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Canache may refer to:
In Greek mythology (Κανάχη):
Canache, same as Canace
Canache, one of Actaeon's dogs
Other uses:
The Canache, a bay in Stanley Harbour
Canache, a family name occurring in Spanish-speaking world | wiki |
Netscape Composer fue un editor de páginas web que ofrecía un entorno WYSIWYG, inicialmente desarrollado por Netscape Communications Corporation en 1997 y distribuido junto al navegador web Netscape Navigator. Además, Composer también permite ver y editar el código HTML, revisar la ortografía, publicar sitios web, y soporta los tipos más importantes de formato web.
Composer fue inicialmente desarrollado por Netscape como un componente de la suite Netscape Communicator, sin embargo, después de que la compañía fuera comprada por AOL en 1998, parte de su desarrollo se hizo de código abierto y supervisado por la Fundación Mozilla. Las versiones posteriores de Netscape Composer se basan en Mozilla Composer, la misma utilidad dentro de la Mozilla Application Suite.
La última versión de Netscape Composer fue lanzada con la suite Netscape 7.2. No fue incluido en versiones posteriores, porque Mozilla decidió centrarse en las aplicaciones independientes, y como tal, Netscape lanzó los navegadores Netscape 8 en 2005 y Netscape Navigator 9 en 2007, ambos basados en el Mozilla Firefox.
Composer actualmente se encuentra descontinuado, SeaMonkey, el conjunto sucesor impulsado por la comunidad de Mozilla Application Suite, y las suites de Netscape, cuenta con un editor HTML llamado Composer que se desarrolla a partir de Mozilla Composer. Nvu y KompoZer son proyectos separados de editor derivados de Composer.
Referencias
Véase también
Software no libre
Microsoft FrontPage
Expression Web
Adobe Dreamweaver
Software libre y de código abierto
KompoZer
Mozilla Composer
OpenOffice.org Writer
Enlaces externos
Netscape archive
Netscape
Editores de páginas web
Software de 1997
Software descontinuado | wiki |
The following is a list of tours and notable live acts performed by British singer George Michael (1963-2016).
Tours
Charity Concerts
Other Concerts
References
See also
List of best-selling music artists
Live performances
Live performances
Michael, George | wiki |
Compounds are organized into the following lists:
, compounds without a C–H bond
See also
can form compounds
External links
Relevant links for chemical compounds are:
The CAS Substance Databases
Common Chemistry
Chemfinder
ChemSpider
ChemIDplus a non-commercial source
PubChem
Chemistry-related lists | wiki |
Born Free is a 1966 film directed by James Hill. It may also refer to:
Born Free may also refer to:
Music
"Born Free" (Matt Monro song), a 1966 composition by John Barry and Don Black for the film
Born Free (Andy Williams album), featuring the above song
Born Free (Milt Jackson album), featuring the above song
"Born Free" (M.I.A. song), a 2010 song by M.I.A.
Born Free (music video), the music video/short film
Born Free (Kid Rock album), a 2010 album by Kid Rock
"Born Free" (Kid Rock song), featured in the above album
Born Free (Humble Gods album), 2004
Television
Born Free (TV series), a 1974 television series based on the film
Kyōryū Tankentai (Dinosaur Exploration Team) Born Free, a 1976 anime series by Sunrise and Tsuburaya Productions unrelated to the above series, movie, or book. Released by Celebrity Home Entertainment as an English-dubbed compilation film entitled "Return of the Dinosaurs".
"Born Free" (Dexter), a 2006 episode of the television series Dexter
Other uses
Born Free (book), a 1960 nonfiction book by Joy Adamson upon which the film was based
Born Free Foundation, a UK-based charitable organisation named after the film | wiki |
Imitation (af latin imitari: efterligne) er et fremmedord for en efterligning, for eksempel af fuglestemmer.
Eksterne henvisninger
Kognitionspsykologi | wiki |
The Burch colposuspension is a procedure to treat urinary incontinence due to pelvic floor relaxation. The paravaginal fascia is attached to Cooper's ligament. The purpose is to suspend the prolapsed urethra so that the urethrovesical junction and proximal urethra are replaced in the abdominal cavity.
References
Urologic surgery | wiki |
Air Kuning Selatan is a small town in Tampin District, Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia.
List of townships
Taman Sungai Dua
Kampung Sungai Dua
Felda Bukit Jalor
Kampung Baru
Taman Sri
Taman Kompleks Sukan
Taman Semarak
Taman Semarak 2
Taman Air Kuning Selatan
Kampung Parit Buloh
Kampung Tengah
Kampung Paya Lebar
Kampung Ulu
Kampung Punggor
Kampung Mantai(Malacca)
Kampung Baru Batang Melaka
Kampung Onn Lock
Education
Primary schools
SJK(C) Air Kuning
SK Air Kuning
SJK(T) Air Kuning
SJK(C) Bukit Kledek
SJK(T) Bukit Kledek
SK Bukit Jalor
SK(A)Mahad Ahmadi
Secondary schools
SMK (Felda) Bukit Jalor Zon Air Kuning Selatan
Maktab Rendah Sains Mara (MRSM) Sg. Dua
Mahad Ahmaddi
SMK Dato'Taha
References
Tampin District
Towns in Negeri Sembilan | wiki |
Forbes Tower is a building of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Located directly behind the historic Iroquois Building, Forbes Tower was designed by the architectural firm Tasso Katselas Associates and was completed in 1996 at a cost of $55 million and sits over the top of a 572-car underground parking garage. The University of Pittsburgh jointly utilizes the building, with of offices, classrooms, and labs constructed on the third, fourth, fifth and sixth floors for University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences ($13.2 million of the project cost).
The School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, which moved from the now demolished Pennsylvania Hall in 1996, shares space in the building with programs and centers jointly run by it and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The school's programs include clinical dietetics and nutrition, emergency medicine, communication science and disorders, health information management, athletic training, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and rehabilitation science and technology.
References
External links
Forbes Tower on Pitt's virtual Campus Tour
School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences
University of Pittsburgh academic buildings
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center | wiki |
A.C.A.B.
All Coppers Are... (1972.), film
ACAB – All Cops Are Bastards (2012.), film
Association of Community Access Broadcasters, novozelandsko udruženje radijskih postaja | wiki |
Benjamin Prichard was an early American industrialist who founded the Amoskeag Cotton and Wool Manufacturing Company, which would grow to be the largest cotton textile mill in the world.
References
Businesspeople from New Hampshire
People from Manchester, New Hampshire | wiki |
Nonverbal autism is a subset of autism where the person does not learn how to speak.
It is estimated that 25% to 50% of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) never develop spoken language beyond a few words or utterances.
Background
Despite the growing field of research on ASD, there is not much information available pertaining to people with autism who never develop oral language; that, in fact, nonspeaking autistic individuals are considered to be underrepresented in all of autism research. Because of the limited research on nonspeaking autism, there are not many validated measurements appropriate for this population. For example, while they may be appropriate for younger children, they lack the validity for school children and have continued to be a roadblock for nonspeaking autism research. Often in autism research, nonspeaking autistic individuals are subgrouped with Low-functioning autism (LFA), severe or level 3 autism, categorized by learning to make one sound or having minimal oral language.
Most of the existing body of research in nonspeaking autism focuses on early interventions that predict successful language outcomes. Research suggests that acquiring language before age five is a good indicator of positive child development, and the likelihood of acquiring functional language in the future past this age is minimal, that early language development is crucial to educational achievement, employment, independence during adulthood, and social relationships.
The most obvious signs of autism, such as atypical social and language development, and restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests, often present themselves between the ages of two and three, and most children with ASD can be diagnosed in early childhood as a result. Other disorders such as epilepsy, ADHD, gastrointestinal problems, sleep disorders, depression and anxiety also often accompany ASD.
Early predictors
The causes of nonspeaking autism are unknown. However, there appears to be a relationship between joint attention and verbal communication. Joint attention occurs between two individuals when one draws the other's attention to an object through gesturing (i.e. eye gazing, pointing). The ability to achieve joint attention at an early age plays a significant role in language development, and studies indicate severe lapses in joint attention in children with autism. In one study, researchers suggest that a displayed pattern of delays, absences, or a general impaired response to stimuli (hyporesponsiveness) and a fascination with intense or repetitive stimulation (sensory seeking) is more likely in nonspeaking children with autism, suggesting that both hyporesponsiveness and sensory seeking is related to poor communication outcomes in children with ASD.
Potential causes
The amygdala theory
There is a growing body of tentative evidence indicating the amygdala's involvement in the development of autism. The focuses on the importance of the amygdala in relation to social functioning and observes that autism is largely a severe impairment of social functioning. The amygdala is thought to be associated with the fight or flight response in animals and its activity is heavily correlated with fear in humans. Additionally, it has been heavily implicated in relation to social functioning in various animal studies. Evidence suggests an amygdala hyperactivity model may be more accurate than one comparing it to a lesion.
Lesion studies have shown that amygdala damage results in severe social impairment among animal models. Vervet monkey mothers with amygdala lesions were shown to be much less caring with their young neglecting and even abusing them. Rats with amygdala ablations become much more docile. Monkeys with lesions to the anterior temporal lobe develop a disorder known as Klüver–Bucy syndrome, characterized by loss of fear, hypersexuality, hyperorality, and an inability to recognize visual objects (often, but not always).
Evidence shows the amygdala accounts for the emotional, oral, and sexual abnormalities listed above. These abnormalities coincide with several characteristics of the diagnostic guidelines for autism, at least passably for an animal model.
Post-mortem analysis of humans shows an increased neuronal density in the amygdala in autism compared to controls, indicating a potential linkage and supporting the hyperactivity model.
Several studies presented subjects with ASD photographs of human eyes and had them report the emotional state of the person in the picture. A smaller amygdala was associated with increased response time but not decreased accuracy. There was also significantly less amygdaloid activation in the brains of those with ASD than controls. Subjects compensated for this lack of amygdaloid activity with increased activation in the temporal lobe, and are associated with verbally labeling images. This activity is thought to imply less usage of emotional/social cues to identify objects and rather more objective, factually based processing. One may extrapolate from this model that patients with autism may learn that a specific facial configuration represents an emotional state and what that emotional state implies socially, but they may not come to truly understand how that person feels. This supports a theory of mind deficit, or inability to empathize with others – a characteristic symptom of ASD.
Studies conducted specifically on nonspeaking autistic individuals provide similar evidence. Brain studies have shown several amygdaloid impairments among those with ASD. The amygdala in those with nonspeaking autism have less volume compared to controls, contain a higher density of neurons suggesting hyperconnection, and show a negative correlation between amygdala size and impairment severity among subjects.
Infantile autism is actually associated with an oversized amygdala, there are developmental theories as to how this may occur. Research on major depressive disorder has shown that excessive activation such as stress or fear leads to allostasis, or degeneration of the neurons involved in creating the phenomenon. Initial hypertrophy results in atrophy and reduction of brain size in the given region. Over time, this occurs in patients with severe depression, and they develop a decreased amygdala size. Some scientists theorize that this is happening early during infancy in the autistic brain, accounting for the initial overgrowth and later observed size reduction.
When eye tracking software is employed to record where subjects focus their visual attention on images of human faces, small amygdala volume is associated with decreased eye fixation. Eyes are considered to be especially important for establishing human connection and conveying emotion, thus fixation on them is considered to be a crucial part of identifying people and emotions in a social setting.
In addition to a negative correlation to eye fixation studies showed a smaller amygdala was associated with impairment in nonverbal communication skills as well. This suggests that the amygdala is critical in developing all types of communicative abilities, not just verbal. This suggests the amygdala may play a crucial role in relating to other humans in a way that allows for behavioral mimicry.
Among patients with nonspeaking ASD researchers could predict symptom severity based on amygdala activity. Those with the least amygdala activity had the most impaired nonspeaking communication abilities, those with the most activity had the strongest communication abilities.
The development of language, similar to the development of most physical skills, relies heavily on mimicry of other humans. ASDs are known to impair one's ability to focus on and relate with people possibly as a result of a damaged amygdala. Nonspeaking autistics will often be able to learn more basic communicative skills such as pointing to objects or selecting a picture from a list. These skills are far more simple and do not require the degree of personal connection needed for language development.
It is important to note that these studies must be considered with great caution. Cross-sectional studies can only suggest so much about the pathology of a disorder. Further study, particular longitudinal studies, are needed to gain a more complete understanding. It is also important to recognize that most disorders arise from a complex interworking of the entire brain and restricting a theory to one subsystem would be a mistake, this theory merely suggests how the amygdala may be involved with develop of ASD and provides evidence to support an association.
Language outcomes
For nonspeaking grade school children and adolescents with autism, communication systems and interventions have been implemented to enhance language and communication outcomes. Speech-generating devices such as tablet computers use visual displays for children who lack verbal language, giving them the task of selecting icons indicating a request or need. For adolescents with nonspeaking autism, interventions can condition them to learn more advanced operations on speech-generating devices that require more steps (i.e. turning on device, scrolling through pages), which would allow them to enhance their communicative abilities independently.
The picture exchange system (PECS) is a form of spontaneous communication for children with autism in which an individual selects a picture indicating a request. PECS can be utilized in educational settings and at the child's home. Longitudinal studies suggest PECS can have long-term positive outcomes for school-aged children with nonspeaking autism, specifically their social-communicative skills, such as higher frequencies of joint attention and initiation, and duration of cooperative play, which are all important roles in improving language outcomes.
It has also been suggested that a significant stage in acquiring verbal language is learning how to identify and reproduce syllables of words. One study found that nonspeaking and minimally speaking children with autism are capable of enhancing their oral production and vocalizing written words by isolating each syllable of a word one at a time. The process of breaking down a syllable at a time and having it visually displayed and audibly available to the child can prompt him or her to imitate and create nonrandom and meaningful utterances.
Most of these studies contain small sample sizes and were pilot studies, making additional research significant to assess whether these findings can be generalized to all age groups of the same population. Furthermore, most studies on nonspeaking autism and speech-generating device communication were based on more basic skills, such as naming pictures and making requests for stimuli, while studies in advanced communication are limited.
See also
Facilitated communication: an AAC controversial communication technique which purports is to help non-verbal people communicate
Low-functioning autism: verbal abilities may be lacking
Language delay and speech delay
Late talkers: sometimes mistaken as nonverbal autistics
Nonverbal communication
References
Autism
Muteness | wiki |
Musica
Halford – gruppo musicale fondato dal cantante dei Judas Priest, Rob Halford, da cui la formazione prende il nome
Persone
Bruce Halford (1931-2001) – pilota di Formula 1 britannico
Charles Halford (1980) – attore statunitense
Greg Halford (1984) – calciatore inglese
Henry Halford (1766-1844) – nobile e fisico inglese
Rob Halford (1951) – cantante britannico | wiki |
Deneb Kaitos may refer to the following stars in the constellation Cetus:
Beta Ceti
Iota Ceti
See also
Deneb, α Cygni
Deneb (disambiguation) | wiki |
Our Lady's Church may refer to:
Church of Our Lady
St. Mary's Church
Single examples:
St. Mary's or Our Lady's Church, Glendalough
It is also the translation of church names in other languages:
Notre Dame (disambiguation)
Nuestra Señora (disambiguation)
Liebfrauenkirche (disambiguation)
Frauenkirche (disambiguation) | wiki |
Appleby railway station (formerly "Appleby West"), is a railway station serving Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria, England.
Appleby railway station may also refer to:
Appleby GO Station, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Appleby East railway station serving Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria, England
Appleby railway station (Lincolnshire), Appleby, Lincolnshire, England
Appleby railway station, New Zealand, Tasman district, South Island, New Zealand | wiki |
Bowfishing is a method of hunting fish that uses specialized archery equipment to lethally shoot and retrieve the animal. Fish are shot with a barbed arrow that is attached with a special line to a reel mounted on a bow or crossbow. Historically, bowfishing was practiced for subsistence, but in the 21st Century it has increasingly become sport, mostly practiced in the USA. Sport bowfishing is mostly unregulated as of 2023, but is increasingly gaining attention and study.
Equipment
Bows
Traditionally, bows were usually very simple. Most did not have sights, and aiming was executed by line-of-sight judgment down the arrow. Modern sport bowfishing mostly uses sophisticated compound or lever-action bows, some of which are fitted with laser sights. There are a couple of types of rests including the hook-and-roller rest, and the whisker biscuit. Most bowfishing bows have little to no let-off and are typically designed for 40-50 pounds (18–23 kg) of draw weight. Some other bows can have as much as draw weight.
The crossbow is also sometimes used in this manner and has its own advantages, including the use of a reel. See Recreational fishing.
Arrows
Bowfishing arrows are considerably heavier and stronger than arrows used in other types of archery and are most commonly constructed of fiberglass, but solid aluminum, carbon fiber, and carbon fiber reinforced fiberglass are also used. Bowfishing arrows generally lack fletching, as it can cause the arrow to flare to one side or another underwater and they are not required at the relatively short ranges associated with bowfishing. Lighted nocks, and other custom features for arrows associated with night bowfishing are commonly available. Line is attached to the arrow by tying to a hole in the arrow shaft or through the use of a slide system.
Line
Bowfishing line is often made from braided nylon, Dacron, or Spectra. Commonly used line weights range from eighty to four-hundred pound test, with six-hundred being used when bowhunting for alligators. Line color is normally either lime green, white, or neon orange.
Reels
Three types of reels are commonly used in bowfishing: Hand-wrap, spincast, and retriever. Hand-wrap reels are the simplest reels; they consist of a circular spool that line is wrapped onto by hand and then secured in a line holding slot. When the arrow is shot the line comes free from the line holder and feeds off the spool. Fish are caught by pulling the line in hand over hand; hand-wrap reels are the least effective at fighting arrowed fish, but they can be used in conjunction with a float system to shoot and fight large trophy fish. Retriever reels have a "bottle" which holds the line in place. When shot the line comes out either until the shot goes too far and the line runs out or the hunter pushes down a stopping device which can be used to keep a fish from traveling out too far. Some retriever reels have slots cut in them and are known as slotted retriever reels. They are more commonly used for alligator, alligator gar, shark and other big game that will take more time to chase down than smaller game fish.
Boats
Although bowfishing can be done from the shore, bowfishers most often shoot from boats. Flat bottom "john boats" and canoes are used in areas of low water, as they have less draw, but are unsuitable for open water. Larger boats can accommodate multiple hunters. Many of these boats are highly customized specifically for bowfishing, with raised shooting platforms, and generators to provide electrical power to multiple lights for bowfishing at night. In dense marshlands that are unfriendly to boat propellers, airboats, which incorporate top-mounted fan propulsion for operating in very shallow waters, are usually used.
Techniques
Along with fishing from boats and off the shore, wading and shooting is also effective as long as the hunter does not mind getting soaked. Wading in rivers allows the shooter to get up close to the fish if the hunter is skillful. When keeping fish while wading, the hunter may utilize a stringer tied to a belt loop.
Standing on large rocks in shallower parts of a river is another technique. This provides a better view higher out of the water. Going from rock to rock in a river with two hunters gets the fish moving if they are inactive. It is similar to herding the fish to the other hunter; while one hunter is wading the other is stationary on a rock.
All of these river techniques typically work best for carp or catfish, depending on the location.
Aiming
Due to the light refraction at the water surface and the optical distortion of the apparent position of underwater objects (which would appear to be shallower), aiming straight at the target silhouette usually results in a miss. Aiming well below the target compensates for this optical illusion. Depth and distance (as well as angle) of the target also impact how far below the fish to aim.
Controversy
During the late 20th Century and into the 21st Century bowfishing has increasingly become an ethically problematic sport prone to wanton waste of historically-underappreciated native species in the United States. Bowfishing's ecological damage has become amplified since the rise of night bowfishing during the 21st Century. No bowfisheries management, complex native fish life histories, lack of funding for historically (and derogatorily) deemed "rough fish", and the heightened vulnerability of freshwater fishes and their habitats worldwide further exacerbates the ecological waste of modern bowfishing.
Modern sport bowfishing (occurring in the US), which is often an effort to amass hundreds of native fish in single outings (sport killing) and to discard them as full-bodied carcasses afterwards, runs exactly counter to central principles of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation. In addition, a modern biological understanding of several of these targeted native species (e.g., Bigmouth Buffalo, Bowfins, Quillback) has shown that they exhibit complex life cycles that are especially prone to overfishing. Although some invasive species are sport bowfished in the US including some carp species (e.g. common carp), the vast majority of sport bowfished species are ecologically-valuable native species including gars, bowfin, buffalofishes, carpsuckers, redhorse, several other catostomids species, freshwater drum, hiodontids, paddlefish, bullheads, and catfish. These native species have been increasingly pursued in sport for several years, and thus new sportfish management is long overdue. Sport bowfisheries management of native species must be commensurate with the amount of fish removed from the ecosystem, which is significantly greater per bowfishing participant due to the lethality of the sport (catch and release is not possible), and nonexistent limits or extremely liberal limits. In addition, approaching and killing fish aided by powerful spot lights at night is relatively easy because fish are less skittish, wind conditions are calmer, many fishes move shallower, there is no fighting glare from sun and clouds, there is less boat traffic and less law enforcement. Indeed, in the 21st Century night bowfishing has grown in popularity and legality and is most practiced by experienced bowfishers. More than 1,000 native fish can be removed in a single bowfishing outing.In saltwater, rays and sharks are regularly pursued.
Targeted species
Freshwater
Common carp
Bighead carp
Silver carp
Grass carp
River Carpsucker
Longnose gar
Shortnose gar
Spotted Gar
Alligator gar
Paddlefish
Threadfin Shad
Frog
Bigmouth buffalo
Smallmouth buffalo
Freshwater drum
Catfish
American alligator
Tilapia
Bowfin
Asian snakehead
Saltwater
Southern stingray
Cownose ray
Bull shark
Barracuda
Flounder
Sheepshead
Notes
References
Archery
Recreational fishing
Fishing techniques and methods
Arrow types
cs:Kaproun obecný | wiki |
G&S may refer to:
Gilbert and Sullivan, a 19th-century comic opera partnership
Gavin & Stacey, a BBC comedy TV series
Geek & Sundry, a commercial YouTube Channel and multimedia production company.
Graham & Schlageter, an American sailboat design firm active from 1975 to 1989 | wiki |
Curtola may refer to:
Bobby Curtola (1943–2016), Canadian singer and teen idol
Curtola Park & Ride, a bus station in Vallejo, California
Curtola Parkway, a stretch of Interstate 780, California | wiki |
The fifty øre coin is the smallest-denomination coin of the Danish krone. Since the removal of the 25 øre coin in 2008, it has been the only Danish coin with a face value of under one krone.
Design
The design is almost identical to the 25 øre coin issued in 1991, the only differences being the face value of the coin and the size.
History
The first coin of the denomination of half of a krone was a ½ krone coin issued in 1924, measuring 20mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness. It featured on its obverse the monogram of King Christian X of Denmark, and the crown on the reverse. It was made of aluminium bronze and shared its design with the krone coin of the time. Its last minting was in 1940 and it was demonetised on 31 December 1942.
The present fifty øre coin was introduced into circulation on 3 July 1989 after the demonetisation of the five and ten øre coins. Its obverse features the crown of King Christian V of Denmark. The coin is composed of a bronze of 97% copper, 2.5% zinc and 0.5% tin. As of January 2018, 50 øre is around 8 US cents.
References
Coins of Denmark
Numismatics
Fifty-cent coins | wiki |
Blade of grass sign (also known as flame sign) is a radiologic sign referring to the lytic fronts seen in the leading edge of the long bone in Paget's disease. It is usually seen as a wedge shaped area of radiolucency in the diaphysis of long bone.
References
Radiologic signs | wiki |
After the Reality is a 2016 romance film written and directed by David Anderson and starring Matthew Morrison and Sarah Chalke. It was released by The Orchard.
Premise
A contestant (Matthew Morrison) on a Bachelorette style reality show is thrown into turmoil when the sudden death of his father forces him to quit the series prematurely and reconnect with his estranged sister (Sarah Chalke) at their family cabin.
Cast
Matthew Morrison as Scottie
Sarah Chalke as Kate
Jon Dore as Fitz
Laura Bell Bundy as Kelly
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Dunkin
Isaiah Mustafa as Garreth
Tony Cavalero as Reg
Aimee Garcia as Crystal
Jane Lynch as Doctor
John Heard as Bob
Michael Fairman as Elmer Severson
Katy Jacoby as Producer
Max Gecowets as Rucke
References
External links
2016 films
The Orchard (company) films
Films shot in Minnesota
2010s English-language films | wiki |
The 1981 Peach Bowl may refer to:
1981 Peach Bowl (January) - January 2, 1981, game between the Miami Hurricanes and the Virginia Tech Hokies
1981 Peach Bowl (December) - December 31, 1981, game between the Florida Gators and the West Virginia Mountaineers | wiki |
Jumper cables are electric cables to connect two rail or road vehicles.
