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Though the terms sex and gender have been used interchangeably since at least the fourteenth century, in contemporary academic literature they usually have distinct meanings. Sex generally refers to an organism's biological sex, while gender usually refers to either social roles based on the sex of a person (gender role) or personal identification of one's own gender based on an internal awareness (gender identity). While in ordinary speech, the terms sex and gender are often used interchangeably, most contemporary social scientists, behavioral scientists and biologists, many legal systems and government bodies, and intergovernmental agencies such as the WHO make a distinction between gender and sex.
In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and consistent with the individual's gender identity, but in some circumstances, an individual's assigned sex and gender do not align, and the person may be transgender. Also in some cases, an individual may have sex characteristics that complicate sex assignment, and the person may be intersex.
Sexologist John Money is often regarded as the first to introduce a distinction between biological sex and gender identity in 1955, although Madison Bentley had already defined gender as the "socialized obverse of sex" a decade earlier. As originally conceived by Money, gender and sex are analysed together as a single category including both biological and social elements, but later work by Robert Stoller separated the two, designating sex and gender as biological and cultural categories, respectively. Before the work of Bentley, Money and Stoller, the word gender was only regularly used to refer to grammatical categories.
Sex
Biologists
Anisogamy, or the size differences of gametes (sex cells), is the defining feature of the two sexes. According to biologist Michael Majerus there is no other universal difference between males and females.
By definition, males are organisms that produce small, mobile gametes (sperm); while females are organisms that produce large and generally immobile gametes (ova or eggs). Richard Dawkins stated that it is possible to interpret all the differences between the sexes as stemming from this single difference in gametes.
Bhargava et al. (2021) note that the terms sex and gender are not, and should not be used as, interchangeable terms. They state that "[s]ex is dichotomous, with sex determination in the fertilized zygote stemming from unequal expression of sex chromosomal genes." In contrast, gender is seen as including "perception of the individual as male, female, or other, both by the individual and by society". The authors differentiate between sex differences, caused by biological factors, and gender differences, which "reflect a complex interplay of psychological, environmental, cultural, and biological factors". Gender identity is thus seen as a "psychological concept that refers to an individual's self-perception".
Other studies have noted that, while there is some tentative evidence for a potential genetic, neuroanatomical, and hormonal basis for gender identity, the specific biological mechanisms involved have not yet been demonstrated.
Sex differences
The term sex differences is typically applied to sexually dimorphic traits that are hypothesized to be evolved consequences of sexual selection. For example, the human "sex difference" in height is a consequence of sexual selection, while the "gender difference" typically seen in head hair length (women with longer hair) is not. Scientific research shows an individual's sex influences his or her behavior.
Sex differences are primarily caused by hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors. According to David Geary, the most fundamental sex difference in humans is the respective cost of reproduction, which is higher for females than males because of pregnancy and higher postnatal parental expenditure, resulting in different mating choice preferences for males and females.
Psychiatrists
Robert Stoller, whose work was the first to treat sex and gender as "two different orders of data", in his book Sex and Gender: The Development of Masculinity and Femininity, uses the term 'sex' to refer to the "male or the female sex and the component biological parts that determine whether one is a male or a female". He further states that, in order to determine sex, chromosomes, external genitalia, internal genitalia, gonads, hormonal states, secondary sex characteristics, and possibly also brain systems, must be analysed. He states that a person's sex is determined by "an algebraic sum of all these qualities", resulting in most people being classified as either 'male' or 'female'.
The American Psychiatric Association states that sex is often described as a biological construct, "defined on an anatomical, hormonal, or genetic basis", and assigned at birth based on external genitalia.
Psychologists
In The Psychology of Gender, it is stated that "sex refers to the biological categories of female and male, categories distinguished by genes, chromosomes, and hormones." One of the (context dependant) guidelines used by the American Psychological Association states that "[t]here are a number of indicators of biological sex, including sex chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external genitalia."
Sociologists
Sociologist Dudley Poston states that sex in humans is "determined biologically, in five ways":
Based on different chromosomes.
Based on different gonads, which produce the gametes and sex hormones.
Based on different relative levels of sex-specific hormones.
Based on different internal reproductive structures.
Based on different sex-specific external genitals. This definition usually results in the assignment of sex at birth.
According to Poston, "[s]ex refers mainly to biological characteristics, while gender refers mainly to sociological characteristics."
While noting that typically sex is assigned based on genital inspection at birth, Raine Dozier states that biological sex is "a complex constellation of chromosomes, hormones, genitalia, and reproductive organs."
Feminist theorists
In The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory, Mary Hawkesworth and Lisa Disch note that feminist theorists have criticised the biological basis of sexual dimorphism. These theorists claim to have demonstrated that there are more than two naturally occurring sexes, and that, whether defined in terms of chromosomes, hormones, gonads, internal morphology, external genitalia, or secondary sex characteristics, "none of the typical correlates of biological sex conform to the demands of dichotomous classification", and that all these characteristics "fail to differentiate all men from all women or to provide a common core within each sex."
Dictionaries
Sex is annotated as different from gender in the Oxford English Dictionary, where it says sex "tends now to refer to biological differences, while gender often refers to cultural or social ones."
Merriam-Webster defines sex as “either of the two major forms of individuals that occur in many species and that are distinguished respectively as female or male especially on the basis of their reproductive organs and structures.” or "the sum of the structural, functional, and sometimes behavioral characteristics of organisms that distinguish males and females". They also note that "[d]octors can alter the physical characteristics of sex, but bodily sex does not determine gender."
Public health organizations
The World Health Organization (WHO) similarly states that "'sex' refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women" and that "'male' and 'female' are sex categories". According to the CDC people whose internal psychological experience differs from their assigned sex are transgender, transsexual, or non-binary.
History
Historian Thomas W. Laqueur suggests that from the Renaissance to the 18th century, there was a prevailing inclination among doctors towards the existence of only one biological sex (the one-sex theory, that women and men had the same fundamental reproductive structure). In some discourses, this view persisted into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Laqueur asserts that even at its peak, the one-sex model was supported among highly educated Europeans but is not known to have been a popular view nor one entirely agreed upon by doctors who treated the general population.
Scholars such as Joan Cadden and Michael Stolberg have criticized Laqueur's theory. Stolberg provides evidence to suggest that significant two-sex understandings of anatomy existed before Laqueur claims, arguing that sexual dimorphism was accepted as early as the sixteenth century. Joan Cadden has stated that 'one-sex' models of the body were already treated with scepticism in the ancient and medieval periods, and that Laqueur's periodisation of the shift from one-sex to two-sex was not as clear-cut as he made it out to be.
Sex and gender took center stage in America in the time of wars, when women had to work and men were at war.
Gender
Dictionaries
In the Oxford English Dictionary, gender is defined as—in a modern and especially feminist use—"a euphemism for the sex of a human being, often intended to emphasize the social and cultural, as opposed to the biological, distinctions between the sexes", with the earliest example cited being from 1963. The American Heritage Dictionary (5th edition) states that gender may be defined by identity as "neither entirely female nor entirely male"; its Usage Note adds:
Some people maintain that the word sex should be reserved for reference to the biological aspects of being male or female or to sexual activity, and that the word gender should be used only to refer to sociocultural roles. ... In some situations this distinction avoids ambiguity, as in gender research, which is clear in a way that sex research is not. The distinction can be problematic, however. Linguistically, there isn't any real difference between gender bias and sex bias, and it may seem contrived to insist that sex is incorrect in this instance.
Public medical organizations
A working definition in use by the World Health Organization for its work is that "'[g]ender' refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women" and that "'masculine' and 'feminine' are gender categories." The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used to use gender instead of sex when referring to physiological differences between male and female organisms. In 2011, they reversed their position on this and began using sex as the biological classification and gender as "a person's self representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institutions based on the individual's gender presentation." Gender is also now commonly used even to refer to the physiology of non-human animals, without any implication of social gender roles.
Political organizations
GLAAD (formerly the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) makes a distinction between sex and gender. In their Media Reference Guide for transgender issues, they describe sex as "the classification of people as male or female" at birth, based on bodily characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, internal reproductive organs, and genitalia, and gender identity as "a person's internal, deeply held sense of their gender".
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, for instance, states Thus German, for instance, has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Nouns referring to people and animals of known sex are generally referred to by nouns with the equivalent gender. Thus Mann (meaning man) is masculine and is associated with a masculine definite article to give der Mann, while Frau (meaning woman) is feminine and is associated with a feminine definite article to give die Frau. However the words for inanimate objects are commonly masculine (e.g. der Tisch, the table) or feminine (die Armbanduhr, the watch), and grammatical gender can diverge from biological sex; for instance the feminine noun [die] Person refers to a person of either sex, and the neuter noun [das] Mädchen means "the girl".
In modern English, there is no true grammatical gender in this sense, though the differentiation, for instance, between the pronouns "he" and "she", which in English refers to a difference in sex (or social gender), is sometimes referred to as a gender distinction. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, for instance, refers to the semantically based "covert" gender (e.g. male and female, not masculine and feminine) of English nouns, as opposed to the "overt" gender of some English pronouns; this yields nine gender classes: male, female, dual, common, collective, higher male animal, higher female animal, lower animal, and inanimate, and these semantic gender classes affect the possible choices of pronoun for coreference to the real-life entity, e.g. who and he for brother but which and it or she for cow.
West and Zimmerman's "Doing Gender"
Used primarily in sociology and gender studies, "doing gender" is the socially constructed performance which takes place during routine human interactions, rather than as a set of essentialized qualities based on one's biological sex. The term first appeared in Candace West and Don Zimmerman's article "Doing Gender", published in the peer-reviewed journal, Gender and Society. Originally written in 1977 but not published until 1987, "Doing Gender" is the most cited article published in Gender and Society.
West and Zimmerman state that to understand gender as activity, it is important to differentiate between sex, sex category, and gender. They say that sex refers to the socially agreed upon specifications that establish one as male or female; sex is most often based on an individual's genitalia, or even their chromosomal typing before birth. They consider sex categories to be dichotomous, and that the person is placed in a sex category by exhibiting qualities exclusive to one category or the other. During most interactions, others situate a person's sex by identifying their sex category; however, they believe that a person's sex need not align with their sex category. West and Zimmerman maintain that the sex category is "established and sustained by the socially required identificatory displays that proclaim one's membership in one or the other category". Gender is the performance of attitudes and actions that are considered socially acceptable for one's sex category.
West and Zimmerman suggested that the interactional process of doing gender, combined with socially agreed upon gender expectations, holds individuals accountable for their gender performances. They also believe that while "doing gender" appropriately strengthens and promotes social structures based on the gender dichotomy, it inappropriately does not call into question these same social structures; only the individual actor is questioned. The concept of "doing gender" recognizes that gender both structures human interactions and is created through them.
Criticism of the "sex difference" versus "gender difference" distinction
The current distinction between the terms sex difference versus gender difference has been criticized as misleading and counterproductive. These terms suggest that the behavior of an individual can be partitioned into separate biological and cultural factors. (However, behavioral differences between individuals can be statistically partitioned, as studied by behavioral genetics.) Instead, all behaviors are phenotypes—a complex interweaving of both nature and nurture.
Some psychologists have argued that the distinction between the terms "sex" and "gender" should be abandoned. The term "gender/sex" has been proposed, to emphasise the inseparability of biological, sociological, and cultural factors.
Diane Halpern, in her book Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities, argued problems with sex vs. gender terminology:I cannot argue (in this book) that nature and nurture are inseparable and then... use different terms to refer to each class of variables. The ... biological manifestations of sex are confounded with psychosocial variables.... The use of different terms to label these two types of contributions to human existence seemed inappropriate in light of the biopsychosocial position I have taken.She quotes Steven Pinker's summary of the problems with the terms sex and gender: "Part of it is a new prissiness—many people today are as squeamish about sexual dimorphism as the Victorians were about sex. But part of it is a limitation of the English language. The word 'sex' refers ambiguously to copulation and to sexual dimorphism..." Richard Lippa writes in Gender, Nature and Nurture that:Some researchers have argued that the word sex should be used to refer to (biological differences), whereas the word gender should be used to refer to (cultural differences). However, it is not at all clear the degree to which the differences between males and females are due to biological factors versus learned and cultural factors. Furthermore, indiscriminate use of the word gender tends to obscure the distinction between two different topics: (a) differences between males and females, and (b) individual differences in maleness and femaleness that occur within each sex.It has been suggested that more useful distinctions to make would be whether a behavioral difference between the sexes is first due to an evolved adaptation, then, if so, whether the adaptation is sexually dimorphic (different) or sexually monomorphic (the same in both sexes). The term sex difference could then be re-defined as between-sex differences that are manifestations of a sexually dimorphic adaptation (which is how many scientists use the term), while the term gender difference could be re-defined as due to differential socialization between the sexes of a monomorphic adaptation or byproduct. For example, greater male propensity toward physical aggression and risk taking would be termed a "sex difference;" the generally longer head hair length of females would be termed a "gender difference".
Transgender and genderqueer
Transgender people experience a mismatch between their gender identity or gender expression, and their assigned sex. Transgender people are sometimes called transsexual if they desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to another.
Transgender is also an umbrella term: in addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex (trans men and trans women), it may include people who are not exclusively masculine or feminine (e.g. people who are genderqueer, non-binary, bigender, pangender, genderfluid, or agender). Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender, or conceptualize transgender people as a third gender. Infrequently, the term transgender is defined very broadly to include cross-dressers.
Feminism
General
Many feminists consider sex to only be a matter of biology and something that is not about social or cultural construction. For example, Lynda Birke, a feminist biologist, states that biology' is not seen as something which might change." However, the sex/gender distinction, also known as the Standard Model of Sex/Gender, is criticized by feminists who believe that there is undue emphasis placed on sex being a biological aspect, something that is fixed, natural, unchanging, and consisting of a male/female dichotomy. They believe the distinction fails to recognize anything outside the strictly male/female dichotomy and that it creates a barrier between those that fit as 'usual' and those that are 'unusual'. In Anne Fausto-Sterling's Sexing the Body she addresses the birth of children who are intersex. In this case, the standard model (sex/gender distinction) is seen as incorrect with regard to its notion that there are only two sexes, male and female. This is because "complete maleness and complete femaleness represent the extreme ends of a spectrum of possible body types." In other words, Fausto-Sterling argues that sex is a continuum.
Rather than viewing sex as a biological construct, there are feminists who view both sex and gender as a social construct. Fausto-Sterling believes that sex is socially constructed because nature does not decide on who is seen as a male or female physically. Rather, doctors decide what seems to be a "natural" sex for the inhabitants of society. In addition, the gender, behavior, actions, and appearance of males/females is also seen as socially constructed because codes of femininity and masculinity are chosen and deemed fit by society for societal usage.
Some feminist philosophers maintain that gender is totally undetermined by sex. See, for example, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution, a widely influential feminist text.
Mari Mikkola has put forward the "Trait/Norm Covariance Model" as a suggested replacement for the sex/gender distinction. Arguing that the sex/gender distinction, as formulated in contemporary feminism, implies that "doing away with gender should be feminism's political goal", the model divides by descriptive traits and evaluative norms, rather than by sex and gender. In this model, the term "descriptive traits" includes physical and anatomical traits, roles, and self-conceptions. So for example, "sex traits" (such as having ovaries) and "gender traits" (such as wearing make-up) are both subsumed under the category of descriptive traits, whereas "being feminine" is taken as an evaluative norm. Evaluative norms reflect how descriptive traits are evaluated by external observers, and certain descriptive traits may covary with certain evaluative norms. So for example the trait "having long hair" covaries strongly with feminine norms in some cultures, and less so in others.
Limitations
Lorber
Some feminists go further and argue that neither sex nor gender are strictly binary concepts. Judith Lorber, for instance, has stated that many conventional indicators of sex are not sufficient to demarcate male from female. For example, not all women lactate, while some men do. Similarly, Suzanne Kessler, in a 1990 survey of medical specialists in pediatric intersexuality, found out that when a child was born with XY chromosomes but ambiguous genitalia, its sex was often determined according to the size of its penis. Thus, even if the sex/gender distinction holds, Lorber and Kessler suggest that the dichotomies of female/male and masculine/feminine are not themselves exhaustive. Lorber writes, "My perspective goes beyond accepted feminist views that gender is a cultural overlay that modifies physiological sex differences ... I am arguing that bodies differ in many ways physiologically, but they are completely transformed by social practices to fit into the salient categories of a society, the most pervasive of which are 'female' and 'male' and 'women' and 'men.'"
Moreover, Lorber has alleged that there exists more diversity within the individual categories of sex and gender—female/male and feminine/masculine, respectively—than between them. Hence, her fundamental claim is that both sex and gender are social constructions, rather than natural kinds.
Monique Wittig
A comparable view has been advanced by Linda M.G. Zerilli, who writes regarding Monique Wittig, that she is "critical of the sex/gender dichotomy in much feminist theory because such a dichotomy leaves unquestioned the belief that there is a 'core of nature which resists examination, a relationship excluded from the social in the analysis—a relationship whose characteristic is ineluctability in culture, as well as in nature, and which is the heterosexual relationship.'" Building off Wittig, Judith Butler also criticizes the sex/gender distinction. Discussing sex as biological fact causes sex to appear natural and politically neutral. However, she writes, "Are the ostensibly natural facts of sex discursively produced in the service of other political and social interests?" Butler concludes, "If the immutable character of sex is contested, perhaps this construct called 'sex' is as culturally constructed as gender; indeed, perhaps it was always already gender, with the consequence that the distinction between sex and gender turns out to be no distinction at all."
Institutional and governmental use
Governments, corporations, and organizations have varying recognition of, and approaches to the distinction between sex and gender.
U.S. Census
The United States Census Bureau performs a census of the U.S. population every ten years. The questionnaire asks one question about sex, phrased as "What is person 1's sex?" and provides two checkboxes for the response, labeled "Male" and "Female". An explanatory page explains this question, using the term sex: as "We ask one question about a person's sex to better understand demographic characteristics." The U.S. Census has had a question about sex on the census since the 1790 census. The U.S. Census recognizes the difference between the terms sex and gender, the fact they are often confused or used interchangeably, and may differ across cultures and time, and explains that what the census attempts to measure, is "the sex composition of the population".
Australian government
The Australian government provides guidelines on sex and gender to the public based on legislation passed in 2013. The guidelines recognize that "individuals may identify as a gender other than the sex they were assigned at birth, or may not identify as exclusively male or female". The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) gathers data about the population broken down in various ways, including by sex and gender. They require precise formulations of these terms, and go into some detail about sex recorded at birth, possible changes in sex assignment later in life, the meaning of gender and how it differs from sex. ABS recognizes the popular confusion among the two terms, and provide descriptions of how to phrase surveys so as to elicit accurate responses for the purposes of the data they collect.
The government of the state of Western Australia recognizes a clear distinction between sex and gender providing a nuanced definition of each, including complications involved in sex beyond just sex assigned at birth, and the socially constructed nature of gender, including possible non-binary aspects.
United Kingdom government
The United Kingdom Office for National Statistics (ONS) describes definitions provided by the UK government that make clear distinctions between the "biological aspects" of sex, "generally male or female", and "assigned at birth", while describing gender as a "social construction relating to behaviours and attributes based on labels of masculinity and femininity". Pilot plans for the 2021 Census for England and Wales would have allowed respondents to answer the sex question with reference to their gender identity, despite the addition of a separate new question on gender identity. Quantitative social scientists criticised the ONS's apparent confusion between the concepts of sex and gender identity. The matter was taken to Judicial Review by feminist group Fair Play for Women. The ONS argued that sex was an "umbrella concept", but this view was rejected by the presiding judge as unpersuasive. The guidance was changed so that sex was clearly indicated as legal sex rather than identity.
Health organizations
The World Health Organization's defines gender as "socially constructed", and sex as characteristics that are "biologically determined", drawing a distinction between the sex categories of male and female, and the genders "girls and boys who grow into men and women".
Mental health associations
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) in their Guide for Working With Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Patients (TGNC Guide) has guidance for psychiatrists about gender, sex, and orientation. The TGNC defines gender as comprising two components, that of gender identity and gender expression. They define sex in biological terms, as "anatomical, hormonal, or genetic", and mentions birth assignment of sex based on external genital appearance.
See also
Anti-gender movement
Gender equality
Gender polarization
Sex differences in psychology
Stereotyping
Queer heterosexuality
References
Conceptual distinctions
Feminist theory
.sex
Feminism and history
.gender
Social constructionism | wiki |
Andorran nationality law is based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis.
Eligibility for Andorran citizenship
By descent
Children born to recognised parents who were Andorran citizens at the time of birth (regardless of the place of birth) are eligible for Andorran citizenship.
By birth
Children born in Andorra under any one of the following conditions are eligible for Andorran citizenship:
born to parents of whom either one (or both) was born in Andorra and was living permanently and principally in Andorra at the time of birth
born to non-Andorran parents who were living permanently and principally in Andorra for at least 10 years at the time of birth
By naturalisation
Those seeking to become Andorran citizens via naturalisation are required to fulfill the following criteria:
they must renounce existing foreign citizenships
they must have resided in Andorra permanently for at least ten years if the applicant has spent all of his mandatory education in Andorra or for at least 20 years if he/she can prove his/her integration into Andorran society
Loss of citizenship
If an Andorran citizen serves in the armed forces or government of another country or takes up a foreign citizenship, he/she automatically forfeits his/her Andorran citizenship.
