sensitivity curve, in which the impact of a given change in probability diminishes with its distance from impossibility and certainty.
The value function shown is:
A. Defined on gains and losses rather than on total wealth. Prospects are coded as gains and losses from a zero point (e.g. using current wealth, rather than total wealth as a reference point), leading people to be risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses.
B. Concave in the domain of gains (risk aversion) and convex in the domain of losses (risk seeking). The negatively accelerated nature of the function implies that people are risk averse for gains and risk seeking for losses.
C. Considerably steeper for losses than for gains (see also loss aversion). Steepness of the utility function in the negative direction (for losses over gains) explains why people are risk-averse even for gambles with positive expected values.
While risk aversion is not part of PT per se, a pertinent part of PT is gain-loss asymmetry with regard to risk. PT's S-shaped probability-weighted, non-linear value function deems risk aversion context-dependent, as the gain-loss asymmetry illustrated above, results from our psychological assessments of risk hardly matching objective assessments of risk. One conceivable component of risk aversion in the framework of PT is that the degree of risk aversion apparent will vary depending on where along the curve our decision lies.
Example: Participants are indifferent between receiving a lottery ticket offering a 1% chance at $200 and receiving $10 for sure. Additionally, people are indifferent between receiving a lottery ticket offering a 99% chance at $200 and receiving $188 for sure.
In line with diminishing sensitivity, the first hundredth of probability is worth $10, and the last hundredth is worth $12, but the 98 intermediate hundredths are worth only $178, or about $1.80 per hundredth. PT captures this pattern of differentially weighting (objective) probabilities subjectively with an S-shaped weighting function.
Framing effects
A framing effect occurs when transparently and objectively identical situations generate dramatically different decisions depending on whether the situations are presented or perceived as either potential losses or gains. Framing effects play an integral role in risk-aversion, as an extension of PT's S-shaped value function, which illustrates the differences in how gains and losses are valued relative to a reference point.
Risky prospects are characterized by their possible outcomes and by the probabilities of these outcomes. The same, possible outcomes of a gamble can be framed either as gains or as losses relative to the status quo. The following pair of problems attests to the power of framing effects in manipulating either risk-averse or risk-seeking behavior.
The total number of respondents in each problem is denoted by N, and the percentage who chose each option is indicated in parentheses.
Problem 1 (N = 152): Imagine that the U.S. is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual disease, which is expected to kill 600 people. Two alternative programs to combat the disease have been proposed. Assume that the exact scientific estimates of the consequences of the programs are as follows:If Program A is adopted, 200 people will be saved. (72%)If Program B is adopted, there is a one-third probability that 600 people will be saved and a two-thirds probability that no people will be saved. (28%)Which of the two programs would you favor?.
The formulation of Problem 1 implicitly adopts as a reference point a state of affairs in which the disease is allowed to take its toll of 600 lives. The outcomes of the programs include the reference state and two possible gains, measured by the number of lives saved. As expected, preferences are risk averse: a clear majority of respondents prefer saving 200 lives for sure over a gamble that offers a one-third chance of saving 600 lives.
Now consider another problem in which the same cover story is followed by a different description of the prospects associated with the two programs:
Problem 2 (N = 155): Imagine that the U.S. is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual disease, which is expected to kill 600 people. Two alternative programs to combat the disease have been proposed. Assume that the exact scientific estimates of the consequences of the programs are as follows:If Program C is adopted, 400 people will die. (22%)If Program D is adopted, there is a one-third probability that nobody will die and a two-thirds probability that 600 people will die. (78%)
It is easy to verify that options C and D in Problem 2 are indistinguishable in real terms from options A and B in Problem 1, respectively. The second version, however, assumes a reference state in which no one dies of the disease. The best outcome is the maintenance of this state and the alternatives are losses measured by the number of people that will die of the disease. People who evaluate options in these terms are expected to show a risk-seeking preference for the gamble (option D) over the sure loss of 400 lives. Of course, the “sure loss” of 400 lives that participants found so unattractive is exactly the same outcome as the “sure gain” of 200 subjects found so attractive in the Problem 1. The public health problem illustrates a formulation effect in which a change of wording from "lives saved" to "lives lost" induced a marked shift of preference from risk aversion to risk seeking.
If preferences reverse based on inconsequential aspects of how the problem is framed, people cannot possibly be maximizing expected utility. Latent here is the unsettling idea that people’s preferences come from the outside (from whoever has the power to shape the environment and determine how questions are phrased), rather than from their own psychological makeup. Decision-making in matters as important as lives saved or lives lost can reverse risk preference. This may be based on a rephrasing of the outcomes that conveys no differential information about the treatments and that changes nothing about the outcomes themselves.
Phenomena
While risk aversion is commonly explained through EUT and PT, observed risk-aversion behavior remains solely an artifact of these two theories, and extends beyond the bounds of what each theory can explain.
Direct risk aversion
Both EUT and PT make the following falsifiable prediction: an individual cannot be so risk averse as to value a risky prospect less than the prospect’s worst possible outcome. On the contrary, several between-participant studies have found that people are willing to pay less, on average, for a binary lottery than for its worse outcome, a finding coined the uncertainty effect (UE).
For example, people are willing to pay an average of $26 for a $50 gift certificate, but only $16 for a lottery that pays either a $50 or $100 gift certificate, with equal probability.
UE, valuing a risky prospect below the value of its worse possible outcome, occurs as the result of a phenomenon known as direct risk aversion, a literal distaste for uncertainty, as uncertainty itself enters directly into people’s utility function.
Societal applications
EUT and PT predict that people should not purchase insurance for small-stakes risks, yet such forms of insurance (e.g., electronic warranties, insurance policies with low deductibles, mail insurance, etc.) are very popular. Direct risk aversion may explain why, as people demonstrate their literal distaste for any and all levels of uncertainty. By paying a premium (often higher than the cost of replacement) for the possibility that insurance may come in handy, people display direct risk aversion by valuing a risky prospect below the value of its worst possible outcome (replacement at face-value).
Suppose you are undecided whether or not to purchase earthquake insurance because the premium is quite high. As you hesitate, your friendly insurance agent comes forth with an alternative offer: "For half the regular premium you can be fully covered if the quake occurs on an odd day of the month. This is a good deal because for half the price you are covered for more than half the days."
Why do most people find such probabilistic insurance distinctly unattractive? Starting anywhere in the region of low probabilities, the impact on the decision weight of a reduction of probability from p to p/2 is considerably smaller than the effect of a reduction from p/2 to 0. Reducing the risk by half, then, is not worth half the premium.
The aversion to probabilistic insurance is significant for three reasons. First, it undermines the classical explanation of insurance in terms of a concave utility function. According to EUT, probabilistic insurance should be definitely preferred to normal insurance when the latter is just acceptable. Second, probabilistic insurance represents many forms of protective action, such as having a medical checkup, buying new tires, or installing a burglar alarm system. Such actions typically reduce the probability of some hazard without eliminating it altogether. Third, the acceptability of insurance can be manipulated by the framing of the contingencies. An insurance policy that covers fire but not flood, for example, could be evaluated either as full protection against a specific risk, (e.g., fire) or as a reduction in the overall probability of property loss. People greatly undervalue a reduction in the probability of a hazard in comparison to the complete elimination of that hazard. Hence, insurance should appear more attractive when it is framed as the elimination of risk than when it is described as a reduction of risk.
Further, Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein (1982) showed that a hypothetical vaccine that reduces the probability of contracting a disease from 20% to 10% is less attractive if it is described as effective in half of the cases than if it is presented as fully effective against one of two exclusive and equally probable virus strains that produce identical symptoms.
