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Equisetum ramosissimum , known as branched horsetail, is a species of evergreen horsetail (genus Equisetum, subgenus Hippochaete). It is not the same species as Equisetum ramosissimum , which is a synonym of Equisetum giganteum.
Botanists today recognize two subspecies. The type subspecies, E. ramosissimum subsp. ramosissimum, is native through much of Asia, Europe, and Africa, with an introduced population in the southeast United States. E. ramosissimum subsp.debile, sometimes treated as the separate species E. debile, is found in southeast Asia and some Pacific islands. The type subspecies has more obvious branching from the aerial stem than subspecies debile.
References
ramosissimum
Flora of Malta | wiki |
A jack-in-the-box is a children's toy dating back to the 16th century.
Jack in the Box or Jack-in-the-Box may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Jack in the Box, an American restaurant chain
Jack in the Box, 2022 studio album by South Korean rapper J-Hope
Jack in the Box, a work by Erik Satie for a pantomime-ballet
"Jack in the Box", a 1971 song by Clodagh Rodgers
Jack-in-the-Box (Astro City), a character in Astro City, published by WildStorm comics
Jack-in-the-Box (real name Jack Mead), a mutant superhero in Marvel Comics publications
"Jack-in-the-Box", a 1947 short story by Ray Bradbury
"Jack in the Box", a 1977 song by The Moments
Other uses
Jack Box, the mascot for the Jack in the Box restaurant
Jack-in-the-box effect, an armored vehicle's turret becoming displaced after a sympathetic detonation
See also
Jackinabox, a 2005 album by Turin Brakes | wiki |
An apologia () is a speech or writing that defends the speaker or author's position.
Apologia may also refer to:
Apology (Plato)
Apology (Xenophon)
Apologia Pro Vita Sua, a Christian studies book
Apologia (album), a 2002 indie album
See also
Apology (disambiguation)
Apologetics
Christian apologetics | wiki |
A lunchbox locker, also known as a pocket locker, is a form of automatic locking differential that is installed by replacing some components of the differential carrier with the components provided by the lunchbox locker. The cost of the lunchbox locker is reduced because it reuses the existing carrier in the differential. It is easier to install because by reusing the carrier, there is no need to replace the shims and bearings, or to re-measure the preload on the ring and pinion. Often, the lunchbox locker can be installed without removing the carrier from the differential, depending on whether the carrier pin can slide past the ring gear.
References
External links
- Review of the Powertrax
- Review of E-Z Locker & other links
Automotive transmission technologies | wiki |
Laziji () is a dish of Sichuan cuisine. It is a stir-fried dish, which consists of marinated then deep-fried pieces of chicken, dried Sichuan chilli peppers, spicy bean paste, Sichuan peppers, garlic, and ginger.
Toasted sesame seeds and sliced spring onions are often used to garnish the dish. Diners use chopsticks to pick out the pieces of chicken, leaving the chilies in the bowl.
Laziji originated near Geleshan in Chongqing, where restaurateurs used small free-range chickens from nearby farms. This poultry became a signature export for Geleshan.
See also
List of chicken dishes
Kung Pao chicken
References
Chinese chicken dishes
Sichuan cuisine
Deep fried foods
Chili pepper dishes
Spicy foods | wiki |
Yuxiang () is a famous seasoning mixture in Chinese cuisine, and also refers to the resulting sauce in which meat or vegetables are cooked. It is said to have originated in Sichuan cuisine, and has since spread to other regional Chinese cuisines.
Despite the term literally meaning "fish fragrance" in Chinese, yuxiang contains no seafood and is typically not added to seafood.
On top of the basic mixture, cooking yuxiang almost always includes the use of sugar, vinegar, doubanjiang, soy sauce, and pickled chili peppers.
Preparation
Proper preparation of the yuxiang seasoning includes finely minced pao la jiao (pickled chili), white scallion, ginger, and garlic. They are mixed in more-or-less equal portions, though some prefer to include more scallions than ginger and garlic. The mixture is then fried in oil until fragrant. Water, starch, sugar, and vinegar are then added to create a basic sauce.
Dishes
The sauce is used most often for dishes containing beef, pork, or chicken. It is sometimes used for vegetarian recipes. In fact, Barbara Tropp suggests in The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking that the characters can also be interpreted as meaning "Sichuan-Hunan" flavor. Dishes that use yuxiang as the main seasoning have the term affixed to their name. For instance:
Yúxiāngròusī (魚香肉絲): Pork strips stir-fried with yuxiang
Yúxiāngqiézi (魚香茄子): Braised eggplants with yuxiang
Yúxiāngniúnǎn (魚香牛腩): Beef brisket stewed with yuxiang
References
External links
Example of video recipe for Yu Xiang Sauce
Sichuan cuisine
Food ingredients | wiki |
Fredy's Tucan is a restaurant in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.
Description
The popular restaurant is located at the intersection of Basilio Badillo and Ignacio L. Vallarta. Serving Mexican and American cuisine, the breakfast menu includes Eggs Benedict, omelets, pancakes, waffles and lunch options include burgers, nachos, quesadillas, salads, and soups.
Lonely Planet says, "This gringo breakfast paradise serves waffles, omelets, Mexican dishes and almost anything else you could want. It's in an ample courtyard three blocks from the beach."
History
At times, the restaurant operated via takeout and delivery service during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reception
Natalia Osuna of Vallarta Lifestyle described the restaurant as a "breakfast and brunch favorite for locals and visitors alike" and wrote, "The restaurant’s casual, garden-like atmosphere which surrounds customers makes for a pleasant meal, and is perfect to brighten one’s day".
Fodor's says, "Even in low season, Fredy's, next door to the Hotel de Roger, is packed full of Mexican families, gringo friends, and local business people. Your mug of coffee will be refilled without having to beg; service is brisk, professional, and friendly... Eat on the pretty covered patio or inside, where big plate-glass windows let you keep an eye on busy Calle Basilio Badillo. You can get a fruit smoothie or a stiff drink from the bar."
See also
List of Mexican restaurants
List of restaurants in Mexico
References
External links
Mexican restaurants in Mexico
Restaurants in Jalisco
Zona Romántica | wiki |
Carriera
Venne selezionato dai Baltimore Bullets al primo giro del Draft NBA 1966 (5ª scelta assoluta).
Palmarès
NCAA AP All-America Second Team (1966)
NBA All-Rookie First Team (1967)
2 volte NBA All-Star (1972, 1973)
Miglior tiratore di liberi NBA (1972)
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Scheda su thedraftreview.com | wiki |
Carriera
Venne selezionato dai Chicago Bulls al secondo giro del Draft NBA 1966 (20ª scelta assoluta).
Palmarès
NBA All-Rookie First Team (1967)
Note
Collegamenti esterni
Scheda su thedraftreview.com | wiki |
Captain Spaulding is a character played by Groucho Marx in the musical and later film Animal Crackers.
Captain Spaulding or Captain Spalding may also refer to:
Captain Spaulding (Rob Zombie character), character played by Sid Haig in Rob Zombie films House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects
Captain Calvin Spalding, recurring character in M*A*S*H (TV series), played by Loudon Wainwright III#Filmography | wiki |
The 2005 Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Pioneers season was the team's fifth season as a member of the af2 and the second under head coach Les Moss. The team ended with a 9–7 record and qualified for the playoffs, but the Pioneers fell to the Florida Firecats for the second straight year. Following the season, Moss left the team to be an assistant coach with the Orlando Predators, leaving the team looking for its fifth head coach for its fifth season.
Schedule
Regular season
Postseason
Final standings
Attendance
External links
ArenaFan Online 2005 Wilkes-Barre/Pioneers schedule
ArenaFan Online 2005 af2 standings
ArenaFan Online 2005 af2 attendance
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Pioneers seasons
Wilkes-Barre Scranton Pioneers
2005 in American football | wiki |
A skeleton knife refers to two different types of knives, a kitchen knife and an unadorned penknife.
Cheese knife
The first type of skeleton knife is a small kitchen knife that typically has three large holes on its blade used for cutting fruit or cheese. The purpose of these holes is to reduce the surface area of the blade so that sticky foods do not cling to it. Most skeleton knives are used for cutting very soft foods.
The knife was created by a Swiss restaurant and after its creation and advertisement it was stolen by many cutlery companies and private manufacturers, and is now widely manufactured by companies like Victorinox.
Penknife
The less commonly known type of skeleton knife is a penknife that was made without bolsters or handle material and sold to jewelers or other artisans for final finishing.
These types of knives were mostly made in the 19th century and as late as 1950. Wostenholm of Sheffield, England made many of these knives as did Imperial Knife Co. in the United States. Jewelers would finish the knives' handles in semi precious stones and in some cases gold or other precious metals in their own style.
References
Knives | wiki |
The tub file was a technique used in the punched card era to speed generation of data files. Multiple copies of frequently used cards were prepunched and stored in trays with index tabs between card sets, arranged so that cards would be easy to find.
This technique was an early form of random access memory.
Example
A wholesaler might have a tub file with cards for frequent customers and for each inventory item. Instead of keypunching a set of cards for each purchase order, a clerk would pull out one customer card and then a card for each item that customer ordered. The resulting deck could then be run through a tabulating machine to produce an invoice.
In this example item cards also provided inventory control, since each card presumably represented one item in stock, so it was simple to check availability and schedule reordering.
References
External links
Photo of workers using a tub file
RAMAC Oral History Project, Computer History Museum, at 26:21
Punched card | wiki |
Banana roll or banana cake is a common Chinese pastry found in Hong Kong, and may occasionally be found in some overseas Chinatowns. The pastry is soft and made with glutinous rice. Ingredients may vary depending on location. Each roll or cake is a banana oil flavored circular tube or flat object, slightly bigger than an adult sized index finger, thus resembling banana. Sometimes it may have a cinnamon swirl filling. At other times it may have a filling that consists of a very ripe (but not rotten) banana diced finely. Occasionally the more traditional red bean paste may be used.
See also
Black sesame roll
Swiss roll
Cinnamon roll
References
Chinese desserts
Hong Kong cuisine | wiki |
Flax or Flaxen is a pale yellowish-gray, the color of straw or unspun dressed flax. The first recorded use of flax as a color name in English was in 1915, but "flaxen" had been used to describe hair color in David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens in 1849: Mr. Omer's granddaughter, Minnie, is described as "a pretty little girl with long, flaxen, curling hair."
References
See also
List of colors
Flaxen gene | wiki |
Zha cai (; ), also romanized as Cha tsai, is a type of pickled mustard plant stem originating from Chongqing, China. The name may also be written in English as cha tsai, tsa tsai, jar choy, jar choi, ja choi, ja choy, or cha tsoi. In English, it is commonly known as Sichuan vegetable, Szechwan vegetable, or Chinese pickled vegetable, although all of these terms may also refer to any of a number of other Chinese pickles, including the several other types in the Sichuan province itself.
Production
The pickle is made from the knobby, fist-sized, swollen green stem of Brassica juncea, subspecies tsatsai. The stem is first salted and pressed, and dried before being rubbed with hot red chili paste and allowed to ferment in an earthenware jar. This preservation process is similar to that used to produce Korean kimchi.
Flavour
The taste is a combination of spicy, sour, and salty. Its unique texture—crunchy, yet tender—can only be vaguely compared to Western pickled cucumbers. Zha cai is generally washed prior to use in order to remove the chili paste. Excess salt in the preserved vegetable is leached out by soaking in fresh water. Considered to be rich in umami, zha cai varies in spiciness depending on the amount of chili paste used in preparation.
Uses
Originating in Sichuan and believed to be one of the world's oldest types of pickles, zha cai is used in many of the various cuisines of China such as in Sichuan dan dan noodles, in soups with ground pork and mifen, and as a condiment for rice congee. It is generally sliced into thin strips and used in small amounts due to its extreme saltiness, although this saltiness can be tempered somewhat by soaking the strips in water prior to use.
A popular Chinese dish featuring zha cai is "noodles with Zha Cai and shredded pork" (榨菜肉絲麵; zhà cài ròusī miàn). Zha cai is also an ingredient of ci fan tuan, a popular dish in Shanghai cuisine.
In Japan, the pickle is common in Chinese restaurants (though it is usually less spicy, to suit Japanese tastes), and it is transliterated into Japanese as zāsai (katakana: ザーサイ; kanji: 搾菜).
Like other vegetable stems in Chinese cuisines, particularly celtuce, zha cai can also be sliced and sautéed.
Manufacturers
Fuling, a district in Chongqing, is closely associated with zha cai. The largest manufacturer, Fuling Zhacai, manufacturers of the Wujiang (乌江, Wu River) brand, is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange and in 2021 celebrated selling 15 billion packets.
See also
References
External links
Whole zhacai being sold
Zhacai article
Zhacai making article
Q&A of Zhacai with Brassica juncea var.tumida images
Horticultural information on B. juncea var. tumida
Production technique
Production method
Grading and sorting for production
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese pickles
Hong Kong cuisine
Pickles
Plant-based fermented foods
Sichuan cuisine
Stem vegetables
Vegetable dishes | wiki |
Mustard is a dull/dark yellow color that resembles culinary mustard. It is similar to the color Flax.
The first recorded use of mustard as a color name in English was in 1886.
In culture
The board game Cluedo has a mustard-colored pawn representing the character Colonel Mustard.
A mustard-colored belt is awarded to the winner of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest at Nathan's Famous in Coney Island, New York.
In the bandana code of the gay leather subculture, wearing a mustard-colored bandana means that one is a size queen. However, the color called "mustard" in the bandana code is lighter than the mustard color shown above.
See also
List of colors
References
Shades of yellow | wiki |
Memory technique may refer to:
In psychology and cognitive sciences
Art of memory
Memory improvement techniques
Mnemonics
In computer science
Memory management | wiki |
Pork rind is the culinary term for the skin of a pig. It can be used in many different ways.
It can be rendered, fried in fat, baked, or roasted to produce a kind of pork cracklings (US) or scratchings (UK); these are served in small pieces as a snack or side dish. The frying renders much of the fat, making it much smaller.
Snack
Often a byproduct of the rendering of lard, it is also a way of making even the tough skin of a pig edible. In many ancient cultures, animal fats were the only way of obtaining oil for cooking and they were common in many people's diets until the industrial revolution made vegetable oils more common and more affordable.
Microwaveable pork rinds are sold in bags that resemble microwaveable popcorn and can be eaten still warm. Pickled pork rinds, though, are often enjoyed refrigerated and cold. Unlike the crisp and fluffy texture of fried pork rinds, pickled pork rinds are very rich and buttery, much like foie gras.
Preparation
For the large-scale production of commercial pork rinds, frozen, dried pork skin pellets are used. They are first rehydrated in water with added flavoring, and then fried in pork fat at . Cooking makes the rinds expand five times their original size and float on the oil surface. The rinds are then removed from the fat, flavored, and air-dried. Antioxidants may be added to improve stability.
Nutritional value
Like many snack foods, pork rinds can be high in sodium and fat; however, they are low in carbohydrates and are sometimes considered an alternative snack food for those following a low-carbohydrate diet. According to Men's Health, a serving contains nine times the protein and less fat than is found in a serving of potato chips, which are much higher in carbohydrates. They add that 43% of pork rind's fat is unsaturated, and most of that is oleic acid, the same healthy fat found in olive oil. Another 13% of its fat content is stearic acid, a type of saturated fat that is considered harmless because it does not raise cholesterol levels. Pork rinds are considered an incomplete source of protein because they contain very low amounts of some essential amino acids, including methionine, tryptophan, and histidine.
Regional variations
Americas
Brazil
is a popular snack in Brazil, usually served in bite-sized chunks. It is also a common accompaniment to typical dishes such as feijoada and virado.
Colombia
is the term for pork rinds in Colombia. Two kinds of exist: (exploded pork crackling), which has no meat in it and is similar to the lighter, commercial version; and , which is usually made with part of the pork meat attached to the skin. This makes for a crispy skin and a soft, juicy meat. It is traditionally served with beans, rice, fried eggs, Chorizo, ground meat, avocado, and ripe plantain and arepa in a typical plate called .
Canada
Scrunchions is a Newfoundland term for small pieces of pork rind or pork fatback fried until rendered and crispy. They are often used as a flavoring over other foods, such as salt fish and potatoes, and mainly used as a condiment for fish and brewis.
In Quebec, they are often called (Christ's ears) and are eaten almost exclusively as part of traditional meals.
Costa Rica
are commonly served in homes or snack in bars and restaurants, little sodas (small restaurants with home-cooking flavor business) also adds in their menu Vigoron or with and famous snack dish called .
Preparation could change from using pig fat as base, boiling and later frying, but many prefer using a wok-like pot and wood-fire cooking.
Mexico
Mexico is one of the world's largest producers and consumers of pork rinds, known as . It may still have fat attached, called in Spanish or in central México.
It is commonly served in homes across Mexico. It can be served in a soup sometimes called (pork rind with chilli sauce) or (pork rind sauce). It is often served as an appetizer, or even offered as a snack at family reunions. However, can be purchased on the street and are usually eaten with hot sauce and lime juice.
One popular breakfast is , (also or just in some regions) cooked in green tomato or tomato salsa spiced with . If the liquid is drained, the pork rind can be used in tacos, either as fast food products or kitchen-made.
The dryness in pork rind pairs with humidity and softness in (diced tomato, avocado, onion, cilantro [coriander leaf], and chili mix) and both are often paired to fill a corn tortilla as taco.
A byproduct in frying rinds is the decanted residues in fryer called or (grounds). The process requires uniformly cooking rinds, and while the product dehydrates, it cracks, losing small pieces, which are collected afterwards and become a thick, fatty salsa, that can be mixed as an ingredient in other recipes or used for its flavor and fat in pan frying. The second byproduct in frying rinds is lard.
are the same as pork rinds, but are soft, chewy, and translucent, as they are not heavily cooked unlike the , which is very crispy. They are easily available in Mexico as and sold on the streets, usually by butchers, oftentimes served fresh, but one can also find them marinated with vinegar and onion at , popular convenience stores where the clerk is usually the owner. If marinated, they are served with lemon and salt, powdered chili and probably with .
Another variety is , also called . These are similar to traditional , only made with fried flour leavened with baking soda, instead of fried pig skin. This variety also features a pinwheel shape. Like , this food is popular with street vendors. They are infrequently sold in Mexico, but tend to be a Mexican-American version of the popular .
In the Yucatan cuisine, it is often served along pork belly, known locally by the Maya word , blood sausage, and a spiced sausage made from pork entrails and habanero peppers known as .
United States
Pork rinds is the North American name for fried or roasted skins of pigs. Pieces of fried meat, skin, or membrane produced as a byproduct of rendering lard are also called cracklings. Cracklings consist of either roasted or fried pork rind that has had salt rubbed into it and scored with a sharp knife: "a crackling offers a square of skin that cracks when you bite into it, giving way to a little pocket of hot fat and a salty layer of pork meat."
Cajun cracklings (or "cracklins") from Cajun cuisine (called in Louisiana French), are fried pieces of pork fat with a small amount of attached skin, flavored after frying with a mixture of peppery Cajun spices.
Pork rinds normally refers to a snack food commercially sold in plastic bags. They are made in a two-step process: pork skin is first rendered and dried, and then fried and puffed. These are also called by the Spanish name, , a term from Latin America.
Pork rinds sold in the United States are occasionally stained with a pink or purple spot. These edible marks are actually USDA stamps used on the skins to mark that they have been inspected. They are not harmful.
In 2003, sales of pork rinds experienced rapid growth, but they have dropped "by $31 million since 2004, when they reached $134 million, and now make up barely more than 1% of the salty snack market."
Pork Rinds were a favorite snack of President George H.W. Bush. In an interview in 1988, he admitted to liking pork rinds in much the same way that Ronald Reagan was known to enjoy jelly beans. His statement that he liked pork rinds caused an immediate sales spike and manufacturer Rudolph Foods Company had to have its employees work overtime to keep up with the demand.
Asia
China
Zhīzhā () is made from pork and are extremely popular in and only popularized in Qingdao, Shandong. It is a byproduct of lard. Lard is usually sold around US$1, but zhīzhā may be sold for about $30–40 and huāzhī for around $10.
Jīngròu zhīzhā () – The skin is removed and sliced as thin as a gold coin. After the extraction of lard, the rest is hard and tastes like a salty cracker, seasoned with salt and MSG while it is hot.
Huāzhī () – This is made from intestines, chopped and deep-fried twice, and used in stew or soup.
Philippines
(derived from the Spanish ; also spelled ) is usually bought from vendors as (i.e., appetizer dishes usually eaten with alcoholic beverages). It is also available in grocery stores, supermarkets, outdoor markets, sidewalk food vendors, and stores (small, home made stores). is prepared by deep-frying dried pork rinds and seasoning with salt. It is usually eaten with vinegar, hot vinegar (chopped chilies or soy sauce are added), or with , liver sauce, or (pickled green papaya). , which is made from chicken skin, and (lit. "flower ", from its distinctive shape) made of pig intestine, are also popular. It is also used as a topping for and and in preparing pork .