Former Andorran citizens may restore their former citizenship if their request to the government is successful.
Any Andorran may live in France without requesting a visa.
Dual nationality
Dual nationality is strictly forbidden by Andorran law. On the other hand, Spanish law recognizes dual nationality with Andorra.
See also
Andorran passport
References
External links
Information page about Andorran nationality from the Andorran Embassy in Paris
Law of Andorra
Nationality law | wiki |
Beanpole may refer to:
Beanpole (film), a 2019 film directed by Kantemir Balagov
Bean Pole International, a South Korean fashion brand
Trellis (architecture), an upright structure to support plants
Beanpole, a character played by Australian TV personality Dick McCann
Jean-Paul Deliet, nicknamed Beanpole, a fictional character in the Tripods novels by John Christopher
See also
Pole bean | wiki |
In mathematics, the order of a polynomial may refer to:
the degree of a polynomial, that is, the largest exponent (for a univariate polynomial) or the largest sum of exponents (for a multivariate polynomial) in any of its monomials;
the multiplicative order, that is, the number of times the polynomial is divisible by some value;
the order of the polynomial considered as a power series, that is, the degree of its non-zero term of lowest degree; or
the order of a spline, either the degree+1 of the polynomials defining the spline or the number of knot points used to determine it.
See also
Order polynomial
Orders of approximation
Partial differential equation#Classification | wiki |
A fancy mouse (Mus musculus domestica) is a domesticated form of the house mouse (Mus musculus), one of many mice species, usually kept as a type of pocket pet. Fancy mice have also been specially bred for exhibiting, with shows being held internationally. A pet mouse is inexpensive compared to larger pets, and even many other pet rodents, but mice are comparatively short-lived: typically only 2 to 3 years.
Description
The term fancy mouse is used to describe a mouse that has been selectively bred for exhibition. Wild-caught specimens that become docile and are bred for many generations still fall under the fancy type. Fancy mice can vary greatly in size, from small pet mice that are approximately long from nose to the proximal start of the tail, to show mice that measure nose to tail. Pet mice weigh about but large show mice can weigh up to .
Varieties
Artificial selection in fancy mice has created numerous available fur colours. These include colours like black, chocolate, blue, white, cream, lilac, red, fawn, champagne, cinnamon, golden agouti, silver agouti, silver, and dove. Depending on its colouration, a fancy mouse may have black or pink eyes.
Fancy mice have also been bred to exhibit multiple kinds of markings. Which of these markings are standardized and what those standards are, can vary from club to club. While not a comprehensive list of fancy mouse patterns, some notable markings in fancy mice include even marked mice (white mice with even patches of colour), broken marked mice (white mice with uneven patches of colour), banded mice (coloured mice with a band of white around their midsection), rump white mice (coloured mice with a white rump), Hereford mice (coloured mice with completely white faces and a white marking on the underside, resembling Hereford cattle), and Dutch mice (white mice with a coloured rump and cheek patches, resembling a Dutch rabbit). Mice with completely coloured undersides may be referred to as tan mice (when the underside colouration is a rich orange colour) or fox mice (when the underside colouration is white or near white). Completely solid coloured mice are referred to as self mice.
In addition to colouration, fancy mice exhibit multiple different coat types, referred to as varieties. Most fancy mice fall under the Standard variety, meaning that their coat is short, straight, smooth, and close to the body. However, some may be Satin mice (coats that are similar to Standard mice, but with higher sheen), Long Hair mice (Standard or Satin coats that are longer than usual), curly or wavy haired (specific names for these varieties vary depending on club), or even hairless.
Pet mice
The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the Erya, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 B.C. version. In Europe the breeding of fancy mice became popular through the introduction of Japanese stock in the early 17th century. By 1895, Walter Maxey founded the National Mouse Club in Victorian England, with its first official show held in Lincoln that year. Since that time, mouse clubs have formed worldwide. Shows are held so competitive breeders can display their mice, where they are judged on colour, body shape and behaviour.
Mice are kept as pets in many countries for a number of reasons: Fancy mice are relatively small, inexpensive, never need bathing, and can learn to enjoy regular handling if provided with the correct care. Female mice are popular with many owners, since they tend to co-habitate with other mice better than males. Additionally, the urine of female fancy mice does not contain as strong an odor as that of male mice. Bucks will often fight with and kill each other when housed together, despite being raised together, due to their very strong and unchangeable territorial instincts. It is difficult to house male mice together without the risk of injury to one or both males. Some people, however, prefer the personality and curiosity of male mice. It is a good idea to keep fancy mice in groups of at least two if possible, as mice are sociable animals. However, if a buck and a doe of breeding age are put in the same cage, it is possible for them to reproduce at a maximum frequency of once every three weeks. Litters of five to 18 are not unusual.
Health
A healthy fancy mouse will live on average 18 to 30 months, depending on genetic predisposition. Like most mammals, mice are susceptible to fleas, mites, ticks, and other skin parasites, as well as intestinal parasites. The cage should be cleaned regularly, and preferably treated with anti-mite spray. Mice are particularly sensitive to drafts and may pick up colds and other flu-like conditions. Mice can also over-groom when stressed, leading to skin irritations and fur loss. Older mice (older than a year) are susceptible to tumors, especially breast cancer in females, as the mammary tissue is distributed around much of the body. Other common cancers in mice are leukemia and lymphoma. The reason that mice, as well as many other small animals get ill easier is due to their genomes containing more viruses. Persistent problems should be referred to a veterinarian, although finding a veterinarian with experience in treating mice can be difficult, however not impossible.
Like people, fancy mice can become obese if they overeat and do not get enough physical activity. This can lead to them developing life-threatening cardiovascular disorders and diabetes as well as arthritis. Activity aids such as tubes and wheels are useful for ensuring mice get enough exercise, as well as mental stimulation. Mice also love to climb, and a wire cage with horizontal bars is perfect for this. A mouse set loose for exercise should be carefully observed, as they tend to scurry into a hiding spot and can be difficult to retrieve.
As rodents, mice must gnaw to keep their incisors from growing too long. Overgrown teeth can cause occlusion (blockage) of the mouth, which in extreme cases can lead to starvation. Hard foodstuffs, small pieces of wood or specially prepared blocks can suit this purpose, although some mice can grind their teeth together ("bruxing") to keep them short. In rare cases, a mouse may not be able to gnaw effectively, either from malformed incisors or jaws, and so its teeth must be trimmed by a veterinarian.
Mice self-groom and do not need to be bathed, unless they have a skin condition which requires special treatment.
Also, like people, mice can get diarrhea. For humans in developed countries with access to clean water, this is usually not a life-threatening condition. For mice though, it can be. Once a mouse gets diarrhea, since it is so small, it can very easily lose too much liquid, causing dehydration, and die.
Breeding
Mice have a rapid reproduction rate; the gestation period is approximately 19 to 23 days. The average litter size is four to 12 young. In some instances, up to 30 young have been born. However females have 10 nipples so may only feed this many pups at any one time. The pups in larger litters are often weaker, smaller animals that can weaken the doe, increasing recovery time. Litters can be humanely culled to 10-12 mice at the very most. Males can mate with the female as soon as the litter is born, which means that a female could become pregnant with another litter within three days of giving birth. Female mice should not be bred before 12 weeks or after eight months; doing so can be very dangerous, and some mice can die while giving birth. Females come into heat around every three to five days, so the pair can be kept together for up to 10 days.
Baby mice, called pinkies or pups, are born blind, deaf, and naked. Their eyes are closed and their ears are stuck to the sides of their heads. Mothers may eat any dead or sickly offspring. Pups begin to grow hair at 2 to 4 days. Ears open at 3 to 5 days, and the pups will start vocalising. Eyes open at 14 days, and the pups will start exploring the world around them. At 3 weeks old, they look like miniature versions of adult mice. At 4 weeks the males in the litter should be removed, lest they impregnate their mother and sisters, while the females can be left with the mother.
Showing
There are several clubs all over the world who host shows for mice, similar to rat shows. Shows are most commonly held in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia. Clubs include the FMBA (Fancy Mouse Breeders' Association) and AFRMA (American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association) in the United States and NMC (National Mouse Club) in the United Kingdom.
A quote from the NMC describes the ideal mouse body type for showing: "The mouse must be long on body with long clean head, not too fine or pointed at the nose, the eyes should be large, bold and prominent. The ears large and tulip shaped, free from creases, carried erect with plenty of width between them. The body should be long and slim, a trifle arched over the loin and racy in appearance; the tail, which must be free from kinks should come well out of the back and be thick at the root or set-on, gradually tapering like a whip lash to a fine end, the length being about equal to that of the mouse's body. Unless the variety standard states otherwise, the coat should be short perfectly smooth, glossy and sleek to the hand. The mouse should be perfectly tractable and free from any vice and not subject to fits or other similar ailments. A mouse with absence of whiskers, blind in one or both eyes, carrying external parasites, having a tumor, sore or legs with fur missing, suffering from any obvious disease or deformity or kinked tail shall be disqualified."
Pet care
Caging
A cage with wire bars and plastic flooring is the most common type of housing. A span between cage bars of less than prevents young mice from attempting to escape by forcing themselves through the bars, where they may get stuck. This can also help prevent predatory pets such as cats, dogs, arthropods, snakes, and other carnivores from killing and eating the mice.
Mice are naturally cautious of rats, who may kill and consume them. This behaviour is known as muricide (cf. Muricidal test). The mouse cage should be cleaned every week to prevent odour and disinfected only if a mouse has been unwell to prevent infection and disease. In the wild, mice are able to co-exist with other small rodent species. Compared with larger mammals, the mouse's small body makes it difficult to regulate body temperature effectively. Thus, drafts and large fluctuations in temperature can adversely affect the health of mice.
The best products for use in cage bedding are aspen wood shavings. Paper-pulp-based products are also available, as well as a variety of recycled products, though newspaper products may contain inks, dyes and other chemicals from the paper making process. Cedar and pine, even kiln-dried, should not be used as they release aromatic oils that damage the respiratory system and can cause or exacerbate chronic respiratory disease. Recent research suggests that paper-pulp bedding may allow very high concentrations of ammonia to build up in cages, especially those with little ventilation. Small hideaways and toys (such as a cardboard tube) are good to have in the cage. Commercial toys are also available. Mice love to run on a wheel, which provides stimulation as well as exercise.
In the U.K., most show breeders keep their mice in wooden boxes measuring about by by , although there has been increasing use of plastic storage boxes.
Feeding
Food for fancy mice can range from specially formulated feed mix to kitchen scraps. Carrot, spinach, lettuce and other vegetables are often enjoyed by mice but should be given sparingly as such foods can result in diarrhoea and life-threatening dehydration. Bread crumbs, wheat and rice can also be good for mice. Laboratories keeping mice as experimental subjects almost uniformly use a product called lab block, a scientifically formulated blend originally designed for mice in laboratories. In order to keep variety in their diets, mice can also eat oats, oily seeds, clean eggshell, breakfast cereal, and stale bread. Fruit and vegetables are part of a more natural and healthful diet. Some owners give it to them as a treat after they do a trick. Mice often chew wood and other hard substances, which keeps their teeth from growing too long. As mice and rats have similar diets, some pet mouse owners choose to feed them rat food. Although it is common practice to feed premixed diets designed for other rodents, for the longevity and health of the animal it is best to feed mouse-targeted diets. Diets for hamsters, for instance, are known to contain higher protein than what is required for mice or rats.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but they will also accept meat and dairy products. Meats are full of protein and are good for pregnant or nursing mice. They will drink water, but require little of it, relying mainly on the moisture present in their food. If a water source is provided, then a gravity bottle feeder is necessary for maintaining the cleanliness of the water supply. They will eat their feces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines, a behavior they share with rabbits and guinea pigs called coprophagy. House mice, like other rodents, do not vomit.
Handling
Although mice are small animals and care must be taken to avoid injury, they are also surprisingly robust and inquisitive. Once out of the cage many enjoy running along their owners' arms, investigating pockets, or just sitting on the owner's lap and grooming. Some mice also tolerate gentle petting. Care must be taken, as mice have poor eyesight and may try to lean too far over an edge and fall. Care must especially be taken when being handled by small children, as they may be overly rough. Fancy mice very rarely bite except when hurt or very frightened. Biting behaviour may result from improper handling, as they are generally considered non-aggressive. Mice, especially males who are wild and territorial, have a greater likelihood of biting unfamiliar people.
Unfortunately, mice cannot be house trained and will often defecate and urinate while first being handled, especially if they are nervous. The feces of a healthy mouse consist of a relatively innocuous solid pellet a few millimetres long. However, their urine is often pungent, particularly with males, and can stain fabric.
See also
Fancy rat
Laboratory mouse
Laboratory rat
Mus musculus domesticus
Mouse
Animal fancy
Fancy pigeon
Golden mouse
Rodents as pets
References
External links
Rat & Mouse Club of America
National Mouse Club UK
Fancy Mice Breeders Forum
East Coast Mouse Association
American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association
Mice Are Nice Pet Mouse Forum
House mouse
Rodents as pets
Mammals described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | wiki |
Vengeance of the Dead is a 1917 silent film drama directed by and starring Henry King. It was produced by the Balboa Amusement Producing Company, and distributed through General Film Company. It survives in the Library of Congress collection
Cast
Henry King
Lillian West as Lilas Velso
Philo McCullough
Edward Peters
Daniel Gilfether
Virginia Lee Corbin
Mollie McConnell
References
External links
Vengeance of the Dead at IMDb.com
1917 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by Henry King
American black-and-white films
Silent American drama films
1917 drama films
1910s English-language films
1910s American films | wiki |
Collisionless may refer to:
In information theory and computer science, computer networking architectures where collisions between packets of data cannot occur
In computer science, situations where collisions, or occurrences of the same value, cannot occur in a structure (and prevent reliable lookups)
In cosmology and physics, a medium in which the interaction cross-section between particles is so low that collisions between particles have no significant effect on the system. See Shock waves in astrophysics. | wiki |
A placental infarction results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the placenta, causing its cells to die.
Small placental infarcts, especially at the edge of the placental disc, are considered to be normal at term. Large placental infarcts are associated with vascular abnormalities, e.g. hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, as seen in hypertension. Very large infarcts lead to placental insufficiency and may result in fetal death.
Relation to maternal floor infarct
Maternal floor infarcts are not considered to be true placental infarcts, as they result from deposition of fibrin around the chorionic villi, i.e. perivillous fibrin deposition.
See also
Placental disease
References
External links
Gross pathology of a placental infarct (utah.edu)
Complications of labour and delivery | wiki |
Marilla can refer to:
Marilla, New York
Marilla Township, Michigan
Marilla Ricker, American Suffragist
Marilla Cuthbert, a primary character in the novel Anne of Green Gables and its sequels | wiki |
Alliance Air may refer to:
Alliance Air (India), a regional airline in India
Alliance Air (Uganda), a defunct multinational airline
Alliance Airlines, based in Brisbane, Queensland
See also
Air Alliance, a Canadian airline which was operational from 1988 to 1999
Airline alliance, a cooperative arrangement between two or more airlines | wiki |
Bisexual erasure or bisexual invisibility is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or re-explain evidence of bisexuality in history, academia, the news media, and other primary sources.
In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include the belief that bisexuality itself does not exist. Bisexual erasure may include the assertion all bisexual individuals are in a phase and will soon choose a side, either heterosexual or homosexual. Another common variant of bisexual erasure involves accepting bisexuality in women while downplaying or rejecting the validity of bisexual identity in men. One belief underlying bisexual erasure is that bisexual individuals are distinctively indecisive. Misrepresentations of bisexual individuals as hypersexual erases the sexual agency of bisexuals, effectively erasing their true identities as well.
Bisexual erasure is often a manifestation of biphobia, although it does not necessarily involve overt antagonism. Bisexual erasure often results in bisexual-identifying individuals experiencing a variety of adverse social encounters, as they not only have to struggle with finding acceptance within general society but also within the LGBT community. Bisexual erasure is a form of stigma and leads to adverse mental health consequences for people who identify as bisexual.
There is increasing inclusion and visibility of bisexuals, particularly in the LGBT community.
Motivations
General
According to scholar Kenji Yoshino, there are three main investments that motivate both self-identified homosexuals and heterosexuals to erase bisexuality from LGBT culture. The first of these motivations is sexual orientation stabilization, which is argued to relieve people from the anxiety of possibly having their sexual orientation questioned. This motivation reinforces the belief that bisexuals are simply undecided about their bisexuality and are fundamentally either homosexual or heterosexual, and it isolates, marginalizes, and makes bisexuals invisible within the LGBT community. The second motivation is the maintenance of the importance of gender, which is seen as erotically essential to homosexuals and heterosexuals whereas bisexuality appears to challenge this notion. The third motivation is the maintenance of monogamy since a pair or bond is preferred by mainstream American culture. However, bisexuals are typically assumed by homosexuals and heterosexuals to be "intrinsically" non-monogamous. Juana María Rodríguez adds to Yoshino's argument and posits bisexuality breaks down traditional understandings of sexuality and the gender binary. Thus, individuals both in the dominant culture and in the queer community resist bisexuality.
In a 2010 article written for the 10th anniversary of Yoshino's piece, Heron Greenesmith argues bisexuality is inherently invisible in the law, even beyond the reach of deliberate erasure. Firstly, she says it is because bisexuality is legally irrelevant to plaintiffs who are presumed to be heterosexual or homosexual unless outed, and secondly when bisexuality is legally relevant, it is erased within the legal culture because it complicates legal arguments that depend on a gender binary nature of sexuality.
American psychologist Beth Firestone writes that since she wrote her first book on bisexuality, in 1996, "bisexuality has gained visibility, although progress is uneven and awareness of bisexuality is still minimal or absent in many of the more remote regions of our country and internationally".
Male motivations
Richard C. Friedman, an academic psychiatrist who specializes in the psychodynamics of homosexuality, writes in his essay "Denial in the Development of Homosexual Men" that many gay men have experienced sexual fantasies about women or engaged in sex with women and that many straight men have experienced sexual fantasies about men or engaged in sex with men. Despite being bisexual in fantasy and activity, these men identify as "gay" or "straight" rather than as bisexual. This erasure of bisexuality is sometimes caused by denying the significance of an erotic encounter to maintain a person's sexual identity and sense of community; a man might downplay having had sexual fantasies or encounters with a woman to maintain his identity as a "gay man" and his membership in the gay community, or a man might downplay having had sexual fantasies or encounters with a man to maintain his status as a heterosexual man in a heteronormative society.
Writing for Bisexual.org, author and columnist Zachary Zane cites a study showing 20.7% of straight-identified men watched gay pornography and 7.5% reported having sex with a man in the past six months, while 55% of gay-identified men had watched heterosexual pornography and 0.7% reported having sex with a woman in the past six months. He argues some of the straight-identified men are actually gay or bisexual but are erasing their bisexuality due to internalized biphobia and denial to claim a straight identity label. Pointing out the majority of gay-identified men watched heterosexual pornography but few had recent heterosexual sex, he suggests many self-identified gay men have sexual fantasies about women and in an ideal world would be openly bisexual and freely explore sex with women, but society pressures gay men to "pick a side" so those men "subsequently have picked being gay".
Bisexual author and activist Robyn Ochs has argued gay men are less possessive of their "gay" label than lesbians are of their label. She argues there is less hostility to bisexual men who identify as gay than bisexual women who identify as lesbian, there is a great deal of sexual fluidity between gay men and bisexual men, and that consequently more gay-identified men openly admit to being attracted to and having sex with women. However, Ochs also argues many bisexual men identify as gay to politically align themselves with the gay community. She says since coming out is so difficult for gay men, many do not want to come out a second time as bisexual; the existence of male bisexuality can be threatening to some gay men because it raises the possibility they themselves might be bisexual.
Gay male activist Carl Wittman, writing in his "Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto", argued gay men should identify as "gay" rather than as "bisexual", even if they sleep with women. Stating gay men should only become bisexual once society accepts homosexuality, he wrote that:
In heterosexual and LGBT communities
Heterosexual and gay people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are either exclusively homosexual (gay/lesbian) or exclusively heterosexual, closeted gay or lesbian people who wish to appear heterosexual, or are heterosexuals who are experimenting with their sexuality. A common manifestation of bisexual erasure is a tendency for bisexuals to be referred to as heterosexual when they are intimately involved with people of the opposite sex and to be labeled as homosexual when they are involved with people of the same sex.
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that the bisexual community does not deserve equal status or inclusion within gay and lesbian communities. This can take the form of omitting the word bisexual in the name of an organization or event that serves the whole LGBT community, including it as "bi-sexual", implying there are only two authentic sexual orientations, or treating the subject of bisexuality in a derogatory way.
Historically, bisexual women have had their sexuality labeled by lesbian feminist circles as an "apolitical cop-out". Bisexual women have been seen as "not radical enough" because of their attraction to cisgender men. Rodriguez asserts bisexuality was regarded as anti-feminist by many lesbians because of the implied "desires for penetration, sexual dominance, and submission", and gender roles. Bisexual vilification and erasure by the community may not be as open and prevalent today, but identifying as bisexual can still lead to exclusion and erasure in many lesbian spaces.