Rail
Jumper cables are between the locomotive, the railroad cars and the cab car or the driving van trailer on push-pull trains for multiple-unit train control and the transmission of lower voltage electricity (head end power).
Road
Jumper cables are electrical cables between the road tractor and a semi-trailer or a full trailer or the electrical cables between an automobile and any trailer.
Jump starting
A car with a "dead" (discharged) battery can be made to start by supplying it with power from an external source, such as the battery of another car. The jump leads used to make the necessary temporary connection are also commonly called "jumper cables". These usually are equipped at the ends with alligator clips.
References
Locomotive parts
Auto parts | wiki |
A consistent pricing process (CPP) is any representation of (frictionless) "prices" of assets in a market. It is a stochastic process in a filtered probability space such that at time the component can be thought of as a price for the asset.
Mathematically, a CPP in a market with d-assets is an adapted process in if Z is a martingale with respect to the physical probability measure , and if at all times such that is the solvency cone for the market at time .
The CPP plays the role of an equivalent martingale measure in markets with transaction costs. In particular, there exists a 1-to-1 correspondence between the CPP and the EMM .
References
Financial risk modeling
Mathematical finance | wiki |
Jeyes Fluid is a brand of disinfectant fluid for external use only. It is predominantly used for removing bacteria, while gardeners have found it effective at cleaning paths, patios, greenhouses, driveways, and drains - particularly of moss. With cautious use, it can also remove weeds.
The product was patented by John Jeyes in 1877, and granted a Royal Warrant to the British Royal Family in 1896.
While no longer used for this purpose, Jeyes Fluid has been used in historical medical treatments. Dr. William Robert Woodman, attributes low death rates for cases of scarlet fever to interventions, including
"...that patients are given frequent warm baths, beginning at the end of the first week. Warm baths with some Jeyes' fluid in them are used, the latter preventing the spread of the infection."
The first television ad for Jeyes Fluid was not until 2011, when a £500,000 advertising campaign was aired in the UK over the Easter bank holiday.
Composition
It has a pH between 8.0 and 10.0 (moderately alkaline).
References
External links
Company history
Safety data sheets are available from www.jeyesprofessional.co.uk
Jeyes Fluid 1L x 6 (JP) safety data sheet
Jeyes Fluid 5L x 4 (JP) safety data sheet
Product fact sheet
British brands
1877 introductions
Companies based in Norfolk
Cleaning product brands
Disinfectants
Household and personal product companies of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Variations of golf include methods of scoring, starting procedures, playing formats, golf games, and activities based on or similar to the sport of golf which involve golf-like skills or goals.
Some variations are essentially identical to golf, but with only minor differences or focusing on a specific aspect of the game, while others are more distant and arguably not simple variations but distinct games. Many of these variations are played in non-professional settings, without the presence of officials and sometimes without strict adherence to any official rules. Sometimes the rules are in place to provide a structure for side-betting that is independent of the final "traditional" score.
Scoring formats
Stroke play
In stroke play, the score is derived by counting the total number of strokes taken.
Match play
In match play, the score is derived by counting the total number of holes "won" and subtracting the number of holes "lost".
Stableford
Under the Stableford scoring system the player gains points according to the number of strokes taken on each hole in relation to par. Standard scoring is 1 point for a bogey, 2 points for a par, 3 points for a birdie, 4 points for an eagle. The points achieved for each hole of the round or tournament are added to produce the total points score, and the player with the highest score wins.
Par and bogey
In par and bogey competitions each participant competes in match play against the course. On each hole, the player competes against par or bogey (in the traditional sense), and "wins" if they score a birdie or better, "lose" if they score a bogey or worse, and "halve" by scoring par. The player with the best win–loss differential is the winner.
Playing formats
In addition to playing as an individual, golf affords the opportunity to play in many pairs and team formats.
Foursomes
Foursomes, or alternate shot, is a pairs format. Each pair has only one ball in play and players alternate playing strokes until the hole is completed. Foursomes can be played as match play or stroke play.
A variant of foursomes is greensomes, also called Scotch Foursomes or modified alternate shot. In greensomes, both players tee off and then select which ball with which to complete the hole. The player who did not hit the chosen first shot plays the second shot and play then alternates as in foursomes. A variant of greensomes, often referred to as gruesomes or bloodsomes, is sometimes played where the opposing team chooses which of their opponent's tee shots they should use, usually the worse one which may even be unplayable. Play then continues as in greensomes.
Another variation of foursomes is Chapman, also known as Pinehurst or American Foursomes. Under Chapman rules, both players tee off and then play their partner's ball for the second shot before alternately taking strokes having selected the ball with which to complete the hole; the next (third) stroke is played by the player who hit the chosen ball from the tee.
Four-ball
Four-ball (also known as better-ball, and sometimes best-ball) is a pairs format. Each player plays their own ball, with the better of the two scores on each hole counting as the pair's score. Four-ball can be played as match play or stroke play.
Best ball
In best ball, each member of the team plays their own ball as normal, but the lowest/best score of all the players on the team counts as the team's score on each hole.
Variations of best ball include Bowmaker, 1-2-3 Best Ball (or ChaChaCha), Fourball Alliance, Arizona Shuffle and Low Ball/High Ball; in each of these formats a set number of the players scores count for the team on each hole.
The term best ball is also sometimes used when referring to four-ball.
Scramble
In a scramble each player in a team tees off on each hole, and the players decide which shot was best. Every player then plays their second shot from within a clublength of where the best ball has come to rest, and the procedure is repeated until the hole is finished. The format is used in the PGA Tour's QBE Shootout and Father/Son Challenge, titled since 2020 as the PNC Championship.
There are many variations on the scramble format. Commonly played ones include Ambrose, which uses net scoring with a team handicap; Florida scramble, where after each stroke the player whose ball is selected does not play the next one; and Texas scramble, in which a set number of each team member's tee shots must be used. In a champagne scramble or shamble each player tees off on each hole before selecting the best drive and completing the hole in using a variation of best-ball format.
Patsome
Patsome is played in pairs with holes being played in a rotation of four-ball, greensomes and foursomes formats. Typically, the first six holes will be four-ball, the next six greensomes, and the final six foursomes.
Golf games and betting
Nassau
The Nassau is three bets in one: best score on the front nine, best score on the back nine and best score over the full 18. The Nassau is perhaps the most common bet among golfers and can be applied to all standard scoring formats.
Skins
In a skins game, golfers compete on each hole as a separate contest. The player with the best outright score on each hole wins the "skin", which is prize money in the professional game or a wager for amateurs. If the hole is tied by any number of the competitors, the skin rolls over to the next hole so that it is then worth two skins. It is common for the value of the skins to increase as the round progresses.
Nines
Nines, or 9-points, is variant of match play typically played among threesomes, where each hole is worth a total of nine points. The player with the lowest score on a hole receives five points, the next-lowest score 3 and the next-lowest score 1. Ties are generally resolved by summing the points contested and dividing them among the tying players; a two-way tie for first is worth four points to both players, a two-way tie for second is worth two points to both players, and a three-way tie is worth three points to each player. The player with the highest score after 18 holes (in which there are 162 points to be awarded) wins the game. This format can be used to wager on the game systematically; players each contribute the same amount of money to the pot, and a value is assigned to each point scored (or each point after 18) based on the amount of money in the pot, with any overage going to the overall winner.
A variation on nines is sixes, or split sixes, in which six points are available on each hole, awarded 4-2-0 with ties resolved as in nines.
Bingo Bango Bongo
Bingo Bango Bongo is a points-based game that can be played by two or more players or teams. In Bingo Bango Bongo, three types of achievements are rewarded with a point: first player to get their ball on the green (bingo), closest to the hole once all balls are on the green (bango), first to hole out (bongo). The player with the lowest outright score on hole wins 2 points, i.e. if 2 or more players tie no points are given out. At the end of the game the player with the most points wins. Bingo Bango Bongo is considered a game for skilled players, and its point-based scoring makes it a popular side-game for wagering.
Wolf
Wolf is a golf game for groups of four. It is scored individually but played as 2-on-2 better-ball or 3-on-1 best-ball in teams that are determined at the start of each hole. The order of play from the tee is decided prior to the start and is kept throughout the round, except the starting player (the "Wolf") rotates each hole, i.e. if the order for hole 1 is ABCD, the order for hole 2 would then be BCDA, etc. Everyone plays individually, with each of the players on the team with the lowest individual score on each hole earning a point. After hole 16 the rotation has completed four times, and it is usual for the player in last place to be designated as the Wolf for the final two holes. The player with the most points at the end of the round wins.
At the start of each hole, the Wolf decides whether or not they want each of the other players as their team-mate for the hole immediately after each of them tee off. The Wolf may choose to reject all the other players, in which case the hole is played as 3 against 1 and the points are doubled. The wolf can also elect to be a "Lone Wolf" before their own tee shot, in which case the points are multiplied by 4, or after they have played but before the others, in which case the points are multiplied by 3.
Acey deucey
Aces and deuces, or acey deucey, is a bet in which there is a winner, two modest losers, and one big loser on each hole. A game for groups of four, the low scorer ("ace") on each hole wins a certain amount from each of the other three players; while the high scorer ("deuce") on each hole owes each of the other three. The ace is usually worth twice the deuce, and there is nothing for ties.
Round robin
Round robin, also known as Hollywood or sixes, is a game for groups of four. Players compete against each other in pairs, rotating partners every six holes.
Criers and whiners
Criers and whiners is known by many different names including No Alibis, Replay, Play it Again, and Mulligans. As the latter would suggest, it's a game of mulligans with handicaps being translated into the number of do-overs golfers are allowed during the round.
Side bets
Sandies
A betting game whereby any player making par after having been in a bunker on the hole wins points or money. The bunker can be at any spot on the hole, yet particulars are dependent on local rules.
Barkies
Barkies, sometimes called Woodies or Seves (as in Seve Ballesteros), are paid automatically to any player who makes par on a hole on which they hit a tree. The value of a Barkie is determined before the round.
Arnies
Arnies are side bets whose value should be determined prior to the round. They are won automatically by any golfer who makes a par without having managed to get their ball into the fairway. Named in honor of Arnold Palmer, who made quite a few "Arnies" in his time.
Starting procedures
Competition format and organization sometimes necessitate variations on the usual starting procedure, where everyone begins from the first tee and plays all holes in order though to the eighteenth, in order for the course to accommodate all competitors effectively.
Two-tee start
Some 18-hole courses are configured in loops, usually of 9 holes, that start and end close to the clubhouse which facilitate two or more starting points. In large field tournaments, especially on professional tours before the field is reduced by a cut, a two tee start is commonplace with the field being split between starting on the first tee and the tenth tee (sometimes the ninth or eleventh depending on proximity to the clubhouse).
Shotgun start
Shotgun starts are mainly used for amateur tournament or society play, and allows all players to start and finish their round at roughly the same time. In this variant, each of the playing groups starts their game simultaneously on a different hole, for example a group starting on hole 5 will play through to the 18th hole and continue with hole 1, ending their round on hole 4.
Golf based games
Golf based games may be minor adaptations of the sport, games focused on a specific skill, or hybrid games that integrate skill-sets and equipment from other sports or games. The term indoor golf encompasses a wide array of different golf related activities, including simulators and various practice facilities.
Some games that retain most characteristics of golf but with some specific adaptations. For example, pitch and putt is played on courses made up of very short holes; hickory golf eschews much modern technology; beach golf and snow golf are played on very different surfaces to a normal golf course; park golf uses a special club, plastic resin ball and course; urban golf does not use a traditional golf course; and speed golf is simply golf against the clock, but played with a limited number of clubs.
Activities that focus on a single aspect of golf include miniature golf which is a putting-based game, long drive where players compete to hit the ball the farthest, target golf where points are awarded corresponding to proximity to a target, and clock golf in which players putt to a single hole from each of 12 points arranged in a circle.
Games based on golf but using items other than clubs and a golf ball, often incorporating skills from other activities, include disc golf, footgolf, codeball, dart golf, GolfCross, Sholf and Swingolf.
References | wiki |
{{Infobox game
| title = Battle for Andromeda
| subtitle = Conflict for a Trillion Suns!
| image_link =
| image_caption = | designer =
| illustrator =
| publisher = Taurus
| date =
| players = 1–6
| setup_time =
| playing_time =
| random chance =
| strategy =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}Battle for Andromeda: Conflict for a Trillion Suns! is a 1976 board wargame published by Taurus Games.
GameplayBattle for Andromeda is a spacecraft combat game.
Reception
Steve Jackson reviewed Battle for Andromeda in The Space Gamer'' No. 11. Jackson concluded that "This game is totally unplayable. It is a disaster. [...] No one should buy this game. It is a perfect example of how NOT to design a game."
References
Board games introduced in 1976
Fiction set in the Andromeda Galaxy
Science fiction board games | wiki |
Public service law may refer to:
United Kingdom public service law
Public service law in the United States
Public Service Law, one of the chapters of the Consolidated Laws of New York | wiki |
Čista ljubav hrvatska je telenovela snimana 2017. i 2018. godine. Broji 173 epizode.
Popis epizoda
Vanjske poveznice
Popisi epizoda televizijskih serija | wiki |
Moses Point Army Airfield is a former United States Army airfield located in Elim, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.
See also
Alaska World War II Army Airfields
Air Transport Command
Northwest Staging Route
References
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Alaska
Airports in the Nome Census Area, Alaska
Closed installations of the United States Army | wiki |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fencing:
Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Fencing is one of four sports which have been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games. Also known as modern fencing to distinguish it from historical fencing.
What type of thing is fencing?
Fencing can be described as all of the following:
Form of combat (fighting) – purposeful violent conflict meant to weaken, establish dominance over, or kill the opposition, or to drive the opposition away from a location where it is not wanted or needed.
Form of hand-to-hand combat – lethal or non-lethal physical confrontation between two or more persons at very short range (grappling distance) that does not involve the use of firearms or other distance weapons.
Martial art – codified system and tradition of combat practices, which are practiced for a variety of reasons: self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, entertainment, as well as mental, physical, and spiritual development.
Sport – form of competitive physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants or spectators.
Contact sport – involve a degree of player-to-player or player-to-object contact.
Combat sport – competitive contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using specialized rules of engagement, typically with the aim of simulating real hand-to-hand combat in some way.
Competitive sport – sport in which one or more participants or teams compete against one another. The one that is the most successful in achieving the objective of the game or sport event is the winner.
Amateur sport – competitive sport in which participants engage largely or entirely without remuneration.
Individual sport – sport in which participants compete as individuals.
Recreational sport – sport engaged in as a leisure time activity.
Spectator sport – sport that is characterized by the presence of spectators, or watchers, at its matches. Spectator sports are a form of entertainment.
Types of fencing
Foil fencing – uses a foil, a light thrusting weapon, targeting the torso, including the back, but not the arms. Touches are scored only with the tip; hits with the side of the blade do not count, and do not halt the action. Touches that land outside of the target area (off-target) stop the action, and are not scored. Only a single hit can be scored by either fencer at one time. If both fencers hit at the same time, the referee uses the rules of right of way to determine which fencer gets the point.
Sabre fencing – uses a saber, a light cutting and thrusting weapon, targeting the entire body above the waist, excluding the off hand. Hits with the edges of the blade as well as the tip are valid. As in foil, touches which land outside of the target area are not scored. However, unlike foil, these off-target touches do not stop the action, and the fencing continues. In the case of both fencers landing a scoring touch, the referee determines which fencer receives the point for the action, again through the use of "right of way".
Épée fencing – uses an épée, a heavier thrusting weapon, targeting the entire body. All hits must be with the tip and not the sides of the blade. Touches hit by the side of the blade do not halt the action. Unlike foil and sabre, Épée does not use right of way, and allows simultaneous hits by both fencers. However, if the score is tied at the last point and a double touch is scored, nobody is awarded the point.
History of fencing
History of fencing
Predecessors of modern fencing weapons
Khopesh
Bronze Age sword
Rondel dagger
Longsword
Rapier
Small sword
History of the foil
History of the épée
Historical European Martial Arts
Italian school of swordsmanship
Bolognese Swordsmanship
French school of fencing
Ecole Française d'Escrime
German influence
Fechtbuch
German masters
Johannes Liechtenauer
Paulus Hector Mair
Joachim Meyer
Classical fencing
Academic fencing (or "Mensur")
History of dueling
History of martial arts
Facilities
Strip (Piste) – The fencing area, roughly . The last two metres on each end is hash-marked, to warn a fencer before he/she backs off the end of the strip. Retreating off the end of the strip with both feet gets a touch against. Going off the side of the strip with one foot halts the fencing action. Going off the side with both feet gets a penalty of the loss of one metre. After each touch, fencers begin again at the center of the strip, 4 metres apart.
Equipment and gear
Weapons
Olympic weapons and their parts
Épée – A fencing weapon with triangular cross-section blade and a large bell guard; also a light dueling sword of similar design, popular in the mid-19th century, which was also called an 'Épée de Terrain.'
Foible – The top third of the blade. This section of the blade is weaker in terms of leverage, and is used for beats, presses, and other motions where speed is needed and leverage is not crucial.
Foil – A fencing weapon with rectangular cross-section blade and a small bell guard. More generally, any sword that has been buttoned or had its point turned back to render it less dangerous for practice.
Forte – The bottom third of the blade, so named for the strength in leverage that it provides. Always perform your parries with the forte. Hitting the opponent with the forte is not recommended.
French Grip – A traditional hilt with a slightly curved grip and a large pommel.
Guard – also Bell and Bell Guard. A Cup-shaped metal (steel or aluminum) weapon part which protects the hand. Foils use small concentrically mounted bell guards, épées use larger offset-mounted bell guards, and sabres have a knuckle guard that wraps around the hilt to protect from cuts to the hand.
Hilt – Everything that you hold. The handle of a sword, consisting of guard, grip, and pommel.
Maraging steel – A special steel alloy used for making blades rated for international competition. Usually stronger and more durable than conventional carbon-steel blades, but more importantly, it tends to break less frequently than carbon-steel blades. This is because propagation of micro-cracks in the blade is approximately 10 times slower in maraging steel than in carbon-steel. It is a fencing urban myth that a maraging steel blade is designed to break flat; the breakage patterns are identical. Both maraging and non-maraging blades break with the same degree of jaggedness. The sole reason for requiring a maraging steel blade (or a non-maraging one that has the same longevity under FIE testing) is that less blade breaks equals less potential for follow-on injury.
Pistol Grip – A modern, orthopedic grip, often shaped vaguely like a small pistol (generally with more protrusions than a real pistol's grip). Varieties are known by names such as Belgian, German, Russian, and Visconti. Orthopedic grips were introduced to aid a fencer who has lost some fingers and was unable to use a traditional grip.
Point – In foil and épée, the point is the only part of the blade with which to score points. The point may also be used in sabre.
Pommel – From the old French word for 'apple'. This fastener affixes the grip and guard to the tang of the blade. It has female threading, but the threaded hole does not go all the way through as is the case with a nut. It is screwed onto the distal end of the tang, locking guard, grip and electric connector is position by compression and friction. The pommel traditionally acts as a counterweight on non-orthopedic grips of foils and épées, and on all sabres. In electric sabre, it is covered with plastic as to not interfere with the detection of valid hits by allowing stray currents. Orthopedic (pistol-grip) weapons use only a pommel nut, usually fitting inside a cylindrical hole in the grip.
Sabre – A fencing weapon with a flat blade and knuckle guard, used with cutting or thrusting actions; a military sword popular in the 18th to 20th centuries; any cutting sword used by cavalry. The modern fencing sabre is descended from the dueling sabre of Italy and Germany, which was straight and thin with sharp edges, but had a blunt end.
Non-Olympic weapons and styles
Backsword – A type of heavy sabre, generally single-edged with a 'false edge' down the top third of the back of the blade. Typified by a basket hilt. In use from the 16th to 20th centuries.
Broadsword – A military sword and fencing weapon popular in the 18th-19th centuries, similar to a heavy sabre. Beginning only in the late 20th century, this term came to be inappropriately applied to almost any straight-bladed, double-edged, single-handed cutting sword, especially of the Medieval and Renaissance eras.
Longsword – also Hand-and-a-half Sword. A larger cutting sword that could be use with one or two hands. Manuals detailing the use of such swords are among the earliest extant, dating back to the 14th Century.
Great Sword – also Two-handed Sword. A very large cutting sword, generally double-edged, intended for use with both hands. Great Swords could be as tall as the swordsman, and were often used as front-line offensive weapons in late 17th Century warfare.
Italian Grip – A traditional hilt with finger rings and crossbar. Used only in foil and épée. The Italian grip provides more 'grip' than the French grip, but less than a 'pistol-grip'. The finger rings and crossbar are descendants of the swords that used quillions. This type of grip is rarely, if ever, used in Olympic-style fencing.
Quillion – also Quillon, Cross-guard. A bar that composes all or part of the guard of a sword. The quillions (usually two) extend from the hilt of the sword, perpendicular to the line of the blade, on the same plane as the edge(s) of the blade. In simple medieval swords, the quillions usually form the entire guard. In later, more complex hilts, rings and other protective structures were extended in front of the quillions. One or two fingers can be wrapped around the quillions, providing better control of the weapon. In modern fencing weapons, the Italian grip is the only one that retains quillions.
Rapier – A long, double-edged thrusting sword popular in the 16th-17th centuries. Rapiers began as swords which were designed to use the point, in addition to heavy cuts. Some consider the 'estoc' a precursor to the rapier. As the styles of combat changed, and heavy armor was lightened, the rapier became more focused on the use of the point, and less on heavy cutting strokes. Hilts were designed to allow the forefinger to wrap around a quillion and provide better control. Hilts could be of complex 'swelp-hilt' design, or shaped like a deep cup.
Ricasso – An unsharpened portion of the blade in front of the quillions. In complex rapier and smallsword hilts, the ricasso is behind the guard, or the forward portion of the hilt.
Smallsword – Also court sword. A light dueling sword popular in the 18th century. These were, as often as not, a fashion accessory as much as a gentleman's weapon, and were decorated as such.
Other equipment or gear
Body Cord – The insulated wire that runs under a fencer's jacket, connecting the Electrical Competition weapon to the reel, and thence to the scoring machine. The body cord also connects to the lamé causing it to become conductive.
Three Prong – A type of épée body wire/connector.
Two Prong – A type of body-wire/connector, used in foil and sabre.
Lamé – The electrically conductive jacket worn by Foil and Sabre fencers. In foil, the lamé extends on the torso from the shoulders to the groin area. It also covers the back. In sabre, the lamé covers both arms, the torso from the shoulders to the waist, and the back. Sabreurs also wear a conductive glove cover, called a manchette on their weapon hand. The lamé is connected to the body cord with an alligator clip causing it to be conductive.
Manchette – A special glove cover worn by sabre fencers, on their weapon hand. Covered by a type of brocaded fabric with inwoven metal threads that serve as a conductive surface that aides in the practice of electric fencing, the manchette is worn on the hand and wrist. The manchette is conducting up to but not exceeding the wrist area. It is worn in conjunction with a lamé.
Plastron – Also Underarm Protector. A partial garment worn under the jacket for padding or for safety. Usually Consists of a sleeve and a chest/abdomen covering, which provides additional padding and protection. An 'underarm' plastron is seamless under the weapon arm, providing no weak seams for a broken blade to rip through. An 'over-plastron' is worn to provide additional padding.
Bouting
Assault – A friendly combat between two fencers, where score may or may not be kept, and is generally not a part of any competition. Public exhibitions (spectator events) used to be often conducted as assaults, rather than as round-robin or direct-elimination events, especially with a few fencers. (See also Bout).
Bout – An assault at which the score is kept. Usually refers to a match between two fencers in a competition. This is the term used in the US to generally denote any combat between fencers, replacing the terms 'match' and 'assault'.
Corps-à-corps – (French "body-to-body") The action of two fencers coming into physical contact with one another with any portion of their bodies or hilts. This is illegal in foil and sabre bouts, and is cause for the Referee (Director) to halt the fencing action. In épée, it does not violate the spirit of the game, but contact may not be accompanied with any brutality or forcefulness (intentional or not).
Double – A double touch. in épée, two attacks that arrive within 40-50 ms of each other. This time margin is handled by the scoring machines, which lock out any touches after the time limit. Double touches are not allowed in foil and sabre.
Dry (USA) / Steam (UK) – Fencing without electric scoring aids. 'Dry' weapons have plastic or rubber buttons on the tips.
Match – The aggregate of bouts between two fencing teams.
Salute – A gesture of respect and civility performed with the weapon. Performed at the start and end of a bout (match, assault, etc.), and also at the start and end of a lesson. At the start of a bout, it is traditional, and expected, to salute the adversary, the referee of the bout, any additional judges for the bout, and then, optionally, others (the timekeeper, scorekeeper, etc.). The FIE rules now state that failure to salute an opponent and shake his/her hand at the end of a bout is an offense punishable by removing a touch, and therefore, possibly, the bout.