Affective psychology of risk
The earliest studies of risk perception also found that, whereas risk and benefit tend to be positively correlated in the world, they are negatively correlated in people’s minds, and, therefore, judgments. The significance of this finding was not realized until a study by Alhakami and Slovic (1994) found that the inverse relation between perceived risk and perceived benefit of an activity (e.g., using pesticides) was linked to the strength of positive or negative affect associated with that activity as measured by rating the activity on bipolar scales such as good/bad, nice/awful, dread/not dread, and so forth. This result implies that people base their judgments of an activity or a technology not only on what they think about it but also on how they feel about it. If their feelings toward an activity are favorable, they are moved toward judging the risks as low and the benefits as high; if their feelings toward it are unfavorable, they tend to judge the opposite— high risk and low benefit (see also affect heuristic).
Both EUT and PT are probability-outcome independent theories, as they posit separate functions for the evaluation of outcomes and probabilities. Both assume that the impact of a given probability is a function of that probability but not of the outcome to which it’s attached. Further, neither theory distinguishes one source of value from another. While probability-outcome independence may hold across outcomes of different monetary values, it is unlikely to hold across outcomes of varying affects.
Realm of gains
In 2001, two researchers from the University of Chicago, Rottenstreich and Hsee, conducted a series of three experiments to illustrate probability-outcome dependence, using an affective approach.
Experiment 1: In an experiment observing probability-outcome interactions, a lottery ticket offers you a chance to meet and kiss your favorite movie-star as a prize (affect-rich) or $50 in cash (affect-poor). Each of the two conditions poses a 1% probability of the respective gamble occurring.
Results & Implications: 70% of participants preferred the cash to the kiss under certainty, whereas 65% (nearly the reverse) preferred the kiss to the cash under low probability. This indicates that we weight what should be an objectively equal 1% probability in each scenario differently: a 1% probability is greater for the affect-rich kiss than for the affect-poor cash.
Experiment 2: In a subsequent, and more realistic study, two similar and financially equivalent prizes - a $500 coupon redeemable toward payments associated with a European vacation (affect-rich) and a $500 coupon redeemable toward payment of tuition (affect-poor) were presented. For each prize, some participants were told they had a 1% chance of winning, and others a 99% chance of winning. Participants then had to indicate how much money they would have to be offered for them to be indifferent between receiving that dollar amount for sure and having the specified chance of winning the prize.
Results & Implications: Although the two coupons had equivalent redemption values, the median price of the 1% chance of winning the European vacation was $20, but $5 for the tuition coupon, indicating that the weight of 1% we place on affect-rich prizes is greater than for affect-poor prizes. Based on results from the 1% condition, PT would predict that at a 99% chance of winning, the European coupon would still be priced higher than the tuition coupon. On the contrary, the affective approach found that in the 99% chance of winning condition, the median price of the European coupon was $450, whereas that of the tuition coupon was $478. Our weighting of the 99% probability as smaller for the affect-rich European coupon than the affect-poor tuition coupon indicates probability-outcome dependence for affect-rich outcomes. Affect-rich outcomes yield more pronounced overweighting of small probabilities, but more pronounced underweighting of large probabilities.
Both examples indicate probability-outcome dependence, as based on affect-rich outcomes, which changes the shape of PT’s S-shaped curve.
In Experiment 2, the size of the affect-rich jump in the weighting function is much greater ($500 – $450 = $50) than the size of the affect-poor jump ($500 – $478 = $22). Thus, weighting functions will be more S-shaped for lotteries involving affect-rich than affect-poor outcomes. That is, people will be more sensitive to departures from impossibility and certainty (from hope and fear), but less sensitive to intermediate probability variations for affect-rich outcomes, resulting in larger jumps at the endpoints of the weighting function. Results from this study suggest that the assumption of probability-outcome independence adopted by both EUT and PT may hold across outcomes of different monetary values, but not different affective values.
Realm of losses
The outcomes studies in Experiments 1 and 2 were gains above the status quo. When a positive outcome is available, any departure from impossibility may engender hope (affect-rich and positive), and any deviation from certainty may produce fear (affect-rich but negative). The following study demonstrates that the opposite pattern is also true: when the available outcome is negative, departures from impossibility engender fear, and deviations from certainty produce hope.
Experiment 3: Participants were told to imagine themselves in a hypothetical experiment entailing either a certain, 1% or 99% chance of a short, painful but not dangerous electric shock (affect-rich), and others were told that the experiment entailed either a 1% or 99% chance of a cash penalty (affect-poor, relatively). They were then asked to indicate how much money they would have to pay for them to be indifferent between paying that amount for sure and participating in the hypothetical experiment.
Certainty condition: The median price paid to avoid an electric shock was $19.86. Most participants (24/30) preferred receiving the shock over paying more than $20.
Low-probability condition: The median price paid to avoid a 1% chance of a shock was $7, substantially greater than the median price paid to avoid a 1% chance of a $20 penalty. As before, the weight of a 1% probability is greater for the affect-rich shock than for the affect-poor cash payment.
High-probability condition: The median price paid to avoid a 99% chance of shock, $10, was substantially lower than the median price paid to avoid a 99% chance of cash penalty, $18.
Results: Taken together, for the affect-rich electric shock, the size of the right-hand jump in the weighting function is about $10 ($19.86 - $10), but for the affect-poor cash penalty, the size of this jump is much smaller at $2 ($20 - $18). Again, we see that the weight of the 99% is smaller for the affect-rich shock than for the affect-poor cash.
Both Experiments 1 and 2 investigated outcomes that were gains over the status quo. Experiment 3 studied negative outcomes and also found evidence of a weighting function that is more S-shaped for affect-rich than affect-poor prizes. Therefore, probability-outcome dependence based on the affect-rich psychology of risk applies in the domains of both gains and losses.
Neuropsychology of risk aversion
Negativity bias
Do you remember the worst thing that has happened to you? What about the best? At what frequency are you able to recall memories that are negative in comparison to those that are positive? Does it seem like negative information is remembered with more ease and clarity than positive information? Why is it easier to know the percentage of fatal car accidents each year, as opposed to the percentage of accidents without fatalities?
The human brain demonstrates a partiality for the processing of negative information. In comparison with their positive counterparts, negative stimuli receive a larger allocation of attention and a swifter response once recognized by the brain. This bias for negative information occurs very early on in the stages of processing, seen in the appearance of a P1, a component of the event-related potentials (ERP) gathered from an EEG (electroencephalography) output. Researchers localized this particular ERP to the ventrolateral occipital cortex. Given that a greater amount of attention is allotted to the processing of negative stimuli, the negativity bias may also be indicative of an attentional bias.
The negativity bias is noticeable in a plethora of situations related to the formation of risk-averse behaviour. Notably, any stimuli that evokes the expression of fear encourages risk -aversion. The human brain has adapted to easily parse out these stimuli from a sea of benign stimuli. In the laboratory, participants report and respond more quickly to negative stimuli; Photos of negative and threatening pictures jump out of an array of photos, capturing participants’ attention more than positive or neutral pictures. Non-tangibles, such as personality traits, also demonstrate a similar impact for eliciting risk-averse behaviour. Carleston & Skowronski (1989) found that negative traits form a stronger impression on an individual than positive traits, thus affecting the overall impression of the individual being evaluated.
Emotion and decision making
An individual’s affect often determines the extent to which one’s behaviour is effective in obtaining their goal. Decision making and emotion, intertwined, cannot be separated from each other, as emotion can either benefit or hinder the attainment of maximized utility.
Influence of emotion on decision making
Three different emotional states influence decision making:
Your current emotional state (i.e. How do you feel while you are making a decision?)
Your past emotional state (i.e. How did you feel anticipating your decision?)
Your future emotional state (i.e. How will your decision affect how you feel in the future; What effect will the decision have on your emotional well-being?)
Iowa gambling task
Researching decision-making and affect, Antoine Bechara, Antonio Damasio and colleagues (2000; 2005) discovered that damage to a brain area associated with emotional processing impairs effective decision-making. After discovering that damage to the orbitofrontal cortex impaired participants from making goal-oriented decisions in social and professional contexts, Damasio and his colleagues designed the Iowa Gambling Task. In creating this task, Damasio wondered whether decision-making was afflicted because emotion was a necessary component to making effective decisions.