Thailand
Khæbh̄mū, or khaep mu, (, (), as crispy pork rinds are known in Thai cuisine, are a speciality of the northern Thai city of Chiang Mai. One way of making khaep mu is to first cure the pork skin, with an attached layer of fat, in salt for several days, after which it is soaked in water for a couple of hours. This ensures that the fat cells will expand, resulting in a "puffed skin" after cooking. The slabs of belly fat are then slowly cooked at low heat in, preferably, lard but other animal fat and vegetable oil can also be used. Similar to a confit, the pork thus treated can be stored. The pork is then cut into smaller pieces and baked in an oven until perfectly crispy. Another method of making the pork rinds again involves salting the pork skin, but instead of soaking it, the skin is hung out to dry in the sun after which it is sliced and deep-fried twice. Yet another way to make this dish in Thailand is to first cut the pork skin into strips, then boil them in water after which they are thoroughly dried before being deep-fried.
Northern Thai people most often eat pork rinds together with different Thai chili pastes, such as nam phrik num (made with grilled green chili peppers) and nam phrik ong (made with dried chili peppers, tomato and minced pork). It can also be eaten as a snack, either on its own, or with nam chim khaep mu, a dipping sauce made with lime juice, fresh chili peppers and a sweet chili paste. It can also figure as an accompaniment to Thai dishes such as Nam ngiao and the famous Thai salad som tam or used crushed as an ingredient, for instance in sa makhuea, a northern Thai salad made with minced pork and Thai eggplant.
Vietnam
Pork rinds used to be a very common food in Vietnam before the Doi moi program in 1986. Due to various economic difficulties in the pre–Doi moi era, cooking oil and meat were still considered "luxury goods", and consequently fat liquid and pork rind became excellent replacements in Vietnamese daily meals. Nowadays with a better economic situation for the country, pork rind is no longer a substitute food, but rather a special component in many Vietnamese dishes, such as , noodle and snails (), noodle soup, etc. In Vietnamese, pork rind is called (lit. "dried piece of fat").
Europe
In most Slavic countries they are known as (as in the Czech Republic and Slovakia), (as in Bulgaria, Russia or Ukraine), or Čvarci (as in Croatia, Serbia or Bosnia). Often they are mixed with lard as a type of spread, and served with bread. They are particularly popular in this form during celebrations when alcohol is to be consumed.
In Lithuania and Latvia they are mixed with boiled peas and served as a snack. This is called in Lithuanian and in Latvian (lit. "peas with cracklings"). They are also usually served with Lithuanian .
They are part of the traditional Czech dish , or potato dumplings with cracklings and sauerkraut. See the picture.
In Hungary, cracklings – – may be made from pork or goose skin. They are usually served with salt and bread, sometimes vegetables. Their consumption is at its peak during the season of pig slaughter, as it is then when pork rind is at its freshest. It is usually consumed as a breakfast or dinner food. A kind of biscuit, , is made with crackings.
In Italy they are known as . The outer layer of a pig's skin.
In Spain they are called . It was brought to South America where they got very famous. In Catalonia (Spain), a is each of the pieces of fried animal fat (especially of pork) that remain after pressing to extract the lard, so that they are golden and crunchy. They are sold by weight in salumerias in Catalonia, and in the Carnival time they are often also found in pastries. The is used as an appetizer, as a snack, and is essential to make the , a cake typical in Catalonia during different festivals. Some use them to make egg , since in Barcelona both products are strongly associated to Fat Thursday.
In Portugal they are called (same as in Brazil). They are a common addition to other cooked dishes, for the added flavor and fat content, or also enjoyed as a snack. Also used to make ("pork rind cake"), which is a traditional bread baked with bits of inside it.
In Denmark and Sweden Flæskesvær/Fläsksvål is a traditional snack served cold and dried (cf. flæskesteg).
United Kingdom
Pork scratchings is the British name for deep-fried, salted, crunchy pork rind with fat produced separately from the meat, eaten cold. Pork scratchings typically are heavy and hard, have a crispy layer of fat under the skin, and are flavoured only with salt. The pig hair is usually removed by quickly burning the skin of the pig before it is cut into pieces and cooked in hot fat. In comparison, Crackling is distinguished from normal pork rind in the United Kingdom by the fact that it is cut from a freshly roasted joint of pork (usually Pork loin or Belly pork), or the outside of a Pork chop, after the meat has finished cooking and is usually served warm or hot, before the fat on the underside of the roasted skin can finish cooling down and re-solidifying. Larger joints of pork from the leg or shoulder when roasted in the oven can produce an unevenly crackled rind due to the curvature of the joint: this can be rectified by removing the rind after the joint is cooked and resting, and laying it flat on a baking tray or directly on the oven shelf bars and further cooking at a high oven temperature or by using the grill setting.
Pork scratchings are sold as a snack food in a variety of common brands. Unlike the physically large, but relatively light bags of deep-fried skin without the fat sold around the world, in the UK they are sold in relatively small bags which usually weigh between 42 g and 90 g. and are eaten as an accompaniment to a pint of beer in a pub, just like crisps or peanuts. Scratchings can also be bought from butchers, supermarkets or newsagents. They have been taken to both the North and South Poles on various expeditions, because of their high energy content.
There are three distinct types. Traditional scratchings are made from shank rind and cooked just once. Pork crackling is also made from shoulder rind but is fried twice. It is first rendered at a low heat, and then cooked at a higher temperature for a less fatty, crispier result, or cut from roasted pork joints to produce heavier but less fatty results. A more recent development is the pork crunch, which is made from the back rind and again double-fried to become a large, puffy snack. Some supermarkets now sell just the layer of skin and fat (no meat), in a raw form for home grilling or roasting, or cooked and ready to eat from hot food counters. The term "crackling" is also often applied to a twice-cooked variety of pork scratchings.
See also
Chicharron
Ciccioli, an Italian food made from pressed pork scraps
Čvarci
Gribenes, a Jewish snack made from chicken skin
Krupuk kulit, a similar Indonesian snack but more commonly made from cattle skin.
References
Condiments
Cuts of pork
Skin
World cuisine
American snack foods
Breakfast
it:Ciccioli | wiki |
Lex Luthor is a fictional character from the television series Smallville. He is featured in the pilot episode until the season seven finale, and has been played continuously by Michael Rosenbaum, with various actors portraying the character as a child or teen throughout the series. The character of Lex Luthor, first created for comic books by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in 1940 as nemesis of Superman, was adapted to television in 2001 by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar—this is only the third time the character has been adapted to a live action television series. The character has also appeared in various literature based on the Smallville television series, none of which directly continues from or into the television episodes.
In this 2001 series, Lex Luthor is sent to Smallville, by his father Lionel Luthor, to run the local LuthorCorp fertilizer plant. After driving his car off a bridge, he is saved by Clark Kent and quickly develops a new friendship with the farm boy. As the series unfolds, Lex's curiosity about Clark and all things connected to Clark ultimately destroys their friendship. Lex's relationship with his father is tension-filled from the start of the show, and eventually comes to an end when Lex murders his father in an effort to discover Clark's secret.
The Smallville incarnation of the character is first introduced as a morally ambiguous character, who walks a fine line between good and evil. Lex is an inquisitive person, and it is that curiosity that drives him to attain as much power as possible as the series progresses—it will ultimately lead him to being Clark's greatest enemy. Michael Rosenbaum has been nominated for and won a Saturn Award and a Teen Choice Award for his portrayal of Lex Luthor on Smallville. After seven seasons as a series regular, Michael Rosenbaum left the show, but reprised the role for the two-hour series finale.
Role in Smallville
Lex Luthor, introduced in the pilot as the son of billionaire Lionel Luthor (John Glover), is sent to Smallville by his father to run the local fertilizer plant. As a child, he is caught in the first meteor shower that renders him completely bald as well as providing him with perfect health. Years later as a young adult, Lex first meets Clark Kent (Tom Welling) saving his life from drowning and the two quickly become friends. During the early seasons of the show, Lex’s friendship with Clark inspires him to try and be a better person than his father, but his motives are usually driven by curiosity for the unexplained, like the day Clark rescued him from drowning. Over the course of seven seasons—beginning in the pilot episode on the day Clark rescued him from drowning—Lex has been trying to uncover the secrets that Clark and the town of Smallville keeps.
In season one, Lex helps Clark try and get together with Lana while also trying to figure out the mystery behind his car crash. His friendship with Clark is seen as suspicious by Jonathon Kent, who would often refuse Lex’s offers of financial aid despite knowing that Lex hadn't done him any wrong. He hires Roger Nixon (Tom O'Brien), a reporter for the tabloid newspaper The Inquisitor, to discover how he survived the automobile accident where Clark saved him from drowning. All the evidence points to Clark having been hit by Lex's car, but Lex refuses to believe that is what happened so Nixon attempts to expose Clark to everyone. Around the same time, Lex also enlists the help of Dr. Hamilton (Joe Morton); Hamilton is commissioned to study the effects of the meteor rocks. Hamilton finds an octagonal disc, with unknown symbols imprinted on the disc's surface that match those on Clark's ship, while searching for traces of an alien ship that landed in Smallville in 1989. The disc is eventually stolen by Nixon in an attempt to open Clark's ship.
In season two, Lex's curiosity with the symbols continues. Lex first kills Nixon before the reporter can kill Jonathan Kent (John Schneider) for protecting Clark from Nixon. When Clark discovers the Kawatche Caves, under a LuthorCorp construction site, Lex opts to be the curator of the caves to preserve them after he notices symbols on the cave walls that match the symbols on the disc, as well as an octagonal shape in the wall of the cave that would fit the disc perfectly. His interest grows more and more when he finds Clark constantly in the caves, and later with a piece of paper that appears to indicate that Clark has deciphered the language on the cave walls — although, Clark denies being able to read the language. Lex's company eventually loses the Kawatche caves to Lionel as his father has also developed an interest in the caves and the octagonal disc. During all this, Lex also met and courted Dr. Helen Bryce (Emmanuelle Vaugier) but Helen would try to kill him on their honeymoon.
Season three revealed why Lex endured Lionel's harsh parenting; his father blames him for his younger brother Julian Luthor's death, however, Lex took the blame to protect the true killer, his mentally unwell mother Lillian Luthor (Alisen Down), from Lionel's wrath. Also, Lex's curiosity into the symbols (and Clark) leads to a blowout between the two. When Lionel gives Clark a key to a room in the Luthor Mansion where Lex has been collecting information on Clark's family, Clark informs Lex that their friendship "is over".
In season four, Lex replaces his father as LuthorCorp's CEO and turns his attention turns toward finding three ancient stones, which contain the same symbols as those in the cave and on the disc. He fails to find all three stones but suspects that Clark did, and used the stones to find the treasure of knowledge they were supposed to have led to, often having confrontations with Jason Teague (Jensen Ackles). Around this time, Lex's lifestyle of bedding women and then leaving them the next day would catch up to him when one (Cobie Smulders) that he had previously slept with attempts to kill him after framing him for the murder of another one of the said women.
In season five, Lex becomes obsessed with uncovering Clark's secret; he breaks three metahuman criminals out of Belle Reve and sends them to the Kent Farm, where they hold several people close to Clark hostage. The scheme amounts to nothing, however, and Clark cuts Lex out of his life completely upon finding out. His curiosity into the symbols, which he believes to be alien in nature, results in Brainiac (James Marsters) arranging him to be possessed by the spirit of the Kryptonian criminal Zod. In season six, Lex married Lana Lang (Kristin Kreuk) after deceiving Lana into being pregnant with his child. Upon learning the truth, Lana faked her own death and attempted to pin the murder on Lex.
Season seven displayed Lex's descent into darkness; he has a brother-like relationship with Grant Gabriel (Michael Cassidy), the new editor of the Daily Planet, until it's revealed Grant is actually a clone of Lex's late brother. After Lex buys the Daily Planet, Grant attempts to keep Lex from being controlling, thus Lex has his brother's clone murdered and staged as a failed mugging. Lex then discovers that the previous symbols are connected to the secret organization Veritas, which his father is a part of. The Veritas members learned that an alien visitor known as "The Traveler" would arrive in Smallville during the meteor shower of 1989. At this time, Lex realizes that Lionel has been covering up the Traveler's existence and subsequently kills his own father for it. He eventually discovers that the Veritas members knew of a means to control the Traveler, so Lex sets out to find the device. The device, an orb he finds in the mantle above a fireplace in the Luthor mansion, leads Lex to the Fortress of Solitude, where he is confronted by Clark. Having finally discovered Clark's secret, Lex uses the orb to bring down the Fortress around Clark and himself.
In season eight, Lex is missing and Tess Mercer (Cassidy Freeman) is put in charge as Lex's hand-picked successor. Tess wants Lex found, until Lex is revealed to have a surgically implanted nano-transmitter in Tess's optic nerve. Wanting revenge, Lex uses a kryptonite bomb to have Lana's stolen bio-enhanced suit, designed to absorb and emit kryptonite radiation, absorb the radiation to de-activate the bomb and subsequently never be able to go near Clark again without fatal effects. Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley) discovers Lex's location and uses a bomb to blow up Lex's travelling medical transport, seemingly killing him.
Season ten revealed that Lex is barely alive and in hiding after the attempt of his life by Oliver, and had manufactured a number of clones in a struggle to heal himself. However, the majority of these clones are flawed and age at an accelerated rate. One clone of Lex (Mackenzie Gray), aged approximately twenty years older than the original, attempted to get revenge on Clark by trying to kill Lois Lane (Erica Durance) but died before he could finish. The two-hour series finale reveals that Lex has been hiding underneath the Luthor mansion and is almost mended after grafting viable parts of his clones to his damaged body; it only lacked a working heart. After the alternate reality version of his father sacrifices himself to Darkseid, Lex is healed and brought back to life. He speaks with Clark, telling his former friend he accepts they have a destiny as enemies, but neither of them can fulfill their roles unless Clark defeats Darkseid by inspiring humanity. Lex later meets with Tess, and fatally stabs his sister, however, Tess poisons him with a specialized neurotoxin that removes all of Lex's memories. The series ends by shifting seven years into the future, where Lex had been elected as the President of the United States.
Portrayal
When crafting Smallville'''s version of Lex Luthor, series developers Al Gough and Miles Millar decided that he would not be a precursor to the more comedic role performed by Gene Hackman in the Superman film series; the pair wanted him to be likeable and vulnerable. The role was difficult to cast, as no one involved in the casting could agree on who they liked for the role. Gough and Millar wanted to cast a comedian for the series, on the belief that comedians always want to "please and be loved at the same time." Michael Rosenbaum auditioned for Lex Luthor twice. Feeling he did not take his first audition seriously, Rosenbaum outlined a two-and-a-half-page scene, indicating all the places to be funny, charismatic, or menacing. His audition went so well that everyone agreed he was "the guy".
Before Rosenbaum got the part, Martin Cummins auditioned for the role of Lex Luthor; Cummins would go on to play Dr. Garner, a neuro-scientist who experiments on Clark, in multiple episodes of Smallville spanning season two and three. Michael Rosenbaum is not the only actor to portray Lex on the show. There have been four other actors that have performed the role; Matthew Munn, Wayne Dalgish, Lucas Grabeel, and Connor Stanhope have all portrayed Lex Luthor as a child in various episodes throughout the series. Rosenbaum relished the opportunities he gets to show Lex's evil side, even if it is only for a few seconds in earlier seasons. Specifically, he delighted in the chance to "go overboard", like he did in "Hug" where his character pulls out a machine gun and shoots everything in sight; to the actor, this gave the audience a glimpse into who Lex was becoming. To portray Lex's signature bald head, Rosenbaum had to go through more than just a regular head shaving. Not only was his head shaved every day, but he had to undergo hours of make-up treatments on his head, in various color combinations, so that his natural hairline did not show up on film. After seven seasons of portraying Lex Luthor on Smallville, Michael Rosenbaum decided to move on with his acting career, so he departed from the show. On February 11, 2011, Michael Ausiello reported that after the back and forth speculation as to whether Rosenbaum would return to the series, the actor finally agreed to appear in the series finale. Rosenbaum expressed that his return for the final episode was for the fans, stating, "I appreciate all of their passion, their relentlessness, and even their threats."
Character development
Storyline progression
Rosenbaum believed that Lex was trying to be a hero in season one, but that his character showed signs of having to fight "ambiguity" and stay on the straight path. The tension-filled relationship with his father, which is first established in the pilot episode, comes to a crossing in the season one finale, when Lex is left with the decision to either help his father remove the structural beam that has fallen on him, or let him die. Rosenbaum wanted the audience to see that Lex was really contemplating what his life would be like if Lionel was no longer around. As Rosenbaum explained the scene:
Season two delved deeper into Lex's darker moments, from the time he wavers to save his father's life, to his outburst at Jonathan for what he feels is unfair treatment. These moments play into Lex's psyche. Season three's "Memoria" finally explained the mysterious circumstances surrounding the death of Lex's infant brother, Julian. Gough explains that they had known the story of Julian Luthor back in season one, when the character was first mentioned in "Stray", but they wanted to find the right time to explain the situation. The creative team wanted the audience to think that Lex was responsible for Julian's death as an infant, before finally revealing that Lex was merely covering for his mother.
Season four began expanding on the series long story arc of Lex's feelings for Lana. Though the seeds were planted in the second episode of the first season, it was not until season four that Lex began to show more of his true feelings. According to Gough, not only was Lex trying to protect Lana from Jason Teague (Jensen Ackles), Lana's boyfriend who was also after the stones of knowledge, but he was also trying to get Jason out of the picture completely so he could have Lana for himself. Writer Darren Swimmer questioned Lex's motives from earlier seasons: "You have to ask yourself, in the words of Lex Luthor himself: Why would some billionaire want to be bailing out this girl and buying her a coffee house to begin with? What's that all about?" Writer Todd Slavkin described season five as "the darkening of Lex Luthor". By the time "Aqua" came around, Lex had removed the gloves, as there is no friendship with Clark that he needed to worry about, and his dark side began to show its face. Season five also saw Lex's hunger for power begin to develop, as he campaigned for a Kansas senate seat. It was the events of "Lexmas" that drove Lex to continue his pursuit of ultimate power. In "Lexmas", Lex is shot and he gets a chance to live a life where he is married to Lana and he no longer on a quest for power. In this alternate reality, without all the power and money that he had originally had, Lex is unable to save Lana, who dies after giving birth to their second child. It is here that Lex decided that he would always "go for the prize".
Characterization
One of Lex's key characteristics is his curiosity for the unexplained. Lex's primary motive for his "shady" actions derives from his curiosity, specifically beginning from the moment he and Clark meet after Lex hits Clark with his Porsche. Clark always appearing when something strange happens in Smallville does nothing but fuel Lex's curiosity. Rosenbaum believes that Lex's only sees two options: "For Lex, it's either take a nice ride to Metropolis and work with his dad, or find out what's going on with this strong, strange fellow, Clark Kent." Another characteristic of Smallvilles Lex Luthor—one that is being developed over the course of the series—is his evilness. Rosenbaum believes that what the audience sees in Lex's dark side in the early seasons is merely a taste of what the character is truly capable of. In the season two premiere "Vortex", Rosenbaum requested Greg Beeman to shoot a close-up of him after he shoots Nixon, in an effort to open a window into Lex's darker side. Rosenbaum intended to leave the interpretation of whether Lex enjoyed killing Nixon open to the audience. As Beeman explains Rosenbaum's thoughts, "... either Lex is horrified and appalled, or he liked it, and it felt good to him". According to Rosenbaum, when Lex reaches that point where he uses all of his mind, and "really flips out", that is the point where the "world needs to hide". Television reviewer Brian Byun felt that it was this struggle between good and evil inside Lex that not only made him an anti-hero, but also, given that the audience familiar with Lex's mythology and the knowledge that he will end up being Superman's greatest enemy, make Smallville's Lex Luthor a "tragic figure [of] almost Shakespearean grandeur".
Taking a page out of Chazz Palminteri's A Bronx Tale, Rosenbaum ignored the script during his final scene with Kristin Kreuk for the season six finale. Here, as Lana is informing Lex that she is going to leave, Lex walks around her and closes the door to her exit. Rosenbaum was trying to invoke a moment of fright for the audience. To the actor, he wanted the audience to wonder what Lex was going to do to Lana; it was a moment meant to show just how unpredictable Lex can be.
As the seasons progressed, and the character began to grow darker and more sinister, Rosenbaum sought more opportunities to bring humor to the scene, either with physical subtleties like little smiles at key moments, or "self-deprecating humor". One such instance, which became popular with audiences, was in the season six episode "Justice", where Lex made a joke about wanting a ponytail. The producers were concerned over the piece of dialogue, but Rosenbaum convinced them that he could pull it off. To Rosenbaum, this quip by Lex makes him more credible as a person, because it is well known that Lex always wanted hair. This moment reflects an earlier episode, where Lex reveals his feelings of meagerness when comparing himself to Clark. In season five's "Lockdown", Lex provides a window into his thoughts about his place in Smallville. As writer Steven S. DeKnight describes it, the audience gets to see a moment where Lex shows how he still feels like an outsider, and that he views Clark as this "perfect person". DeKnight believes that, from how Clark sees it, Lex is driven by his desire to attain everything that Clark has, like his family and girlfriend.