In 2013, a study published in the Journal of Bisexuality surveyed thirty people who identified as part of the lesbian, gay, queer or bisexual communities and their individual experiences with coming out. Ten of these people reported they claimed the label of bisexuality first, and later came out again as lesbian, gay, or queer. The theory that emerged in this study introduced the concept of the "queer apologetic", in which one attempts to reconcile their same-gender attraction with the social norm of heterosexuality.
Bisexuals have been overlooked in the same-sex marriage debate: Where same-sex marriage is illegal, those campaigning for it have failed to highlight the inconsistencies of marriage laws concerning bisexuals, whose right to marry depends solely on the gender of their partner. Secondly, when same-sex marriage is available, a bisexual partner will generally be referred to as lesbian or gay. For example, one of the first people to take part in a same-sex marriage in America, Robyn Ochs, was widely referred to in the media as a lesbian, despite identifying herself in interviews as bisexual.
For many years, the Lambda Literary Awards did not have a category for bisexual literary works, which was finally established in 2006 after lobbying by BiNet USA. Although some bisexuality-related works, such as the anthology Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out, were nominated for the awards before the creation of bisexual categories, they competed in gay or lesbian categories.
In academia
Theoretical frameworks
Alternative approaches to the concept of bisexuality have been developed that expand the definition of sexual identity outward from a "this or that" mentality to a "this and that" mentality. Jenée Wilde presents the idea of what she calls "dimensional sexuality" in an article for Sexual and Relationship Therapy, a theoretical framework in which gender is not the primary factor in sexual attraction, rather it is one of many axes. These other axes of attraction can include the desire for either monogamy or polyamory, and the fluidity of desire for the various gender(s) in a partner over time. Wilde uses her framework to broaden the scale of sexual identity from a simple binary spectrum from "mono-sexual" to "bisexual", and to establish relationships between these identities; these relationships would not alienate individuals without a single "fixed object" of attraction.
Viewpoints like Wilde's have been applied by scholars such as Laura Erickson-Schroth and Jennifer Mitchell to pieces of pop-culture and literature; Steven Angelides also produced a book on the place of bisexuality in research and societal awareness throughout history, using a similar framework. Both pieces aim to achieve more inclusive readings of sexuality and allow for the re-designation of literary figures and real people as bisexual, rather than continuing with the assumption that any same-gender activity, explicit or implied, is homosexual, and any opposite-gender activity heterosexual.
An example of a viewpoint similar to Wilde's is D.S. Neff's reading of Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which finds the poem is ambiguous in its mentioning of "concubines and carnal companie" as well as later parts of the work; Neff finds these ambiguities to be implications that both male and female lovers were had by the protagonist. This bisexual portrayal is supported through Byron's real-world interactions with lovers of multiple genders, and the culture of his literary affiliates at Cambridge condoning those interactions in the midst of the 19th century's moral panic around same-gender desires.
Erickson-Schroth and Mitchell's 2009 article in the Journal of Bisexuality performs a similar analysis of Written on the Body by Jeanette Winterson and Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall; the assertion behind these scholars' work is the bisexual experience has existed throughout the history of humanity, and while it has only recently been acknowledged even in queer and LGBT circles, it is in no way an exclusively modern phenomenon.
There are also interpretations of literature that focus on the symbolic expressions of bisexuality rather than its explicit mention. Linda K. Hughes' analysis of Alexander Smith's A Life-Drama contends the atypical nature of the heterosexual courtship in the poem stands in place of the romance between the main character's "intimate friendship" with another man. Other analyses use the subtextual practices and common allusions of the Victorian period/19th century that referenced bisexuality or homosexuality to show the presence of bisexual themes in Bram Stoker's Dracula and Henry James' The Turn of the Screw.
In academic literature
Bisexual individuals have largely been overlooked in academic literature. Hemmings posits that bisexual erasure is essential in queer studies to keep lesbians and gay men as the main subjects of study. Bisexuals are often included under the umbrella of LGBT+ in academic studies. However, data specific to bisexuals is lacking. Historically, academics began to study bisexuals in relation to HIV and AIDS. These studies contributed to the mythology that bisexuals have a higher chance of transmitting HIV and AIDS.
In schools
More schools teach about heterosexuality and homosexuality, not solely heterosexuality. Support for gay and lesbian people has come to public schools in the form of the gay–straight alliances (GSAs). According to John Elia, this can cause harm to students who do not identify with either of those sexualities. However, some schools have adapted this acronym to include other LGBTQ+ groups. For instance, West Ranch High School has the "gender-sexuality association" on their club list for the 2020–2021 school year. Melissa Smith and Elizabethe Payne state there are several instances where faculty have been silent when it comes to bullying of LGBTQ students.
Media depictions
General
Some media outlets have portrayed bisexual behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek pederasty or Native American Two-Spirits, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures, even though it can also be seen as proof of the existence and acceptance of bisexuality.
In both the gay and mainstream media, individuals who have kept their sexual identity unknown have been portrayed as either gay (if male) or straight (if women) when they engaged in romantic or sexual relationships with both men and women. The same has occurred even with people who have openly identify themselves as bisexual. Ani DiFranco's 1998 marriage to Andrew Gilchrist was portrayed in both gay and mainstream media as renouncing lesbianism, even though she had been out as bisexual since the very beginning of her career. Madonna has called herself bisexual in interviews and has frequently engaged in public acts of same-sex intimacy with other female celebrities, but is typically portrayed by media as a heterosexual woman who dabbles in lesbian imagery for pure shock value, with any possibility she might be genuinely bisexual being discounted entirely. Lady Gaga is sometimes labeled as either "gay" or "straight" in the media even though she has publicly identified as bisexual. Freddie Mercury, who according to his obituary was a "self-confessed bisexual", is often depicted as gay by the mainstream media.
The media in both communities also often refers to the "gay and lesbian" community, ignoring bisexual and/or transgender people. There have also been examples of media outlets referring to "lesbian, gay and transgender" issues while still excluding or ignoring bisexuals.
Bisexual women specifically are subject to both hyper-visibility and erasure. Bisexual women are over-represented in pornography, reality television, and music videos as part of the male gaze. However, representations of bisexual women as agents in their sexuality are lacking. The erasure of sexual agency for bisexual women of color is prevalent within the media as well. Bisexuality stereotypically implies a sense of uncontrolled sexual desire; this is then intensified for women of color who are already hypersexualized.
In 2013, British Olympian diver Tom Daley came out as bisexual. Several media sources supported his decision to tell the world about his sexuality, but they labeled him as "gay" instead of bisexual.
On August 5, 2020, Paper Magazine published an interview with ND Stevenson and Rebecca Sugar, to bring them in conversation with each other. Sugar noted the recent increase of "LGBTQIA content in animated and children's media", with very little LGBTQ+ content over the history of animation, and called those who claim there are enough lesbians in animation to be completely wrong and a form of bisexual erasure. Later, Sugar pointed to the bisexual erasure in the Steven Universe fandom around 2015.
Television
On December 30, 2009, MTV premiered their 23rd season of the show The Real World, featuring two bisexual participants, Emily Schromm and Mike Manning. Although Manning himself identifies as bisexual, many bloggers and commenters on blogs claimed he was gay. Furthermore, while a behind-the-scenes MTV Aftershow and subsequent interview revealed that both Manning and Schromm had had encounters with both men and women while on the show, the show was edited to make it seem as though they had only been with men. In 2016, popular sitcom The Good Place aired on NBC starring Kristen Bell as bisexual Eleanor Shellstrop. However, many were disappointed in the show's portrayal of Eleanor's sexuality as a joke which was never taken any further than occasional passing comments about her attractions to women, and therefore devaluing the validity of bisexuality on the television screen.
In Game of Thrones, Oberyn Martell is a character who is presented as bisexual. However, the character's bisexuality is not a facet of his identity. Rather, it is used as a way of characterizing him as someone who is greedy. Pedro Pascal, who plays Oberyn, claims that his character "does not discriminate in his pleasures...to limit yourself in terms of experience doesn't make any sense to him." Thus, his bisexuality is erased and replaced with the stereotype that bisexual people are overly promiscuous.
Frank Underwood from House of Cards is similarly characterized. His philosophy is that "sex is power." He has sex with both men and women for the purpose of controlling them, using bisexuality as a ploy rather than an expression of identity.
In law
United States
Individuals identifying as bisexual have been absent from conversations surrounding LGBT-rights and litigation. Examples include the early use of the term "gay marriage" as opposed to "same-sex marriage" or "marriage equality", as well as the lack of recognition of bisexuality in briefs or opinions handed down by the courts. A survey of relevant terminology in LGBT-rights cases found, excluding a brief period in U.S. Supreme Court history when bisexuals were mentioned alongside gays and lesbians, bisexuality has not been mentioned in Supreme Court opinions or briefs in major LGBT rights cases, which often describe gays and lesbians as being exclusively affected by sexual orientation discrimination.
While courts have begun to increasingly use the term same-sex in litigation involving sexual minority groups, this term is still used interchangeably with gay, lesbian, and homosexual, therefore erasing the bisexual contingent. Nancy Marcus uses the monumental Obergefell v. Hodges case that grants same-sex marriage rights as an example of nearly complete bisexuality erasure despite efforts, including an amicus brief to the Supreme Court and outreach to the plaintiffs' legal team, by legal organizations such as BiLaw. This is important in the U.S. legal system when the law is developed through case law, since failing to mention bisexual identities in legal decisions implies a "secondary" status of bisexuals within the LGBT community, with the judiciary appearing to give the imprimatur to the relegation of bisexuality to a lesser, or completely ignored, status.
Marcus states that misunderstanding and erasure of bisexuality within the US legal system results in tangible harm to bisexual litigants, including the increased likelihood of losing parental rights and the probability of being denied asylum from anti-LGBT countries. Custody issues arise due to the belief that bisexual people are too unstable to be parents, while bisexuals seeking asylum from countries hostile to LGBT individuals are viewed with suspicion, including not being "gay enough". This is due to a common assumption within the legal community a person can only be legitimately attracted to one gender; therefore, a bisexual asylum-seeker is more likely to be considered a fraud.
Canada
In legal protection documents, such as the Canadian Human Rights Act, bisexual people are equally protected from discrimination as gay, lesbian, and transgender people are, but the term "bisexual" is not mentioned explicitly. A study of the labor market conducted in Canada in 2019 found that bisexual men and women do not fare as well as their peers in the workplace. Sean Waite, John Ecker, and Lori E. Ross discovered that "bisexual men earned less than both heterosexual and gay men," and "bisexual women were at the bottom of the gender and sexual orientation wage hierarchy." In the article it is also admitted that research on bisexual individuals is limited because of erasure in the census. The census does not allow an option for bisexuals, and thus they are reduced to heterosexual or homosexual depending on the sex of their partner.
Mental health and imposter syndrome
Imposter syndrome
As of 2021, bisexual individuals make up 56.8% of the LGBTQ+ community. Though bisexual people make up over 50 percent of the LGBTQ+ community, it is very common for these individuals to feel invisible or that they do not belong. This idea can take form in feeling that they are just "confused" or "have not figured it out yet", a form of imposter syndrome. The imposter syndrome can be defined as feeling like a fraud or not feeling a sense of belonging. There are a multitude of factors that contribute to these feelings, and though it can differ from person to person, research shows that the two most common reasons for these feelings are biphobia and bisexual erasure or invisibility. Biphobia is the backlash toward bisexual individuals from media and within the LGBTQ+ community, for example negative stereotypes of the bisexual individuals being hypersexual and unfaithful. Bisexual invisibility or erasure is the idea of ignoring, or removing the evidence of bisexuality. These biases combine with interpersonal and legal discrimination to create negative outcomes that are specific to the bisexual community. Commonly, this occurs through denying that bisexuality is a real sexual orientation, being LGBTQ+ inclusive but not offering bi-specific resources, mislabeling bisexual individuals as gay/lesbian, and more. Bisexual people face biases on many fronts: from the media, friends, family, service providers, employers, heterosexual people, but most commonly from people who identify with the LGBTQ+ community. One example of this is when a bisexual youth show higher incidents of risk and risky behavior due to the discrimination they face from family and friends.
Within the bisexual community, it is found that bisexual women are more likely to and feel safer to come out as bisexual than men, 33% vs. 12%. Across the LBGTQ+ population, it is perceived that bisexual women and lesbians are more accepted by society than gay men, bisexual men or transgender people. Within the bisexual community, perceived acceptance is 33% for women, about 8% for men and 3% for those who are transgender and non-binary. Additionally, queer imposter syndrome can be largely influenced by the media and community. Research suggests that bisexual individuals have worse mental health than cisgender, heterosexual, lesbian, and gay individuals. Some of these negative outcomes from queer imposter syndrome and poor mental health are higher rates of anxiety and depression, higher levels of reported self-harm, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts, lack of social support, being less likely to be comfortable with their sexuality, and higher rates of substance abuse. This phenomenon is even further amplified for men, non-binary people, and those in the BIPOC communities.
It has been suggested that there are four ways to help reduce and eventually eliminate the imposter syndrome: 1) Skepticism 2) Humility 3) Grounding 4) Self Compassion. Bisexual individuals who are experiencing queer imposter syndrome need to be skeptical of the comments they hear, to acknowledge that they are on a path to becoming the best version of themselves and it is okay to have self doubt, to have something to remind them of their identity, and to realize other people are struggling with the same thing. It is also crucial to practice health self-care. Celebrate bisexuality through movies, books, and culture, find others in the bi+ community, take mindful walks and take on journaling, practice positively daily affirmations, and maintain healthy eating and exercising. To target this on a larger scale, higher action must be taken.
See also
Bialogue
Bisexual politics
Denialism
False dichotomy
Heteronormativity
Heterosexism
Homonegativity
Homophobia
Lesbian erasure
Social invisibility
References
Further reading
Articles
(article primarily about bisexuality in males)
Books
External links
Bisexual Literature at glbtq.com (2002)
Bisexuality at Human Rights Campaign
LGBT erasure
LGBT and society
Biphobia
Censorship of LGBT issues | wiki |
Pinki
Pinki (ur. 1992)
Pinki (ur. 1996) | wiki |
Jonathan Barnes is a British writer, whose first novel, The Somnambulist, was published in 2007. He is also the author of The Domino Men (2008), an indirect sequel.
Barnes earned a first in English literature from the University of Oxford. Currently, he lives in Norfolk and reviews for The Times Literary Supplement.
References
External links
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
British fantasy writers
British male novelists | wiki |
NGC 2040 is an open star cluster located 160,000 light years away in the constellation of Dorado. It is a young group of stars in one of the largest star formation regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud.
References
External links
Stellar associations
2040
Dorado (constellation)
Large Magellanic Cloud | wiki |
NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers is an alphabetical list of NASCAR drivers.
In 1998, as part of its 50th anniversary celebration, NASCAR gathered a panel to select the "50 Greatest NASCAR Drivers of All Time." It was inspired in part by the NBA's decision to select the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History on its 50th anniversary in 1996. An independent group of 51 individuals representing various NASCAR roles were asked to give their objective and educated opinions on who the 50 greatest drivers in NASCAR history were. To quote Bill France Jr., president of NASCAR:
The living members of this group were honored on February 15, 1998 during pre-race festivities for the 1998 Daytona 500 at Daytona International Speedway.
NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers (as of February 1998)
See also
1998 in NASCAR
List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners
List of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame
List of NASCAR champions
External links
NASCAR.com's listing (Archived link)
The Inside Groove.com – Historical NASCAR Image Gallery
50 Greatest Drivers
1998-related lists
NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers
Lists of 20th-century people
Lists of American sportspeople
50 Greatest Drivers
Lists of sportsmen
Top sports lists | wiki |
Bollito misto (, literally "mixed boil" or "mixed boiled meat") is a classic northern Italian stew, most closely resembling the French Pot-au-feu, consisting of various tougher cuts of beef and veal, cotechino, and a whole hen or capon that are gently simmered for 2–3 hours in an aromatic vegetable broth. Bollito and its many regional variations is eaten throughout northern Italy, and is particularly popular in Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Lombardy. The meat is sliced thinly and served with coarse sea salt, mostarda, salsa verde, horseradish, or chutney. The resulting broth is skimmed, strained, and used as a base for soups and risottos.
History
In Italian cuisine, bollito was prominent throughout the second millennium. In the 1800s, crown prince and from 1849 king Vittorio Emanuele II would often sneak off to the small town of Moncalvo to hunt wild game, cavort with his favorite mistress, and enjoy a convivial meal of bollito with friends. Bollito features prominently in various gastronomic texts: Antonio Latini has 38 cooking suggestions for bollito in his cookbook, Lo Scalco alla Moderna (The Modern Steward) (1694); and Maestro Martino has several recipes in his book Libro de Arte Coquinaria (The Art of Cooking), which is considered a landmark of Italian gastronomic literature.
See also
List of stews
Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20120124125543/http://italianfood.about.com/od/boiledbeef/ss/aa041607.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20120207063921/http://italianfood.about.com/library/weekly/aa011498.htm
http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/giada-de-laurentiis/bollito-misto-recipe/index.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20140314204556/http://www.antonio-carluccio.com/Il_Gran_Bollito_Misto
Italian stews | wiki |
Wig Out may refer to:
"Wig-Out", a 1986 song by Died Pretty from Free Dirt
"Wig Out", a 1992 song by Pete Rock & CL Smooth from Mecca and the Soul Brother
See also | wiki |
Education for Citizenship and Human Rights (, abbr. EpC) is the name of a school subject designed for the last cycle of primary education and all secondary education in Spain, introduced by the government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. This subject was born upon a recommendation of the Council of Europe that states the necessity of education for citizenship, in order to promote civic and human values. Conservative elements in Spain have opposed this subject especially the Catholic Church.
Several sectors as the conservative People's Party (Spain) and progressive Movements of Pedagogical Renovation have opposed the introduction of this subject. Although outstanding leaders of the Catholic Church have been against it, labelling it as totalitarian, other sectors such as CEAPA (Spanish Confederation of Student's Parents) do not disapprove of EpC, understanding that the curriculum proposed by the government does not overflow the mere education of the most elementary human rights. In some chartered Catholic schools, there are parents who have asked for the conscientious objection before the new subject. This group received high publicity, especially by the Spanish, but as of September 2007 only 80 students have been asked for conscientious objection. As of January 2009, the Spanish Supreme Court has ruled that attendance of the Education for Citizenship course will be mandatory for all students.
References
External links
Curriculum of Education for the Citizenship and the Human rights
Education in Spain
Politics of Spain
Sex education in Europe
Law of Spain | wiki |
A bubblegram (also known as laser crystal, 3D crystal engraving or vitrography) is a solid block of glass or transparent plastic that has been exposed to laser beams to generate three-dimensional designs inside. The image is composed of many small points of fracture or other visible deformations and appears to float inside the block.
Description
Each point is created by a laser beam focused to high intensity at that location by a computer-controlled opto-mechanical system. A complex or highly detailed image occupying a 5 cm (2 inch) cubic volume typically requires the creation of tens of thousands of such points.
Bubblegram images may be created by intersecting laser beams in appropriately doped plastic to induce a chemical reaction via heat or photonic excitation, creating bubbles or nodes where the plastic has a different index of refraction.
Glass block bubblegrams of Russian origin entered international commerce as a novelty in the late 1990s, but high prices and the predominantly simple, inartistic subject matter severely limited market penetration. In the early 2000s, a much less expensive, more visually appealing and highly diverse array of Chinese-made bubblegram novelties achieved wide commercial success in the United States, to the extent of becoming a fad: representations of monuments, corporate symbols, religious imagery, mythical creatures and nature scenes appeared in gift shops.
There also exist companies which will take custom photographs of people, convert them to a heightmap, then render that as a bubblegram memento.
See also
List of laser articles
Volumetric display
References
External links
Laser Crystal Technique How a single conical laser beam makes a bubblegram
3D imaging
Glass art
Laser applications | wiki |
Kangaroo Island most commonly refers to Kangaroo Island in South Australia.
Other islands called Kangaroo Island
In Queensland
Kangaroo Island (Queensland), in Queensland
In Tasmania
Kangaroo Island (Tasmania), in North West Tasmania, in Bass Strait
East Kangaroo Island, in North East Tasmania, in Bass Strait
In Western Australia
Kangaroo Island (Shark Bay), one of the islands in the Shark Bay World Heritage Reserve in Western Australia
See also | wiki |
Drug–impaired driving, in the context of its legal definition, is the act of driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of an impairing substance. DUID, or Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, is prohibited in many countries. Several American states and European countries now have "per se" DUID laws that presume a driver is impaired if they are found to have any detectable quantity of controlled substances in their body while operating an automobile and that the driver has no doctor's prescription for the substance. This is similar to the "per se" DUI/DWI laws that presume a driver is impaired when their blood alcohol content is above a certain level (currently 0.08% in the United States). There is some controversy with "per se" DUID laws in that a driver with any detectable quantity of controlled substances may not in fact be impaired and the detectable quantity in blood or sweat may be only the remnants of drug use in days or weeks past.
It is against road traffic safety. Research on factors associated with engaging in DUID is receiving increasing attention to develop more effective countermeasures.
United States
According to the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Drug Evaluation and Classification program (DEC), a drug is "any substance that, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of the person to operate a vehicle safely." Under this definition, alcohol would be classified as a drug. For the purposes of this article, drug impaired driving is the use of drugs other than alcohol and the effect on driving.