In the task, participants continuously draw from one out of four possible decks – participants may switch decks at any point during the study.
Each card possesses monetary value, resulting in either gains or losses.
Participants are unaware that 2 of the decks correspond to net winnings – low payoffs and even lower losses. The other 2 decks correspond to net losses – high payoffs and even higher losses.
Researchers instruct participants to maximize their utility – gain the most money by the end of the task. In order to complete this task successfully, participants must discern that the decks associated with net winning, yet low payoffs, maximize their utility.
Results. Damasio noticed that participants with damage to their orbitofrontal cortex were unable to realize that the deck associated with low payoffs yielded higher reward. From his discovery using the Iowa Gambling Task, Damasio formulated a Somatic marker hypothesis.
Alternate Conclusions. Other researchers suggest that the difficulty encountered by patients with orbitofrontal cortex damage on Iowa Gambling Task is because the task requires participants to change their initial perception of potential gains and losses. Participants are lured in by appealing rewards, then confronted with devastating losses. Thus, orbitofrontal cortex damage inhibits the adaptation to changing patterns of rewards and punishment. This conclusion has been replicated in primates, where orbitofrontal damage prevented the extinction of a learned association.
Somatic marker theory
Damasio posited that emotional information in the form of physiological arousal, is needed to inform decision making. When confronted with a decision, we may react emotionally to the situation, a reaction that manifests as changes in physiological arousal in the body, or somatic markers. Given data collected from the Iowa Gambling Task, Damasio postulated that the orbitofrontal cortex assists individuals in forming an association between somatic markers and the situations that trigger them. Once an association is made, the orbitofrontal cortex and other brain areas evaluate an individual's previous experiences eliciting similar somatic markers. Once recognized, the orbitofrontal cortex can determine an adequate and swift behavioural response, and its likeliness for reward.
Neuroscience of risk aversion
Regret and risk aversion
Several brain areas are observed in the expression of risk-averse behaviour. The previously mentioned orbitofrontal cortex is amongst these brain areas, supporting the feeling of regret. Regret, an emotion which heavily influences decision making, leads individuals to make decisions which circumvent encountering this emotion in the future.
Studying brain activity associated with regret, researcher Georgio Coricelli and his colleagues (2005) triggered feelings of regret in healthy participants, by having them complete a gambling task in which they were informed that the best choice was the unchosen option. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Coricelli found that increasing regret correlated with increased activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the anterior hippocampus. The higher the activation in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, the greater the reported regret. After repeated trials, researchers began to observe risk averse behaviour by their participants, a behaviour echoed in intensified activity within the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala.
Brain areas of risk aversion
Risk-averse behaviors are the culmination of several neural correlates. While avoiding negative stimuli, perceived or real, is a simple enough action, it requires anticipation, motivation and reasoning. How do you know a stimulus is malevolent? What information leads you to ultimately behave in a manner consistent with ensuring or endangering your well-being? Each of these questions recruit a different brain area, playing a poignant role in whether a decision is beneficial to an individual.
Fear-Conditioning. Over time, individuals learn that a stimulus is not benign through personal experience. Implicitly, a fear of a particular stimulus can develop, resulting in risk-averse behaviour. Traditionally, fear-conditioning is not associated with decision-making, but rather the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an aversive situation. Once an association is formed between the neutral stimulus and aversive event, a startle response is observed each time the neutral stimulus is presented. An aversion to the presentation of the neutral stimulus is observed after repeated trials.
Essential to understanding risk aversion is the implicit learning that occurs during fear-conditioning. Risk aversion is the culmination of implicitly or explicitly acquired knowledge that informs an individual that a particular situation is aversive to their psychological well-being. Similarly, fear-conditioning is the acquisition of knowledge that informs an individual that a particular neutral stimulus now predicts an event that endangers their psychological or physical well-being.
Researchers such as Mike Davis (1992) and Joseph LeDoux (1996), have deciphered the neural correlates responsible for the acquisition of fear-conditioning.
The amygdala, previously mentioned as a region showing high activity for the emotion of regret, is the central recipient for brain activity concerning fear-conditioning. Several streams of information from multiple brain areas converge on the lateral amygdala, allowing for the creation of associations that regulate fear-conditioning; Cells in the superior dorsal lateral amygdala are able to rapidly pair the neutral stimulus with the aversive stimulus. Cells that project from the lateral amygdala to the central amygdala allow for the initiation of an emotional response if a stimulus is deemed threatening.
Cognitive Control. Evaluating a gamble and calculating its expected value requires a certain amount of cognitive control. Several brain areas are dedicated to monitoring the congruence between expected and actual outcomes. Evidence by Ridderinkhof et al. (2004) suggests that the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) and the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) are involved in goal-directed performance monitoring and behaviour modulation. The pMPC monitors response conflicts (any situation that activates more than one response tendency), decision uncertainty, and any deviation from the anticipated outcome. Activation in the pMPC increases significantly after an error, response conflict, or unfavorable outcome is detected. As a result, the pMFC can signal a need for performance adjustment; there is a lack of evidence, however, indicating that the pMFC controls modulatory behaviour. Behaviour control processes in the LPFC have been implicated in the modulatory behaviour observed by researchers.
Summary
The field of neuroeconomics is emerging as a unified branch of knowledge, intending to merge information from psychology, economics and neuroscience with hopes of better understanding human behaviour. Risk aversion poses a mystifying question that intrigues experts in all three disciplines. Why is it that humans do not act in accord with their anticipated outcome? Whilst negative outcomes retain more value than positive outcome, human beings do not make logical decisions. Parsing out emotion and fear of loss from decision making would result in more implementation of mathematical calculations, thus maximizing expected utility. While activation in specific brain areas can highlight the mechanisms of decision making, evidence continues to support the prevalence of risk-averse behaviour.
See also
Risk aversion (Economics)
Prospect theory
Affect heuristic
Loss aversion
Negativity bias
Decision-making
Somatic marker hypothesis
Fear conditioning
Neuroeconomics
Expected value
Modern portfolio theory
Post-modern portfolio theory
References
Risk
Game theory
Motivational theories
Optimal decisions
Prospect theory | wiki |
Fries may refer to:
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People
Fries Deschilder (born 1992), Belgian footballer
Fries (surname), including a list of people with the name
Other uses
Fries, Virginia
Fries, a form of the verb "to fry": see frying
Fast Rope Insertion Extraction System, or fast-roping, a technique for descending a thick rope
Fries rearrangement, a chemical reaction
Frisian languages (), languages spoken in Friesland (Netherlands) and East Friesland (Germany)
See also
Fry (disambiguation)
Fray (disambiguation)
Frey (disambiguation)
Fried (disambiguation)
Frye
Small Fry (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of episodes for Fast N' Loud Season 11. Season 11 started on August 29, 2016.
References
2016 American television seasons | wiki |
Synchytrium liquidambaris is a plant pathogen infecting sweetgum trees.
References
External links
Index Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
Chytridiomycota
Fungi described in 1953 | wiki |
3-Mercaptopyruvic acid is an intermediate in cysteine metabolism. It has been studied as a potential treatment for cyanide poisoning, but its half-life is too short for it to be clinically effective. Instead, prodrugs, such as sulfanegen, are being evaluated to compensate for the short half-life of 3-mercaptopyruvic acid.
See also
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
References
Carboxylic acids
Thiols
Alpha-keto acids | wiki |
Bubble Houses may refer to:
Bubble Houses (Hobe Sound, Florida)
Bubble Houses (Litchfield Park, Arizona)
Palais Bulles (Bubble Palace or Bubble House), a large house in Théoule-sur-Mer, France | wiki |
"Free Man" is a 1975 song by South Shore Commission. The song went to number one for one week on the Billboard disco/dance chart. The single also peaked at #61 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #9 on the R&B chart.
"Free Man" was written by Bunny Sigler and Ronnie Tyson and produced by Sigler.