Lex also develops a craving for power, with that hunger expanding in season five. Al Gough believes that Lex's political motivations are based on his lust for power. Rosenbaum echoes that opinion, believing that Lex can never get enough; "Lex is an insatiable character". Rosenbaum believes that nothing will satisfy Lex's hunger, and that he will keep going until he is president of the United States. Even then, he will keep trying to make the majority of people like and believe in him.
Visually, the character of Lex Luthor has his own characteristics. In Smallville, Lex is usually given a "glass, steel [colored] background", and dressed in a lot of black, grey, and "cool tones" like purples and blues.
Relationships
Rosenbaum realizes that the friendship between Lex and Clark is destined to fail, but that Clark's friendship truly is important to Lex early in the series. The actor also believes that if Clark could see the darkness that Lex is constantly fighting then he would understand more of Lex's actions. Reviewer Brian Byun expressed that the choice to explore the friendship between Clark and Lex, before they become sworn enemies, which was something that had been used in the past but never to the depth of what Smallville is doing, helped keep the show from becoming "Dawson's Creek with superpowers".
Like Lana, who held emptiness inside her after the loss of her parents, which she tried to fill with the men in her life, Lex attempts to fill his own void, over the loss of his mother, with the women in his life. According to writer Holly Harold, Lex "needs and wants to be loved". Rosenbaum agrees, and feels that Lex is searching for that "unconditional love". The actor likens this feeling to one that everyone can relate to, but that Lex fails to achieve with not only the women he develops relationships with, but also with his own father. Rosenbaum and Annette O'Toole (Martha Kent) agree that the only person that could give Lex that love is his mother, who died when he was a child. Whenever they have scenes together, O'Toole and Rosenbaum try and hint around the idea that Martha wants to provide that love for Lex, because she recognizes that he needs it, and that Lex really wants her to provide it as well.
After various failed relationships, Lex finally believes he has what he wants when he begins a romantic relationship with Lana Lang. In "Hypnotic", in an effort to stop hurting Lana emotionally, Clark told her that he no longer loved her. This drives Lana into Lex's arms. Writer Darren Swimmer explains that this was not something that just happened in the series, but something that had been hinted at for many seasons. Rosenbaum admits that Lex had a crush on Lana for many years, but contends that he tried to help Clark win Lana early on—he succeeded. When Clark and Lana's relationship crumbled, because of Clark's deceit, Lex was waiting. Rosenbaum believes that Lana was "tired of the boy and wanted a man around". By contrast, Swimmer believes that Lana started dating Lex as a way of making Clark mad, but the relationship "turned into much more". Kreuk contends that Lana went to Lex because "she knows she will never really love him." Kreuk believes that Lana's relationship with the men in her life was originally motivated by a desire to fill a void in her life that was left after her parents were killed. This need to fill that emptiness was fulfilled in "Void", when Lana took a drug to induce death so that she could see her parents in the afterlife. Upon meeting her parents, Kreuk believes that Lana realized that she no longer needed someone else to fill that hole in her. Kreuk sees this filled void as the reason why Lana would gravitate toward Lex. Kreuk feels that if Lex had chosen a different path after the events of "Lexmas", then Lana would have been able to truly love him.
As Rosenbaum describes it, Lex views Lana as this beautiful, charming girl with a little naïveté. It is this naïveté that allows Lex to believe that he can trust and confide in Lana, and that she is his one true love. Lex also knows that Lana will always love Clark, but he expects her to love him for who he is just the same. Rosenbaum does not believe that Lana gives that to Lex. Writer Holly Harold finds parallels between Lex's relationship with Lana, and that of Lionel's relationship with Martha. Both men believe that these two women will be their saving grace, and pull them back from the dark side. In Lex's defense, Rosenbaum contends that Lex is not using Lana in an effort to hurt Clark, but that he really does love her. The actor believes that Lex's problem lies in the fact that every time he has loved someone and opened up to them he has been hurt, or betrayed. Even though Lex loves Lana more than anyone else before her, he just cannot bring himself to open up completely for fear of repeating the past. Rosenbaum believes that the eventual dissolution of the marriage between Lex and Lana was a tragic moment in both characters' lives. It is a moment that solidifies Lex's history of opening up to women and having them hurt him.
It is not just the women in his life that Lex has a difficult time maintaining a healthy relationship with, but his father as well. Rosenbaum characterizes the relationship between Lex and Lionel as a form of tug-of-war, and disagrees with John Glover's assessment that Lionel is merely testing Lex for the life he is going to take over. For Rosenbaum, Lex is being pushed and pushed, and Lex is afraid that he will reach the point that he knows he will no longer be able to come back from. In "Vortex", Lex realizes that he forgot who he was in that moment that his father was trapped under the column, and he felt guilty over the situation. According to Rosenbaum, Lex realized that by letting his father die he would have been traveling down a dark path, and would have become all that his father was—evil. As Lex continues to live in his father's shadow, and as time progresses, he learns more about the "monster" that Lionel truly is. The breaking point comes when Lex learns that his father killed Lex's grandparents in a tenement fire. Rosenbaum sees this as the ultimate ethical dilemma—he likens it to parents learning that their child has murdered someone, and then having to decide if they should go to the authorities or not—and Lex, who can no longer take his father's abuse, decides to turn Lionel over to the FBI. According to Rosenbaum, the decision is justified to Lex, who sees that monster that Lionel really is from his actions—using electroshock therapy to erase Lex's memories, drugging Lex, killing his own parents, and the way he treated Lex's mother.
Reception
Michael Rosenbaum was nominated multiple times for the Saturn Award category of Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series for his performance as Lex Luthor. His first nomination came in 2002, which is the only year he has won the award. The same year he was also nominator for Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award, alongside co-star Kristin Kreuk. He followed that with consecutive nominations from 2003 to 2006. Rosenbaum was nominated for Choice Sidekick in the 2002 and 2003 Teen Choice Awards. In 2007, 2008, and 2009 he was nominated as a Teen Choice Awards Choice Villain.
Other media appearances
Young adult novels
Lex makes his first appearance outside of the television series in the novel Smallville: Strange Visitors, published by Aspect. When a couple of con artists arrive in Smallville promoting miracle cures created by the meteor rocks, Lex becomes interested in what they are really after, as he believes their plans could hinder the research he is doing on the meteor rocks. After Jacobi and Wolfe's con is realized, Lex uses a dummy corporation to steal all of the meteor rocks Jacobi's Ascendence Foundation has collected. In Smallville: Dragon, Lex throws a party at his mansion for the local teenagers, that is ultimately crashed by a reptilian creature that was created by the meteor rocks. He is also visited by an old flame, Renata, who shows up looking to rekindle their relationship. Lex quickly discovers that she has an ulterior motive when she propositions him to fund a drug deal, which prompts Lex to realize that she was really sent by his father as some test for Lex.
Comic books
Smallville
In 2012, the Smallville series was continued through the comic book medium, with Smallville: Season 11. Written by Bryan Q. Miller, who also wrote for the television series, the first issue details Lex changing the LuthorCorp name to LexCorp, due to his memory loss in the series finale. Tess Mercer's death is ruled a suicide, and Lex sells the ownership rights to the Daily Planet. He also questions why he would befriend the "unsophisticated" farmer-turned-reporter Clark Kent, after reading some newspaper clippings, but occasionally he admits that he senses something about Clark that he cannot understand. He immediately harbors distrust with "Superman", after the latter reveals himself to the world. Lex does not know why he despises and obsesses with Superman other than trusting his feelings, suspecting it has something to do with his past. Thus, this reveals that there are remnants of memories left for Lex to continue his hatred towards the superhero but have no knowledge of Superman's secret identity, yet he remains a threat to Clark owing to the possibility of Lex remembering at any moment due to his subconscious is trying to warn him. Lex later discovers that he once knew who Superman is and determined to remember, realizing that Tess poisoned him was to protect The Blur. This leads to a proposal with General Sam Lane to create a joint venture between LexCorp and the Pentagon for the company's project, "Guardian Defense Platforms", which involves monitoring the world's metahuman and extraterrestrial communities. In the second issue, Lex takes steps to regain his lost memories, having his assistant Otis Berg research the neurotoxin Tess used on him, eventually he discovers that the toxin has caused Lex's brain to operate at a higher percentage than normal, increasing his overall intelligence. In addition, Otis discovers that the toxin not only erased Lex's memories and enhanced his intelligence, but also caused him to mentally bond with Tess's consciousness when she poisoned him. Clark and Oliver eventually discover what happened to Tess, and extracts her consciousness from Lex and uploaded it into the Watchtower's computer until they can clone her a new body, eventually a robotic one built by Emil Hamilton that mirrors her original's but it also gives her abilities include creating cyclone-force wind. It is also revealed that Lex was friends with Bruce Wayne, the secret identity of Batman, since childhood, but lost touch after the murder of Bruce's parents. Years later, Bruce is secretly aware that Lex is now corrupt. After helps defeating the Monitors, Lex considers running for the Oval Office; Lex knows that this was his goal to be the President of the United States before his amnesia.
Arrowverse
Michael Rosenbaum was approached by Warner Bros. and the Arrowverse television series' producers to reprise his role as Lex in the crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths", but he declined, instead gaining a small mention as the President. However, his character makes a cameo in the background of the comic book tie-in Crisis on Infinite Earths Giant along with other iterations of Lex Luthor including those from the other Superman-related media and adaptations such as the iteration based on the portrayal by Gene Hackman (with this Luthor remarks that the Earth-38 iteration reminds him of his nephew Lenny, a character from the film Superman IV: The Quest for Peace), due to it is centering on Jon Cryer's Lex and Tyler Hoechlin's Superman from the television series Supergirl. It is revealed that Lex has formed "The Council of Luthors" with his parallel universe counterparts after contacting them during Smallville: Season Eleven'', with him being identified as 167 after his Earth's designation, for schemes to eliminate Supermen from the multiverse so that they may conquer it without their enemies' interferences, and established an orbiting satellite base above Earth-99 (where its Superman was killed by Batman). The formation of the council has also led to the Supermen to form their own alliance to counter them, though it is not revealed of whether Clark had joined them prior to him giving up his powers for his family. Lex, like other members, despises the Luthor from Earth-38 (Cryer) and wants to kill him, especially after the Earth-38 variant proposes that they manipulate Supermen to fight the Anti-Monitor, despite of the Earth-38 Luthor arguing that some of the Kryptonians likely would die fighting the interdimensional entity. As a member of the council, he now has his own Lexorian warsuit similar to the Earth-38's Luthor's, a kryptonite-powered exoskeleton provided by them for his fights against his own Superman.
See also
Lex Luthor in other media
Lex Luthor (Arrowverse)
Lex Luthor (DC Extended Universe)
Lex Luthor (1978 film series character)
References
Television characters introduced in 2001
Superman in other media
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional murderers
Fictional patricides
Fictional sororicides
Smallville characters
Fictional presidents of the United States
Fictional characters from Kansas
Fictional characters with amnesia
American male characters in television
DC Comics male supervillains | wiki |
Jinhua ham () is a type of specialty dry-cured ham named after the city of Jinhua, where it is produced, in Zhejiang province, China. The ham is used in Chinese cuisines to flavor stewed and braised foods as well as for making the stocks and broths of many Chinese soups. The ham was awarded first prize in the 1915 Panama International Merchandise Exhibition.
Production
Jinhua ham is traditionally produced using the hind legs of a breed of pigs native to China known as the "two ends black" (兩頭烏), which have black hair growing on their heads and hindquarters with white midsections. This breed is quick to mature; it has excellent meat quality and thin skin. Ham production begins when air temperatures drops below . The process takes approximately 8 to 10 months to complete.
Ham production is separated into six stages, starting in the winter and ending the following autumn:
Meat preparation: Well-developed and undamaged legs are selected and the "open" side of the leg trimmed of fat, tendons, membranes and other connective tissues. The remaining blood in the legs should also be squeezed out.
Salting: Salting is done at a temperature between , since lower temperatures reduce salt penetration and hinder bacterial growth. Salt is repeatedly rubbed onto the meat and allowed to absorb over the span of many days, using a specialized method and mnemonic which indicates the order and the important areas of the ham to salt. The salting process is repeated 5–7 times, with an average time of 1 month. Only plain salt is used, though some producers also include sodium nitrate in the salting process.
Soaking and washing: After the leg is well salted and partially dry, it is soaked in water for 4–6 hours and then scrubbed. After the initial washing, the hams are then soaked for another 16–18 hours.
Drying and shaping: The hams are trimmed to the desired bamboo leaf shape, dehooved, branded with an iron, and then hung up to dry in the sun. Sun-drying is terminated when the hams begin to drip liquefied fat, which usually takes a week's worth of sun.
Ripening: The dried hams are hung in a low-temperature room of 15 degrees at 55–57% humidity and allowed to dry, cure and develop aromas over the 6–8 months. During this period the hams ferment through molding, and the proteins and fats hydrolyze through endogenous enzymes. This improves the ham's flavor by creating free amino acids and flavor compounds.
Post-ripening: The ripened ham is brushed clean of mold and dust, and a thin layer of vegetable oil is then applied to soften the ham and prevent the fat's excessive oxidation. The dried hams are piled on top of one another and allowed to further ripen for 2–3 months, which allows the flavors to stabilize and intensify.
New processing techniques involving adjustments in aging temperature and humidity can accelerate production and reduce the time down to 1–2 months.
Culture
The earliest recorded mention of the Jinhua ham processing technique is during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD), and this method of dry ham production is reported by some to have been in turn transmitted to Europe by Marco Polo. The name Jinhua was bestowed by the first emperor of the southern Song dynasty. It is highly regarded in Chinese cuisine, and may be eaten as part of a cold meat dish or used in producing soup stock, imparting its unique, umami flavor to any dish. Jinhua ham is an important ingredient in the dish Buddha jumps over the wall. The ham has been lauded in Chinese literature, and was prominently featured in the Qing dynasty novel Dream of the Red Chamber, when the cuisine of the nobility was being described.
The ideal ham should have certain physical characteristics, such as a shiny and smooth yellow outside, a rounded shape in the style of a bamboo leaf, small joint and hoof, a thin and slender bone, an abundant layer of fat surrounding dark and red toned meat, a pronounced but not unpleasant odor, a fine textured meat with high levels of intramuscular fat, and a taste that is highly salty, umami, and sweet. The outside of the ham may have small amounts of mold, but this is considered normal and thought to contribute to the ham's flavor.
Chemical analysis
The taste of Jinhua ham arises from the high concentration of free amino acids and nucleotides in the ham, more specifically glutamic acid and 5'-inosinic acid. Although the total amount of amino acids is not different from the uncured ham, the high proportion of the free compounds from the long curing process allows for the highly umami taste of the ham. The taste is also contributed by fermentation due largely to the molds and some yeasts present on the ham.
The aroma and the aroma compounds of Jinhua ham are similar to that of dry-cured Iberian hams but different from light Italian and Parma hams. This is likely due to the longer aging and environmental exposure of both Jinhua and Iberian hams. The fragrant compounds consist of aldehydes, sulfur compounds such as methanethiol and dimethyl disulfide, and branched alkenes, which are derived from the breakdown and rearrangement of amino acids and fatty acids caused by auto-oxidation and fermentation.
Pesticide scandal
In 2003, Jinhua ham was the center of a controversial food safety incident in China. In the incident, several small producers of Jinhua hams operated out of season and produced hams during warmer months, treating their hams with pesticides to prevent spoilage and insect infestation. The hams were soaked in the pesticide dichlorvos, which is a volatile organophosphate insecticide used for fumigation. The incident strongly affected legitimate makers of the ham and caused a sharp drop-off in the market demand.
See also
Jamón ibérico
List of hams
List of dried foods
Prosciutto
Smithfield ham
Chinese hams
Anfu ham
Rugao ham
Xuanwei ham
References
External links
The Jinhua ham company, one of the companies in Jinhua to produce the ham
Dried meat
Ham
Jinhua
Chinese cuisine | wiki |
The Arctic Lands is a physiographic region located in northern Canada. It is one of Canada's seven physiographic regions, which is divided into three divisions—the Innuitian Region, Arctic Coastal Plain, and Arctic Lowlands.
Physiographic region
Each of the three divisions is distinguished by topography and geology. The other physiographic regions are the Canadian Shield, the Hudson Bay Lowlands, the Interior Plains, the Cordillera, the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, and the Appalachian Uplands.
Innuitian region
There are two mountain zones in the Innuitian Region. In between lies a vast terrain with plateaus, uplands and lowlands.
Arctic Coastal Plain
The Arctic Coastal Plain includes its three divisions, Island Coastal Plain, Mackenzie Delta, and the Yukon Coastal Plain, each distinguished by physiographic characteristics.
Arctic Lowlands
The Lancaster Plateau, Foxe Plain, Boothia Plain, Victoria Lowland, and Shaler Mountains comprise the Arctic Lowlands. This includes parts of Ellesmere Island, Devon Island, Somerset Island and the Brodeur Peninsula.
References
Landforms of Yukon
Physiographic regions of Canada
Geography of the Arctic
Landforms of the Northwest Territories
Landforms of Nunavut | wiki |
Clark Kent is a fictional character and the main protagonist on The WB/CW television series Smallville. The character of Clark Kent, first created for comic books by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in 1938 as the civilian persona of DC Comics' Superman, was adapted to television in 2001 by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar. This is the fourth time the character has been adapted to a live-action television series. Clark Kent has been played continually by Tom Welling, with various other actors portraying Clark as a child. The character has also appeared in various literature based on the Smallville series, all of which are completely independent of the television episodes. As of 2011, Smallvilles Clark Kent has appeared in eighteen young adult novels.
In the series, Clark Kent attempts to live the life of a normal human being, and struggles with keeping the secret of his alien heritage from his friends. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with childhood friend Lana Lang through the first seven seasons, the trials of which are based on his lack of honesty about his secret, which eventually gives way to the traditional relationship with Daily Planet co-worker Lois Lane. In contrast to previous incarnations of the character, this Clark Kent starts out best friends with Lex Luthor, whom he meets after saving the latter's life. The pair's friendship eventually deteriorates into hatred for one another. In Smallville, Clark's powers appear over time, as he is not aware of all of them at the start of the show; for instance, his heat vision and super breath do not develop until season two and six, respectively.
When developing Smallville version of Clark Kent, the producers decided to strip him down to the "bare essence" of Superman; he is also fallible, which allows the audience to see his humanity, but that he is also "... good to the core". In the series, he has been seen by critics, and intentionally portrayed by the filmmakers, as a symbolic representation of Jesus Christ. Tom Welling has been nominated for multiple Teen Choice and Saturn Awards for his portrayal of Clark Kent since the show's first season.
Role in Smallville
Clark Kent first appears in the pilot episode of Smallville as a teen with superhuman abilities that he uses to help others. Clark is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent (John Schneider and Annette O'Toole) as a young child, when he crash lands on Earth on the day of the Smallville meteor shower in 1989. Twelve years later, trying to find his place in life after being told he is an alien by his adoptive father, Clark saves the life of Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum), the son of billionaire Lionel Luthor (John Glover), and the pair become quick friends. During season one, Clark struggles with the burden of keeping his powers a secret from those close to him. In particular, he is afraid to open up to Lana Lang (Kristin Kreuk) for fear that she would not accept him if she learned of his extraterrestrial origins.
In the season two episode "Rosetta", Clark learns of his Kryptonian heritage, including his native language, his birth name (Kal-El), and his birth father's Jor-El (Terence Stamp) plan for him to rule the world. Fearful that he will not be able to control his own destiny, Clark runs away to Metropolis with a class ring made of red kryptonite that Chloe owned. In the season two finale, he leaves Lana behind, with whom he had started to develop a romantic relationship. In the season three premiere, three months later, Clark is living a criminal life in metropolis, but he's eventually brought home by Jonathan. who has agreed to allow Jor-El to take Clark at an undetermined time in the future. In the season three finale, a girl calling herself Kara arrives at the Kent farm and claims to be from Krypton. After Kara predicts that Clark's friends are destined to leave or betray him, Clark decides to leave Smallville for good. When Jonathan attempts to intervene, Jor-El threatens to kill him. To save his adoptive father's life, Clark agrees to go through with his decision to leave.
In the season four premiere, Clark returns to Smallville. He has been "reprogrammed" by Jor-El to seek out the three stones of knowledge so he may fulfill his destiny. He meets Lois Lane (Erica Durance), who is investigating the supposed death of her cousin, and Clark's best friend, Chloe Sullivan (Allison Mack). Clark, with help from his mother, regains control over his mind and consciously refuses to look for the stones. In the season four finale, a "great evil" is awakened in space after Clark defies Jor-El's instructions and fails to obtain the three stones of knowledge. With a new meteor shower hitting Smallville, Clark finds the remaining stones and is transported to the Arctic, where the three stones create the Fortress of Solitude.
In the season five premiere, Clark interrupts his training to return to Smallville, but when he fails to return to the Fortress before the Sun sets, he is stripped of his powers. In the episode "Hidden", Clark begins an honest relationship with Lana, but is killed trying to save the town from a resident who hopes to kill all of the "... meteor freaks". Jor-El resurrects Clark, but warns him that someone he loves will eventually have to take his place. Clark worries about who will be sacrificed in return for him being saved. In the episode "Reckoning", Lana is killed. Unwilling to accept this, Clark turns back time to save her. As a result, it is Clark's adoptive father that becomes the sacrifice when he suffers a fatal heart attack. In the season five finale, Clark battles Brainiac (James Marsters), a Kryptonian artificial intelligence in the form of a man. Clark fights to stop Brainiac from releasing the Kryptonian criminal Zod from the Phantom Zone. Clark fails, and becomes himself imprisoned in the Phantom Zone, while Zod escapes and sets out to conquer Earth.