Salut des armes – A sort of a choreographed demonstration of arms, consisting of sets of fencers saluting, attacking, parrying, drilling and performing set routines in chorus.
Officiating and rules enforcement
Avertissement – (French) A warning; used to indicate a minor rule infraction by one of the fencers. See Yellow Card
Black Card – A severe penalty. A black card is used to indicate the most serious offences in a fencing competition. The offending fencer is expelled immediately from the event or tournament, regardless of whether he or she had any prior warnings. A black card can also be used to expel a third party disrupting the match.
Jury – The 4 officials, or judges, who watch for hits in a dry fencing bout. The judges watch for hits on the fencer opposite their end of the strip. A judge acknowledges a hit by raising his or her hand, attracting the attention of the referee (or president of the jury). A judge cannot interpret the right-of-way (foil and sabre), only vote on the touches as described by the referee. In electronically scored foil bouts, hand-judges can be used to watch for a fencer who may be covering valid target area with the unarmed hand. The Jury is hardly used anymore because of electric fencing and replays where the referee can watch again to see who made the touch.
Red Card – Used to indicate repeated minor rule infractions or a major rule infraction by one of the fencers; results in a point being given to the other fencer, and often the annulment of any touch which would have been made by the offending fencer.
Referee – also director, president. The mediator of the fencing bout.
Yellow Card – also avertissement, warning. Used to indicate a minor rule infraction by one of the fencers.
Tactics and techniques
Fencing tactics
Footwork
Advance – The 'advance' is the basic forward movement. The front foot moves first, beginning by lifting the toes. Straighten the leg at the knee, pushing the heel out in front. Land on the heel, and then bring the back foot up to en garde stance. Also, the term advance is used in general for any movement forward by either step, cross, or ballestra.
Advance-Lunge – An advance followed immediately by a lunge.
Appel – Stamping the front foot to the ground, to produce a sound to distract or startle the opponent. This may be made during an advance, or directly from an en garde position. It may precede a lunge, or be used merely as a distraction. An appel is also sometimes called a 'half-Advance'. This action may also be used to halt a bout, often by stamping the trailing foot insistently.
Balestra – A footwork preparation, consisting of a jump forwards. It is most often, but not always, immediately followed by a lunge. It is faster than a step forward, which helps change the rhythm and timing of moves. 'Balestra' is the French term for sudden leap.
Cross Over – An advance or retreat by crossing one leg over the other; see also Pass Forward (passe' avant) and Pass Backwards (passe arriere).
Flèche – Flèche means 'arrow' in French. The rear leg is brought in front of the front leg and the fencer sprints past his/her opponent. This action is not allowed during sabre bouts, because the front and rear legs must not cross. In épée, a quick pass is essential, since the defending fencer is allowed one attack after the pass, so long as the defender's attack is in one action, with or without a parry, initiated before the pass is completed.
Forward Recovery – A recovery from a lunge, performed by pulling the rear leg up into en garde, rather than pulling the front leg and body backwards. Can be used to gain ground on the opponent more secretly than a standard advance, and when used sparingly can surprise the opponent by changing the expected distance between fencers.
In Quartata – An evasive action that is recognized under category of the defensive actions ( see also "Passata-sotto"), and made with a quarter turn to the inside, concealing the front but exposing the back. This attempts to move some of the target out of harm's way during an attack or a counter-attack. This evasive action is often executed and used in conjunction with opposition parry.
Lunge – A forward movement made by advancing the front foot and straightening the back leg. One of the most basic and common attacking movements in modern fencing.
Pass Backwards – also Passe Arriere. A backwards footwork action. The front foot moves behind the rear foot on the body's outside. Landing on the ball of the front foot, the rear foot moves backwards to the 'en garde' stance.
Pass Forward – also Passe Avant. A forwards footwork action. The rear foot moves in front of forward foot on the body's inside. From the crossed position, the front foot moves forward into the 'en garde' stance. Note: Passing forward is illegal in sabre.
Passata-sotto – An evasive action which is initiated by dropping a hand to the floor and lowering the body under the opponent's oncoming blade.
Patinando – There are two types of patinandos, speed and tempo. They are advance lunges but with different tempos. The speed patinando is a fast step and a lunge, while the tempo patinando is a slow step (to get a slow response from one's opponent) and a fast lunge.
Recovery – A return to en garde stance from any other position, generally by pulling backwards into en garde. Recovery from a lunge occurs by reversing the motions in a lunge, and recovering the extended arm last of all. A forward recovery involves moving the rear foot forward to return to en garde. For a center recovery, both feet move towards the center simultaneously.
Reprise – From a lunge, a swift surprise attack made by performing a short forward recovery and an immediate second lunge. In terms of Right-of-way, a new action that follows an attack that missed or was parried. A redoublement takes place in a fencing tempo subsequent to that of the initial attack or riposte.
Retreat – The basic backwards movement. Rear foot reaches backwards and is firmly planted, then front leg pushes body weight backwards smoothly into 'en garde' stance.
Blade Work
Absence of blade – The situation in a bout when the opposing blades are not touching; opposite of engagement.
Arrêt à bon temps – see Stop Hit.
Attacks
Attack – The initial offensive action made by extending the sword arm and continuously threatening the valid target of the opponent.
Compound Attack – Also composed attack. An attack or riposte incorporating one or more feints to the opposite line that the action finishes in. A compound attack does not necessarily lose right of way during its execution; it just comprises more than one indirect action. Compound attacks are usually used to draw multiple reactions from an opponent, or against an opponent who uses complex parries. A counter-attack into a compound attack must hit a clear tempo ahead of the compound attack to be valid.
Coulé – Also graze, glisé, or glissade. An attack or feint that slides along the opponent's blade. In performing a sliding action along the opponent's blade, it is generally the goal to establish leverage by moving forte against foible, or forte to forte.
Counter-attack – An attack made against, or into, an attack initiated by the opponent. In foil and sabre, a counter-attack does not have the right-of-way against the opponent's initiated attack. Counter-attacking is a common tactic in épée, where one may gain a touch by hitting first, and avoiding the opponent's attack. Counter-attacks, especially in épée, are often accompanied by an action on the blade (beat, opposition, prise-de-fer, transfer).
Stop Cut – also Stop Thrust, Stop-in-Time. A counter-attack that attempts to take advantage of an uncertain attack. A properly performed Stop Hit allows a fencer to counter-attack into an oncoming attack, hit his opponent, and then still parry the oncoming attack (allowing a possible valid riposte as well). It may try to break the continuance of an attack by 'stopping' into it. However, it is still a Counter-attack, and does not have Right-of-Way against a continuous attack.
Counter-time – an attack that responds to the opponent's counter-attack, typically a riposte following the parry of the counter-attack.
Cut – An attack made with a chopping motion of the blade, landing with the edge. Cuts, that is, attempts to hit with the edge, are only valid in sabre.
Flick – A cut that lands with the point, often involving some whip of the foible of the blade to strike at a concealed target. In foil and épée, flick attacks often start out without the point directly threatening the target area, and comes in with a circular action, to allow the blade to bend at the end of the attack, placing the point on target, possibly by whipping past a parry.
Moulinet – In sabre, a circular cut. A moulinet is often composed of a parry, usually prime or seconde, moving thence into a circular cut. This action, while flashy and impressive, is slow, since the action pivots around the wrist and elbow, and is rarely used in modern sabre. In Historical Fencing, this is the circular motion of the fighter's blade around the opponent's blade. The hilt does not move during this maneuver.
Coupé – also Cut-Over. Another indirect attack, being an attack or deception that passes around the opponent's tip. Following a feint, the blade is pulled up and over the opponent's parrying blade. Use of the fingers and wrist ONLY is permitted, since moving the blade backwards at any time during this move invalidates the established right-of-way. Done in proper time, and with proper distance, the point may never be moved backwards, and the cut-over retain right-of-way during its entire execution.
Direct – an attack or riposte that finishes in the same line in which it was formed, with no feints out of that line. Most attacks that hit are done with straight attacks.
Double – an attack or riposte that describes a complete circle around the opponent's blade, and finishes in the opposite line. The full circle is done in reaction to the opponent's attempt to parry the attack or riposte with one or more parries, generally circular in nature. An attempt to perform a double' against an opponent who does NOT parry results in the attack running onto the opponent's blade, and parrying itself. A double' may be composed of simply a circular deception, which is effective against a defender's circular or semicircular parries, or it may be a combination of a disengage and cut-over, which is effective against two lateral parries.
Extension – The simplest action of attacking. A simple offensive action, consisting of extending the weapon arm forward. The point should move in the smoothest possible line towards the target, without wavering. Excess motion can ruin the control needed for precise, consistent hits.
False attack – an attack that is intended to miss or fall short, so as to produce a reaction from the opponent.
Feint – An offensive movement resembling an attack in all but its continuance. It is an attack into one line with the intention of switching to another line before the attack is completed. A feint is intended to draw a reaction from an opponent. This is the 'intention', and the reaction is generally a parry, which can then be deceived.
Disengage – A type of feint. Disengages are usually executed in conjunction with an extension/attack, though technically, they are just a deception around the opponent's blade. To use in an attack, feint an attack with an extension and avoid the opponent's attempt to parry or press your blade, using as small a circular motion as possible. Circle under the opponent's blade. The first extension must be a believable feint in order to draw a reaction. Be prepared to proceed forward with a straight attack if no parry response is forthcoming.
Indirect – An attack or riposte that finishes in a line different from that in which it was formed.
Insistence – Forcing an attack through the parry, using strength.
Remise – An immediate, direct replacement of an attack that missed, was short, or was parried, without withdrawing the arm. A remise is a direct continuation, meaning that no deceptions or changes of line occur with the continuation (replacement) of the attack. This may be done with a simple further extension of the arm, or may be accompanied with additional forward footwork (e.g. a reprise). In foil and sabre, a remise does not have right of way over a direct riposte.
Riposte – An attack with right-of-way following a valid parry. A simple (or direct) riposte goes straight from the parry position to the target. A riposte may attack in any line. Consider its equivalent in a conversation.
Compound-Riposte – A riposte made with one or more feints. A riposte may incorporate disengages, beats, and so on, as long as it is a continuous attack.
Counter-Riposte – A second, third, or further riposte in a fencing 'phrase' or encounter. A counter-riposte is the offensive action following the parry of any riposte.
Simple – An attack or riposte that involves no feints.
Redoublement – An indirect renewal of an attack that missed, was short, or was parried. This used to be defined as an attack after a return to en-garde, or a withdrawal of the arm after a failed attack. A reprise is now defined as a continued attack that uses an indirect action to reach the target. This indirect action may consist of a change of line, opposition, a withdrawal of the arm, or other action that does not immediately threaten the target. In foil and sabre, a reprise does not have right of way over a direct riposte.
Thrust – An attack made by moving the sword parallel to its length and landing with the point.
Trompement – The action of hitting an opponent at the end of a feint, after a successful deception.
Whip-over – In sabre, a touch that results from the foible of the blade whipping over the opponent's guard or blade when parried. Whip-overs are usually not counted, and used to be a way of saying that even though the blade hit, it was parried prior to body contact, and was not valid. However, with the advent of electric sabre, whip-overs are being allowed more often. The FIE has resolved this by introducing a new standard of stiffness for sabre blades (put into effect in 1999).
Engagement
Engagement – During an encounter between two fencers, the point at which the fencers are close enough to join blades, or to make an effective attack. Blade contact is also referred to as an engagement, whether just standing there, during a parry, attack au fer, or prise de fer.
Conversation – The back-and-forth play of the blades in a fencing bout, composed of phrases (phrases d'armes) punctuated by gaps of no blade action.
Attaque au Fer – An attack on the opponent's blade, e.g. beat, expulsion, pressure.
Change of Engagement – An engagement of the opponent's blade in the opposite line. Changes of engagement are sometimes performed to place one fencers blade on the side of his/her opponent's blade that he feels has an advantage, or could be just to fool with the opponent. Often, a bout with a left-handed fencer versus a right-handed will see both of them jockey for position with changes of engagements.
Prise de Fer – (French : Literally take the steel); also "Taking the Blade"; an engagement of the blades that attempts to control the opponent's weapon. See also beat, press, expulsion, bind, croisé, envelopment, opposition, transfer.
Beat – A simple preparatory motion. A sharp controlled blow to the middle or 'weak' of the opponents blade, with the objective of provoking a reaction or creating an opening. The action should knock the opponent's blade aside or out of line. Your foible should contact the opponent's forte.
Counter-Beat – Also Change-Beat. A beat that is preceded by a circle under the opponent's blade. This can provoke a reaction with a beat from an unexpected quarter.
Bind – also Lie, Liement; An action in which one fencer forces the opponent's blade into the diagonally opposite line, (that is, from high line to low line on the opposite side, or vice versa) by taking it with the guard and forte of his own blade. See also Transfer.
Croisé – also Cross, semi-bind; an action in which one fencer forces the opponent's blade into the high or low line on the same side, by taking it with the guard and forte of his own blade. See also Transfer.
Envelopment – an action to seize the opponent's blade in one line and lead it (without losing contact) through a full circle to end in the same line. See also Transfer.
Glide – An attack or preparatory movement made by sliding down the opponent's blade, keeping it in constant contact.
Opposition – An action to seize the opponent's blade and control it progressively (moving along the blade) in the same line (of the opponent). An attack or counter-attack in the same line as the opponent's blade; a combined parry and riposte. This is, by definition, an offensive maneuver, since to 'progressively' control the opponent's blade you must move along its length, closing distance towards him. See also Transfer.
Press – also Pressure. An attempt to push the opponent's blade aside or out of line from engaged blades. A press can precede a direct or indirect attack, depending on the opponent's reaction, but should be followed by an immediate threat (a full or partial extension). A press which is not followed by a threat may invite a disengage from the opponent, and an attack thereby. From an engagement, press smoothly on the opponent's foible, taking his/her blade out of line, and perhaps provoking a response. The thumb and fingers should provide the force behind this action.
Derobement – An avoidance of an attempt to take the blade. A derobement is a reaction to the opponent's attempt to entrap, beat, press or take the blade, in a circular, lateral, vertical or diagonal motion.
Opposition – engagement in one line, and continuing the control with that same line. Also, moving the blade laterally, controlling with the same side of the blade, and the same line of the opponent's. e.g. quarte to sixte, septime to octave, and vice versa.
Preparation – Any action that precedes the actual launch of an attack. Preparation usually consists of actions against the opponents blade to take it out of line, or to provoke a reaction. In foil and sabre, any action that occurs during a phrase or conversation that precedes the establishment of right-of-way on the part of a fencer, often accompanied with a movement forward. In calling the actions in a foil or sabre bout, a referee may indicate preparation on the part of one fencer, meaning the fencer was moving forward without establishing right-of-way, and was vulnerable to an attack made during this time.
Point-in-Line – An established threat made with the extended arm. A point-in-line is a static threat, created by one fencer by extending the weapon and arm prior to any actions in a phrase. In foil and sabre, a Point-in-line has right of way, therefore, if the line is not withdrawn, any attack launched by the opponent does not have right of way. This can be likened to a spear poking up from the ground: If you throw yourself upon it, you have only yourself to blame. A successful attack on the blade will invalidate a point-in-line or causing the opponent to withdraw his/her arm. In épée, Point-in-line has no right of way advantages, but is still an effective tactic.
Coup d'arrêt – see Stop-Hit.
Invitation – A line that is intentionally left open to encourage the opponent to attack.
Presentation – Offering one's blade for engagement by the opponent.
Posting – A method of holding a weapon further down the handle in order to extend the reach by a few inches. Posting is a trade-off; the fencer loses a little control over their blade work in return for the longer reach. This is most commonly done using a french grip épée, where there is no need to establish right of way, and hitting first can result in being awarded the touch. Technically, it is not legal to slide one's hand on the grip from front to back during an action (see USFA t.16), so a fencer who wishes to post must do it while the action is stopped, or risk a possible penalty.
Salute – A blade action performed before a bout or lesson. Indicates respect and good sportsmanship. A handshake is usually exchanged after a bout.
Touché () – the French word for "touched" is used to acknowledge a hit, called out by the fencer who is hit. Conversely, if a fencer concedes a hit when no hit was actually made, the fencer's adversary would say, "'pas de touché'" (; ) to indicate that the hit should not be counted.
Parrying techniques
Line – The main direction of an attack (e.g., high/low, inside/outside), often equated to the parry that must be made to deflect the attack; see also point in line.
Lines – The means of referring to a position or area on a fencer's body. The idea behind 'lines' is that the torso, as facing the viewer in 'en garde' is bisected both laterally and vertically. There are then four quadrants of the body. The quadrants which are above the lateral line are referred to as 'high line,' those below as 'low line.' The fencer's left-hand-side, referred to as chest, is the inside. The fencer's right-hand-side, referred to as flank, is the outside. The lower chest side quadrant is then referred to as 'inside low line.'
The common parries in foil and epée are: sixte (outside-high), quarte (inside-high), octave (outside-low), and septieme (inside-low). Angled (up-and-down) parries can also be used. In sabre, tierce replaces sixte to guard the inside-high line, quarte becomes more erect, seconde replace octave on the inside-low line, and prime replaces septieme. Quinte is used in sabre to protect the head.
Parry – A simple defensive action designed to deflect an attack, performed with the forte of the blade. A parry is usually only wide enough to allow the attacker's blade to just miss; any additional motion is wasteful. A well-executed parry should take the foible of the attacker's blade with the forte and/or guard of the defender's. This provides the greatest control over the opponent's blade. In sabre, the guard should be turned appropriately using the fingers to protect the wrist.
Parries generally cover one of the 'lines' of the body. The simplest parries move the blade in a straight line. Other parries move the blade in a circular, semicircular, or diagonal manner. There are eight basic parries, and many derivatives of these eight. (see Prime, Seconde, Tierce, Quarte, Quinte, Sixte, Septime, Octave, Neuvieme). See also Lines.
In foil, the opponent's blade should not only be deflected away from the target, but away from off-target areas as well. An attack that is deflected off the valid target but onto invalid target still retains right-of-way. In sabre, the opponent's blade need only be deflected away from valid target, since off-target touches do not stop the phrase. Sabre parries must be particularly clean and clear to avoid the possibility of whip-over touches. In épée, a good parry is simply any one that gains enough time for the riposte; opposition parries and prise-de-fer are commonly used, since they do not release the opponent's blade to allow a remise.
Beat Parry – deflecting the incoming attack with a sharp striking motion.
Counter-Parry – also circular parry. A parry that moves in a circle to end up in the same position in which it started. A counter-parry usually traps an attack coming in a different line, but in the same high/low line. Thus, Parry Counter-Six (circular outside hide) is effective against attacks in the Four line (inside high).
Opposition Parry – deflecting the incoming attack without ever losing contact with the blade from the initial engagement.
Ordinal parries
Prime – Parry #1; blade down and to the inside, wrist pronated. The point is significantly lower than the hand. Covers the inside low-line (this is a rare sabre parry).
Seconde – Parry #2; blade down and to the outside, wrist pronated. The point is significantly lower than the hand. Covers the outside low line in sabre, replacing octave.
Tierce – Parry #3; blade up and to the outside, wrist pronated. The point is significantly higher than the hand. Covers the outside high line. This is the basic en garde position in sabre. Then retreat toward original position.
Quarte – Parry #4; blade up and to the inside, wrist supinated. The point is higher than the hand. Covers the inside high line.
Quinte – Parry #5; blade up and to the inside, wrist pronated. The point is higher than the hand. This parry, more than any other, is subject to different interpretations in different schools (in foil and épée). In foil and épée, this parry generally covers the inside high line, since the pronated wrist can push further down that the supinated wrist (in Quarte). If the point and hand are lifted, this parry can also cover the inside low line with a sweeping action upwards, carrying the opponents point over the outside shoulder. In sabre, the blade is held above the head to protect from head cuts, but should still point slightly forward ready for riposte.
Sixte – Parry #6; blade up and to the outside, wrist supinated. The point is higher than the hand. Covers the outside high line. This is generally the parry taught as the basic en garde position in foil and épée.
Septime – Parry #7; blade down and to the inside, wrist supinated. The point is lower than the hand. Covers the inside low line.
Octave – Parry #8; blade down and to the outside, wrist supinated. The point is lower than the hand. Covers the outside low line.
Neuvieme – Parry #9; blade behind the back, pointing down; alternatively, similar to elevated sixte. Originally used in sabre, to defend the back against a passing or overtaking opponent. Covers the outside line on the back.
Semicircular Parry – A parry that moves from a high line to a low line, or vice versa. The parry can also cross the body. The parry must be made in a semicircle to provide the enveloping movement needed to trap the attacking blade.
Yielding Parry – deflecting the incoming attack by maintaining contact with the blade and changing the point of contact between the blades, moving from a position of poor leverage to one using the forte for strong leverage.
Pronation – The position of the hand when the palm is facing down. See supination.
Supination – The position of the hand when the palm is facing up. See Pronation.
Other maneuvers
Counter-Attack – An attack into an established attack (that already has right-of-way). In foil and sabre, a counter-attack does NOT have the right-of-way, and will not gain a touch if the opposing fencer's attack lands. Breaking the arm in the middle of a perfectly good attack can turn your attack into a counter-attack without right-of-way.
Displacement – Moving the target to avoid an attack; dodging.
In-fighting – Fencing at closed distance, where the distance between the two fencers is such that the weapon must be withdrawn before the point can threaten or hit the target.
Inside – The direction to the front of the body. (The left for a right-hander.)
Opposition – An attack that is made fully in contact with the opponent's blade. The purpose is to control the opponent's blade from the starting point (usually a parry) throughout the attack. This is often used as a counter-offensive technique, especially in épée, but can be a problem if a disengagement is made by the opponent. Also Lateral Transfer.
Outside – The direction away from the front of the body. (The right for a right-hander.)
Passé – An attack that passes the target without hitting.
Point-in-Line – An extended arm and blade that threatens the opponent, which is established before any other valid attack from the opponent. For instance, from outside of engagement distance, a fencer performs an extension, establishing right-of-way. Until this extension is broken, it maintains right-of-way. Any direct attack made against it (without a beat, or other similar action) will be considered a counter-attack.
Preparation – The initial phase of an attack, before right-of-way is established.
Priority – In sabre, the now-superseded rules that decide which fencer will be awarded the touch in the event that they both attack simultaneously; also used synonymously with right-of-way. In the 1995 revision of the rules for all weapons, priority is also awarded when time expires with a tied score. The priority is determined by the flip of a coin at the start of the last minute, and the winner of the toss wins the bout if the score is tied when time expires.
Redoublement – A new action that follows an attack that missed or was parried. This is distinguished from a remise, reprise, or riposte by being a NEW action. See also redoublement under Footwork.
Remise – An immediate, direct replacement of an attack that missed, was short, or was parried, without withdrawing the arm. This is a continuation of an attack, and does not have priority (in foil and sabre) over a direct riposte.
Reprise – An indirect renewal of an attack that missed or was parried. This is a continuation of an attack, and does not have priority (in foil and sabre) over a direct riposte. Right-of-Way – The rules for awarding the point in the event of a double touch in foil or sabre. The concept involved in being the first to establish a valid threat to an opponent's target area. Extending is the usual means to establishing this threat. Breaking the extended arm during an attack means relinquishing right-of-way. An opponent can take right-of-way by parrying the opponents blade.
Riposte – An attack made immediately after a parry of the opponent's attack.
Salle – (French: "room") A fencing hall or club.
Second-Intention – In general, a term used to imply that the first action initiated is NOT the one intended to score. The fencer may initiate a move, anticipating (or intending to draw) a certain response from the opponent, against which a second action is planned. For example, Lunge Attack (anticipating that it will be parried), Parry the riposte, and Redouble with a Counter-Riposte.
Simple – An attack or riposte that involves no feints.
Simultaneous – In foil and sabre, two attacks for which the right-of-way is too close to determine.
Target Area – The area delimited for valid hits in that weapon. Foil target area consists of the entire torso, including the groin and the bottom of the mask which covers the lame, and down to the waist in back. Head, arms and legs are considered off-target in foil. Épée uses the entire body for target. Sabre uses all the body area above the waist, except the hands and the back of the head.