Detection
Testing for alcohol concentration is performed using three methods – blood, breath, or urine. For law enforcement purposes, breath is the preferred method, since results are available almost instantaneously. Drug testing screens are typically performed in scientific laboratories so that the results will be admissible in evidence at trial.
Due to the overwhelming number of impairing substances that are not alcohol, drugs are classified into different categories for detection purposes. Drug impaired drivers still show impairment during the battery of standardized field sobriety tests, but there are additional tests to help detect drug impaired driving.
The Drug Evaluation and Classification program is designed to detect a drug impaired driver and classify the categories of drugs present in their system.
The DEC program breaks down detection into a 12-step process that a government-certified Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) can use to determine the category or categories of drugs that a suspect is impaired by. The 12 steps are
Breath Alcohol Test
Interview with Arresting Officer
Preliminary Evaluation
Evaluation of the Eyes
Psychomotor Tests
Vital Signs
Dark Room Examinations
Muscle Tone
Injection Sites
Interrogation of Suspect
Opinion of the Evaluator
Toxicological Examination
DREs are qualified to offer expert testimony in court that pertains to impaired driving on drugs. The use of the 12-step process is scientifically validated by numerous field studies.
Drug categories
The DEC program recognizes seven separate categories of impairing drugs:
CNS depressants – Drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines fit in this category
CNS stimulants – Drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines fit in this category
Hallucinogens – Drugs such as LSD, peyote, and MDMA fit in this category
Dissociative anesthetics – drugs such as PCP and Ketamine fit in this category
Narcotic analgesics – synthetic and derivative opiates fit in this category
Inhalants – volatile solvents, anesthetic gases and aerosol sprays fit in this category
Cannabis – marijuana fits in this category
Laws
In the United States, 19 states have laws in effect that punish drug impaired driving. All states excluding West Virginia have a Drug Recognition Expert program. The following states have drug statutes enacted:
Alaska – Statute 28.35.030 – "(a) A person commits the crime of driving while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage, inhalant, or controlled substance if the person operates or drives a motor vehicle or operates an aircraft or a watercraft while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage, intoxicating liquor, inhalant, or any controlled substance, singly or in combination"
Arizona – "A. It is unlawful for a person to drive or be in actual physical control of a vehicle in this state under any of the following circumstances:
1. While under the influence of intoxicating liquor, any drug, a vapor releasing substance containing a toxic substance or any combination of liquor, drugs or vapor releasing substances if the person is impaired to the slightest degree."
Colorado – Statute 42-4-1301 – Colorado law prohibits a person from driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs or while the person's ability to drive is impaired by alcohol or drugs. Section IV states "If at such time the driver's blood contained five nanograms or more of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol per milliliter in whole blood, as shown by analysis of the defendant's blood, such fact gives rise to a permissible inference that the defendant was under the influence of one or more drugs." DUI-D cases often involve these two police tools: (1) a voluntary Drug Recognition Evaluation (DRE) which is similar to a field sobriety test and allows police officers to draw conclusions about a drivers impairment, and (2) a blood test to screen and confirm traces of drug use in a defendant's system.
Delaware – "In Delaware, you may be arrested for Driving Under the Influence (DUI) if you are driving, operating, or in actual physical control of a vehicle, an off-highway vehicle, or a moped while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.
A chemical test indicating .08% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or greater, or the presence of any drug, prescription or illegal, substance is sufficient for a DUI conviction. You may be arrested for DUI with a chemical test greater than .05%"
Georgia - (a) A person shall not drive or be in actual physical control of any moving vehicle while:
Under the influence of alcohol to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive;
Under the influence of any drug to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive;
Under the intentional influence of any glue, aerosol, or other toxic vapor to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive;
Under the combined influence of any two or more of the substances specified in paragraphs 1 through 3 of this subsection to the extent that it is less safe for the person to drive"
Illinois – "A person shall not drive or be in actual physical control of any vehicle within this State while:
the alcohol concentration in the person's blood or breath is 0.08 or more based on the definition of blood and breath units in Section 11 501.2;
under the influence of alcohol;
under the influence of any intoxicating compound or combination of intoxicating compounds to a degree that renders the person incapable of driving safely;
under the influence of any other drug or combination of drugs to a degree that renders the person incapable of safely driving;
under the combined influence of alcohol, other drug or drugs, or intoxicating compound or compounds to a degree that renders the person incapable of safely driving"
Indiana – An operator of a motor vehicle whose alcohol concentration is greater than or equal to .08 grams and less than .15 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath commits a Class C Misdemeanor. Driving with any schedule I or II substance as defined by IC 25-48-2 (such as marijuana, methamphetamine or cocaine) or its metabolite in his/her body commits a Class C Misdemeanor, punishable by up to 60 days in prison and up to a $500 fine. (IC 9-30-5-1)"
Iowa – "Iowa's OWI law states that it is unlawful to operate a motor vehicle in Iowa:
While under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or other drug or a combination of such substances.
While having an alcohol concentration of .08 or more.
While having any amount of a controlled substance in one's body."
Michigan - Under Michigan law, it is illegal to drive:
While intoxicated, or impaired, by alcohol, illegal drugs, and some prescribed medications.
With a bodily alcohol content of 0.08 or more. (This crime is one of the driving while intoxicated offenses.)
With a bodily alcohol content of 0.17 or more. (This "High BAC" crime is one of the driving while intoxicated offenses.)
With any amount of cocaine or a Schedule 1 controlled substance in your body. (For more information about Schedule 1 drugs, see section 7212 of the Michigan Public Health Code; MCL 333.7212.)"
Minnesota – "1) to drive, operate, or be in control of any
motor vehicle anywhere in the state while:
under the influence of alcohol, a controlled substance, or (knowingly) a hazardous substance, or any combination of these;
having an alcohol concentration (AC) of .08 (.08 means .08 percent alcohol concentration, which is 8/10,000ths by volume) or more at the time or within two hours of doing so;
having any amount or the metabolites of a schedule I or II controlled substance, other than marijuana, in the body"
Mississippi – "(1) It is unlawful for any person to drive or otherwise operate a vehicle within this state who (a) is under the influence of intoxicating liquor; (b) is under the influence of any other substance which has impaired such person's ability to operate a motor vehicle; (c) has an alcohol concentration of eight one-hundredths percent (.08%) or more for persons who are above the legal age to purchase alcoholic beverages under state law, or two one-hundredths percent (.02%) or more for persons who are below the legal age to purchase alcoholic beverages under state law, in the person's blood based upon grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath as shown by a chemical analysis of such person's breath, blood or urine administered as authorized by this chapter; (d) is under the influence of any drug or controlled substance, the possession of which is unlawful under the Mississippi Controlled Substances Law; or (e) has an alcohol concentration of four one-hundredths percent (.04%) or more in the person's blood, based upon grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath as shown by a chemical analysis of such person's blood, breath or urine, administered as authorized by this chapter for persons operating a commercial motor vehicle."
Nevada – "1. It is unlawful for any person who:
Is under the influence of intoxicating liquor;
Has a concentration of alcohol of 0.08 or more in their blood or breath; or
Is found by measurement within 2 hours after driving or being in actual physical control of a vehicle to have a concentration of alcohol of 0.08 or more in their blood or breath, to drive or be in actual physical control of a vehicle on a highway or on premises to which the public has access.
2. It is unlawful for any person who:
Is under the influence of a controlled substance;
Is under the combined influence of intoxicating liquor and a controlled substance; or
Inhales, ingests, applies or otherwise uses any chemical, poison or organic solvent, or any compound or combination of any of these, to a degree which renders the person incapable of safely driving or exercising actual physical control of a vehicle, to drive or be in actual physical control of a vehicle on a highway or on premises to which the public has access. The fact that any person charged with a violation of this subsection is or has been entitled to use that drug under the laws of this State is not a defense against any charge of violating this subsection.
3. It is unlawful for any person to drive or be in actual physical control of a vehicle on a highway or on premises to which the public has access with an amount of a prohibited substance in their blood or urine that is equal to or greater than:
Urine (ng/ml) Blood (ng/ml)
Prohibited substance
(a) Amphetamine 500 100
(b) Cocaine 150 50
(c) Cocaine metabolite 150 50
(d) Heroin 2,000 50
(e) Heroin metabolite:
(1) Morphine 2,000 50
(2) 6-monoacetyl morphine 10 10
(f) Lysergic acid diethylamide 25 10
(g) Marijuana 10 2
(h) Marijuana metabolite 15 5
(i) Methamphetamine 500 100
(j) Phencyclidine 25 10
4. If consumption is proven by a preponderance of the evidence, it is an affirmative defense under paragraph c of subsection 1 that the defendant consumed a sufficient quantity of alcohol after driving or being in actual physical control of the vehicle, and before their blood or breath was tested, to cause the defendant to have a concentration of alcohol of 0.08 or more in their blood or breath. A defendant who intends to offer this defense at a trial or preliminary hearing must, not less than 14 days before the trial or hearing or at such other time as the court may direct, file and serve on the prosecuting attorney a written notice of that intent."
North Carolina – "(a) Offense. – A person commits the offense of impaired driving if he drives any vehicle upon any highway, any street, or any public vehicular area within this State:
While under the influence of an impairing substance; or
After having consumed sufficient alcohol that he has, at any relevant time after the driving, an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more. The results of a chemical analysis shall be deemed sufficient evidence to prove a person's alcohol concentration; or
With any amount of a Schedule I controlled substance, as listed in G.S. 90 89, or its metabolites in his blood or urine."
Ohio – "(A)(1) No person shall operate any vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within this state, if, at the time of the operation, any of the following apply:
The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them.
The person has a concentration of eight-hundredths of one per cent or more but less than seventeen-hundredths of one per cent by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's whole blood.
The person has a concentration of ninety-six-thousandths of one per cent or more but less than two hundred four-thousandths of one per cent by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's blood serum or plasma.
The person has a concentration of eight-hundredths of one gram or more but less than seventeen-hundredths of one gram by weight of alcohol per two hundred ten liters of the person's breath.
The person has a concentration of eleven-hundredths of one gram or more but less than two hundred thirty-eight-thousandths of one gram by weight of alcohol per one hundred milliliters of the person's urine.
The person has a concentration of seventeen-hundredths of one per cent or more by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's whole blood.
The person has a concentration of two hundred four-thousandths of one per cent or more by weight per unit volume of alcohol in the person's blood serum or plasma.
The person has a concentration of seventeen-hundredths of one gram or more by weight of alcohol per two hundred ten liters of the person's breath.
The person has a concentration of two hundred thirty-eight-thousandths of one gram or more by weight of alcohol per one hundred milliliters of the person's urine.
Except as provided in division (K) of this section, the person has a concentration of any of the following controlled substances or metabolites of a controlled substance in the person's whole blood, blood serum or plasma, or urine that equals or exceeds any of the following:
The person has a concentration of amphetamine in the person's urine of at least five hundred nanograms of amphetamine per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of amphetamine in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least one hundred nanograms of amphetamine per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
The person has a concentration of cocaine in the person's urine of at least one hundred fifty nanograms of cocaine per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of cocaine in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least fifty nanograms of cocaine per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
The person has a concentration of cocaine metabolite in the person's urine of at least one hundred fifty nanograms of cocaine metabolite per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of cocaine metabolite in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least fifty nanograms of cocaine metabolite per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
The person has a concentration of heroin in the person's urine of at least two thousand nanograms of heroin per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of heroin in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least fifty nanograms of heroin per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
The person has a concentration of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) in the person's urine of at least ten nanograms of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least ten nanograms of heroin metabolite (6-monoacetyl morphine) per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
(vi) The person has a concentration of L.S.D. in the person's urine of at least twenty-five nanograms of L.S.D. per milliliter of the person's urine or a concentration of L.S.D. in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least ten nanograms of L.S.D. per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma.
(vii) The person has a concentration of marihuana in the person's urine of at least ten nanograms of marihuana per milliliter of the person's urine or has a concentration of marihuana in the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma of at least two nanograms of marihuana per milliliter of the person's whole blood or blood serum or plasma."
Pennsylvania – "(d) Controlled substances.--An individual may not drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle under any of the following circumstances:
There is in the individual's blood any amount of a:
Schedule I controlled substance, as defined in the act of April 14, 1972 (P.L.233, No.64), known as The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act;
Schedule II or Schedule III controlled substance, as defined in The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, which has not been medically prescribed for the individual; or
metabolite of a substance under subparagraph (i) or (ii).
The individual is under the influence of a drug or combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the individual's ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle.
The individual is under the combined influence of alcohol and a drug or combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the individual's ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle.
The individual is under the influence of a solvent or noxious substance in violation of 18 Pa.C.S. § 7303 (relating to sale or illegal use of certain solvents and noxious substances)."
Rhode Island – "§ 31-27-2 Driving under influence of liquor or drugs. – (a) Whoever drives or otherwise operates any vehicle in the state while under the influence of any intoxicating liquor, drugs, toluene, or any controlled substance as defined in chapter 28 of title 21, or any combination of these, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor except as provided in subdivision (d)(3) and shall be punished as provided in subsection (d) of this section.
B. Any person charged under subsection (a) of this section whose blood alcohol concentration is eight one-hundredths of one percent (.08%) or more by weight as shown by a chemical analysis of a blood, breath, or urine sample shall be guilty of violating subsection (a) of this section. This provision shall not preclude a conviction based on other admissible evidence. Proof of guilt under this section may also be based on evidence that the person charged was under the influence of intoxicating liquor, drugs, toluene, or any controlled substance defined in chapter 28 of title 21, or any combination of these, to a degree which rendered the person incapable of safely operating a vehicle. The fact that any person charged with violating this section is or has been legally entitled to use alcohol or a drug shall not constitute a defense against any charge of violating this section."
South Carolina – "(A) It is unlawful for a person to drive a motor vehicle within this State while under the influence of alcohol to the extent that the person's faculties to drive a motor vehicle are materially and appreciably impaired, under the influence of any other drug or a combination of other drugs or substances which cause impairment to the extent that the person's faculties to drive a motor vehicle are materially and appreciably impaired, or under the combined influence of alcohol and any other drug or drugs or substances which cause impairment to the extent that the person's faculties to drive a motor vehicle are materially and appreciably impaired. A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of the offense of driving under the influence and, upon conviction, entry of a plea of guilty or of nolo contendere, or forfeiture of bail must be punished as follows:"
Utah – "1. A person may not operate or be in actual physical control of a vehicle within this state if the person:
has sufficient alcohol in the person's body that a subsequent chemical test shows that the person has a blood or breath alcohol concentration of .05 grams or greater at the time of the test;
is under the influence of alcohol, any drug, or the combined influence of alcohol and any drug to a degree that renders the person incapable of safely operating a vehicle; or
has a blood or breath alcohol concentration of .08 grams or greater at the time of operation or actual physical control.
2. Alcohol concentration in the blood shall be based upon grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood, and alcohol concentration in the breath shall be based upon grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath."
Virginia – "It shall be unlawful for any person to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train (i) while such person has a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent or more by weight by volume or 0.08 grams or more per 210 liters of breath as indicated by a chemical test administered as provided in this article, (ii) while such person is under the influence of alcohol, (iii) while such person is under the influence of any narcotic drug or any other self-administered intoxicant or drug of whatsoever nature, or any combination of such drugs, to a degree which impairs his ability to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train safely, (iv) while such person is under the combined influence of alcohol and any drug or drugs to a degree which impairs his ability to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train safely, or (v) while such person has a blood concentration of any of the following substances at a level that is equal to or greater than: (a) 0.02 milligrams of cocaine per liter of blood, (b) 0.1 milligrams of methamphetamine per liter of blood, (c) 0.01 milligrams of phencyclidine per liter of blood, or (d) 0.1 milligrams of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine per liter of blood. A charge alleging a violation of this section shall support a conviction under clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v)."
Wisconsin – "It is illegal in Wisconsin for a driver over the age of 21 to operate a motor vehicle:
With a Blood/Breath Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or greater;
While under the influence of an intoxicant;
With a detectable amount of a restricted controlled substance in their blood; or
While under the influence of a controlled substance or any other drug."
Canada
Criminal Code Offences
In Canada, it is an offence under the federal Criminal Code to drive a motor vehicle if one's ability to drive is impaired by a drug. This is the same offence as driving while impaired by alcohol and carries the same penalties as alcohol-impaired driving.
A charge of impaired driving can be tried either summarily or by indictment. The Crown prosecutor can elect which method to proceed under, based on the seriousness of the offence, but if harm has occurred to another person, the charge must proceed by indictment.
Range of Penalties
Summary Proceedings
If a charge is tried summarily, the accused faces the following sentences if convicted:
for a first offence, a minimum fine of $1,000, with the possibility of a term of imprisonment up to a maximum of 18 months;
for a second offence, a fine of up to $5,000, and a minimum term of imprisonment of 30 days, up to a maximum of 18 months;
for a third offence, a fine of up to $5,000 and a minimum term of imprisonment of 120 days, up to a maximum of 18 months.
Indictable Proceedings
If a charge is tried by indictment, the penalties upon conviction are more severe:
if no harm has occurred to another person, potential imprisonment up to a maximum of 5 years;
if bodily harm to another person has been caused the impaired driving, potential imprisonment up to a maximum of 10 years;
if a death has been caused by the impaired driving, potential life imprisonment, with the possibility of parole after 7 years.
Samples of bodily fluids
If the police have reasonable grounds to believe that a motorist's ability to drive is impaired by a drug, they can make a demand for samples of oral fluids, urine or blood for analysis. If the motorist refuses to provide the sample, it is an offence, and carries exactly the same potential penalties as the offence of impaired driving.
Driving prohibitions and licence suspensions
Upon a conviction for drug-impaired driving, there is in all cases a mandatory driving prohibition as part of the sentence under the Criminal Code:
for a first offence, a minimum prohibition of 1 year, up to a maximum of 3 years;
for a second offence, a minimum prohibition of 2 years, up to a maximum of 5 years;
for a subsequent offence, a minimum prohibition of at least 3 years.
In all cases, these periods of prohibition are in addition to the time for which the accused is sentenced to imprisonment.
In addition to the driving prohibitions as part of the sentence for the criminal offence, the provinces can impose licence suspensions under provincial law.
European Laws
Drug impaired driving is today suspected by the European Road Safety Observatory of being the reason that drink driving crash rates no longer reduce in direct proportion to reducing or plateaued numbers of drunk drivers found on roads. It is believed that the remaining ones are carrying more risk than their blood alcohol levels should strictly impart - due to the frequent addition of other drugs. If the historic assumptions about formulae to setting alcohol limits at particular levels to reduce harm (by anticipated degrees) in the target demographic are defunct, the implications for impaired driving reduction policy are major.
Ireland
In Ireland, it is illegal to drive a motor vehicle if one's ability to drive is impaired by a drug. This is the same offence as driving while impaired by alcohol and carries less penalties than alcohol-impaired driving despite being just as dangerous.
As of 2014, the Road Safety Authority conducts roadside impairment testing of those who are believed to be under the influence of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine and many others.
United Kingdom
Recent UK legislation effective 2 March 2015 has introduced a series of new offences into the realm of road traffic law. The government has sought to tackle the belated increased number of drivers operating vehicles with a high measure of proscribed and prescribed drugs in their system. The new offences detail at least 8 illegal drugs and 8 legally prescribed drugs, which have been given set levels to be tested. Illegal drugs will have a 'trace' level set that would constitute a criminal offence.
Drivers who are taking legally prescribed medication will be required to closely follow their doctor's and drug manufacturer's guidance when taking the medication. If the driver is found to be carrying more than the set levels in their system, outside of the set guidelines, they will be guilty of an offence under the new rules.
Hong Kong
Deterring drug-driving is one of the work priorities of the Police. The Court may disqualify the driver for life.
Driving under the influence of drugs "to an extent as to be incapable of having proper control" is illegal. The Police may require suspects to undergo an objective (at the police station) Impairment Test. Suspects who fail the test shall surrender their driving licence for 24 hours.
Regarding common drugs, the Road Safety Council reminds drivers to check the side effects before driving. The law prohibits driving with any concentration of illicit drugs: heroin, cocaine, ketamine, methamphetamine, cannabis and MDMA.
New Zealand
The Land Transport Act 1998 makes it illegal for New Zealanders to drive or attempt to drive "while impaired and their blood contains evidence of use of qualifying drug". The definition of impaired is defined as being under the influence "to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control of the vehicle".
'Qualifying drugs' include Class A drugs such as heroin, LSD and methamphetamine; Class B drugs such as amphetamines (speed), morphine and opium; and some Class C drugs, such as cannabis and BZP (the psychoactive ingredient in most illegal "party pills");
prescription medicines.
Controversy
This controversy is reduced by reducing the potential for wrongful convictions in two ways; firstly, if blood tests are used to obtain convictions, most legal frameworks outside the United States require corroborating evidence of impairment to support that the blood test result represents impairment. This ranges from suspects being required to undertake physical co-ordination tests, to computerised pupil reaction tests, to use of witness accounts of general behaviour and erratic driving, and may include expert testimony as to expected impacts on performance.