References
1975 singles
1975 songs
Disco songs
Songs written by Bunny Sigler
Wand Records singles | wiki |
A musician is anyone who plays a musical instrument or who composes, conducts, or performs music.
Musician may also refer to:
Musician (magazine), a monthly music magazine which ran from 1976 to 1999
"Musician" (song), by Porter Robinson, 2021
Musician (video game), a 1980 video game
The Musician may refer to:
Portrait of a Musician, by Leonardo da Vinci, sometimes referred to as the Musician
The Musician (Bartholomeus van der Helst painting), a Dutch Golden Age painting
The Musician, one of three figures from the 18th-century Jaquet-Droz automata
See also
Lists of musicians | wiki |
Chicken tikka is a chicken dish originating in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era. The dish is popular in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. It is traditionally small pieces of boneless chicken baked using skewers on a brazier called angeethi or over charcoal after marinating in Indian spices and dahi (yogurt)—essentially a boneless version of tandoori chicken. The word tikka (Tike in Turkish, and Tikə in Azerbaijani) is a Persian word, meaning "bits" or "pieces". It is also a chicken dish served in Punjabi cuisine. The Kashmiri version of the dish, however, is grilled over red-hot coals, and does not always contain boneless pieces. The pieces are brushed with ghee (clarified butter) at intervals to increase its flavour, while being continuously fanned. It is typically eaten with green coriander and tamarind chutney served with onion rings and lemon, or used in preparing a chicken tikka masala.
A chicken tikka sizzler is a dish where chicken tikka is served on a heated plate with onions. The dish is also popular in Afghanistan, though the Afghan variant (like many other Persian, Turkish, and Arab dishes) is less spicy compared to the variants in the Indian subcontinent and uses beef and lamb in addition to chicken.
Gallery
See also
Chicken Lollipop
North Indian cuisine
Paneer tikka
Pakistani meat dishes
Punjabi cuisine
Chicken tikka masala
Butter chicken
Çiğ köfte
References
Bangladeshi cuisine
Bengali cuisine
Indian cuisine
Indian chicken dishes
Pakistani cuisine
Pakistani chicken dishes
Grilled skewers
Baked foods | wiki |
The Heart of a Man – film del 1912 diretto da Rollin S. Sturgeon
The Heart of a Man – film del 1912 diretto da Gilbert Southwell
The Heart of a Man – film del 1915 prodotto dalla Pike's Peak Photoplay Company
The Heart of a Man – film del 1959 diretto da Herbert Wilcox | wiki |
In computing, an archive file is a computer file that is composed of one or more files along with metadata. Archive files are used to collect multiple data files together into a single file for easier portability and storage, or simply to compress files to use less storage space. Archive files often store directory structures, error detection and correction information, arbitrary comments, and sometimes use built-in encryption.
Applications
Portability
Archive files are particularly useful in that they store file system data and metadata within the contents of a particular file, and thus can be stored on systems or sent over channels that do not support the file system in question, only file contents – examples include sending a directory structure over email, files with names unsupported on the target file system due to length or characters, and retaining files' date and time information.
Additionally, it facilitates transferring high numbers of small files such as resources of saved web pages, since a container file is transferred using a single file operation, whereas transferring many small files requires the computer to modify the file system structure for each file individually, making it considerably slower.
Software distribution
Beyond archival purposes, archive files are frequently used for packaging software for distribution, as software contents are often naturally spread across several files; the archive is then known as a package. While the archival file format is the same, there are additional conventions about contents, such as requiring a manifest file, and the resulting format is known as a package format. Examples include deb for Debian, JAR for Java, APK for Android, and self-extracting Windows Installer executables.
Features
Features supported by various kinds of archives include:
converting metadata into data stored inside a file (e.g., file name, permissions, etc.)
checksums to detect errors
data compression
file concatenation to store multiple files in a single file
file patches / updates (when recording changes since a previous archive)
encryption
error correction code to fix errors
splitting a large file into many equal sized files for storage or transmission
Some archive programs have self-extraction, self-installation, source volume and medium information, and package notes/description.
The file extension or file header of the archive file are indicators of the file format used. Computer archive files are created by file archiver software, optical disc authoring software, and disk image software.
Archive formats
An archive format is the file format of an archive file. Some formats are well-defined by their authors and have become conventions supported by multiple vendors and communities.
Types
Archiving only formats store metadata and concatenate files.
Compression only formats only compress files.
Multi-function formats can store metadata, concatenate, compress, encrypt, create error detection and recovery information, and package the archive into self-extracting and self-expanding files.
Software packaging formats are used to create software packages that may be self-installing files.
Disk image formats are used to create disk images of mass storage volumes.
Examples
Filename extensions used to distinguish different types of archives include zip, rar, 7z, and tar, the first of which is the most widely implemented.
Java also introduced a whole family of archive extensions such as jar and war (j is for Java and w is for web). They are used to exchange entire byte-code deployment. Sometimes they are also used to exchange source code and other text, HTML and XML files. By default they are all compressed.
Error detection and recovery
Archive files often include parity checks and other checksums for error detection, for instance zip files use a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). RAR archives may include additional error correction data (called recovery records).
Archive files that do not natively support recovery records can use separate parchive (PAR) files that allows for additional error correction and recovery of missing files in a multi-file archive.
See also
File archiver
Disk image
Digital container format, a similar concept in media files
References
"Application Note on the .ZIP file format"- official white paper published by PKWARE, Inc.
Tape Archive (.TAR) file format specification- excerpt from File Format List 2.0 by Max Maischein
"IBM 726 Magnetic tape reader/recorder from IBM Archives
"1401 Data Processing System" from IBM Archives
External links
Computer files
Computer archives
Computer file systems
Disk images
Records management | wiki |
NS1 antigen test (nonstructural protein 1) is a test for dengue, introduced in 2006. It allows rapid detection on the first day of fever, before antibodies appear some 5 or more days later. It has been adopted for use in some 40 nations. The method of detection is through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. India has introduced in 2010 the NS1 test costing 1,600 rupees at a private hospital in Mumbai.
Medical use
The medical use of the NS1 antigen test can be defined to diagnose dengue infections and is effective to 1st day detection. Additionally, NS1 assay is useful for differential diagnostics in regards to flaviviruses.
NS1 is present in the serum of infected persons directly at the onset of clinical symptoms in primary dengue infection and produces a strong humoral response. It is detectable before the appearance of IgM antibodies.
DENV by NS1 antigen is laboratory confirmation of dengue in people also assessing clinical aspects (as well as, taking into account where the individual may have traveled recently). Serological tests such as an immunoglobulin M antibody capture–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) and viral RNA detection by reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR) can also be used to diagnose dengue fever.
See also
Dengue virus
Dengue fever
References
Further reading
Infectious disease blood tests
Dengue fever | wiki |
Festive ecology explores the relationships between the symbolism and the ecology of the plants, fungi and animals associated with cultural events such as festivals, processions, and special occasions. Examples of topics are given below.
Christmas
The plants traditionally associated with Christmas – holly, ivy, mistletoe, common yew - have had special roles in earlier religions and past cultures. Some early religions in Europe had midwinter festivals to celebrate the return of the sun from the shortest day. In the 4th and 5th centuries, 25 December was gradually adopted as the date for Christmas in Europe in order to superimpose on the existing mid-winter festivals. The winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, on what is now 17 December, was the start of the Roman festival of Saturnalia. This was a week of public feasting, dancing, singing and gambling. Houses were decorated with evergreens and bunches of holly were given as tokens of friendship. When this festival was absorbed into the Christian calendar, holly and the other evergreens were absorbed as well.