Fencing organizations
Intercollegiate Fencing Association
List of NCAA fencing schools
United States Fencing Association
United States Fencing Hall of Fame
American Fencing League
British Fencing Association
Intercollegiate Fencing Association
National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association
European Fencing Confederation
Irish Fencing Federation
Turkish Fencing Federation
Fencing clubs
List of University Fencing Clubs
UCD Fencing Club
University of Tennessee Fencing Club
USC Fencing Club
VRI Fencing Club
Bangor University Fencing Club
Dubai Fencing Club
Ottawa Fencing Club
Northampton Fencing Club
OPS Fencing Club
Sheffield Buccaneers Fencing Club
Fencing competitions
Commonwealth Fencing Championships
Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships
Commonwealth Veteran Fencing Championships
European Fencing Championships
Fencing at the Summer Olympics
Fencing World Cup
NCAA fencing individual championship
NCAA Fencing team championship
UAAP Fencing Championship
World Fencing Championships
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Fencing publications
The Sword Fiction
The Fencing Master''
Persons influential in fencing
List of American epee fencers
List of American foil fencers
List of American sabreurs
List of Maccabiah medalists in fencing (men)
List of notable fencers
List of Olympic medalists in fencing (men)
List of Olympic medalists in fencing (women)
USFA Hall of Fame
Other forms of fencing
Stage fencing –
Academic fencing (mensur) –
Classical fencing –
SCA fencing –
Swordsmanship –
Wheelchair fencing
See also
Glossary of fencing
Outline of sports
Historical European martial arts
References
External links
Fencing FAQ from rec.sport.fencing
Links to videos of basic fencing moves from MIT OpenCourseWare as taught in Spring 2007
Fencing
Fencing | wiki |
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2005 crime novel by Stieg Larsson.
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo may also refer to:
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film), a Swedish-language film
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film), an English-language film
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (soundtrack)
Lisbeth Salander, the fictional character to whom the title refers
See also
Millennium (novel series), novel series featuring Lisbeth Salander by Larsson
Millennium (miniseries), 2010 Swedish television adaptation
Dragon Tattoo Stories (film series), American film series adaptation | wiki |
The Conqueror is a 1917 American silent biographical Western film directed by Raoul Walsh and starring William Farnum. It was produced and distributed by Fox Film Corporation.
Plot
This was a big budget biography film from William Fox and Raoul Walsh about Sam Houston.
Cast
Preservation
The Conqueror is now a lost film.
See also
1937 Fox vault fire
References
External links
Color lobby poster
1917 films
1917 Western (genre) films
1917 lost films
American biographical films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
Fox Film films
Lost American films
Lost Western (genre) films
Silent American Western (genre) films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films | wiki |
L'Université de Rajshahi ( Rājshāhi Bish-shobid-daloy) est une université publique qui est la deuxième plus grande du Bangladesh, à Râjshâhî, une ville du nord-ouest du Bangladesh. Elle a été fondée en 1953, la deuxième université à s'établir dans ce qui était alors le Pakistan oriental. L'université est classée troisième au classement des universités du Bangladesh en 2017.
Références
Rajshahi
Université publique | wiki |
Wildwater Kingdom may refer to:
Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, an amusement park/water park in Allentown, Pennsylvania
Wildwater Kingdom (Ohio), a defunct water park in Aurora, Ohio
Wet'n'Wild Toronto, a water park in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, formerly an independent water park known as Wild Water Kingdom
Wild Water Kingdom (album), an album by Himanshu Suri
See also
Wild Water (disambiguation) | wiki |
Snap Judgment may refer to:
Snap Judgment (film), an American film of 1917
Snap Judgment (game show), a 1967–1969 American TV game show
Snap Judgment (TV program), a 1999–2000 American legal comedy program
Snap Judgment (radio program), an American public radio program that debuted in 2010
Snap Judgment (novel), a 2017 thriller novel by Marcia Clark | wiki |
Hacking or side knives may be considered as either light hatchets or heavyweight knives.
They are strongly constructed with a single-sided straight edge, resembling a small cleaver. The back of the blade is exposed for hammering on. Unusually for an axe, this back edge is intended to be hit with a steel hammer, not a wooden mallet or club. The handle is a solid steel through tang, with side scales. The scales are often of thick leather, to absorb shocks.
Their typical uses are either for glazier's work, or else as a light froe for splitting timber.
Glazing
The hacking knife is used to chop out old putty before replacing glass panes. The cut is always made into the side of the frame, parallel to the surface of the glass, so as to avoid striking the glass and probably cracking it. Old putty is brittle and easily breaks out into small pieces. The hacking knife is strong enough to cut through any hidden glazing sprigs (small nails) that are hidden beneath the putty.
Splitting timber
The side knife may be used as a light froe, for splitting small billets of wood. It is driven through the billet using a hammer. Unlike a froe's extended handle, the side knife does not permit twisting to lever the split open and so it must be driven through all the way.
References
Glazier's tools
Axes
Green woodworking tools
Hand tools
Knives | wiki |
Elisa may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Elisa (1959 TV series), a telenovela
Elisa (1979 TV series), a telenovela
Elisa (album), a 2002 compilation album by Italian singer Elisa
Élisa (film), a 1995 French film starring Gérard Depardieu and Vanessa Paradis
Para Elisa, a 2013 Spanish-language thriller film
An alternative spelling of Eliza (Cherubini), a 1794 opera by Cherubini
People
Elisa (given name)
Elisa (Japanese singer) (born 1989), Japanese singer and model
Elisa (Italian singer) (born 1977), Italian singer and songwriter
Subcomandante Elisa (born 1955), Zapatista activist
Other uses
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), a biochemical technique
Elisa (company), a Finnish telecommunications company
ELISA (satellite), a French military satellite series
Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA), a proposed configuration for a space-based gravitational wave detector
Elissa, another name of Dido, the queen of Carthage in Greek mythology
See also
Elise (disambiguation)
Eliza (disambiguation)
Alisa (disambiguation)
Lisa (disambiguation) | wiki |
Good Hands may refer to:
Good Hands (Arthurian legend), a Knight of the Round Table in Arthurian Legend
Good Hands Records, an independent hip hop record label
Good Hands (film), Estonian-Latvian 2001 feature film
See also
Goodhand | wiki |
This is a list of airports currently and formerly served by the Portuguese airline Azores Airlines (formerly SATA Internacional) , and separately from the domestic operations of its parent company SATA Air Açores. The list includes destinations operated by charter in addition to regularly scheduled services.
Destinations
See also
List of SATA Air Açores destinations
References
Lists of airline destinations
Azores-related lists | wiki |
The Four Cornerstone Model of Emotional Intelligence is based on emotional literacy, emotional fitness, emotional depth, and emotional alchemy. The model moves emotional intelligence out of the realm of psychological analysis and philosophical theories and instead focuses on knowledge, exploration and practical application.
Concept
The Four cornerstone model was developed by Ayman Sawaf and Robert Cooper in 1997. Multiple studies and research carried out in regards to emotional intelligence based on this model revealed a marginal qualitative difference between the public and private sector executives and expand on the usage of this model. The concept focuses on the fact that creative involvement in a stimulating job, opportunity, or an exciting discussion results in an increase in alertness, emotional energy, and performance. Repetitive and boring tasks on the other hand put the performer in danger of dismay, lack of efficiency and making mistakes. This generates its explanation from the fact that professionalism is based on self-discipline, inner guidance and emotional drive.
The Four Factors
The four cornerstone model is mixed model of emotional intelligence based on four factors labeled as cornerstones:
Emotional literacy – the ability to identify, respect, and express feelings appropriately. This may include practical intuition, emotional honesty, emotional energy and emotional feedback.
Emotional fitness – consists of trust resilience, authenticity and renewal.
Emotional depth – involves applying integrity and core values in influencing others without manipulation or control.
Emotional alchemy – blending and tuning emotions to find opportunities and realization of such opportunities by creativity, cognitive thinking and rhetoric.
References
Further reading
Dr. Tomi Bryan, Emotional Intelligence - A Radical Act of Self-love and Self-power
Emotional intelligence
Popular psychology
Positive psychology
Life skills | wiki |
Egg drop soup () is a Chinese soup of wispy beaten eggs in chicken broth. Condiments such as black or white pepper, and finely chopped scallions and tofu are commonly added to the soup. The soup is made by adding a thin stream of beaten eggs to the boiling broth in the final moments of cooking, creating thin, silken strands or flakes of cooked egg that float in the soup.
American Chinese cuisine
In the United States egg drop soup is often one of the main soups offered in American Chinese cuisine, and is also called egg flower soup, a literal translation of its Chinese name, on the menus of some restaurants. Cornstarch may be used to thicken it.
Chinese cuisine
In Chinese cuisine, egg drop soups have a thinner consistency than most common Western variants. Depending on the region, they may be garnished with ingredients such as tofu, scallion, bean sprouts and corn.
Laotian cuisine
Mee ka tee is a Laotian red curry and coconut milk egg drop noodle soup.
European cuisine
In Italy, , a version made with egg and parmesan cheese, is popular, as is zuppa pavese, consisting of broth into which slices of stale bread and poached eggs are placed.
In France, , a garlic soup, is made with egg whites which are drizzled into the soup in a similar way to how traditional egg drop soup is made.
In Spain, the similar and traditional ("garlic soup") uses egg whites to thicken the broth in a similar way.
In Austria, egg drop soup ( or ) is a simple, traditional recipe generally made for very young children or sick people. Scrambled eggs are mixed with flour and then poured into boiling soup in order to make small egg dumplings. Spices can be added to the egg-flour mixture according to taste. yo mama
There is a similar recipe in Polish cuisine (, lit. 'poured noodles'), with the egg-flour mixture either poured directly into soup, or into boiling water, then strained and added to a soup or sauce. For children, often simmering milk (optionally with sugar) is used in place of soup.
In Russia, semolina is usually boiled in the chicken stock before the eggs are whisked in for a more substantial result, and flavored with chopped scallion and black pepper. Simple egg dough dumplings similar to lazy () or the Ukrainian () are a frequent addition in the southern regions.
In Cyprus and Greece the egg is beaten and then slowly stirred in the soup so it does not curdle. Lemon and rice are the additional ingredients besides the chicken stock to make (), originally a dish from Jewish cuisine.
See also
Egg tong sui
List of Chinese soups
References
Chinese soups
American Chinese cuisine
Appetizers
Austrian cuisine
Egg dishes
Japanese cuisine
Russian cuisine | wiki |
Twice-cooked pork or double-cooked pork () (literally "returned to the pan (wok)") is a Chinese dish in Sichuan cuisine. The pork is simmered, sliced, and then stir-fried -- "returned to the wok." The pork is accompanied with stir-fried vegetables, most commonly leeks, but often cabbage, bell peppers, onions, or scallions. The sauce may include Shaoxing rice wine, hoisin sauce, soy sauce, sugar, ginger, chili bean paste, and tianmianjiang bean paste.
This dish is commonly associated with yan jian rou (), which tastes quite similar, but cooked in a different process.
Preparation
The process of cooking twice-cooked pork involves first simmering pork belly steaks in water with spices, such as ginger, cloves, star anise, jujubes, or salt. After refrigeration to firm the meat, it is cut into thin slices.The pork is then returned to a wok and shallow fried in oil, usually along with some vegetables. The most commonly used vegetables are garlic leaves, napa cabbage, bell peppers, and scallions.
Another simple way of preparing this dish is to cook the meat by itself until it is done, then fry it along with the other ingredients. An alternative method involves frying the meat by itself until cooked, frying the vegetables separately, then frying everything together.
Premade twice-cooked pork sauces are also available from food manufacturers.
History
The origins of twice-cooked pork are unknown.
The Sichuan people have a tradition of enjoying a feast every 1st and 15th of traditional Chinese calendar months, with twice-cooked pork as the main course.
References
. Internet Archive ONLINE.
. Internet Archive ONLINE
Notes
External links
Sichuan Twice-Cooked Pork Recipe Video
Yan Jian Rou Recipe: How to Cook Pan Fried Salted Pork
Sichuan cuisine
Chinese pork dishes | wiki |
In lunar calendars, a lunar month is the time between two successive syzygies of the same type: new moons or full moons. The precise definition varies, especially for the beginning of the month.
Variations
In Shona, Middle Eastern, and European traditions, the month starts when the young crescent moon first becomes visible, at evening, after conjunction with the Sun one or two days before that evening (e.g., in the Islamic calendar). In ancient Egypt, the lunar month began on the day when the waning moon could no longer be seen just before sunrise. Others run from full moon to full moon.
Yet others use calculation, of varying degrees of sophistication, for example, the Hebrew calendar or the ecclesiastical lunar calendar. Calendars count integer days, so months may be 29 or 30 days in length, in some regular or irregular sequence. Lunar cycles are prominent, and calculated with great precision, in the ancient Hindu Panchangam calendar, widely used in the Indian subcontinent. In India, the month from conjunction to conjunction is divided into thirty parts known as . A is between 19 and 26 hours long. The date is named after the ruling at sunrise. When the is shorter than the day, the may jump. This case is called or . Conversely a may 'stall' as well, that is – the same is associated with two consecutive days. This is known as .
In English common law, a "lunar month" traditionally meant exactly 28 days or four weeks, thus a contract for 12 months ran for exactly 48 weeks. In the United Kingdom, the lunar month was formally replaced by the calendar month for deeds and other written contracts by section 61(a) of the Law of Property Act 1925 and for post-1850 legislation by the Interpretation Act 1978 (Schedule 1 read with sections 5 and 23 and with Schedule 2 paragraph 4(1)(a)) and its predecessors.
Types
There are several types of lunar month. The term lunar month usually refers to the synodic month because it is the cycle of the visible phases of the Moon.
Most of the following types of lunar month, except the distinction between the sidereal and tropical months, were first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy.
Synodic month
The synodic month (, meaning "pertaining to a synod, i.e., a meeting"; in this case, of the Sun and the Moon), also lunation, is the average period of the Moon's orbit with respect to the line joining the Sun and Earth: 29 d 12 h 44 min and 2.9 s. This is the period of the lunar phases, because the Moon's appearance depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from Earth.
While the Moon is orbiting Earth, Earth is progressing in its orbit around the Sun. After completing a sidereal month, the Moon must move a little further to reach the new position having the same angular distance from the Sun, appearing to move with respect to the stars since the previous month. Therefore, the synodic month takes 2.2 days longer than the sidereal month. Thus, about 13.37 sidereal months, but about 12.37 synodic months, occur in a Gregorian year.
Since Earth's orbit around the Sun is elliptical and not circular, the speed of Earth's progression around the Sun varies during the year. Thus, the angular rate is faster nearer periapsis and slower near apoapsis. The same is so for the Moon's orbit around Earth. Because of these variations in angular rate, the actual time between lunations may vary from about 29.18 to about 29.93 days. The average duration in modern times is 29.53059 days with up to seven hours variation about the mean in any given year. A more precise figure may be derived for a specific synodic month using the lunar theory of Chapront-Touzé and Chapront (1988): where and is the Julian day number (and JD=2451545 corresponds to 1 January, AD 2000). The duration of synodic months in ancient and medieval history is itself a topic of scholarly study.
Sidereal month
The period of the Moon's orbit as defined with respect to the celestial sphere of apparently fixed stars (the International Celestial Reference Frame; ICRF) is known as a sidereal month because it is the time it takes the Moon to return to a similar position among the stars (): days (27 d 7 h 43 min 11.6 s). This type of month has been observed among cultures in the Middle East, India, and China in the following way: they divided the sky into 27 or 28 lunar mansions, one for each day of the month, identified by the prominent star(s) in them.
Tropical month
It is customary to specify positions of celestial bodies with respect to the March equinox. Because of Earth's precession of the equinoxes, this point moves back slowly along the ecliptic. Therefore, it takes the Moon less time to return to an ecliptic longitude of 0° than to the same point amid the fixed stars. This slightly shorter period, days (27 d 7 h 43 min 4.7 s), is known as the tropical month by analogy with Earth's tropical year.
Anomalistic month
The Moon's orbit approximates an ellipse rather than a circle. However, the orientation (as well as the shape) of this orbit is not fixed. In particular, the position of the extreme points (the line of the apsides: perigee and apogee), rotates once (apsidal precession) in about 3,233 days (8.85 years). It takes the Moon longer to return to the same apsis because it has moved ahead during one revolution. This longer period is called the anomalistic month and has an average length of days (27 d 13 h 18 min 33.2 s). The apparent diameter of the Moon varies with this period, so this type has some relevance for the prediction of eclipses (see Saros), whose extent, duration, and appearance (whether total or annular) depend on the exact apparent diameter of the Moon. The apparent diameter of the full moon varies with the full moon cycle, which is the beat period of the synodic and anomalistic month, as well as the period after which the apsides point to the Sun again.
An anomalistic month is longer than a sidereal month because the perigee moves in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth, one revolution in nine years. Therefore, the Moon takes a little longer to return to perigee than to return to the same star.
Draconic month
A draconic month or draconitic month is also known as a nodal month or nodical month. The name draconic refers to a mythical dragon, said to live in the lunar nodes and eat the Sun or Moon during an eclipse. A solar or lunar eclipse is possible only when the Moon is at or near either of the two points where its orbit crosses the ecliptic plane; i.e., the satellite is at or near either of its orbital nodes.
The orbit of the Moon lies in a plane that is inclined about 5.14° with respect to the ecliptic plane. The line of intersection of these planes passes through the two points at which the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic plane: the ascending node, where the Moon enters the Northern Celestial Hemisphere, and the descending node, where the Moon moves into the Southern.
The draconic or nodical month is the average interval between two successive transits of the Moon through the same node. Because of the torque exerted by the Sun's gravity on the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, the plane of the Moon's orbit gradually rotates westward, which means the nodes gradually rotate around Earth. As a result, the time it takes the Moon to return to the same node is shorter than a sidereal month, lasting days (27 d 5 h 5 min 35.8 s). The line of nodes of the Moon's orbit precesses 360° in about 6,798 days (18.6 years).
A draconic month is shorter than a sidereal month because the nodes precess in the opposite direction to that in which the Moon is orbiting Earth, one rotation every 18.6 years. Therefore, the Moon returns to the same node slightly earlier than it returns to meet the same reference star.
Cycle lengths
Regardless of the culture, all lunar calendar months approximate the mean length of the synodic month, the average period the Moon takes to cycle through its phases (new, first quarter, full, last quarter) and back again: 29–30 days. The Moon completes one orbit around Earth every 27.3 days (a sidereal month), but due to Earth's orbital motion around the Sun, the Moon does not yet finish a synodic cycle until it has reached the point in its orbit where the Sun is in the same relative position.
This table lists the average lengths of five types of astronomical lunar month, derived from Chapront, Chapront-Touzé & Francou (2002). These are not constant, so a first-order (linear) approximation of the secular change is provided.
Valid for the epoch J2000.0 (1 January 2000 12:00 TT):
Note: In this table, time is expressed in Ephemeris Time (more precisely Terrestrial Time) with days of 86,400 SI seconds. T is centuries since the epoch (2000), expressed in Julian centuries of 36,525 days. For calendrical calculations, one would probably use days measured in the time scale of Universal Time, which follows the somewhat unpredictable rotation of the Earth, and progressively accumulates a difference with ephemeris time called ΔT ("delta-T").
Apart from the long term (millennial) drift in these values, all these periods vary continually around their mean values because of the complex orbital effects of the Sun and planets affecting its motion.
Derivation
The periods are derived from polynomial expressions for Delaunay's arguments used in lunar theory, as listed in Table 4 of Chapront, Chapront-Touzé & Francou (2002):
W1 is the ecliptic longitude of the Moon w.r.t. the fixed ICRS equinox: its period is the sidereal month.
If we add the rate of precession to the sidereal angular velocity, we get the angular velocity w.r.t. the equinox of the date: its period is the tropical month, which is rarely used.
l is the mean anomaly, its period is the anomalistic month.
F is the argument of latitude, its period is the draconic month.
D is the elongation of the Moon from the Sun, its period is the synodic month.
Derivation of a period from a polynomial for an argument A (angle):
;
T in centuries (cy) is 36,525 days from epoch J2000.0.
The angular velocity is the first derivative:
.
The period (Q) is the inverse of the angular velocity:
,
ignoring higher-order terms.
A1 in "/cy ;
A2 in "/cy2;
so the result Q is expressed in cy/" which is a very inconvenient unit.
1 revolution (rev) is 360 × 60 × 60" = 1,296,000";
to convert the unit of the velocity to revolutions/day, divide A1 by B1 = 1,296,000 × 36,525 = 47,336,400,000;
C1 = B1 ÷ A1
is then the period (in days/revolution) at the epoch J2000.0.
For rev/day2 divide A2 by B2 = 1,296,000 × 36,5252 = 1,728,962,010,000,000.
For the numerical conversion factor then becomes 2 × B1 × B1 ÷ B2 = 2 × 1,296,000.
This would give a linear term in days change (of the period) per day, which is also an inconvenient unit:
for change per year multiply by a factor 365.25, and for change per century multiply by a factor 36,525.
C2 = 2 × 1,296,000 × 36,525 × A2 ÷ (A1 × A1).
Then period P in days:
.
Example for synodic month, from Delaunay's argument D:
D′ = 1602961601.0312 − 2 × 6.8498 × T "/cy;
A1 = 1602961601.0312 "/cy;
A2 = −6.8498"/cy2;
C1 = 47,336,400,000 ÷ 1,602,961,601.0312 = 29.530588860986 days;
C2 = 94,672,800,000 × −6.8498 ÷ (1,602,961,601.0312 × 1,602,961,601.0312) = −0.00000025238 days/cy.
See also
Lunisolar calendar
Chinese calendar
Hebrew calendar
Babylonian calendar
Hindu calendar
Islamic calendar
Tibetan calendar
Notes
References
Observer's handbook 1991, Editor Roy L. Bishop, The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (p14)
Units of time
Month
Month | wiki |
Crab sticks, krab sticks, imitation crab (meat), or seafood sticks (originally known as kanikama in Japan) are a type of seafood made of starch and finely pulverized white fish (surimi) that has been shaped and cured to resemble the leg meat of snow crab or Japanese spider crab. It is a product that uses fish meat to imitate shellfish meat.
History
of Japan first produced and patented imitation crab meat in 1974, as Kanikama. This was a flake type. In 1975, Osaki Suisan Co., Ltd., of Japan first produced and patented imitation crab sticks.
In 1977, The Berelson Company of San Francisco, California, US, working with Sugiyo, introduced them internationally. Kanikama is still their common name in Japan, but internationally they are marketed under names including Krab Sticks, Ocean Sticks, Sea Legs and Imitation Crab Sticks. Legal restrictions now prevent them from being marketed as "Crab Sticks" in many places, as they usually do not have crab meat.
Composition
Most crab sticks today are made from Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) of the North Pacific Ocean. This main ingredient is often mixed with fillers such as wheat, and egg white (albumen) or other binding ingredient, such as the enzyme transglutaminase. Crab flavoring is added (natural or more commonly, artificial) and a layer of red food coloring is applied to the outside.
See also
Fish ball
Kamaboko
Surimi
References
Further reading
Imitation crab meat. Retrieved April 18, 2014, from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Imitation-Crab-Meat.html#b
Seafood Health Facts: Making Smart Choices. Retrieved April 29, 2014 from https://web.archive.org/web/20140509054612/http://seafoodhealthfacts.org/seafoodqa/23.php
Japanese cuisine
Seafood dishes
Surimi
Imitation foods | wiki |
Refund may refer to:
Product return, a process in which a customer returns a product to the original retailer in exchange for money previously paid
Money back guarantee - a guarantee that, if a buyer is not satisfied with a product or service, a refund will be made.
Tax refund - refund on taxes when the tax liability is less than the taxes paid.
Refunding - when a debt holders calls back bonds with the express purpose of reissuing new debt.
Deposit-refund system - a surcharge on a product when purchased and a rebate when it is returned.
Tax-free shopping - allows shoppers to get a refund of any sales tax.
Refund (horse) - won the 1888 Preakness Stakes
See also
Rebate (marketing) | wiki |
Grant writing is the practice of completing an application process for a financial grant provided by an institution such as a government department, corporation, foundation, or trust. Such application processes are often referred to as either a grant proposal or a grant submission. Successful grant writing requires a clear understanding of grantsmanship. While the principles and fundamentals of grantsmanship apply broadly, consistently successful grant writers are able not only to mobilize knowledge about the form and content of the proposal documents, but also the intertextual relationships of the specific proposal to other, related documents (e.g., the funding agency's own mission statement and current projects, correspondence with agency personnel, supplementary materials, budgets, general and agency-specific writing guidelines, etc.).
The elements of proposal-creation typically involve:
Analyzing the intended audience for the proposal
Analyzing the purpose of the proposal
Gathering information about the subject of the proposal
Writing the proposal
Formatting the proposal
Revising, editing, and proofreading the proposal
Submitting the proposal
As with any writing process, all elements (before the submission of the final version) are less discrete stages than they are overlapping and often recursive activities.
Background
A grant proposal normally requests funding to support activities that are consistent with the mission of the agency applying for the grant. Many large corporations have philanthropic programs offering grants to help local colleges and universities, arts organizations, and social services. All background information should be gathered prior to writing a proposal. Many large grant-making institutions provide such information for prospective grant seekers on their websites. However, smaller grant-makers (including the majority of private foundations) do not maintain their own websites; in such cases, the background information can primarily be found by researching the giving histories of those foundations. Such information is primarily found in the Form 990 that grant-makers are required to publish. Also, it is helpful to know the name of a key contact in the organization to determine where the information is located. Several of the grant writing steps can be combined into one, as part of the creation process, like writing, formatting, and revising the proposal. The number of steps for proposal creation may depend on the timeline given for the creation of the proposal as well as the type of funder.
