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His Majesty's Theatre may refer to:
His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen, Scotland
His Majesty's Theatre, Brisbane, Australia
His Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, Australia
His Majesty's Theatre, Perth, Australia
His Majesty's Theatre, London
See also
Her Majesty's Theatre (disambiguation) | wiki |
Lasiopogon fumipennis is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de roofvliegen (Asilidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1923 door Melander.
fumipennis | wiki |
Lasiopogon gracilipes is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de roofvliegen (Asilidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1921 door Bezzi.
gracilipes | wiki |
John Law (econoom) (1671-1729), een Schots econoom
John Law (socioloog) (1946), een Brits socioloog | wiki |
Status brands are brands that, through association, inherently increase their owner's popularity in a certain community. Unlike luxury brands, status brands are usually available at different price points and thus are available to shoppers of various demographics.
Trendsetters determine the societal and cultural status ultimately associated with a given status brand. For example, entertainment and sports trendsetters promote status brands such as Armani, Prada, Triple 5 Soul, and Billionaire Boys Club. Trendsetters need not be famous, but media promotion often cements a brand's popularity.
Brand strategists Angelito Tan and Daniel Saynt introduced the term as a means of studying the associations between popular brands and top trendsetters. Ranging from apparel to electronics to automobiles, status brands exist across the spectrum of goods available today.
Brand management | wiki |
D-A-D é uma banda de rock de origem dinamarquesa.
Discografia
Álbuns
Extended plays
Singles
Ligações externas
Bandas de hard rock
Bandas formadas em 1982 | wiki |
A competency dictionary is a tool or data structure that includes all or most of the general competencies needed to cover all job families and competencies that are core or common to all jobs within an organization (e.g., teamwork; adaptability; communication). They may also include competencies that are more closely related to the knowledge and skills needed for specific jobs or functions (e.g., IT skills, financial administration skills).
Comprehensive
A typical comprehensive competency dictionary should include a broad range of competencies developed through extensive literature search, review of best practices as well as ongoing refinement based on field research with various client groups. The competencies in the dictionary are required by a broad range of employees functioning within a wide variety of private and public sector organizations. The demonstration of these competencies by employees and managers is related to increased performance at the individual, team, and organizational levels.
Each competency has a general definition, which provides the user with a general understanding of the type of behavior addressed by a particular competency. Each competency includes up to five proficiency levels and each level has an associated brief statement describing how that particular level is distinct from the other levels within that competency. The behavioral indicators at each proficiency level are illustrative of the proficiency level as opposed to representing a definitive list of all possible behaviors at each level.
Finally, the defined levels of proficiency for each competency are incremental and additive so that employees demonstrating proficiency at a particular level can be assumed to perform effectively at all competency levels below.
Many Comprehensive Competency Dictionaries are divided into two sets of competencies:
General job competencies – common across many jobs and demonstrate the key behaviors required for success regardless of position.
Job-specific competencies – these are required for success in particular functions or jobs.
Proficiency levels
Organizations typically include incremental competency proficiency scales as part of the overall competency structure. These scales reflect the amount of proficiency typically required by the organization within a competency area. For example, communication skills may be a requirement for most entry-level jobs as well as at the executive levels; however, the amount of communication proficiency needed at these two levels may be quite different.
The proficiency scales serve two purposes:
They facilitate planning and development for improvement within current roles or jobs; and
They allow for comparisons to occur across jobs, roles and levels, not only in terms of the competencies required, but also the proficiency levels needed using a common incremental scale for defining the competencies.
Thus, having competency proficiency scales supports career development, succession management and human resource planning activities within the organization.
General Work competencies are most often expressed as incremental competency proficiency scales – in other words, proficiency at one level assumes proficiency at all levels below that level on the scale. Work Specific competencies, on the other hand, may be expressed as common group requirements and, where required, differences in proficiency requirements (by level of responsibility in a specified field of work) may be noted.
Target proficiency levels
Organizations typically define in their competency profiles the levels of performance (proficiency) to be attained for each competency. These are often driven by the use to be made of the competency profiles. For example:
Entry – is the standard expected of employees on entry into a role. This is often used when the new entrant must learn or be trained to be able to perform to the standards required within the role.
Fully Effective – is level required of employees who are performing at the standard expected for their role.
Stretch / Mastery – is typically displayed by employees who have mastered their role. These employees are often sought out by other employees and supervisors to provide advice or assistance.
It is important to define what standard (or standards) of performance will be modeled in the competency profiles as a component of the competency architecture. An example of how these standards for employee performance relate to competency proficiency is shown below.
Dictionary options
Building versus purchasing a dictionary
Organizations may choose to create their own competency dictionaries, or purchase one that has been developed by experts in competency profiling and competency-based management. The advantage of developing a competency dictionary is that it will reflect which competencies are required for success in the organization and it will expressed in a way that reflects the values, vision and way of communicating within the organization. On the other hand, this option is very costly and time-consuming, and most do not have the internal expertise to complete this task
Purchasing
Purchasing a competency dictionary from a reputable company has the advantage of providing the organization with a well-developed and researched dictionary that can be used in a timely manner to support profile development and implementation. The disadvantage is that the dictionary may not reflect the full range of competencies needed, nor reflect them in a language that is suitable for the organization.
Hybrid option
Organizations often achieve a compromise by customizing a purchased competency dictionary (e.g., adding competencies, modifying the language slightly to reflect the organization's style of communicating and including additional behavioural indicators to reflect performance expectations of the organization). This provides a quick and cost-effective solution, and results in a Competency Dictionary that is targeted to the organization's specific needs.
See also
References
Books
Dubois, D., & Rothwell, W. (2004). Competency-Based Human Resource Management. Davies–Black Publishing
Dubois, D., & Rothwell, W. (2000). The Competency Toolkit (Volumes 1 & 2). HRD Press
Lucia, A., & Lepsinger, R. (1999). The Art and Science of Competency Models: Pinpointing Critical Success Factors in Organizations. Pfeiffer
Shandler, D. (2000). Competency and the Learning Organization. Crisp Learning.
Spencer, L M. in Cherniss, C. and D. Goleman, eds. (2001) “The economic value of emotional intelligence competencies and EIC-based HR programs”, in The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups and Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Wiley
Spencer, L., & Spencer, S. (1993). Competence at Work: Models for Superior Performance. Wiley
Ulrich, D. and Brockbank, W. (2005) The HR Value Proposition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Wood. R., & Payne, T. (1998). Competency-Based Recruitment and Selection. Wiley
Articles
Bartram, D. (2005) The Great Eight competencies: A criterion-centric approach to validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1185–1203
Catano, V., Darr, M., & Campbell, C. (2007). Performance appraisal of behaviour-based competencies: A reliable and valid procedure. Personnel Psychology, 60, 201–230
Cheng, M. I., &. Dainty, R. I. J. (2005). Toward a multidimensional competency-based managerial performance framework: A hybrid approach. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20, 380–396
Draganidis, F., & Mentzas, G. (2006). Competency-based management: A review of systems and approaches. Information Management &Computer Security, 14, 51–64
Homer, M. (2001). Skills and competency management. Industrial and Commercial training, 33/2, 59–62
Horton, S. (2000). Introduction- the competency-based movement: Its origins and impact on the public sector. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13, 306–318
Kochanski, J. T.,& Ruse, D. H. (1996). Designing a competency-based human resources organization. Human Resource Management, 35, 19–34
McEvoy, G., Hayton, J., Wrnick, A., Mumford, T., Hanks, S., & Blahna, M. (2005). A competency-based model for developing human resource professionals. Journal of Management Education, 29, 383–402
Rausch, E., Sherman, H., & Washbush, J. B. (2002). Defining and assessing competencies for competency-based, outcome focused management development. The Journal of Management Development, 21, 184–200
Sanchez, J. I., &. Levine, E. L. (2009). What is (or should be) the difference between competency modeling and traditional job analysis? Human Resource Management Review, 19, 53–63
Schmidt, F.L., & Hunter, J.E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practice and theoretical implications of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 262–274
Shippmann, J. S., Ash, R. A., Battista, M., Carr, L., Eyde, L. D., Hesketh, B., Kehoe, J., Pearlman, K., & Sanchez, J. I. (2000). The practice of competency modeling, Personnel Psychology, 53, 703–740.
Spencer, L. M. (2004). Competency Model Statistical Validation and Business Case Development, HR Technologies White Paper http://www.hrcompass.com/validation.html
Human resource management | wiki |
Actuate may refer to:
Actuate Corporation
The action of an actuator | wiki |
Cold junction may refer to:
Cold junction (thermocouple), a contact of a thermocouple
Cold junction (soldering), a cold soldering joint in soldering
See also
Cold fusion (disambiguation)
Cold contact (disambiguation)
Cold joint | wiki |
Народный комиссариат танковой промышленности
Народный комиссариат тяжёлой промышленности
Новосибирский клуб туристов-парусников | wiki |
Алексе́й Миха́йлович Кузнецо́в:
Кузнецов, Алексей Михайлович (род. 1984) — российский баскетболист.
Кузнецов, Алексей Михайлович (1901—1961) — генерал-майор. | wiki |
Samuel "Sam" Tingle (Manchester, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, 24. kolovoza 1921. - Somerset West, Južnoafrička Republika, 19. prosinca 2008.) je bivši rodezijski vozač automobilističkih utrka.
Rezultati u Formuli 1
Britanski vozači Formule 1 | wiki |
Granny is a term and nickname for a grandmother, a female grandparent, and may refer to:
Characters
Granny (Beverly Hillbillies character), a character on The Beverly Hillbillies television series, played by Irene Ryan
Granny (Looney Tunes), a Looney Tunes character
Granny Goodness, a Superman villainess
George "Granny" Grantham, a character from the Stephen King novella Blockade Billy
Granny character created by cartoonist Buck Brown for Playboy
Fictional works
Granny (film), a 2003 Russian drama film
Granny (video game), a popular horror video game created by DVloper which is part of the Slendrina series
The Granny, a 1995 American horror comedy film
Granny, a spin-off from the Cuddles and Dimples strip in the British Dandy comic
Granny, a 1994 novel by Anthony Horowitz
People
Granny Alston or Hallam Newton Egerton Alston (1908–1985), English cricketer
Grantland Rice (1880–1954), American sportswriter
Granny D or Doris Haddock (1910–2010), American political activist
Other uses
Granny (orca), the oldest known orca
Granny (sea anemone), a celebrated sea anemone from 19th-century Britain
"Granny" (song), a song performed by Dave Matthews Band, popular at their live shows
Granny (townland), a townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
See also
Granny Creek (disambiguation)
Granny Smith (disambiguation) | wiki |
A concrete saw (also known as a consaw, road saw, cut-off saw, slab saw or quick cut) is a power tool used for cutting concrete, masonry, brick, asphalt, tile, and other solid materials. There are many types ranging from small hand-held saws, chop-saw models, and big walk-behind saws or other styles, and it may be powered by gasoline, hydraulic or pneumatic pressure, or an electric motor. The saw blades used on concrete saws are often diamond saw blades to cut concrete, asphalt, stone, etc. Abrasive cut-off wheels can also be used on cut-off saws to cut stone and steel. The significant friction generated in cutting hard substances like concrete usually requires the blades to be cooled to prolong their life and reduce dust.
Blade choice
Choosing a proper diamond saw blade for the concrete saw is a necessary condition to perform a cutting task well. Apart from some basic aspects, for example, what diameters of diamond saw blades the concrete saw can accommodate, its arbor size and the blade's quality, there are some other important aspects which should also be considered:
The match between the diamond saw blade's features and the concrete/asphalt's type. For example, some concretes have steel bars in them (reinforced concrete) and some do not have. Some concretes' stone aggregate is pebbles and some is crushed rocks. Some concretes' curing time is long (cured concrete) and some is short (green concrete). The diamond saw blades should have different design to fit these concrete and asphalt.
Wet or dry cutting. Though diamond saw blades for concrete are usually laser welded, they are normally designed for wet cutting because the concrete to be cut is often very hard or abrasive. If the blades are used without adequate water, the diamond segment itself may break or the steel core below the segment may wear and break, and then the segment may fly out and may hurt the operator or people nearby. If you have to perform dry cutting for some reason (e.g. there is no water source near your work area), you can choose sharper diamond blades, and the dry cutting should be intermittent and shallow (you can do several passes of shallow cuttings to gain a deep cut) to keep the diamond blade cool.
Whether faster cutting or longer lifespan is needed. The basic cutting speed of the diamond saw blades should be first determined. On this basis, a blade which has a faster cutting speed or a longer lifespan can be selected.
The power output of the concrete saw. If the concrete saw has a high power output, the diamonds on the saw blade will receive a higher impact when cutting is performed. In this case, the diamond concentration of the diamond saw blade should be higher, or its bond should be harder. Whilst if the saw has a low power output, the diamond concentration should be lower or the bond should be softer to make the blade become sharper to ensure the cutting speed needed.
Dust control
Stones, rocks, sands and clays can contain large amounts of crystalline silica and are used to make kerbs, flags, bricks, tiles and concrete. Cutting these materials produces airborne dust containing very fine respirable crystalline silica (RCS) particles. These particles are small and it is not always possible to see the RCS dust in normal lighting.
Serious health effects, such as lung cancer or silicosis, can result from exposure to RCS. This is because fine RCS particles can penetrate deep into the lungs.
There are following ways to reduce or control the dust:
Wet cutting with adequate water supply.
If possible, diamond saw blades should be used instead of abrasive saw blades to cut. Diamond saw blades normally cut more quickly than abrasive blades while requiring less water.
The concrete saw should have a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system, which can capture the majority of dust emitted during the cutting operation.
When operating, the operator should always wear personal protective equipment (PPE).
There are some other risks during the cutting process which will also need to be controlled to protect the operator and the passers-by, for example, noise, flying debris, hand-arm vibration, manual handling, electricity and refueling.
See also
Diamond tools
Diamond blade
References
Saws | wiki |
A stratum is a layer of sedimentary rock or sediment.
Stratum may also refer to:
Science and technology
Stratum (linguistics), a language influencing or influenced through language contact
Stratum (statistics), in stratified sampling, a homogeneous subgroup of members in the population
Stratum, an element of a topologically stratified space
Clock stratum, in a clock network, a hierarchical level reflecting the quality of a clock
Other uses
Stratum, Netherlands, a city district of Eindhoven
Stratum (album), a 2012 album by Drottnar
Stratum (sculpture), a series of sculptures by Mikyoung Kim in Portland, Oregon, US
See also
Strata (disambiguation)
Stratification (disambiguation)
Substrate (disambiguation)
Superstrate | wiki |
Walnut roll may refer to:
Nut roll
Poppy seed roll | wiki |
Hash oil or cannabis oil is an oleoresin obtained by the extraction of cannabis or hashish. It is a cannabis concentrate containing many of its resins and terpenes – in particular, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids. Hash oil is usually consumed by smoking, vaporizing or eating. Preparations of hash oil may be solid or colloidal depending on both production method and temperature and are usually identified by their appearance or characteristics. Color most commonly ranges from transparent golden or light brown, to tan or black. There are various extraction methods, most involving a solvent, such as butane or ethanol.
Hash oil is an extracted cannabis product that may use any part of the plant, with minimal or no residual solvent. It is generally thought to be indistinct from traditional hashish, according to the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (Schedule I and IV), as it is "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant".
Hash oil may be sold in cartridges used with pen vaporizers. Cannabis retailers in California have reported about 40% of their sales are from cannabis oils.
Composition
The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of hash oil varies tremendously, since the manufacturers use a varying assortment of marijuana plants and preparation techniques. Dealers sometimes cut hash oils with other oils. The form of the extract varies depending on the extraction process used; it may be liquid, a clear amber solid (called “shatter"), a sticky semisolid substance (called "wax"), or a brittle honeycombed solid (called "honeycomb wax").
Hash oil seized in the 1970s had a THC content ranging from 10% to 30%. The oil available on the U.S. West Coast in 1974 averaged about 15% THC. Samples seized across the United States by the Drug Enforcement Administration over an 18-year period (1980–1997) showed that THC content in hashish and hashish oil averaging 12.9% and 17.4%, respectively, did not show an increase over time. The highest THC concentrations measured were 52.9% in hashish and 47.0% in hash oil. Hash oils in use in the 2010s had THC concentrations as high as 90% and other products achieving higher concentrations Following an outbreak of vaping related pulmonary illnesses and deaths in 2019 NBC News conducted tests on different black market THC vape cartridges and found cartridges containing up to 30% Vitamin E acetate and trace amounts of fungicides and pesticides that may be harmful.
The following compounds were found in naphtha extracts of Bedrocan Dutch medical cannabis:
Cannabinoids: THC (~ 30%) and THCA (~ 60%).
Monoterpenes (~ 5%): β-pinene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, cis-ocimene, terpinolene, and terpineol.
Sesquiterpenes (~ 5%): β-caryophyllene, humulene, δ-guaiene, γ-cadinene, eudesma-3,7(11)-diene, and elemene.
History
Discovery and development
The hash oils made in the nineteenth century were made from hand collected hashish called charas and kief. The term hash oil was hashish that had been dissolved or infused into a vegetable oil for use in preparing foods for oral administration. Efforts to isolate the active ingredient in cannabis were well documented in the nineteenth century, and cannabis extracts and tinctures of cannabis were included in the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia. These solvent extracts were termed cannabin (1845), cannabindon, cannabinine, crude cannabinol and cannabinol.