Holly
Holly is palatable to livestock despite its spines and was extensively used as a winter fodder for livestock in medieval times in England and Wales, particularly in Cumbria, the Pennines and the Welsh borders. Hay and grains for wintering stock would often have run short in these upland areas. This would mean that the livestock would eventually have to be slaughtered, causing real problems to medieval economies in the following years. Thus, a supply of fresh browse would have been extremely valuable. Written records of payments and agreements involving the use of holly for livestock cover a wide period from the late 12th century to the mid-18th century, by which time the practice had been largely abandoned. An early reference to the practice occurs in "The Dream of Rhonabwy", a Welsh story from the Mabinogion, a remarkable collection of medieval literature. Written before the 14th century, The Dream of Rhonabwy refers to the mid-12th century in Powys. The floor of the old black house of Heilyn Goch is described as being covered in the urine and dung of cows together with branches of holly whose tips had been eaten by the cattle.
Ivy
Ivy was used in garlands by the ancient Greeks and the Romans for religious ceremonies and for celebrating at other, more secular, occasions. It was strongly associated with Bacchus (Dionysus), the Greco-Roman god of wine. Since Roman times, ivy has been associated with wine and wine-making. Branches of evergreen ivy tied to a pole was often used as the "sign of the bush" indicating a place where wine or alcohol was for sale. Hence, the proverb "Good wine needs no bush" meaning that it is not necessary to advertise well-made goods. Ivy is less commonly seen in houses in Britain at Christmas compared to holly and mistletoe and it may be that established religions opposed its use in Christmas wreaths because of its association with drunkenness.
Mistletoe
Mistletoe is an evergreen plant well known for its association with oak trees and Druids first documented by Pliny the Elder who wrote about the ceremonies of the Celtic Druids in Gaul in his Naturalis Historia. These Druids held the oak in particular veneration, used oak leaves in their ceremonies, and regarded anything growing on oak trees as having been sent from heaven. On the rare occasions when mistletoe was found growing on an oak, it would be gathered with great ceremony. A priest in white clothing would cut the mistletoe with a golden sickle and allow it to fall onto a white cloak; two white bulls would then be sacrificed. According to Pliny, it was believed that mistletoe in a drink would make any barren animal fertile and that it was a remedy for all poisons. Special powers are attributed to mistletoe by a wide range of cultures, both within Europe and further afield. The use of mistletoe as an all-heal and a cure for barrenness is reputed to have a very ancient history. The link between mistletoe and fertility persists to this day in Britain in the tradition of kissing underneath bunches of mistletoe at Christmas. In the early 19th century, it was traditional for each man who kissed under the mistletoe to remove one berry. Once all the berries are gone, so is the potency.
Yew Trees
Yew trees continually put out new stems which coalesce with the existing trunk resulting in trees of great age. The merging of old and decaying wood with vibrant young shoots has led to the yew being traditionally associated with reincarnation and immortality.
Dressing the Arbor Tree, Aston-on-Clun, Shropshire, England
The custom of dressing the Arbor tree – a black poplar growing in Aston-on-Clun in south Shropshire – with flags on flagpoles every 29 May is almost unique in Britain, although "Bawming the Thorn" at Appleton Thorn in Cheshire is not dissimilar. New flags are attached to wooden flagpoles on the Arbor tree which remain throughout the year.
The Arbor tree is a male black poplar tree growing beside a stream at a place where four roads meet. Written records of the Arbor tree only extend back to 1898, but the tradition of dressing the tree is reputed to date back to a local wedding in 1786. The custom has developed and acquired new meanings, particularly since the 1955 when a pageant was devised. The pageant and the celebrations associated with the tree dressing are evolving in response to those living in the local community as well as to the external recognition now accorded to this unique tradition.
The present black poplar grew from a rooted cutting taken from the old tree which was said to be at least 300 years old when it collapsed in 1995 and had been repeatedly pollarded. Black poplar is an extremely unusual tree to be associated with notable events or traditions, which are more likely to involve pedunculate oak, sessile oak, common yew or hawthorn (Crataegus).
The black poplar (Populus nigra var. betulifolia) is an uncommon native tree in Britain. Black poplars are associated with alluvial soils in river valleys and floodplains generally south of a line from the River Mersey to the estuary of the Humber with particular concentrations across the Midlands from the Welsh Marches to East Anglia and notably in the Vale of Aylesbury (Aylesbury Vale). A male clone (cloning) was much planted in the suburbs of Manchester in the late 18th century as it grew well in the polluted atmosphere and it became known as the ‘Manchester poplar’. Growing to a height of some 30 metres, the bark of the black poplar is distinctively ridged and furrowed and has characteristic large burrs or bosses. When mature, the tree forms a huge dome of massive spreading branches which arch outwards. This spreading habit is dramatically different from the elongated shape of the Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra ‘Italica’) which, surprisingly, is a cultivated variety of the black poplar that was imported to Essex from Turin in 1758 and widely planted because of its unusual shape. The black poplar is also a different species from the more widespread black Italian poplar (Populus x euramericana or Populus x canadensis) which is a hybrid between the black poplar and the North American eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides).
Poplars are unusual in that there are separate male and female trees. Male black poplars are far more numerous than female trees in Britain and seedlings are, therefore, very rare. Regrowth occurs from the branches or trunk of fallen trees which root into the underlying soil. Growing in river valleys and floodplains, the trees can be uprooted by floods and grow again in a new location.
Other
Accounts of other traditional customs on 29 May are usually linked to Royal Oak Day (Oak Apple Day) and include the surviving customary rights in Grovely Wood at Great Wishford, Wiltshire, and Garland King Day at Castleton (Derbyshire).
See also
Sukkot
Four species
References
Further reading
Human ecology
Seasonal traditions
Christmas trees
Trees in religion
Plants in religion
Winter traditions | wiki |
CJCS may refer to:
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest-ranking and senior-most military officer in the United States Armed Forces
CJCS-FM, a Canadian radio station in Stratford, Ontario | wiki |
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.
The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for the 1987 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and Baseball America (since 1981).
Key
All-Americans
See also
Baseball awards#U.S. college baseball
References
College Baseball All-America Teams
All-America | wiki |
The 14323 / 24 New Delhi - Rohtak Junction Intercity Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways Northern Railway zone that runs between and in India.
It operates as train number 14323 from to and as train number 14324 in the reverse direction serving the states of Haryana & Delhi.
Coaches
The 14323 / 24 New Delhi - Rohtak Junction Intercity Express has two AC Chair Car, nine chair car, seven general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a pantry car coach.
As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.
Service
The 14323 - Intercity Express covers the distance of in 2 hours 20 mins (30 km/hr) & in 1 hours 45 mins as the 14324 - Intercity Express (41 km/hr).
As the average speed of the train is less than , as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.
Routing
The 14323 / 24 New Delhi - Rohtak Junction Intercity Express runs from via , Bahadurgarh to .
Traction
As the route is going to be electrified, a based WDM-3A diesel locomotive pulls the train to its destination.
References
External links
14323 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
14324 Intercity Express at India Rail Info
Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains
Rail transport in Haryana
Rail transport in Delhi
Transport in Delhi | wiki |
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that serves four of the five boroughs of New York City in the U.S. state of New York: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. Its predecessors—the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), and the Independent Subway System (IND)—were consolidated in 1940. Since then, stations of the New York City Subway have been permanently closed, either entirely or in part.
The largest number of closed New York City Subway stations consist of stations on abandoned and demolished elevated lines, that were once operated by the IRT and the BMT, (both of which were privately held companies.) After their takeover by the City of New York (the IND was already owned and operated by New York City), the three former systems were no longer in competition with each other. Thus, elevated lines that duplicated underground lines were the first to close. Other elevated lines that did not create a redundancy in the system, such as the Bronx portion of the IRT Third Avenue Line and a major portion of the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line were later demolished. Two stations in which sections of track still operate have been demolished. The Dean Street station was demolished as part of the rebuilding of the BMT Franklin Avenue Line, and the Cortlandt Street station of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was demolished and subsequently rebuilt after it sustained heavy damage caused by the September 11 attacks.
The remaining closed stations and portions of stations are intact and are abandoned. The exception is the Court Street station: it is the site of the New York Transit Museum, a museum that documents the history of public transportation in New York City. The closed outer platforms of the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station are occasionally used for filming purposes. The criterion for closing stations, as explained by spokesman Charles Seaton, is not "because of low ridership. The only reason we have closed a station is because of its proximity to another station... The smaller stations are just as necessary as the larger ones."