Secondly, when saliva tests are used (Australia), a cut off threshold is calibrated in fitting with U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration standards, at such a level that countries other than the United States have erroneously assumed that the average person would be impaired by the drug detected to a degree that crash risk is significantly raised. The original levels stated by SAMHSA were determined and established simply to detect any drug use; these data were promulgated for testing for individuals in sensitive employment positions regarding public safety and/or national security.
DWI and Drugs: A Look at Per Se Laws for Marijuana). Studies have shown that this use can be as long as weeks in the past (id.). In Germany where more economical sweat tests are used, it is not possible to calibrate detection to a level linked to impairment, and all users may be identified. So unless there has been injury caused there is no criminal charge, but only an administrative one of driving with drugs present, which does not infer impairment or lack of it. This is similar to a speeding ticket as a disincentive for potentially risky behaviour. However if injury was caused, a process of further evidence gathering of driver impairment may be triggered, which can lead to a criminal violation.
Systems where there is a penalty after detection of target drugs are sometimes misnamed zero tolerance for the foregoing reasons. Genuine zero tolerance jurisdictions (ones not applying rational cut offs) are generally failing to substantially reducing drugged driving, where it has been a problem originally. However, in Australia where the use of calibrated devices create de facto limits for common impairing illicit substances, roadside detections and self reporting of drug driving in national telephone surveys have reduced by 25% over the last 3–4 years.
Enforcement
Varying DUID laws have been passed over the last 15 years in response to both increasing roles of drug driving in road tolls, and the fact prosecutors have found it difficult to prove that a driver was impaired from using a controlled substance. Practical difficulties included the transient effects of some drugs wearing off before either police or doctors had a chance to assess many suspects for impairment, and also the expense of having to call expert forensic witnesses before courts to interpret results on a case by case basis. These laws can make their cases much easier to win if they only have to prove the presence of a controlled substance in the blood or urine, without a prescription. The logic in zero tolerance jurisdictions is that the trade off of more efficient prosecutions of potentially impaired individuals is well worth the possible erroneous convictions of a lesser number of drivers who may not in fact be impaired, because the driver was already violating the law by using a controlled substance without a prescription.
There is a tension with such an approach and enhanced road safety. Promoting zero drug use, as with alcohol prohibition, is not a realistic goal and Policing and Court resources are clearly best targeted at hazardous use. The most successful laws for reducing drink driving have sought to modify cultural norms and the target group's behaviour, separating impairment and driving. An approach that appears to be working most successfully to reduce drug driving, based on the Australian experience of matching public health guidelines, such as no driving for approximately 3 hours after cannabis use, with targeted legal intervention (the saliva test drug detection threshold).
References
External links
stopduid.org
candor.org.nz
Hazardous motor vehicle activities | wiki |
A milk cup is a hollow, lightweight plastic disk worn inside the brassiere to help correct a flat or inverted nipple.
Milk cup may also refer to:
SuperCupNI, an international youth football tournament formerly known as Milk Cup or Dale Farm Milk Cup
EFL Cup, an English football competition known as the Milk Cup during its sponsorship with the Milk Marketing Board between 1982 and 1986 | wiki |
St. Thomas of Villanova usually refers to Thomas of Villanova.
St. Thomas of Villanova may also refer to:
St. Thomas of Villanova College in King City, Ontario, Canada
St. Thomas of Villanova Catholic Secondary School, in LaSalle, Ontario, Canada
St. Thomas of Villanova Church on the campus of Villanova University in Villanova, Pennsylvania | wiki |
Sword of the Samurai may refer to:
Sword of the Samurai (computer game), a 1989 American MS-DOS video game
Sword of the Samurai (gamebook), a 1986 roleplaying gamebook by Mark Smith and Jamie Thomson
Kengo 2: Legacy of the Blade, released in Europe in 2003 as Sword of the Samurai, a Japanese fighting video game
"Sword of the Samurai" (Hawaiian Eye), a television episode
Time Machine 3: Sword of the Samurai, a 1984 children's novel in the Time Machine series
See also
Katana, a sword with a curved, single-edged blade used by the samurai of ancient and feudal Japan | wiki |
The Duchy of Lancaster Act 1779 (19 Geo 3 c 45) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.
This Act was partly in force in Great Britain at the end of 2010.
Section 1(1) of, and Group 3 of Part VII of Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989 repealed:
Sections 4 and 6
Section 7 from "and also" to "for ever"
Sections 8, 9 and 11
Section 12 so far as it related to assurances for enfranchisement
Section 13 from "or by the enfranchisement" to "hereditaments"
References
Halsbury's Statutes,
External links
The Duchy of Lancaster Act 1779, as amended, from Legislation.gov.uk
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1779
Duchy of Lancaster | wiki |
Japanese in MangaLand (マンガで日本語) is a series of educational books by Marc Bernabe designed to help teach Japanese using original, untranslated manga. Originally published in Spanish as Japonés en viñetas, it has since had translated versions published in English, German, French, Catalan, Italian, and Portuguese. There are three main books along with two workbooks.
Kanji in MangaLand (マンガで漢字) is a series for learning 1,006 basic kanji (ideogram) characters.
Publications
Japanese in MangaLand series
Japanese in MangaLand: Learning the Basics/Japanese in MangaLand: Basic Japanese Course Using Manga:
1st edition by Japan Publications Trading (Japanese in Mangaland: Learning the Basics/Japanese in Mangaland: Basic Japanese Course Using Manga) (/):
?th impression (2004-03-12)
Bilingual (Spanish/Japanese) edition by Norma Editorial Sa (Japonés en viñetas: Curso basico de japonés a traves del manga) (/)
?th impression (2007-07-30)
Japanese in MangaLand: Workbook 1:
Japan Publications Trading edition (/)
?th impression (2006-11-03)
Japanese in MangaLand 2: Basic to Intermediate Level:
Bilingual edition by Japan Publications Trading (/):
?th impression (2005-09-02)
Japanese in MangaLand 3: Intermediate Level:
1st edition by Japan Publications Trading (/):
?th impression (2006-04-07)
Kanji in MangaLand series
Kanji in MangaLand Volume 1
bilingual edition (/)
?th impression (2007-11-16)
Kanji in MangaLand Volume 2: Basic to Intermediate Kanji Course through Manga
bilingual edition (/)
?th impression (2009-10-04)
References
See also
Japanese the Manga Way
Mangajin
Japanese language learning resources
Series of books
Book series introduced in 2004
Publications established in 2004 | wiki |
Positive-negative film is instant photographic film that generates both a positive print and a negative from a single exposure on a single medium.
Polaroid Type 55, Polaroid Type 665, and Polaroid Type 105 are notable films of this variety.
References
Photographic film types | wiki |
Legacy Family Tree is genealogy software for Windows that assists family historians in tracking, organizing, printing, and sharing family history. The standard edition is distributed as freeware, with no restrictions, only requiring registration on the company's web site to download the software. Users may pay a fee in order to conduct Product activation to "unlock" the additional features in the deluxe edition.
Features
Features of the software allow groups of people to coordinate their work and track each other's changes. When two files are open, entire lines can be dragged and dropped from one to the other. Multimedia support includes pictures, sound clips, and videos; images can be displayed individually, in slide shows, or as screen savers. The program imports and exports standard GEDCOM files and files from Personal Ancestral File (PAF). Links to the Internet allow searching online databases for any person in the family file.
Other features include search and replace, spell checking of all notes, source documentation features, and relationship calculation. For users entering U.S. information, the program issues a warning if the county entered did not exist at the time of the event. TempleReady reports can be produced by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
The deluxe edition (7.0) includes Legacy Charting. Legacy Charting locates all Legacy files on a hard drive, allows the creation of charts from any Legacy file, and uses a Chart Creation Wizard to help the user create a chart and customize the charts' appearance. They include large-scale wall charts, including drop-down descendancies, fan charts, hourglass charts and DNA charts. Locations where a person's ancestors lived can be automatically mapped.
Languages available
A printed manual and tutorial videos are available in English; the program and the help files are available in several languages, referred to as international releases. In addition to English (Australian, Canadian, UK and US versions), the Danish, Dutch, French, German, Norwegian Nynorsk, Norwegian Bokmål, Swedish and Faroese versions have been released. Teams of volunteers are, in 2012, working on translations to Afrikaans, Chinese, Estonian, Finnish, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. The software does not support any other text encoding than Western script.
History
After three years of development starting in 1995 by Ken McGinnis and Dave Berdan.
Legacy version 1.0 was released in June 1997.
Legacy version 2.0 was released on 17 Oct 1997.
Legacy version 3.0 was released on 14 Dec 2000 as a free demo version from Legacy's website
Legacy version 3.0 was released in 2001 as an official release.
Legacy version 4.0 was released on 14 Mar 2002 as a free edition and a deluxe edition.
Legacy version 5.0 was released on 18 Nov 2003.
Legacy version 6.0 was released on 09 Aug 2005.
Legacy version 7.0 was released on 02 Jun 2008.
Legacy version 8.0 was released on 26 Nov 2013.
Legacy version 9.0 was released on 17 Apr 2017.
File format
Legacy's underlying database engine is stored using the Access Database Engine (ACE/JET): the Legacy database (*.fdb) can be opened in Microsoft Access.
References
External links
Legacy charting
Windows-only freeware
Windows-only genealogy software | wiki |
A jib or jib arm is the horizontal or near-horizontal beam used in many types of crane to support the load clear of the main support. An archaic spelling is gib.
Usually jib arms are attached to a vertical mast or tower or sometimes to an inclined boom. In other jib-less designs such as derricks, the load is hung directly from a boom which is often anomalously called a jib.
A camera jib or jib arm in cinematography is a small crane that holds nothing but the camera.
References
Mechanical engineering | wiki |
This is the list of entries of the 2021 BWF World Championships qualification.
Overview
Events
This event holds men's singles and doubles, women's singles and doubles, and mixed doubles.
Number of players/member association quota
This event's total limit of eligibility players is 400 players, the following charts are the rules and the distribution.
Participating players
Men's singles
According to the phase 2 updated by BWF, the following table is the invitation results.
Women's singles
According to the phase 2 updated by BWF, the following table is the invitation results.
Men's doubles
According to the phase 2 updated by BWF, the following table is the invitation results.
Women's doubles
According to the phase 2 updated by BWF, the following table is the invitation results.
Mixed doubles
According to the phase 2 updated by BWF, the following table is the invitation results.
References
External links
Official website
BWF website
Qualification
Qualification for sports events | wiki |
Players who have played at least one game for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1967–68 to present.
Key
Current Team player.
Current NHL player.
The "Seasons" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–2001 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000–2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.
Goaltenders
Notes
a: As of the 2005–2006 NHL season, all games have a winner; teams losing in overtime and shootouts are awarded one point thus the OTL stat replaces the tie statistic. The OTL column also includes SOL (Shootout losses).
Skaters
References
HockeyDB.com
NHL Skaters – Pittsburgh Penguins
NHL Goaltenders – Pittsburgh Penguins
Pittsburgh Penguins
players | wiki |
¿Qué pasó con Jacqueline? (English title: What happened to Jacqueline?) is a Venezuelan telenovela created by Alicia Barrios and Gustavo Michelena which was broadcast by Radio Caracas Television in 1982. The telenovela lasted for 48 episodes.
Doris Wells starred in the dual role of Ana/Jacqueline alongside Jean Carlo Simancas as the protagonists.
Plot
Ana and Jacqueline are two orphaned twins. Ana suffers from a heart disease, and she is always assuming her sister's identity, to the point that she manipulates her way into taking Jacqueline's place in her marriage to architect Alejandro Ascanio. Jacqueline suffers an accident where her face gets disfigured, and she reappears with a new identity calling herself Melissa Vidal after reconstructive surgery. Her goal then becomes to conquer her husband again and to expose her twin sister who took over her identity.
Cast
Doris Wells
Jean Carlo Simancas
Víctor Cámara
Liliana Durán
Elba Escobar
Félix Loreto
Carlos Márquez
Yajaira Orta
Alicia Plaza
References
External links
1982 telenovelas
RCTV telenovelas
1982 Venezuelan television series debuts
1982 Venezuelan television series endings
Venezuelan telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Caracas | wiki |
Pepsi Next (stylized as pepsi next or pepsi NEXT) is a discontinued cola-flavored carbonated soft drink produced by PepsiCo. It was a variant of the Pepsi cola range.
In some markets it was sweetened with high fructose corn syrup, sugar, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose, and marketed toward drinkers of full-calorie Pepsi, and those who do not enjoy the taste of Diet Pepsi, Pepsi ONE, Pepsi Max, and other diet colas.
On June 25, 2013, PepsiCo informed their Facebook readers that the new formulation of Pepsi Next no longer contained aspartame, the artificial sweetener used in many diet soft drinks including Diet Pepsi, hence some bottles sold in the U.S. read 'aspartame free'. However, the continued presence of acesulfame potassium means this version of the product still contained artificial sweeteners.
In other marketing areas, including Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand, where it was marketed as having "30% less sugar", Pepsi Next was sweetened using an extract from stevia and had no artificial sweeteners.
Creation
Pepsi Edge, Pepsi's first mid-calorie cola, was introduced in 2004, and discontinued only two years later. PepsiCo, towards the end of the 2000s found new interest in mid-calorie beverages, and then released G2, a version of Gatorade with less than half the calories, and in the year 2011, Trop50, a juice blend, with 50% the calories of regular juice.
In September 2007, PepsiCo filed for trademarks in the US Patent and Trademark Office, for "Pepsi Next", and "Diet Pepsi Next".
In 2010, PepsiCo began to test Pepsi Next via market research groups. In June 2011, PepsiCo announced that Pepsi Next was going to be moved into two test markets, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Eau Claire, Wisconsin. After testing, on February 27, 2012, PepsiCo announced the launch of Pepsi Next.
In the Australian market, Pepsi Next was bottled by Schweppes Australia and is sweetened by stevia which reduces the sugar content by 30% compared to regular Pepsi. Pepsi Next was first introduced in France in March 2013, and in Finland and Canada in March 2014. Stevia extract is used in all three markets.
Reception and taste
One site stated that, Although it contains three artificial sweeteners and has 60 percent fewer calories than regular Pepsi, it's really hard to taste anything "diet" about Pepsi Next. But it's not quite like regular Pepsi; it's less syrupy and smoother. There are also differences in flavor between Pepsi Next and original Pepsi. I thought Pepsi Next had a slightly stronger cola flavor and, for some reason, my taste buds perceived a hint of lemon.
According to the BevReview, the initial taste of Pepsi Next is similar to original Pepsi, but this is followed by the less pleasant taste of artificial sweeteners.
Marketing
After the launch of Pepsi Next, a television commercial was launched that depicted a young couple, enjoying Pepsi Next.
Eva Longoria, Paula Patton, and Nicki Minaj all have featured in advertisements for Pepsi Next. Paula Patton has filmed a television commercial for Pepsi Next, as has Nicki Minaj.
A series of Internet and print ads were made, with a picture of a can of Pepsi Next, with the words: Real Cola Taste, 60% Less Sugar, Drink It To Believe It.
In the 2013 Super Bowl, Pepsi used its advertising minutes right before the halftime show (which featured Beyonce, a "brand ambassador" for Pepsi) to advertise Pepsi Next. The presentation by Pepsi (the halftime show plus the advertising) was unique in that it featured photos of Pepsi customers. Pepsi had asked customers to send in photos before the Super Bowl.
See also
Pepsi Edge The mid-calorie cola that preceded Pepsi Next, was considered a failure, and was discontinued after two years
Diet Pepsi The original diet cola version of Pepsi
Pepsi Max A highly caffeinated diet cola.
Pepsi ONE A different diet cola, with one calorie and sweetened with Splenda
References
External links
Pepsi Next on Facebook
BevReview Review of Pepsi Next
Pepsi Official Website
Official Press Release About Pepsi Next's Nationwide Release
PepsiCo cola brands
Products introduced in 2012
Products and services discontinued in 2015
Discontinued soft drinks | wiki |
Pursuit may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Films
Pursuit (1935 film), a 1935 American action film
Pursuit (1972 American film), a made-for-TV film directed by Michael Crichton
Pursuit (1972 Hong Kong film), a Shaw Brothers film
Pursuit (1989 film), a TV miniseries directed by Ian Sharp
The pursuit of happyness, a 2006 Gabriel Muccino film
Pursuit (2015 film), an Irish film
Pursuit (2022 film), an American film
Apache Blood or Pursuit, a 1975 film directed by Vern Piehl
Music
Pursuit (album), 2012 album by Stuck in the Sound
The Pursuit (album), a 2009 album by Jamie Cullum
"Pursuit", a 2010 song by In Fear and Faith from the album, Imperial
Television
"Pursuit" (Death Note episode), 2006 episode of the anime series
Pursuit (TV series), a 1950s anthology
Novel and games
Pursuit (novel), a science fiction novel
Pursuit (video game), a 1975 Atari game
Trivial Pursuit, a board game
Sports
Individual pursuit, a biathlon event
Individual pursuit, a track cycling event
Pursuit racing, where two or more competitors/teams are chasing after each other or a lead competitor/team
Team pursuit, an event in long track speed skating
Team pursuit, a track cycling event
Vehicles
Pontiac Pursuit or Chevrolet Cobalt, an automobile
Pursuit aircraft, the US term for a fighter aircraft until the 1940s
Rans S-11 Pursuit, a light aircraft
See also
Chase (disambiguation)
Deadly Pursuit (disambiguation) | wiki |
Nigel Paul Taylor (born 1956) is a British botanist. He mainly focuses on the study of cacti. Taylor has been director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens since September 2011. He was previously curator of the Kew Gardens in London.
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
British botanists | wiki |
Euseius rhododendronis is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
References
rhododendronis
Articles created by Qbugbot
Animals described in 1970 | wiki |
Drip line may refer to:
Nuclear drip line, the lines beyond which protons or neutrons leak out of nuclei
Tree drip line, the area defined by the outermost circumference of a tree canopy where water drips from and onto the ground, useful for tree crown measurement
Drip irrigation line, where the tubes and hoses are laid
See also
Drip (disambiguation)
Line (disambiguation)
Dropline (disambiguation) | wiki |
A night game is a game played under artificial lights.
Night Game may also refer to:
Night Game (film), a 1989 baseball mystery film
Night Game (novel), a paranormal romance novel by Christine Feehan
The Night Game, an American rock band
Night Game, a 1992 mystery novel by Alison Gordon
NightSky, a video game by Nicklas Nygren previously known as Night Game
See also
Night Games (disambiguation) | wiki |
Pencil-in-cup is a radiologic sign indicating a deformity where fingers have the appearance of a pencil lying in a cup. This sign is classically seen in psoriatic arthritis, but it is also reported in systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
References
Radiologic signs | wiki |
Bridge deck may refer to
Deck (bridge), the top surface of a bridge span
Orthotropic deck, a type of bridge deck
Bridge deck, a raised forward section of a boat cockpit
Deck of cards, used in the card game of bridge
Deck department, a unit aboard naval and merchant ships | wiki |
Stratocumulus floccus is a species of cloud belonging to Stratocumulus cloud genus. Stratocumulus floccus is usually a sign of instability at that altitude. This cloud is usually formed due to the remaining dissipation of a stratocumulus castellanus cloud base.
References
Cumulus
Clouds
Atmospheric sciences | wiki |
Voltaic may refer to:
Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), Italian physicist, chemist, and electricity pioneer
Voltaic pile, the first electrical battery
Electricity from an electrochemical cell or battery
Voltaïc, releases from Björk's album, Volta
Volta River, a river in west Africa
Upper Volta, a colony and nation now known as Burkina Faso
Gur languages, a subfamily of Atlantic-Congo languages formerly known as the Voltaic languages
See also
Volta (disambiguation)
List of forms of electricity named after scientists | wiki |
A bridie or Forfar bridie is a Scottish meat pasty that originates from Forfar, Scotland.
History and preparation
Bridies are said "to have been 'invented' by a Forfar baker in the 1850s". The name may refer to the pie's frequent presence on wedding menus, or to Margaret Bridie of Glamis, "who sold them at the Buttermarket in Forfar". Bakers in Forfar traditionally use shortcrust pastry for their bridies, but in other parts of Scotland, flaky pastry is sometimes substituted. The filling of a bridie consists of minced steak, butter, and beef suet seasoned with salt and pepper. It is sometimes made with minced onions. Before being baked, the bridie's filling is placed on pastry dough, which is then folded into a semi-circular shape; finally, the edges are crimped. If the baker pokes one hole in the top of a bridie, this indicates that it is plain, or without onions; two holes means that it does contain onions, a convention which is applied also to a Scotch pie.
Cultural references
The bridie is the subject of the Dundee Scots shibboleth Twa bridies, a plen ane an ingin ane an a (Two bridies, a plain one and an onion one as well).
Forfar Athletic Football Club, who play in the Scottish Professional Football League, have a bridie as their mascot.
See also
Scotch pie - the most common pastry snack in Scotland
Pasty - Cornish equivalent
Turnover (food) - a sweet or savory filled pastry
References
British pies
Savoury pies
Scottish cuisine
Forfar | wiki |
Berwick Hill is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Ponteland, in the county of Northumberland, England. It is situated to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, near Ponteland. In 1951 the parish had a population of 41.
Governance
Berwick Hill is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. Berwick Hill was formerly a township in Ponteland parish, from 1866 Berwick Hill was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1955 and merged with Ponteland.