Modern usage
So called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970s. This product was made in Kabul, Afghanistan, and smuggled into the United States by The Brotherhood of Eternal Love. Production is thought to have ceased when the facility was destroyed in an explosion.
Traditional ice-water separated hashish production utilizes water and filter bags to separate plant material from resin, though this method still leaves much residual plant matter and is therefore poorly suited for full vaporization. Gold described the use of alcohol and activated charcoal in honey oil production by 1989, and Michael Starks further detailed procedures and various solvents by 1990.
Large cannabis vaporizers gained popularity in the twentieth century for their ability to vaporize the cannabinoids in cannabis and extracts without burning plant material, using temperature controlled vaporization.
Colorado and Washington began licensing hash oil extraction operations in 2014.
Small portable vape pens saw a dramatic increase in popularity in 2017.
Use
Hash oil is consumed usually by ingestion, smoking or vaporization.
Dabbing
Smoking or vaporizing hash oil is known colloquially as "dabbing", from the English verb to daub (Dutch dabben, French dauber), "to smear with something adhesive". Dabbing devices include special kinds of water pipes ("oil rigs"), vaporizers and vape pens similar in design to electronic cigarettes. Oil rigs include a glass water pipe and a quartz bucket which is often covered with a glass bubble or directional cap to direct the airflow and disperse the oil amongst the hot areas of the quartz "nail" (A nail is also referred to as a banger). The pipe is often heated with a butane blowtorch rather than a cigarette lighter.
The oil can also be sold in prefilled atomizer cartridges. The cartridge is used by connecting it to a battery and inhaling the vaporized oil from the cartridge's mouthpiece.
Production
Solvent-derived/hydrocarbon extracts
Hash oil is produced by solvent extraction (maceration, infusion or percolation) of marijuana or hashish. After filtering and evaporating the solvent, a sticky resinous liquid with a strong herbal odor (remarkably different from the odor of hemp) remains.
Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil production, because much THC and CBD will be present in their carboxylic acid forms (THCA and CBDA), which may not be highly soluble in some solvents. The acids are decarboxylated during drying and heating (smoking).
A wide variety of solvents can be used for extraction, such as chloroform, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, naphtha, benzene, butane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and olive oil. Currently, resinoids are often obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide. The alcohols extract undesirable water-soluble substances such as chlorophyll and sugars (which can be removed later by washing with water). Non-polar solvents such as benzene, chloroform and petroleum ether will not extract the water-soluble constituents of marijuana or hashish while still producing hash oil. In general, non-polar cannabis extracts taste much better than polar extracts. Alkali washing further improves the odor and taste.
The oil may be further refined by 1) alkali washing, or removing the heavy aromatic carboxylic acids with antibiotic properties, which may cause heartburn, gallbladder and pancreas irritation, and resistance to hemp antibiotics; 2) conversion of CBD to THC. Process 1) consists of dissolving the oil in a non-polar solvent such as petroleum ether, repeatedly washing (saponifying) with a base such as sodium carbonate solution until the yellow residue disappears from the watery phase, decanting, and washing with water to remove the base and the saponified components (and evaporating the solvents). This process reduces the oil yield, but the resulting oil is less acidic, more easily digestible and much more potent (almost pure THC). Process 2) consists of dissolving the oil in a suitable solvent such as absolute ethanol containing 0.05% hydrochloric acid, and boiling the mixture for 2 hours.
The majority of ready to consume extract products are produced via "Closed Loop Systems.". These systems typically entail: a vessel that holds the solvent, material columns to hold the plant material, a flow meter to measure the volume of solvent entering the plant material, a recovery vessel(where heat is applied via an external jacket) to convert the liquid solvent into a vapor and separate it from the THC, CBD, or other cannabinoids/byproducts, and some form of a heat exchanger to then convert the hydrocarbon vapors back into a liquid form prior to returning to the original vessel.
One pound of marijuana yields from 1/5 to 1/10 of a pound of hash oil. The oil may retain considerable residual solvent: oil extracted with longer-chain volatile hydrocarbons (such as naphtha) is less viscous (thinner) than oil extracted with short-chain hydrocarbons (such as butane).
Colored impurities from the oil can be removed by adding activated charcoal to about one third to one half the weight or volume of the solvent containing the dissolved oil, mixing well, filtering, and evaporating the solvent. When decolorizing fatty oils, oil retention can be up to 50 wt % on bleaching earths and nearly 100 wt % on activated charcoal. The many different textures/types of hydrocarbon extracts include:
shatter (solid, breaks easily, glass like oil)
pull and snap (solid, bendable, but still breakable, taffy-like oil)
diamonds/live resin (rock hard THCA isolated diamonds drenched in terpene sauce)
crumble (solid oil that will break into small crumbs)
budder/wax (soft, pliable, peanut butter-like consistency)
Solventless extracts: Hash rosin
Hash rosin has recently become a top quality, highly prized product in the cannabis market. For dabbing, it is considered to be the cleanest form of concentrating cannabis, as it requires only ice, water (instead of chemical solvents like butane), heat, pressure, and collection tools. Cannabis flower material is washed with ice water, and strained using filters in sequential micron size to isolate intact trichomes and their heads into ice water hash. The microns that are held in highest regards are the 73u and 90u, as this is where the resin heads reside. These are sometimes isolated and sold as one of the highest quality, most expensive cannabis products in the market today, known as "full melt" because it will dab fine without having to be pressed. "Full spectrum" hash rosin will normally come from 45u-159u, as smaller and larger particles are likely to be too unrefined or broken stalks of the trichomes.
This hash is then pressed at the appropriate temperature and pressure to squeeze the oils out of the hash, and is collected with metal tools and parchment paper. Just like hydrocarbon extraction, the quality of the final product depends greatly on the quality of the starting material. This is emphasized even more so with hash rosin due to its lower yield percentages compared to solvent-derived concentrates (.3-8% rosin vs 10-20% hydrocarbon). Hash rosin producers often touch on how growing cannabis for hash production is different than growing for flower production, as some strains will be deceptive with their looks regarding yields.
Legality
In Canada, hash oil – defined as a chemically concentrated extract having up to 90% THC potency – was approved for commerce in October 2018.
In the United States, regulations specifically for hash oil have not been issued as of 2019, but hemp seed oil – along with hulled hemp seeds and hemp seed protein – were approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in December 2018, indicating that "these products can be legally marketed in human foods for these uses without food additive approval, provided they comply with all other requirements and do not make disease treatment claims".
Ingredient in vape liquids
Adulterated products
Vitamin E acetate
On September 5, 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) announced that 10 out of 18, or 56% of the samples of vape liquids sent in by states, linked to recent vaping related lung disease outbreak in the United States, tested positive for vitamin E acetate which had been used as a thickening agent by illicit THC vape cartridge manufacturers. On November 8, 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified vitamin E acetate as a very strong culprit of concern in the vaping-related illnesses, but has not ruled out other chemicals or toxicants as possible causes. The CDC's findings were based on fluid samples from the lungs of 29 patients with vaping-associated pulmonary injury, which provided direct evidence of vitamin E acetate at the primary site of injury in all the 29 lung fluid samples tested. Research suggests when vitamin E acetate is inhaled, it may interfere with normal lung functioning. "Vitamin E oil might be in 60-70% of street carts, insiders say."
Synthetic cannabinoids
Counterfeit THC oil has been detected to contain synthetic cannabinoids. Several school kids in Greater Manchester collapsed after vaping Spice mis-sold as 'natural cannabis'.
Safety
Use
the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke. However, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS). In 2019 following an outbreak of illnesses additives added to vape pen mixtures were found to be causing breathing problems, lung damage, and deaths.
Production
Most of the solvents employed vaporize quickly and are flammable, making the extraction process dangerous. Several explosion and fire incidents related to hash oil manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported.
Solvents used to extract THC are flammable or combustible and have resulted in explosions, fires, severe injuries, and deaths.
Handling
The LD50 for THC (Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol) is not precisely known, as there have been no recorded fatalities. Hash oil can contain up to 80% THC, though up to 99% is possible with other methods of extraction. While health issues of the lungs may be exacerbated by use of hash oil, it is not known to cause side effects not already found in other preparations of cannabis.
Storage
When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without antioxidants), the oil loses its taste and psychoactivity due to aging. Cannabinoid carboxylic acids (THCA, CBDA, and maybe others) have an antibiotic effect on gram-positive bacteria such as (penicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus, but gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli are unaffected.
See also
Cannabis concentrate
Fragrance extraction
Liquid smoke
Live resin
Oleoresin capsicum
Rosin
Tall oil
Gas explosions
References
Further reading
Ed Rosenthal, Beyond Buds: Marijuana Extracts, 2014.
Chemical mixtures
Euphoriants
Preparations of cannabis
Resins
Oleoresin | wiki |
Mercantile capitalism may refer to:
Merchant capitalism
Mercantilism | wiki |
In biochemistry, an N-methylamide (NME) is a blocking group for the C-terminus end of peptides. When the carboxyl group of the C-terminus is replaced with a methylamide, further elongation of the peptide chain is prevented. C-Terminal modified peptides are also useful for the modulation of structure-activity relationships and for modifying conformational properties of peptides. N-Methylamides can be prepared directly from solid phase resin-bound peptides.
References
Carboxamides | wiki |
Dundonnell Wind Farm is at Dundonnell, northeast of Mortlake in the Australian state of Victoria. Construction began in January 2019 and was completed in 2020 with 80 Vestas wind turbines with a capacity to generate 336MW of electricity. The drive trains and hubs were assembled at the former Ford Australia site in Geelong.
The wind farm has contracts to supply 37% of its output to the government of Victoria and 50% to Snowy Hydro. It is being developed by Tilt Renewables. The wind farm connects to the grid via 38 kilometres of 220kV overhead transmission line to a substation near the Mortlake Power Station.
A 327 tonne transformer transported at night took four nights to reach Dundonnell from Glen Waverley in eastern Melbourne in August 2019. It was manufactured there by the Wilson Transformer Company. The developer spent $80 million to connect the wind farm to the main 500 kV grid via a 38 km 220 kV Ausnet line, avoiding the connection problems many other generating stations have in the interior. Full commissioning was delayed in mid-2020 due to concerns of the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), despite it being commissioned according to a plan negotiated with AEMO in 2018.
References
Wind farms in Victoria (Australia) | wiki |
John Metcalfe (músic), compositor i violinista anglès
John Metcalfe (motociclista), pilot de trial anglès | wiki |
Taiko may refer to:
The Japanese word for drum often used to refer to any Japanese drum or drumming music
a title given to a retired Kampaku regent in Japan—see Sesshō and Kampaku. Commonly refers to Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Chatham Island taiko or Magenta petrel (Pterodroma magentae) bird
Taiko Studios, an independent animation studio founded by Shaofu Zhang
Taiko (ship) a Norwegian roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) freighter
Taiko no Tatsujin, a series of rhythm video games
Taikonaut, a term used in news media for Chinese astronauts
Taikō Yoshio, Japanese sumo wrestler
The novel Taiko: An Epic Novel of War and Glory in Feudal Japan, by Eiji Yoshikawa, translated by William Scott Wilson
Taiko (album), by Danger
See also
Tyco (disambiguation)
Tycho (disambiguation) | wiki |
Bad Intentions may refer to:
"Bad Intentions" (song), a 2002 song by Dr. Dre
Bad Intentions (album), a 2012 album by Dappy
Bad Intentions (EP), a 2014 EP by Niykee Heaton
Bad Intentions (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling tag team of Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson | wiki |
Cissa (otok), mitski otok u Hrvatskoj
Cissanska biskupija, povijesna biskupija na tlu Hrvatske u ranom srednjem vijeku
Cissa (starorimsko naselje na Pagu) na otoku Pagu (Novalja)
Cissa (starorimsko naselje u Španjolskoj), kod Tarragone (Tarraco) | wiki |
Sexagesimal, also known as base 60 or sexagenary, is a numeral system with sixty as its base. It originated with the ancient Sumerians in the 3rd millennium BC, was passed down to the ancient Babylonians, and is still used—in a modified form—for measuring time, angles, and geographic coordinates.
The number 60, a superior highly composite number, has twelve factors, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60, of which 2, 3, and 5 are prime numbers. With so many factors, many fractions involving sexagesimal numbers are simplified. For example, one hour can be divided evenly into sections of 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 12 minutes, 10 minutes, 6 minutes, 5 minutes, 4 minutes, 3 minutes, 2 minutes, and 1 minute. 60 is the smallest number that is divisible by every number from 1 to 6; that is, it is the lowest common multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
In this article, all sexagesimal digits are represented as decimal numbers, except where otherwise noted. For example the largest sexagesimal digit is "59".
Origin
Using the thumb, and pointing to each of the three finger bones on each finger in turn, it is possible for people to count on their fingers to 12 on a single hand. A traditional counting system still in use in many regions of Asia works in this way, and could help to explain the occurrence of numeral systems based on 12 and 60 besides those based on 10, 20 and 5. In this system, a person's other hand would count the number of times that 12 was reached on their first hand. The five fingers would count five sets of 12, or sixty. However, the Babylonian sexagesimal system was based on six groups of ten, not five groups of 12.
According to Otto Neugebauer, the origins of sexagesimal are not as simple, consistent, or singular in time as they are often portrayed. Throughout their many centuries of use, which continues today for specialized topics such as time, angles, and astronomical coordinate systems, sexagesimal notations have always contained a strong undercurrent of decimal notation, such as in how sexagesimal digits are written. Their use has also always included (and continues to include) inconsistencies in where and how various bases are to represent numbers even within a single text.
The most powerful driver for rigorous, fully self-consistent use of sexagesimal has always been its mathematical advantages for writing and calculating fractions. In ancient texts this shows up in the fact that sexagesimal is used most uniformly and consistently in mathematical tables of data. Another practical factor that helped expand the use of sexagesimal in the past even if less consistently than in mathematical tables, was its decided advantages to merchants and buyers for making everyday financial transactions easier when they involved bargaining for and dividing up larger quantities of goods. The early shekel in particular was one-sixtieth of a mana, though the Greeks later coerced this relationship into the more base-10 compatible ratio of a shekel being one-fiftieth of a mina.
Apart from mathematical tables, the inconsistencies in how numbers were represented within most texts extended all the way down to the most basic cuneiform symbols used to represent numeric quantities. For example, the cuneiform symbol for 1 was an ellipse made by applying the rounded end of the stylus at an angle to the clay, while the sexagesimal symbol for 60 was a larger oval or "big 1". But within the same texts in which these symbols were used, the number 10 was represented as a circle made by applying the round end of the style perpendicular to the clay, and a larger circle or "big 10" was used to represent 100. Such multi-base numeric quantity symbols could be mixed with each other and with abbreviations, even within a single number. The details and even the magnitudes implied (since zero was not used consistently) were idiomatic to the particular time periods, cultures, and quantities or concepts being represented. While such context-dependent representations of numeric quantities are easy to critique in retrospect, in modern times we still have dozens of regularly used examples of topic-dependent base mixing, including the recent innovation of adding decimal fractions to sexagesimal astronomical coordinates.
Usage
Babylonian mathematics
The sexagesimal system as used in ancient Mesopotamia was not a pure base-60 system, in the sense that it did not use 60 distinct symbols for its digits. Instead, the cuneiform digits used ten as a sub-base in the fashion of a sign-value notation: a sexagesimal digit was composed of a group of narrow, wedge-shaped marks representing units up to nine (, , , , ..., ) and a group of wide, wedge-shaped marks representing up to five tens (, , , , ). The value of the digit was the sum of the values of its component parts:
Numbers larger than 59 were indicated by multiple symbol blocks of this form in place value notation. Because there was no symbol for zero it is not always immediately obvious how a number should be interpreted, and its true value must sometimes have been determined by its context. For example, the symbols for 1 and 60 are identical. Later Babylonian texts used a placeholder () to represent zero, but only in the medial positions, and not on the right-hand side of the number, as in numbers like .
Other historical usages
In the Chinese calendar, a system is commonly used, in which days or years are named by positions in a sequence of ten stems and in another sequence of 12 branches. The same stem and branch repeat every 60 steps through this cycle.
Book VIII of Plato's Republic involves an allegory of marriage centered on the number 604 = and its divisors. This number has the particularly simple sexagesimal representation 1,0,0,0,0. Later scholars have invoked both Babylonian mathematics and music theory in an attempt to explain this passage.
Ptolemy's Almagest, a treatise on mathematical astronomy written in the second century AD, uses base 60 to express the fractional parts of numbers. In particular, his table of chords, which was essentially the only extensive trigonometric table for more than a millennium, has fractional parts of a degree in base 60, and was practically equivalent to a modern-day table of values of the sine function.
Medieval astronomers also used sexagesimal numbers to note time. Al-Biruni first subdivided the hour sexagesimally into minutes, seconds, thirds and fourths in 1000 while discussing Jewish months. Around 1235 John of Sacrobosco continued this tradition, although Nothaft thought Sacrobosco was the first to do so. The Parisian version of the Alfonsine tables (ca. 1320) used the day as the basic unit of time, recording multiples and fractions of a day in base-60 notation.