Permanently closed but existing stations
These stations are still intact but are not currently served by passenger trains. This list does not include closed platforms on a different level of an open station.
Open stations with closed platforms or entrances
Closed platforms
These stations are currently in operation, but contain abandoned platforms either adjacent to or on another level from the open platforms. The entries under the "Line" column refer to the line in question, even if the line is defunct. The entries under the "Opened" and "Closed" columns refer to the platform in question.
Closed entrances
In response to a request made by State Senator Martin Dilan, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) stated that 119 stations either had a closed street stair or closed control area, and that 130 stations had closed entrances. Within these 130 stations, there are 114 closed control areas and 298 closed street stairs. 188 of these were connected to closed control areas, with the remainder connected to control areas that remain open. Of these, many entrances were closed between the 1970s and 1990s due to legitimate crime concerns, due to low ridership, and to cut costs. As crime has decreased, and as ridership has gone up, these entrances, for the most part have not been revisited. During some station renovation projects, closed entrances have been reopened. New York City Comptroller Scott Stringer delivered a letter to the New York City Transit Authority President Andy Byford in January 2020, demanding that the MTA develop, and make public, plans for restoring abundance of unavailable entryways along subway routes. The "long-shuttered entry points" contribute to severe overcrowding at stations and longer commute times.
Unfinished stations
These stations saw some construction but were left unfinished. The entries under the "Station" column refer to the station in which the unfinished station was built around.
Demolished stations
These stations have been demolished, with little or no infrastructure in existence. This list only includes stations demolished on existing lines; for lines that have been demolished, see defunct lines.
Reopened and temporarily closed stations
These are stations that were officially closed and then reopened after at least one year. This list does not include stations that were closed for less than one year due to planned rehabilitation of the line or station.
In addition to the Cortlandt Street stations below, a number of stations were closed in Lower Manhattan in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. See Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks.
For reconstruction
The following stations were totally rebuilt due to unplanned causes.
For renovation
The following stations were completely closed for more than a year while they were being renovated.
For other reasons
The following stations were closed for a significant amount of time, but were not rebuilt during that time.
See also
History of the New York City Subway
New York City Subway nomenclature
Ghost station
References
Further reading
New York City Subway closed
Sub
New York City-related lists | wiki |
A National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) (Hindi: नैशनल स्टॉक एक्स्चेंज ऑफ़ इंडिया लिमिटेड) é a principal bolsa de valores da Índia e esta localizada em Mumbai. A National Stock Exchange foi criada em 1992 como o primeiro intercâmbio eletrônico no país. NSE foi a primeira bolsa no país a fornecer um sistema totalmente automatizado baseado em tela eletrônica de negociação. Sua capitalização de mercado foi de US$ 1,65 trilhão em Janeiro de 2015, tornando-a 13ª maior bolsa de valores do mundo. Índice de carro-chefe da NSE é o CNX Nifty.
Ligação externa
Bombaim
Bombaim | wiki |
Mount Erin is a small town in the Mid West region of Western Australia.
References
Mid West (Western Australia)
Towns in Western Australia | wiki |
Night fades away (album van Nils Lofgren) (1981), album van Nils Lofgren
Night fades away (single van Nils Lofgren) (1981), single van Nils Lofgren | wiki |
The Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966, inserted a new article 233A inter alia validating the appointments, postings, promotions, and transfers of and judgements, delivered before the commencement of the present Act, by district judges who were appointed, posted, promoted or transferred as a district judge in any State otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 of the Constitution.
Text
Proposal and enactment
The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 25 November 1966, as the Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Bill, 1966 (Bill No. 89 of 1966). It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to insert a new article 233A in the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:
The Bill was debated and passed by the Lok Sabha on 3 December 1966, with only formal amendments to replace the word "Twenty third" by the word "Twentieth" in the short title as well as in the proposed new article 233A. The Bill was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 December 1966. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Hussain on 22 December 1966, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in The Gazette of India on 23 December 1966.
See also
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References
20
1966 in India
1966 in law
Indira Gandhi administration | wiki |
Supporting Roles () is a 1989 Cuban drama film directed by Orlando Rojas. The film was selected as the Cuban entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Cast
Rosa Fornes
Juan Luis Galiardo
Luisa Perez Nieto
Ernesto Tapia
See also
List of submissions to the 62nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Cuban submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1989 films
1989 drama films
Cuban drama films
1980s Spanish-language films | wiki |
Le postre vigilante, littéralement le « dessert vigilant », est un dessert typique de la cuisine argentine et uruguayenne. Il est composé d'une tranche de fromage, accompagnée d'une tranche de pâte de coing (dulce de membrillo) ou d'une préparation à base de patate douce, le dulce de batata.
Notes et références
Cuisine argentine
Cuisine uruguayenne
Spécialité à base de patates douces | wiki |
Off Road may refer to:
Off Road (video game), 2008 video game published by Xplosiv; also known as Ford Racing Off Road
Super Off Road, 1989 arcade game released by Leland Corporation
Off Road Challenge, 1998 console game released by Nintendo
See also
Off-roading, term for driving a specialized vehicle on unpaved roads | wiki |
The Northern Ireland national football team represents Northern Ireland in international association football. From 1882 to 1921 all of Ireland was represented by a single side, the Ireland national football team, organised by the Irish Football Association (IFA).
In 1920 Ireland was partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. In 1922, The south of Ireland gained independence as the Irish Free State, later to become Republic of Ireland. Amid these political upheavals, a rival football association, the Football Association of Ireland (the F.A.I.), emerged in Dublin in 1921 and organised a separate league and later a national team. In 1923, during a period when the home nations had dis-affiliated from the governing body, the FAI was recognised by FIFA as the governing body of the Irish Free State on the condition that it changed its name to the Football Association of the Irish Free State. At the same time, the IFA continued to organise its national team on an all-Ireland basis, regularly calling up Free State players. During this era at least one Northerner, Harry Chatton, also played for the Irish Free State and from 1936, the FAI began to organise their own all–Ireland team. Both teams now competed as Ireland and during this era at least 39 dual internationals were selected to represent both teams.
Between 1928 and 1946 the IFA were not affiliated to FIFA and the two Ireland teams co-existed, never competing in the same competition.
In April 1951, FIFA decreed that the IFA team could not select "citizens of Eire". An exception was for British Home Championship games, as a 1923 IFAB agreement at Liverpool prevented FIFA intervention in relations between the four Home Nations. However, the exception would only apply "if the F.A. of Ireland do not object", and was never availed of.
At FIFA's 1953 congress, its Rule 3 was amended so that an international team must use "that title ... recognised politically and geographically of the countries or territories". The FAI initially claimed Rule 3 gave them the right to the name Ireland (see names of the Irish state), but FIFA subsequently ruled neither team could be referred to as Ireland, decreeing that the FAI team be officially designated as the Republic of Ireland, while the IFA team was to become Northern Ireland. The IFA objected and in 1954 was permitted to continue using the name Ireland in Home Internationals, based on the 1923 agreement. This practice was discontinued in the late 1970s.
This is a list of the Ireland national football team results from 1900 to 1929.