Within project grants, there are fellowships, scholarships, research grants, training grants, experimental and demonstration grants, evaluation grants, planning grants, technical assistant grants, and many others. Grant funders include the federal government, state and local governments, private foundations, corporations, and individuals. Grants are often announced online through a request for proposals/applications, which specifies the nature and cost of the program that must be proposed. These documents are issued by a public or private funding agency, inviting qualified organizations to submit a proposal for a specific funding opportunity. They typically include guidelines, due dates, and more required information.
Identifying an appropriate potential grant maker can be one of the most challenging parts of the grant writing process. In the United States, the two primary sources of funds are government grants and foundation grants. Grants.gov is the best place to start a search for grants available through the federal government. Searches can also be filtered by agency. "Foundations" can be broken down into several categories: community foundations (they often consist of several or many individual funds, each directed by a separate governing body), private nonprofit foundations and small family foundations. It is wise for grant seekers to identify as many foundation prospects as possible and then study the guidelines of each to see which are a good fit, before spending the time required to submit an application. This can be accomplished by studying the guidelines of the foundations via their websites, by calling to personally speak with a program officer, and by reviewing what they have given grant money to in the past.
Audience analysis
Successful grant proposals focus on the mission and interests of the funding organization. A good audience analysis allows the grant writer the opportunity to better tailor the content of the proposal to ensure it follows the ideas of the funding organization. When submitting a proposal to an organization in another culture, it is important to understand cultural differences and how they can inform the applicant's approach. Proper cultural awareness ensures a persuasive argument that is free of cultural misunderstandings. If a language barrier exists, appropriate time may be allotted in the grant proposal writing schedule. This will result in copy that respects the conventions and styles found within the funding organization.
Another helpful way of avoiding misunderstanding when displaying facts and data in a proposal is to use short sentences, simple vocabulary avoiding jargon, and local conventions regarding punctuation, spelling, and mechanics. Successful graphs use captions and proper colors. A good label to a graph or chart helps avoid misunderstandings when reading, and saves the reader the task of looking back at the text in order to know what the graphics mean. The graphics should not only be well-designed but should also have colors that are suitable for the eye and that are only used to represent data and not decorate it. Color in graphs should achieve something in particular—something that serves the goal of communication. Dressing up a graph might serve a purpose in advertising, but it only distracts people from what's important—the data—in an information display. Data in charts should be explicit and clearly categorized.
Purpose analysis
Once the purpose of the proposal has been carefully discussed and established by the writer, the executive board, and the team that will carry out the project, writing a list of specific outcomes that will surge from the proposal will be the next step to follow. The list will specifically help the writer to narrow down the order the project outcomes should be listed and how much detail should go into each one of them. When choosing what outcomes to list in the proposal, it is important that they reflect how they benefit the funding company.
While specific demands and formatting vary from one request for proposal to the next, core elements to establish and communicate are:
Who is making the request, including why they are qualified to make such a request and be trusted to produce a promised outcome.
Step-by-step plan for exactly what will take place once funding is established, including the end goal/expected completion and when.
Detailed budget listing all aspects of the endeavor and their costs, including any spreadsheets or other info-graphics that illuminate the projected costs.
Drafting and formatting
The drafting and formatting steps of the proposal writing process go hand in hand. It may be more helpful to draft the proposal according to the guidelines that proposals require. The structure of a proposal varies according to the type of proposal, the type of project, and the organization.
Structure
Strucrure of grant writing should be clear.
Summary
The major components of the proposal should be identified in this section. Because the summary is the first section of the proposal, it should be short, yet explicit enough to describe the problem or opportunity, solution, outcomes, timeline, expenses, and qualifications, while keeping the attention of the reader. It is important to use clear vocabulary to convey a persuasive message. The Foundation Center recommends the problem to be explained in one to two paragraphs. It should include a statement regarding a problem or opportunity that the applicant organization is ready to address. The solution should include a brief, yet explicit description of the project, its logistics, and benefits the program will provide once it is in place. The expenses should also be briefly discussed in this section. They should include the amount of funding required for the project, along with sustainability message that discusses the future plans for funding the project once the grant period ends. Such information should be conveyed in one paragraph. Finally, the organization's qualifications and credentials section should include a brief history of the organization, their purpose and activities, along with the credentials of any personnel that will be focusing on the project.
Introduction
The context, scope, and organization of the proposal is found in this section. Usually the introduction includes a brief description of the problem or opportunity, also known as the statement of need, the purpose of the proposal, the background of the problem or opportunity, sources of information, scope of the proposal, organization of the proposal, and key terms used in the proposal. Having the key terms in the introduction is a helpful way of avoiding the reader any confusion. Because the statement of need allows the reader to understand the applying organization's request and needs it to be clearly stated in the introduction. The Foundation Center lists in their website the following aspects to consider when writing the statement of need: what facts and/or statistics best support the project, give the reader hope, decide if the project should be showcased as a model, determine whether the need should be portrayed as acute, decide if it can be demonstrated that the proposed project or program addresses the need differently or better than other projects that preceded it, avoid presenting the absence of the proposed solution as the actual problem (circular reasoning).
Plan of work
The solution to the problem or opportunity is presented in this section as a plan. If the plan requires some type of research, this section is where such information should be mentioned, along with statistics and examples. Also, any type of action should be justified with supporting data. The timeline for the plan or work should also be included in the plan of work. If the schedule is detailed enough to be included in a chart, it should be included as an appendix. A successful plan of work should mention the measurable outcomes of the project. They should be specific, concrete, and achievable. The methods section includes a detailed description of the project along with a specific timeline and reasoning behind the methods of action that have been chosen for the project. The methods section enables the reader to visualize how the project will accomplish the objectives described on the grant proposal. If staffing is mentioned under the methods section, a few sentences should be devoted in order to expand on the specifics of the staffing process. Another section to include under plan of work is the evaluation portion of the project. The evaluation aspect usually comes in when the project has been completed to ensure the measurable goals have been achieved, and to find ways to better achieve the goals that were not reached. Lastly, a statement of the project's sustainability after the grant period is over should be mentioned to ensure reader interest, and showcase that the project is one to succeed.
Budget
The costs of the work plan should be carefully described under this section. While the main financial data will be developed after the proposal has been created and approved, this section should include a broad outline of the budget in order to make sure the expenses are reasonable and proportionate to the outcomes that are anticipated by the proposal. Depending on the type of costs, there can be a division between direct costs (salaries, travel costs, necessary materials, equipment, and supplies) and indirect costs (intangible expenses).
Qualifications and experience
A description of the qualifications of those carrying out the work plan should be carefully described under this section. The more complex the project, the more detailed the qualifications should be. A company brochure can be used to showcase the company information. If using a prepared statement, it should not take longer than two pages. The statement should mention the company's creation, its mission, structure, programs, leadership, and special expertise. A discussion of the size of the boards may be included, as well as a process of recruitment of members, and their level of participation. Also, it may be beneficial to include the kinds of activities and services provided by the organization, and the type of audience they serve.
Appendices
Information that is not included in the proposal such as charts and graphics are included in this section. If using charts and/ or tables, captions need to be included. Other types of appendixes include letters of support that serve as testimonial to the organization's skills. The letters should be written by a reputable and well-known person in the field. Also, if a full board list will be included in the proposal, it should be included in the appendix.
Once the grant proposal is submitted there may be a few more steps to be followed by the applicant organization including following up with the funding organization. Many foundation grant makers and some government funders try to make a visit before they make a decision on a proposal, so a professional attitude is always needed from the applicant organization.
Post Award Phase
Grant writing doesn't end at acceptance. The post award phase is the last part of the lifecycle of a grant. This is usually handled by the grant writer/s that worked on the grant proposal and is therefore a part of grant writing. There exists an entire list of audit requirements for each grant that must be met. This phase of the process ensures transparency, which helps fight fraud and funding misuse. Any organization that receives more than $750,000 in federal grant funding can submit to one overall audit a year, but organizations that receive less must submit one audit per grant received. The closeout of the award does not happen until this step is completed.
References
External links
US federal government grants
How to Develop and Write a Grant Proposal
A guide for proposal writing from the US National Science Foundation
Short guide for the preparation of grant applications for the US National Institutes of Health (PDF from the US National Cancer Institute)
NASA guidebook for proposal submission
Grants (money) | wiki |
This is a list of instruments used in microbiological sterilization and disinfection.
Instrument list
References
Microbiology equipment | wiki |
An ultraviolet detector (also known as UV detector or UV-Vis detector) is a type of non-destructive chromatography detector which measures the amount of ultraviolet or visible light absorbed by components of the mixture being eluted off the chromatography column. They are often used as detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography.
References
Chromatography | wiki |
This is a list of instruments used in general in laboratories, including:
Biochemistry
Microbiology
Pharmacology
Instrument list
Image gallery
References
Medical equipment
Biochemistry methods
Laboratory equipment
Microbiology equipment
Clinical pathology | wiki |
On parle de vérification formelle quand on utilise les techniques des méthodes formelles.
Dans le monde industriel, la vérification formelle est utilisée aussi bien pour vérifier du code informatique (bon fonctionnement des programmes avant la livraison du logiciel), que du code de circuits électroniques. | wiki |
Dos-à-dos (French for "back-to-back") may refer to:
Dosado or do-si-do, dance move
Dos-à-dos binding of two books into one volume
Dos-à-dos (carriage) | wiki |
Instruments used specially in microbiology include:
Instrument list
As well as those "used in microbiological sterilization and disinfection" (see relevant section).
Image gallery
References
Medical equipment
Microbiology equipment | wiki |
Instruments used specially in pathology are as follows:
Instrument list
Gallery
References
Medical equipment
Pathology | wiki |
The Other Woman este un episod din serialul Lost, seria 4
Episoade Lost | wiki |
Palaeornis, the epauletted parakeets is a proposed genus of birds named for the red markings on their upper wings resembling epaulettes. Formerly included in the genus Psittacula, this group of birds comprises two species, only one of which is still extant. The genus name was formerly deprecated until it was revived in 2019 by a molecular study on the taxonomics of the genus Psittacula, splitting it into 10 genera, which has been accepted by the IUCN Redlist.
P. eupatria (Alexandrine parakeet)
P. wardi (Seychelles parakeet)
References
Psittacidae
Bird genera | wiki |
Image gallery
References
Medical equipment | wiki |
Following is a list of instruments used in the practice of anesthesia
Instrument list
Anesthetic machine
General anesthesia does not always require the anesthetic machine, tested daily, as basic equipment. Anesthesia machines may differ in appearance, size and degree of sophistication but generally speaking, they consist of sections for:
ventilation
Peripheral Nerve Stimulator
space for monitoring equipment
accessories
storage space
worktop
It is imperative that essential medical pipeline gas supply, e.g. oxygen], nitrous oxide and air, are secured firmly to the machine, and readily available without any obstructions, defects or pressure leaks. They should also be checked in between cases, ensuring that the breathing apparatus and breathing circuit are fully patent, for the safe anesthesia of patients. Major manufacturers of anesthetic machines are General Electric (GE), Larsen & Toubro Limited, Draeger and MAQUET.
Image gallery
See also
Anesthetic machine
References
Further reading
Anesthesia | wiki |
Comic Sans (font)
Comic Sans (2018.) | wiki |
Kashmir House is the former residence of the Maharajah of Kashmir in Delhi, India. It is located on Rajaji Marg in Delhi.
The Engineer-in-Chief's branch is headquartered at Kashmir House.
References
Royal residences in Delhi | wiki |
This is a list of the costliest land battles of the American Civil War, measured by casualties (killed, wounded, captured, and missing) on both sides.
Highest casualty battles
See also
List of American Civil War battles
Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War
Bibliography of the American Civil War
Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
Notes
American Civil War
Bat
American Civil War timelines
American Civil War
Costliest land battles, American Civil War | wiki |
Gneiss is a common and widely distributed type of metamorphic rock
Gneiss may also refer to:
Places
Gneiss Hills and Gneiss Lake, in Antarctica
Gneiss Point, in Antarctica
Other uses
Gneiss-2, a Soviet airborne radar system
See also | wiki |
Los Muertos Brewing is a brewery and restaurant in Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.
Description and history
Conner Watts founded the business in 2012. The restaurant serves homemade pizza; the drink menu is focused on Los Muertos brews, but other beer options are available as well. In 2019, Jayme Lamm of Houstonia described Los Muertos as a "popular microbrewery offering casual dining with world-class pizza and plenty of craft beer options".
Lonely Planet describes Los Muertos as "an attractive brick-arched, concrete-floored pub and microbrewery that draws a lively mix of old-timers and visitors. The beer comes in seven varieties including a hoppy IPA called 'Revenge', a malty, dark 'Hop On!' that defies easy description, and a fine 'McSanchez' stout." Fodor's says:
The business hosts an annual "Fiesta en la Calle" street party.
See also
List of restaurants in Mexico
References
External links
Los Muertos Brewing at BeerAdvocate
2012 establishments in Mexico
Beer in Mexico
Breweries
Restaurants in Jalisco
Zona Romántica | wiki |
Annabella Gordon may refer to:
Annabella of Scotland, married name Annabella Gordon, daughter of James I of Scotland
Annabella Brydon Gordon, mother of James Butler, 7th Marquess of Ormonde
See also
Anna Gordon (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of public art in Minneapolis, in the United States. This list applies only to works of public art on permanent display in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artworks in museums. Public art may include sculptures, statues, monuments, memorials, murals, and mosaics.
Public art
Minneapolis
Minneapolis
public art | wiki |
The following is a list of instruments that are used in modern obstetrics and gynecology.
References
Obstetrics
Gynaecology | wiki |
This is a list of instruments used in ophthalmology.
Instrument list
A complete list of ophthalmic instruments can be found below:
Image gallery
References
Ophthalmology instruments
Instruments | wiki |
Références
.
.
Google Earth (altitudes).
150 | wiki |
Instruments used specially in Otolaryngology (Otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery) i.e. ENT are as follows:
Instrument list
Image gallery
References
Navigation Box
Medical lists | wiki |
Up Close was an ESPN TV series 1981–2001.
Up Close may also refer to:
Up Close (Eric Johnson album)
Up Close (Gina Jeffreys album)
Up Close (Jesse McCartney album)
See also
Up Close and Personal (disambiguation) | wiki |
60 metres, or 60-meter dash, is a sprint event in track and field. It is a championship event for indoor championships, normally dominated by the best outdoor 100 metres runners. At indoor events, the 60 metres is run on lanes set out in the middle of the 'field', as is the hurdles event over the same distance, thus avoiding some of the effects of the banked track encircling the venue, upon which other track events in indoor events are run. At outdoor venues it is a rare distance, at least for senior athletes. The format of the event is similar to other sprint distances. The sprinters follow three initial instructions: 'on your marks', instructing them to take up position in the starting blocks; 'set', instructing them to adopt a more efficient starting posture, which also isometrically preloads their muscles. This will enable them to start faster. The final instruction is the firing of the starter's pistol. Upon hearing this the sprinters stride forwards from the blocks.
The 60 metres was an Olympic event in the 1900 and 1904 Summer Games but was removed from the schedule thereafter. American Christian Coleman currently holds the men's world record in the 60 metres with a time of 6.34 seconds, while Russian Irina Privalova holds the women's world record at 6.92.
In the past, it was common for athletes to compete in the 60 yards (54.86 m) race. This is not part of the lineage of the 60 metres, but is the predecessor of the 55 metres race. 60 metres is 65.6168 yards.
60 metres split vs. 60 metres indoor
Traditionally, the 60 m indoor event serves as the equivalent of the 100 m event in preseason, and sprinters do not peak until outdoor season. This is why elite sprinters almost always run a faster 60 m split en route to their 100 m time during outdoor season than their best 60 m indoor time, even after adjusting for wind assistance (wind assistance has lesser impact on shorter distance such as 60 m than on longer distance race). Given that 60 m splits were achieved en route to 100 m performances and the athletes weren't able to lean for the finish at the 60 m mark, elite sprinters could be expected to run even faster 60 m times than their best en route splits if they specifically raced a 60 m race during outdoor season.
Usain Bolt ran a 6.31 seconds 60 m split, the second fastest split all-time, en route to his 100 m world record, despite never having participated in the 60 m indoor event. Asafa Powell ran a 6.32 seconds split, while clocking only 6.44 seconds in the 60 m indoor event. 2012 Indoor 60 m World Champion Justin Gatlin, who has the personal best of 6.34 for the 60 m split, ran 6.45 seconds indoors. Former indoor world record holder and 1999 Indoor 60 m World Champion Maurice Greene ran a 6.33 split outdoors compared to his 6.39 indoor personal best. The current indoor world record holder Christian Coleman clocked in at 6.32 seconds en route to his 9.76 seconds 100 m personal best, significantly faster than his 6.34 indoor world record which he set at 5,312 feet altitude (equivalent to 6.37 indoor after adjusting for the effect of altitude).
At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, en route to his 100 m personal best of 9.83 seconds, Su Bingtian, who has the indoor personal best of 6.42, ran the fastest 60 m split of all-time and the fastest 60 m ever recorded under any conditions with a time of 6.29 seconds.
Area records
Updated 19 March 2022.
All-time top 25
Indoor results only
Men
Updated March 2023.
Note: The following athletes have had their performances annulled due to doping offences:
Outdoor best performances
+ = en route to 100 m mark
Note: The following athletes have had their associated 100 m performances annulled due to doping offences:
Women
Updated March 2023.
Outdoor best performances
+ = en route to 100 m mark
Olympic medalists
World Indoor Championships medalists
Men
a The event was known as the World Indoor Games in 1985.
b Ben Johnson of Canada originally won the gold medal, but he was disqualified in 1989 after admitting to steroid use between 1981 and 1988.
Medal table
Women
a The event was known as the World Indoor Games in 1985.
b Angella Issajenko of Canada originally won the silver medal, but she was disqualified in 1989 after admitting to steroid use between 1982 and 1988.
c Zhanna Block originally won the gold medal, but she was disqualified after her results from November 2002 onwards were deleted in 2011 for long-term drug use.
Medal table (at the )
Season's bests
Men
Women
See also
2020/21 in 60 metres
Notes and references
External links
All-time men's best 60 metres from alltime-athletics.com
All-time women's best 60 metres from alltime-athletics.com
Events in track and field
Sprint (running)
Indoor track and field
Discontinued Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics | wiki |
Scratchie and similar may refer to:
Scratchcard, a type of card with portions that can be scratched off to reveal information
Scratchie Records, an independent record label
Scratchy, a fictional character in the Itchy & Scratchy Show, part of The Simpsons | wiki |
Antiamoebin is an anti-microbial/protozoan polypeptide of fungal origin.
External links
Polypeptide antibiotics | wiki |
This is a list of public art in Jersey City, New Jersey, in the United States. This list applies only to works of public art on permanent display in an outdoor public space and does not include artworks in museums. Public art may include sculptures, statues, monuments, memorials, murals, and mosaics.
See also
Lincoln Park (Jersey City)
Pershing Field
List of public art in Newark, New Jersey
References
External links
Exchange Place Alliance
Jersey City, New Jersey
Public art | wiki |
MANSA is a scale used to assess quality of life. Its name is short for Manchester, Short Assessment of Quality of Life. It was developed by Priebe et al. in 1999. The creators of the scale found the results of the scale to be comparable to the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile.
The MANSA consists of 16 questions.
References
Positive mental attitude | wiki |
Louis J. Harper was the second head football coach at Kentucky State University in Frankfort, Kentucky and he held that position for two seasons, from 1924 until 1925. His career coaching record at Kentucky State was 1–5.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Kentucky State Thorobreds football coaches | wiki |
Kauri gum is resin from kauri trees (Agathis australis), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the North Island of New Zealand, before climate change caused the forests to retreat, causing several areas to revert to sand dunes, scrubs, and swamps. Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum. Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were logged or burnt by Europeans.
Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening with the exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually fossilising. Other lumps form as branches forked or trees are damaged, releasing the resin.
Uses
The Māori had many uses for the gum, which they called kapia. Fresh gum was used as a type of chewing gum (older gum was softened by soaking and mixing with juice of the puha thistle). Highly flammable, the gum was also used as a fire-starter, or bound in flax to act as a torch. Burnt and mixed with animal fat, it made a dark pigment for moko tattooing. Kauri gum was also crafted into jewellery, keepsakes, and small decorative items. Like amber, kauri gum sometimes includes insects and plant material.
Kauri gum was used commercially in varnish, and can be considered a type of copal (the name given to resin used in such a way). Kauri gum was found to be particularly good for this, and from the mid-1840s was exported to London and America. Tentative exports had begun a few years earlier, however, for use in marine glue and as fire-kindlers; gum had even made up part of an export cargo to Australia in 1814.
Since the kauri gum was found to mix more easily with linseed oil, at lower temperatures, than other resins, by the 1890s, 70 percent of all oil varnishes made in England used kauri gum. It was used to a limited extent in paints during the late 19th century, and from 1910 was used extensively in the manufacture of linoleum. From the 1930s, the market for gum dropped as synthetic alternatives were found, but there remained niche uses for the gum in jewellery and specialist high-grade varnish for violins.
Kauri gum was Auckland's main export in the second half of the 19th century, sustaining much of the early growth of the city. Between 1850 and 1950, 450,000 tons of gum were exported. The peak in the gum market was 1899, with 11,116 tons exported that year, with a value of £600,000 ($989,700 US). The average annual export was over 5,000 tons, with the average price gained £63 ($103.91 US) per ton.
Appearance
The gum varied in color depending on the condition of the original tree. It also depended on where the gum had formed and how long it had been buried. Colors ranged from chalky-white, through red-brown to black; the most prized was a pale gold, as it was hard and translucent. The size of each lump also varied greatly. Swamps tended to yield the small nuggets known as "chips", whereas the hillsides tended to produce larger lumps. The majority were the size of acorns, although some were found which weighed a few pounds; the largest (and rarest) were reported to weigh half a hundredweight. Kauri gum shares a few characteristics with amber, another fossilised resin found in the Northern Hemisphere, but where amber can be dated as millions of years old, carbon-dating suggests the age of most kauri gum is a few thousand years.
Gumfields
Most of the gumfields were in Northland, Coromandel and Auckland, the site of the original kauri forests. Initially, the gum was readily accessible, commonly found lying on the ground. Captain Cook reported the presence of resinous lumps on the beach at Mercury Bay, Coromandel, in 1769, although he suspected it came from the mangroves, and missionary Samuel Marsden spoke of their presence in Northland in 1819.
By 1850, most of the surface-lying gum had been picked up, and people began digging for it. The hillsides yielded shallow-buried gum (about 1 m), but in the swamps and beaches, it was buried much further down (4 m or below).
Gum-diggers
Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum, a fossilised resin, in the old kauri fields of New Zealand at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The gum was used mainly for varnish. The term may be a source for the nickname "Digger" given to New Zealand soldiers in World War I. In 1898, a gum-digger described "the life of a gum-digger" as "wretched, and one of the last [occupations] a man would take to."
Gum-diggers worked in the old kauri fields, most of which were then covered by swamp or scrub, digging for the gum. Much of the population was transient, moving from field to field, and they lived in rough huts or tents (which were called "whares", after the Maori for 'house'). It was extremely hard work and not very well paid, but it attracted many Maori and European settlers, including women and children. There were many Dalmatians, who had first come to work the South Island goldfields in the 1860s. They were transient workers, rather than settlers, and much of their income was sent out of the country, resulting in much resentment from the local workforce. In 1898, the "Kauri Gum Industry Act" was passed, which reserved gum-grounds for British subjects, and requiring all other diggers to be licensed. By 1910, only British subjects could hold gum-digging licences.
Gum-digging was the major source of income for settlers in Northland, and farmers often worked the gumfields in the winter months to subsidise the poor income from their unbroken land. By the 1890s, 20,000 people were engaged in gum-digging, of which 7000 worked full-time. Gum-digging was not restricted to settlers or workers in the rural areas; Auckland families would cross the Waitematā Harbour by ferry at weekends to dig in the fields around Birkenhead, causing damage to public roads and private farms, and leading to local council management of the problem.
Methods
Most gum was dug from the ground using gum-spears (pointed rods to probe for gum) and "skeltons", defined as blade-edged spades for cutting through old wood and roots as well as soil. Once the gum was retrieved it would need to be scraped and cleaned.
Digging in swamps was more complicated; a longer spear (up to 8m) was often used, often fitted with a hooked end to scoop out the lumps. Scrub was often cleared first with fire; some got out of control and swamp fires could burn for weeks. Holes were often dug by teams in both hills and swamps—often up to 12m deep—and some wetlands were drained to aid in the excavation of gum. As field gum became scarce, "bush gum" was obtained by purposely cutting the bark of kauri trees and returning months later to retrieve the hardened resin. Due to the damage caused to the trees by the cutting the practice was banned in state forests in 1905. Gum chips, small lumps useful for the manufacture of linoleum, were difficult to find, and by 1910, the process of washing and sieving to retrieve the chips became common. The process was later mechanised.