The sexagesimal number system continued to be frequently used by European astronomers for performing calculations as late as 1671. For instance, Jost Bürgi in Fundamentum Astronomiae (presented to Emperor Rudolf II in 1592), his colleague Ursus in Fundamentum Astronomicum, and possibly also Henry Briggs, used multiplication tables based on the sexagesimal system in the late 16th century, to calculate sines.
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Tamil astronomers were found to make astronomical calculations, reckoning with shells using a mixture of decimal and sexagesimal notations developed by Hellenistic astronomers.
Base-60 number systems have also been used in some other cultures that are unrelated to the Sumerians, for example by the Ekari people of Western New Guinea.
Modern usage
Modern uses for the sexagesimal system include measuring angles, geographic coordinates, electronic navigation, and time.
One hour of time is divided into 60 minutes, and one minute is divided into 60 seconds. Thus, a measurement of time such as 3:23:17 can be interpreted as a whole sexagesimal number (no sexagesimal point), meaning . However, each of the three sexagesimal digits in this number (3, 23, and 17) is written using the decimal system.
Similarly, the practical unit of angular measure is the degree, of which there are 360 (six sixties) in a circle. There are 60 minutes of arc in a degree, and 60 arcseconds in a minute.
YAML
In version 1.1 of the YAML data storage format, sexagesimals are supported for plain scalars, and formally specified both for integers and floating point numbers. This has led to confusion, as e.g. some MAC addresses would be recognised as sexagesimals and loaded as integers, where others were not and loaded as strings. In YAML 1.2 support for sexagesimals was dropped.
Notations
In Hellenistic Greek astronomical texts, such as the writings of Ptolemy, sexagesimal numbers were written using Greek alphabetic numerals, with each sexagesimal digit being treated as a distinct number. Hellenistic astronomers adopted a new symbol for zero, , which morphed over the centuries into other forms, including the Greek letter omicron, ο, normally meaning 70, but permissible in a sexagesimal system where the maximum value in any position is 59. The Greeks limited their use of sexagesimal numbers to the fractional part of a number.
In medieval Latin texts, sexagesimal numbers were written using Arabic numerals; the different levels of fractions were denoted minuta (i.e., fraction), minuta secunda, minuta tertia, etc. By the 17th century it became common to denote the integer part of sexagesimal numbers by a superscripted zero, and the various fractional parts by one or more accent marks. John Wallis, in his Mathesis universalis, generalized this notation to include higher multiples of 60; giving as an example the number ; where the numbers to the left are multiplied by higher powers of 60, the numbers to the right are divided by powers of 60, and the number marked with the superscripted zero is multiplied by 1. This notation leads to the modern signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds. The same minute and second nomenclature is also used for units of time, and the modern notation for time with hours, minutes, and seconds written in decimal and separated from each other by colons may be interpreted as a form of sexagesimal notation.
In some usage systems, each position past the sexagesimal point was numbered, using Latin or French roots: prime or primus, seconde or secundus, tierce, quatre, quinte, etc. To this day we call the second-order part of an hour or of a degree a "second". Until at least the 18th century, of a second was called a "tierce" or "third".
In the 1930s, Otto Neugebauer introduced a modern notational system for Babylonian and Hellenistic numbers that substitutes modern decimal notation from 0 to 59 in each position, while using a semicolon (;) to separate the integer and fractional portions of the number and using a comma (,) to separate the positions within each portion. For example, the mean synodic month used by both Babylonian and Hellenistic astronomers and still used in the Hebrew calendar is 29;31,50,8,20 days. This notation is used in this article.
Fractions and irrational numbers
Fractions
In the sexagesimal system, any fraction in which the denominator is a regular number (having only 2, 3, and 5 in its prime factorization) may be expressed exactly. Shown here are all fractions of this type in which the denominator is less than or equal to 60:
= 0;30
= 0;20
= 0;15
= 0;12
= 0;10
= 0;7,30
= 0;6,40
= 0;6
= 0;5
= 0;4
= 0;3,45
= 0;3,20
= 0;3
= 0;2,30
= 0;2,24
= 0;2,13,20
= 0;2
= 0;1,52,30
= 0;1,40
= 0;1,30
= 0;1,20
= 0;1,15
= 0;1,12
= 0;1,6,40
= 0;1
However numbers that are not regular form more complicated repeating fractions. For example:
= 0; (the bar indicates the sequence of sexagesimal digits 8,34,17 repeats infinitely many times)
= 0;
= 0;
= 0;4,
= 0;
= 0;
= 0;
= 0;
The fact that the two numbers that are adjacent to sixty, 59 and 61, are both prime numbers implies that fractions that repeat with a period of one or two sexagesimal digits can only have regular number multiples of 59 or 61 as their denominators, and that other non-regular numbers have fractions that repeat with a longer period.
Irrational numbers
The representations of irrational numbers in any positional number system (including decimal and sexagesimal) neither terminate nor repeat.
The square root of 2, the length of the diagonal of a unit square, was approximated by the Babylonians of the Old Babylonian Period () as
Because ≈ ... is an irrational number, it cannot be expressed exactly in sexagesimal (or indeed any integer-base system), but its sexagesimal expansion does begin 1;24,51,10,7,46,6,4,44... ()
The value of as used by the Greek mathematician and scientist Ptolemy was 3;8,30 = = ≈ .... Jamshīd al-Kāshī, a 15th-century Persian mathematician, calculated 2 as a sexagesimal expression to its correct value when rounded to nine subdigits (thus to ); his value for 2 was 6;16,59,28,1,34,51,46,14,50. Like above, 2 is an irrational number and cannot be expressed exactly in sexagesimal. Its sexagesimal expansion begins 6;16,59,28,1,34,51,46,14,49,55,12,35... ()
See also
Clock
Latitude
Trigonometry
References
Further reading
.
External links
"Facts on the Calculation of Degrees and Minutes" is an Arabic language book by Sibṭ al-Māridīnī, Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (b. 1423). This work offers a very detailed treatment of sexagesimal mathematics and includes what appears to be the first mention of the periodicity of sexagesimal fractions.
Positional numeral systems
Babylonian mathematics | wiki |
Pono () is a Hawaiian word commonly rendered as "righteousness". For instance, the Hawaii state motto: Ua Mau ke Ea o ka Āina i ka Pono or "The sovereignty of the land is perpetuated in righteousness".
Pono is a notably polysemous term. Mary Kawena Pukui's and Samuel Hoyt Elbert's Hawaiian dictionary gives six meanings and 83 English translation equivalents.
nvs. Goodness, uprightness, morality, moral qualities, correct or proper procedure, excellence, well-being, prosperity, welfare, benefit, behalf, equity, sake, true condition or nature, duty; moral, fitting, proper, righteous, right, upright, just, virtuous, fair, beneficial, successful, in perfect order, accurate, correct, eased, relieved; should, ought, must, necessary.
vs. Completely, properly, rightly, well, exactly, carefully, satisfactorily, much (an intensifier).
n. Property, resources, assets, fortune, belongings, equipment, household goods, furniture, gear of any kind, possessions, accessories, necessities.
n. Use, purpose, plan.
n. Hope.
vs. Careless, informal, improper, any kind of (preceding a stem).
The word has strong cultural and spiritual connotations of "a state of harmony or balance", and is the aim of the Hoʻoponopono practice. Pono is often used as in affirmative prayers, especially within Kanaka Maoli healing arts and the Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement.
Footnotes
References
Chun, Malcolm Naea. 2006. Pono: The Way of Living. University of Hawaii.
Fuchs, Lawrence H. 1961. Hawaii Pono: A Social History. Harcourt, Brace & World.
Hawaiiana
Hawaiian words and phrases | wiki |
An opaque inventory is the market of selling unsold travel inventory at a discounted price. The inventory is called "opaque" because the specific suppliers (i.e. hotel, airline, etc.) remain hidden until after the purchase has been completed. This is done to prevent sales of unsold inventory from cannibalizing full-price retail sales. According to TravelClick, the opaque channel accounted for 6% of all hotel reservations for major brands in 2012, up 2% from 2010.
The primary consumers of opaque inventories are price-conscious people whose primary aim is the cheapest travel possible and are less concerned with the specifics of their travel plans. Hotel discounts of 30-60% are typical, and bargains are stronger at a higher star hotel. While one has control over the dates and times of a travel itinerary, the downside is these purchases are absolutely non-refundable and non-changeable and, as noted above, the specific hotel or airline is not revealed until after purchase.
The main sources of opaque inventories are Hotwire.com and Priceline.com, but Travelocity.com and Expedia.com also offer opaque booking options. Hotwire has a fixed pricing model, where it sells a room at a fixed price with a limited description of a given venue, whereas Priceline offers both a similar fixed pricing model and a bidding model where travelers bid for a hotel room from among a group of hotels of a given star rating and location. Typically hotel deals are greater than airline discounts on opaque travel sites, namely because airlines have limited seating and also take monetary cuts when publishing discounted fares, whereas a hotel sells to opaque sites to fill empty rooms.
In response to these opaque travel sites, there are also 'decoder' sites that use feedback from recent purchasers to help construct a profile of the opaque travel property.
References
Travel technology
Inventory optimization
Computer reservation systems | wiki |
This is a list of characters in the American television series Early Edition which ran from September 28, 1996 to May 27, 2000. The characters are listed alphabetically by their last name or by the name which appears in the episode credits.
Main characters
The characters listed in this section are those whose portrayer has appeared in the opening credits. They are listed according to the order in the opening credits.
Recurring characters
Recurring characters that appeared on Early Edition.
References
Early Edition | wiki |
The following comparison of portable media players compares general and technical information for notable digital playback devices.
General
Technical specifications
Synching and transfer
Wi-Fi connectivity
Audio formats
Video formats
Additional features
See also
Portable media player
Notes and references
Portable Media Players
Portable media players | wiki |
The End of the Innocence may refer to:
The End of the Innocence (album), an album by Don Henley
"The End of the Innocence" (song), a song by Don Henley
"The End of the Innocence", an episode of Dharma & Greg
"The End of the Innocence", an episode of American Dreams
See also
End of Innocence (disambiguation) | wiki |
Model High School may refer to:
Model High School, in Georgia in the United States
Kanchannagar Model High School, Jhenaidah in Bangladesh
Robin Model High School, in Punjab state, India
Nanyang Model High School in Nanyang, China
Madison-Model High School in Richmond, Kentucky in the United States, a partnership between two separate high schools in that city that ended in the early 1960s
The high school component of Model Laboratory School, one of the two schools that formed Madison–Model
Chittagong Municipal Model High School in Bangladesh
Hira Model High School Mandani in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Motijheel Model High School and College, in Dhaka, Bangladesh | wiki |
Berkeley Mall is a shopping center in Goldsboro, North Carolina. It is owned by Faison Enterprises which is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Mall has over 40 stores including several outparcel buildings outside the mall complete with several dining options. The main anchors are Belk and JCPenney. The Mall is located at 625 N. Berkeley Blvd right off US 70.
History
Berkeley Mall opened in 1975.
One of the original anchors was Weil's, which became Brody's, which was sold to Proffitt's in 1998, and again to Belk in 2006. Jo-Ann Fabrics opened at the mall in 2013.
Berkeley Mall suffered roof damage near the Belk store on August 27, 2011, as a result of Hurricane Irene moving through eastern North Carolina.
On October 15, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide.
References
Shopping malls in North Carolina
Shopping malls established in 1975 | wiki |
The summer solstice, also called the estival solstice or midsummer, occurs when one of Earth's poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun. It happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the summer solstice is the day with the longest period of daylight and shortest night of the year, when the Sun is at its highest position in the sky. Within the Arctic circle (for the Northern hemisphere) or Antarctic circle (for the Southern), there is continuous daylight around the summer solstice. The opposite event is the winter solstice.
The summer solstice occurs during summer. This is the June solstice (usually 20 or 21 June) in the Northern hemisphere and the December solstice (usually 21 or 22 December) in the Southern. On the summer solstice, Earth's maximum axial tilt toward the Sun is 23.44°. Likewise, the Sun's declination from the celestial equator is 23.44°.
Since prehistory, the summer solstice has been seen as a significant time of year in many cultures, and has been marked by festivals and rituals. Traditionally, in many temperate regions (especially Europe), the summer solstice is seen as the middle of summer and referred to as "midsummer"; although today in some countries and calendars it is seen as the beginning of summer.
Distinctions
Although the summer solstice is the longest day of the year for that hemisphere, the dates of earliest sunrise and latest sunset vary by a few days. This is because Earth orbits the Sun in an ellipse, and its orbital speed varies slightly during the year.
Although the Sun appears at its highest altitude from the viewpoint of an observer in outer space or a terrestrial observer outside tropical latitudes, the highest altitude occurs on a different day for certain locations in the tropics, specifically those where the Sun is directly overhead (maximum 90 degrees elevation) at the subsolar point. This day occurs twice each year for all locations between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn because the overhead Sun appears to cross a given latitude once before the day of the solstice and once afterward. For example, Lahaina Noon occurs in May and July in Hawaii. See solstice article. For all observers, the apparent position of the noon Sun is at its most northerly point on the June solstice and most southerly on the December solstice.
Full moon
The year 2016 was the first time in nearly 70 years that a full moon and the Northern Hemisphere's summer solstice occurred on the same day. The 2016 summer solstice's full moon rose just as the Sun set.
Culture
The significance given to the summer solstice has varied among cultures, but most recognize the event in some way with holidays, festivals, and rituals around that time with themes of religion or fertility. For example, in Sweden, midsummer is one of the year's major holidays when the country closes down as much as during Christmas. In some regions, the summer solstice is seen as the beginning of summer and the end of spring. In other cultural conventions, the solstice occurs during summer.
Solstice is derived from the Latin words sol (Sun) and sistere (to stand still).
Date
Celebrations
Midsummer
Noc Kupały (Poland)
Dragon Boat Festival (East Asia)
Christmas typically marks the southern summer solstice.
Saint John's Eve or June solstice celebration (Catalan countries)
Day of Private Reflection (Northern Ireland)
Jaanipäev (Estonia)
Juhannus (Finland)
Jāņi (Latvia)
Rasos (Lithuania)
National Indigenous Peoples Day (Canada)
Tiregān (Iran)
Fremont Solstice Parade (Fremont, Seattle, Washington, United States)
Santa Barbara Summer Solstice Parade (Santa Barbara, California, United States)
International Surfing Day
International Yoga Day
Fête de la Musique, also known as World Music Day
Winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere
Inti Raymi, Machu Picchu, Peru
We Tripantu, (Mapuche, southern Chile)
Willkakuti, an Andean-Amazonic New Year (Aymara)
Length of the day on northern summer solstice
Length of day increases from the equator towards the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere in June (around the summer solstice there), but decreases towards the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere at the time of the southern winter solstice.
See also
Daytime
Stonehenge
Tekufah
Xiazhi (Summer solstice in Chinese culture)
References
External links
NeoProgrammics - Table of Northern/Southern Solstice Dates/Times From 1600–2400
Time in astronomy
International observances
solstice
de:Sonnenwende#Sommersonnenwende | wiki |
Real Mex Restaurants is the parent company for several chains of full-service Mexican restaurants in the United States. The company is headquartered in Cypress, California and operates more than 120 full service Mexican restaurants under eight brand names.
History
The company claims its origin to Larry Cano who, in 1954 with the opening of the first El Torito restaurant, which expanded into a chain. Another origin was the founding of Acapulco Mexican Restaurant and Cantina in 1960. In 1998, Acapulco became owned by the private equity firm Bruckmann, Rosser, Sherrill & Co., which expanded it into Real Mex Restaurants, acquiring El Torito, Chevy's Fresh Mex and other Mexican full-service chains. The company's reach is now nationwide, and the company claims to be the largest Mexican restaurant chain in the United States.
In October 2011, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In February 2012, it was sold to a group of debt holders. The company is now owned by an investment group that includes Z Capital Partners.
Real Mex Restaurants portfolio includes:
El Torito, Acapulco Mexican Restaurant and Cantina, Chevy's Fresh Mex, El Paso Cantina, Who Song and Larry's and the Southern California landmark Las Brisas of Laguna Beach.
References
External links
Companies based in Orange County, California
Restaurant groups in the United States
Private equity portfolio companies
Mexican-American cuisine
Mexican restaurants
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2011
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2018 | wiki |
Creative visualization is the cognitive process of purposefully generating visual mental imagery.
Creative visualization may also refer to:
Creative visualization (design), the creation of graphics and models to visualize products prior to production
Creative visualization (New Age), in the context of New Age beliefs
See also
Visualization (disambiguation) | wiki |
A market requirements document (MRD) in project management and systems engineering, is a document that expresses the customer's wants and needs for the product or service.
It is typically written as a part of product marketing or product management. The document should explain:
What (new) product is being discussed
Who the target customers are
What products are in competition with the proposed one
Why customers are likely to want this product.
See also
Product requirements document
Requirements management
User requirements document
References
Product management | wiki |
Василий Андронов:
Андронов, Василий Андронович (1729—1804) — атаман Середней станицы Области Войска Донского.
Андронов, Василий Антонович (1909—1952) — Герой Советского Союза. | wiki |
Kindle File Format is a proprietary e-book file format created by Amazon.com that can be downloaded and read on devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or e-readers that have Amazon's Kindle app. E-book files in the Kindle File Format originally had the filename extension .azw; version 8 (KF8) introduced HTML5 & CSS3 features and have the .azw3 extension, and version 10 introduced a new typesetting and layout engine featuring hyphens, kerning, & ligatures and have the .kfx extension.