References
External links
Villages in Northumberland
Former civil parishes in Northumberland | wiki |
Deborah Lee is the name of:
Deb Lee, fictional character from the American TV series One Tree Hill
Debbie Lee (born 1974), Australian rules footballer
Deborah Lee (film producer) (1949-2007), film producer for Scenes of the Crime
Deborah Lee (actress) (born 1951), Hong Kong actress, ex-wife of Patrick Tse | wiki |
New Day Films is a U.S. film distribution company based in Newburgh, New York that serves the non-theatrical market (colleges and universities, libraries, high schools, and community groups).
History
Founded in 1971 by Julia Reichert and James Klein, New Day operates as a cooperative, consisting of more than 100 filmmaker members and a management team elected from the membership.
Films
New Day's titles fall into such categories as Multiculturalism and Diversity; Social and Political History; Gender and Socialization; Media, Art, and Culture; Physical and Mental Health; Parenting and Family; and Global Concerns.
The company's titles include the Academy Award-winning documentary short subject Witness to War: Dr. Charlie Clements. It has also distributed nine Academy Award-nominated films including The Collector of Bedford Street, With Babies and Banners: Story of the Women's Emergency Brigade, and four Emmy Award-winning titles, as well as films that have been broadcast on P.O.V., Independent Lens, HBO and other national programs.
The company distributes the films of academic filmmakers such as Joanne Hershfield.
References
External links
New Day Films
Film distributors of the United States
Artist cooperatives in the United States
Documentary film organizations
Filmmaker cooperatives | wiki |
The Mighty Swordsmen is a 1970 anthology of fantasy short stories in the sword and sorcery subgenre, edited by Hans Stefan Santesson. It was first published in paperback by Lancer Books in December 1970, and was a follow-up to the earlier Lancer anthology The Mighty Barbarians. Robert M. Price edited a later-day homage to both anthologies called The Mighty Warriors (2018).
Summary
The book collects six sword and sorcery tales of authors and protagonists prominent in the genre, featuring Robert E. Howard's Conan, Lin Carter's Thongor, Michael Moorcock's Elric, John Brunner's Traveller in Black, and Roger Zelazny's Dilvish.
Contents
"Keeper of the Emerald Flame" (Thongor) (Lin Carter)
"The Bells of Shoredan" (Dilvish) (Roger Zelazny)
"Break the Door of Hell" (Traveller in Black) (John Brunner)
"The People of the Summit" (Conan) (Björn Nyberg)
"The Flame Bringers" (Elric) (Michael Moorcock)
"Beyond the Black River" (Conan) (Robert E. Howard)
Reception
The book was reviewed by L. Sprague de Camp in Amra v. 2, no. 54, April 1971, and Douglas Menville in Forgotten Fantasy no. 5, June 1971.
Notes
1970 anthologies
Fantasy anthologies
Lancer Books books | wiki |
Hurricane deck or Hurricane Deck may refer to:
An upper deck, on certain types of ships
Hurricane Deck, Missouri, USA
Hurricane Deck Bridge, located nearby
Hurricane Deck (California), a ridge in California's San Rafael Wilderness | wiki |
The main deck of a ship is the uppermost complete deck extending from bow to stern. A steel ship's hull may be considered a structural beam with the main deck forming the upper flange of a box girder and the keel forming the lower strength member. The main deck may act as a tension member when the ship is supported by a single wave amidships, or as a compression member when the ship is supported between waves forward and aft.
References
Nautical terminology | wiki |
Upper deck may refer to:
Upper Deck Company, an American trading card business
Upper deck, the highest level internal deck on a ship
The second (or higher) tier (deck) of seating in a sports stadium | wiki |
Carolina Brewery is a beer brewery and restaurant/pub with locations in Chapel Hill and Pittsboro, North Carolina. Carolina Brewery has drawn international attention for its handcrafted beers. Founded in 1995, Carolina Brewery is the oldest brewery in the Triangle area. It was one of the first craft breweries in North Carolina. The restaurant serves contemporary American cuisine and features a seasonal menu.
Awards
Copperline Amber Ale
2020 Best in Show, NC Craft Brewers Guild
Gold Medal, World Beer Championships
Sky Blue Kölsch
2020 First Place for Alternative Fermentation, NC Craft Brewers Guild
Silver Medal World Beer Championships
Flagship India Pale Ale
Gold Medal, 2006 Great American Beer Festival
Best Brewpub in the Southeast by Brewpub Magazine
Best Overall Brewery at Hopfest 2004
Best Burger in the Triangle by Independent Magazine and the readers of The Daily Tar Heel.
Beers Available Year-Round
Carolina Brewery offers four beers year-round in 6- and 12-packs at retailers and on draft at Carolina Brewery's brewery restaurants and at other restaurants and bars:
Sky Blue Kolsch
Copperline Amber Ale
American IPA
Costero Mexican Lager
Limited Edition Seasonal Specials
Carolina Brewery offers rotating selection of draft beer at Carolina Brewery's brewery restaurants and at other restaurants and bars"
Dogwood Citrus Ale
Oatmeal Porter
Czech Pilsner
Oktoberfest
Santa's Secret
References
External links
Carolina Brewery
Citations
Restaurants in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Chapel Hill-Carrboro, North Carolina
Beer brewing companies based in North Carolina
Restaurants established in 1995
1995 establishments in North Carolina | wiki |
Crucifixion of Saint Peter refers to the death of Saint Peter
It may also refer to:
Crucifixion of Saint Peter (Caravaggio), a 1600 painting by Caravaggio
The Crucifixion of St. Peter (Michelangelo), a 1540s fresco painting by Michelangelo
See also
Cross of St. Peter | wiki |
Before the Ever After is a middle-grade novel in verse by Jacqueline Woodson, published September 1, 2020 by Nancy Paulsen Books.
Reception
Before the Ever After received starred reviews from Kirkus, Booklist, School Library Journal, Horn Book, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness, as well as a positive review from The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books.
Kirkus named it one of the best books of the year.
The audiobook received a starred review from Booklist.
References
2020 children's books
Coretta Scott King Award-winning works
NAACP Image Awards
Literature by African-American women | wiki |
The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a self-report questionnaire designed to help detect bipolar disorder. It focuses on symptoms of hypomania and mania, which are the mood states that separate bipolar disorders from other types of depression and mood disorder. It has 5 main questions, and the first question has 13 parts, for a total of 17 questions. The MDQ was originally tested with adults, but it also has been studied in adolescents ages 11 years and above. It takes approximately 5–10 minutes to complete. In 2006, a parent-report version was created to allow for assessment of bipolar symptoms in children or adolescents from a caregiver perspective, with the research looking at youths as young as 5 years old. The MDQ has become one of the most widely studied and used questionnaires for bipolar disorder, and it has been translated into more than a dozen languages.
Development
The MDQ was developed as a screening tool for bipolar disorder, and assesses symptoms of mania and hypomania It was developed in the hopes that it would reduce the mis-diagnosis and delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The first 13 items on the measure ask about any manic/hypomanic symptoms that may have occurred during one’s lifetime. These items are based on the DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder. Additional items then ask if these symptoms have happened during the same period of time (an "episode"), and how severely these symptoms affected functioning (assessing impairment). In developing this tool, the MDQ was administered to a group of bipolar patients to assess feasibility and face validity, leading to revision of the items. Following this initial study, researchers have assessed psychometric properties of the MDQ, finding that the measure possesses adequate internal consistency. The measure has also demonstrated fair sensitivity in several studies, although sensitivity may be greater in inpatient versus community settings. First built for use in adults, it has been translated into many languages and tested in a range of different settings. Researchers also have studied whether parents could use this to provide useful information about their child or adolescent. Meta-analyses have found that the MDQ is one of the best self-report tools for assessing hypomania or mania in adults, and the parent report version is one of the three best options available for parents to use about their children.
Limitations
One limitation of the MDQ is that it has shown higher sensitivity when detecting bipolar I compared to other bipolar spectrum disorders. It is much less sensitive to bipolar II, often missing more than half of the cases with this diagnosis when using the recommended algorithm. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity of the MDQ has been shown to differ by the use of a standard vs. modified cutoff (i.e., simplifies the cutoff to be based only on symptom endorsement, rather than impairment). Sensitivity and specificity of the MDQ also depend on study inclusion and exclusion criteria. Including more severe cases will increase the apparent sensitivity, because it is more likely that they will have high scores. Including healthy controls or people who are not seeking services will exaggerate the specificity of the test, as these individuals are unlikely to have manic symptoms and will score very low on the measure as a result.
Another major limitation of the MDQ is that it is not to be sensitive to treatment effects. It asks about lifetime history of symptoms, which is a strength for screening and detection, but a weakness for measuring the current severity of mood symptoms. The MDQ also uses a yes/no format for the symptoms, rather than asking about the severity of each. Other rating scales are more useful for measuring severity and treatment outcomes.
Additionally, self-report measures have some disadvantages, including bias that can stem from social desirability and demand characteristics.
See also
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder research
Bipolar disorder in children
Other rating scales assessing similar symptoms include:
Hypomania Checklist
General Behavior Inventory
Child Mania Rating Scale
References
External links
Adults
Children and youth
EffectiveChildTherapy.Org information on Bipolar Disorder
Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
Bipolar disorder
Depression (mood)
Health surveys
Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
Mood disorders
Mania screening and assessment tools
Treatment of bipolar disorder | wiki |
Die cutting may refer to:
Die (manufacturing)
Die cutting (shearing), the general process of shearing using dies
Die cutting (web), the cutting of shapes out of webs
Die preparation of semiconductor chips
Another name for die making
Katanuki (Japanese, lit. Die Cutting), a game where one cuts a shape out of a sheet of candy | wiki |
The Cavendish College London (CCL), also sometimes known as Cavendish College, is the trading name belonging to Cavendish International Education. It provides courses in computing, creative studies, digital media, business, hospitality and music.
History
The college was established in 1985. In 2004, Cavendish expanded its operations in Africa and opened a university in Zambia (Cavendish University Zambia) after four years of successful operation in Zambia, the brand expanded to Uganda and opened its second university in 2008 (Cavendish University Uganda) and has since established other colleges internationally.
References
External links
Cavendish University Uganda (CUU)
Cavendish University Zambia (CUZ)
Educational institutions established in 1985
Education in London
Higher education colleges in London
Defunct universities and colleges in London
1985 establishments in England | wiki |
MS Serif is a raster typeface packaged with Microsoft Windows. It was introduced in Windows 1.x as "Tms Rmn" (which is shortened to Times Roman), and changed to its current name starting with Windows 3.1 (just as "Helv" became MS Sans Serif).
See also
Times New Roman
References
Windows XP typefaces
Microsoft typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1992 | wiki |
Live Arena di Verona – album di Paolo Conte
Live Arena di Verona – DVD di Paolo Conte
Live Arena di Verona - Sold Out – album di Patty Pravo | wiki |
Power blackjack is a variant of the card gambling game blackjack, modified by certain doubling and splitting rules, called "Power Double" and "Power Split," that are advantageous to the player, offset by the rule that, when the dealer makes a total of twenty two, any active player hands push rather than winning.
Basic rules
The rules for the power blackjack game are based on the standard blackjack rules and involve common blackjack terms.
Rules variations
The main variations are:
6 decks in shoe
Dealer stands on soft 17
Power double – (see explanation below)
Power split – (see explanation below)
Player's blackjack gets paid 3:2.
Double down after a Split is allowed
Dealer twenty two pushes against any active player hands (depends on casino rules)
Surrender when dealer has an open Ace is not allowed (depends on casino rules)
Insurance when dealer has an open Ace is not allowed (depends on casino rules)
Power double
If the player's two-card total is nine, ten or eleven (in some casinos, only ten and eleven, and in some casinos soft 19 and 20 are included) and the player doubles, the player has the option of discarding the double-down card received and replacing it with top (unseen) card from the shoe. The player can not replace the second double card. This option increases the favorability of doubling opportunities. Thus, basic strategy for Power Blackjack includes more doubles than for regular blackjack. Furthermore, a player needs to learn the additional strategy of when to replace the first double-down card to take maximum advantage of this rule variation. This strategy will depend on the player's initial total, the card drawn, and the dealer's up card.
Power split
If the player is initially dealt a fifteen or sixteen (in some casinos hard only), the player can split the two cards, even if they are different values. After a power-split, all regular double-down and split actions are allowed, but power-split and power-double options are no longer allowed.
External links
Methodology of Power Blackjack
Evolution Power Blackjack
Blackjack | wiki |
Richard Timothy Sult is an American musician best known as the guitarist for rock band Clutch. He is also the guitarist for an instrumental side project, The Bakerton Group, and an occasional member of the reggae rock / stoner rock band Lionize, as well as the band Deep Swell. Sult has remained the guitarist for Clutch since the group started in 1991.
References
External links
Clutch's official website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Lead guitarists
American rock guitarists
Place of birth missing (living people)
American male guitarists
Clutch (band) members
The Bakerton Group members | wiki |
OMX was a former name of the Nasdaq Nordic stock exchange group.
OMX may also refer to:
The stock symbol for OfficeMax
OpenMAX, a cross-platform set of C-language programming interfaces
The ISO 639-3 code for the Old Mon language | wiki |
Jason Bergmann (born March 13, 1978) is an American strongman competitor and entrant to the World's Strongest Man competition on multiple occasions.
Career
Jason Bergmann came to international attention with a third-place finish in the All-American Strongman Challenge 2007. He then became a leading competitor on the Strongman Super Series circuit and in 2008 came second in the America's Strongest Man competition. Having then been invited to the 2008 World's Strongest Man he made the final ten (coming ninth overall). Strong finishes in the Strongman Super Series grands prix in Venice Beach and Gothenburg were followed by a period of injury. In 2010 he began competing again and once again made the final ten of the prestigious 2010 World's Strongest Man, having made the final on both occasions he had competed at the premier strongman competition.
Competition record
2006
9. - All-American Strongman Challenge 2006
2007
3. - All-American Strongman Challenge 2007
4. - Super Series 2007: Mohegan Sun
2008
5. - Super Series 2008: Mohegan Sun
4. - All-American Strongman Challenge 2008
2. - America's Strongest Man 2008
9. - World's Strongest Man 2008
2. - Poland vs USA team event
2009
3. - Super Series 2009: Venice Beach
3. - Super Series 2009: Göteborg
2010
10. - World's Strongest Man 2010
References
American strength athletes
1978 births
Living people | wiki |
Behind You () is a 2011 Ecuadorian drama film written and directed by Tito Jara.
Cast
Lily Alejandra as Yahaira
Nicolás Hogan as Luis Alberto Granada de la Roca
Jenny Nava as Greta
Gabino Torres as Jorge Chicaiza Cisneros
References
External links
2011 films
2011 drama films
2010s Spanish-language films
Ecuadorian drama films | wiki |
Agesilaus () may refer to:
Agesilaus I ( BC), Agiad king of Sparta
Agesilaus II ( BC), Eurypontid king of Sparta, brother of Agis II
Agesilaus (general), brother to Agis III, Eurypontid king of Sparta ( BC)
Agesilaus (statesman), ephor in 242 BC, also uncle of Agis IV, king of Sparta ( BC)
Agesilaus (historian), an ancient Greek historian
Agesander (Hades), an epithet of the Greek god Hades, sometimes rendered as "Agesilaus"
Agesilaus (Xenophon), biographical work about Agesilaus II written by Greek historian Xenophon
de:Agesilaos#Bekannte Namensträger | wiki |
A. T. Abu is a Malayalam director perhaps known best for directing the film Dhwani. He has directed eight Malayalam films to date, two of which were unreleased.
Filmography
References
External links
Living people
Malayalam film directors
20th-century Indian film directors
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Thunbergia arnhemica is een plantensoort uit de Acanthusfamilie (Acanthaceae). De soort komt voor in het noorden van Australië.
Acanthusfamilie | wiki |
Black Monday peut se référer à :
Black Monday est une mixtape du rappeur américain The Game.
Black Monday est une série télévisée américaine. | wiki |
Professional Graduate Diploma may refer to:
Professional Graduate Diploma in Information Technology - An academic qualification equal to the third (final) year of a UK honors degree, awarded by the British Computer Society (BCS)
Professional Graduate Diploma in Education - A one-year course in Scotland for undergraduate degree holders | wiki |
A birdhouse or nest box is an artificial nest for birds.
Birdhouse may also refer to:
Birdhouse (album), by Fred Anderson
Birdhouse Skateboards, founded by Tony Hawk and Per Welinder in 1992
"Birdhouse in Your Soul", a song by They Might Be Giants | wiki |
The Wing or the Thigh, from the French () is a 1976 French comedy film directed by Claude Zidi, starring Louis de Funès and Coluche.
Plot
Charles Duchemin (Louis de Funès) is the editor of an internationally known restaurant guide, for which he still personally performs numerous restaurant tests using an assortment of elaborate disguises to escape detection by the restaurant owners. After being appointed to the Académie française, Duchemin decides to retire as a restaurant critic and trains his son Gérard (Coluche) to continue the family business. However, unbeknownst to Charles, Gérard is more interested in his true passion—working as a clown in a small circus which he has co-founded and supports financially.
Charles Duchemin is informed that Jacques Tricatel (Julien Guiomar), the owner of a company of mass-produced food, is trying to take over a large number of quality restaurants which had been awarded stars by Duchemin. Duchemin fears that customers will be misled into eating low quality food at Tricatel-owned restaurants. A short time later, an operative hired by Tricatel enters Duchemin's offices and tries to steal the almost finished restaurant guide from this year. Duchemin is able to trick the operative into stealing last year's data and, together with Gérard, follows him to watch him hand over the files to Tricatel's assistant Lambert (Daniel Langlet).
Duchemin resolves to fight against Tricatel. First he agrees to appear on a famous talk show hosted by Philippe Bouvard, who had long been trying to get Duchemin on the show, but only under the condition that Tricatel also be invited. He then orders his staff to obtain incriminating information on Tricatel which he plans to use during the talk show confrontation.
Charles begins a lengthy tour of France's restaurants to finish up this year's restaurant guide. Gérard decides to come with him because Charles' new young secretary Marguerite (Ann Zacharias) will also attend and Gérard is smitten by her. During the tour, they are followed by Lambert. Since the circus cannot perform without Gérard, it is decided that the circus will follow the Duchemins' journey and Gérard will slip out of the hotel every night to take part in the performance. During one of the nights Gérard is followed by Lambert, who gives this information to Tricatel. He, in turn, informs Charles who secretly attends the next circus performance. During the performance he confronts Gérard and fires him.
When Charles returns to the hotel-restaurant alone, he himself is confronted by the manager. The manager once was the owner of a highly rated restaurant but Duchemin had taken away the restaurant's stars a few years ago, which led to his bankruptcy. He had to sell his business to Tricatel which now delivers the disgusting food that is served in the restaurant. The manager forces Charles at gunpoint to eat all the leftovers in the kitchen, leading Charles to become ill.
The next day, when recuperating in the hospital, Charles notices that the ordeal has completely taken away his sense of taste. Lambert, who is still shadowing the Duchemins, finds this out and gives the information to Tricatel who plans to humiliate Duchemin by letting him perform a blind tasting during the talk show. He also informs the press of Charles' condition who swarm the hospital. After Charles rehires Gérard, both manage to escape the journalists and lay low in Gérard's circus.
On the day of the talk show Charles and Gérard, with Marguerite's help, infiltrate Tricatel's food factory to obtain incriminating evidence. They find out that all the food is made from artificial ingredients, e.g. petroleum and rubber. They are discovered by company security. When this information is brought to Tricatel, who is already in the TV studio, he demands that both be killed discreetly in the factory. The security forces try to chase the Duchemins into a food processing machine where they would be killed without leaving a trace, but Charles notices the trap and they can trick the security forces into believing they have been killed and flee the factory with some of the artificial food as evidence.
They return to the talk show at the last minute. Charles lets Gérard perform the blind tasting demanded by Tricatel, who does a good job until the last challenge: a red wine. When Charles sees Gérard struggle, he storms the stage and successfully identifies the wine by simply looking at it in the wine glass. Then the Duchemins let Tricatel perform a taste test with the food they obtained from the factory. When Tricatel is totally disgusted by the food they let everyone know that those are Tricatel's own products. Furthermore, Tricatel's demand to kill the Duchemins had inadvertently been filmed and is now shown to the audience. Tricatel is booed from the stage.
The film ends with Gérard handing in his resignation but reconsidering when he finds out that Marguerite will continue to work for the company. The final scene shows the inaugural dinner at the Académie française where vol-au-vent is served. In his dish Duchemin finds the watch he lost in the food factory.
Reception
Critical reception
The film received a mixed critical reception.
Awards
The film received a Goldene Leinwand (Golden Screen) in Germany in 1978.
Trivia
The Duchemin Guide is likely a reference to the real life Michelin Guide.
Jacques Tricatel is likely a reference to Jacques Borel.
This is the first movie of Louis de Funès after his double heart attack of 1975, that kept him from playing in Gérard Oury's Le Crocodile, a film that ended up never being made.
References
External links
L'Aile ou la cuisse at www.unifrance.org
1976 comedy films
1976 films
Films directed by Claude Zidi
French comedy films
1970s French-language films
Cooking films
Circus films
Comedy films about clowns
1970s French films | wiki |
This is a list of notable software calculators.