1900s
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910s
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1919
1920s
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
Notes
References
External links
RSSSF: (Northern) Ireland - International Results
British Home Championships 1900-1914
British Home Championships 1920-1939
Northern Ireland Football Greats Archive
Northern Ireland Statistics and Records
England International Database From 1872
England Football Online
Scotland International Archive
Scotland Football Records Complete Record
Welsh Football Data Archive
1900-29
1919–20 in Irish association football
1901–02 in Irish association football
1902–03 in Irish association football
1903–04 in Irish association football
1904–05 in Irish association football
1905–06 in Irish association football
1906–07 in Irish association football
1907–08 in Irish association football
1908–09 in Irish association football
1910–11 in Irish association football
1911–12 in Irish association football
1912–13 in Irish association football
1913–14 in Irish association football
1914–15 in Irish association football
1915–16 in Irish association football
1916–17 in Irish association football
1917–18 in Irish association football
1918–19 in Irish association football
1920–21 in Irish association football
1921–22 in Northern Ireland association football
1922–23 in Northern Ireland association football
1923–24 in Northern Ireland association football
1924–25 in Northern Ireland association football
1925–26 in Northern Ireland association football
1926–27 in Northern Ireland association football
1927–28 in Northern Ireland association football
1928–29 in Northern Ireland association football
1929–30 in Northern Ireland association football | wiki |
La cinnamoyl-coenzyme A, souvent abrégée en cinnamoyl-CoA, est le thioester de l'acide cinnamique et de la coenzyme A. C'est, avec la 4-coumaroyl-CoA, un important intermédiaire dans la voie métabolique des phénylpropanoïdes, notamment pour la biosynthèse des stilbénoïdes.
Notes et références
Thioester de la coenzyme A | wiki |
Common mode is a term in engineering with at least two independent meanings.
Of electrical signals,
Common-mode signal, a component of an analog signal with the same sign on two signal leads
Common-mode interference, interference that appears on both signal leads, or coherent interference that affects two or more elements of a network
Common-mode rejection ratio, the ratio of rejection of common mode signals to differential signals
Common mode failure is when one event causes multiple systems to fail | wiki |
The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Sindhi as one of the languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to fifteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has the responsibility to develop.
The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages. The 71st Amendment, enacted in 1992, included three more languages, i.e. Konkani, Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali. The 92nd Amendment, added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithali in 2003, raising the total number of languages to 22.
Text
Proposal and enactment
The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1967 (Bill No. 1 of 1967) was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 1967. It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan, then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to amend the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution to include Sindhi as one of the languages listed in the schedule. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:
The Bill was considered by the Rajya Sabha on 4 April 1967 and passed in the original form on the same day. The Bill, as passed by the Rajya Sabha, was considered and passed by the Lok Sabha on 7 April 1967. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Hussain on 10 April 1967. It was notified in The Gazette of India and came into force on the same date.
See also
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
References
21
1967 in India
1967 in law
Languages of India
Indira Gandhi administration | wiki |
In Linnaean taxonomy, genus is the rank between family and species.
Genus may also refer to:
Genus, a taxonomic rank used for the purpose of cloud classification
Genus: Journal of Population Sciences, a journal of population genetics founded by Nora Federici
Genus (mathematics), a classifying property of a mathematical object
Genus of a multiplicative sequence
Geometric genus
In graph embedding, the genus of the graph is the genus of the surface in which it can be embedded
In the theory of numerical semigroups, the genus of a numerical semigroup is the cardinality of the set of gaps in the numerical semigroup
Genus of a quadratic form
Grammatical gender
Genus (music), a concept in ancient Greek music theory
Genus (philosophy)
Genus (linguistics)
Genus (comics), a furry erotic comic book
In Alienators: Evolution Continues, the Genus are monstrous alien organisms that have a high speed evolution
Genus plc, a British biotechnology company
Sport Club Genus de Porto Velho, a Brazilian football (soccer) club
Genera (operating system)
People
Gennadii Genus (born 1990), Ukrainian track cyclist
James Genus (born 1966), American jazz bassist
Sampson Genus (born 1988), American football player
See also
Gens (disambiguation)
Gender (disambiguation)
Genius | wiki |
Wonder Woman (roller coaster) may refer to:
Wonder Woman Flight of Courage at Six Flags Magic Mountain
Wonder Woman Golden Lasso Coaster at Six Flags Fiesta Texas | wiki |
Google Gears – applicazione web di Google
Gears – personaggio di G.I. Joe
Gears – personaggio dei Transformers
Pagine correlate
Gear | wiki |
A peanut butter bun is a sweet bun found in Chinatown bakery shops. The bun has layers of peanut butter fillings, sometimes with light sprinkles of sugar mixed with the peanut butter for extra flavor. Unlike other similar buns, the shape varies, depending on the bakery.
The dough is made of flour, sugar, water, yeast, milk, and cream. Before putting it into the oven for baking, the bun is often brushed with sugar water in order to develop a nice glaze.
See also
List of buns
List of peanut dishes
List of stuffed dishes
References
Sweet breads
Peanut butter confectionery
Buns
Stuffed dishes
Peanut dishes
zh:花生醬包 | wiki |
Dynasty (season 2) may refer to:
Dynasty (1981 TV series, season 2)
Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 2) | wiki |
Dynasty (season 3) may refer to:
Dynasty (1981 TV series, season 3)
Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 3) | wiki |
Goodea atripinnis, the blackfin goodea, is a species of killifish from the family Goodeidae. This species was described by David Starr Jordan in 1880 with the type locality given as Leon, Guanajuato in Mexico. This species occurs as a native in nine Mexican federal states and has been introduced to Durango and to the Distrito Federal. It has the largest distribution range of any species within the family Goodeidae, its range extending from Hidalgo in the east to Nayarit in the west and from Michoacán in the south to Zacatecas in the north.
References
atripinnis
Fish described in 1880 | wiki |
Team Halfords was a British UCI Continental cycling team that existed only for the 2009 season.
Major wins
2009
East Midlands International CiCLE Classic, Ian Wilkinson
Stage 2 FBD Insurance Rás, Ian Wilkinson
References
UCI Continental Teams (Europe)
Cycling teams established in 2009
Cycling teams disestablished in 2009
Cycling teams based in the United Kingdom
Defunct cycling teams based in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Devilman is a Japanese manga series.
Devilman or Devil Man may also refer to:
Devilman (film), a 2004 film based on the manga series
Akira Fudo, the protagonist of the manga series
Devilman or Akkuman, a character in Dragon Ball media
"Super-Charger Heaven", a 1995 song by White Zombie sometimes referred to as "Devil Man" due to its chorus
See also
Devil Lady, a Japanese psychological horror manga series
Amon: The Darkside of the Devilman, a Japanese action and horror manga series
The Devil's Man, a 1967 Italian science fiction film | wiki |
Park Town or Parktown may refer to:
Park Town, Luton, Bedfordshire, England
Park Town, Chennai, India
Park Town (State Assembly Constituency), India
Park Town, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
Parktown, a suburb of Johannesburg
HMSAS Parktown, two ships of the South African navy
See also
Park Township (disambiguation) | wiki |
Quinethazone (INN, brand name Hydromox) is a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension. Common side effects include dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, and low potassium levels.
References
Thiazides
Quinazolinones
Chloroarenes
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | wiki |
Benjamin N. O. Addison was a Ghanaian politician and mayor of Accra Metropolitan Assembly during the Kwame Nkrumah regime from 1963 to 1966.
References
Mayors of Accra | wiki |
Artificial rice is a grain product made to resemble rice. It is usually made from broken rice, sometimes with the addition of other cereals, and often fortified with micronutrients, including minerals such as iron and zinc and vitamins, such as vitamin A and vitamin B.
Manufacture
Rice-making machines exist that allow broken rice or other ingredients to be shaped into rice-shaped pellets. Rice fortification presents numerous technical problems. Micronutrients cannot be simply added to the kernels, because they do not stay where they are needed and the traditional soaking and rinsing of rice with water prior to cooking removes most of the added nutrients.
In the hot extrusion process, rice flour and micronutrients are transformed into a product visually resembling natural rice. Thereby, vitamins and minerals are embedded and protected from segregation and from being removed through rinsing or leaching out during washing and cooking.
NutriRice
NutriRice is a kind of recomposed fortified rice. The NutriRice process is a way of rice fortification utilized hot extrusion technology not only addresses the problem of hidden hunger but also meets the challenge of implementing rice fortification. The production of NutriRice offers the unique possibility to efficiently fortify rice with multiple micronutrients. Vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A and B family as well as iron and zinc can be chosen for inclusion.