History
Kindle devices and apps are designed to use Amazon's e-book formats: AZW that is based on Mobipocket; in fourth generation and later Kindles, AZW3, also called KF8; and in seventh generation and later Kindles, KFX. Kindles now support the EPUB file format used by many other e-book readers. Similar to EPUB, Amazon's file formats are intended for reflowable, richly formatted e-book content and support DRM restrictions, but unlike EPUB, they are proprietary formats. AZW files debuted with the first Amazon Kindle in 2007.
Software such as the free and open source Calibre, Amazon's KindleGen, and the email based Send-to-Kindle service are available to convert e-books into supported Kindle file formats. Kindle devices can also display some generic document formats such as plain text (TXT) and Portable Document Format (PDF) files; however, reflowing is not supported for these file types.
In late 2011, the Kindle Fire introduced "Kindle Format 8" (KF8), also known as AZW3 file format. AZW3 supports a subset of HTML5 and CSS3 features, while acting as a container for a backwards-compatible MOBI content document.
In August 2015, all the Kindle e-readers released within the previous two years were updated with a new typesetting and layout engine that adds hyphens, kerning and ligatures to the text; e-books that support this engine require the use of the "Kindle Format 10" (KFX) file format. E-books that support the enhanced typesetting format are indicated in the e-book's description on its product page.
In 2017, Amazon released Kindle Create, a tool that can convert Microsoft Word files to Kindle file format.
In 2022, while the Send-to-Kindle service only supported the original .mobi/.azw ebook formats (along with some other non-ebook file formats), Amazon announced removing this support in favor of .epub which will be converted to Amazon's KF8 (.azw3) from late-2022.
References
Amazon (company)
Computer file formats
Electronic paper technology
Ebooks | wiki |
Devin Bush may refer to:
Devin Bush Sr. (born 1973), American football safety
Devin Bush Jr. (born 1998), American football linebacker | wiki |
Facial masking may refer to:
Facial mask, the application of a treatment to a person's face for cosmetic purposes or for health benefits.
Hypomimia, a medical sign whereby a patient appears to have limited facial expression due to a disease condition. | wiki |
EnRUPT is a block cipher and a family of cryptographic algorithms based on XXTEA.
EnRUPT hash function was submitted to SHA-3 competition but it wasn't selected to the second round.
References
Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers
Articles with example C code | wiki |
Phanes are abstractions of highly complex organic molecules introduced for simplification of the naming of these highly complex molecules.
Systematic nomenclature of organic chemistry consists of building a name for the structure of an organic compound by a collection of names of its composite parts but describing also its relative positions within the structure. Naming information is summarised by IUPAC:
"Phane nomenclature is a new method for building names for organic structures by assembling names that describe component parts of a complex structure. It is based on the idea that a relatively simple skeleton for a parent hydride can be modified by an operation called 'amplification', a process that replaces one or more special atoms (superatoms) of a simplified skeleton by multiatomic structures".
Whilst the cyclophane name describes only a limited number of sub-structures of benzene rings interconnected by individual atoms or chains, 'phane' is a class name which includes others, hence heterocyclic rings as well. Therefore, the various cyclophanes are perfectly good for the general class of phanes as well keeping in mind that the cyclic structures in phanes could have much greater diversity.
Operations
Amplification
Numbering
Interaction with skeletal replacement
Examples
References
Chemical nomenclature | wiki |
In human anatomy, the infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. As one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the main function of the infraspinatus is to externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder joint.
Structure
It attaches medially to the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and laterally to the middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus.
The muscle arises by fleshy fibers from the medial two-thirds of the infraspinatous fossa, and by tendinous fibers from the ridges on its surface; it also arises from the infraspinatous fascia which covers it, and separates it from the teres major and teres minor.
The fibers converge to a tendon, which glides over the lateral border of the spine of the scapula and passing across the posterior part of the capsule of the shoulder-joint, is inserted into the middle impression on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
The trapezoidal insertion of the infraspinatus onto the humerus is much larger than the equivalent insertion of the supraspinatus, the reason why the infraspinatus is involved in rotator cuff tears about as frequently as the supraspinatus.
Relations
The tendon of this muscle is sometimes separated from the capsule of the shoulder-joint by a bursa, which may communicate with the joint cavity.
Innervation
The suprascapular nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. These muscles function to abduct and laterally rotate the arm, respectively.
Variation
The infraspinatus is frequently fused with the teres minor.
Function
The infraspinatus is the main external rotator of the shoulder. When the arm is fixed, it adducts the inferior angle of the scapula. Its synergists are teres minor and the deltoid. The infraspinatus and teres minor rotate the head of the humerus outward (external, or lateral, rotation); they also assist in carrying the arm backward. Additionally, the infraspinatus reinforces the capsule of the shoulder joint.
In animals
From an evolutionary prospective, the pectoral muscles – the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor – are thought to have evolved from a primitive muscle sheet that connected the coracoid to the humerus. In late reptilians and early mammals, this muscle structure was displaced dorsally; while most of its components evolved into the pectoralis major, some fibers eventually attached to the scapula and evolved into the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, and parts of the subscapularis.
Additional images
References
Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. 7th ed., McGraw Hill Education, 2014. pp. 343, 346, 491, 543.
Funk, Lennard. Rotator Cuff Biomechanics. Shoulderdoc.co.uk. TheFresh Healthcare Marketing, 11 Feb 2016. Web.
External links
ExRx
Muscles of the upper limb
Rotator cuff
Shoulder lateral rotators | wiki |
Gumball – gruppo musicale statunitense
Gumball – videogioco del 1983
Gumball 3000 – manifestazione motoristica
Lo straordinario mondo di Gumball – serie animata statunitense e britannica
Gumball Watterson – personaggio della serie animata Lo straordinario mondo di Gumball | wiki |
Prophète dans la Bible (variante orthographique) : Habacuc
Projet de porte-avion lors de la seconde guerre mondiale : Projet Habakkuk | wiki |
Lithuanian Personal Identity Card is the officially recognised identity document issued to Lithuanian citizens.
Use
As an international travel document
The Personal Identity Card is a limited travel document, valid for travel within most European nations.
As personal identification
Aside from being unable to be used for international travel to other than previously mentioned countries, the passport card is treated as a passport for all other purposes. A Personal Identity Card can be used as primary evidence of Lithuanian citizenship, just like a passport and can be used as a valid proof of citizenship and proof of identity both inside and outside Lithuania
As electronic signature device
Since 2009, Personal Identity Cards are equipped with contact chips, allowing their usage as digital signature devices with a smart card reader. The Identity documents personalisation centre under the Lithuanian Ministry of the Interior provides digital signature software for Windows, Linux and Mac OS environments.
History
The first Lithuanian Personal Identity Cards were issued in January 2003. The issuance of these card continued until January, 2009, when they were superseded with biometric and digital signature-capable second-generation personal identity cards. In July 2012 issuance of slightly altered third-generation personal identity cards started.
See also
National identity cards in the European Union
Lithuanian passport
Identity document
e-Residency of Lithuania
References
External links
The official website of the Service of Technological Security of State Documents under the Ministry of Finance, Lithuania with information about the Lithuanian personal identity card
Identity documents of Lithuania
Lithuana | wiki |
Anterior lingual glands (also called apical glands) are deeply placed seromucous glands that are located near the tip of the tongue on each side of the frenulum linguae. They are found on the under surface of the apex of the tongue, and are covered by a bundle of muscular fibers derived from the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. They are between in length, and approximately wide, and each opens by three or four ducts on the under surface of the tongue's apex.
The anterior lingual glands are sometimes referred by eponymous names such as:
Bauhin's glands: Named after Swiss anatomist Gaspard Bauhin (1560–1624).
Blandin's glands: Named after French surgeon Philippe-Frédéric Blandin (1798-1849).
Nuhn's glands: Named after German anatomist Anton Nuhn (1815–1889).
These glands are present in the large apes but not in the small apes like gibbons and represent an evolutionary divergence.
References
Mondofacto Dictionary (definition of eponym)
This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.
Anterior lingual glands | wiki |
7th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery was an anti-tank regiment of the Royal Regiment of Artillery that existed 1946-1947 before being renamed 12th Regiment Royal Artillery.
7th Regiment Royal Horse Artillery may also refer to:
VII Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery, a regiment-sized unit of the Royal Regiment of Artillery during World War One
7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, the modern regular unit of the Royal Regiment of Artillery | wiki |
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), also known as glucose–fructose, isoglucose and glucose–fructose syrup, is a sweetener made from corn starch. As in the production of conventional corn syrup, the starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes. To make HFCS, the corn syrup is further processed by D-xylose isomerase to convert some of its glucose into fructose. HFCS was first marketed in the early 1970s by the Clinton Corn Processing Company, together with the Japanese Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, where the enzyme was discovered in 1965.
As a sweetener, HFCS is often compared to granulated sugar, but manufacturing advantages of HFCS over sugar include that it is easier to handle and cheaper. "HFCS 42" and "HFCS 55" refer to dry weight fructose compositions of 42% and 55% respectively, the rest being glucose. HFCS 42 is mainly used for processed foods and breakfast cereals, whereas HFCS 55 is used mostly for production of soft drinks.
The United States Food and Drug Administration states that it is not aware of evidence showing that HFCS is less safe than traditional sweeteners such as sucrose and honey. Uses and exports of HFCS from American producers have grown steadily during the early 21st century.
Food
In the U.S., HFCS is among the sweeteners that mostly replaced sucrose (table sugar) in the food industry. Factors contributing to the rise of HFCS include production quotas of domestic sugar, import tariffs on foreign sugar, and subsidies of U.S. corn, raising the price of sucrose and lowering that of HFCS, making it cheapest for many sweetener applications. In spite of having a 10% greater fructose content, the relative sweetness of HFCS 55, used most commonly in soft drinks, is comparable to that of sucrose. HFCS (and/or standard corn syrup) is the primary ingredient in most brands of commercial "pancake syrup", as a less expensive substitute for maple syrup.
Because of its similar sugar profile and lower price, HFCS is often added to adulterate honey. Assays to detect adulteration with HFCS use differential scanning calorimetry and other advanced testing methods.
Production
Process
In the contemporary process, corn is milled to extract corn starch and an "acid-enzyme" process is used, in which the corn-starch solution is acidified to begin breaking up the existing carbohydrates. High-temperature enzymes are added to further metabolize the starch and convert the resulting sugars to fructose. The first enzyme added is alpha-amylase, which breaks the long chains down into shorter sugar chains – oligosaccharides. Glucoamylase is mixed in and converts them to glucose. The resulting solution is filtered to remove protein, then using activated carbon, and then demineralized using ion-exchange resins. The purified solution is then run over immobilized xylose isomerase, which turns the sugars to ~50–52% glucose with some unconverted oligosaccharides and 42% fructose (HFCS 42), and again demineralized and again purified using activated carbon. Some is processed into HFCS 90 by liquid chromatography, and then mixed with HFCS 42 to form HFCS 55. The enzymes used in the process are made by microbial fermentation.
Composition and varieties
HFCS is 24% water, the rest being mainly fructose and glucose with 0–5% unprocessed glucose oligomers.
The most common forms of HFCS used for food and beverage manufacturing contain fructose in either 42% ("HFCS 42") or 55% ("HFCS 55") by dry weight, as described in the US Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 184.1866).
HFCS 42 (approx. 42% fructose if water were ignored) is used in beverages, processed foods, cereals, and baked goods.
HFCS 55 is mostly used in soft drinks.
HFCS 70 is used in filling jellies
Commerce and consumption
The global market for HFCS is expected to grow from $5.9 billion in 2019 to a projected $7.6 billion in 2024.
China
HFCS in China makes up about 20% of sweetener demand. HFCS has gained popularity due to rising prices of sucrose, while selling for a third the price. Production was estimated to reach 4,150,000 tonnes in 2017. About half of total produced HFCS is exported to the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and India.
European Union
In the European Union (EU), HFCS is known as isoglucose or glucose-fructose syrup (GFS) which has 20–30% fructose content compared to 42% (HFCS 42) and 55% (HFCS 55) in the United States. While HFCS is produced exclusively with corn in the US, manufacturers in the EU use corn and wheat to produce GFS. GFS was once subject to a sugar production quota, which was abolished on 1 October 2017, removing the previous production cap of 720,000 tonnes, and allowing production and export without restriction. Use of GFS in soft drinks is limited in the EU because manufacturers do not have a sufficient supply of GFS containing at least 42% fructose content. As a result, soft drinks are primarily sweetened by sucrose which has a 50% fructose content.
Japan
In Japan, HFCS is also referred to as isomerized sugar. HFCS production arose in Japan after government policies created a rise in the price of sugar. Japanese HFCS is manufactured mostly from imported U.S. corn, and the output is regulated by the government. For the period from 2007 to 2012, HFCS had a 27–30% share of the Japanese sweetener market. Japan consumed approximately 800,000 tonnes of HFCS in 2016. The United States Department of Agriculture states that corn from the United States is what Japan uses to produce their HFCS. Japan imports at a level of 3 million tonnes per year, leading 20 percent of corn imports to be for HFCS production.
Mexico
Mexico is the largest importer of U.S. HFCS. HFCS accounts for about 27 percent of total sweetener consumption, with Mexico importing 983,069 tonnes of HFCS in 2018. Mexico's soft drink industry is shifting from sugar to HFCS which is expected to boost U.S. HFCS exports to Mexico according to a U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service report.
On 1 January 2002, Mexico imposed a 20% beverage tax on soft drinks and syrups not sweetened with cane sugar. The United States challenged the tax, appealing to the World Trade Organization (WTO). On 3 March 2006, the WTO ruled in favor of the U.S. citing the tax as discriminatory against U.S. imports of HFCS without being justified under WTO rules.
Philippines
The Philippines was the largest importer of Chinese HFCS. Imports of HFCS would peak at 373,137 tonnes in 2016. Complaints from domestic sugar producers would result in a crackdown on Chinese exports. On 1 January 2018, the Philippine government imposed a tax of 12 pesos ($.24) on drinks sweetened with HFCS versus 6 pesos ($.12) for drinks sweetened with other sugars.
United States
In the United States, HFCS was widely used in food manufacturing from the 1970s through the early 21st century, primarily as a replacement for sucrose because its sweetness was similar to sucrose, it improved manufacturing quality, was easier to use, and was cheaper. Domestic production of HFCS increased from 2.2 million tons in 1980 to a peak of 9.5 million tons in 1999. Although HFCS use is about the same as sucrose use in the United States, more than 90% of sweeteners used in global manufacturing is sucrose.
Production of HFCS in the United States was 8.3 million tons in 2017. HFCS is easier to handle than granulated sucrose, although some sucrose is transported as solution. Unlike sucrose, HFCS cannot be hydrolyzed, but the free fructose in HFCS may produce hydroxymethylfurfural when stored at high temperatures; these differences are most prominent in acidic beverages. Soft drink makers such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi continue to use sugar in other nations but transitioned to HFCS for U.S. markets in 1980 before completely switching over in 1984. Large corporations, such as Archer Daniels Midland, lobby for the continuation of government corn subsidies.
Consumption of HFCS in the U.S. has declined since it peaked at per person in 1999. The average American consumed approximately of HFCS in 2018, versus of refined cane and beet sugar. This decrease in domestic consumption of HFCS resulted in a push in exporting of the product. In 2014, exports of HFCS were valued at $436 million, a decrease of 21% in one year, with Mexico receiving about 75% of the export volume.
In 2010, the Corn Refiners Association petitioned the FDA to call HFCS "corn sugar", but the petition was denied.
Vietnam
90% of Vietnam's HFCS import comes from China and South Korea. Imports would total 89,343 tonnes in 2017. One ton of HFCS was priced at $398 in 2017, while one ton of sugar would cost $702. HFCS has a zero cent import tax and no quota, while sugarcane under quota has a 5% tax, and white and raw sugar not under quota have an 85% and 80% tax. In 2018, the Vietnam Sugarcane and Sugar Association (VSSA) called for government intervention on current tax policies. According to the VSSA, sugar companies face tighter lending policies which cause the association's member companies with increased risk of bankruptcy.
Health
Nutrition
HFCS is 76% carbohydrates and 24% water, containing no fat, protein, or micronutrients in significant amounts (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, it supplies 281 calories, while in one tablespoon of 19 grams, it supplies 53 calories (table link).
Obesity and metabolic syndrome
The role of fructose in metabolic syndrome has been the subject of controversy, but , there is no scientific evidence that fructose or HFCS has any impact on cardiometabolic markers when substituted for sucrose. A 2014 systematic review found little evidence for an association between HFCS consumption and liver diseases, enzyme levels or fat content.
A 2018 review found that lowering consumption of sugary beverages and fructose products may reduce hepatic fat accumulation, which is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In 2018, the American Heart Association recommended that people limit total added sugar (including maltose, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, molasses, cane sugar, corn sweetener, raw sugar, syrup, honey, or fruit juice concentrates) in their diets to 150 calories per day for men and 100 for women.
Safety and manufacturing concerns
Since 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined that HFCS is safe as an ingredient for food and beverage manufacturing, and there is no evidence that retail HFCS products differ in safety from those containing alternative nutritive sweeteners. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended that added sugars should be limited in the diet.