In the season six premiere, Clark escapes the Phantom Zone — inadvertently releasing several of the prisoners in the process — and returns to Smallville, where he fights and defeats Zod. The other Phantom Zone escapees become Clark's primary focus in season six. He must also deal with Lana's romantic relationship with Lex, which culminates in their engagement in the season six episode "Promise". The season six finale reveals that the last of the Phantom Zone criminals is really a genetic experiment created by Kryptonian scientists. The escapee attacks Clark, cloning his DNA, and becomes Clark's doppelgänger. In the season seven premiere, Clark, together with John Jones (Phil Morris), defeats his doppelgänger. As the season continues, Clark discovers that a secret society known as Veritas was aware of his landing in Smallville during the first meteor shower and, moreover, possess a device that supposedly allows them to control him. In the season seven finale, Clark is confronted by Lex at the Fortress of Solitude. Lex has discovered Clark's secret and possesses the Veritas device, which he uses, resulting in the Fortress collapsing on him and Clark.
In the season eight premiere, it is revealed that the Veritas device does not allow others to control Clark, but rather strips him of his powers. Wandering the globe with Russian gangsters, Clark is eventually found and rescued by Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley) and John Jones, with the latter restoring Clarks powers. During season eight, Clark uses his new job at the Daily Planet to access advance information, which he uses to stop crime around the city. In subsequent episodes, Clark adopts the name "Red-Blue Blur" as his superhero moniker. Toward the end of the season, Clark wrestles with the idea of having to kill Davis Bloome (Sam Witwer), a new friend, after discovering that Davis is actually Doomsday, a genetically engineered creature created by General Zod to kill Clark and destroy Earth. In the season eight finale, Clark finds a way to separate Davis' personality from that of Doomsday, and buries Doomsday a mile underground. When Davis subsequently kills Jimmy Olsen (Aaron Ashmore), Clark decides that his human-learned emotions have caused him the most trouble, as it was his compassion for Davis that led to Jimmy's death. He vows that "Clark Kent is dead".
The start of season nine reveals that Clark has begun training with Jor-El, which is shown by his wearing his family crest on his chest when in his superhero persona. After realizing there are other Kryptonians on Earth, lacking special powers and led by Zod (Callum Blue), Clark decides to help them adjust to living as humans. When Zod is shot and killed, Clark uses his own blood to bring him back to life, resulting in Zod regaining his Kryptonian powers. Zod enables the other Kryptonians to regain their powers as well, and unites them to destroy the world in order to turn it into a new Krypton. This season, Lois and Clark begin a romantic relationship, while Lois also assists "The Blur" in his heroic endeavors. Clark kisses Lois while he is "the Blur" in the season nine finale and unknowingly reveals to her the truth. Afterward, he convinces the Kryptonians to leave Earth for a new, uninhabited planet. Clark then sacrifices his own life to send Zod through a portal, far away from Earth.
Season ten begins with Clark stuck in the afterlife, where Jor-El informs him that a great darkness is coming to Earth. Clark is unknowingly resurrected by Lois, who is now aware that he is "the Blur". Jor-El also informs Clark that he is not ready to be Earth's true savior, as there are inner demons that Clark must overcome first. In the episode "Homecoming", Clark is visited by Brainiac 5, who shows Clark how his past has shaped his present, and will one day shape his future; including a vision of Clark's future self when he has fully embraced his destiny. In the episode "Isis", Clark reveals his secret to Lois only to find out that she already knew he was "the Blur", which is followed in a later episode by Clark proposing to Lois. Clark realizes that in order to be the hero the world needs, he will have to step out of the shadows and into the light. As a result, Clark makes the decision to turn "Clark Kent" into a real disguise — opting to wear eyeglasses and alter his mannerisms to be more shy and reserved — so that the Blur does not have to hide his face to the world. By the series finale, the darkness, which is revealed to be Darkseid, arrives on Earth to enslave all of humanity. Clark realizes that his entire life has been one big trial by Jor-El; accepting his true destiny, the Blur saves Earth from Darkseid's coming Apokolips. The series ends by moving seven years into the future, where Clark and Lois are finally getting married, and Clark has embraced his new identity as "Superman".
Throughout the series, Clark gains and adjusts to new abilities, including X-ray vision in season one, heat vision in season two, and super hearing in season three. Clark unofficially flew in the season four premiere, when he was reprogrammed as "Kal-El" by his biological father, but upon regaining his memory he forgot how to use the ability. In season six, Clark gained his super breath. By the series finale, Clark learns to fly. Clark also discovers new vulnerabilities as the series progresses, including "green meteor rocks" or (kryptonite), which he learns can weaken and potentially kill him. Various other forms of kryptonite appeared as the show continued, each with a different effect. Red kryptonite removed Clark's inhibitions. Black kryptonite separated Clark's Kryptonian personality from his human self, creating two distinct physical forms, and blue kryptonite stripped him of all supernatural abilities as long as it was in contact with him. Subsequent seasons also revealed that Clark could be vulnerable to alien weapons and magic.
Portrayal
In October 2000, producers Al Gough and Miles Millar began their search for the three lead roles, and had casting directors in ten different cities looking at actors. After months of scouting, Tom Welling was cast as Clark Kent. Jensen Ackles, the runner up for the role of Clark Kent, would go on to play Jason Teague as a season four regular. Besides Welling, four other actors have portrayed Clark as young boy/teenager: Malkolm Alburquenque portrayed a three-year-old Clark in the pilot, and season two episode "Lineage"; Brandon Fonseca played young Clark in the season five episode "Vengeance"; and in the season eight episode "Abyss", Jackson Warris would fill the role. In addition, in an alternate reality in the seventh season episode "Apocalypse", a teenaged Clark Kent was portrayed by Brett Dier.
The pilot director, David Nutter, was looking through pictures of actors and stumbled on Tom Welling's image. When he asked about Welling, the casting director said Welling's manager did not want him to do the role because it could hurt his feature film career. After a conversation with Welling's manager, Nutter got Welling to read the script for the pilot, which convinced him to do the part. Welling's initial fears were quelled after reading the script, when he realized that the show was not about Clark "... being a super hero ...," but more about the character attempting to live a normal life as a teenager.
When Tom Welling auditioned for the role he was not sure how to prepare. While waiting for his turn, he realized that the character is one thing above all else: "... a high school kid ...." To Welling, simply acting like he was a normal teenager, instead of like a super hero, was the perfect way to embody the character. Welling realized that by doing that, the special effects and other production elements would fill in the holes and perfect the character on screen. For one of his auditions, he read the graveyard scene with Kristin Kreuk (the first actor to be cast for the show), and the network thought they had "... great chemistry".
Welling was generally unfamiliar with the Superman mythology, so much so that when an episode of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman aired on television, which featured Clark learning about his Kryptonian heritage, Welling immediately turned the show off. According to Welling, he wanted to learn about Clark's heritage simultaneously to Clark learning about it on Smallville. Welling believed that it was important for him to learn with the character, to help him be the Clark Kent envisioned by Al Gough and Miles Millar. The actor believed his lack of knowledge of the Superman mythology helped his performance, because Gough and Millar set up the series so that the previous mythology was not as important. Welling also enjoyed that he was in the same predicament as Clark with neither knowing the future of the character, beyond the fact that he will be Superman. When Welling landed the role of Clark Kent he was sent various Superman-related gifts, including books and toys, which Welling planned to leave unopened until the show was over. Welling was adamant from the beginning that he had not signed on to play Superman, but rather Clark Kent on his journey to becoming Superman, and as such had no intention of wearing the costume. When asked about the decision to not wear the suit in the series finale, Welling started “We jumped onto this idea that at the end of the show, the idea is that Clark becomes Superman and he's out there, and we know he's out there, but we can't go with him, but that we know and we feel good that he's out there doing good. That was what we strove for, and I think we hit it. I liked the ending of the series, because it's like, ‘Yes, he did it!’ I hope the audience didn't feel like we didn't show them something that they needed to see. I felt like we gave them the jumping off point for their imagination as to what could happen.”
While filming, Welling was allowed input into how his character responded in certain situations, including moving the scene between rooms, or requesting the director film particular mannerisms to emphasize a specific emotion.
Character development
Storyline progression
Early in the series, Clark was still learning how to handle his life, by learning to control his powers and find the best solution for everyone. His main priority was to fit in with his friends at school and be an average guy. Initially, Clark's biggest problem was the fact that he could not share his secret with anyone he cared about. According to Welling, "He is burdened with a lot of responsibility. He hasn't been able to choose whether or not he has these abilities. All this responsibility has just been thrust on him, and he has to deal with it. There have got to be times when he goes home and thinks to himself, ‘Why me?' He wishes it could all go away and he could just be normal. That's part of the character dilemma which makes him interesting to play." Welling noted that the show was not about Clark always saving the day, but more about how using his powers "... alienate[s] him from others". Welling reasoned that by the end of season three, Clark had decided that leaving Smallville and going with Jor-El was something that would save everyone a lot of pain in the long run. Welling described why Clark finally gave in to Jor-El at the end of season three:"If you can't fight them, you might as well join them [...] he was choosing the lesser of two evils to go with Jor-El. I think a combination of those two things would probably sum it up. A lot of times in your life, you get to a point where you go, 'I just can't fight this anymore. There's nothing I can do about it, so I better get up out of bed and go to work!' And in a sense, that's what Clark had to do. Somehow he had to try to face what it was that was causing him so much pain—and everyone else so much pain—and maybe he reasoned that by causing everyone else a little bit of pain, he could save them a lot of pain in the long run."
A significant moment in the character's story came when Clark decided to play football in season four, providing conflict between him and his father. Writer Darren Swimmer refers to this moment as a "... callback to [Hothead] ..." in season one. To him, when Clark defies Jonathan and joins the team anyway, it signified the moment where Jonathan finally decided that he can trust Clark to not hurt anyone. Writer Todd Slavkin viewed it as Clark finally emerging from his father's shadow. Two more significant moments came during the following season. First, Clark lost his powers when he failed to return to Jor-El to finish his training; leaving him human and vulnerable. According to Welling, "... [Clark] learned a little bit more about what it's like to be human, physically. Emotionally, he's pretty close to trying to understand that. It added more weight to his abilities once he got them back, and it made him realize his responsibilities for what he has." The second moment came in the show's 100th episode, with the death of Clark's adoptive father. The decision to kill Jonathan was made so that Clark could finally step into his destiny, allowing Clark the boy to become Clark the man, as explained by Gough. In order to do that he needed his mentor to die, so that no one would buffer him from the world any longer. Welling saw the series' 100th episode as the chance for his character to evolve and grow. John Schneider saw the same catalyst for Clark's evolution. According to Schneider, Jonathan's death inspired Clark to make the move toward his eventual destiny. Jonathan provided such an example of sacrifice that it leaves a void in Clark. To fill that void Clark would have to become Superman. It was Schneider's contention that had Jonathan not been the man he was, when the time came that the world needed Superman, Clark would have been unable to take on that persona, because he would not realize that the world needed him.
Writer Holly Harold noted that the introduction of Green Arrow (Justin Hartley) allowed Clark to mature more in the sixth season. Clark was able to see how others achieved the same goals, but used alternative routes that perhaps crossed moral lines. This taught Clark to start thinking about things from his opponents' perspectives. Ultimately, in season six Clark learned it would be his human side that allowed him to become the hero he needed to be, summed up by writer Turi Meyer as "... soon-to-be Man of Steel". Each season, Clark gained insight into how not to misuse his abilities from the kryptonite-mutated villains that used them for crime. In later seasons, Clark saw how even those that used their abilities for good might still have questionable actions, specifically Arthur Curry (Alan Ritchson) and Andrea Rojas (Denise Quiñones), though Clark did help them take the high road. Those episodes reiterated the effect Clark's parents had on how he used his abilities. Clark also learned that he cannot do everything alone, even though he chose not to join Oliver's team of superheroes at the end of the episode "Justice". For Meyer, season six showed that Clark was still struggling to accept his destiny, but did take steps toward the day that he would put on the cape and become Superman.
Characterization
The idea Gough and Millar came up with for their show's version of Clark Kent was to strip him down to his "... bare essence ...", discovering the reasons why Clark became Superman. In Smallville, Clark is fallible, as Gough explains: The thing that we've tried to portray...is that Clark doesn't always make the right decisions, and by not making the right decisions, he brings further consequences on himself. Whether it's running away from Jor-El at the end of season two, or choosing humanity over some sort of Kryptonian mission, those decisions get him in more trouble, and cause more people to suffer, or in Jonathan Kent's case, to die. Welling agreed with Gough's opinion of Clark's fallibility, stating that the mistakes Clark made showed his humanity.
Even though Clark could make the wrong choices, season five's "Aqua" helped illustrate the concept that Clark was "... good to the core". The episode showed how protective he could be over someone, even when that person annoyed him. In this case, he was trying to warn Lois that Arthur Curry may not have been the man she believed him to be. This concept was echoed by the Seattle Times''' Julia Waterhous, who noted that Clark, despite all his flaws, always put others before himself. Welling's fellow actors also had their own insights into the character. Kristin Kreuk saw Clark as a kindred spirit who was sad, lonely, but also endearing; whereas John Schneider classified Clark as a special needs child.
Just like his comic book counterpart, Smallvilles Clark Kent was a symbolic representation of Jesus Christ. Established early on, the pilot episode contained a moment when Clark was crucified on a scarecrow post during a high school hazing. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette's Rob Owen noted the Christ-like imagery of the scene, stating, "Is it any wonder Clark gets tied up there since Superman, too, was 'sent to save us'?" Echoing Owen, Judge Byun identified the same symbolism: "Superman is, in a way, the secular pop culture stand-in for Jesus Christ, a messiah figure for our generation. The series makes this theme explicit in its pilot episode, in which Clark is symbolically 'crucified' in a cornfield. That striking bit of symbolism becomes the central preoccupation of the series; Clark is the savior who sacrifices all for the greater good of humanity, and Smallville shows us how he comes to accept and embrace that role."
This was extended to the end of season nine, where Clark sacrificed his own life in the finale, in order to send General Zod and the rest of the Kandorians to their own world. In doing so, Clark fell off a building "... in full crucifixion pose, driving home the point that he is sacrificing himself for the good of the planet". To this point, Cinefantastique's Tom Powers suggested that these images and metaphorical emphasis through dialogue exchanges came across so heavy-handed that a very devout individual might have found them offensive.
In addition to religious allusions, the crew used color schemes and camera movements to create their own themes for the characters. Since the show was told from Clark's point of view, particular visual elements were utilized to illustrate a particular characteristic. When he was safe at home the colors used to illustrate the environment were warm and gentle, with an earth tone, while the camera movement was gentle as well. When Clark was keeping his secret, but there was no danger around, the lighting was more neutral, with greater camera movement. When there was danger, the lighting became colder with more grays and blues, and the camera shifted to a handheld, allowing more extreme angles.
Relationships
Clark's relationships with the other characters evolved over the course of the show. Clark's relationship with Lex Luthor was symbolic, as the two shared a yin and yang type of relationship. In the pilot, Clark first saved Lex from drowning after a car accident; at the end of the episode, Lex saved Clark when he was strung up in the cornfield and immobilized by kryptonite. His relationship with Lex was tested by his lack of honesty, just like it was with Lana for the first six seasons; the same could be said for Lex's dishonesty with Clark. Both characters wanted to be completely honest with each other, but knew they could not, which inhibited their friendship.
His relationship with Lana Lang was one of Smallville'''s central relationships. When Clark and Lana met in the cemetery, Clark realized that he had found someone who understood him, who he could talk to, even though it was not in as strong a way as he would have liked. Although Clark felt close to Lana, his fear that she would "... kick him out of her life ..." if she learned his secret — that he came in the meteor shower that killed her parents — was strong enough to keep him from becoming as close to her as he wished. The lack of honesty caused issues between them. Judge Byun wondered how this Clark Kent would have room in his heart for Lois Lane later in life, as he had bounced back and forth between Lana and Chloe in the first season.
With Lana's boyfriend gone by season two, the door opened for Clark, but Welling stated he understood why the producers continued to keep Clark and Lana apart, even after Whitney's departure: "There's the cliché that television shows with a main love interest fail once they get it together." After briefly being together at the beginning of the fifth season, Clark's upbringing was not enough to help him cope with the loss of Lana to Lex toward the end of season five. Welling admits that Clark had learned to let Lana make her own choices and not stand in her way, but his problem with her relationship with Lex was that Lex is a dangerous individual and it put Lana's safety in jeopardy. Apart from that, Clark had learned to walk the lonely road of a hero. His inability to cope with Lana moving on with Lex was carried over to season six. This season was the time the writers put Clark through an emotional wringer when they had Lana accept Lex's marriage proposal. For writer Kelly Souders, this presented Clark's worst fear: the woman he loved was marrying his worst enemy.
Apart from Lana, Clark had a growing relationship with Lois. Season five saw the melting of the ice between the two characters, who continued to butt heads. Executive producer Darren Swimmer believed that the audience could finally start to see a growing attraction between the two, and the fact that both would be there for the other in a time of need. Erica Durance believed that Lois in season five, because of her self-imposed walls, laughed off any notion that she had a romantic interest in Clark, even if that notion was true. In season six, Durance described the relationship between Lois and Clark as something neither character wanted to put an official label on. Instead, Durance believed that, by that point in the series, Clark and Lois were satisfied with identifying with a "brother and sister friendship" label, rather than trying to discover how each truly feels. By season eight, Durance noted that Lois was starting to accept the idea that she may be in love with Clark more than she had been with anyone else in her life. His relationship with Lois was included in TV Guides list of the best TV couples of all time.
Costume
For most of the series, Clark did not wear any sort of costume when in his superhero persona. From seasons one through eight, Clark was typically dressed in either red, yellow and blue (the traditional colors of the Superman costume), or in the All-American colors of red, white, and blue. This included the primary usage of either a blue T-shirt underneath a red jacket, or a red T-shirt worn under a blue jacket. In season nine, the producers decided to design an actual costume for Clark to wear while patrolling the streets of Metropolis. Abandoning the theme of red, blue, and yellow, the producers chose to keep the costume completely black, save for a silver Superman "S" shield painted on the front. Instead of the traditional cape, Clark's red jacket is traded for a black trenchcoat. This drew comparison to the character of Neo from The Matrix film series. It was also compared to the black suit Superman wore after being resurrected, following his death at the hands of Doomsday in the comic books.
In the season ten premiere, the audience got its first glimpse of the traditional Superman costume, which was left for Clark by Martha in the season nine finale. Although the suit was briefly seen through a reflection in Clark's eyes in the season nine finale, the suit that appeared in the season ten premiere was a different design. The producers, working alongside Warner Bros. and DC Comics, procured the costume worn by Brandon Routh in Superman Returns, which the team chose over the Christopher Reeve suit of the 1980s. DC Comics offered the suit worn by Reeve, but Peterson explained that it "... just didn't quite fit with our world." According to producer Kelly Souders, "Well, the process was really a group effort. We worked with DC, and we have Alicia Louis, who does a lot of stuff for us at the studio, and who was really instrumental. It took quite a bit to get that costume. There's a lot of sign-offs, it really was Warner Bros. and DC and us working to make it happen." Peterson stated that the costume plays a more prominent role in the final season, with the last scene of Smallville ending with Clark wearing it. Before then, Clark began wearing a new costume in the season ten episode "Shield". Here, Clark replaced the black trenchcoat with a red leather jacket, and the "S" shield now embossed onto the chest of that jacket.
Reception
In 2002, Welling was nominated for his first Saturn Award for Best Actor in a Television series, for his portrayal of Clark Kent in Smallville. Following that, Welling was nominated another four consecutive years, 2003 to 2006, for the Saturn Award for Best Actor in a Television series. The same year he was nominated for his first Saturn Award, Welling won a Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout TV Star, Male. Although he has not won a Teen Choice Award since, just like with the Saturn Awards, he has been nominated for Choice Actor in television for the four consecutive years after his win, 2003 to 2006, Although not nominated in 2007, he did receive a nomination in 2008 and 2009 for Choice Male in an Action/Adventure series. Welling was also nominated for the 2006 Teen Choice Awards for Most Beautiful Couple (TV — Choice Chemistry), with his co-star Kristin Kreuk. In the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, Tom Welling received the award for Choice TV Actor — Action Adventure. Welling was included in TV Guides list of "TV's Sexiest Crime Fighters".