Gum merchants
Gumdiggers generally sold their gum to local gumbuyers, who transported it to Auckland (generally by sea) for sale to merchants and exporters. There were six major export firms in Auckland who dealt in gum, employing several hundred workers who graded and rescraped the gum for export, packing them in cases made from kauri timber.
As early as the 1830s and 1840s, merchants, including Gilbert Mair and Logan Campbell, were buying gum from local Māori for £5 ($8.25) a ton, or trading it for goods. The majority of the gum was exported to America and London (from whence it was distributed throughout Europe), although smaller amounts were sent to Australia, Hong Kong, Japan and Russia.
See also
Kauri Museum
Dammar gum
Northland temperate kauri forests
Notes
References
Hayward, Bruce W (1982). Kauri Gum and the Gumdiggers: A Pictorial History of the Kauri Gum Industry in New Zealand. Auckland: Lodestar Press.
McClure, Margaret (1987). The Story of Birkenhead. Auckland: Birkenhead City Council.
Reed, Alfred (1972). The Gumdiggers: The Story of Kauri Gum. Auckland: A.H. & A.W. Reed.
Dunmore, Patricia (ed.) (1977). The Dunmore Book of New Zealand Records. Wellington: Dunmore Press.
External links
Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Digger History
The Kauri Museum
Fossil resins
Economy of New Zealand
Organic gemstones
New Zealand culture | wiki |
Stadio Arturo Collana is a football stadium in Naples, Italy; it is located in the Vomero area of the city. The stadium was built in the latter part of the 1920s, originally under the name Stadio XXVIII Ottobre.
History
The stadium was named after Arturo Collana, a sports journalist among the founding members.
S.S.C. Napoli were official tenants of the stadium during the 1933–34 season onwards, as their stadium Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli was having problems. After the World War II it was for a time renamed Stadio della Liberazione; Napoli would continue using it until moving to their current home of Stadio San Paolo in 1959.
For a period of time starting in the 1960s a club from Naples called Internapoli played at the stadium, but they have since moved. It was completely restructured in 1970 and has become a multi-use sports center where athletics, football and rugby games are carried out.
Arturo
Arturo Collana
Sport in Naples
Sports venues in Naples
1920s establishments in Italy | wiki |
ANTM may refer to:
America's Next Top Model, the fashion-themed reality TV show and the original Top Model franchise
Its international versions:
Asia's Next Top Model, the pan-Asian English-language version of the franchise featuring contestants from the Far East
Australia's Next Top Model, the Australian version of the franchise
Austria's Next Topmodel, the Austrian version of the franchise
Africa's Next Top Model, the African version of the franchise
No relation to the show:
Afghanistan's Next Top Model, unofficial title of a similar show broadcast in Afghanistan
See also
Anth (disambiguation) | wiki |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chocolate:
What is chocolate?
Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. The seeds of the cacao tree have an intense bitter taste, and must be fermented to improve the flavour. Chocolate is a popular ingredient in confectionery items and candies.
What type of thing is chocolate?
Chocolate is a type of:
Food – substance to provide nutritional support for the body, ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells in an effort to produce energy, maintain life, and/or stimulate growth.
Confectionery – the set of food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well.
Candy – confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water, to which flavourings and colourants are added. Candies come in numerous colours and varieties and have a long history in popular culture.
Ingredient – substance that forms part of a mixture (in a general sense). For example, in cooking, recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a specific dish. Chocolate is often used as an ingredient in dessert items, such as cakes and cookies.
What is chocolate made of?
Necessary ingredients
Substances found in cacao
Phenethylamine – psychoactive drug that is usually inactive when orally ingested because most of it is metabolized into phenylacetic acid by monoamine oxidase (MAO), preventing significant concentrations from reaching the brain
Theobromine – also known as xantheose, it contains no bromine and has a similar, but lesser, effect to caffeine
Theophylline – methylxanthine drug found in tea leaves
Source of the cocoa bean
Forastero – 80% made with this tree group
Optional ingredients
Ingredients of white chocolate
Types
– a chocolate brand containing coffee and cola nut
Unsweetened chocolate – pure chocolate liquor mixed with fat to produce a solid substance; also known as "bitter", "baking chocolate" and "cooking chocolate"
Production methods
Producers and trade organizations
– a Ghanaian cocoa processing company
– a Ghanaian farmers' cooperative organisation
Brands
Edibles
Brand names:
Cereals
Chocolate
Chocolate
Chocolates –
Drinks
History
Effects on health
Other articles
– named for its colour, does not contain cocoa
References
External links
The Food of the Gods A Popular Account of Cocoa – Freely downloadable book from Project Gutenberg
Chocolate
Chocolate | wiki |
Quiet Moments may refer to:
Music
Albums
Quiet Moments (album) or the title song, by Lycia, 2013
Quiet Moments, by Val Doonican, 1981
Quiet Moments, by Vasco Martins, 1995
Songs
"Quiet Moments", by Chris de Burgh from Crusader
"Quiet Moments", by Lonnie Liston Smith
"Quiet Moments", by Tim
"Quiet Moments", from the soundtrack of Seven Years in Tibet
Other uses
Quiet Moments, a book of photographs by Daryl Hawk
Quiet Moments, a program broadcast by Sonshine Media Network International | wiki |
In policing equipment, a body camera or wearable camera, also known as body-worn video (BWV), body-worn camera (BWC), or bodycam, is a wearable audio, video, or photographic recording system used by police to record events in which law enforcement officers are involved, from the perspective of the officer wearing it. They are typically worn on the torso of the body, pinned on the officer's uniform. Police body cameras are often similar to body cameras used by civilians, firefighters, or the military, but are designed to address specific requirements related to law enforcement. Body cameras were first worn by police in the United Kingdom in 2005, and have since been adopted by numerous police forces worldwide.
Definition
Device
Body cameras are used by law enforcement to record their interactions with the public, or gather video evidence at crime scenes. There are numerous suppliers across the globe. Current body cameras are much lighter and smaller than the first experiments with wearable cameras as early as the late 1990s. There are several types of body cameras made by different manufacturers. Each camera basically serves the same purpose, yet some function in slightly different ways than others or have to be worn in a specific way. Some are meant to be mounted on the chest or shoulder, while others are attached to glasses or may be worn in a function similar to a headband or on a helmet.
The various needs and budgets of police departments have led to a wide range of body camera equipment to be offered in recent years. Body camera manufacturers have constantly looked for technical innovations to improve their products. Many body cameras offer specific features like HD quality, infrared, night vision, fisheye lenses, or varying degrees of view. Other features specific to law enforcement are implemented in the hardware to integrate the bodycameras with other devices or wearables. Another example are automatic triggers that start the recording when the officer starts a specific procedure, for instance when a fire-arm or taser is pulled from a holster, when a siren is activated or when the car door opens.
Ever since body cameras were first worn by police officers, there has been a debate over whether capabilities that make the camera superior to that of the officer's eyes should be allowed. For instance, infra-red recordings could in hind-sight clearly show that a suspect did or did not carry a gun in his hand, but the officer at the scene may not have been able to see this. This type of issue forces companies to choose whether they want to incorporate 'super human' features into their products, or not. HD video quality, for instance, no doubt improves usability of recordings as evidence, but at the same time increases file size, which in turn leads to an increase in bandwidth requirements for data transfer and storage capacity. At present, HD quality is the industries' standard, but until roughly 2016 that was not the case even though the technology was widely available in other devices.
Another important feature in law-enforcement is buffering: the option to let a body camera 'pre-record'. The bodycam can record continuously and store the most recent for instance thirty seconds. If the officer presses the record-switch, the preceding thirty seconds of recording will be kept. If he does not, the recording will be deleted after thirty seconds have passed on a 'first in, first out' basis. The ability to buffer enables officers to retain video of everything that occurred prior to the moment the record switch was pressed. This buffered video and audio may provide more context to an incident.
Another very useful feature that is included when using body cameras is how long they are able to record for, body cameras are able too record for up to 12 hours. This is a very important feature because if a law enforcement officer turns on their body camera at the beginning of their shift and forgets to turn it off, they are able to still get all of the footage for the whole shift since the body camera will record their whole shift without any problems.
Storage
Other features are constantly being trialed and implemented into the cameras and the data-storage process, such as cloud storage. Axon offers the possibility of sharing footage outside the police department, for instance with district attorneys or other prosecutors or the courts.
Algorithms can be helpful in sifting through the recorded data that can quickly become overwhelming. Video content analysis, such as facial recognition or automatic indexing of recordings to simplify searching of the data, can help to reduce the time needed to find relevant fragments.
Policies
The device and storage are important and often require specific adaptation to make the technology suitable for law enforcement. But another important aspect of bodycams are the policies that shape the way officers use the bodycams. Three main questions are important:
Who wears the bodycam? This can be an individual voluntary choice or a collective mandatory requirement. Not all officers have this option.
What has to be recorded? Officers can have discretion to turn the bodycam on or off as they see fit or they can be guided through protocols.
Who has access to the recordings? Access to the recordings determines to a large extent whether police officers will embrace the technology or not. Important questions in this domain are whether supervisors can access the footage and whether the recordings are public records or not. The rules that determine who has access, influence the willingness of officers to comply to the rules concerning wearing of bodycams and the on/off instructions. Important in this respect is whether the software automatically logs who has accessed the footage and whether any editing has been done.
English language countries
Australia
The number of body-worn cameras in use by the police of Australia is growing increasingly prevalent in parallel with other countries. The first bodycams or 'cop-cams' were trialed in Western Australia in 2007. Victoria has been trialing body-worn cameras since 2012, and in 2015 the NSW police announced they had invested $4 million in rolling out body-worn cameras to frontline police officers. Queensland police have had the cameras in operation for some time, and have already collected 155,000 hours worth of footage. According to research being conducted in 2016 'the use of body-worn cameras has now gathered traction in most Australian states and territories'. Despite the increasing prevalence of the devices, some Australian commentators have expressed privacy concerns.
Canada
Some police services in Canada such as the Calgary Police Service have outfitted all front-line officers with body-worn video systems since 2019. Police unions in Canada have been opposed to body-worn video systems, citing privacy and cost concerns. In 2015, several city police units, including those in Winnipeg and Montreal announced plans to experiment with the technology. The Toronto Police Service started a pilot in 2014 with the technology during a year-long study of body-worn cameras. In total, 100 officers were using the technology from May 2015 thru May 2016. The evaluation report concluded that support for the body cameras was strong and increased during the pilot. There were technical issues, for instance with battery life, camera mounting, docking, recharging, ability to classify, ease of review and other issues. Administrative responsibilities associated with the body cameras resulted in significant commitment of time by officers that then was not available to spend on other duties. In September 2016, the Toronto police wanted to put out a call for proposals from suppliers.
Singapore
The Singapore Police Force announced in January 2015 that officers stationed at its Neighbourhood Police Centres will be issued body cameras with those located at Bukit Merah West. Officers stationed at Ang Mo Kio North, Bedok South, Bukit Merah East, Jurong West and Toa Payoh in June 2015 with the entire island covered by June 2016. The Reveal RS3-SX body camera is issued to the SPF.
The SPF mentioned that strict safeguard are in place with video footage to be deleted 31 days after they're shot unless they're needed in an active case. Officers are allowed to deactivate the cameras at their discretion according to the situation, such as cases of encountering sexual assault victims.
United Kingdom
First tests 2005
Body-worn video cameras received wide media coverage because of the first testing of body-worn cameras in the United Kingdom in 2005. The test was begun on a small-scale by Devon and Cornwall Police. In 2006, the first significant deployments of body worn video at the national level were undertaken by the Police Standards Unit (PSU) as part of the Domestic Violence Enforcement Campaign (DVEC). The basic command units equipped with the head cameras recorded everything that happened during an incident from the time of arrival which led to the "preservation of good-quality first disclosure evidence from the victim". The evidence gathered was deemed especially useful in the way of supporting prosecutions if the victim was reluctant to give evidence or press charges.
Plymouth study 2007
This led the Home Office to publish a report stating that "evidence gathering using this equipment has the potential radically to enhance the police performance at the scene of a wide range of incidents". In the same report, the Home Office concluded that body worn camera system used in Devon and Cornwall had "the ability to significantly improve the quality of the evidence provided by police officers at incidents". However, mostly due to the limitations of the then available technology, it was also recommended that police forces should await the completion of successful trials and projects to re-evaluate the technology before investing in cameras. By July 2007, the Home Office was beginning to encourage the emerging industry and published another document entitled "Guidance for the Police use of Body Worn Cameras". The report was based on the first national pilot of BWV conducted in Plymouth. Tony McNulty MP, Minister of State for Security, Counter-Terrorism and Police wrote a foreword that held BWV in a promising light: "The use of body-worn video has the potential to improve significantly the quality of evidence provided by police officers…video recording from the scene of an incident will capture compelling evidence…that could never be captured in written statements." Despite being hailed as a tool to enhance the quality of evidence, the focus was beginning to shift away from exclusively benefiting prosecutions. The Home Office highlighted that BWV also had the significant potential to "prevent and deter crime". In addition, the final report on the National Pilot for BWV announced that complaints against the officers wearing the cameras had been reduced to zero and time spent on paperwork had been reduced by 22.4%, which led to a 9.2% increase in officer time spent on patrol ("50 minutes of a 9-hour shift").
Over 40 UK police areas with BWV in 2010
Following the national pilot, BWV began to gain some traction in the UK and, by 2008, Hampshire Police began to use the technology in parts of the Isle of Wight and the mainland. These were the first steps that paved the way for Chief Constable Andy Marsh becoming the national lead for BWV. Pioneers of BWV in the UK began to drive the need to review the legislation surrounding the use of the equipment. In 2009 the Security Industry Authority concluded that a CCTV license could be extended to cover the use of a body camera. The summary stated that a CCTV license was required to review footage from a body camera and that a door supervision or security guard license was required to operate a body camera if security activities were also being performed.
In 2010, 5 years after the first BWV venture, over 40 UK police areas were using body cameras to varying degrees. Grampian Police were one such force that initiated a trial in July 2010 which paved the way for the Paisley and Aberdeen body wore video project in 2011. The project was considered a huge success and it was identified that the benefits saved an estimated minimum of £400,000 per year due to the following:
Increase public reassurance;
Reduce fear of crime in local communities;
Increase early guilty pleas;
Resolve complaints about the police or wardens more quickly;
Reduce assaults on officers.
The concluding sections of the report on the Paisley and Aberdeen project turned the attention to the digital, back-end solutions for BWV. Now that the benefits of using body cameras were being realized, the implications on the digital infrastructure were being called into question. The report suggested providing "robust central IT support" to have established the processes behind information gathering and monitoring.
Code of Practice surveillance cameras
In 2013 the Home Office released an updated code of practice for surveillance cameras, in which Principle 8 included the use of body cameras, stating: "Surveillance camera system operators should consider any approved operational, technical and competency standards relevant to a system and its purpose and work to meet and maintain those standards". 2013 also saw the start of Operation Hyperion, a Hampshire Police initiative on the Isle of Wight that equipped every frontline police officer with a personal issue body worn camera, the biggest project of its kind at the time. Sergeant Steve Goodier oversaw the project and was adamant that the project would drive legislative changes to free up further uses for body worn cameras. He said "I strongly believe we could make some small changes to legislation that can have a big impact on officers: "PACE was written in 1984 at a time when BWV was not around...We want to get the legislation changed so that BWV could replace the need for handwritten statements from officers when it is likely that an early guilty plea would be entered at court or that the incident could be dealt with a caution or community resolution."
MPS
In 2014, the Metropolitan Police Service began a 12 month trial in ten London boroughs, testing the impact of Body Worn Video on complaints, stop and search and criminal justice outcomes for violent offenses. Following the trial, the decision was made to issue body cameras to all officers who have regular engagement with the public. Other officers will be able to access cameras on an ‘as needed’ basis. A total of 22,000 cameras will be issued.
Northern Ireland
In 2016, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) formally introduced Body Worn Video technology commencing with Derry City and Strabane District, with Belfast becoming the second District to introduce the technology. A pilot Body Worn Video camera scheme was run during 2014/15, which illustrated the benefits of Body Worn Video. On that basis a business case was submitted to the Department of Justice and funding was secured to purchase Body Worn Video technology for officers across the service. In 2017, the Northern Ireland Prison Service implemented Body Worn Video, following the success of the PSNI deployment.
Devon and Cornwall
In September 2018, Devon and Cornwall Police announced their intention to begin outfitting officers with body worn cameras. The force was the first to trial BWV in the UK in 2005. The project was launched alongside Dorset Police. The cameras will be switched on by officers to record specific incidents including performing arrests, searches, stopping motor vehicles for any reason, and during violent incidents or where domestic abuse or modern slavery are suspected.
United States
Law and policies
In 2012, the National Institute of Justice at the United States Department of Justice issued a primer regarding laws, policies, practices, and technology for local police departments to consider.
Following The Law Enforcement Officer-Worn Body Camera Act (eff. 1-1-16), the state of Illinois became one of the first states to have a comprehensive set of rules for police departments in regards to body camera usage. The Chicago Police Department as well as the mayor of the city, Rahm Emanuel, have been vocal about their plan to enact a body-worn camera expansion that would equip police officers by the end of 2017. The goal of this plan, as well as the hiring of more officers, is to improve public trust in the law, expand transparency, and halt the climbing number of homicides. Springfield Police Department (Illinois) has also been among the local departments that have expanded the use of body worn cameras despite the Springfield Police Chief Kenny Winslow stating that "there are still problems with the state body camera law, and many departments in Illinois aren’t adopting the cameras as a result". One of those departments is the Minooka Police Department that discontinued the use of body cameras because they felt overburdened by administrative responsibilities. The considerable cost of cameras and the support of related technology is another factor limiting the speed of their adoption. In New York City, for example, initial purchase of body-worn cameras could cost up to $31 million. However, proponents hypothesized that body-worn cameras would save money by reducing lawsuits targeted towards the police force and by aiding in the dismissal of court cases with digital evidence provided by the recorded footage of the body-worn cameras.
On December 1, 2014, President Barack Obama "proposed reimbursing communities half the cost of buying cameras and storing video—a plan that would require Congress to authorize $75 million over three years to help purchase 50,000 recording devices". He also asked Congress for a $263 million package overall to deal with community policing initiatives that would provide a 50 percent federal match for local police departments to purchase body cameras and to store them. With the push from then President Barack Obama to “expand funding and training to law enforcement agencies through community policing initiatives”, the United States Department of Justice announced in May 2015 that they would grant 73 out of the 285 awards requested for a total of 20 million dollars. This allowed for the purchase and distribution of 21,000 cameras to be placed in active duty. A National Institute of Justice report found this in regards to responding police agencies: "In a sample of police departments surveyed in 2013, approximately 75 percent of them reported that they did not use body-worn cameras". A November 2014 survey of police departments serving the 100 most populous cities, Vocativ found that "41 cities use body cams on some of their officers, 25 have plans to implement body cams and 30 cities do not use or plan to use cams at this time".
Investigations have shown that although in many states the usage of body worn cameras is mandatory, there are instances where some officers have failed to adhere to the law. From 2015 until 2017, there have been nationally recognized scenarios of fatal shootings in San Francisco, Alabama, Washington D.C., and Los Angeles in which the officer was wearing a body camera, but did not activate it during the incident. The Los Angeles Police Department is one of the first to publicly discuss solutions as to how they will try to fix this problem. Small reminders such as stickers in the station and cars are meant to remind officers to use this technology. In addition, Los Angeles Police Department is testing new technology that would activate the cameras at the same time as the officer turns on their emergency lights. The LAPD has also been working with the body camera manufacturer it uses, Taser International, to increase a buffer that saves video from 30 seconds before and after the camera is turned on and off.
Study results
Studies have produced mixed findings on the impact of body-worn cameras and the effect these have on police, civilian, or suspect behavior. Early reports touting the benefits of police body cameras were based on limited research of small groups of police officers in a short period of time. In recent years, more robust research became available.
1) 'Yes: they work' - the Rialto and Orlando studies
An impact assessment, based on 54 Rialto police officers wearing body cameras showed that civilian complaints against officers dropped by 88% and "use of force" dropped by 59%. Another report that studied the effects of body-worn cameras for 46 officers of the Orlando Police Department over one year concluded that for officers wearing the body cameras, use-of-force incidents dropped by 53%, civilian complaints dropped by 65%, two in three officers who wore the cameras said they’d want to continue wearing them in the future and that it made them "better officers". Other studies produced similar results. For instance, an analysis by the San Antonio Express-News of San Antonio law enforcement's use of body-worn cameras found that incidents where police used force and formal misconduct complaints decreased significantly. Scholars of crime were unsure to what extent body-worn cameras played a role in these declines, but noted that the results were consistent with trends in other cities were cameras had been introduced.
2) 'No: they don't' - the Washington study
As more studies in more police departments were performed, the evidence became more mixed. One of the most robust studies was done among thousands of Washington, D.C. officers, led by David Yokum at the Lab@DC, a team of scientists embedded in D.C. government, and Anita Ravishankar at D.C.’s Metropolitan Police Department (M.P.D.). The evaluation found no effect on use-of-force by officers or on the number of complaints by civilians. The researchers concluded that police officers equipped with body cameras used force and confronted civilians in a similar manner compared with officers without body cameras: “This is the most important empirical study on the impact of police body-worn cameras to date. ... These results suggest we should recalibrate our expectations” of cameras’ ability to make a “large-scale behavioral change in policing, particularly in contexts similar to Washington, D.C.". The study not only presents statistical analyses, but also provides qualitative research and analysis to shed light on the controversies surrounding the cameras. According to the study, several factors could explain why the cameras did not change the behavior of the police - even though there was a high level of compliance to the rules governing the activation of the cameras: desensitization to the cameras and the fact that police officers already performed better due to an increase in monitoring of their actions before the introduction of the cameras. A third possibility was that officers without cameras acted similar to officers with cameras, because they were aware of their colleagues who did wear these devices.
Since the Washington-study, several others have been published that concluded the body cameras did not live up to - perhaps too high - expectations. The meta-evaluation cited below contains information on all studies if they met the methodological quality requirements.
3) 'It depends' - meta-evaluations
In reviewing the existing research on police body-worn cameras in 2017, University of Virginia economist Jennifer Doleac noted that the existing research was mixed as to whether the cameras reduce the use of force by police officers or increase the communities' trust in police. But a reduction in complaints against police using excessive force does not necessarily mean there are fewer cases of misconduct, it could mean that people are just not speaking up or the body camera was not turned on and the footage cannot be investigated. More time and research was expected to allow a more precise answer to whether or not body worn cameras improve officer conduct. As more empirical evidence became available, the importance of differences in local contexts and policies was revealed. The level of discretion that officers have in the activation of the body cameras has, for instance, been suggested as one of the deciding characteristics in any body camera policy and therefore in the results that can be expected. Unintended outcomes can even be the result from increased transparency due to over-deterrence: officers who know they are being recorded, will only do the minimum required. These officers will also tend to do everything by the book, reluctant to apply discretion.
Unions
Police unions in several U.S. cities, such as New York City (the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, which represents part of the NYPD), Las Vegas, and Jersey City, New Jersey, and St. Louis, Missouri, expressed doubts or opposition to body cameras. Specifically, union officials expressed concerns about possible distraction and safety issues, and questioned "whether all the footage filmed by body cameras will be accessible via public-records requests, whether victims of domestic violence will be hesitant to call police if they know they will be filmed and whether paying for the cameras and maintenance will lead to cuts elsewhere in the police budget". Others have worried about a "gotcha discipline". Some unions have argued that it was "mandatory" for police departments to include provisions about body-worn cameras in union contracts because it would be a "clear change in working conditions" as well as something that could "impact an officer's safety".
Civil liberties
The NAACP National Board of Directors has endorsed the use of policy-based automatic body-worn camera solutions for use by law enforcement. The American Civil Liberties Union is an organization that has been a major proponent of body cameras on officers, but only in certain situations. The ACLU has advocated body camera use for both police departments and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, granted that safeguards are in place to protect the privacy of both officers and civilians. However, they have opposed the use of such camera systems for parking enforcement officers, fire marshals, building inspectors, or other code enforcement officers. The questions raised by the ACLU and others fuel the most heated debate on body-worn cameras. Others, such as Black Lives Matter, have released specific policy solutions to tackle the issue of police violence and escalation that include body cameras for police, limited use of force, and demilitarization of the police are a few of the ten crucial policies listed in Campaign Zero.
Other countries
China
The use of body-worn cameras by law enforcement offers potential advantages in keeping officers safe, enabling situational awareness, improving community relations and accountability, and providing evidence for trials. A legislation regarding body-worn camera has been enacted by the Ministry of Public Security, making the body-worn camera standard and mandatory policing equipment for law enforcement agencies in China.