One consumer concern about HFCS is that processing of corn is more complex than used for common sugar sources, such as fruit juice concentrates or agave nectar, but all sweetener products derived from raw materials involve similar processing steps of pulping, hydrolysis, enzyme treatment, and filtration, among other common steps of sweetener manufacturing from natural sources. In the contemporary process to make HFCS, an "acid-enzyme" step is used in which the corn starch solution is acidified to digest the existing carbohydrates, then enzymes are added to further metabolize the corn starch and convert the resulting sugars to their constituents of fructose and glucose. Analyses published in 2014 showed that HFCS content of fructose was consistent across samples from 80 randomly selected carbonated beverages sweetened with HFCS.
One prior concern in manufacturing was whether HFCS contains reactive carbonyl compounds or advanced glycation end-products evolved during processing. This concern was dismissed, however, with evidence that HFCS poses no dietary risk from these compounds.
Through the early 21st century, some factories manufacturing HFCS had used a chlor-alkali corn processing method which, in cases of applying mercury cell technology for digesting corn raw material, left trace residues of mercury in some batches of HFCS. In a 2009 release, The Corn Refiners Association stated that all factories in the American industry for manufacturing HFCS had used mercury-free processing over several previous years, making the prior report outdated.
Other
Taste difference
Most countries, including Mexico, use sucrose, or table sugar, in soft drinks. In the U.S., soft drinks, such as Coca-Cola, are typically made with HFCS 55. HFCS has a sweeter taste than sucrose. Some Americans seek out drinks such as Mexican Coca-Cola in ethnic groceries because they prefer the taste over that of HFCS-sweetened Coca-Cola. Kosher Coca-Cola, sold in the U.S. around the Jewish holiday of Passover, also uses sucrose rather than HFCS.
Beekeeping
In apiculture in the United States, HFCS is a honey substitute for some managed honey bee colonies during times when nectar is in low supply. However, when HFCS is heated to about , hydroxymethylfurfural, which is toxic to bees, can form from the breakdown of fructose. Although some researchers cite honey substitution with HFCS as one factor among many for colony collapse disorder, there is no evidence that HFCS is the only cause. Compared to hive honey, both HFCS and sucrose caused signs of malnutrition in bees fed with them, apparent in the expression of genes involved in protein metabolism and other processes affecting honey bee health.
Public relations
There are various public relations concerns with HFCS, including how HFCS products are advertised and labeled as "natural". As a consequence, several companies reverted to manufacturing with sucrose (table sugar) from products that had previously been made with HFCS. In 2010, the Corn Refiners Association (CRA) applied to allow HFCS to be renamed "corn sugar", but that petition was rejected by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2012.
In August 2016 in a move to please consumers with health concerns, McDonald's announced they would be replacing all HFCS in their buns with sucrose (table sugar) and would cut out preservatives and other artificial additives from their menu items. Marion Gross, senior vice president of McDonald's stated, "We know that they [consumers] don't feel good about high-fructose corn syrup so we're giving them what they're looking for instead." Over the early 21st century, other companies such as Yoplait, Gatorade, and Hershey's also phased out HFCS, replacing it with conventional sugar because consumers perceived sugar to be healthier. Companies such as PepsiCo and Heinz have also released products that use sugar in lieu of HFCS, although they still sell HFCS-sweetened products.
History
Commercial production of corn syrup began in 1964. In the late 1950s, scientists at Clinton Corn Processing Company of Clinton, Iowa, tried to turn glucose from corn starch into fructose, but the process was not scalable. In 1965–1970 Yoshiyuki Takasaki, at the Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) developed a heat-stable xylose isomerase enzyme from yeast. In 1967, the Clinton Corn Processing Company obtained an exclusive license to manufacture glucose isomerase derived from Streptomyces bacteria and began shipping an early version of HFCS in February 1967. In 1983, the FDA approved HFCS as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), and that decision was reaffirmed in 1996.
Prior to the development of the worldwide sugar industry, dietary fructose was limited to only a few items. Milk, meats, and most vegetables, the staples of many early diets, have no fructose, and only 5–10% fructose by weight is found in fruits such as grapes, apples, and blueberries. Most traditional dried fruits, however, contain about 50% fructose. From 1970 to 2000, there was a 25% increase in "added sugars" in the U.S. When recognized as a cheaper, more versatile sweetener, HFCS replaced sucrose as the main sweetener of soft drinks in the United States.
Since 1789, the U.S. sugar industry has had trade protection in the form of tariffs on foreign-produced sugar, while subsidies to corn growers cheapen the primary ingredient in HFCS, corn. Accordingly, industrial users looking for cheaper sugar replacements rapidly adopted HFCS in the 1970s.
See also
High-maltose corn syrup
List of syrups
References
External links
Agrarian politics
Corn-based sweeteners
Japanese inventions
Starch | wiki |
A speechwriter is a person who is hired to prepare and write speeches that will be delivered by another person. Speechwriters are employed by many senior-level elected officials and executives in the government and private sectors. They can also be employed to write for weddings and other social occasions.
Skills and training
A speechwriter works directly with senior executives or leaders to determine what points, themes, positions, or messages the executive would like to cover. Speechwriters need to be able to accept criticism and comments on the different drafts of the speech, and be able to incorporate the proposed changes into the draft. Speechwriters have to be able to work on several different speeches at once, and manage their time so that they can meet strict deadlines for finishing the speech on time. Speechwriters must also be able to accept anonymity, because with few exceptions, speechwriters are not officially credited or acknowledged. This aspect creates a dilemma for historians and compilers of speech anthology; namely, when some poignant phrase gains popularity such as John F. Kennedy's "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country,". Should credit be given to the President, to speechwriter Ted Sorensen, or to both?
While there is a guild called "The UK Speechwriters' Guild" for professional speechwriters, they do not usually have specific training in the area or field for which they are writing speeches. Instead, speechwriters often have a broad understanding of basic economics, political roles, and policy issues, which make them generalists who are able to "translate" complex economic and policy issues into a clear message for the general public. As with many other writing occupations, most speechwriters do not have specific training in their writing craft. Instead, speechwriters often develop their speech writing skills by combining a general liberal arts education (e.g., in political science, philosophy, or English literature) with a variety of work experience in politics, public administration, journalism, or a related field.
Speechwriting process
Writing a speech involves several steps. A speechwriter has to meet with the executive and the executive's senior staff to determine the broad framework of points or messages that the executive wants to cover in the speech. Then, the speechwriter does his or her own research on the topic to flesh out this framework with anecdotes and examples. The speechwriter will also consider the audience for the speech, which can range from a town-hall meeting of community leaders to an international leaders' forum. Then the speechwriter blends the points, themes, positions, and messages with his or her own research to create an "informative, original and authentic speech" for the executive.
The speechwriter then presents a draft version of the speech to the executive (or the executive's staff) and makes notes on any revisions or changes that are requested. If the speechwriter is familiar with the topic and the positions and style of the executive, only small changes may be needed. In other cases, the executive may feel that the speech does not have the right tone or flow, and the entire speech may have to be re-drafted. Professional speechwriter Lawrence Bernstein writes:
The delivery of the speech is part of the challenge speechwriters face when crafting the message. Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes:
Notable speechwriters
Some of the world's most notable political speechwriters include:
Australia
Don Watson wrote for Prime Minister Paul Keating
Bangladesh
Md. Nazrul Islam Chowdhury wrote for Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
Chile
Jaime Guzmán wrote for Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet
Europe
wrote for Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel
Henri Guaino wrote for French President Nicolas Sarkozy
Sir Ronald Millar wrote for British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Nigeria
Reuben Abati, wrote for President Goodluck Jonathan
Olusegun Adeniyi, wrote for President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
Farooq Kperogi, wrote for President Olusegun Obasanjo
United States
Michael Anton wrote for President Donald Trump
Aram Bakshian wrote for Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford
Samuel Beer wrote for President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Josef Berger wrote for Presidents Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson
Pat Buchanan wrote for President Richard Nixon
Christopher Buckley wrote for President George H. W. Bush
Andrei Cherny wrote for President Bill Clinton
William Dodd wrote for President Woodrow Wilson
Anthony R. Dolan wrote for President Ronald Reagan
Ben T. Elliott wrote for President Ronald Reagan
George Elsey wrote for President Harry Truman
William B. Ewald Jr. wrote for President Dwight Eisenhower
James Fallows wrote for President Jimmy Carter
Jon Favreau wrote for President Barack Obama
Andrew Ferguson wrote for President George H. W. Bush
Charlie Fern wrote for President George W. Bush and for First Lady Laura Bush
David Frum wrote for President George W. Bush
Adam Garfinkle wrote for President George W. Bush
David Gergen wrote for President Richard Nixon
Michael Gerson wrote for President George W. Bush
George Gilder wrote for President Richard Nixon
Richard N. Goodwin wrote for presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson
Josh Gottheimer wrote for President Bill Clinton
Historians believe Alexander Hamilton may have written speeches for President George Washington
Bob Hardesty wrote for President Lyndon B. Johnson
Jeffrey Hart wrote for President Richard Nixon
Robert T. Hartmann wrote for President Gerald Ford
Ken Hechler wrote for President Harry Truman
Hendrik Hertzberg wrote for President Jimmy Carter
Emmet John Hughes wrote for President Dwight D. Eisenhower
David Humphreys wrote for President George Washington
Sarah Hurwitz wrote for President Barack Obama
Michael Johns wrote for President George H. W. Bush
Hugh S. Johnson wrote for President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Mark Katz wrote for President Bill Clinton
Ken Khachigian wrote for Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan
Arthur Larson wrote for President Dwight Eisenhower
Matt Latimer wrote for President George W. Bush
Henry Lee IV wrote for President Andrew Jackson
David Litt wrote for President Barack Obama
Jon Lovett wrote for President Barack Obama
Chris Matthews wrote for President Jimmy Carter
William McGurn wrote for President George W. Bush
John McLaughlin wrote for President Richard Nixon
Harry J. Middleton wrote for President Lyndon B. Johnson
Stephen Miller wrote for President Donald Trump
Raymond Moley wrote for President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Malcolm Moos wrote for President Dwight Eisenhower
Peggy Noonan wrote for presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush
Jay Nordlinger wrote for President George W. Bush
Robert Orben wrote for President Gerald Ford
Mark Palmer wrote for President Ronald Reagan
Landon Parvin wrote for Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush
John Podhoretz wrote for Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush
Ray Price wrote for Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford
Aneesh Raman wrote for President Barack Obama
Katherine Reback wrote for President Bill Clinton
Peter Robinson wrote for Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush
Samuel Rosenman wrote for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman
William Safire wrote for President Richard Nixon
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote for President John F. Kennedy
Matthew Scully wrote for President George W. Bush
Walter Shapiro wrote for President Jimmy Carter
Michael A. Sheehan wrote for President Bill Clinton
Robert E. Sherwood wrote for President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Jeff Shesol wrote for President Bill Clinton
David Shipley wrote for President Bill Clinton
Raymond Siller wrote for presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush
Curt Smith wrote for President George H. W. Bush
Tony Snow wrote for President George H. W. Bush
Ted Sorensen wrote for President John F. Kennedy
Ben Stein wrote for President Richard Nixon
Marc Thiessen wrote for President George W. Bush
Michael Waldman wrote for President Bill Clinton
Orson Welles wrote for President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Judson T. Welliver, considered the first official presidential speechwriter in the modern sense of the occupation, wrote for President Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge
Mari Maseng Will wrote for President Ronald Reagan
Fictional speechwriters
Some fictional speechwriters include:
James Hobert (played by Alexander Chaplin), speechwriter for the fictional Mayor of New York City Randall Winston on Spin City.
Toby Ziegler (played by Richard Schiff), Sam Seaborn (played by Rob Lowe), and Will Bailey (played by Joshua Malina) all wrote for the Bartlet administration on The West Wing
See also
Ghostwriter, a professional writer who is paid to write books, articles, stories, or reports which are officially credited to another person
Judson Welliver Society, a social club of former presidential speechwriters
References
External links
Political occupations
Writing occupations | wiki |
V.I.P. Casino: Blackjack is a WiiWare blackjack video game developed by High Voltage Software. It was a launch title for the North American debut of the service on May 12, 2008.
The game features the player's alter ego of "Mr Paradise" playing against the computer or up to three other human opponents to score the most cash at the table. The game features three dimensional graphics, controls that utilise the pointer and motion control functions of the Wii Remote, and an Xbox Live-inspired goal achievement mechanic that involves satisfying criteria such as winning a set amount of money or getting 10 winning hands in a row during the course of the game.
Reception
IGN believed the game, despite its simplicity and lack of options such as the omission of online multiplayer, "still trumps other card games on the system". Chris Kohler of Wired thought it was well designed but preferred to have seen a title with a collection of different card games on the service.
References
2008 video games
Blackjack video games
High Voltage Software games
North America-exclusive video games
Video games developed in the United States
Wii games
Wii-only games
WiiWare games | wiki |
In the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a small number of members are designated as fellows for having made significant accomplishments to the field. The IEEE Fellows are grouped by the institute according to their membership in the member societies of the institute. This list is of IEEE Fellows from the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE-CIS).
See also
List of IEEE Fellows
References
Computational Intelligence Society | wiki |
Matthew "Scott" Biason is a retired American soccer player who played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League and National Professional Soccer League.
Biason graduated from Granite City High School. He attended Western Illinois University, playing on the men's soccer team from 1986 to 1990. In the fall of 1991, he turned professional with the St. Louis Storm of the Major Indoor Soccer League. In 1992, he moved to the St. Louis Ambush of the National Professional Soccer League. Biason played two games before moving to the Denver Thunder for the remainder of the season.
External links
Career stats
References
Living people
American soccer players
Denver Thunder players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
Soccer players from Illinois
St. Louis Ambush (1992–2000) players
St. Louis Storm players
Western Illinois Leathernecks men's soccer players
Association football defenders
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
The Sigma 105mm 2.8 EX DG is a macro lens produced by Sigma Corporation. The lens has six different variates, fitting on the Sigma SA mount, Canon EF mount, Four Thirds System, Pentax K mount, Minolta A-mount, and the Nikon F-mount.
References
105mm f/2.8 EX DG
Macro lenses | wiki |
Maha guru (Great Guru) may refer to:
People
Rinchen Zangpo (958–1055), translator of Sanskrit Buddhist texts into Tibetan
Films
Mahaguru (1985 film), Hindi film
Mahaguru (2007 film), Bengali film | wiki |
This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 22nd season. The list is ordered by air date.
Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a "Regis and Kelly Inbox" segment.
September 2009
October 2009
November 2009
December 2009
January 2010
February 2010
March 2010
April 2010
May 2010
June 2010
July 2010
August 2010
See also
Live with Regis and Kelly (season 18)
Live with Regis and Kelly (season 19)
Live with Regis and Kelly (season 20)
Live with Regis and Kelly (season 21)
References
2009 American television seasons
2010 American television seasons | wiki |
Umarex air pistols are air gun replicas of handguns manufactured by Umarex Sportwaffen of Germany under license from the manufacturers of the original firearms.
They are imported into the United States by Umarex USA, Inc..
Design
Umarex air pistols are firearm replicas that are operated by disposable carbon dioxide () cylinders. They fire .177 caliber airgun pellets or steel BBs. Depending on the model, these air pistols use removable 8-round or 10-round rotary magazines or drop-out magazines that eject from the bottom of the grip. Velocity ranges from 295 - depending on model and ammo type. They are generally accurate to and can be dangerous to .
Umarex produces .177 caliber operated versions of Beretta, Walther, Colt, Glock, Heckler & Koch, Magnum Research and Smith & Wesson pistols. They are made to almost the same specifications as the firearm in looks and weight. Some of them function the same in that their slides cycle or recoil.
One of the downsides to any operated pistol is that when the carbon dioxide cylinder gets cold due to pressure loss as a result of rapid fire, the pistol's velocity will drop.
Use
These pistols are used for training and informal target practice (plinking) where it would be unsuitable to train with a center fire pistol. They are economical to shoot compared to a firearm. They have also become collectors items and show pieces.
Umarex air pistols are replicas of real firearms and are not toys. They are intended to be used under the supervision of an experienced adult shooter and all airguns must be treated with the same respect given a firearm with regard to safety.
Operation
All the pellet pistols, with the exception of the Desert Eagle, use standard revolver operation. The
pistol can either be fired double action, or the hammer can be cocked after each shot for single action. The Desert Eagle cocks its hammer and rotates the magazine automatically after each shot, although the first shot can be either single or double action, as above.
Models
Pellet Pistols
Walther CP 88, CP99
Beretta (Beretta 92), Px4 Storm
Colt (M1911)
Smith & Wesson (586 (features 10-shot magazine)
Magnum Research, Inc (Desert Eagle (Blowback 8 shot)
BB Pistols
Walther CP99 Compact, PPK/S
Magnum Research, Inc Baby (Mini) Desert Eagle
Glock 17 Gen3, 17 Gen4, 19 Gen3, 19 Gen4
Heckler & Koch VP9
Beretta Elite II, Px4 Storm, M84FS, M92 A1
Smith & Wesson M&P (Military and Police)
See also
Air gun
Pneumatic weapons | wiki |
Sipunculus is a genus of worms belonging to the family Sipunculidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
Sipunculus angasoides
Sipunculus clavatus
Sipunculus corallicolus
Sipunculus echinorhynchus
Sipunculus gulfus
Sipunculus indicus
Sipunculus lomonossovi
Sipunculus longipapillosus
Sipunculus macrorhynchus
Sipunculus marcusi
Sipunculus microrhynchus
Sipunculus mundanus
Sipunculus norvegicus
Sipunculus nudus
Sipunculus phalloides
Sipunculus polymyotus
Sipunculus robustus
Sipunculus rubens
Sipunculus rufofimbriatus
Sipunculus saccatus
Sipunculus thailandicus
Sipunculus zenkevitchi
References
Sipunculans | wiki |
Funktionalisme er et flertydigt begreb:
Funktionalisme (arkitektur) - inden for arkitektur.