Bryan Byun, of DVD Verdict, believes that Welling was the perfect choice for Clark Kent: "I can't imagine a more ideal actor to play this superpowered farm boy than Tom Welling, with his wholesome, honest face and heroic good looks—Welling not only resembles Christopher Reeve physically, but has all of the earnest charm that made Reeve the quintessential Superman." The Free Lance–Stars Ron Hedelt likened Welling's performances as Clark Kent to that of Christopher Reeve's performances in the Superman films, stating that Welling manages to portray a "... sweet, unassuming teenager ..." while showing Clark struggle with the truth about himself. Comics2Film's Rob Worley also wrote of the physical resemblance Welling has to Christopher Reeve, noting that the actor gave the character depth with his convincing portrayal of Clark's longing to fit in. When comparing Smallville's Clark Kent to Bryan Singer's Superman (Brandon Routh) in Superman Returns, Seattle Times Julia Waterhous found Smallville's Clark Kent to be the more intriguing character. Waterhous explained that this was due to the inner turmoil of Clark — not being able to tell those he loved his secret — and the fact that no matter what his faults were he continued to put others before himself, remaining "... pure and good ...". She explained that this allowed the audience to become intimate with the character, something lacking in the film version. According to the Associated Press, Welling's popularity as Clark Kent on Smallville had fans of the show wishing he would take the role Routh received in Superman Returns.
Other media appearances
Young Adult novels
Smallville Clark Kent has also appeared in two series of young adult novels. The first was published by Aspect publishing; consisting of eight novels, which began in October 2002 and ended in March 2004. The second series was published by Little, Brown Young Readers, also beginning in October 2002, with a total of ten young adult novels published through April 2004.
In Aspect's first novel, Smallville: Strange Visitors, written by Roger Stern, Clark attempted to stop two religious con-men from robbing the town with their kryptonite-enhanced spiritual seminars. Little's first novel, Arrival, chronicled the events of the show's pilot as written by author Michael Teitelbaum, and their second book, See No Evil, also published in October 2002 and was written by Cherie Bennett and Jeff Gottesfeld — who have also written episodes of the show — featured Clark trying to stop Dawn Mills, a young actress, from hurting people who speak badly about her, by using her power to turn invisible.
On November 1, 2002, Aspect published Alan Grant's book, Smallville: Dragon, which had Clark being hypnotized into believing that he was a normal, human teenager, with no abilities. Little's Flight featured Clark trying to lend emotional support to a young girl who has full-sized wings. The next Aspect novel, Hauntings, followed Clark and his friends as they investigate a ghostly presence in one of Smallville's haunted houses. Animal Rage followed Clark as he tries to stop an animal rights activist when she tries to hurt the people harming animals in Smallville. Aspect brought in Dean Wesley Smith for their next novel, Whodunit, which involved Clark, Chloe, Lana and Pete investigating the murder of a boy and his sister.
Little published their next two books in April and June 2003. The first, Speed, had Clark fighting hate crimes in Smallville. The second, Buried Secrets, followed Clark and Lex as they both fell in love with a mind-reading, substitute Spanish teacher. In the novel, Clark and Lex's friendship was put in jeopardy as the two competed for the teacher's love. On September 9, 2004, Aspect published Shadows, where Clark must stop a girl's scientist father, who has created a monster that is killing people. Runaway featured Clark leaving Smallville and living on the streets of Metropolis with other homeless teenagers. Clark fell in love with one of the girls before eventually returning home. Smallville: Silence has Clark and his friends investigating the appearance of zombies. Little's Greed followed Clark and his friends as they took jobs as summer counselors to disadvantaged youths. Pete tried to abuse Clark's abilities by tricking him into playing in a basketball game, and then betting on the outcome.
Alan Grant returned for a second outing to write Curse, about a grave digger who unleashed a 150-year-old curse onto Smallville, and Clark's attempt to put everything back the way it was. In Temptation, Clark used red kryptonite to try and impress Lana and Chloe after they become infatuated with a new, French foreign exchange student. Aspect released their final novel on March 1, 2004; written by Devin K. Grayson, City chronicled Clark and Lex's trip to Metropolis. While in the city, the pair got caught between the Japanese mafia and a secret agent who believed he has found an alien. In Little, Brown Young Readers' final novel, written by Cherie Bennett and Jeff Gottesfeld, Sparks featured Clark trying to save Chloe after she was exposed to a kryptonite fireworks display that makes her the desire of every man. For one of the men, when the desire wears off he decides that he really does want Chloe and kidnaps her.
Comic books
In 2012, the series was continued in Smallville: Season 11, a comic book available both in digital and print formats. Every Friday for three weeks in a row, the stories which follow the primary story arcs, were released online and were referred to as episodes. The following week, the preceding three episodes were released as a print comic. Parallel to the main story arc, other story arcs featuring other characters (many of which were part of the future "Justice League America") were released online every fourth Friday, and collected and printed in special editions by themselves, separate from the main story. Written by Bryan Q. Miller, who wrote for the television series, the comic took up the story of the Smallville characters six months after The Blur saved Earth from the Apokolips. Clark no longer fights crime by the alias The Blur, but has been dubbed Superman by the masses.
During the season Clark continued his battles with Lex Luthor, who had lost his memory. New characters were introduced, such as Commander Hank Henshaw, a participant in LexCorp's project, Guardian Defense Platforms. In the third issue, Clark, as Superman, confronted Lex, during which Clark inadvertently implied that he knew Lex before his amnesia. Superman and Batman met and battled, but declared a truce, and began working together, eventually becoming friends. Clark also reunited with Bart Allen, who was seeking Clark's aid in battling the Black Flash, who, ended up killing Bart during an ensuing battle.
At one point, Clark and Michael Jon Carter (Booster Gold) inadvertently traveled to the 31st century, where they found themselves caught in a war between New Krypton, led by Kara, and an army of xenophobes, during which Doomsday is reawakened, then defeated when all the belligerents form an alliance. While in the future, Clark met a child named Bartholomew Allen, causing Clark to suspect he was a descendant of Bart and giving him hope that he was still alive. After meeting Diana Prince, with whom he teamed to defeat Hades and Felix Faust, Clark, as Superman, chose to reveal to the President that he was not a meteor-infected individual as the public believed but was from another planet. Later, Clark attempted to rally the heroes and the world to make a stand against the Monitors. After Oliver and Chloe's son Jonathan is born, they named Clark and Lois as the child's godparents.
Arrowverse
In September 2019, it was announced that Welling would reprise his role as Clark Kent in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event, "Crisis on Infinite Earths". During the crossover, he is confronted by Earth-38’s Lex Luthor, who sought to use the "Book of Destiny" to kill Supermen across the multiverse. However, Lex fails to subdue this version of Clark with kryptonite as the latter reveals he had long since given up his heroics and powers so he could spend time with his wife Lois and their daughters. Though Lex attempts to fight him, Clark easily defeats him, prompting the former to leave and proceed with his Superman-killing spree.
Merchandise
DC Direct has released action figures for Clark Kent, along with other Smallville characters. The first set of action figures was released on October 2, 2002, and was modeled after Clark's appearance in the first season. The second series was released on May 7, 2008, and was designed after Clark's appearance in the season six episode "Justice".
References
Adoptee characters in television
Alternative versions of Superman
Christ figures in fiction
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics superheroes
Fictional characters from Kansas
Fictional characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional characters with X-ray vision
Fictional characters with superhuman senses
Fictional characters with nuclear or radiation abilities
Fictional characters with air or wind abilities
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional characters with absorption or parasitic abilities
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities
Fictional farmers
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Fictional players of American football
Fictional reporters
Male characters in television
Orphan characters in television
Smallville characters
Superman in other media
Superheroes who are adopted
Teenage characters in television
Television characters introduced in 2001
Kryptonians | wiki |
Shuizhu (, ) is a Chinese dish which originated from the cuisine of Sichuan province and the name literally means "water boiled (meat)". The preparation of this dish usually involves some sort of meat, usually beef, which is then called "shǔizhǔròupiàn" or fish when it's called "shǔizhǔyúpiàn", chili pepper, and a large amount of vegetable oil.
The meat is prepared with water, starch, and a slight amount of salt. Boiled vegetables are placed at the bottom of the serving bowl or dish. The prepared raw meat is poached in water that is heated to boiling point for 20–30 seconds, just enough to remove rawness yet preserving the meat's tenderness. Then it is drained and put in the serving dish with vegetables. Minced dried chili, sichuan pepper, minced garlic, and other seasoning are spread over the meat. Vegetable oil is heated in a pan nearly to smoking point, then poured over the prepared meat and vegetable.
This dish maintains tenderness of the meat by poaching it instead of stir frying. It offers a good combination of tender meat, freshness of vegetable, hot spicy flavor of chili pepper, and numbing sensation of Sichuan pepper.
External links
Chinese food - Shui zhu
Boiled Fish
Sichuan cuisine
Meat dishes | wiki |
Museum of African-American History may refer to:
DuSable Museum of African American History, a museum in Chicago, Illinois
Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture, a museum in Baltimore, Maryland
Museum of African American History (Boston, Massachusetts), a museum in Boston, Massachusetts
National Museum of African American History and Culture, a museum in Washington, D.C.
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, a museum in Detroit, Michigan
Legacy Museum of African American History, a museum in Lynchburg, Virginia
See also
List of museums focused on African Americans | wiki |
Dubey & Schaldenbrand is a luxury watch company headquartered in La Chaux-de-Fonds in Switzerland. The company produces small quantities of Automatic quartz watches and mechanical watches.
Dubey & Schaldenbrand was founded in 1946 by Georges Dubey and René Schaldenbrand. In 1995, Cinette Robert revived the company. She used a movement collection that she had amassed during the 1970s and early 1980s. Dubey & Schaldenbrand recases each movement according to the era when it was created. Dubey & Schaldenbrand designs rapidly found a niche with watch collectors.
References
External links
Official Dubey & Schaldenbrand Site
Watch brands | wiki |
Мите — фамилия. Известные носители:
Мите, Адольф
Мите, Петер | wiki |
Presbyosmia is the gradual degeneration of sense of smell due to ageing process, which occurs especially in those who are 70 years old or more. It is possibly due to loss of nerve endings in the nose, as well as reduced mucus production. Prebyosmia is less prevalent among elderly who are healthy, and who lack the risk factors for smell disorders. Other factors among elderly that can effect the sense of smell are medication use and some neurological disorders, in these cases the loss of smell can be much more noticeable. There is currently no established treatment for this condition.
References
Gerontology
Olfaction | wiki |
Steve Holman may refer to:
Steve Holman (athlete) (born 1970), American middle-distance runner
Steve Holman (broadcaster) (born 1954), American sports radio broadcaster | wiki |
Conveyance may refer to:
Conveyance, the documentation of the transfer of ownership of land from one party to another—see conveyancing
Public conveyance, a shared passenger transportation service
A means of transport
Water conveyance, a commuter passenger boat used to provide public transport
Conveyance (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
See also
Conveyancer
Conveyor (disambiguation)
Vehicle | wiki |
Vista Center – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie New Jersey, w hrabstwie Ocean.
CDP w stanie New Jersey | wiki |
Rigoletto, opera af Giuseppe Verdi, komponeret 1851. Handlingen udspiller sig i Mantova omkring år 1560.
Operaer af Giuseppe Verdi
Operaer på italiensk | wiki |
Orange flag may refer to:
Symbolic flag of the Maratha Empire
One of the main symbols of Christian democracy political ideology
Flag of the Orange Order
Flag of the Orange Free State | wiki |
Dennis Perry är vice partiledare för Green Party of British Columbia. Han bor i West Vancouver, British Columbia.
Externa länkar
Dennis Perrys hemsida
Perry, Dennis
Män
Levande personer | wiki |
Two Thrones is a real-time grand strategy video game developed and published by Paradox Interactive. It is the sequel to the international version of Svea Rike III, Europa Universalis: Crown of the North.
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
References
External links
2004 video games
Grand strategy video games
Paradox Interactive games
Real-time strategy video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Sweden
Windows games
Windows-only games
Strategy First games | wiki |
The End and Other Beginnings is a collection of science fiction short stories for young adults by Veronica Roth. The short stories include a tale of friendship and revenge, plus two of the stories are new additions to the Carve the Mark universe.
Contents
The six stories are:
Inertia
The Spinners
Hearken Previously published
Vim and Vigor
Armored Ones Set in the Carve the Mark universe
The Transformationist Set in the Carve the Mark universe on a new planet with new characters.
Development of the book
On October 4, 2018 HarperCollins announced a two-book deal with Roth.
In an interview Roth talked about how her writing has changed. "my process is different now, because I’m learning from each book. I do a lot more planning now, a lot more outlining, a lot more research. I know what questions to ask myself before I start. That’s the thing about writing—you can learn a lot from reading, a lot from critique, but you learn the most from actually doing it.”
Reception
One reviewer stated "Though they’re all worlds that feel ripe for more storytelling and diving into, each novella has a complete arc."
References
2019 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections
American short story collections
Young adult short story collections
HarperCollins books | wiki |
Go-op may refer to:
Go-Op (car sharing company), in Pittsburgh, US
Go-Op (train operating company), in Bristol, UK
See also
Goop (disambiguation) | wiki |
Barquillo is a crispy rolled wafer pastry originating in Spain. It is made from the basic cookie ingredients of flour, sugar, egg whites and butter rolled out thinly and then shaped into a hollow cylinder or a cone. It was traditionally sold by roadside vendors known as barquilleros who carried a characteristic red roulette tin (the ruleta de barquillero). It was introduced to Latin America and the Philippines during colonial times. In Spain and former Spanish colonies, barquillos are commonly regarded as a type of Christmas cookie. It is also popular during various fiestas. It spread to neighboring countries and today is extremely popular in East and Southeast Asian countries.
Names
The Spanish name barquillo means "little boat". It is derived from the ancient tradition of heating the biscuits in convex or boat-shaped molds. Barquillos are also known by a variety of names. In English it is also known as biscuit roll, cookie roll, crispy biscuit roll, egg roll, crisp biscuit roll, or love letter. The Chinese name for this snack, "蛋卷", can be directly translated into English as "egg roll". However, the food item known in the West as egg roll is very different.
Description
Barquillos are thin wafers made from flour, sugar, egg whites and butter that is rolled into the shape of a long hollow tube or a cone. They can also be sold simply folded over twice in a fan shape.
In Spain, it was traditionally sold by roaming roadside vendors known as "barquilleros" (or "barquilleras") during festive events. In Madrid, barquilleros are particularly associated with the fiesta of San Isidro Labrador, where the vendors typically dress in castizo (chulapo) attire.
Barquilleros carry a characteristic red tin known as the ruleta de barquillero which has a roulette spinner at the top. Buying barquillos typically involve a small game, where the buyer pays to spin the roulette. Depending on where the ticker lands, the buyer can either have one or two barquillos for the same price. The buyer can also pay a slightly larger amount to continue spinning the roulette and getting barquillos until it lands on one of the four golden markers.
The tradition of barquilleros almost became extinct during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Today, barquillos are most popular in Asia which has a larger population than Spain.
Barquillos are traditionally eaten plain. Modern versions, however, can flavor it with ingredients including vanilla, cinnamon, grated coconut, and lemon juice. Barquillos are also commonly dipped or coated in milk chocolate or have a chocolate center. Due to their similarity to ice cream cones, they are also commonly sold as containers for frozen treats.
Similar recipes to barquillos also exist in other countries in Europe, like the parizske pecivo of Czechoslovakia, the pirouettes of France, and krumkake of Norway. Flat versions are known as wafle in Poland, goro in Norway, and pizzelle in Italy, among others.
By region
Latin America
In Argentina and Chile, cylindrical barquillos filled with dulce de leche, chocolate, or other sweet fillings are known as cuchuflís (Chile) or cubanitos (Argentina).
Asia
Barquillos in the Philippines lack the grid-pattern of traditional Spanish barquillos. They are thinner and are usually rolled into elongated cylindrical shapes. Philippine barquillos are most strongly associated with the city of Iloilo, particularly to the Deocampo bakery, which has been commercially mass-producing barquillos since 1896.
A notable variant of barquillo is the Filipino barquiron (also spelled barqueron), which are barquillos filled with polvorón and crushed peanuts, cashew nuts, or pili nuts. It originates from the city of Iloilo. Other variants of Philippine barquillos include those flavored with ube, pandan leaves, and carrots, which are bright purple, green, and orange in color, respectively.
In Hong Kong, biscuit rolls are made of wheat flour, butter, egg, sugar, and vanilla flavour.
Gallery
See also
Cucurucho
Pirouline
Pizzele
Waffle
Semprong
Fortune cookie
Kuih kapit
References
External links
Hong Kong cuisine
Philippine pastries
Biscuits
Spanish cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine
Chilean cuisine
Argentine cuisine | wiki |
In Micronesian mythology, Motikitik is a mythological hero, famous for his fishing feats.
References
Micronesian deities | wiki |
Beef bun is a type of Hong Kong pastry. It is one of the most standard pastries in Hong Kong and can also be found in most Chinatown bakery shops. The bun has a ground beef filling, sometimes including pieces of onions.
See also
Ham and egg bun
Tuna bun
List of buns
List of stuffed dishes
References
Hong Kong breads
Beef dishes
Buns
Stuffed dishes | wiki |
This is a list of awards won and nominations for Masters of Sex, an American drama television series that debuted on Showtime on September 29, 2013. The series stars Michael Sheen and Lizzy Caplan.
By award
Primetime Emmy Awards
Critics' Choice Awards
Writers Guild of America Awards
Golden Globe Awards
Satellite Awards
AFI Awards
2013
Best Television Program of The Year
References
Masters of Sex | wiki |
The Women's 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay event at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place on 13 December 2013 at Wunna Theikdi Aquatics Centre.
There were 5 teams who took part in this event. Thailand won the gold medal, Singapore and Indonesia won the silver and bronze medal respectively.
Schedule
All times are Myanmar Standard Time (UTC+06:30)
Records
Results
References
External links
Swimming at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games
2013 in women's swimming | wiki |
Beef ball () is a commonly cooked food in Cantonese and overseas Chinese communities which was originated by Teochew people. As the name suggests, the ball is made of beef that has been finely pulverized, other ground meat such as pork may be the ingredients of the beef balls. They are easily distinguishable from fish balls due to their darker color. Another characteristic is the tiny pieces of tendon in each ball will dissolve with prolonged cooking.
Production
Nearly all meatballs (made from pork, beef, fish, or other animal flesh) made in Asia differ significantly in texture to their counterparts with European origins. Instead of mincing and forming meats, meat used for making meatballs is pounded until the meat is more or less pulverized. This is also often the case for fillings in steamed dishes. This process is what lends a smooth texture to the meatballs. Pounding, unlike mincing, uncoils and stretches previously wound and tangled protein strands in meat and allows them to cure to a gel with heat in a similar manner as surimi.
Hong Kong
Beef balls are commonly mixed in with wonton noodles and other fish ball noodles. It is available in traditional markets and supermarkets. Beef balls are also a popular ingredient for hot pot dishes. It has a variety of uses within Chinese cuisine.
See also
Bakso
Fish ball
List of meatball dishes
Meatball
Pork ball
Steamed meatball
References
Teochew cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Beef dishes
Meatballs | wiki |
An almond biscuit, or almond cookie, is a type of biscuit that is made with almonds. They are a common biscuit in many different cuisines and take many forms.
Types of almond biscuits include almond macaroons, Spanish almendrados, qurabiya (a shortbread biscuit made with almonds), and Turkish acıbadem kurabiyesi. In addition, Turkish şekerpare are often decorated with an almond.
In Norway, sandbakelse or sandkake are a type of almond cookie that is baked in fluted tins.
In Indonesia, almond crispy cheese is a type of crispy flat almond cookie with almond and cheese on top.
Gallery
See also
Almond paste
Chinese almond biscuit
Macaroon
List of cookies
List of pastries
References
Biscuits
Almond cookies | wiki |
Swell may refer to:
In nature
Swell, another name for a geographic hillock
Swell (ocean), a formation of long wavelength ocean surface waves
Swell (geology), a large domed area
Places
Swell, Somerset, a hamlet in the Somerset parish of Fivehead
Swell, Gloucestershire, England
Music
Expression pedal, a control found on many organs and synthesizers, also called a swell box or swell pedal
Swell (band), an indie rock band from San Francisco
Swell, album by Psyched Up Janis
Swell, album by Tiny Moving Parts
Swell Maps, an experimental English rock group of the 1970s
People
George Gilbert Swell (1923–1999), Indian academic and politician
Steve Swell (born 1954), American musician, composer and educator
Steven Wells (1960–2009), punk poet and journalist known as Swells
Other uses
Swell (bookbinding), a term in bookbinding
Swell (gum), a brand of chewing gum produced by Philadelphia Gum
Swell (exhibit), an art exhibition
Swell, another word for a dandy, fop, or macaroni
Swell, a slang term for "good", "cool", or "nifty"
Swell Radio, a former radio streaming application
S'well, reusable water bottle company
See also
Swelling (disambiguation)
Swelling (medical)
Swell shark, a catshark
Swell Foop, a book by Piers Anthony
Sewell (disambiguation) | wiki |
Sears House may refer to:
Sears Catalog Home, ready-to-assemble kit houses sold by Sears, Roebuck and Company
Sears House (Austin, Arkansas), listed on the NRHP in Arkansas
Dean L. C. Sears House, Searcy, listed on the NRHP in Arkansas
Sears-Kay Ruin, Carefree, listed on the NRHP in Arizona
A. B. Sears House, Chesterville, listed on the NRHP in Ohio
Albert H. Sears House, Plano, listed on the NRHP in Illinois
David Sears House, Boston, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Sears–Ferris House, Carson City, listed on the NRHP in Nevada
Rev. Henry M. and Jennie Sears House, Austin, listed on the NRHP in Texas
Sears House (Staunton, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Virginia | wiki |
A metamorphic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes place during the geological process of metamorphism wherein one assemblage of minerals is transformed into a second assemblage which is stable under the new temperature/pressure conditions resulting in the final stable state of the observed metamorphic rock.