Immediate execution calculators (button-oriented)
Expression or formula calculators (command-line oriented)
See also
Software calculator
Calculator input methods
Formula calculator
Calculator
Graphing calculator
Scientific calculator
Software calculators
Comparisons of mathematical software | wiki |
Mobile simulation may refer to:
M-learning or mobile learning, games and simulations for learning on mobile devices
Mobile simulator, computer software that emulates a mobile device | wiki |
Umê (, ; variant spellings include ume, u-me) is a semi-formal script used to write the Tibetan alphabet used for both calligraphy and shorthand. The name ume means "headless" and refers to its distinctive feature: the absence of the horizontal guide line ('head') across the top of the letters. Between syllables, the tseg mark () often appears as a vertical stroke, rather than the shorter 'dot'-like mark in some other scripts. There are two main kinds of umê writing:
Drutsa (), used for writing documents.
Bêtsug (), used for writing scriptures.
Other Tibetan scripts include the upright block form, uchen (; ) and the everyday, handwritten cursive, gyug yig (). The name of the block form, uchen means "with a head", corresponding to the presence of the horizontal guide line.
See also
Tibetan script
Uchen script
Tibetan calligraphy
Tibetan script | wiki |
This is a list of Canadian whistleblowers.
Peter Bryce
Shiv Chopra
Allan Cutler
Virgil Grandfield
Alasdair Roberts
Diane Urquhart
J Robert Verdun
Christopher Wylie
References
Whistleblowers
Whistleblowers | wiki |
Episodes
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers (Season 3.5, 1996)
Power Rangers Zeo (Season 4, 1996)
Power Rangers Turbo (Season 5, 1997)
Power Rangers in Space (Season 6, 1998)
Power Rangers Lost Galaxy (Season 7, 1999)
Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue (Season 8, 2000)
Power Rangers Time Force (Season 9, 2001)
Power Rangers Wild Force (Season 10, 2002)
Power Rangers Ninja Storm (Season 11, 2003)
Power Rangers Dino Thunder (Season 12, 2004)
Power Rangers S.P.D. (Season 13, 2005)
Power Rangers Mystic Force (Season 14, 2006)
Power Rangers Operation Overdrive (Season 15, 2007)
Power Rangers | wiki |
A clutch delay valve is an automotive component added to the clutch system of an automobile to standardize clutch engagement speed. Its purpose is to engage the drive train of an automobile without introducing shock to the drive train components by engaging too quickly. By preventing drive train shock, CDVs also prevent an automobile's balance from being upset, which aids in handling characteristics.
Clutch delay valves operate on the principle that engagement only needs to occur at a certain rate to be efficient and that engaging at a quicker rate can damage the drive train components of an automobile. Engaging the drive train to the engine too quickly can damage drive train parts, including the transmission, differential, half shafts, axles, and CV joints. Engaging the drive train too slowly can damage the clutch friction disc and cause clutch slippage.
Clutch delay valves operate as one-way restrictor valves that limit the volume of fluid that can move through the lines in a given time. This ensures a steady quick and firm engagement without being too fast for the drive train to handle since clutches can quickly disengage but re-engagement is damped. The clutch delay valve slows clutch engagement and was intended to reduce drivetrain shock in the event that an inexperienced driver quickly engaged the clutch at higher revs.
BMW have used clutch delay valves on the E39 and E46 models, and others, from 1997. These valves have been unpopular with some drivers and they are sometimes removed to leave a conventional clutch action. The BMW valve is a separate pipe fitting and easily removed. Honda have also used such valves on some Civic models, but these are integral to the clutch slave cylinder and must be dismantled in situ.
References
Valves | wiki |
Zoey – variante del nome proprio di persona femminile Zoe
Zoey – cantante pop giapponese
Zoey – personaggio della serie animata A tutto reality
Zoey – personaggio della serie di videogiochi Left 4 Dead
Zoey – personaggio della serie Pokémon
Pagine correlate
ZOE | wiki |
The economy of the State of California is the largest in the United States, with a $3.63 trillion gross state product (GSP) as of 2022. It is the largest sub-national economy in the world. If California were a sovereign nation (2022), it would rank in terms of nominal GDP as the world's fifth largest economy, behind Germany and ahead of India. Additionally, California's Silicon Valley is home to some of the world's most valuable technology companies, including Apple, Alphabet, and Nvidia. In total, over 10% of Fortune 1000 companies were based in California in 2018, the most of any state.
As both the most populous US state and one of the most climatologically diverse states, the economy of California is varied, with many sizable sectors. The most dominant of these sectors include finance, business services, government and manufacturing. Much of the economic activity is concentrated in the coastal cities, especially Los Angeles, which has a relative focus on media—most notably Hollywood—and the San Francisco Bay Area, which predominantly concentrates on technology. Both cities, along with other major ports such as San Diego, also act as significant trade hubs to and from the United States. Furthermore, California's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state, with its Central Valley being one of the most productive agricultural regions on Earth, growing over half the country's fruits, vegetables, and nuts. More recently, droughts in California are affecting California business and industry in addition to agriculture.
History
California has experienced waves of migration. Once the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 was coercively signed with Mexico, the US acquired the future states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico as well as the independent territory of Texas the newly acquired territories underwent rapid and extensive development. In 1847, California was controlled (with much difficulty due to deserters leaving to look for gold) by a U.S. Army-appointed military governor and an inadequate force of a little over 600 troops. After the finding of extensive gold deposits in California, the California gold rush started in 1848. Commerce and economic activity in California initially centered around the vastly expanded cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Sacramento as they scrambled to supply the hordes of gold miners. Meanwhile, Los Angeles initially remained a less populated settlement with fewer than 5,000 residents.
Prior to 1850, the government was judged inadequate and poorly run, and statehood status was sought to start trying to remedy this problem. Due to the California Gold Rush, by 1850 California had grown to have a non-Indian and non-Californio population (about 7,000 Californios were residing in California in 1850) of over 110,000. Despite a major conflict in the U.S. Congress on the number of slave versus non-slave states, the large, rapid and continuing California population gains and the large amount of gold being exported east gave California enough clout to choose its own extensive boundaries, elect its representatives and senators, write its Constitution, and be admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850 without going through territorial status as required for most other new states.
Soon after gaining statehood in 1850, the state required and paid through taxes for nearly universal elementary school education. Other private schools were founded and are still doing well. In the 1930s California was a leader in the high school movement to educate students beyond elementary school. State-subsidized college educations have a long history in California as well as many private elementary, middle, high schools, colleges and universities. There are three public funded higher education systems in the state: the California State University (CSU) (founded 1857), the University of California (UC) system (founded 1868), and the California Community College System (CCCS) founded in 1967. CSU is the largest university system in the United States. CSU has 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 437,000 students with 44,000 faculty members and staff, The University of California was founded in 1868 in Berkeley as a state supported university. As of fall 2011, the University of California has 10 campuses, a combined student body of 234,464 students, 18,896 faculty members, 189,116 staff members, and over 1,600,000 living alumni. The California Community College System consisting of 112 community colleges in 72 community college districts in California has over 1,800,000 students. California also has an extensive private college system of over 133 colleges and universities including California Institute of Technology and Stanford University. (See: List of colleges and universities in California)
About half the settlers coming to California after 1846 came by the wagon trains on the California Trail (a trip of about 140–160 days). The other half came by sea via paddle steamers going to and from the Isthmus of Panama or Nicaragua (about a 40+ day trip). The building of the Panama Railroad in 1855 made this a much more used route especially for passengers. The other main sailing ship route was going around Cape Horn, about a 120-day (via Clippers) or 200 day trip by regular sailing ship. Nearly all freight to California till 1869 took this long route around South America—shipping by ship has nearly always been relatively slow but cheap. Overland shipping was too difficult and took too long for nearly all cargo. The First Transcontinental Telegraph replaced the Pony Express in 1861 and established the first rapid communication with the east coast. The First transcontinental railroad was completed across the future states of Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah and the new states of Nevada (est. 1864) and California in 1869 and cut this trip to about 7 days. This rail link tied California and the rest of the Pacific states firmly into the union and led to much more rapid and profitable commerce between the states. In 1886 the first refrigerated cars on the Southern Pacific Railroad entered operation. The loading of such cars with oranges, at Los Angeles on February 14, 1886, started an economic boom in the citrus industry of Southern California, by making deliveries of perishable fruits and vegetables to the eastern United States possible.
Early farming in the state was primarily concentrated near the coast, and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in the Central Valley. Winter wheat was an early crop that grew well without irrigation if planted in the fall and harvested in the spring. By the 1880s extensive grape fields for producing wine were being planted in many areas in California. Many of the vine stock originally came from France and other parts of Europe. Starting in the late 1880s, Chinese workers and other laborers were used to construct hundreds of miles of levees throughout the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta's waterways in an effort to control flooding, reclaim and preserve flooded land that could be converted into farmland. This area now often grows extensive rice crops. Subsequent irrigation projects have brought many more parts of the Central Valley into productive agriculture use. The Central Valley Project, formed in 1935 to redistribute water from northern California to the Central valley and Southern California helped develop more of the Central Valley. Water for agricultural and municipal purposes was captured in the spring from snow melt in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) and stored for later irrigation use with an extensive system of dams and canals. The even larger California State Water Project was formed in the 1950s, consisting of the California Aqueduct and its ancillary dams. The California Aqueduct, developed at the cost of several billion dollars, helps store and transport water from the Feather River Basin to agricultural and municipal users statewide. The Colorado River Aqueduct delivers water from the Colorado River to the Imperial Valley of California area and since 1905 the Los Angeles Aqueduct delivers water over from the Owens Valley to the city of Los Angeles. One of the state's most acute problems is its appetite for water. In the extensive fields of the Imperial Valley, irrigation is facilitated in part by the All-American Canal—part of the Colorado River Aqueduct project. Cutbacks in federally funded water projects in the 1970s and 80s led many cities to begin buying water from areas with a surplus; but political problems associated with water distribution continue. Ongoing challenges to develop a long-term plan to end surplus water withdrawals from the Colorado led the federal government to stop the release of surplus river water to the state in 2003.
Agriculture is one of the prominent elements of the state's economy: California leads the nation in the production of fruits, vegetables, wines and nuts. The state's most valuable crops are cannabis, nuts, grapes, cotton, flowers, and oranges. California produces the major share of U.S. domestic wine. Dairy products contribute the single largest share of farm income. California's farms are highly productive as a result of good soil, a long growing season, the use of modern agricultural methods and extensive irrigation. Irrigation is critical since the long dry summers would not allow most crops to grow here--California Indians had almost no agriculture because of this. Extensive and expensive irrigation systems including furrow "gravity" irrigation, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems have been developed to supply the extensive irrigation needs of California. Illegal immigration to the United States has been traditionally drawn to the state, in part, because corporations face intense pressure to control labor costs by using illegal means to harvest California's extensive crops.
California's location along the Pacific coast and its rapidly growing population initially led to the constructions of major seaports at San Francisco in the San Francisco Bay area and inland ports at Sacramento, etc. The first paddle steamer, the , arrived in the port of San Francisco on February 29, 1849, with over 400 passengers trying to get to the gold rush territory. She left New York City October 6, 1848, before the gold discoveries were verified and the gold rush truly stated. Shipment of passengers and freight to Sacramento was accomplished by off-loading the cargoes and passengers onto paddle steamers for transit up the Sacramento River to Sacramento, Stockton, etc. As the population spread out and grew ports were established up and down the California coast with other major ports in Long Beach, Los Angeles and San Diego. The largest U.S. Naval base on the west coast is now in San Diego. (See: Maritime history of California for more information.) The state's shipping industry evolved to handle cargoes to and from California to Europe and the eastern United States and help support the growing international trade with South America, Asia and Oceania. During World War II, numerous military bases and various wartime industries were quickly established in the state to support the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic ocean fleets—ships could use the Panama Canal to get from ocean to ocean. California led in the number of merchant ships built at the Kaiser shipyards in Richmond and the Los Angeles areas. Mare Island Naval Shipyard (now closed) in the San Francisco Bay built submarines as well as repaired many of the ships used by the U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet in World War II. The rapidly growing California aircraft industries was greatly expanded. Since then these defense connected industries have largely closed down or moved to cheaper areas in the U.S.
With Thomas Edison's invention of the Kinetoscope (early movie camera) in 1894, California would become a leader when "talkies" were introduced in the sound film movie industry. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as film itself, but because of the technical challenges involved, synchronized dialogue was only made practical in the late 1920s with the perfection of the Audion amplifier tube and the introduction of the Vitaphone system. After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927, "talkies" became more and more commonplace. Within a decade, popular widespread production of silent films had ceased. Cheap land, good year-round climate and large natural spaces prompted the growing film industry to begin migrating to Southern California in the early part of the 20th century. The film patent wars of the early 20th century actually led to the spread of film companies across the U.S. Many worked with equipment for which they did not own the patent rights, and thus filming in New York was "dangerous"; it was too close to Edison's company headquarters, and to his agents which the company sent out to seize "illegal" cameras. By 1912, most major film companies had set up movie production facilities in Southern California near or in Los Angeles because of the region's favorable year-round weather and the rapidly growing supply of "talent" both before and behind the cameras. Since the 1920s California continues to be a major U.S. center for motion-picture shows, television shows, cartoons, and related entertainment industries, especially in Hollywood and Burbank areas.
Since 1945, manufacturing of electronic equipment, computers, machinery, transportation equipment, and metal products, has increased rapidly while aircraft and naval construction has largely ceased. Stanford University, its affiliates, and graduates played a major role in the development of California's electronics and high-tech industry. From the 1890s, Stanford University's leaders saw its mission as leading the development of the West and shaped the school accordingly. Regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the Stanford area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley's development. During the 1940s and 1950s, Frederick Terman, as Stanford's dean of engineering and provost, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. He is credited with nurturing Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, and other high-tech firms such as Apple Inc., Google, etc. in what would become Silicon Valley that grew up around the Stanford campus. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be a leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States. Geographically, Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley, the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay. A number of high-tech companies and small low-tech, often low-wage, companies are also located in Southern California.
Tourism is also an important part of California's economy. Yosemite National Park was established in 1890, followed by nine other national parks and seashores, as well as various other protected areas across California. Disneyland, established in 1955, and other theme parks draw millions of visitors each year.
California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard.
If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world, behind rest of the United States, China, Japan, and Germany as of 2017. The state recently overtook the United Kingdom to take the fifth spot. The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that California's GDP was $2.751 trillion in 3rd quarter 2017.
Sectors
In 2002, the U.S. government began to use the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) system of classifying economic activities, to better reflect today's economy.
Government is California's largest industry, like most states, with about 2.5 million employees. The second largest industry, according to the Census, is Healthcare and Social Assistance.
International trade and tourism
California has historically derived significant revenue from international trade and tourism. However, the state's share of America's merchandise export trade has been steadily shrinking since 2000, from 15.4% to 11.1% in 2008. The exports of goods made in California totaled $134 billion in 2007. $48 billion of that total was computers and electronics, followed by transportation, non-electrical machinery, agriculture, and chemicals. California trade and exports translate into high-paying jobs for over one million Californians. According to the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), in 2005, foreign-controlled companies employed 542,600 California workers, the most of any state. Major sources of foreign investment in California in 2005 were Japan, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France, and Germany. Foreign investment in California was responsible for 4.6 percent of the state's total private-industry employment in 2009. Total direct travel spending in California reached $96.7 billion in 2008, a 0.8% increase over the preceding year. Los Angeles County receives the most tourism in the state.
Agriculture
Compared to other states, California has a large agriculture industry (including fruit, vegetables, dairy, and wine production), The total economic contribution is likely more than double this value (see below). Airborne exports of perishable fruits and vegetables amounted to approximately $579 million in 2007. By way of comparison, California exported more agricultural products by air that year than 23 other states did by all modes of transport, though its agriculture is somewhat dependent on illegal immigrants.
According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture, "California agriculture is a $42.6 billion dollar industry that generates at least $100 billion in related economic activity." The state's agricultural sales first exceeded $30 billion in 2004, making it more than twice the size of any other state's agriculture industry.
Milk is California's number one farm commodity. The state's almond industry produces the most export value of any farm product, with $4.5 billion in foreign sales in 2016. Dairy and dairy products ranked second to almonds with a total export value of $1.42 billion, a 24 percent increase over 2010.
California leads the United States in strawberry production; due to its optimal climate and productive soil, the state is the source of over 80% of the nation's strawberry harvest.
Energy
Oil drilling has played a significant role in the development of the state. There have been major strikes in the Bakersfield, Long Beach, Los Angeles areas and off the California coast.
Solar power in California is also a large employer in the state. There are over 43,000 Californians working in the solar industry, primarily around the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles, San Diego, and the Central Valley.
Personal income
Per capita income was $58,272 in 2017, ranking 6th in the nation, though with wide variation by geographic region and profession. The highest income counties in California are Marin County and San Francisco County, which both have per capita personal incomes of over $100,000, and are 2 of the top 12 highest-income counties in the United States. Some coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S., notably in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area.
The most expensive and largest housing markets in the U.S. are in the state of California, so there are a number of communities where average housing prices hover between US$1–2 million. Generally, the Central Valley in northern California is the least expensive area, as is the Inland Empire in Southern California, though prices in these regions are still much more expensive than most other areas of the country, to the point that there are also communities in these areas where housing prices average around the $1 million mark. The agricultural central counties have some of the highest poverty rates in the state.
Taxes
Taxes are collected by the California Franchise Tax Board.
California is divided into counties which are legal subdivisions of the state. There are 58 California counties, 480 California cities, and about 3,400 special districts and school districts. Special districts deliver specific public programs and public facilities to constituents, and are defined as "any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries." Much of the government of California is in practice the responsibility of city, county and school governments. All these different governments have their own sources of tax revenue and fees; making a complicated mix of taxes, fees, transfers and responsibilities. Most taxes are collected by the state and then redistributed to the different government branches. Many fees are collected at the city and county level.
According to the U.S. Census, the federal Internal Revenue Service collected in California in 2012 $292.563 billion. This included federal income & payroll ($193.489 bn), excise ($3.227 bn), corporate income ($37.181 bn), gift ($0.288 bn), estate ($2.590 bn), unemployment ($0.838 bn), and trust ($1.091 bn) taxes.
State and local tax and fee collections in California (2011) were $268.224 billion plus another $75.875 billion in federal transfers were spent by state and local government agencies.
California in 2010, when measured as a percentage of GDP, had the 4th highest tax burden of all the fifty states at 13.4% of the state GDP.
The maximum 13.3% state personal income tax rate is the highest in the nation, but only applies to incomes over $1 million. For a married couple the first $15,164 has an income tax rate of 1.0% on taxable income (all income minus allowable deductions). The rate on taxable income between $15,164 and $35,952 is 2.0%; from $35,952 to $56,742 it is 4.0%; from $56,742 to $78,768 it is 6.0%; from $78,768 to $99,548 income has an 8.0% rate. On taxable income from $99,548 to $508,500 the rate is 9.3%. Taxable income from $508,500 to $610,200 the tax is 10.30% (of all income over $508,500). Taxable income from $610,200 to $1,017,000 the tax is 11.30% of all income over $610,200. All income over $1,017,000 has a tax of 13.3%. The standard deduction for a married couple is now $212.00. This means a married couple earning less than $18,182.00 pays no income tax. Rates for single persons are the same but the bracket amounts are halved.
The 8.4 percent "average" sales tax assessed by the state and local governments of California is one of the highest in the nation and varies by city and county from a low of 7.25% to 10.0%. Food, prescription drugs and services are exempt from sales tax — about one-third of all purchases have sales tax applied to them. Sales taxes are collected by the state, which re-allocates them to the various counties, cities, districts, etc. The basic statewide sales and use tax rate is 7.25% and is divided as follows: 6.50% State, 0.75% plus a 0.25% local transportation fund to city or county of place of sale (distributed quarterly). All taxes above 7.25% are so called "district taxes" which are imposed locally, after an area wide vote, under the Transactions and Use Tax Law. Local, voter approved, sales tax rate increases have resulted in higher sales tax rates in various California locations. Sales taxes imposed for general governmental purposes are subject to simple majority approval. Sales taxes imposed for specific purposes like transportation are subject to two-thirds voter approval.
Used cars have a 7.25% to 10.0% sales tax applied to the used car purchase price. This sales tax is applied to all new and used car, planes, and boats purchased even if they are purchased out of state. In addition to having a clear title, a passed smog and emission inspection on the vehicle plus proof of insurance are needed before a car can be registered. New residents to California are required to register their vehicles within 20 days of establishing residency. A department of motor vehicle (DMV) employee will perform a physical inspection of the vehicle and verify the vehicle identification number (VIN) before one receives a California registration certificate, license plates and correct yearly registration stickers for the vehicle. State and local government vehicles are exempt from paying fees and are issued "exempt" license plates.
California vehicle license fees are 0.65% of depreciated vehicle's value. These fees are applied annually. Licenses are renewed in the month the vehicle was originally registered and have a yearly sticker applied to them after paying the registration fee to show fee payment.
The 8.84% state corporate income flat tax rate is the highest in the west and one of the highest in the nation. Banks and financials have a 10.84% flat tax applied to their profits. THe S corporation rate is 1.5% while S corporation bank and financial rate is 3.5%.