Funktionalisme (sociologi) - inden for sociologi.
Funktionalisme (filosofi) - inden for filosofi. | wiki |
This is a list of accidents in ski flying with confirmed video footage.
Flat-ground crashes
References
External links
Hillside view of Tilen Bartol's crash in Planica on YouTube
Skiing-related lists
Sports-related accidents and incidents
Accidents | wiki |
Danny Gold may refer to:
Danny Gold (journalist), American journalist and host for Vice News
Danny Gold, pseudonym of Ben Goldman used on the fake news website Liberty Writers News | wiki |
Slander is a false or malicious claim that may harm someone's reputation.
Slander may also refer to:
Slander of title, a species of malicious falsehood relating to real estate
Slander of goods, another species of malicious falsehood
Slander (1916 film)
Slander (1956 film), a 1956 film starring Van Johnson
Slander: Liberal Lies About the American Right, a 2002 book by Ann Coulter
Slander (picture), a picture of Sandro Botticelli
Slander (album), 2011 album by Dr. Acula
Slander (DJs), an American DJ duo from Los Angeles, California
Slander, a Canadian rapper who became famous in 2015 with his debut album Livin’ Da Dream
See also
For the discouraged action of editing Wikipedia articles to maliciously portray people negatively, see Wikipedia:Slander. | wiki |
A cross between juggling and volleyball, Jollyball is usually played on a badminton court with two or three players on each team. Each player has two juggling balls and a final ball is held by the server, who serves by throwing the ball into the opponent's side of the court. This must be "caught" by one of the opponents, by using the ball to perform a three-ball juggling pattern (commonly the three-ball cascade). They are allowed three catches before one of the balls (not necessarily the one that was served) must be thrown to another player, or passed back across the net. Like volleyball, only three passes are allowed by a team before the ball must be returned.
Teams score by causing the ball to land in the opponent's side of the court, causing the opposition to throw a ball out of bounds, or fail to complete a juggling pattern. Games are relatively informal, and players are encouraged to show off their juggling skills for spectators.
References
Ball games
Juggling patterns and tricks
Volleyball variations | wiki |
The 2019–20 LEN Euro Cup was the 28th edition of the second-tier European tournament for water polo clubs. It ran from 13 September 2019 to 9 May 2020.
Overview
Calendar
The calendar of the competition was announced on 3 August 2019.
Participating teams
16 teams participated at the QR1 with half of them advancing to QR2. The four teams eliminated from the Champions League QR3 joined the qualified teams in the Quarterfinals.
Qualifying phase
Qualification round I
Pools composition
The draw was held on 4 August 2019. The cities selected to host the groups were Eger (Hungary), Split (Croatia), Syracuse (Italy) and Valletta (Malta).
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Qualification round II
Pools composition
The draw for this stage of the competition was held at LEN headquarters in Nyon (Switzerland) on 17 September 2019. The hosts of the two groups were Mataró (Spain) and Šibenik (Croatia).
Group E
Group F
Knockout stage
Quarterfinals
The draw was held in Nyon (Switzerland), at LEN offices, on 1 October 2019.
|}
First leg
Second leg
Semifinals
The draw for the semifinals took place on 12 November 2019.
|}
First leg
Second leg
1
2
See also
2019–20 LEN Champions League
2019 LEN Super Cup
References
External links
Official LEN website
Microplustiming (Official results website)
LEN Euro Cup seasons
Euro Cup
2019 in water polo
2020 in water polo
LEN Euro Cup | wiki |
Balaam was a Biblical prophet.
Balaam may also refer to:
People
Anthony Balaam (born 1965), American serial killer
Ellen Balaam (1891–1985), Australian physician
Other
Barlaam, the legendary Christian saint from the story Barlaam and Josaphat
Balam (demon)
A character in Owen Wister's The Virginian
Baba Balaam, a character from the Pakistani animated series 3 Bahadur
See also
Balam (disambiguation)
Balham (disambiguation)
Ballam
Barlaam (disambiguation)
Varlaam (disambiguation)
Varlam | wiki |
137th Street may refer to:
137th Street, a street in Manhattan, King's County, New York City, New York State, USA; see List of numbered streets in Manhattan
137th Street (Metra), another name for Riverdale (Metra station) just south of the city of Chicago
137th Street Yard, an underground rail yard on Manhattan, New York County, New York City, New York State, USA; see List of New York City Subway yards
137th Street – City College (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line), a New York City subway station
See also
List of highways numbered 137 | wiki |
Zip Coon may refer to:
Zip Coon, a blackface minstrel show character
Zip Coon, a song | wiki |
The Greater New York Chamber of Commerce is a non-profit business advocacy and networking group located in New York City and is a member of the US Chamber of Commerce Association. The Chamber's mission is to improve the business climate and quality of living in the New York Metropolitan Area for businesses, workers, residents and visitors. The Chamber hosts networking events, trade delegations, and works with the local, state, and federal government to promote the business interests of over 30,000 business and civic leaders in the New York Metropolitan Area.
References
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York | wiki |
L.R.V. standing for Left-Right-Video, is a connector widely used in Villa Monarchy television network from 2004 to 2010.
Audiovisual connectors | wiki |
Elgin Museum could refer to:
The Elgin Public Museum in Elgin, Illinois, USA
The Elgin Museum (Moray) in Elgin, Moray, Scotland
The Elgin Museum (Oregon) in Elgin, Oregon, USA
The Elgin Military Museum in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada
The Elgin Museum (North Dakota) in Elgin, North Dakota | wiki |
Bonobos are an endangered species of apes.
Bonobos may also refer to:
Bonobos (band), a Japanese rock band
Bonobos (apparel), a men's apparel company
See also
Bonobo (disambiguation) | wiki |
Keemat may refer to:
Keemat (1946 film), a Bollywood film
Keemat (1973 film), a 1973 Bollywood film starring Dharmendra and Rekha
Keemat – They Are Back, a 1998 Bollywood film | wiki |
VME may refer to:
Computing
ICL VME, (Virtual Machine Environment) a mainframe computer operating system developed by International Computers Limited
VMEbus, the ANSI/IEEE computer hardware bus standard
Virtual machine escape is the process of breaking out of a virtual machine and interacting with the host operating system
Virtual Mode Extensions, an undocumented extension of the Intel Pentium in v86 mode, "Virtual 8086 Mode Enhancements" in later Intel processors
vme, a flag in a modern x86 CPU indicating support of Virtual 8086 mode
VME (CONFIG.SYS directive), a configuration directive under OS/2
Other uses
V-me, a Spanish-language TV network in the United States
Voices Music & Entertainment, a Norwegian record label | wiki |
Asco or ASCO may refer to:
Asco, Haute-Corse, France, a commune
Asco (river), a river in Haute-Corse, France
Ascó, a village in Catalonia, Spain
Ascó Nuclear Power Plant
Asco (art collective), an East Los Angeles-based artist group
American Society of Clinical Oncology
Arab Satellite Communications Organization
ASCO Numatics, a brand or acquisition of Emerson Electric
AirScooter Corporation's ticker symbol
Asco (meteorite), a meteorite fall in 1805 on the island of Corsica, France
AS Chaudière-Ouest, a Canadian soccer team
Asian small-clawed otter | wiki |
A flipped classroom is an instructional strategy and a type of blended learning, which aims to increase student engagement and learning by having pupils complete readings at home and work on live problem-solving during class time. This pedagogical style moves activities, including those that may have traditionally been considered homework, into the classroom. With a flipped classroom, students watch online lectures, collaborate in online discussions, or carry out research at home, while actively engaging concepts in the classroom, with a mentor's guidance.
In traditional classroom instruction, the teacher is typically the leader of a lesson, the focus of attention, and the primary disseminator of information during the class period. The teacher responds to questions while students refer directly to the teacher for guidance and feedback. Many traditional instructional models rely on lecture-style presentations of individual lessons, limiting student engagement to activities in which they work independently or in small groups on application tasks, devised by the teacher. The teacher typically takes a central role in class discussions, controlling the conversation's flow. Typically, this style of teaching also involves giving students the at-home tasks of reading from textbooks or practicing concepts by working, for example, on problem sets.
The flipped classroom intentionally shifts instruction to a learner-centered model, in which students are often initially introduced to new topics outside of school, freeing up classroom time for the exploration of topics in greater depth, creating meaningful learning opportunities. With a flipped classroom, 'content delivery' may take a variety of forms, often featuring video lessons prepared by the teacher or third parties, although online collaborative discussions, digital research, and text readings may alternatively be used. The ideal length for a video lesson is widely cited as eight to 12 minutes.
Flipped classrooms also redefine in-class activities. In-class lessons accompanying flipped classroom may include activity learning or more traditional homework problems, among other practices, to engage students in the content. Class activities vary but may include: using math manipulatives and emerging mathematical technologies, in-depth laboratory experiments, original document analysis, debate or speech presentation, current event discussions, peer reviewing, project-based learning, and skill development or concept practice Because these types of active learning allow for highly differentiated instruction, more time can be spent in class on higher-order thinking skills such as problem-finding, collaboration, design and problem solving as students tackle difficult problems, work in groups, research, and construct knowledge with the help of their teacher and peers.
A teacher's interaction with students in a flipped classroom can be more personalized and less didactic, and students are actively involved in knowledge acquisition and construction as they participate in and evaluate their learning.
History
Militsa Nechkina, a member of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, first proposed the flipped classroom model in 1984. In the 1980s and 1990s, teachers in Russia tried this instructional strategy. “...let pupils extract new things from autonomous reading of a textbook, which has been created accordingly. Allow them to consider it, then discuss it with their teacher at school and come to a united conclusion.” Nechkina wrote of the flipped classroom.
In 1993, Alison King published "From Sage on the Stage to Guide on the Side," in which she focuses on the importance of the use of class time for the construction of meaning rather than information transmission. While not directly illustrating the concept of "flipping" a classroom, King's work is often cited as an impetus for an inversion to allow for the educational space for active learning.
Harvard professor Eric Mazur played a significant role in the development of concepts influencing flipped teaching through the development of an instructional strategy he called peer instruction. Mazur published a book in 1997 outlining the strategy, entitled Peer Instruction: A User's Manual. He found that his approach, which moved information transfer out of the classroom and information assimilation into the classroom, allowed him to coach students in their learning instead of lecture.
Lage, Platt and Treglia published a paper entitled "Inverting the Classroom: A Gateway to Creating an Inclusive Learning Environment" (2000), which discusses their research on flipped classrooms at the college level. In their research focusing on two college economics courses, Lage, Platt, and Treglia assert that one can leverage the class time that becomes available from the inversion of the classroom (moving information presentation via lecture out of the classroom to media such as computers or VCRs) to meet the needs of students with a wide variety of learning styles. The University of Wisconsin-Madison deployed software to replace lectures in large lecture-based computer science course with streaming video of the lecturer and coordinated slides. In the late 1990s, J. Wesley Baker was experimenting with these same ideas at Cedarville University. He presented a paper discussing what he termed the "classroom flip" at an education conference in the year 2000 in what may be the first published mention of the word "flip" associated with this model of teaching and learning.
Kaw and Hess published a paper in 2007 to compare the effectiveness of four (4) instructional modalities for a single topic of a ATEM course -(i) traditional lecture, (ii) blended (what they called "Web-enhanced lecture"), (iii) Web-based self-study and (iv) flipped (what they called "Web-based self-study and classroom discussion"). Statistical analysis of the assessment data indicated that the second modality, in which Web-based modules for instruction were used during face-to-face lecture delivery mode, resulted in higher levels of student performance and satisfaction.
Perhaps the most recognizable contributor to the flipped classroom is Salman Khan. In 2004, Khan began recording videos at the request of a younger cousin he was tutoring because she felt that recorded lessons would let her skip segments she had mastered and replay parts that were troubling her. Salman Khan founded Khan Academy based on this model. For some, Khan Academy has become synonymous with the flipped classroom; however, these videos are only one form of the flipped classroom strategy.
The Wisconsin Collaboratory for Enhanced Learning has built two centers to focus on flipped and blended learning. The classroom structure houses technology and collaboration-friendly learning spaces, and emphasis for those involved in the program is placed on individualized learning through non-traditional teaching strategies such as flipped classroom.
To decrease student resistance, Clark, Kaw and Braga Gomes have used adaptive learning in the preclass preparation for flipped classrooms. Because adaptive learning reduces student time and ensures required mastery learning, the flipped classroom became more favorable and decreased perception of responsibility.
Recently, A group of researchers has also stated the importance of hybrid flipped classroom strategy in Covid-19 times in imparting online education, particularly in context of developing economies. Authors describe that the hybrid-flipped classroom strategy is expected to benefit a larger learner-instructor community in the times of pandemic crisis.
In practice
Woodland Park High School chemistry teachers Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams began practising flipped teaching at the high school level when, in 2007, they recorded their lectures and posted them online to accommodate students who missed their classes. They note that one person cannot be credited with having invented the inverted or flipped classroom, and assert that there is no one 'right' way to flip a classroom as approaches and teaching styles are diverse, as are needs of schools. They went on to develop the "Flipped-Mastery" model and wrote extensively about it in their book Flip Your Classroom.
In 2011 educators in Michigan's Clintondale High School flipped every classroom. Principal Greg Green led an effort to help teachers develop plans for flipped classrooms, and worked with social studies teacher, Andy Scheel, to run two classes with identical material and assignments, one flipped and one conventional. The flipped class had many students who had already failed the class—some multiple times. After 20 weeks, students in the flipped classroom were outperforming students in the traditional classrooms. Further, no students in the flipped classrooms scored lower than a C+, while the previous semester 13 percent had failed. The traditional classroom showed no change. Before this, Clintondale had been designated as among the state's worst 5 percent. The next year when teachers used a flipped model in the 9th grade, the failure rates in English, math, science, and social studies dropped significantly, with the now-flipped school's failure rate dropping from 30 to 10 percent in 2011. Results on standardized tests went up in 2012, but then dropped.
MEF University, a non-profit private university located in Istanbul, Turkey, claims to be the first university in the world that has adopted the "flipped classroom" educational model university-wide.
Proponents of flipped classrooms in higher education have had an interest in seeing this put into practice in university classrooms. Professors at the University of Graz conducted a study in which lectures were video recorded in a manner in which students could have access to them throughout the semester of a lecture-based course on educational psychology. The professors surveyed how the students used their educational tools: attending lectures and watching or rewatching videos. Students subsequently rated (on a scale of 1=none to 6=nearly all) how often they used these materials. The majority of students (68.1%) relied on watching the podcasts but had low attendance rates compared to their podcast usage. The remainder of the students either rarely watched podcasts (19.6%) or somewhat used the podcasts (12.3%), but both had similar lecture attendance. Students that watched the videos more than their peers performed better than those who chose otherwise.
On June 27, 2016, Jonathan Bergmann, one of the originators of flipped learning, launched the Flipped Learning Global Initiative, led by Errol St.Clair Smith. On January 26, 2018 the Flipped Learning Global Initiative introduced its International Faculty, created to deliver a consistent standard of training and ongoing support to schools and school systems around the world.
Flipped mastery
In traditional schools, each topic in class receives a fixed amount of time for all students. Flipped mastery classrooms apply a mastery learning model that requires each student to master a topic before moving to the next one.
Mastery learning was briefly popular in the 1920s, and was revived by Benjamin Bloom in 1968. While it is difficult to implement in large, traditional classrooms, it has shown dramatic success in improving student learning. The mastery model allows teachers to provide the materials, tools and support for learning while students set goals and manage their time.
Mastery rewards students for displaying competence. Students who initially turn in shoddy work must correct it before moving on. Before flipping, mastery learning was impractical in most schools. It was not possible to give different lectures for different groups of students. Testing was also impractical, because fast-learning students could reveal the test to those who followed.
In a flipped mastery classroom, students view each lecture and work on each exercise or project when they have mastered the precursors.
Tim Kelly, winner of the Presidential Award for Mathematics and Science Teaching, adopted flipped mastery with his colleagues Corey Sullivan and Mike Brust. Sullivan estimated that 40 to 60 hours of work outside school for each of 12 units per course were required the first year. Another Presidential Award winner, Spencer Bean, converted after his daughter went through Kelly's class.
Flipped mastery eliminates two other out-of-class routines: daily lesson planning and grading papers. The latter happens in class and in person. Replacing lectures with group and individual activities increases in-class activity. Every student has something to do throughout the class. In some classes, students choose how to demonstrate mastery—testing, writing, speaking, debating and even designing a related game. Learning Management Systems such as Moodle or ILIAS provide ways to manage the testing process. They create a different test for each student from a pool of questions. Advocates claim that its efficiency allows most students to do a year's work in much less time. Advanced students work on independent projects while slower learners get more personalized instruction. Some students might not get through the year's material, but demonstrated competence on the parts they did complete.