Examples include the production of talc under varied metamorphic conditions:
serpentine + carbon dioxide → talc + magnesite + water
chlorite + quartz → kyanite + talc + water
Polymorphic Transformations
Exsolution Reactions
Devolatilization Reactions
Continuous Reactions
Ion Exchange Reactions
Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
Reactions Involving Dissolved Species
Chemographics
Petrogenetic Grids
Schreinemakers Method
Reaction Mechanisms
See also
Index mineral
Notes
Metamorphic petrology
Geochemical processes
Reaction mechanisms | wiki |
Lambek may refer to:
Joachim Lambek (1922–2014), professor of pure mathematics at McGill University.
Lambek–Moser theorem, a combinatorial number theory.
Michael Lambek (born 1950), professor of anthropology at the University of Toronto Scarborough. | wiki |
The 60-meter band or 5 MHz band is a relatively new amateur radio allocation, first introduced in 2002, that was originally only available in a few countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Ireland and Iceland. Over a number of years however, an increasing proportion of countries' telecommunications administrations together with their government and military users have permitted Amateur Radio operation in the 5 MHz area on a short or longer-term basis, ranging from discrete channels to a frequency band allocation.
At the closing meeting of the 2015 ITU World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) on 27 November 2015, amongst the Final Acts signed into the International Radio Regulations was one approving "A Worldwide Frequency Allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz to the Amateur Service on a secondary basis". The ITU's enhanced band allocation limits most amateurs to 15 watts effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), with some countries allowed up to 25 W EIRP. The ITU allocation came into effect January 1, 2017, after which each country's national administration must formally revise their rules to permit amateur operation.
Prior to WRC-15, all 5 MHz Amateur allocations made by individual administrations were in accordance with Article 4.4 of the ITU Radio Regulations, which requires non-interference with other radio services. Where two-way amateur radio communication is authorized on 60 m, it has generally been within the frequency range 5250–5450 kHz, but the whole of this range is not necessarily available and allocations vary significantly from country-to-country. This has been particularly true in latter years since the award at WRC-12 of the range 5250–5275 kHz to the Radiolocation Service, thus effectively reducing the former frequency range down to 5275–5450 kHz.
In some countries the allocation is still channelized at present, whereas others have block or band allocations or a mixture. Voice operation is generally in upper sideband (USB) mode to facilitate inter-communication by non-amateur service users if necessary. In the United States and its territories and possessions, channelized USB is mandatory. Where channelization is used, the USB suppressed carrier frequency (a.k.a. 'dial' frequency) is normally 1.5 kHz below the quoted channel frequency. For example, 5403.5 kHz is the 'dial' frequency for the channel centered on 5405 kHz. The "center" of the channel is based on the assumption that the bandwidth of SSB transmissions are 3 kHz, at most. Transmitters that are capable of wider SSB bandwidths should be adjusted for 3 kHz bandwidth or less so their emissions stay within the allocated channel.
Amateur equipment made in Japan and surrounding countries often did not originally support the 60-meter allocation. However it is usually possible to modify such equipment to work correctly on these frequencies within the terms of the individual's licensing conditions. More recently, commercial amateur radio equipment manufactured in Asia has begun to include provision for 60 m / 5 MHz operation, following the WRC-15 decision.
International Regulatory Status and World Radiocommunication Conferences
The amateur radio service is unusual in the fact that it is regulated by international treaty. Worldwide amateur allocations are determined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which allocates global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develops the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect and strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide. This is done through successive World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs) which take place approximately every 3 5 years, when telecommunications administrations and organisations from all around the globe meet to make decisions on these elements.
At the conclusion of the ITU 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12) on Friday 17 February 2012, Resolution 649 [COM6/12] (WRC12) was ratified as being placed on the Agenda for the following WRC in 2015 (WRC-15). This resolution invited WRC-15 to consider "The possibility of making an allocation of an appropriate amount of spectrum, not necessarily contiguous, to the amateur service on a secondary basis within the band 5250–5450 kHz".
Following the decision at WRC-12 to implement a Radiolocation allocation from 5250 to 5275 kHz, the candidate band for an amateur allocation at WRC-15 subsequently became truncated to the 5275 to 5450 kHz sector.
On September 11, 2014, the National Telecommunications Agency of Brazil (ANATEL) announced its intention to propose an amateur service allocation from 5275 to 5450 kHz in the 60 m band at the next meeting of CITEL (Inter-American Telecommunication Commission). At the CITEL Regional Conference held in Mérida City, Mexico in October 2014, the conference recognised
an IAP (Inter-American Proposal) for a Secondary Amateur Allocation from 5275 to 5450 kHz. This was proposed by Brazil, together with Argentina, Uruguay, El Salvador, Dominican Republic
and Nicaragua, making up the required six administrations. Following the proposal a footnote stressed that "National administrations can adopt additional constrains to provide further compatibility with existed services."
The final meeting of the CEPT (Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications) Conference Preparatory Group took place in Bergen, Norway during the week 14–18 September 2015 at which was adopted the final European Common Proposal for WRC-15 Agenda Item 1.4 the adoption of a European Common Proposal for an allocation of 100 kHz between 5350 and 5450 kHz for the Amateur Service.
The ITU 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) took place in Geneva, Switzerland from 2 until 27 November 2015, where Agenda Item 1.4 went through a significant amount of discussion and debate until a consensus was eventually reached, whereby at the Concluding Meeting of WRC-15 on 27 November 2015, a Final Act was signed, approving a secondary amateur allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz. Most stations are limited to 15 watts EIRP, with the exception of Mexico, who are allowed 20 W EIRP, and Central & South America, plus most of the Caribbean areas who are permitted 25 W EIRP. (see adjoining WRC-15 regulations extract for full country information). The allocation went into effect from January 1, 2017.
Bandplan
A bandplan has been adopted by the IARU (International Amateur Radio Union), for the WRC-15 60m Secondary allocation (5351.5–5366.5 kHz).
The bandplan strongly recommends that the WRC-15 frequencies should only be used if other 5 MHz frequencies, allocated under Article 4.4, are not available.
It does not require stations to adopt the USB dial frequencies of 5354, 5357, 5360 and 5363 kHz but these frequencies provide a good fit with the American channel on 5357 kHz, and UK stations which can use 5354 and 5363 kHz but not 5360 kHz. Also, it is only by using these exact frequencies that there will be enough room for four simultaneous SSB conversations without mutual interference, assuming the 2.8 kHz de facto standard bandwidth of typical SSB transceivers.
WRC-15 frequencies, like all others, can only be used when they have been licensed for amateur use by a country's regulator.
Propagation characteristics
Lying approximately halfway between 80 m (3.5 MHz) and 40 m (7 MHz), the 60-meter (5 MHz) band forms a communication bridge when propagation effects make use of 80 or 40 m impossible for local-to-medium distance communications – usually between , often needed in emergency communication scenarios where there is no existing normal communications infrastructure or where the normal communications infrastructure has been devastated by either manmade or natural disaster(s). Less affected by D-Layer absorption than 80 m, the 60-meter (5 MHz) band is an ideal candidate for Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS), the most commonly used technique capable of providing seamless local-to-medium distance HF communications. Information about the Critical Frequency (foF2) of the ionosphere at any one time is highly important for setting up and maintaining reliable NVIS radio links. This information can be found online from ionograms produced by local ionosondes at this site
Propagation beacons
A number of amateur radio propagation beacons are active on 5 MHz, some of which produce a sequence of varying power levels in various transmission formats. A number of these transmit 24/7 (but not all) and some personal beacons are activated as required.
In the United Kingdom (ITU Region 1) Only GB3ORK (Orkneys IO89ka) is now active on 5290 kHz. The timing of the transmission is every 15 minutes starting at 2 minutes after the hour ( i.e. 02, 17, 32 and 47 minutes ). GB3ORK transmits a JT9A sequence in addition to stepped power levels. Originally three beacons transmitted sequentially on the hour and each subsequent 15 minutes primarily using CW. They were in transmission order GB3RAL, GB3WES and GB3ORK, from approximately southern, central and northern locations in the UK respectively. GB3WES closed down on March 11, 2020, when its Notice of Variation (i.e. licence) expired and in July 2017, the licence for 5 MHz operation of the southern beacon GB3RAL was not renewed owing to site difficulties. Details of the original British beacon network, including design and building, can be found on the 5 MHz beacon page of the Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB) website.
On the 5290 kHz channel (5289.5 kHz USB) also is the Danish (ITU Region 1) personal beacon OV1BCN (JO55si), operated by OZ1FJB, particularly for NVIS observations. From Spring 2011, it has been in operation h24 and is sequenced to transmit 2 minutes after the UK beacons, (hr+ 04/19/34/49 min.), transmitting a USB-announcement, followed by CW + MT63 identifications. (Info: Lars, OZ1FJB)
The South African Amateur Radio League SARL (ITU Region 1) As of May 2017, the South African 5 MHz WSPR Cluster has two permanent beacons currently ZS6SRL in Johannesburg (KG33wv) and ZS1OA (JF95fx) in Cape Town. Although no longer operational, when SARL first announced its intention to have a 5 MHz Beacon operational, the South African club KARTS Kempton Park Amateur Radio and Technical Society commissioned a WSPR beacon callsign ZS6KTS (KG43cw), initially on 5250 kHz. At a meeting during Summer 2014 with their regulator, ICASA (The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa), SARL reached an agreement to exchange their channel at 5250 kHz for the more common beacon channel of 5290 kHz.
The 60 m band was released for amateur radio in Switzerland (ITU Region 1) in January 2017, however the Sursee Amateur Radio Club obtained earlier the necessary official authorizations from their Federal Office of Communications for a Swiss 5 MHz Experimental Beacon project. Using the callsign HB9AW, the beacon became operational on 5291.0 kHz at 0000 hrs UTC on 1 June 2014. The transmission commences with the call sign HB9AW in CW (100HA1B), followed by five 5 seconds-long dashes. The dashes are each accurately attenuated by 10 dB in the EIRP power sequence 10 W, 5 W, 1 W, 100 mW, concluding with 10 mW, and repeats every 5 minutes, commencing on the hour. The beacon transmits from Sursee (Locator: JN47be) using a half-wave dipole, configured for high-angle radiation as an NVIS 'fountain' type antenna at a height above ground of 0.12 of a wavelength. A reflector is placed beneath the antenna. The aim of the system is to explore the propagation conditions on 5 MHz in the hills and valleys of Switzerland in relation to its possible suitability as an Emergency Communications band. An on-line form on the Sursee Amateur Radio Club's website accepts reception reports.
9A5ADI has established a QRPp (very low power) CW Beacon 9A5ADI/B on 5288.8 kHz running 100 mW into a 15 m long wire. It is located in Vinkovci (JN95jg). The transmission sequence is as follows - 10 seconds tone, v v v, callsign, power, locator, room temperature and pressure.
The Luxembourg (ITU Region 1) national amateur radio society, Radioamateurs du Luxembourg, has re-established a beacon on 5205.25 kHz under the callsign LX0HF. Located near Junglinster (JN39dr), the beacon's power is 5 W EIRP, transmitting a continuous carrier with callsign identification at one minute intervals.
The German (ITU Region 1) Amateur Radio Club (DARC) operates a propagation information beacon, under the non-amateur call sign DRA5 (JO44vo), on 5195 kHz, which transmits in CW (Morse code) plus various digital modulation systems. It is co-sited with the DKØWCY 30 and 80 m beacons. Owing to considerations of the rising cost of electrical power, the operational schedule of DRA5 has changed and it no longer transmits over the full 24-hour period. It is currently operational 0400–2200 UTC during the Summertime period and 0500–2300 UTC during the Wintertime period. These times of year correspond to those of the seasonal clock changes in Germany.(Source: Beacon keeper DK4VW e-mail 18th July 2013)
In addition, individual WSPR beacon experiments using powers as low as 1 watt in the UK have led to reception reports from the US and Middle East. South African tests using 5-20 watts have led to reception reports from USA, Europe, Australia and South America. Further research is likely in this area..
As well as amateur radio beacons in the 5 MHz sector, some other non-amateur stations are used informally as propagation indicators. These include:
Standard Frequency & Time Stations
RWM (Moscow) on 4996 kHz
BPM (Xi'an), YVTO (Caracas), HLA (Daejeon, S. Korea), WWV (Colorado) & WWVH (Hawaii) on 5000 kHz
VOLMET Aviation Meteorological Information Broadcasts (all USB):
"Military One Information VOLMET" on 5450 kHz (previously called 'R.A.F. VOLMET')
"South America VOLMET" on 5451 and 5475 kHz
"Africa VOLMET" on 5499 kHz
"Shannon VOLMET" (Republic of Ireland) on 5505 kHz
United Kingdom
In the UK (ITU Region 1), the 60-meter segment (also known by its frequency equivalent: 'the 5 MHz band') is available to all UK Full Licensees. It is the subject of active research by radio amateurs due to its propagation properties. This research commenced in August 2002 by means of a special 5 MHz 'Notice of Variation' (NoV) to the Full UK Licence. Five 3 kHz-wide channels, 5258.5, 5278.5, 5288.5, 5398.5 and 5403.5 kHz were allocated, which by mid-2006 had been increased to seven, the additional ones being 5366.5 and 5371.5 kHz (all USB dial frequencies). In December 2012, UK regulator, Ofcom, announced permission for 11 new frequency blocks, following representations from the RSGB and subsequent Ofcom discussions with the 'Primary User' of 5 MHz in the UK, the British Ministry of Defence (MoD). Although the MoD was unable to permit a continuous band, this allocation of seven channels was substantially increased to eleven frequency 'blocks' (or 'bandlets'), integrating the existing channels. These became active on 1 January 2013.
Following an Ofcom consultation document on a review of the UK Amateur Licence during 2014,
in 2015 Ofcom issued a new UK Amateur Licence which incorporated the UK 5 MHz allocation into the main licence schedule for all UK Full Licensees (Individual, Club, Reciprocal). This came into force on 7 April 2015. The previous 5 MHz 'Notice-of-Variation' (NoV) is now no longer required, however it is still a licence requirement that the Licensee shall only operate on the band to the extent that the Licensee can be contacted on a telephone which is located in close proximity to the Station.
There are some additional restrictions which still apply:
Maximum Antenna Height is 20 metres (65') AGL (above ground level)
Neither mobile nor maritime mobile operation permitted
Power is limited to 100 watts PEP (not to exceed 200 W EIRP)
Maximum Permitted Transmission Bandwidth is 6 kHz (double sideband)
All Modes are allowed. This provision is on a Secondary, non-interference (NIB) basis. Instructions on amateur radio 60 m operations in the UK are provided in the RSGB '5 MHz' web pages and at the Ofcom Amateur Radio Section.
The UK 5 MHz Frequency Blocks are as follows (all in kHz):
As well as Analogue Voice and CW, the band in the UK is also used for Digital Communications in modes such as PSK31, Olivia, MFSK, MT63, SSTV, Hellschreiber, JT65A, JT9, FT8 and FT4 success being shown with most modes, despite the problems that can result from ionospheric distortion, particularly to the phase of the signal.
The Summits on the Air (SOTA) program uses 5 MHz for a number of activations, with considerable activity from some operators.
In the UK, 5 MHz is also used for one of the weekly RSGB (Radio Society of Great Britain) news bulletin broadcasts under the special transmit-only callsign GB2RS. The transmission takes place on Sundays at 1500 hrs UTC on 5398.5 kHz USB. The intention is to prove that 5 MHz provides a reliable vehicle for a national news broadcast which is able to cover the whole of the UK. After the news a net is carried out with signal reports exchanged, both with UK listeners and others further afield.
This band is unique in the United Kingdom insofar as UK 5 MHz operators may also communicate under controlled operating conditions with UK Military stations or UK Military Cadet Youth Organizations with links to the MoD using these frequencies. They use MoD allocated call signs, which differ significantly from those issued by Ofcom to the Amateur Radio Service in the UK. In 2016, the RAFAC (RAF Air Cadets) introduced and coordinate several events during the year called 'Exercise Blue Ham' in which Military Cadets exchange radio contact information with amateur stations on the UK 5 MHz amateur allocations.
The HF Team of RAYNET-UK (Radio Amateurs' Emergency Network the UK's Amateur Radio Emergency Communications body) includes 5 MHz in its regular 7 Day cycle of HF Nets (See RAYNET-UK HF Team reference in 'External Links' section)
The 5 MHz band has proved to support reliable intra-UK communication using low power and NVIS (Near Vertical Incidence Skywave) antennas under daylight conditions, but as with other bands can be sometimes affected by solar disturbances. Several technical papers have also been published on NVIS at 5 MHz, utilising information gleaned from monitoring of the UK 5 MHz beacon chain over the numerous years of its existence.
United States
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made the 60-meter band available to General, Advanced and Amateur Extra US amateur radio license classes in 2003. The five channels currently used for the 60-meter band in the USA (ITU Region 2) are:
Modes permitted:
USB Voice (2K80J3E)
CW (150HA1A)
RTTY (60H0J2B) (Example: PSK31)
Data (2K80J2D) (Example: Pactor III or Packet)
which includes any digital mode modulated in a single sideband transmitter, with a bandwidth of 2.8 kHz or less whose technical characteristics have been documented publicly, per Part 97.309(4) of the FCC Rules. Such modes would include PACTOR I, II or III, 300-baud packet, MFSK, MT63, Contestia, Olivia, DominoEX, FT8 and others
Maximum Power: 100 W PEP ERP referenced to a half-wave dipole. Secondary status.
At no time may any transmission exceed the channel bandwidth of 2.8 kHz and the center of all CW and RTTY (data) emissions must coincide with the authorized center frequencies. Automatic operation is not permitted and the control operator of a station transmitting data emissions must exercise care to limit the length of transmission so as to avoid causing harmful interference to United States Government stations.
On 5 March 2012, following earlier proposals by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the FCC brought into effect new rules detailing several changes in US 60-meter amateur radio operations. These included:
5358.5 kHz replacing 5368 kHz (heavily utilized by one of the primary users).
Additional modes as detailed above, supplementing existing USB voice provision.
A power increase from 50 W to 100 W.
These frequencies are also authorized to certain US Government and Military users to establish interoperability with Amateur Radio operators in disasters. This is exercised several times each year in the USNORTHCOM led exercise "Vital Connections", Department of Defense exercises utilizing MARS stations, and exercising 60-meter band interoperability has become a regular component of FEMA communications exercises in the Regions. The Ohio Military Reserve annual BLACK SWAN communication exercise emphasizes interoperability among Amateur, SHARES, and MARS stations, supported by weekly training to common standards for waveforms, procedure words, and procedure signals. High Power night time broadcasts have been utilized in exercises to provide information and instructions from the Government to Amateur radio operators across North America. Government stations using these frequencies are authorized significantly more power than Amateurs.
As a part of preparation of justification for a 60-meter band, the ARRL organized a group of twelve amateur radio operators, most of whom had experience in trying to communicate with stations in the Caribbean to obtain eyewitness reports of hurricanes in that region. The group was assigned by FCC WA2Xxx call signs and allowed to transmit on the 60-meter band as experimental stations. That group's report of conditions on that band became central to ARRL's request for the band for amateur use. That initial effort stressed continuous communication with the Caribbean hurricane region and timely reports to the Miami National Hurricane Center to supplement other observations and to take emergency messages.
Countries with band allocations
Andorra (ITU Region 1): In June 2016 Andorran amateurs were permitted access to the new WRC-15 60 m allocation from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz on a Secondary basis with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP; modes are permitted CW and SSB. Prior to that, the Andorran national amateur radio society, URA Unio de Radioaficionats Andorrans, announced in July 2014 that they had received official permission to operate between 5275 and 5450 kHz on a secondary basis for short and medium distance propagation studies. Maximum power allowed was 100 W PEP with a bandwidth not exceeding 3 kHz utilizing CW and USB. That permission was temporary until WRC-15 the license then being annulled from December 2015. (Source: C31CT)
Argentina (ITU Region 2): Following petitions to their regulator over a number of years, the Argentine national society, The Radio Club Argentino (RCA) has succeeded in obtaining changes and additions to their bands. Among these was the new WRC-15 60 m secondary allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz with a maximum power of 25 W EIRP. This was published in the official government gazette, the Boletin Oficial de la Republica Argentina (p. 35) and became effective on February 5, 2018.
Austria (ITU Region 1): In December 2020, the frequency range of 5351.3 to 5366.5 was allocated to the amateur radio service on a secondary basis with a maximum radiated power of 15 W EIRP by the Austrian telecom regulator BMVIT.
Bahamas (ITU Region 2): It has been found that since 2009, The Bahamas has had a 60 m Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5330 – 5406 kHz. However a recent update to their National Frequency Allocation Table shows the WRC-15 60 m Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz at 25 W EIRP. News is awaited of which allocation is now in force, hence both allocations are currently recorded.