Two million police officers are being equipped with this camera in China.
Hong Kong
The police in Hong Kong has been experimenting with body cameras since 2013. Based on positive findings from an (unpublished) evaluation, the decision was taken to supply all front-line officers with a bodycam.
Denmark
The police in Denmark has been credited in English media as the first police force to use body cameras, even before the English pilots of 2007 were initiated. In 2017, the Minister of Justice has equipped security personnel in detention centers with body cameras.
Finland
Pilot project 2015
In Finland, a pilot with body cameras was started in 2015. Thirty cameras were used by the Helsinki Police Department to help the police in maintaining public order. It was hoped that body cameras might prevent crime and disorder. Furthermore, it was expected that the cameras could at the same time improve the way the police worked. The cameras were meant to be used in specific settings and only in public places. Filming inside homes would only be allowed as part of a criminal investigation. The data were to be encrypted and could only be accessed with specific software, according to the police. It was expected that most recordings would be deleted right after each shift, because of the need for privacy protection.
Results
According to a report from 2017 by a working-group, the pilot justified the national roll-out of bodycams in Finland. The report concluded that police officers' safety improved, reduced resistance to the police and better protected police. During the experiment in Helsinki, the report noted, behaviour of citizens improved when people see that the situation is being recorded. The introduction could be based on current legislation, but an additional legal framework would be needed regulating recording and storage of recordings. Filming inside homes is not generally allowed. The cameras could be available at the end of 2018, after the necessary training and purchases. The Federation of Police Officers wants provisions to make sure that human errors will not be problematic for officers wearing cameras. The question is whether police can erase recordings when they want to. According to the working group, this is no different from the handling of other police documentation. During the pilot, the recordings were stored for 24 hours and then wiped, unless a criminal offence was recorded. The working group recommended to extend that period to 96 hours.
Plans for national roll-out in 2018
In early 2018, some 30 cameras were in use at Helsinki police department on a trial basis. The National Police Board recommended in April 2018 to issue all police officers on patrol with cameras. The ambition is to make the procurements in 2018. The two main reasons are to improve officers' safety by reducing confrontations with members of the public and to make recordings that can be used as evidence.
Other Law enforcement agencies
Finnish parking inspectors from Vaasa, Jyväskylä, and Kotka have been using bodycams since the spring of 2021 and have reported fewer threatening incidents since they began wearing body cameras on their uniforms.
France
French law enforcement has been experimenting with bodycams - called 'caméra-piéton' or 'pedestrian cameras' in French - since 2013, but possibly even before then.
Police
National and municipal police have also been outfitted with body cameras, starting with 2 000 cameras in 2017, after experimentation during the previous years. This number of cameras has been expanded and 10 400 additional cameras are being rolled out in what has been called a 'massive deployment'. Nearly 400 municipalities applied for permission to use bodycams in the pilot that was conducted in 2017 and 2018. These communities ranged in size from 1 500 inhabitants like Collias to 100 000+ cities like Marseille and Nice.
Other organisations
In 2018, the senate approved plans to experiment with bodycams in fire fighting and in detention centers. Other organisations that use these small wearable cameras are the national organisation for rail transport (SNCF), but also regional public transport for Paris (RATP). In 2019, public transport company Kéolis, introduced body cameras for its security staff on trams and buses in the city of Brest.
Uses
The body cameras in France are intended to de-escalate interventions and reassure the security forces. Formally, according to the 2016 law, that was extended in 2018 for use of bodycams by municipal police officers, the goals of the cameras are:
prevention of incidents during interventions by the police or the military (gendarmerie nationale);
detection of violations of the law and the prosecution of the suspects by collecting evidence;
training and education of officers
Legal framework
The legal framework has been determined by a law of June 3, 2016, by the national committee on information and freedoms (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés - CNIL). Their opinion is that because of the elevated risks created by surveillance of persons and personal life that could result from the use of these cameras, a specific legal framework was needed. Separate laws have been developed for national police and gendarmerie and for municipal police - the latter being adopted by parliament in 2018. Recordings have to be retained for at least six months. Specific legislation has also been developed for law enforcement in sectors such as rail transportation and regional public transport for Paris. One of the key components of the law in France is that officers are not allowed to review the recordings. However, the bodycams acquired offered this option and would have to be replaced with different type progressively, but not before the end of 2017 - according to the source quoted in the article.
Identity checks
One of the main reasons for the national police, gendarmerie and municipal police to start using bodycams is the systematic recording of identity checks in public places. Starting in March 2017, the police and gendarmerie in 23 prioritised security zones ('zones de securité priorities), including Paris, Marseille, Nice, Toulouse and Lyon, had to record each identity check. Up to 2013, the decision to start a recording was discretionary, but after 2017 recording of these checks was supposed to become the rule. According to a critical article, this requirement was not fulfilled, given the fact that there were 2 500 bodycams available for the total of around 245 000 officers in the country. Some controversy surrounded the introduction because of a statement in the Senate by ministre de l'intérieur, Bruno le Roux, that recording would be triggered automatically - a statement that later had to be revoked because it proved to be incorrect. The report describing the results of the experiment was not published, but a spokesperson of the National Police told a reporter that the cameras increase the legitimacy of officers, pacify difficult situations and offer the possibility to record the specifics of each intervention, in this case identity checks.
Future developments
The Mayor of the city of Nice has asked the Minister of the Interior to rewrite the legal framework to include live streaming of bodycam-footage. This would enable supervision centers to not only watch regular CCTV-cameras but also body cameras. Included in the request was the suggestion to enable these centers to distribute the footage to the devices in police vehicles. The national privacy watchdog, CNIL, has called for a democratic debate to define appropriate frameworks and to strike a balance between security and the rights and freedoms of everyone.
Germany
Reasons for bodycams
In some parts of Germany, some state police services have used body-worn video systems since 2013 and the number of states (German: Land or Länder) where police use bodycams has increased ever since. The reason for the introduction of these cameras in Germany has overwhelmingly been to protect police against assaults from suspects. The second reason is the ability to reconstruct events and to use the recording as evidence. A third reason has been the fact that civilians are filming the police and that the police wants to add their own recordings to what they perceive as selective filming by civilians. As Rüdiger Seidenspinner, the president of the union of policemen for the State of Baden-Württemberg, explained: "The reason is simple: our colleagues have had enough in this era of smartphones of being filmed only when they intervene. What caused the intervention, what actions, insults etc. took place does not seem to concern anyone. Furthermore, we will not use the BodyCam in all situations, but only for specific deployments and especially in areas with high levels of crime". According to a representative sample of 1,200 citizens from Germany in 2015, a majority of 71% is in favour of body cameras and 20% is opposed to the technology.
Länder with bodycams
Detailed information is available on the use of body cameras in five Länder. In State of Hesse, the police were the first force in Germany to use body cams in May 2013. According to official registrations, the resistance (Widerstand) to police decreased from 40 to 25 and only one of the policemen wearing a body camera was wounded, compared to nine colleagues without camera. Following the pilot, the number of bodycams acquired went up from the original 13 to 72 in total, also meant for other areas in Hesse. The success of the pilot inspired many other German cities and the Federal Police to start using body cameras as well. Police services from Hungary, Switzerland, and Austria were interested as well and asked the German police for information.
In the State of Rhineland-Palatinate body cams are in use since July 2015 in the cities of Mainz and Koblenz to reduce violence towards the police and to collect footage that can be used as evidence. The costs of these body cams was 18.500 euro. Based on the positive experiences, eighty more bodycams have been acquired to be deployed in more areas in these two cities. In Hamburg, one of five members in each team that surveils during weekends is equipped with a bodycam since June 2015. These cameras can be pointed in different directions by manually operated remote control. Since 2016, the Bavarian State Police has been testing bodycams in Munich, Augsburg and Rosenheim. The cameras have to be activated in critical situations and at dangerous locations, for instance in nightlife entertainment areas where fighting is a common occurrence. In Baden-Württemberg, bodycams are deployed in Stuttgart, Mannheim and Freiburg since 2016. The aim here is to test the bodycams during one year with the purpose of reducing violence against the police. Since late 2022 Berlin's police have implemented a pilot program with bodycams.
Federal police
Starting in February 2016, the Federal Police began testing bodycams at train stations in Berlin, Cologne, Düsseldorf and Munich. In early 2017, the Bundestag agreed with government plans to introduce bodycams to protect officers.
Legal issues
All Länder in the country use bodycams, but there are substantial differences in the legal framework. Some have explicitly created a legal basis (Hesse, Hamburg, Saarland, Bremen, Baden-Württemberg), some are still working on it and in the meantime fall back on existing norms (North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, pilot projects in Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony-Anhalt, Federal Police). Still others have no concrete plans for legal adaptations (Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia).
Italy
Milan and Turin 2015 and 2017
In the cities of Milan and Turin, police forces have started experimenting on a small scale with bodycams. One of the first projects started in 2015 in Turin where police used the bodycams for their own protection during protests. Starting in May 2017, ten bodycams were being trialled by the police forces of Turin and Milan to be used in high-risk operations and use-of-force incidents. Part of the trial was to connect the live streams of the cameras to the control-room of the police. The bodycams for these pilots were supplied free of charge by a manufacturer for a period of three months. Based on the experiences during the trials, a decision would have to be reached whether to supply all front-line officers with bodycams. The price for fifty bodycams in Milan was 215,000 euros.
Rome 2017
Police officers in Rome have not yet been equipped with bodycams. However, in October 2017, the secretary of the union Sulpl Roma, announced that police officers who ask for them will receive a bodycam before the end of the year 2017. The reason would be two-fold: to modernise the officers' equipment and to settle disputes with drivers who disagree with police, for instance over a fine or the cause of an accident.
Privacy
The privacy law governing the use of bodycams by police in Italy is the law that protects personal data. According to a spokesperson of the police in Rome the law allows for the creation of video recordings of police interventions, provided the footage is used only for the reconstruction of police activity. The fact that other people including innocent by-standers could be recognised by their faces or voices does not mean the recording can not be used for legitimate purposes.
Japan
Japanese law enforcements has been experimenting with bodycams since 2022, but possibly even before then.
Police
In order to quickly and accurately share the situation at the scene of an incident, Aichi Prefectural Police have introduced a system that automatically transmits video footage of police officers at the scene of an incident to the prefectural police headquarters in real time. This is the first time in Japan that a system capable of automatic filming and distribution has been used, and the prefectural police hope it will lead to the early resolution of incidents and ensure the safety of victims. The system was developed independently by the prefectural police and was introduced in March. When a police officer arrives at the scene, he or she uses a small camera on his or her mobile phone attached to his or her right breast. When the officer operates the radio, the camera is automatically activated and starts recording video, and the video and sound are transmitted to headquarters and the relevant department at each police station. According to the prefectural police, the cameras are worn by all police officers working at the 384 police stations in the prefecture. Until now, the situation at the scene of an incident has been communicated verbally over the radio, but from now on, detailed information on the scene of an incident, as well as the physique and clothing of the suspicious person the police officer confronts, can be instantly shared in the form of video images from the moment the radio is used. In radio communication only, it was sometimes time-consuming to ascertain information, as it was necessary to repeatedly confirm the facts between the police officer on the scene and the person in charge of the communication command. The introduction of the system is expected to shorten the time from the moment an incident is detected to the time the police are dispatched to the scene, and the chief of the Communications Command Section of the prefectural police, Mr Defining Sugiyama, said: 'Initial response is extremely important for the early arrest of suspects and the safety of victims. We hope to enhance our response capability and protect the safety of the community by utilising the system".
Other organisations
In December 2022, JR-EAST station staff to be equipped with body cameras in order to deal incidents with passengers.
Netherlands
Police
The first body worn video used by the Dutch police were portable videocameras used by the mounted riot-police in 1997. The first experiments with more modern bodycams date back to 2008 and were all small-scale technical tests. After four large-scale experiments from 2009 through 2011, the conclusion was that bodycams did not reduce violence and aggression against the police, largely due to technical problems with recordings and 'wearability' of the equipment. The Department of Justice concluded that bodycams were not ready to be 'rolled out' on the national level. Regional police forces continued experimenting with bodycams. In 2011, according to a survey by one of the major suppliers of body worn video cameras in the Netherlands, 17 of the 25 regionale police forces were using bodycams in 2011.
In 2015, the Dutch National Police published their plans to integrate more 'sensing' capabilities into routine police work. This plan focused on CCTV, automatic number plate recognition and bodycams. Thirty experiments were conducted with body cameras to determine whether the technology should become part of the standard equipment of all police officers. The biggest experiment was done in Amsterdam where one hundred bodycams were tested for 12 months by 1,500 officers. The trial was monitored and independently evaluated, according to the highest possible methodological standard: a randomised controlled trial. Violence and aggression towards police officers were reduced significantly. Based on these positive findings, the management of the National Police in 2019 decided to roll-out 2,000 bodycams to all front-line police units in the country. Results from a 2022 research report show that 86% of police officers find that the bodycams have (a lot) of added value to their work, with officers also feeling safer on duty while carrying bodycams. The research report further found that the bodycams have added value for investigations, training, and evaluation.
Other law enforcement with bodycams
Other organizations besides the police use bodycams, mainly local law enforcement officers employed by municipalities. All local 'handhavers' or city wardens in Amsterdam and Rotterdam wear bodycams, in addition to over thirty smaller cities. Other organisations use body cameras including public transport, security professionals, ambulances and fire-fighters.
Pakistan
By 2020, different police departments in Pakistan were either planning to or has already started using body cams in a bid to maintain accountability. The Islamabad Capital City Police Department was the first to use body cams in field and had plans to acquire and equip more body cams for police officials manning the different checkpoints around the city as well as those police officials who go for snap checkings.
Karachi Police was planning to induct body cams for its officials as the city sees more violence in the shape of street crimes than any other city in Pakistan. Apart from the police, Islamabad traffic police and National Highway and Motorway Police too are either planning or have already started using body cams.
Russia
Russian law enforcements has been experimenting with bodycams since 2016, but possibly even before then.
Police
According to Russian Internal Affairs Ministry the end of the 2016 all traffic police officers in Moscow will receive body cameras, which are attached to their clothes and work continuously. In some regions, such devices designed to eradicate corruption in the ranks of traffic police officers, are also purchased by other law enforcement agencies, but in limited quantities - for testing. Total equipping to all Russian police officers with body cameras was scheduled to completed by 2017.
Sweden
Police
Swedish police have used body cameras, for instance at large football games and demonstrations. According to a spokesperson for the Swedish Police in 2015, body cameras would not become standard equipment for police officers. They would be used for special purposes because there was no need to record all interactions. "We are not in the same situation as the police in the US who need to document everything in order to maintain credibility". Early trials with body cameras have been carried out in Gothenburg and Södertälje in 2017. Many other Swedish police regions expressed interest in using body cameras. The police in Stockholm have piloted body cameras in 2018 and 2019. In total, 300 body cameras were used in three parts of Stockholm to prevent violence against police officers. The Swedish Crime Prevention Council (Brottsförebyggande rådet - Brå) evaluated the pilot. The evaluation revealed that the body cameras had the intended effects, but on a relatively modest scale. Certain types of violence decreased: harassment and violence using weapons. Sexual intimidation of female officers was reduced too. The sense of security improved, according to interviews with officers: people 'guard their tongue'. Physical violence has not decreased in the same amount. According to the police, this type of violence is perpetrated by people who are either drunk or mentally troubled. Their behaviour is not adjusted when they realise they are being filmed. Footage has rarely been used as evidence in courts: overall, 178 recordings were pulled for prosecution and conviction. In roughly half of these cases, the footage was used as evidence, but in the other half the decision was made to not submit the recording as evidence. Another conclusion is that the level of activation of bodycams varied from one officer to the next. There was a lack of clear instructions and guidelines on which situations needed to be recorded. The researchers believe that the bodycams could lead to more positive outcomes if a better strategy for the deployment of the bodycams would be developed and implemented.
Other law enforcement
The Swedish army in Afghanistan has used helmet cameras, according to this article from 2015. In 2016, train hosts in Gothenburg and West Sweden started testing bodycams. They were only allowed to turn on the cameras if a passenger became violent or threatened to use violence. Public transport in Stockholm, Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, started using body cameras in 2018. Security guards were the first to start using these cameras and ticket controllers followed in December 2018. The cameras are used in order to improve the safety of staff. Additionally, the cameras can be used to make a recording of travellers without a valid ticket. By filming them, the identity of the person in question can be verified even if they used someone else's identity during the check.
United Arab Emirates
Following a successful six month pilot scheme, the Dubai Police Force decided to adopt body worn video technology in 2015. Speaking to the media at the time, Gen Al Muzeina flagged-up the value of footage from these cameras. He said that this evidence could, potentially, be used where there are objections to traffic offences or a failure by officers to meet acceptable standards. The Abu Dhabi Police also confirmed in the same year that – following two years of trials – it would be rolling out body worn video cameras to patrol officers.
Impact studies
In 2019, a team of researchers published the most comprehensive overview to date of the impact of BWCs. They based their overview on seventy empirical studies, most from U.S. jurisdictions (74%). The study reports on officer behavior, officer perceptions, citizen behavior, citizen perceptions, police investigations, and police organizations.
Subsequent analysis of the research affirms their mixed findings about BWCs' effectiveness and draws attention to how the design of many evaluations fails to account for local contextual considerations or citizen perspectives, particularly among groups that disproportionately experience police violence.
Officer behavior
Impact on officer behavior is measured by complaints, use of force reports, arrests/citations or proactive behaviors. This is one of the greatest expectations of BWCs by civilians: that these cameras can change police officer behavior. Studies in this area (22 studies looked at complaints) have mostly shown that officers wearing BWCs receive fewer complaints than do those that are not wearing the cameras. The more important concern for police agencies and researchers is why complaints decline. It may be because of a change in officer behavior. But it may also be a more complex story involving reduction of frivolous, malicious or unfounded complaints because civilians change their behavior. The number of complaints as a measure of officer behavior may itself be problematic: they are rare and only reflect exceptional occurrences, not the everyday officer interactions with the public.
Use of force (16 studies) went down according to five of the rigorous impact studies. Four other studies, however, showed no statistically significant effects. The level of discretion officers have may explain these differences, one team of researchers suggested. As with complaints, use of force is rare and may not be the best measure of the impact of BWCs on police officer behavior. Other studies look at arrests and citation behaviors (fourteen studies showed 'no clear patterns') or on proactivity (six studies: 'results not definitive'). The question whether BWCs impact on disparate outcomes in policing has yet to be tackled.
Officer attitudes about BWCs
At least 32 studies focused on officer attitudes about cameras. First of all, the authors describe the methodological challenges of many of these studies. Despite those issues and despite mixed findings, one consistent theme is that once officers start using cameras, they feel positive or become more positive about BWCs.
Civilian behavior
At least 16 studies were aimed at examining the Impact of BWCs on civilian behavior. This can be measured by compliance with the police, willingness to call the police, willingness to cooperate in investigations or crime and disorder when an officer is present. The results were varied and some aspects have not been studied at all, for instance the concern that BWCs may reduce people's willingness to call the police due to worries about personal privacy.
Civilian perceptions
Sixteen studies looked at civilian attitudes about BWCs. This can be measured by looking at satisfaction with specific officer encounters or satisfaction with police more broadly, attitudes related to privacy and impact on fear of crime and safety. Civilians often have high expectations: police will be more accountable and civilian confidence in the police will increase. This can depend however on certain backgrounds (age, race, prior experiences). BWCs seem not to remedy the disparates between the legitimacy afforded to the police by various groups. Results from studies looking at broad satisfaction and privacy concerns are unclear. The few studies that looked at fear showed that civilians who know they are being recorded express strong agreement that BWCs make them feel safer and more confident in the police.
Police investigations
This aspect consists of criminal investigations, crime resolution, intelligence gathering or court proceedings and outcomes. Prosecutors rarely bring cases against the police and it remains to be seen whether this will change much as a result of BWCs. Empirical results are hard to find. Three studies (all from the UK) revealed positive outcomes: officers can pursue prosecution even without victim cooperation and cases may more likely be charged.
Police organizations
This is about training, policies, accountability, supervision et cetera. It is the least researched area, with some exceptions. Technologies often have unintended consequences on police. Much more research is needed to understand whether BWC footage can help officers to learn skills better and whether that in turn has an impact on their actual behaviour. BWCs can - in theory - strengthen the accountability structure in an organisation, but perhaps not if existing accountability mechanisms in the agency are weak. BWCs for instance will unlikely improve mentorship or supervision in an agency that does not value such mentorship or supervision.
Footage access
According to Harlan Yu, executive director from Upturn, police body cameras are best embedded in a broader change in culture and legal framework. In particular, the public's ability to access the body camera footage is currently still an issue which affects usefulness of police body camera's against police brutality.
Privacy concerns
As with all forms of surveillance, bodycams highlight issues of privacy. There is concern about the privacy of the people being filmed (suspects, victims, witnesses) but also about that of the officers wearing the cameras or the officers whose actions are recorded by their colleagues.
Support
With 88% of Americans and 95% of Dutch people supporting body cameras on police officers, there is strong public support for this technology. However, it is important to note that not all civilians are necessarily aware of the presence of bodycams. A study in Milwaukee revealed that awareness of the bodycams was comparatively low in the first year following implementation (36%) but increased after two more years (76%). In that study, respondents were asked whether they thought bodycams would improve relationships between the police and community members: 84 percent (strongly) agreed. An even larger proportion, 87 percent, (strongly) agreed that Body-Worn Cameras would hold Milwaukee police officers accountable for their behaviors. These percentages hardly changed in the three years following introduction, which suggests that opinions such as these are independent of awareness of bodycams. According to findings in criminology, body-worn cameras have been shown to improve citizens' reactions to police encounters.
Facial recognition
One possibility is that a police officer wearing this technology could become a 'roving surveillance camera'. If the bodycams are equipped with biometric facial recognition technology, this could have a major impact on people's everyday lives, depending on the reliability of the technology to prevent false positives (those that are mistaken for a person on a list of suspects, for instance). Furthermore, cameras equipped with facial recognition technology heighten worries over “secret surveillance at a distance”. Information about civilian whereabouts can consistently be tracked if they appear in public and it happens without their knowledge. There are more concerns about the advancement of these facial recognition technologies in body cams and the lack of government regulation over them. Particular concerns have been noted with respect to the use of cameras equipped with facial recognition at public protests. It has been suggested that such camera use may "chill" rights of free speech and association.
Looking at the United States in particular, there are 117 million Americans in the FBI's shared database according to the Georgetown Report. People can become fearful of the police's ability to identify them in public and gather information about where they've been and where they might be going. In the US, there is no federal law in place that directly protects Americans when it comes to the use of facial recognition technology. Only the states of Illinois and Texas have regulations, “that require(s) an individual to give consent for their biometrics to be used, protecting its application in a system that it was not originally intended for”.
Consent
In the context of recording, the biggest issues arise from whether consent from parties involved is required before starting a recording. The nature of police work has officers interacting with civilians and suspects during their most vulnerable moments, such as those in the hospital, or domestic violence cases. There is also a threat of people not coming forward with tips for fear of being recorded. In terms of the police officer's private contexts, they may forget to turn off cameras in the bathroom or in private conversations. These situations should be considered as the technology is developed further and the use of it is becoming more saturated. In the U.S. federal and individual states have varying statutes regarding consent laws.
Search and seizure
Another major concern that has arisen since the implementation of police body cameras is how these technologies will affect the privacy rights of individuals in regards to search and seizure laws. The 1967 Supreme Court case Katz v. United States determined that “there need not be a physical or technical trespass to constitute a search or seizure deserving of constitutional protection.” Extraction of sensitive information from individuals through electronic transmission is deemed to be unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment. Police body camera recordings conducted on private property without a warrant or probable cause are expected to violate the individual search and seizure rights of the property owner. Video recordings conducted in public spaces aren't generally subject to Fourth Amendment protections under the “plain view” doctrine developed by the Supreme Court. In these circumstances an officer can record an individual and their actions as long as they are in public spaces. Many other nations have their own search and seizure laws that have specific implications associated with the use of body cameras worn on police officers.
Supply
Pricing
Body cameras require sizeable investments. In 2012, the price of the camera itself was between $120 and $1,000, according to a market survey by the United States Department of Justice in which seven suppliers were compared. A more recent market survey in 2016, describing 66 body cameras of 38 different vendors, showed that the average price (or actually: the average manufacturer's suggested retail prices) was $570, with a minimum of $199 and a maximum of $2,000. In 2017, based on information from 45 police forces in the United Kingdom, research showed that nearly 48,000 body cameras had been purchased and that £22,703,235 had been spent on the cameras. Dividing this total by the number of cameras gives an estimate of the average costs per camera: £474. The minimum was £348 for the Police Service of Northern Ireland and the maximum was £705 for the Metropolitan Police Service. These differences may be partly attributable to the fact that some forces have included more types of costs than other forces.