Student perceptions
Students may be more likely to favor the flipped classroom approach once they have taken the time to personally participate in this specific type of learning course. In a prior pharmaceutics course, for instance, a mere 34.6% of the 19 students initially preferred the flipped classroom setting. After all of the students had participated in the Pharmaceutical Flipped Classroom course, the number of those favoring this method of learning increased significantly, reaching a total of 89.5%. Individuals interested in a more problem-solving, hands-on form of learning are more likely to benefit from the flipped classroom, as it strays from a traditional lecture learning style. Students may initially have certain doubts or fears regarding the use of flipped classroom, including:
The fear of having to "teach oneself", as in, having a lack of proper guidance from a designated instructor, leading to greater pressure on the student to study the content rigorously in order to perform well in the course
Obtaining a greater amount of academic work to achieve success within the course, as a result of minimal guidance from an instructor
The fear of obtaining a greater sense of confusion on topics discussed, which may correlate to the heavy focus on group discussion and problem-solving activities that a flipped classroom encourages
A flipped classroom is composed of various components, such as (this only represents a few examples):
video collections
digital slideshows (e.g. PowerPoint)
student discussion
teacher/student online communication
It has been determined, through several conducted experiments, that certain aspects of the flipped classroom approach are more beneficial to students than others. For instance, in a study conducted on the feedback received from students who had participated in a flipped classroom teaching module for college English reading, the following results were derived:
92.59% of the students ultimately accepted the flipped classroom teaching module in general
59.26% of the students accepted the "video form" of the teaching module, essentially provided as a resource for the course
100.00% of the students believed that the "learning guide" link provided in the teaching module was necessary for performing well in the course
From these specific statistics, it can be determined that students felt that their experience within the flipped classroom was greatly benefited by certain aspects of the course (such as the learning guide provided), while other portions of the module may have been unnecessary or insignificant to their learning (such as the video form of the module).
Benefits
There are various benefits attributed to the flipped classroom approach, including:
A college reading empirical study identified the flipped classroom's approach as including all forms of learning (i.e. oral, visual, listening, hands on, problem solving, etc.).
Rather than learning in a traditional classroom setting, the flipped classroom uses a more application-based approach for students (i.e. hands on and problem solving activities).
The flipped classroom is extremely convenient, especially for students that face difficulties in traveling to the physical classroom. Such students still have the foundational information of the course at hand online.
Communication is greatly emphasized in a flipped classroom setting, essentially referring to: student-student and student-teacher interactions.
The flipped classroom uses a student-centered teaching modeled to ensure that the course is primarily aimed at contributing to the student's overall success in obtaining a proper, effective education.
It avoids the overarching idea of "cramming" for exams and forgetting the information post-examination, as it encourages students to understand the underlying rationale behind the information provided being provided to them.
Students must account for their responsibility to learn the foundational information provided, as their personal work and contribution will be reflected in the grade that they receive at the end of the course. This will, in turn, make them better prepared for future, more difficult courses.
Although there is a lack of support in the pre-class section, the questions aroused during watching the video could serve as the raw materials for subsequent class activities, such as discussion. As a result, students are more focused in the in-class session and thus the use of video could potentially boost the effect of the in-class activities.
Recent applications have demonstrated that students are more determined about accomplishing an exercise. They are also more engaged about their progression and output.
Limitations and criticisms
Critics argue the flipped classroom model has some consequences for both students and teachers.
For students, there exists a 'digital divide'. Not all families are from the same socio-economic background, and thus access to computers or video-viewing technology outside of the school environment is not possible for all students. This model of instruction may put undue pressure on some families as they attempt to gain access to videos outside of school hours.
Additionally, some students may struggle due to their developing personal responsibility. In a self-directed, home learning environment students who are not at the developmental stage required to keep on-task with independent learning may fall rapidly behind their peers.
Others argue that the flipped classroom leads to increased computer time in an era where adolescents already spend too much time in front of computer screens. Inverted models that rely on computerized videos do contribute to this challenge, particularly if videos are long.
Additionally, flipped classrooms that rely on videos to deliver instruction suffer some of the same challenges as traditional classrooms. Students may not learn best by listening to a lecture, and watching instructional videos at home is still representative of a more traditional form of teaching. Critics argue a constructivist approach would be more beneficial.
Teachers may find challenges with this model as well. Increased preparation time is initially likely needed, as creating high quality videos requires teachers to contribute significant time and effort outside of regular teaching responsibilities. Additional funding may also be required to procure training for teachers to navigate computer technologies involved in the successful implementation of the inverted model.
The potential performance increase from flipped classrooms varies greatly on classroom by classroom basis. The potential benefits may be affected by the method of conducting the classroom and the level of intensity of the course. Currently, the amount of research available is not enough to create rigorous practical guidelines for all teachers to use. Therefore, some teachers may conduct the flipped classroom more effectively than others. In addition, the level of intensity of the course may also play a crucial role in the efficacy of the flipped model. Researchers often witness a more defined performance increase in K-12 education as opposed to college or graduate education. In foreign language education, flipped classrooms seem less effective for students with lower proficiency in the target language.
In 2022, a review of meta-analyses and a follow-up meta-analysis was done on flipped classrooms. They claim that they found that most were simply flipping and adding more traditional class work as opposed to using active learning. They propose a more specific model for flipping, “Fail, Flip, Fix, and Feed" model which seems to be even more complicated and resource intensive to implement and fraught with creating frustration in students. Resistance from students to active learning still exists.
Examples
Medical classroom: In multiple classrooms, short videos about the current medical topic, rheumatology, that was being taught in the class were created and uploaded to YouTube or emailed to students for a medical class. The students were to watch the videos before attending lecture. The lecture class was then used to focus on application of the material learned in the videos through case studies and activities to give students a more interactive type of learning in the classroom. To enforce the use of videos for pre-lecture, students were asked to take a quiz or complete a homework assignment and turn it in before class.
College English reading: The flipped classroom method of teaching was implemented in an English reading course for 16 weeks per semester. Teaching through audio outside of the classroom was used through videos paired with information slides. Online resources were also supplied. The videos supplemented the readings and allowed for more analysis and participation in class, and they included background knowledge of the subject and analytical questions to be discussed in class. A study-guide was provided for each video so that students could come prepared to class. Some classes included software that combined all of the resources accessible by students for the material that was assigned outside of the class period. The software also included small tests to assess a student's understanding of video material.
Physics: In one instance, the flipped classroom technique was implemented in a physics classroom at Tufts University by a professor (Vesal Dini) who studied the method. The pre-lecture videos were not made specifically by the teacher, but instead they were watched on an online learning platform (in this case, Sapling Learning). Before class, students were supposed to watch the pre-lecture videos, take a quiz, and write down any questions they had. During class, the information in the videos was applied to questions through group discussion activities and hands-on simulations. In other classrooms, students have also been encouraged by their professors to attend other public lectures to gain more information.
Chemistry: In a chemistry class in Glenview, IL, pre-lecture materials were distributed through Moodle and YouTube. In class, students independently completed problems while the professor acted as a guide in case anyone needed assistance. Along with practice problems, labs were also completed during regular class time, and workshops about choosing the appropriate approach, order and technique were implemented. Study materials for tests were administered through the videos to prepare students for assessments. In the chemistry setting, only certain topics were flipped. For example, the flipped classroom technique was implemented for chromatography and electrophoresis, but the traditional classroom teaching method was used for the topics of absorbance and emission and spectroscopy. The lecture videos went over the theory, instrumentation and explanation of the flipped topics. Administered exams for the flipped topics were then based more on what was done in class than the lecture videos.
Numerical methods: The flipped classroom is used for a numerical methods course in University of South Florida. The class of 100 is broken into two sections that meet separately twice a week for 75 minutes each for recitation sessions and once a week for 50 minutes together for a lecture session. Pre-lecture materials include YouTube videos and textbook materials. The materials for the week are laid out categorically for the student and suggested blogs and extra homework are also mentioned. The students complete an online quiz via the CANVAS LMS at home before coming to class. During the recitation session, concept questions and in-class exercises are distributed. These questions are solved by students individually and then answers are shared in a group of four. During this time, the instructor and two teaching assistants help students with any difficulties they may come across. Based on how students are responding, the instructor discusses some of the problems. The instructor also gives mini-lectures on some topics that may be difficult to process by students on their own. During the lecture session, the instructor wraps up the topic of the week and introduces students to the topic of the upcoming week. To enhance the benefits and reduce the workload associated with a flipped classroom, the pre-class preparation is now done through adaptive lessons for half of the course (limited funding). A commercial adaptive platform, Smart Sparrow, that combines video lectures, text and assessment via multiple-choice and algorithmic questions is being used. The results show a Cohen's d approximately equal to 0.40 for the free-response questions of the course final examination and 0.6 standard deviations improvement in personalization.
Programming: The flipped classroom was successfully used in 2013 to teach a programming class at a university. Students watched video lectures and attempted self-check quizzes before classroom contact time. During class time, students worked on programming problems and other active learning activities instead of traditional lectures. Student feedback on this pedagogy was generally very positive with many respondents considering it effective and helpful for learning.
With other educational approaches
Flipped learning + peer instruction
Interactive method based on collaborative work that has proven effective in areas such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Dumont, 2014). Specifically consists of sharing with other students a different response to their own and explain the reasons that support the same to learn from each other. In this process the reasoning beyond the answers is analyzed.
Flipped mastery learning
When the invested learning model is applied in a more advanced way. Educators begin by organizing content around specific goals. Students work on course content at their own pace and upon reaching the end of each unit, they must show mastery of learning objectives before moving on to the next topic and so on (Bergmann and Sams, 2013). Students can show evidence of their learning through videos, worksheets, experimental stories, programs, projects, examples, among others.
There are two challenges in the flipped-mastery model: the first is to deliver instruction to students when they have different levels of learning and understanding of the subjects. The second challenge is to carry out summative assessment when the student has to be evaluated more than once.
Flipped adaptive learning
The combination of inverted learning and other pedagogical approaches such as adaptive learning can help educators obtain information from the areas of learning where their students show mastery and those in which they still have deficiencies or need to improve. This knowledge can support the teacher in determining how to organize and manage class time to maximize student learning (Yilmaz-tuzun, 2008).
Flipped learning + gamification
A step forward in the flipped-mastery model would be to include gamification elements in the learning process. Gamification is the application of game mechanisms in situations not directly related to games. The basic idea is to identify what motivates a game and see how it can be applied in the teaching-learning model (in this case it would be Flipped-Mastery). The results of the Fun Theory research showed that fun can significantly change people's behavior in a positive sense, in the same way that it has a positive effect on education (Volkswagen, 2009).
Flipped learning + cooperative learning
There may also be a symbiosis or complementation between the flipped classroom technique and cooperative learning. Schoolwork, also commonly known as "homework", is done jointly and in cooperation with the group as the teacher moves the time spent explaining the subject to the flipped classroom method. In this way, the student has to assimilate and understand the content of more theoretical weight at home, through the recordings made by the teacher, and the time in class is dedicated to the development of tasks and problem solving and / or doubts through cooperative learning (Fortanet, González, Mira Pastor and López Ramón, 2013).
Flipped learning + Inclusive classroom
The qualities of a flipped classroom that are valuable for typical students can also benefit students with disabilities. Inclusive classrooms can be used to change perceptions and reduce the stigma students with disabilities experience. For example, a teacher can develop a lesson about social skills if it is an area of concern for a student diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Flipped learning + teaching
Traditional instructor teaching style classes can be mixed with or transformed to flipped teaching. Before and after each (traditional/flipped) lecture, anonymized evaluation items on the Likert scale can be recorded from the students for continuous monitoring/dashboarding. In planned flipped teaching lessons, the teacher hands out lesson teaching material one week before the lesson is scheduled for the students to prepare talks. Small student groups work on the lecture chapters instead of homework, and hold the lecture in front of their peers. The professional lecturer then discusses, complements and provides feedback at the end of the group talks. Here, the professional lecturer acts as a coach to help students preparation and live performance.
See also
Education 3.0
Jigsaw (teaching technique)
Learning by teaching
Massive open online course
Rotation model of learning
Education software
References
Learning methods
E-learning
Pedagogy | wiki |
Fish curry may refer to:
Malabar matthi curry, an Indian dish
Fish head curry, a Singaporean dish where the head of an Ikan Merah (red snapper, literally "Red fish") is used
Machher Jhol (also called "Machher Ghonta") a traditional Bengali and Oriya fish curry
Mas riha, a Maldivian fish curry
Malu Mirisata, a fish curry from Sri Lanka
Fish amok, a Khmer fish curry | wiki |
Siti Hydroelectric Power Station may refer to one of the following:
Siti I Hydroelectric Power Station, a hydroelectric power station in Uganda
Siti II Hydroelectric Power Station, a hydroelectric power station in Uganda | wiki |
Best Friend Forgotten is a 2004 American documentary film about pet overpopulation. The documentary, hosted by David Duchovny (Californication, X-files), tells the stories of Oreo the cat and Clover the dog as they face the realities of pet overpopulation. Viewers are given a balanced look at the controversial practice of euthanasia and the alternative no-kill movement. Interviews discuss common myths about spaying and neutering, and leaders from government to animal rights groups discuss pet overpopulation and the impact on our society.
Creators
The documentary was written, directed, and produced by filmmaker Julie Lofton. In addition to a US theatrical run, the film aired nationally on PBS, was shown worldwide on TV, and is available in DVD. In 2005 Lofton won the prestigious Genesis Award for Best National PBS Documentary from the Humane Society of the United States, the largest animal protection organization in the US.
Following the film, Lofton was recruited by HSUS to spearhead the creation of their first TV/Film division: Animal Content in Entertainment (ACE), whose mission is to develop and support animal content in television and film. Each year ACE awards production grants to professional and student documentary filmmakers who highlight animal rights issues in short and feature-length films.
References
External links
Best Friend Forgotten, HSUS feature article
David Duchovny Hosts New Film About Abandoned Pets O'Bryanville Animal Rescue
2004 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about animal rights
2004 documentary films
Documentary films about urban animals
Pets in the United States
Films about pets
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
Kanana is a small settlement in Maruleng Local Municipality under Mopani District Municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa.
References
Populated places in the Maruleng Local Municipality | wiki |
The Rawlings Gold Glove Award, usually referred to as the Gold Glove, is the award given annually to the Major League Baseball players judged to have exhibited superior individual fielding performances at each fielding position in both the National League (NL) and the American League (AL), as voted by the managers and coaches in each league. Managers are not permitted to vote for their own players. Eighteen Gold Gloves are awarded each year (with the exception of 1957, 1985, 2007 and 2018), one at each of the nine positions in each league. In 1957, the baseball glove manufacturer Rawlings created the Gold Glove Award to commemorate the best fielding performance at each position. The award was created from a glove made from gold lamé-tanned leather and affixed to a walnut base. Initially, only one Gold Glove per position was awarded to the top fielder at each position in the entire league; however, separate awards were given for the National and American Leagues beginning in 1958.
Keith Hernandez has won the most Gold Gloves at first base, capturing 11 consecutive awards in the National League from 1978 to 1988. In the American League, Don Mattingly won nine times with the New York Yankees for the second-highest total among first basemen, and George Scott won eight awards playing for the Boston Red Sox (three) and the Milwaukee Brewers (five). Vic Power, and Bill White each won seven awards; six-time winners include Wes Parker and J. T. Snow. Mark Teixeira has won five Gold Gloves at the position. Eddie Murray and Jeff Bagwell are the only members of the Baseball Hall of Fame to have won a Gold Glove at first base.
Among winners, Steve Garvey has made the most putouts in a season, with 1,606 in 1977. Murray leads American League winners in that category, with 1,538 in 1984. Kevin Youkilis has made the fewest errors in a season, also achieving the highest fielding percentage, when he went the entire 2007 season without an error for a fielding percentage of 1.000. Several players have made one error in a winning season, including Parker in 1968, Snow in 1998, Rafael Palmeiro in 1999, and Teixeira in 2012. Parker, Snow and Teixeira achieved a .999 fielding percentage in those seasons, as did Todd Helton in 2001. The player with the most errors in an award-winning season was Scott; he made 19 errors in 1967. Joey Votto made the most assists in a season, with 173 in 2011. The highest double play total in the major leagues belongs to Cecil Cooper, who turned 160 double plays in 1980.
Darin Erstad won a Gold Glove as a first baseman in 2004 after winning two awards in the outfield (2000, 2002), making him the only player to win the award as an infielder and an outfielder. In 1999, Palmeiro won the Gold Glove with the Texas Rangers while only appearing in 28 games as a first baseman; he appeared in 135 games as a designated hitter that season, resulting in some controversy over his selection. The oldest player to win at the position is Yuli Gurriel, who won the award for the Houston Astros at the age of 37 in 2021.
Key
American League winners
National League winners
Footnotes
The Brewers were members of the American League until 1997, when Commissioner Bud Selig offered the team the option to switch leagues due to a realignment of Major League Baseball's divisions. The Brewers have been members of the National League since 1998.