Bangladesh (ITU Region 3): From 2005, the band 5250–5310 kHz was allocated nationally to the amateur service on a secondary basis for propagation experiments. Stations of the amateur service in Bangladesh shall not cause harmful interference to any station operating in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations, which in this case will be of a governmental or commercial nature. All modes are permitted. (Source: Bangladesh Telecomms Administration NFAP)
Barbados (ITU Region 2): From August 2019, the regulator has updated the 60 m allocation to 5332 – 5405 kHz. Previous operation was from 5250 to 5400 kHz, maximum power 100 W PEP.
Belarus (ITU Region 1): From July 2016, amateurs in Belarus have had access to the WRC-15 allocation from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz. Maximum Power is 50 Watts. SSB, CW and digital modes are permitted to Class A (top level) Licensees.
Belgium (ITU Region 1): At the beginning of March 2016, the Belgian telecoms regulator, IBPT/BIPT, issued a decision permitting access to the new WRC-15 60 m allocation for all Belgian Class A amateur licensees (also known as the HAREC licence). The allocation is from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz on a Secondary basis with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP. All modes are permitted.
Belize (ITU Region 2): The new Belize Amateur Radio Club (BARC) website carries information that the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary 60 m allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz has become available with a maximum power limit of 25 W EIRP.
Bosnia & Herzegovina (ITU Region 1): Bosnia & Herzegovina have been authorized by their regulator, RAK, for 5 MHz operation under the new WRC-15 Secondary Allocation 5351.5 5366.5 kHz with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP
Botswana (ITU Region 1): The new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary 60 m allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz is reported by the South African Radio League (SARL) to have been released by the Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority (BOCRA) at a maximum power of 15 W EIRP.
Brazil (ITU Region 2): ANATEL, the Brazilian telecoms regulator has produced an updated band plan, which releases 60 m to their amateurs. This is the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary 60 m allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz with a maximum power limit of 20 W EIRP, available to Class A operators (Source: ANATEL, PP5VX)
Bulgaria (ITU Region 1): Following a proposal submitted in November 2012 by the Bulgarian national amateur radio society, BFRA, to the Bulgarian national spectrum (NRFSC) and Regulation Commission (CRC), Bulgarian radio amateurs will be permitted access to a number of new bands including a 60 m band allocation of 5250 5450 kHz on a Secondary basis. This has been confirmed and they are permitted all modes at 100 watts (Source: BFRA, LZ1US)
Canada (ITU Region 2): On July 28, 2022, the Canadian regulator, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) released an update to the document for Canadian Radio Amateurs: “RBR-4 – Standards for the Operation of Radio Stations in the Amateur Radio Service”. Part of the document details the release of the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary allocation of 5351.5 - 5366.5 kHz at a maximum effective radiated power of 100 W PEP with 2.8 kHz maximum bandwidth. This is in addition to the present four 3 kHz-wide channels (see Channel Allocations entry).
Caribbean Netherlands (ITU Region 2): The following 60 m news was given by the Branch Manager / Senior
Inspector, Dutch Caribbean Agentschap Telecom regulator in Bonaire: "Recently Agentschap Telecom (AT) has updated the frequency plan for Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba with the addition of the 60-meter band (5351.5 5366.5 kHz) for amateur radio, this with a secondary status. This means that the band may be operated by A, B or C Amateurs
(full licence). The band has footnote 5.133B which limits the power in the Caribbean region of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to 25 watts (EIRP)." (Source: Dutch Caribbean AT, PH2M, W8GEX, DX-World)
China (ITU Region 3): The new WRC-15 amateur 60 m band 5351.5—5366.5 kHz at 15 W EIRP became available to Chinese class B & C licensees from July 1, 2018 according to The No.46 Order of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released on April 18, 2018.
Croatia (ITU Region 1): On Friday, 24 November 2017, the Croatian Regulatory Authority for Network Industries (HAKOM) published in the Official gazette (Narodne Novine) No 116/2017 changes to the rules on amateur radio communications in the Republic of Croatia. Croatian radio amateurs now have access to the WRC-15 60 m amateur secondary allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz under ITU Footnote 5.133B i.e. with 15 W EIRP. Prior to that, in July 2010 Amateurs were given special license access to 5 MHz on an individual, experimental basis which permitted operation from 5260 5410 kHz on all modes, the licences being valid for 1 year. (Source:- 9A2EY, 9A5K, OK1RP, HAKOM)
Cuba (ITU Region 2): ): Faithful to their promise of a new universal 60 m amateur band at WRC-12, the Ministry of Communications of Cuba approved access to the new WRC-15 Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz at 25 W EIRP for Cuban Amateurs. This is in addition to the law, approved on January 20, 2014, allowing the use of the 5 MHz spectrum from 5418 to 5430 kHz, a continuous 12 kHz-wide segment. This allocation is as a secondary user as per ITU RR 4.4 regulations. The use of the amateur radio service in this segment is limited to communications within the national territory for the preparation and operation of the Emergency Organisation of the Federation of Radio Amateurs of Cuba (Cuba Footnote CUB 7)
Cyprus (ITU Region 1): The Cyprus telecom regulator, the Department of Electronic Communications, issued a gazette notice on Friday 30 June 2017 updating the national frequency table to include the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary 60 m allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz with a maximum power limit of 15 W EIRP.
Czech Republic (ITU Region 1): At the start of 2019, the telecoms regulator, the Czech Telecommunications Office (CTU) permitted Czech Amateurs access to the new WRC-15 60 m Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz at 15 W EIRP. At the same time, it was decided to discontinue the former twelve 5 MHz channels. Operators are also asked to follow IARU recommendations for 5 MHz operation. (National Frequency Allocation Table in Czech).
Denmark (ITU Region 1): Stations have as from 1 Jun 2012 been granted the spectrum 5250 5450 kHz, all-mode with secondary status by their regulator, the Enterprise Agency (ERST). 1 kW ERP is permitted for Category A licensees, and 100 W for Category B. Previously in 2011, Danish amateur stations had to apply for a special experimental research license for a year at a time. Prior to that they were allocated channels. (Source: the Danish ERST & EDR websites) the Danish radioamateurs can use all of the spectrum from 5250 to 5450 kHz, on a secondary basis, without any further permission. Power limits are 1000 W for A-licenses and 100 W for B-licenses.
Dominican Republic (ITU Region 2): On March 4, 2020, the Executive Branch of the Dominican Republic, through decree 91–20, approved the update of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF), according to recommendations of the Dominican Institute of Telecommunications (INDOTEL). In the document, the 60 meter segment is assigned to amateur radio as follows: 5351.5 - 5366.5 kHz (5.133B) 25W EIRP. The Dominican Republic Amateur Radio Club was consulted and recommended hosting the IARU band plan.
Ecuador (ITU Region 2): The Ecuadorian telecoms regulator, ARCOTEL, has authorized operation on 5 MHz under the new WRC-15 Secondary Allocation (Source: HC2AO, ARCOTEL)
Estonia (ITU Region 1): 60 m became available on a regular basis to Estonian (ES) class A and B amateurs on 1 September 2017. The band segment and maximum allowed power are according to the ITU rule 5.133B: 5351.5–5366.5 kHz, 15 W EIRP. They also have the possibility of using the frequency segment 5370–5450 kHz with maximum power 20dBW (100 W) TX output but so far only on special permission basis and only for local rescue communications.
Eswatini (ITU Region 1): The Eswatini telecom regulator, ESCCOM (Eswatini Communications Commission) has released the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP.
Falkland Islands (ITU Region 2): Major changes to the Falkland Islands Communications Laws have been announced by the Falkland Islands Communications Regulator. They were published in the official Falkland Islands Gazette on 11 November 2019 and came into force on 15 November 2019. One of these has resulted in the new WRC-15 60 m Secondary Allocation becoming available to all full Falklands Radio Amateurs. The allocation 5351.5 5366.5 kHz, with a maximum power of 25 W EIRP, has been granted for Amateur Radio operations in the islands (see p. 6 of the amateur radio conditions).
Faroe Islands (ITU Region 1): Stations have as from 1 Jun 2012 been granted the spectrum 5250 5450 kHz, all-mode with secondary status by their regulator, the Enterprise Agency (ERST). 1 kW ERP is permitted for Category A licensees, and 100 W for Category B. Previously in 2011, Faroese amateur stations had to apply and pay for a special one year license.
the Faroese radio amateurs can use all of the spectrum from 5250 to 5450 kHz, on a secondary basis, without any further permission. Power limits are 1000 W for A-licenses and 100 W for B-licenses. D-Licenses cannot operate on 60m. The Faroe Islands are an autonomous territory of Denmark and therefore operate under the same regulator as Denmark.
Finland (ITU Region 1): On 9 December 2016, the Finnish communications authority, FICORA, issued a decision permitting access to the new WRC-15 60 m allocation for all Finnish amateur licensees. The allocation is from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz on a Secondary basis with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP. All modes are permitted.
France (and Territories) (ITU Region 1): From 13 February 2020, Amateurs in all French territories (and including Monaco) now have access to the new WRC-15 60 m Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz at a maximum power of 15 W EIRP following the publication in the French Official Journal of the order establishing it. The French national amateur radio society, REF, advocates the use of the IARU 60 m bandplan.
Germany (ITU Region 1): On 19 December 2016, the German communications authority, BNetzA, issued a decision permitting access to the new WRC-15 60 m allocation for German A class amateur licensees. The allocation is from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz on a Secondary basis with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP. All modes are permitted.
Greece (ITU Region 1): A ministerial decision dated 26 February 2019 introduced a new Frequency Allocation Table, which authorizes amateur radio use of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz on a secondary basis.
Greenland (ITU Region 2): It has recently been reported that the Greenland 5 MHz Amateur Allocation has now been expanded to a full allocation of 5250 5450 kHz from the original allocation of
seven 5 MHz channels (these were 5258.5, 5278.5, 5288.5, 5366.5, 5371.5, 5398.5 and 5403.5 kHz). The Telecommunications Authority has permitted USB, CW and digital modes as previously. (Source: OX3XR) Greenland is an autonomous territory of Denmark and therefore operates under the same regulator as Denmark.
Grenada (ITU Region 2): The communications regulator the National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (NTRC) permits 60 m operation from 5250 5450 kHz. Their General licensees are permitted up to 500 W PEP and Advanced licensees 1 kW PEP. Modes include USB and CW. (Source: Grenada NTRC)
Hong Kong (ITU Region 3): OFCA (Office of the Communications Authority), the Hong Kong telecommunications regulator, released the new WRC-15 60 m allocation in January 2017 to the amateur service on a Secondary basis. The allocation is 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz with 15 W EIRP maximum power. (Source: OFCA, VR2XMC, G3PSM)
Hungary (ITU Region 1): The Hungarian telecoms regulator, NMHH (The National Media & Infocommunications Authority Hungary) has published in the Hungarian National Gazette No.7 of 29 May 2018 an update to the National Frequency Allocation table 7/2015 on the use of frequency bands (X1.13), section 99 which initiates the WRC-15 Allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz with 15 W EIRP maximum power. Previously special 3-month permits were available, allowing 5350–5450 kHz at 100 W, but these were discontinued in 2017. (Source: HA3FLT, MRASZ)
Iceland (ITU Region 1): On January 15, 2018, the Icelandic telecoms regulator, PFS, published updated Amateur Radio regulations which included permitting access to the new WRC-15 60 m allocation from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz on a Secondary basis with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP, but concluded the previous experimental licence privileges which had been current until the end of 2017. Prior to that, Amateur stations were given permission for access to 5260–5410 kHz with 100 watts EIRP which had been available by special permit.
India (ITU Region 3): The Indian Government's Telecommunications regulator has published a 2018 Update to the Indian National Frequency Plan, effective 25 October 2018, which includes a new band at 5 MHz / 60 m. This is the WRC-15 Amateur Secondary allocation of 5 351.5 5 366.5 kHz with a Maximum Power of 15 W EIRP
Indonesia (ITU Region 3): The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of the Republic of Indonesia issued new Amateur Radio Regulations dated December 31, 2018. Included in these (p. 53) is the new WRC-15 Secondary allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP. It is available to top class licensees and all modes are permitted in accordance with the IARU 60 m band plan.
Israel (ITU Region 1): At the end of 2020, the Israeli telecom regulator, IMOC, the Ministry of Communications, released the new WRC-15 amateur 60 m Secondary allocation of 5351.5 – 5366.5 kHz with a maximum power limit of 25 W at the transmitter output. This replaces the previous nine 3 kHz channels which were available by individual application. The new WRC-15 allocation is only available to Advanced and General Class licensees. (4X1LT, IMOC)
Italy (ITU Region 1): The Minister of Economic Development approved, with a Decree of October 5, 2018, an update to the Italian National Frequency Distribution Plan between 0 and 3,000 GHz. Within this plan, the frequency band 5351.5 5366.5 kHz is also attributed to the amateur radio service with the status of a secondary service. The stations of the amateur radio service using the 5351,5 5366.5 kHz frequency band must not exceed the maximum equivalent isotropic power of 15 W EIRP (WRC-15).
Jamaica (ITU Region 2): In a recent update to their National Frequency Allocation Table published by regulator the Jamaican Spectrum Management Authority (SMA), the WRC-15 60 m Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz has been granted under ITU Footnote 5.133B, which, in the case of Jamaica, means a maximum power of 25 W EIRP. The Jamaican Amateur Radio Association (JARA) is advocating use of the new IARU Region 2 60 m bandplan.
Kazakhstan (ITU Region 1): Following a request from the Association of Amateur Radio Services in Kazakhstan (AARSK), the Republic of Kazakhstan state telecoms regulator, MIC (Ministry of Information, Communications & The Media) issued an official letter Number 16-1/1824-1 dated 22 December 2016 authorising use by Kazakhstan radio amateurs of the new WRC-15 60 m Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz on a Secondary basis. At this time no maximum power limit has been indicated and this will be further clarified with the Ministry by discussions with AARSK, who are also advocating use of the IARU Region 1 60 m Provisional Bandplan.
Kenya (ITU Region 1): Following a request from the Radio Society of Kenya (RSK), Kenya state radio regulator, CAK (Communications Authority Kenya) advised the RSK that a new 60 m allocation has been granted between 5275 kHz and 5450 kHz on a secondary basis. All modes are permitted with a maximum power output of 400 W PEP.
Kuwait (ITU Region 1): The Kuwaiti telecom regulator, CITRA, has released the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz to Kuwaiti 9K2 licensees under ITU Footnote 5.133B, which in the case of Kuwait means a maximum power of 15 W EIRP.
Kyrgyzstan (ITU Region 1): The Union of Radio Amateurs of Kyrgyz Republic (ARUKR) announced that on 4 June 2021, the Kyrgyzstan Telecommunications Regulator made the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 – 5366.5 kHz available to Kyrgyz hams at a maximum power of 100 W.
Latvia (ITU Region 1): Latvian amateurs have a new 5 MHz band following the introduction of their new amateur radio licence on August 9, 2016. Access has been allowed to the new WRC-15 60 m /5 MHz allocation 5351.5 5366.5 kHz with a power of 15 W EIRP. It is subject to a narrow transmit bandwidth of 800 Hz and is permitted to Category A (i.e. top level) licence holders only.
Lesotho (ITU Region 1): Word has arrived via the South African Radio League (SARL) that the Lesotho telecom regulator, LCA (Lesotho Communications Authority) has released the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz at 15 W EIRP.
Lithuania (ITU Region 1): Lithuania telecomms regulator RRT has enabled the new WRC-15 Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz at 15 W EIRP in its 2018 update to the country's Frequency Allocation Table, making it available to Lithuanian amateurs.
Luxembourg (ITU Region 1): The Radioamateurs du Luxembourg (national amateur radio society) advises that since 10 October 2016, the new WRC-15 60 m band allocation has been released for amateur radio use in Luxembourg. The update to the national frequency plan of the 3rd October, published in the Memorial (the official Luxembourg government publication) on 10 October, allows the use of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz on a secondary basis with 15 W ERP.
Malaysia (ITU Region 3): The Malay National Amateur Radio society, MARTS, reports that their regulator, MCMC, has already approved the 60m amateur secondary allocation as per WRC-15. At the moment, they are waiting for the formal paperwork to be completed before amateurs can begin to legally utilise this band. However, MCMC has granted MARTS temporary licenses that permits the use of 60m for emcomm usage as well as emcomm exercise purposes. On December 18, 2021, heavy rain caused flooding and evacuations, with subsequent loss of communications and power. MARTS activated their MDECC (MARTS Disaster and Emergency Communications Centre), with its UHF/VHF and HF network to handle emergency traffic. One of the HF frequencies in use was 5353 kHz. (Sources: MARTS, 9M2IR, IARU R3 Newsletter)
Malta (ITU Region 1): The Malta Communications Authority the island's telecomms regulator published its new National Frequency Plan (NFP) in April 2017. This includes the new WRC-15 60 m amateur secondary allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz. Maximum power permitted is 15 W EIRP. (Source: MCA)
Mexico (ITU Region 2): The Mexican telecomms regulator, IFT Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones, has approved amateur operation on the new WRC-15 60 m amateur secondary allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz. Maximum power permitted is 20 W EIRP. (Source: IFT, XE2O, FMRE)
Montenegro (ITU Region 1): The latest update to the Montenegro National Frequency Plan (p. 37) from the country's telecomms regulator, EKIP, lists a new band at 5 MHz / 60 m, namely the WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz with 15 W EIRP, which has been confirmed by national society, the Montenegro Amateur Radio Pool (MARP).(Source: EKIP, 4O9TTT, MARP, W8GEX)
Namibia (ITU Region 1): On 28 October 2016, the Communications Regulatory Authority of Namibia (CRAN) published updates in the official Namibian government gazette (p. 12) which included the WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP.
Netherlands (ITU Region 1): On March 28, 2017, the official gazette of The Netherlands implemented the WRC-15 decision of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz on a secondary basis with an EIRP of 15 W, effective April 1, 2017. This replaces the previous Article 4.4 allocation of 5350–5450 kHz at a maximum power of 100 watts PEP. As before, only amateurs with a full licence ('F' registration) are allowed to use the band (Source: Staatscourant, AT, VERON)
New Zealand (ITU Region 3): New Zealand Amateur Radio Transmitters Society, NZART is pleased to announce that negotiations with regulator RSM and the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) have been successful in obtaining a licence to allow operation for all New Zealand amateur operators to use in the 60 m (5 MHz) band using the new WRC-15 allocation. Especial thanks are due to Bob Vernall, ZL2CA, whose outstanding work by virtue of his position as an NZ government Approved Radio Engineer and ITU experience with the International Frequency Registration Board enabled him to successfully obtain clearance of the WRC-15 Secondary Amateur Allocation of 5351.5 – 5366.5 kHz. This made the new WRC-15 Amateur 5 MHz Secondary allocation clear for the next step which was for NZART to engage with the regulator RSM to formulate a new sub-licence for the band which is of Secondary status, 15W EIRP, working together with the IARU 60 m Bandplan. The NZART licence (and individual sub-licences) are for a twelve-month period to allow RSM to assess if there are any interference issues. If not, then NZART will negotiate with RSM to having the 60 m (5 MHz) band allocation added to the GURL (General User Radio Licence). If this negotiation is successful, then the need for the sub-licence will not be required in the future. The regulator, RSM, extended the sub-licence on May 5, 2022 for a further twelve months. This allows time for RSM to promulgate a new GURL.
Niger (ITU Region 1): The Niger telecoms regulator, ARTP (Autorité de Regulation des Telecommunications et de La Poste du Niger), permits 60 m access in the country to all Niger amateurs under the WRC-15 allocation of 5351.5 5366.5 kHz and its subsequent footnote. (Source: EA5GM, W8GEX)
Norway (ITU Region 1): On November 6, 2009, the band 5260 5410 kHz was opened for general Amateur Radio use, following initially eight channels in the 60 m band being made available for Emergency and Emergency Preparedness activities. The allocation is secondary and power is limited to 100 watts, 6 kHz maximum bandwidth. The band was one of the HF bands used in June 2011 during a communications emergency
Oman (ITU Region 1): Oman now has the WRC-15 Amateur 60 m Secondary Allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP. CW, SSB and Digital Modes are allowed. Formerly 5 MHz operation was in the range 5319–5349 kHz means of temporary permits in co-operation with the Royal Omani Amateur Radio Society (ROARS).(Source: ROARS)
Panama (ITU Region 2): Following AN Resolution No. 10789-Telco of December 21, 2016, which was published in Official Gazette No. 28185-A of December 27, 2016, the National Authority for Public Services (ASEP) of the Republic of Panama published their 2016 National Frequency Plan which contained the WRC-15 amateur secondary allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz (p. 36). (Source: HP1AVS, ASEP, W8GEX)
Paraguay (ITU Region 2): The Paraguay telecom regulator, CONATEL, has released the WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz with a Maximum Power of 25 W EIRP. (Source: ZP4KFX, CONATEL, W8GEX)
Philippines (ITU Region 3): The Philippines Telecom Regulator, the National Telecommunications Commission, has permitted access to the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary 60 m allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz under ITU footnote 5.133B, with a maximum power limit of 15 W EIRP.