In any case, the camera itself is just the start of the expenses. Police departments also have to run software and store data for all the cameras which can add up quickly. Other costs include maintenance, training and evaluations. In addition, several indirect costs will be incurred by bodycams, for instance, the hours police and others in the criminal justice system spend on managing, reviewing and using the recordings for prosecution or other purposes such as internal reviews, handling of complaints or education. These 'hidden' costs are difficult to quantify, but by looking into total cost of ownership, some indication can be given of the percentage of costs is associated with the body cameras themselves or other expenses:
The New South Wales Police Force in Australia produced 930 terabytes of recorded video each year with 350 bodycams. The costs involved in storing and managing the data was estimated at 6.5 million Australian dollars each year. The body cams were bought for less than 10% of that amount.
The Los Angeles Police Department (United States) acquired 7,000 cameras in 2016 for an amount of $57.6 million. At an estimated price of $570 per camera, the costs of the cameras would be around $4 million, which is 7% of the total amount. The other costs involve replacement equipment and digital storage of the recordings.
Police in Denver, Colorado (United States) bought 800 body cams and storage servers for the amount of $6.1 million. The price of the body cams was estimated to be 8% of that amount, the other 92% was spent on storage of recordings and management and maintenance of the body cams. The costs involved in reviewing, editing and submitting recorded video or the training of personnel were not included.
Rochester Police Department (NY, United States) purchased 550 cameras in January 2016 and from July 2016 to March 2017, successfully deploy 500 cameras to all patrol Lieutenants, Sergeants and Officers. Additional information on the full deployment can be found here. The Rochester Institute of Technology provides a full report of the program here.
The Sacramento Police Department (California, United States) purchased 890 cameras for all patrol staff under a five-year, $4 million agreement. Storage on an ongoing basis was expected to cost about $1 million per year. The city would also hire three full-time police employees to handle technology issues, including editing of video.
The Houston Police Department (Texas, United States) estimated that the total cost of about 4,100 cameras was $3.4 million for the equipment and an expected $8 million over five years to buy servers and other equipment to store video collected by the cameras, plus staffing costs.
Toronto Police Services concluded that the major challenge associated with any adoption of body-worn cameras is the cost. Staffing, technology and storage requirements would be about $20 million in the first year of implementation, with a total 5-year estimated cost of roughly $51 million, not including costs for integration of records management and video asset management systems. The most expensive component would be storage of recordings reaching nearly 5 petabytes in five years
Costs and benefits
All costs and benefits, including indirect costs and benefits, have to be weighed against each other in a cost-benefit analysis, to be able to judge whether body cameras lead to a positive or negative business case. The police in Kent, United Kingdom, predicted a positive business case within two years after their investment of £1.8 million in body cameras, purely because of a reduction in the number of complaints.
Manufacturers and suppliers
In a 2012 market survey by the U.S. Department of Justice, eight companies producing body cameras were compared: Taser International, VisioLogix, StalkerVUE, Scorpion, FirstVU, Wolfcom, MuviView and Panasonic. In 2014, the three top companies that had been producing body cameras throughout the United States were Taser International, VieVu, and Digital Ally. In 2016, a market survey described 66 body worn video cameras produced by 38 different vendors.
See also
Helmet camera
Sousveillance
References
142. https://www.lenslock.com/post/are-police-body-cameras-always-on
External links
Williams, Timothy, James Thomas, Samuel Jacoby and Damien Cave, "Police Body Cameras: What Do You See?". The New York Times, updated April 1, 2016. Interactive; video.
'Body-worn cameras', U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Website search on term.
Law enforcement equipment
Portable electronics
Video | wiki |
This is a glossary of words related to the Mafia, primarily the Italian American Mafia and Sicilian Mafia.
References
Mafia
Mafia
Organized crime terminology
Wikipedia glossaries using ordered lists | wiki |
Tourism in Iceland has grown considerably in economic significance in the past 15 years. As of 2016, the tourism industry is estimated to contribute about 10 percent to the Icelandic GDP; the number of foreign visitors exceeded 2,000,000 for the first time in 2017; tourism is responsible for a share of nearly 30 percent of the country's export revenue.
History
Services provided to foreign tourists were for a long time an insignificant part of the Icelandic economy, rarely contributing more than 2 percent to GDP, even long after the advent of international air travel. Until the early 1980s, the number of foreign visitors to Iceland increased slowly and erratically, never exceeding 80,000 in a single year, and for many years after that only barely kept pace with the increase in the number of Icelanders travelling to and from the country. This situation lasted until the turn of the century, when the annual number of visitors exceeded the total resident population for the first time, at around 300,000.
A few years later the Icelandic tourism industry started to experience a boom which to this day shows no signs of abating, as witnessed by the fact that the number of foreign visitors grew on average by 6 percent per year between 2003 and 2010, and by some 20 percent per year on average between 2010 and 2014. In 2015, this rapid increase has continued, with the number of foreign visitors already exceeding 1 million in the period January to October. According to the Icelandic Tourist Board, the total number of overnight stays by foreign visitors to Iceland grew from 595,000 in 2000 to 2.1 million in 2010, before rising to 4.4 million in 2014.
The number of people working in tourism-related industries in Iceland was 21,600 in 2014, representing nearly 12 percent of the total workforce, and tourism's direct contribution to GDP is now close to 5 percent.
Tourist demographics
Iceland is well known for its untouched nature and unique atmosphere.
Iceland receives the highest number of tourists during summer (June–August). In 2014, around 42% of visitors arrived in Iceland during its summer months, proportionally a slight decrease compared to the previous two years, the percentage of winter visitors having increased by over 4% in the same period. As of year 2014, Iceland's largest tourism markets comprises tourists from Central/South Europe, followed by those from other regions: North America, the UK, then the Nordic countries. In terms of visitors from individual countries, the top five for 2014 were the UK, USA, Germany, France and Norway. Canada had the largest percentage increase in visitor numbers in the 2013-2014 period, with an increase of over 60% year on year.
Popular tourist destinations
According to a survey carried out by the Icelandic Tourist Board in 2014, the following 10 destinations are the ones most frequently visited in Iceland, out of 39 specifically mentioned in the survey (the percentages indicate the proportion of all foreign tourists visiting the destination in question and relate to the summer season, some of the destinations being less easily accessible in winter).
Arrivals by country
Most visitors arriving in Iceland through the main airport are from the following countries of nationality:
See also
Iceland
Economy of Iceland
Elf/Huldufólk Tourism
List of museums in Iceland
References
External links
Icelandic Tourist Board
Icelandic Tourist Board in North America
regional sites of the Icelandic Tourist Board
for Reykjavík
for West Iceland
for[Westfjords
for North Iceland
for East Iceland
for South Iceland
for Reykjanes
Iceland | wiki |
Crispy fried chicken () is a standard dish in the Cantonese cuisine of southern China and Hong Kong. The chicken is fried in such a way that the skin is extremely crunchy, but the white meat is relatively soft. This is done by first poaching the chicken in water with spices (e.g. star anise, cinnamon, nutmeg, Sichuan pepper, ginger, fennel, and scallions), drying it, coating with a syrup of vinegar and sugar, letting it dry thoroughly (which helps make the skin crispy) and deep-frying.
The dish is often served with two side dishes, a pepper salt () and prawn crackers (). The pepper salt, colored dark white to gray, is dry-fried separately in a wok. It is made of salt and Sichuan pepper.
Traditionally this dish is eaten at night. It is also one of the traditional chicken dishes served at Chinese weddings and other Asian weddings.
See also
Chicken fingers
Chicken fries
Chicken nugget
Fried chicken
Korean fried chicken
List of chicken dishes
White cut chicken
References
Cantonese cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Chinese chicken dishes
Deep fried foods
Fried chicken | wiki |
El Arroyo is a Mexican restaurant located on West 5th Street in Austin, Texas. The restaurant is known for its humorous marquee.
History
El Arroyo was established in 1975 by Bob and Mary Ogden, the land owners. Clay McPhail and Doug English, who owned the restaurant for 25 years until 2012, when it was sold to Ellis and Paige Winstanley, who met when Paige got a job at Cain & Able's, a bar owned by Ellis. After "a while" the two started dating and formed a business partnership.
Menu
The restaurant serves typical Mexican cuisine including tacos, fajitas, guacamole and tortilla chips in "gargantuan" portions.
Marquee
The restaurant is known for its humorous marquee, which attempts to "toe the line" between "uplifting, snarky, and of-the-moment". The messages on the marquee are the result of a group effort among 15 people including the owners and restaurant managers. The marquee has inspired its own line of merchandise such as jigsaw puzzles and yard signs.
References
1975 establishments in Texas
Companies based in Austin, Texas
Restaurants established in 1975
Mexican restaurants in Texas | wiki |
Vortex cannon may refer to:
Vortex cannon, a mythical anti-aircraft weapon
Air vortex cannon, a toy producing doughnut-shaped air vortices
See also
Vortex gun (disambiguation) | wiki |
Queen Anne style may refer to:
Queen Anne style architecture, the 18th century Queen Anne style architecture in Britain
British Queen Anne Revival architecture of the late 19th century in Britain
New World Queen Anne Revival architecture, the late 19th and early 20th centuries revival of Queen Anne style architecture, which encompasses
Queen Anne style architecture in the United States, the Queen Anne revival style architecture in the United States
Australian Queen Anne style, a component of Australian Federation architecture
Queen Anne style furniture, the Queen Anne style of furniture design | wiki |
Salisbury rail crash may refer to:
1906 Salisbury rail crash, speeding, killed 28 people
2021 Salisbury rail crash, poor rail adhesion | wiki |
Lisa Sylvester is an American Peabody and Emmy award-winning journalist and television correspondent. She previously reported on CNN's The Situation Room. She joined WPXI, Channel 11 in Pittsburgh in October 2013, anchoring the 6 and 11 p.m. and on WPGH's 10 p.m. newscast, which is produced by WPXI.
Career
She earned a bachelor's degree in international economics at Georgetown University and then a master's degree from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. She worked for KTVI-TV in St. Louis, for WMBD-TV in Peoria, Illinois, and for WKRN-TV in Nashville, Tennessee before her start in major network news. She worked for ABC News from 2000 to 2004, and as the Washington-based correspondent for Lou Dobbs Tonight. She then moved to CNN and she served as a Washington, D.C.-based correspondent for The Situation Room.
See also
List of CNN anchors
List of Georgetown University alumni
Endnotes
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American television reporters and correspondents
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Georgetown College (Georgetown University) alumni
Place of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Kotellets (Fr. „chop“, from Fr. resp. Lat. „rib“), also known as Koteletts, Karree, Karbonade or cutlets, are a German meat dish made of slices of meat from the rib area, including the bone. The piece of rib is found on both sides of the spine behind the neck. Koteletts are typically offered from pork, veal and mutton, but they can also come from beef.
Usually, koteletts are served either roasted or grilled, but in some cases they are also served breaded (cf. breaded cutlet).
Kinds of meat used for koteletts
Pork
The part where the koteletts are taken from reach from the front to the hind leg. Due to the proximity to the neck, koteletts taken from the front are also known as "Nackenkotelett" (lit. neck kotelett) in Germany or "Halskotelett" in Switzerland. The middle ones are known as "Stielkotelett" or "Rippenkotelett" (lit. rib kotelett) due to the long and closely fitting rib cage. The hind koteletts, including parts of the fillet, are known as "Lummerkotelett", "Lendenkotelett" or "Filetkotelett" (lit. loin kotelett or fillet kotelett) in Germany or "Nierenstück" (en. loin) in Switzerland. These hind koteletts are especially low on bones and fat.
Veal
Only the front part of the ribs are used to make koteletts when speaking of veal. The hind part of the ribs is typically sold without the bones.
Mutton
Similarly to the veal, koteletts from mutton are taken from the front or middle part of the ribs only.
Beef
The front kotelett of the beef is known as "Hochrippe" (lit. high ribs) and is usually used as boiled beef, goulash or, without the bones, as steak. The hind kotelett or the beef is known in two variants: with ribs and without. Together with the fillet, it is similar to the t-bone steak. Without bones, it is also sold as Roastbeef or rump steak.
Fish
In some instances, the slices of fish with several centimeters of thickness that are cut vertically from the spine are known as koteletts as well. They are typically cut from bigger fish such as cod.
Trivia
In Switzerland, the popular Cervelat sausage is also known as the kotelett of the laborer.
Dish variants
See also
Cotoletta
Veal Milanese
Milanesa
Piccata
Scaloppine
Escalope
Kotlet schabowy
Schnitzel
Wiener Schnitzel
Tonkatsu
References
Austrian cuisine
Beef dishes
German meat dishes
Pork dishes
Swiss cuisine
Veal dishes | wiki |
Hypercoagulability in pregnancy is the propensity of pregnant women to develop thrombosis (blood clots). Pregnancy itself is a factor of hypercoagulability (pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability), as a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent post partum bleeding. However, when combined with an additional underlying hypercoagulable states, the risk of thrombosis or embolism may become substantial.
Causes
Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability is probably a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent post partum hemorrhage. Pregnancy changes the plasma levels of many clotting factors, such as fibrinogen, which can rise up to three times its normal value. Thrombin levels increase. Protein S, an anticoagulant, decreases. However, the other major anticoagulants, protein C and antithrombin III, remain constant. Fibrinolysis is impaired by an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 or PAI) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2), the latter synthesized from the placenta. Venous stasis may occur at the end of the first trimester, due to enhanced compliance of the vessel walls by a hormonal effect.
Also, pregnancy can cause hypercoagulability by other factors, e.g. the prolonged bed rest that often occurs post partum that occurs in case of delivery by forceps, vacuum extractor or Caesarean section.
A study of more than 200,000 women came to the result that admission to inpatient care during pregnancy was associated with an 18-fold increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during the stay, and a 6-fold increase in risk in the four weeks after discharge, compared with pregnant women who did not require hospitalization. The study included women admitted to hospital for one or more days for reasons other than delivery or venous thromboembolism.
Pregnancy after the age of 35 augments the risk of VTE, as does multigravidity of more than four pregnancies.
Pregnancy in itself causes approximately a five-fold increased risk of deep venous thrombosis. Several pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia, cause substantial hypercoagulability.
Hypercoagulability states as a pre-existing condition in pregnancy include both acquired ones, such as antiphospholipid antibodies, and congenital ones, including factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation, proteins C and S deficiencies, and antithrombin III deficiency.
Complications
Hypercoagulability in pregnancy, particularly due to inheritable thrombophilia, can lead to placental vascular thrombosis. This can in turn lead to complications like early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age infants (SGA). Among other causes of hypercoagulability, Antiphospholipid syndrome has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including recurrent miscarriage. Deep vein thrombosis has an incidence of one in 1,000 to 2,000 pregnancies in the United States, and is the second most common cause of maternal death in developed countries after bleeding.
Prevention
Unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, warfarin (not to be used during pregnancy) and aspirin remain the basis of antithrombotic treatment and prophylaxis both before and during pregnancy.
While the consensus among physicians is the safety of the mother supersedes the safety of the developing fetus, changes in the anticoagulation regimen during pregnancy can be performed to minimize the risks to the developing fetus while maintaining therapeutic levels of anticoagulants in the mother.
The main issue with anticoagulation in pregnancy is that warfarin, the most commonly used anticoagulant in chronic administration, is known to have teratogenic effects on the fetus if administered in early pregnancy. Still, there seems to be no teratogenic effect of warfarin before six weeks of gestation. However, unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin do not cross the placenta.
Indications
In general, the indications for anticoagulation during pregnancy are the same as the general population. This includes (but is not limited to) a recent history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism, a metallic prosthetic heart valve, and atrial fibrillation in the setting of structural heart disease.
In addition to these indications, anticoagulation may be of benefit in individuals with lupus erythematosus, individuals who have a history of DVT or PE associated with a previous pregnancy, and even with individuals with a history of coagulation factor deficiencies and DVT not associated with a previous pregnancy.
In pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriage, anticoagulation seems to increase the live birth rate among those with antiphospholipid syndrome and perhaps those with congenital thrombophilia but not in those with unexplained recurrent miscarriage.
Strategies
A consensus on the correct anticoagulation regimen during pregnancy is lacking. Treatment is tailored to the particular individual based on her risk of complications. Warfarin and other vitamin K-inhibiting agents are contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy because of the teratogenic effects, and should not be administered when the pregnancy is confirmed. Rather, women who are on chronic anticoagulation may be given the option of conversion to either unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), such as tinzaparin, prior to a planned conception. LMWH is as safe and efficacious as unfractionated heparin. A blood test including platelets and a clotting screen should be performed prior to administration of anticoagulant regimens in pregnancy.
Subcutaneous tinzaparin may be given at doses of 175 units of antifactor Xa activity per kg, based on prepregnancy or booking weight at approximately 16 weeks, and not the current weight. While unfractionated heparin is otherwise typically given in an intravenous formulation, this is inconvenient for the prolonged period of administration required in pregnancy.
Whether warfarin can be reinitiated after the 12th week of pregnancy is unclear. In a recent retrospective analysis, resumption of warfarin after the first trimester is completed is associated with increased risk of loss of the fetus. However, this analysis included only individuals who were treated with anticoagulants for mechanical heart valves, who generally require high levels of anticoagulation.
In pregnant women with mechanical heart valves, the optimal anticoagulation regimen is particularly unclear. Anticoagulation with subcutaneous heparin in this setting is associated with a high incidence of thrombosis of the valve and death. Similar issues are likely associated with the use of enoxaparin (a LMWH) in these high-risk individuals.
Risk score
Prevention of DVT and other types of venous thrombosis may be required if certain predisposing risk factors are present. One example from Sweden is based on the point system below, where points are summed to give the appropriate prophylaxis regimen.
After adding any risk factors together, a total of one point or less indicates no preventive action is needed. A total of two points indicates short-term prophylaxis, e.g. with LMWH, may be used in temporary risk factors, as well as administering prophylactic treatment seven days postpartum, starting a couple of hours after birth. A total of 3 points increases the necessary duration of post partum prophylaxis to six weeks.
A risk score of four points or higher means prophylaxis in the ante partum period is needed, as well as at least six weeks post partum. A previous distal DVT indicates a minimum of 12 weeks (three months) of therapeutic anticoagulation therapy. A previous proximal DVT or pulmonary embolism requires a minimum of 26 weeks (6.5 months) of therapy If the therapy duration reaches delivery time, the remaining duration may be given after delivery, possibly extending the minimum of six weeks of post partum therapy. In a very high risk, high-dose ante partum prophylaxis should be continued at least 12 weeks after delivery.
Women with antiphospholipid syndrome should have an additional low-dose prophylactic treatment of aspirin.
Cautions
All anticoagulants (including LMWH) should be used with caution in women with suspected coagulopathy, thrombocytopaenia, liver disease and nephropathy.
Major side effects of tinzaparin are osteoporosis (occurring in up to 1% of cases), thrombocytopenia (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), haemorrhage, hair loss and drug allergy. Still, LMWHs are much less likely to cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia than unfractionated heparin.
Regional anaesthesia is contraindicated in women on therapeutic anticoagulation, and should not be used within 24 hours of the last dose of tinzaparin.
Monitoring
Anticoagulant therapy with LMWH is not usually monitored. LMWH therapy does not affect the prothrombin time (PT) or the INR, and anti-Xa levels are not reliable. It can prolong the partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in some women, but still, the APTT is not useful for monitoring.
To check for any thrombocytopenia, platelet count should be checked prior to commencing anticoagulant therapy, then seven to ten days after commencement, and monthly thereafter. Platelet count should also be checked if unexpected bruising or bleeding occurs.
Reversal
Protamine reverses the effect of unfractionated heparin, but only partially binds to and reverses LMWH. A dose of 1 mg protamine / 100 IU LMWH reverses 90% of its anti-IIa and 60% of anti-Xa activity, but the clinical effect of the residual anti-Xa activity is not known. Both anti-IIa and anti-Xa activity may return up to three hours after protamine reversal, possibly due to release of additional LMWH from depot tissues.
See also
Valvular heart disease and pregnancy
References
External links
Therapeutic anticoagulation in pregnancy. Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (NHS Trust). Reference number CA3017. 9 June 2006 [review June 2009]
Anticoagulants
Health issues in pregnancy | wiki |
Sphenostylis stenocarpa or the African yam bean is a species of plant in the Fabaceae which is native to Africa. It is an important source of food in many parts of Africa. The tubers are fried, boiled or roasted, and are higher than the seeds in protein.
References
External links
Phaseoleae | wiki |
Internet geography, also called cybergeography, is a subdiscipline of geography that studies the spatial organization of the Internet, from social, economic, cultural, and technological perspectives. The core assumption of Internet geography is that the location of servers, websites, data, services, and infrastructure is key to understand the development and the dynamics of the Internet. Among the topics covered by this discipline, of particular importance are information geography and digital divides.
References
External links
Information Geographies at the Oxford Internet Institute
Technology in society | wiki |
Heat transfer vinyl, or HTV for short, is a specialty vinyl polymer that can be used on certain fabrics and materials to create designs and promotional products. It comes in a roll or sheet form with an adhesive backing so it can be cut, weeded, and placed on a substrate for heat application. Heat transfer vinyl is made in single colors and also has special options such as patterned, glitter, flocked, holographic, glow-in-the-dark, reflective and 3D puff.
Types of heat transfer vinyl
Heat transfer vinyl comes in single colors, in the specialty options listed above, in full-color pattern options, and in a printable version that must be used with solvent ink & a solvent printer. It is best used for simple designs with minimal colors since each individual color or pattern used in the design must be cut, weeded, and heat pressed. Certain heat transfer vinyl can be layered to form multi-colored designs. The more layers involved, the harder it is to match up each to achieve the end result. Heat transfer vinyl cannot be used for full-color pictures or anything with gradients. There are other applications for those options.
Heat transfer vinyl can be used to create special effects with its glitter, flocked, holographic, glow-in-the-dark, and 3D puff options. The layering of these types of vinyl is dependent on the type of vinyl used.
Heat transfer vinyl is available anywhere from small sheets, to large "master" rolls, that can be up to 60" x 50 yards. Typical sizes are 15" and 19" wide rolls in 1 yard, 5 yard, 10 yard, 25 yard, and 50-yard lengths.
Usage
Heat transfer vinyl is traditionally placed on textile products. Because of the nature of the way the vinyl is applied, it must be used on products that can take the heat and pressure required to make the transfer adhere properly. For fabrics and clothing, typically this is temperatures in the range of 250-300 deg Fahrenheit, or 120-150 degrees Celsius. The product (also known as a substrate) will also need to hold up under the clamping action and pressure of the heat press.
Each heat transfer vinyl manufacturer will list what products can be used for each type of vinyl. Fabrics such as cotton, cotton/polyester blends, polyester, and canvas work well with heat transfer vinyl. There are types of vinyl that can also be used with nylon and leather. However, products such as paper and plastics do not work well because they cannot take the heat required to adhere the vinyl to the substrate. It is very important to make sure the correct vinyl type is used with the correct substrate.
Equipment
Equipment needed to work with heat transfer vinyl includes design software and a vinyl cutter.
Desktop cutters are suitable for low volume and low budget while standalone cutters are more appropriate for higher volumes. Print/cut printers have the ability to do printed vinyl.
Weeding tools are used to remove the heat transfer vinyl that is not going to be pressed onto the product from its adhesive carrier sheet. A heat press or iron is used to transfer the vinyl onto the product. Heat presses have the ability to set a specific temperature and pressure level to suit a specific vinyl and is recommended for professional results.
Durability
Heat transfer vinyl should last the lifetime of the product if it is attached to the substrate according to the manufacturer's instructions.
References
Vinyl polymers
Heat transfer | wiki |
This article lists current and upcoming games for the PlayStation VR headset.
There are titles on this page.
Games
Free-to-play
See also
List of PlayStation 4 games
List of PlayStation applications
List of Oculus Rift games
List of Oculus Quest games
List of HTC Vive games
Notes
References
PlayStation VR games
VR games
PlayStation VR games | wiki |
Andromeda Conquest is a 1982 strategy video game released for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, Commodore PET, DOS, and TRS-80. It had an influence on the 4X game genre.
Reception
Brian J. Murphy of Creative Computing praised Andromeda Conquest for its playability and multi-player mode but criticized the solitaire game, describing it as "dull". Computer Gaming Worlds Floyd Mathews praised the game as "relatively simple, but exciting". However, in 1992, in its retrospective survey of science fiction games, the magazine gave the title two of five stars.
References
1982 video games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit family games
Avalon Hill video games
Commodore PET games
North America-exclusive video games
Strategy video games
TRS-80 games | wiki |
Ɥ or ɥ refers to:
The turned h character, (uppercase) and (lowercase)
Voiced labial–palatal approximant, a sound denoted by the IPA character
See also
The similar looking Cyrillic letter , Che (Cyrillic) | wiki |
Илья́ Алексе́ев:
Алексеев, Илья Юрьевич (род. 1980) — российский актёр. | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
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