Born Victor Pellot, he used the alias "Vic Power" during his career in MLB due to his experiences in Canada that drew laughs from fans due to his last name sounding similar to obscene slang
In 1957, Gold Gloves were given to the top fielders in Major League Baseball, instead of separate awards for the National and American Leagues; therefore, the winners are the same in each table.
References
General
Inline citations
External links
Rawlings Gold Glove Award Website
Gold Glove Award | wiki |
The Texas Prison Rodeo was a rodeo and an annual celebration event for inmates in the Texas Prison System, held in a stadium in Huntsville, Texas. The stadium was located at the Huntsville Unit. The events included bareback basketball, bronco riding, bull riding, calf roping, and wild cow milking.
Marshall Lee Simmons, the general manager of the prison system, started the rodeo in 1931. The rodeo originated in the Eastham Unit. Johnny Cash played his first-ever concert at the Texas Prison Rodeo in 1956. Women participated in the rodeo until 1981, when they were moved from the Goree Unit in Huntsville to the prisons in Gatesville. In 1986, structural problems with the rodeo arena caused the facility to close. The rodeo ended because the state began getting money from the federal government for educational and recreational programs for the inmates. Texas no longer needed to raise money to buy educational and recreational materials. The state had been suffering from an economic recession, and the Texas Legislature was not willing to spend $500,000 to repair the prison rodeo stadium. Several unsuccessful attempts to restart the rodeo occurred in the 1990s.
The rodeo became part of the history of the US space program, when during the training for the 1975 Apollo–Soyuz mission, NASA brought the cosmonauts in training, along with other Soviet personnel, to the Huntsville rodeo.
The rodeo was featured in the 1980 film Urban Cowboy starring John Travolta, Debra Winger, and Scott Glenn.
See also
Goree All Girl String Band
Further reading
Convict Cowboys: The Untold History of the Texas Prison Rodeo by Mitchel P. Roth, 2016, University of North Texas Press
References
External links
Prison Rodeo Thriller, from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image
Rodeos
Huntsville, Texas
1931 establishments in Texas
1986 disestablishments in Texas
Recurring sporting events established in 1931
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1986 | wiki |
Cinema
Last Goodbye - film del 2004 diretto da Jacob Gentry
Musica
Last Goodbye – singolo di Jeff Buckley del 1994
Last Goodbye – singolo dei Da Buzz del 2006
Pagine correlate
The Last Goodbye | wiki |
Supervielle el término puede referirse a:
Apellido
Supervielle (apellido), apellido francés.
Varios
Supervielle, primer álbum del músico uruguayo Luciano Supervielle.
Banco Supervielle, banco argentino. | wiki |
Wild as the Wind may refer to:
Wild as the Wind, an album by Patricia Conroy
"Wild as the Wind", a song by Garth Brooks from the album Double Live | wiki |
Atypical depression is defined in the DSM IV as depression that shares many of the typical symptoms of major depressive disorder or dysthymia but is characterized by improved mood in response to positive events. In contrast to those with atypical depression, people with melancholic depression generally do not experience an improved mood in response to normally pleasurable events. Atypical depression also often features significant weight gain or an increased appetite, hypersomnia, a heavy sensation in the limbs, and interpersonal rejection sensitivity that results in significant social or occupational impairment.
Despite its name, "atypical" depression does not mean it is uncommon or unusual. The reason for its name is twofold: it was identified with its "unique" symptoms subsequent to the identification of melancholic depression and its responses to the two different classes of antidepressants that were available at the time were different from melancholic depression (i.e., MAOIs had clinically significant benefits for atypical depression, while tricyclics did not).
Atypical depression is four times more common in females than in males. Individuals with features of atypical depression tend to report an earlier age of onset (e.g. while in high school) of their depressive episodes. These episodes tend to be more chronic than those of major depressive disorder and only have partial remission between episodes. Younger individuals may be more likely to have atypical features, whereas older individuals may more often have episodes with melancholic features. Atypical depression has high comorbidity with anxiety disorders, carries more risk of suicidal behavior, and has distinct personality psychopathology and biological traits. Atypical depression is more common in individuals with bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia or seasonal affective disorder. Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder tend to have atypical features, as does depression with seasonal patterns.
Pathophysiology
Significant overlap between atypical and other forms of depression has been observed, though studies suggest that there are differentiating factors within the various pathophysiological models of depression. In the endocrine model, evidence suggests the HPA axis is hyperactive in melancholic depression, and hypoactive in atypical depression. Atypical depression can be differentiated from melancholic depression via verbal fluency tests and psychomotor speed tests. Although both show impairment in several areas such as visuospatial memory and verbal fluency, melancholic patients tend to show more impairment than atypical depressed patients.
Furthermore, regarding the inflammatory theory of depression, inflammatory blood markers (cytokines) appear to be more elevated in atypical depression when compared to non-atypical depression.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of atypical depression is based on the criteria stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The DSM-5 defines atypical depression as a subtype of major depressive disorder that presents with "atypical features", characterized by:
Mood reactivity (i.e., mood brightens in response to actual or potential positive events)
At least two of the following:
Significant weight gain or increase in appetite (hyperphagia);
Hypersomnia (sleeping too much, as opposed to the insomnia present in melancholic depression);
Leaden paralysis (i.e., heavy feeling resulting in difficulty moving the arms or legs);
Long-standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity (not limited to episodes of mood disturbance) that results in significant social or occupational impairment.
Criteria are not met for With Melancholic Features or With Catatonic Features during the same episode.
Treatment
Due to the differences in clinical presentation between atypical depression and melancholic depression, studies were conducted in the 1980s and 1990s to assess the therapeutic responsiveness of the available antidepressant pharmacotherapy in this subset of patients. Currently, antidepressants such as SSRIs, SNRIs, NRIs, and mirtazapine are considered the best medications to treat atypical depression due to efficacy and fewer side effects than previous treatments. Bupropion, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, may be uniquely suited to treat the atypical depression symptoms of lethargy and increased appetite in adults. Modafinil is sometimes used successfully as an off-label treatment option.
Before the year 2000, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) were shown to be of superior efficacy compared to other antidepressants for the treatment of atypical depression, and were used as first-line treatment for this clinical presentation. This class of medication fell in popularity with the advent of the aforementioned selective agents, due to concerns of interaction with tyramine-rich foods (such as some aged cheese, certain types of wine, tap beer and fava beans) causing a hypertensive crisis and some – but not all – sympathomimetic drugs, as well as the risk of serotonin syndrome when concomitantly used with serotonin reuptake agents. Despite these concerns, they are still used in treatment-resistant cases, when other options have been exhausted, and usually show greater rates of remission compared to previous pharmacotherapies. They are also generally better tolerated by many patients. There are also newer selective and reversible MAOIs, such as moclobemide, which carry a much lower risk of tyramine potentiation and have fewer interactions with other drugs.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were also used prior to the year 2000 for atypical depression, but were not as efficacious as MAOIs, and have fallen out of favor with prescribers due to the less tolerable side effects of TCAs and more adequate therapies being available.
One pilot study suggested that psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may have equal efficacy to MAOIs for a subset of patients with atypical depression, although the sample size was small and statistical significance was not reached. These are talk therapy sessions with psychiatrists or clinical psychologists to help the individual identify troubling thoughts or experiences that may affect their mental state, and develop corresponding coping mechanisms for each identified issue.
Epidemiology
True prevalence of atypical depression is difficult to determine. Several studies conducted in patients diagnosed with a depressive disorder show that about 40% exhibit atypical symptoms, with four times more instances found in female patients.
Research also supports that atypical depression tends to have an earlier onset, with teenagers and young adults more likely to exhibit atypical depression than older patients. Patients with atypical depression have shown to have higher rates of neglect and abuse in their childhood as well as alcohol and drug disorders in their family. Overall, rejection sensitivity is the most common symptom, and due to some studies forgoing this criterion, there is concern for underestimation of prevalence.
Research
Atypical depression was first thought of as a disorder separate from typical depression in 1959, when doctors E.D. West and P. J. Dally were studying the effects of iproniazid, an MAOI, on patients with depression. They found consistencies among the patients who responded well to the drug in comparison to those who didn't. These patients, who were displaying symptoms of "anxiety hysteria with secondary depression", responded notably well to the iproniazid.
In general, atypical depression tends to cause greater functional impairment than other forms of depression. Atypical depression is a chronic syndrome that tends to begin earlier in life than other forms of depression—usually beginning in the teenage years. Similarly, patients with atypical depression are more likely to have anxiety disorders, (such as generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder), bipolar disorder, or personality disorders (such as borderline personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder).
Recent research suggests that young people are more likely to experience hypersomnia while older people are more likely to experience polyphagia.
Medication response differs between chronic atypical depression and acute melancholic depression. Some studies suggest that the older class of antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), may be more effective at treating atypical depression. While the more modern SSRIs and SNRIs are usually quite effective in this illness, the tricyclic antidepressants typically are not. The wakefulness-promoting agent modafinil has shown considerable effect in combating atypical depression, maintaining this effect even after discontinuation of treatment. Antidepressant response can often be enhanced with supplemental medications, such as buspirone, bupropion, or aripiprazole. Psychotherapy, whether alone or in combination with medication, is also an effective treatment in individual and group settings.
See also
Masked depression
Treatment-resistant depression
References
External links
Major depressive disorder | wiki |
Oversoul may refer to:
Philosophy and religion
"The Over-Soul" (1841), an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson
A translation of the Vedic term Paramatman
Arts, entertainment and media
The Oversoul, a character in The Homecoming Saga, a science fiction series by Orson Scott Card
OverSoul, an Artix Entertainment Game
Oversoul, a shamanic technique in the manga Shaman King
Oversoul, the telepathic voice to which all Dals are attuned in The Malloreon series of books by David Eddings
Oversoul, the collective consciousness of an organization's holdings and records in the Achaea, Dreams of Divine Lands video game
Artificial oversoul, a term used in The Wheels of Chance by H. G. Wells
Oversoul, the name of a painting by Alex Grey | wiki |
In mathematics, regular surface may refer to:
Regular surface (differential geometry)
Non-singular algebraic variety of dimension two | wiki |
De Carnarechinidae zijn een familie van zee-egels (Echinoidea) uit de orde Holasteroida.
Geslachten
Carnarechinus , 1978
Irregularia | wiki |
General Perkins may refer to:
David G. Perkins (born 1957), U.S. Army four-star general
Ken Perkins (1926–2009), British Army major general
Simon Perkins (1771–1844), Ohio Militia brigadier general in the War of 1812 | wiki |
General Perry may refer to:
Edward A. Perry (1831–1889), Confederate States Army brigadier general
Nick Perry (British Army officer) (born c. 1972), British Army major general
Scott Perry (politician) (born 1962), Pennsylvania Army National Guard brigadier general
William F. Perry (1823–1901), Confederate States Army brigadier general | wiki |
General Peterson may refer to:
Chesley G. Peterson (1920–1990), U.S. Air Force major general
Erik C. Peterson (general) (fl. 1980s–2020s), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Virgil L. Peterson (1882–1956), U.S. Army major general
See also
General Petersen (disambiguation)
Attorney General Peterson (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Doughnut Formation is an Upper Mississippian geologic unit in the western United States. Fish fossils have been discovered in shale outcrops of this formation in Dinosaur National Monument.
Footnotes
References
Hunt, ReBecca K., Vincent L. Santucci and Jason Kenworthy. 2006. "A preliminary inventory of fossil fish from National Park Service units." in S.G. Lucas, J.A. Spielmann, P.M. Hester, J.P. Kenworthy, and V.L. Santucci (ed.s), Fossils from Federal Lands. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 34, pp. 63–69.
Geologic formations of Colorado
Geologic formations of Utah
Dinosaur National Monument | wiki |
Papillon (a.k.a. Hot Butterfly) is a 1978 song by Gregg Diamond, first released as an album track Hot Butterfly on Bionic Boogie by Diamond. However, the best known version is the 1980 hit Papillon by Chaka Khan. The song features vocals by American R&B singer Luther Vandross and a harmonica solo by musician Hugh McCracken.
It was Chaka Khan's most successful single from the album Naughty, though it only peaked at #22 on Billboard's R&B charts.
References
1978 songs
Chaka Khan songs
Songs written by Gregg Diamond | wiki |
Polar Sea may refer to:
The Arctic Ocean
The Southern Ocean
USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11), a United States Coast Guard icebreaker
The Open Polar Sea, a hypothesized ice-free ocean surrounding the North Pole | wiki |
The second season of the American action drama television series S.W.A.T. premiered on September 27, 2018, and ended on May 16, 2019 on CBS with 23 episodes.
Cast and characters
Main
Shemar Moore as Sergeant II Daniel "Hondo" Harrelson Jr.
Stephanie Sigman as Captain Jessica Cortez
Alex Russell as Officer III James "Jim" Street
Lina Esco as Officer III Christina "Chris" Alonso
Kenny Johnson as Officer III+1 Dominique Luca
David Lim as Officer III Victor Tan
Patrick St. Esprit as Commander Robert Hicks
Jay Harrington as Sergeant II David "Deacon" Kay
Recurring
Peter Onorati as Sergeant II Jeff Mumford
Lou Ferrigno Jr. as Donovan Rocker
Sherilyn Fenn as Karen Street
Bre Blair as Annie Kay
Nikiva Dionne as Nia Wells
Guest
DeShae Frost as Darryl Henderson
Michael Beach as Leroy Henderson
Cathy Cahlin Ryan as Dr. Wendy Hughes
Obba Babatundé as Daniel Harrelson Sr.
Sumalee Montano as Gwen
Daniel Lissing as Ty
Claire Coffee as Kira
Michael O'Neill as Carl Luca
Sofia Vassilieva as Lauren
Shanley Caswell as Sarah
Alimi Ballard as Officer Thompson
Dominic Hoffman as Ben Mosley
Shawn Ashmore as William Tanner
Christian Kane as Mr. X
David Marciano as Steve Billings
Mark Espinoza as Jorge
Episodes
Production
On March 27, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a second season
Patrick St. Esprit was promoted to series regular this season.
Ratings
Home media
References
External links
2018 American television seasons
2019 American television seasons | wiki |
The Teacher Loan Forgiveness program is a student loan forgiveness program by the United States Department of Education. This program is intended to encourage individuals to enter and continue in the teaching profession. Under this program, teachers who provide direct classroom teaching, or classroom-type teaching in a nonclassroom setting full-time for five complete and consecutive academic years in a Title 1 eligible school or school district may be eligible to receive loan forgiveness for their federal student loans.
Eligibility Requirements
To qualify for the Teacher Loan Forgiveness you must be a highly qualified teacher.
You must not have had an outstanding balance on Direct Loans or Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program loans as of Oct. 1, 1998, or on the date that you obtained a Direct Loan or FFEL Program loan after Oct. 1, 1998. You must have been employed in an elementary or secondary school that is in a school district that qualifies for funds under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended; has been selected by the U.S. Department of Education based on a determination that more than 30 percent of the school’s total enrollment is made up of children who qualify for services provided under Title I; and is listed in the Annual Directory of Designated Low-Income Schools for Teacher Cancellation Benefits.
You must teach full-time for five complete and consecutive academic years.
Amounts of Forgiveness
$5,000
For services completed before October 30, 2004 one must be a full-time elementary school teacher who demonstrated knowledge and teaching skills in reading, writing, mathematics, and other areas of the elementary school curriculum; or a full-time secondary school teacher who taught in a subject area that was relevant to your academic major.
For services completed on or after October 30, 2004 one must be a highly qualified full-time elementary or secondary school teacher.
$17,500
For all services regardless of date of beginning or completion one must be a highly qualified full-time mathematics or science teacher in an eligible secondary school; or a highly qualified special education teacher whose primary responsibility was to provide special education to children with disabilities, and you taught children with disabilities that corresponded to your area of special education training and have demonstrated knowledge and teaching skills in the content areas of the curriculum that you taught.
References
Student loans in the United States | wiki |
Edna Turnblad is a character from the following four media:
Hairspray (1988 film), played by Divine
Hairspray (musical), played on Broadway by Harvey Fierstein
Hairspray (2007 film), played by John Travolta
Hairspray Live!, played, on live television in December 2016, by Harvey Fierstein | wiki |
"Hé oh" is a song by French rapper Gambi released in 2019. The song topped the singles chart in France and was Gambi's first single to reach number one.
Charts
Certifications
References
2019 singles
2019 songs
French-language songs
French hip hop songs | wiki |
On va tout péter est un film dramatique français réalisé par Lech Kowalski, sorti en 2019. Il a été projeté dans la section de la Quinzaine des réalisateurs au Festival de Cannes 2019.
Références
Liens externes
Film français sorti en 2019
Film documentaire français
Film dramatique français
Film en français
Film documentaire sur le mouvement ouvrier | wiki |
Cutaneous asthenia is a skin disorder caused by a collagen defect. Collagen is the protein that binds the cells of the dermis together. It is also called dermatoproxy, hereditary skin fragility or cutis elastica ("elastic skin") and is found in humans, cats, dogs, mink, horses, cattle and sheep. In cattle and sheep, it is called dermatosparaxis ('torn skin'). The skin is also abnormally fragile. The skin flaps peel or slough off very easily, often without causing bleeding. This explains why cats with the condition suddenly "molt" their wings.
It is variously known as:
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome — humans
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia — horses
Feline cutaneous asthenia — cats
References
Mammal diseases | wiki |
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