Research
With respect to fortified rice properties, such as wash stability, shelf stability, cooking behavior, visual appearance, and cooked rice texture, hot extrusion can be recommended to produce the fortified rice kernel. The fortified rice kernel through hot extrusion most closely resembles natural rice after cooking.
Dandelion Middle School
The children of 600 migrant workers attend the Dandelion Middle School in Beijing, some of them as resident pupils. In 2008, as part of a pilot project, all pupils at the school were given NutriRice for a period of 8 months. During the eight-month trial period, the effects of malnutrition were reduced by 50%, thus raising the pupils’ general nutritional status to the average urban level.
Ultra Rice
Ultra Rice is a grain product made to resemble rice and fortified with vitamins and nutrients. Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) developed Ultra Rice as a food supplement for use in countries where people do not have easy access to food which satisfies the nutritional requirements for good health.
Manufacture
Ultra Rice was developed by Dr. James P. Cox and his wife Jeanne over a course of 20 years, starting in the 1960s while living in Canada.
Jim and Jeanne's idea was to utilitize the wasted broken rice grains and produce a nutrition-enhanced instant rice product to fight world hunger. The first criteria for feeding the people was to create a nutritious food that could be identified by the indigenous people. Second, the food should be easy to prepare, even in the crudest method on a dung burner, in less than five minutes, all the while maintaining its integrity as a recognized food. The rice should be fortified with protein and contain vitamins A and D.
The process Dr. and Mrs. Cox developed was more expensive to execute than the market value of the product and they eventually transferred their patent for the process to PATH.
Ultra Rice was first made generally available in 2005.
The grains resemble milled rice grains in size, shape, and color, but actually they are made from rice flour, added nutrients, and ingredients which preserve the nutrients.
Use
Most Ultra Rice products are designed for blending with white rice in a ratio of 1:100 and intended to be as close as possible to rice in smell, taste, and texture.
It was originally used in Brazil, Colombia, and India, but through a partnership with World Vision the product is slated to be used in many developing countries receiving aid.
Research
Researchers assessed the stability of Ultra Rice's vitamins as the rice is stored; ascorbate, saturated fat and antioxidants were found to help keep the vitamin A intact during storage in high humidity. Another study found that vitamin A losses would stabilize after six months and that the loss of vitamin A during cooking could be predicted.
A lack of vitamin A can cause night blindness; a study in 2005 showed that 348 pregnant Nepali women who ate Ultra Rice had improvement in night vision which did not different significantly from the improvement which could come from vitamin A as liver, carrots, capsule, or green leafy vegetables.
A ferric pyrophosphate in Ultra Rice was shown in a study involving 180 lactating nonpregnant women in Mexico to reduce iron deficiency anemia rates in the study population by 80% and iron deficiency by 29%.
A taste panel has shown that most people cannot differentiate between ordinary rice and Ultra Rice by taste, and various other reports have shown that there is no statistically significant difference of taste preference between Ultra Rice and rice. In a study on 134 children aged 8–11 years old participating in the Indian Mid-day Meal Scheme, 37 assessed the difference between samples and 43 subjects assessed the acceptability of fortified rice.
Partners
After PATH developed Ultra Rice many other entities began to participate in its manufacture, distributing, and the tracking of its efficacy.
Ultra Rice is usually manufactured within the country using it.
The Department of Biotechnology (India), Ministry of Agriculture (Brazil), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Brazil), and the University of Toronto (Canada) contributed to the research and development of the Ultra Rice plan.
In India the Akshaya Patra Foundation and the Naandi Foundation implement the Ultra Rice Project. Elsewhere the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, World Vision, and World Food Programme created implementation programs.
The Ultra Rice project was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Response
In 2009 The Tech Museum of Innovation recognized PATH for Ultra Rice with an award in recognition of its use of technology to solve major world problems.
Other grains
Corn rice
In North Korea, an artificial "corn rice", known as Okssal (옥쌀) or Gangnagssal (강낭쌀) was made from maize. It is also fairly popular in the Philippines where locals use it as a cheaper substitute for white rice.
Konjac rice
Konjac rice was developed for low-calorie diet.
Plastic rice rumours
Rice made from plastic and passed off as real rice has sometimes been reported in the media. In India it was mentioned in a case before the high court, but the reports were not confirmed. In December 2016, it was reported that 2.5 tonnes of plastic rice had been seized in Nigeria. A few weeks later, after preliminary tests, a spokesperson of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health stated that the material contained all the characteristics of real rice and there was no evidence that plastic rice was circulating in the country; the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control later announced that the seized rice had been contaminated with bacteria. Fake rice was also reported on social media in the Philippines.
In 2017, there were rumours of plastic rice in the Gambia and Ghana, but these rumours were not confirmed. The Ghana Food and Drugs Authority carried out an investigation and found out samples suspected to be fake rice were not real.
Snopes, a website that investigates urban legends, concluded that such reports were either hoaxes or unproven, pointing out that plastic rice grains would easily be detected after cooking, and probably more expensive to produce than real rice. Reasons suggested for the persistence of such "myths" included protectionism and distrust of foreign imports, with fake videos being deliberately used to support locally grown rice.
See also
Ptitim, an Israeli wheat pasta developed as a substitute for rice.
Golden rice, a genetically modified type of rice which requires no processing to add vitamin A (via beta carotene)
References
External links
Ultra Rice
Rice
Imitation foods
Dietary supplements | wiki |
The City of Tallahassee's Downtown Getdown is a seasonal festival in fall that happens in the central business district in the City of Tallahassee, Florida. The festival involves concerts, stands for food, dancing, street entertainers, make up artist, clowns, grilling, and fun for everyone. The city attracts people from all over the area, including Gadsden County, Wakulla County, Jefferson County, Jackson County, Gulf County, Liberty County, Madison County, Taylor County, and even south Georgia counties, including Thomas and Grady counties.
The festival attracts tens of thousands of people every year and directly benefits United Way of the Big Bend.
The GetDowns are supported by title sponsor Capital City Bank and supporting sponsors, Bud Light along with Tri-Eagle Sales, Aarons, Inc, Tallahassee Democrat, WCTV, Clear Channel Radio, Coke and the City of Tallahassee.
References
Culture of Tallahassee, Florida | wiki |
A Sunday magazine is a publication inserted into a Sunday newspaper.
Sunday magazine or The Sunday Magazine may also refer to:
The Sunday Magazine (radio program), airing on CBC radio
The Sunday Magazine (magazine), published 1864–1905
Sunday reading periodical, a magazine genre in Victorian Britain
See also
Sunday (magazine) | wiki |
A Malone antegrade continence enema is a surgical procedure used to create a continent pathway proximal to the anus that facilitates fecal evacuation using enemas.
Description
The operation involves connecting the appendix to the abdominal wall and fashioning a valve mechanism that allows catheterization of the appendix, but avoids leakage of stool through it. If the appendix was previously removed or is unusable, a neoappendix can be created with a cecal flap.
Indications
It is done to treat fecal incontinence unresponsive to treatment with medications. It is frequently done with a procedure (Mitrofanoff procedure) to treat urinary incontinence as the two often co-exist, such as in spina bifida.
Cecostomy tube alternative
A percutaneous cecostomy tube (C-tube) is an alternative to a MACE. It involves the surgical insertion of a catheter into the cecum for the same goal (of performing enemas). Percutaneous cecostomy procedures, like MACEs, have been performed laparoscopically.
Eponym
The procedure is named after the surgeon Padraig Malone who helped popularized it in the 1990s and described it with co-authors as the antegrade continence enema procedure.
See also
Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy
Mitrofanoff principle
Monti procedure
References
Urologic surgery | wiki |
A Starter tenancy is a type of tenancy in the United Kingdom which are offered by some housing associations. They are trial tenancies and tenants are easier to evict during this period.
See also
Demoted tenancy
References
Housing in the United Kingdom
Tenancies in the United Kingdom | wiki |
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