California property tax rates are ranked 17th highest in the nation having been capped by the Proposition 13 overwhelmingly passed in 1978. Property taxes in California amounted to over $54.0 billion (2011) and are one of the largest taxes in California of which about $12.0 billion of the $54.0 billion collected was for voter approved "extras". The property tax, despite being used primarily to finance local governments, has a significant effect on the state budget. The state's convoluted education finance system equalizes school district property tax revenue for K–12 districts by using the state's general funds collected mostly from income and sales taxes to provide 20 percent or more extra "supplemental" funding to high-poverty districts through the Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), in addition to the state-mandated "basic aid" funding.
Property in California, when sold, is assessed at 100% of full cash value. Under Proposition 13, the maximum amount of tax on real estate in California is limited to 1.0% plus local voter-approved surcharges for "extras". Revenues from these "extra" taxes are used primarily to repay general obligation bonds issued for local infrastructure projects such as school district surcharges for rehabilitation of school facilities or building new buildings. These extras may also include: water districts, sidewalk maintenance, flood control, and street lighting. The state also has statewide property taxes collected and used by the state on privately owned railroad cars and timber. The statewide average property tax is about 1.26% of assessed value but can range from about 1.03% to nearly 2.0% in some cities and counties. Proposition 13 limits property tax assessment increases to 2.0% of previously assessed value or the inflation rate over the previous year, whichever is lower. Because property prices have increased in California faster than 2.0%, on average, older properties are taxed at "effective" rates that are lower than newly sold properties. This feature was part in the Proposition 13 language to encourage people to stay put in their residences longer. Property taxes were allocated as follows: counties 17%, cities 10%, schools (school districts and community colleges) 54%, and special districts 19%. In 2013 the state legislature abolished special districts. Intangible personal property, personal effects, business inventory property held for resale are exempt from property taxes. A principal residence qualifies for a $7,000 homestead reduction in the taxable value of their property. Property owned by governments, non-profit hospitals, religious institutions, and charitable organizations—are exempt from the 1.0% property tax rate.
In California gasoline is taxed at $0.719/gallon and diesel at $0.749/gallon—these are the highest gas and diesel taxes in the nation. The state legislature switched its gas taxation system in 2010 so it could re-appropriate some of the gas and diesel tax money from road maintenance to other areas of the state budget which was in deficit. Since they re-purposed much of the state and federal fuel taxes there are now complaints that there is not enough money in the transportation funds to do all the required highway upgrades and maintenance.
Cigarette excise taxes in California are $2.87/pack. The federal excise tax on cigarettes is an additional $1.01 making the total excise taxes on a package of cigarettes $3.88/pack. Because excise taxes are "hidden" (not listed separately) the price of the cigarettes plus the excise tax have a 7.25% to 10.0% sales tax added to the purchase price—a tax on a tax.
California alcoholic beverage taxes varies by beverage, from 20¢ per gallon of wine or beer to $6.60 per gallon of spirits (over 100 proof).
The unemployment insurance rate, paid by the employer, is experienced based and averages about 1.0%–6.0% of the first $7,000 of worker's income—employers with high turnovers pay more. The federal unemployment insurance rate (now) is 6.2% of the first $7,000 of a worker's income. The Great Recession resulted in a high unemployment rate, causing California to borrow about $10 billion from the federal government.
The Employment Training Tax (ETT) rate for 2014 is 0.1 percent on the first $7,000 per employee per calendar year.
The State Disability Insurance (SDI) withholding rate for 2014 is 1.0 percent up to a salary limit of $101,636 income—maximum disability tax for each employee is $1,016.36.
Housing
The international boom in housing prices has been most pronounced in California, with the median property price in the state rising to about the half-million dollar mark in April 2005. Orange County, Ventura County and the San Francisco Bay Area have the highest median prices, each approaching $650,000. The least expensive region is the Central Valley, with a median price of $290,000.
Various real estate markets in California experienced sharp increases in value in the early 2000s, followed by declines in 2007 and 2008, as a housing bubble burst. Beginning in 2007 with the credit crunch in the banking system, thousands of homes have been foreclosed statewide, thereby leading to plummeting home prices.
See also
California locations by per capita income
California unemployment statistics
2008–10 California budget crisis
List of country subdivisions by GDP over USD 100 billions
List of US state economies
References
External links
State of California homepage
California Department of Finance
California State Budget 2022-23
Financial & Economic Data
California Legislative Analyst's Office — California's Nonpartisan Fiscal and Policy Advisor
California Tourism | wiki |
«Star Wars: Battlefront II» puede referirse a:
Star Wars: Battlefront II (videojuego de 2005)
Star Wars Battlefront II (videojuego de 2017) | wiki |
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 może odnosić się do następujących gier:
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 – gra wideo na konsolę Sega Mega Drive/Genesis
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 – gra wideo na konsolę Sega Master System i Sega Game Gear | wiki |
Cocooning is the practice of coating stored equipment or machinery (typically aircraft) for protection.
See also
Aircraft boneyard
References
Aircraft recycling | wiki |
Steelback could refer to:
Steelback Brewery, a Canadian microbrewery, based in Tiverton, Ontario
Steelback Centre, former name of the Essar Centre, a sports and entertainment facility located in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario | wiki |
Tyler Wilson – calciatore portoricano
Tyler Wilson – giocatore di football americano statunitense | wiki |
Ozma, un groupe de jazz français
Princesse Ozma, un personnage du Pays d'Oz, imaginé par Lyman Frank Baum ;
Projet Ozma, en astronomie ;
Ozma, un groupe de rock américain ;
Ozma, un album des Melvins sorti en 1989. | wiki |
The 2019 NFL Draft was the 84th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2019 NFL season. The draft was held on April 25–27 in Nashville, Tennessee. The first round was held on April 25, followed by the second and third rounds on April 26, and concluded with rounds 4–7 on April 27. The draft featured a record-high 40 trades, surpassing the 37 that were made in 2017.
Early entrants
A record-high 111 eligible applicants announced their intention to enter the 2019 NFL Draft as underclassmen, which primarily included juniors and redshirt sophomores who forwent future years of college eligibility. In order to be eligible to enter the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school. The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 14, 2019.
Host city bid process
The host city for the 2019 (as well as the 2020) draft was chosen from among finalists Denver, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Nashville and Cleveland/Canton in May 2018 at the NFL Spring League Meeting. On May 23, 2018, the league announced Nashville as the host city of the 2019 NFL Draft.
Player selections
The following is the breakdown of the 254 players selected by position:
32 Cornerbacks
31 Linebackers
28 Wide receivers
26 Defensive ends
25 Running backs
23 Offensive tackles
21 Defensive tackles
19 Safeties
16 Tight ends
12 Offensive guards
11 Quarterbacks
5 Centers
2 Placekickers
2 Punters
1 Long snapper
Notable undrafted players
Supplemental draft
A supplemental draft was held on July 10, 2019. For each player selected in the supplemental draft, the team forfeits its pick in that round in the draft of the following season.
Trades
In the explanations below, (PD) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft (i.e. Pre-Draft), while (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2019 draft.
Round one
Round two
Round three
Round four
Round five
Round six
Round seven
Forfeited picks
Media coverage
In November 2018, after having aired the final rounds of the draft on the network, ESPN announced that it would air coverage of all three days of the 2019 draft on ABC, using an entertainment-oriented format and hosted by the panel of College GameDay (which hosted an alternate ESPN2 broadcast of the previous draft), including Lee Corso, Rece Davis, Kirk Herbstreit and Desmond Howard. It marked the first time that broadcast television coverage of all three days of the NFL Draft had been carried by a single network; in 2018, the first two nights aired on Fox in association and simulcast with NFL Network. ESPN and NFL Network continued to broadcast more traditionally-formatted coverage. In addition, NFL Network's morning show Good Morning Football was simulcast on ESPN2 on both April 25 and 26, while ESPN and NFL Network personalities made appearances across the networks' studio programs.
The NFL reported an average viewership of 6.1 million across all ESPN and NFL outlets carrying coverage, up from the composite average of 5.5 million in 2018, and estimated that at least 47.5 million viewers watched coverage at some point during the draft. The NFL also reported that at least 600,000 people attended events associated with the draft, overtaking 2017 as the most-attended NFL Draft.
Summary
Selections by NCAA conference
A then-record 64 players were drafted from one conference, the second-most in NFL history, breaking the previous high of 63 selections in 2013. Both numbers were set by the Southeastern Conference. The record was broken in 2021, when 65 players were selected also from the SEC.
Schools with multiple draft selections
Of note, Allen High School boasted three selections in the 2019 NFL draft, by drafting Kyler Murray, Greg Little, and Bobby Evans.
Selections by position
Notes
References
Trade references
General references
National Football League Draft
Draft
NFL Draft
21st century in Nashville, Tennessee
American football in Tennessee
NFL Draft
Events in Nashville, Tennessee
Sports in Nashville, Tennessee | wiki |
Aardvark is a maze video game for the Commodore 64, and Commodore 16 published by Bug-Byte in 1986. Aardvark is based on 1982 arcade game Anteater and 1983 Atari 8-bit family Ardy The Aardwark designed by Chris Oberth''.
Gameplay
The player must collect ant larva using the snout of an aardvark.
References
1986 video games
Bug-Byte Software games
Commodore 16 and Plus/4 games
Commodore 64 games
Fictional aardvarks
Single-player video games
Video game clones
Video games about ants
Video games about insects
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | wiki |
A Rapid compression machine (RCM) is an experimental device used to simulate a single compression stroke of an internal combustion engine. A rapid compression machine can be used for chemical kinetics studies. It is often used as an alternative to a shock tube for understanding specifically low-to-intermediate temperature autoignition chemistry under idealized automotive engine conditions.
References
Internal combustion engine technology | wiki |
Whitfield's ointment is an acidic ointment used for the topical treatment of dermatophytosis, such as athlete's foot. It can have a slight burning effect that goes away after a few minutes. It is named after Arthur Whitfield (1868–1947), a British dermatologist.
The original ointment contains 3% salicylic acid and 6% benzoic acid in a suitable base, such as lanolin or petrolatum. Alternatively, a short-chain alcohol or fatty alcohol can be used as the base.
Whitfield's ointment is not advised for areas of thinner skin, such as the scrotum or the groin, and in such sites should only be used diluted to half-strength.
A systematic review of the medical literature comparing treatments for ringworm and jock itch was generally critical of the quality of data available. It concluded that there was "insufficient evidence to determine if Whitfield's ointment, a widely used agent, is effective", implying that the studies were of poor quality and therefore effectiveness could not be determined.Individual studies support its use as a cost-effective treatment.
See also
Castellani's paint
Friar's Balsam
References
Ointments
Antifungals for dermatologic use | wiki |
Artwork (also known as art layoutdrawing) is a type of drawing that serves a graphical representation of an image for its reproduction onto a substrate via various processes, such as silkscreen, label making and other printing methods. Transfer of the image often involves a photographic process.
Historically, some types of artworks were prepared on clear polyester drafting film or similar media for strength, durability and dimensional stability. Modern artwork may be stored electronically, such as those created in Adobe Illustrator file format (.ai).
See also
Engineering drawings
Logo
References
Graphic design
Communication design | wiki |
A Wesleyan is any person who adopts the principles of Wesleyan theology or Wesleyanism.
Wesleyan may also refer to:
Wesleyan University or one of the many universities and liberal arts colleges named after John Wesley
Wesleyan University Press, a university press
Wesley College (disambiguation), a number of educational institutions worldwide
The theological emphasis on sanctification, characteristic of the holiness movement of which Wesley was part
The Wesleyan Church split from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1843
Wesleyan Methodist Church (Great Britain)
The Wesleyan Assurance Society, a large financial services company originally founded by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in 1841
Many other churches bear the name of Wesleyan Church. See Wesleyan Church (disambiguation)
The term is also used as a general synonym for Methodist. | wiki |
Internet-in-a-Box is a low cost digital library, consisting of a wireless access point with storage, which users nearby can connect to.
Its realization in hardware and software has changed since 2012, as miniaturization of storage space and electronics progressed. As of 2017, its hardware may consist of a Raspberry Pi with a replaceable storage card.
In 2016, Columbia University's Masters in Public Administration in Development Practice (MPA-DP) explored using these boxes in the Dominican Republic for three months.
Digital library
The digital library is composed of multiple modules; modules may be pre-installed, or users may choose which to install. Examples of modules include Wikipedia in a specific language, Wikipedia's Medical Encyclopedia, Khan Academy Lite, and OpenStreetMap. Other content includes Moodle, Nextcloud, MediaWiki, PhET (interactive mathematics and science simulations), TED Talks.
History
The concept grew out of One Laptop per Child's school server project.
See also
Internet-in-a-Box.org
Project updates
Software repository
Community tech docs
Frequently Asked Questions
Meta: Internet-in-a-Box
Kiwix
Afripedia Project
Related: PirateBox alternatives, NetHood
References
Educational technology non-profits
Information and communication technologies for development
Digital library projects | wiki |
The South Pacific garbage patch is an area of ocean with increased levels of marine debris and plastic particle pollution, within the ocean's pelagic zone. This area is in the South Pacific Gyre, which itself spans from waters east of Australia to the South American continent, as far north as the Equator, and south until reaching the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The degradation of plastics in the ocean also leads to a rise in the level of toxics in the area. The garbage patch was confirmed in mid-2017, and has been compared to the Great Pacific garbage patch's state in 2007, making the former ten years younger. The South Pacific garbage patch is not visible on satellites, and is not a landmass. Most particles are smaller than a grain of rice. A researcher said: "This cloud of microplastics extends both vertically and horizontally. It's more like smog than a patch".
Discovery
Evidence pointing to the existence of a garbage patch in the South Pacific gyre was made in early 2011 and its existence was confirmed in mid-2017. The discovery was made after a research voyage made by the 5 Gyres Institute. The voyage ran from March to April 2011, following a route based on a model of ocean currents developed by Nikolia Maximenko of the University of Hawaii, which predicts floating debris accumulation zones. The expedition started taking samples off the coast of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile, and began working its way west, collecting new samples every 50 nautical miles, reaching the waters off Easter Island, and eventually Pitcairn Island.
A second water sampling voyage departing from Long Beach, California on November 2, 2016, lasting six months, was led by Charles J. Moore, and a team of researchers from Algalita Marine Research and Education. Upon departure the vessel began its journey south along the Baja California peninsula and on to the Galapagos Islands, continuing southwest on to Easter Island. After departing Easter Island the crew then headed eastward to the Juan Fernandez Islands, after which it continued north following the coast of Chile, with stopping points at Antofagasta, Chile, and Arica, Chile, before heading further out to sea for its return journey to Long Beach.
Composition, concentration and size
During the 5 Gyres expedition, 48 samples were taken from a 2,424 nautical sweep. The researchers found an increase in plastic pollution density, averaging 26,898 particles per square kilometer, but spiking at up to 396,342 particles per square kilometer, peaking near the center of the predicted accumulation zone, with some estimates as high as one million particles per square kilometer.
The composition of the garbage patch consists mainly of microbeads, tiny abrasives less than 5 micrometers in size usually found in certain personal hygiene products, microscopic fibers from washing clothes, fishing debris from southern hemisphere fishermen, and microscopic fragments of larger pieces which have been broken down in the ocean.
The elevated levels of pollutants can be detected over a vast area estimated to be 2.6 million square kilometers (one million square miles), or about 1.5 times the size of Texas, with the debris found along a nearly 2,500 nautical mile straight line route.
Effects on marine life and the ocean
See also
South Atlantic Gyre
Plastic pollution
References
Further reading
Marine garbage patches
Pacific Ocean
Plastics and the environment
Articles containing video clips | wiki |
Hebrew Israelites may refer to:
the ancient Israelites, considered as a subgroup, ancestors of or identical with the Hebrews
the modern Black Hebrew Israelites, groups of African Americans and others who believe they are descendants of the ancient Israelites | wiki |
La sauce bretonne est une sauce originaire de Bretagne.
Elle est constituée d'une base de sauce veloutée et d'une julienne d'oignon, poireau et céleri.
Le Larousse gastronomique la définit comme une version brune de la sauce Soubise, qui a pour base une béchamelle.
Notes et références
bretonne
bretonne
Cuisine bretonne | wiki |
Treaty of Indian Springs can refer to either of two treaties signed between the Muscogee and the United States in what is now Indian Springs State Park:
Treaty of Indian Springs (1821)
Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) | wiki |
Cradleboards (, , , , ) are traditional protective baby-carriers used by many indigenous cultures in North America and throughout northern Scandinavia among the Sámi. There is a variety of styles of cradleboard, reflecting the diverse artisan practices of indigenous cultures. Some indigenous communities in North America still use cradleboards.
Structure
Cradleboards are used for the first few months of an infant's life, when a portable carrier for the baby is a necessity. Some cradleboards are woven, as with the Apache. Woven cradleboards are made of willow, dogwood, tule, or cattail fibres. Wooden cradleboards are made by the Iroquois and Penobscot. Navajo cradleboards are made with a Ponderosa pine frame with buckskin laces looped through the frame.
Whatever materials are used to make cradleboards, they share certain structural elements. Cradleboards are built with a broad, firm protective frame for the infant's spine. A footrest is incorporated into the bottom of the cradleboard, as well as a rounded cover over the infant's head that arcs out from the cradleboard, similar to a canopy or a modern-day baby carriage hood. The purpose of this headpiece is to provide shade for the infant, since it could be covered with an animal skin, or a blanket in winter to protect against the elements in colder climates. The headpiece also provides extra head protection in case anything bumps against the cradleboard. Ornaments and sacred amulets are often attached to the headpiece as well, for example "beaded umbilical cord cases, and dream catchers or medicine wheels", to amuse and help the infant develop his or her eyesight.
The inside of the cradleboard is padded with a lining of fresh plant fibres, such as sphagnum moss, cattail down, or shredded bark from juniper or cliffrose. The lining serves as a disposable diaper, although the Navajo could clean and reuse the lining made of shredded juniper or cliffrose bark. These plant fibres have antiseptic properties, and thus nurture healthy skin in the infant. The Chippewa tradition was to make a lining for the cradleboard usually from moss growing in cranberry marshes, which is smoked over a fire to kill insects, then rubbed and pulled to soften it. In cold weather, the infant's feet may be wrapped in rabbit skin with the fur facing inward. The moss lining is surrounded by a birch bark tray insert placed into the cradleboard, which could be removed for cleaning.
Use
Cradleboards have been used in cultures ranging from the sub-Arctic regions of present-day Canada, down to Mexico and Central America. In Arctic regions, cold weather does not make a cradleboard feasible for the infant's survival, and infants are carried by being placed in a sling worn under the mother's parka. Cradleboards were widely used by indigenous people across present-day North America. Cradleboards are used by the Kickapoo people in Mexico and were used by Aztecs and the Seri people and Mayan communities as far south as Belize. In present-day South America, most indigenous cultures used slings or pouches, sometimes called a rebozo, for carrying infants rather than cradleboards. Cradleboards were used as in the Americas as far south as the Patagonia region.
Cradleboards were used during periods when the infant's mother had to travel or otherwise be mobile for work, and needed to protect the infant. The cradleboard could be carried on the mother's back, using support from "tumplines", or "burden straps" that would wrap around her forehead, chest or shoulders; if she carried a pack as well as the cradleboard, the pack strap would go around her chest and the cradleboard strap would go around her forehead. The cradleboard can also be stood up against a large tree or rock if the infant is small, or hung from a pole (as inside an Iroquois longhouse), or even hung from a sturdy tree branch. They were also used when longer travel was required, as the cradleboard could be attached to a horse for transportation.
In the southwest United States and northern Mexico, among cultures such as the Hopi and Apache, infants would spend most of their day and night in the cradleboard, being taken out of it for progressively longer periods, for up to five times per day. When the infant reaches the age when it can sit up unsupported, it is then gradually weaned from the use of the cradleboard, and spends progressively less time in it. At this time, the infant may use a second, larger cradleboard that replaces the first. By the time the infant is a year old and begins to walk, they are generally finished with cradleboard use.
Cradleboard use and its effect on mother-infant interaction has been studied in Navajo communities. It has been shown that cradleboard use has no significant negative effect on this development. In the first few months of infancy, cradleboards have a soothing effect on babies. After 6 months of age or more, infants begin to resist being placed in cradleboards more vigorously as they become more mobile, and they are often placed in the cradleboard with their arms and hands free, so that they can play with objects hung from the cradleboard for their amusement.
Developmental dysplasia of the hips
Cradleboard use has been associated with increased incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip. The technique requires straightening the legs, which encourages dislocation of the femur and malformation of the acetabulum. This can be avoided by placing padding between the baby's legs to keep the knees slightly bent with the hips angled outward. Some modern cradleboard users contend that the small 1968 study of Navajo babies was intentionally designed to denigrate a traditional cultural practice, although a 2012 study produced hip dysplasia in laboratory rats by subjecting them to similar conditions.
See also
Baby jumper
Baby sling
Baby transport
Papoose
Swaddling
External links
Victor F. Lotrich, "Indian terms for the Cradle and the Cradleboard", The Colorado Magazine, May 1941
References
Baby products
Babycare
Bags
Carriages
Child safety
Human-powered vehicles
Infancy
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