Poland (ITU Region 1): On Thursday, May 11, 2017, the Polish Government published a gazette notice amending regulations in the National Frequency Allocation Table. Polish amateurs are now permitted access to the WRC-15 60 m amateur Secondary allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz under ITU Footnote 5.133B with 15 W EIRP. According to the gazette notice, these regulations come into force 14 days following its publication, so are effective from May 26, 2017.
Portugal, including The Azores Islands (ITU Region 1): In November 2016, the telecommunications regulator, ANACOM, permitted 5 MHz operation on the new WRC-15 60 m allocation 5351.5–5366.5 kHz, 15 W EIRP (Source CT1EEB)
Republic of Ireland (ITU Region 1): Irish regulator ComReg published on 22 December 2016 an amended version of the Amateur Station Guidelines in Document ComReg 09/45R2. The main revision is that the WRC-15 band of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz has been released with immediate effect on a secondary basis. No application or fee is necessary for this segment. The power is 15 watts PEP (12 dBW) measured at the output of the transmitter or amplifier. All modes including digimodes may be used. The national society, IRTS, recommends that USB be used for voice as has been the convention on this band and as used by the primary user and that the provisional IARU band plan be used. This allocation does not affect the availability of the existing channels centred on 5280, 5300, 5332, 5348, 5400 and 5405 kHz. Special authorisation is still required for these channels at an annual licence fee of €30. (Sources; ComReg, EI7CD, Ei7GL) See also Channel entry.
Romania (ITU Region 1): An update to the Romanian National Frequency Table published in the country's Official Gazette and dated 7 May 2020 lists the full WRC-15 60 m Amateur Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 - 5366.5 kHz under ITU regulation 5.133B, meaning a maximum power of 15W EIRP (p. 30). Previously it had been limited to the 3 kHz-wide 5363.5–5366.5 kHz slot from 8 April 2016.
Samoa (ITU Region 3): Atsuo Sakuma, 5W1SA, reports that on his yearly licence renewal, operative 26 August 2021, the Samoan 60 m Amateur Secondary Allocation has been changed to that of the WRC-15 Allocation of 5351.5 – 5366.5 kHz at 15W Maximum EIRP. Previously, Atsuo became the first resident operator on the island to be issued with a special 5 MHz permission by the Samoan telecomms regulator, OoTR (Office Of The Regulator), enabling him to operate over the frequency band 5250–5450 kHz. Although occasional 60 m permissions have been available to visitors since 2011, these had generally been the 5 US channels. The permanent amateur population in Samoa has been low in numbers and currently Atsuo is the only resident licensed operator. In April 2013, a dialogue commenced between the regulator and Atsuo which eventually resulted in a band rather than purely a channelized allocation. He was permitted 100 W, with no other restrictions.
Senegal (ITU Region 1): Yves F5PRU / 6W1TA in Senegal has been informed by ARTP, the Senegalese Telecom Regulatory Authority, that the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary Allocation 5351.5 – 5366.5 kHz is now allowed in the country. The IARU Region 1 bandplan should be used with a maximum power limit available of 15 W EIRP.
Slovakia (ITU Region 1): In 2017 Slovakian amateurs were permitted access to the new WRC-15 60 m allocation from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz on a Secondary basis with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP. Prior to that, radio amateurs were allowed access to a band from 5258.5 kHz to 5410 kHz for experimental purposes on a non-interference basis by their Telecommunications Regulatory Authority in August 2011, having previously been permitted a single channel centred on 5260 kHz. This was as a result of negotiations with the Slovakia Amateur Radio Association and their ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Service).
Slovenia (ITU Region 1): Following updated national legislation related to the radio amateur service, on July 14, 2018, the Slovenian telecoms regulator, AKOS, gave full permission for use of the 60 m band in Slovenia. The allocation is the WRC-15 Secondary allocation from 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz with 15 W EIRP and is available to all Slovenian Class A operators. Previously in 2017 it had been available on a temporary three-month licence basis. Use of the IARU Region 1 60 m bandplan is recommended. (Source: ZRS, DF5JL, S50A, W8GEX)
Somalia (ITU Region 1): The Somali Ministry of Information & Communication Technology permits non-channelized 5 MHz / 60-meter operation. Upper sideband (USB) must be used and the allocation is 5060–5450 kHz. All modes are allowed and the maximum power permitted is 3 kW on a non-interference basis.
South Africa (ITU Region 1): On Friday 25 May 2018 South African regulator ICASA published the National Radio Frequency Plan 2018 in which amateur radio was allocated 100 kHz on a shared basis in the 60-meter band. The spectrum 5350–5450 kHz is now available to all licensed South African radio amateurs on a shared non-interference basis, with a power limit of 100 W EIRP. The Council of the South African Radio League has produced a 60 m band plan using Recommendation LA17_C4_REC_02 from the 2017 IARU Region 1 General Conference as a basis. In addition, the channel 5290 kHz has been allocated for WSPR beacons deployed in the SARL 5 MHz Propagation Research project and members can continue to use this frequency. See also Channel Allocations.
Spain (ITU Region 1): On 27 October 2017, the Spanish official government gazette, the Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE), published news of the new National Frequency Allocation Chart (CNAF p. 103234) which includes the new global WRC-15 60 m secondary allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz. All modes are permitted with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP in a 3 kHz bandwidth.
Sweden (ITU Region 1): The Swedish Post & Telecom (PTS) regulator has made available the WRC-15 Secondary Allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz on November 1, 2018. Maximum power permitted is 15 W EIRP. This replaces the previous four 3 kHz segments of 5310, 5320, 5380 and 5390 kHz and the temporary 5351.5–5366.5 kHz allocation permits that been used during the past years which now have expired. An administration fee is no longer required. The first experimental permits were issued at the beginning of 2013. (Sources: SM7CFU, SM7DLK, SM6YOR, SMØTSC, SM6CNN, OK1RP, IARU Reg. 1 website, PTS )
Switzerland, including Liechtenstein (ITU Region 1): Starting on Jan 1, 2017, Switzerland has 60 m / 5 MHz privileges. WRC-15 conditions apply 15 W EIRP and frequencies available: 5351.5–5354.0 kHz (CW, small-bandwidth modes); 5354.0–5366.0 kHz (all modes, USB for SSB); 5366.0–5366.5 kHz (small-bandwidth modes, weak-signal).
Trinidad & Tobago (ITU Region 2): The band 5250–5450 kHz is allocated on a secondary basis to the Amateur service. Maximum output power is 1.5 kW (Source: 9Y4NED)
Turkey (ITU Region 1): Turkey's telecom regulator, BTK, in a government gazette notice of 29 November 2018, released
the new WRC-15 60 m Secondary allocation of 5351.5–5366.5 kHz with a power limit of 15 W EIRP. All modes are allowed. (Source: TA4ED, BTK, W8GEX)
United Arab Emirates (ITU Region 1): Amateurs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have access to 60 m. The UAE National Frequency Plan published by the national regulator, TRA The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, shows the WRC-15 Secondary allocation of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz together with ITU footnote 5.133B which indicates that the maximum power permitted is 15 W EIRP. (Source: TRA, A65DR, W8GEX)
Uruguay (ITU Region 2): On February 16, 2017, the Uruguay telecommunications regulator, URSEC (Unidad Reguladora de Servicios de Comunicaciones) published new amateur radio regulations (Resolución No 026/2017), effective from Feb 1 2017, which included the allocation on a Secondary basis of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz to the amateur service for Superior (A1) only licensees with maximum power permitted of 25 W EIRP. Modes are as follows: 5351.5–5354.0 kHz (CW and digimodes); 5354.0–5366.0 kHz (all modes, USB for SSB); 5366.0–366.5 kHz (CW and digimodes). (Source: URSEC)
Uzbekistan (ITU Region 1): Information comes from Fedor, UK9AA, of the Radio Amateurs of Uzbekistan that permission has been received for Category 1 Uzbek licensees to operate in the new WRC-15 Amateur 60 m Secondary Allocation of 5351.5 – 5366.5 kHz with a Maximum Power of 100 W.
Countries with block allocations
Some administrations are unable to allow a full band allocation, but are prepared to provide additional frequencies other than dedicated channels. In such cases, blocks of frequencies may be allocated.
North Macedonia (ITU Region 1) RSM - Radioamaterski Sojuz na Makedonija, the Macedonian national amateur radio society, has been involved in discussions with their national telecommunications regulator, AEC the Agency for Electronic Communications to achieve an amateur allocation in the 5 MHz region. Commencing April 2014, AEC has issued permission for 14 mostly 5 kHz-wide blocks between 5250 and 5450 kHz with 100 W voice, CW, and data. This current permission is granted until 30 January 2017. RSM had originally requested permission for a small group of dedicated radio amateurs "with good experience", but as the permission has been given to RSM as an organisation, then this may possibly be modified in the future in the light of evidence accrued. (Source: Z35BY, Z32TO, RSM)
United Kingdom (ITU Region 1) The UK was allocated 11 frequency blocks of varying bandwidths in January 2013. Full information is contained in the United Kingdom entry above.
Countries with channel allocations
Global communication is possible during grey line and night time ionospheric conditions with reports of 70 plus countries having been worked from the UK alone.
In all, radio amateurs from approximately 100 countries have been active on 5 MHz at one time or another since the availability of the band to amateur radio.
Radio amateurs from many countries that do not have transmit access to 60 m monitor the band and post their reports of stations heard on activity spotting pages such as the DXWatch 60 m page, 60 Meter Activity Map and similar sites, together with the Reverse Beacon Network 60 m page which indicates current CW activity on the band.
It is quite likely that not all countries' allocations will line up to allow single frequency contacts to be made, in which case split-frequency operation would appear the optimum solution to allow the parties concerned to remain within their legally-allotted frequency limits (presuming of course that the parties' licenses permit this type of split-frequency operation)
Bahrain (ITU Region 1): In 2016 amateurs were permitted access to the new channel assignments 5357.5 and 5363.5 kHz on a Secondary basis with a maximum power of 15 W EIRP; Prior to that, General Class licensees (all 'A9' prefixed stations) were authorized to use two specific 3.0 kHz channel assignments with center frequencies 5373 kHz and 5405 kHz on a secondary non interference basis for propagation experiments with a maximum mean power not exceeding 27 dBW (500 watts).
Canada (ITU Region 2): On July 28, 2022, the Canadian regulator, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) released an update to the document for Canadian Radio Amateurs: “RBR-4 – Standards for the Operation of Radio Stations in the Amateur Radio Service”. Part of the document details the release of the new WRC-15 Amateur Secondary allocation of 5351.5 - 5366.5 kHz at a maximum effective radiated power of 100 W PEP with 2.8 kHz maximum bandwidth. This is in addition to the present four 3 kHz-wide channels (see Band Allocations entry). On Wednesday 22 January 2014, the Canadian regulator, Industry Canada (IC) released a decision to allow amateur radio operators to use the 5332 kHz, 5348 kHz, 5358.5 kHz, 5373 kHz, and 5405 kHz (channel centre) frequencies on a no-interference, no-protection basis, 2.8 kHz bandwidth, same modes as U.S., 100 W PEP maximum power. These are the same channels, modes and criteria as those available to US operators on 5 MHz and are as the result of the official IC consultation held earlier in Summer 2012. Prior to this Canadian Amateurs were allowed at the beginning of April 2012 to apply for special interim 5 MHz / 60 m development licences under the VX9 callsign series by their regulator, Industry Canada. This provided for the same channels and facilities accorded to US licensees. Following discussions with the Canadian national amateur radio society Radio Amateurs of Canada (RAC) and the implementation of the US FCC new 60 m rules in March 2012, Industry Canada (IC) issued a consultation notice for Canadian radio amateurs in the government Canada Gazette on May 12, 2012. It proposed the American 60 m channels and conditions, plus an extra one at 5329 kHz for Canadian domestic use only (at the request of RAC), making a total of six channels. Canadian amateurs had until 12 June 2012 to comment and responses were published on the Industry Canada website on 22 June 2012. At the successful conclusion of this process IC intended to permit general availability of these 5 MHz / 60 m channels to Canadian amateurs. In the meantime, amateurs were invited to apply to IC for a special interim 5 MHz / 60 m developmental licence in order to have the opportunity of gaining early access to these frequencies. Amateurs holding the Basic + (with Honours) or the Advanced Certificate were eligible for licensing on these frequencies. Before this, 5 MHz / 60 m activity from Canada had been on a special permission, limited time basis on specified frequencies. This had originated as early as 2002.
Cayman Islands (ITU Region 2): 60 m authorizations became effective on March 29, 2010, and in common with other amateur licensing aspects on the Islands, follow the US 5 MHz allocation and conditions (Source: ZF1EJ)
Dominica (ITU Region 2): The Dominica National Telecommunications Regulator has permitted Amateur operation on five 3 kHz-wide channels on 5 MHz. These are 5330.5, 5346.5, 5355.5, 5371.5 and 5403.5 kHz at 50 W PEP voice (SSB). These are available to General and Advanced licensees only. (Source: ECTEL, Dominica NTRC)
Honduras (ITU Region 2): The National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL) allows general, advanced and superior class licenses to operate on five center frequencies (5332, 5348, 5368, 5373, and 5405 kHz), in USB, with an Effective Radiated Power of 50 watts. By virtue of Resolution NR013/15 dated 30 September 2015, CONATEL upgraded the maximum power level to 100 W ERP, changed the 5368 kHz to 5358.5 kHz and added the following modes USB Voice (2K80J3E), Data (2K80J2D), RTTY (60H0J2B) and CW (150HA1A). This is in line with earlier US changes.
Republic of Ireland (ITU Region 1): In early January 2013, the regulator, ComReg, announced that those Irish amateurs who have taken out the special 5 MHz licence can apply for three more 3 kHz-wide channels, 5300, 5332 and 5348 kHz. All of these are channel center frequencies. This is in addition to the earlier three 3 kHz-wide channels allowed, 5280, 5400 and 5405 kHz, when stations first received permission to operate experimentally on the band on October 17, 2008 (Source: IRTS News), thus making a total of six channels now available. The frequency 5290 kHz is also available but is restricted to Listen Only (for UK beacons) due to other users. SSB (USB), CW and Phase Modulation is permitted with a maximum power limit of 200 W (23 dBW) on a Secondary, non-interference basis. Communications with non-Amateur stations (i.e. UK military cadet stations) is not permitted. Application forms are available from the regulator,. (Source Republic of Ireland regulator ComReg). Irish regulator ComReg published on 22 December 2016 an amended version of the Amateur Station Guidelines in Document ComReg 09/45R2. The main revision is that the WRC-15 band of 5351.5 to 5366.5 kHz has been released with immediate effect on a secondary basis. See also Band entry.
South Africa (ITU Region 1): On Friday 25 May 2018 South African regulator ICASA published the National Radio Frequency Plan 2018 in which amateur radio was allocated 100 kHz on a shared basis in the 60-meter band. The spectrum 5350 to 5450 kHz is now available to all licensed South African radio amateurs on a shared non-interference basis, with a power limit of 100 W EIRP. In addition, the channel 5290 kHz has been allocated for WSPR beacons deployed in the SARL 5 MHz Propagation Research project and members can continue to use this frequency. See also Band Allocations.
St. Kitts and Nevis (ITU Region 2): In September 2015, General and Advanced Class amateurs received permission to operate on 5 MHz on a Secondary basis. The channels allocated are the same as those used by the US, with 50 W Max. ERP, SSB only. (Source: ECTEL Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority)
St. Lucia (ITU Region 2): Amateurs have received permission to operate on 5 MHz on a Secondary basis. The channels allocated are the same as those used by the US, with 50 W maximum ERP, SSB only. (Source: St. Lucia National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission, 'Technical Standards for Amateur Radio Service' document)
Special Individual Permits
Whilst not immediately in a position to sanction 60m Amateur operation as a whole, some countries may be prepared to consider special individual permits under certain conditions to gauge compatibility with the amateur service in their 5 MHz spectrum. One such country is Tajikistan, which has issued a permit to experienced operator Nodir, EY8MM to operate between 5260 and 5410 kHz with a power limit of 100 W. Previous recipients of Special Individual Permits include Fedor, UK9AA, who was issued one by Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan amateurs have now recently been allowed access to the WRC-15 60m Amateur Allocation (see Band entry)
Occasional permissions
Whilst most of the 60-meter operations listed in this article are either on a permanent secondary or experimental period basis, there are occasions when access is granted either on a one-off very limited time frame or for specific dates and times.
Other authorized 5 MHz operations have been reported such as Ascension Island, Colombia, Fiji, Ghana, Kiribati and Russia. Some Amateur Radio DXpeditions have been permitted temporary access to 5 MHz.
Emergencies only
In certain countries, Amateur access to frequencies in 5 MHz is on an emergency or search & rescue basis only. In addition, Amateur call signs may not always be used, nor Amateur equipment. Currently these countries are :-
Australia (ITU Region 3): It has been requested by the authorities to make clear that the 5 MHz frequencies used by WICEN (Wireless Institute of Australia Civil Emergency Network) are for emergencies and related exercises. It is NOT an amateur allocation. Non-amateur callsigns, AXF404, AXF405 and VXE580 are used together with ACMA (Australian Communications & Media Authority) type-approved radio equipment such as the commercial HF SSB transceivers (e.g., Codan or Barrett) normally used for outback communications in the VKS737 Australian HF network which serves remote travelers. VKE580 is also used by Amateur Radio New South Wales to relay the VK1WIA National and local VK2WI news, on Sundays at 10am local time.
New Zealand (ITU Region 3): Two 5 MHz frequencies have been assigned for emergency use only. They are NOT Amateur frequencies and are available only for AREC operations (the Amateur Radio Emergency Communications section of the NZ National Amateur Radio Society NZART) courtesy of the NZ Defence Force. Special AREC Callsigns must be used (source: NZART website).
USA State of Alaska (ITU Region 2): In addition to previously mentioned USA 60 m Amateur channels, the frequency 5167.5 kHz USB is available for emergency communications within the state of Alaska. The maximum power permitted is 150 watts peak envelope power (PEP). All stations operating on this frequency must be located in or within 50 nautical miles (92.6 km) of the State of Alaska. and it may be used "for tests and training drills necessary to ensure the establishment, operation, and maintenance of emergency communication systems."
Frequency lists
NIB = Non-Interference Basis
Bold = Beacons currently active
Italics = Frequency not operational at this specific time or due to come on stream after a given period of time has elapsed.
* New ITU WRC-15 Allocation
Beacons
Band allocations
Block allocations
Channel allocations
References
External links
60 m / 5 MHz Activity Spotting Sites:
DXSummit 5 MHz page
Dxmaps.com - Real Time Activity Map 60m page
Reverse Beacon Network 60 m page (CW Skimmer system)
DXWatch 60 m page
WebSDR Project - an on-line receiver resource, a number of which cover 5 MHz / 60 m
KiwiSDR Public Portal - on-line receivers with a facility for Direction-Finding (TDoA)
Modifications to commercial amateur HF Transceivers to enable 5 MHz / 60 m operation (mods.dk)
Ionospheric Propagation Data Sites:
Interactive List of Ionosonde Stations
prop.kc2g.com provides near-realtime maps and data about ionospheric conditions
PROPquest - European based propagation data
DL8WX's Interactive Worldwide HF Beacon List
60 m / 5 MHz Newsletters & Blogs:
The 5 MHz Newsletter (current edition) and its Archive page
'60 Meters Online': US 60 m Activity Information Website and Newsletters
Petr, OK1RP's 60 m CW Blog page
G4MWO's Worldwide Amateur 5 MHz Allocation Chart
Radio Society of Great Britain 5 MHz pages
South African Radio League 60 m Countries List
UK NVIS PowerPoint Presentation (G4MWO)
ITU Regional Map
RAYNET-UK (UK Amateur Radio Emergency Communications) HF Team Schedule
Amateur radio bands | wiki |
In American network television scheduling, a mid-season replacement is a television show that premieres in the second half of the traditional television season, usually between December and May. Mid-season replacements usually take place after a show that was in the fall schedule was canceled or put on hiatus, outside factors such as an actor's family emergency or personal illness led to a delay in the program's debut, a program was deliberately scheduled for mid-season (for example, shows NBC airs on Sunday nights after the NFL season ends, as it only takes up the first half of the television season), or a program had a shortened season for some other reason which resulted in a time slot that needed filling. A few shows in American television history have been perennial mid-season replacements. For example, American Idol aired from January to May each year from its second season onward, to great ratings success. CBS put reruns of the first season of Land of the Lost (1974) on its Saturday morning schedule in June 1985 (running to the end of December) and June 1987 (running until the new season began in September).
An older and related concept is the summer replacement, which debuts between May and August, when a network's fall schedule is on hiatus. Summer replacements tend to be lower-profile shows with either low budgets or minimal prospects for renewal.
Notable mid-season replacement shows
Notes
References
Television terminology | wiki |
The Senate Finance Subcommittee on Health Care is one of the six subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Finance.
Members, 118th United States Congress
External links
Committee on Finance, Subcommittee page from the U.S. Senate website
References
Finance Health Care | wiki |
Joe Hancock (1926–1943) was an influential Quarter Horse sire in the early years of the American Quarter Horse Association (or AQHA).
Life
Joe Hancock was registered as number 455 in the American Quarter Horse Association (or AQHA). He was foaled most probably in 1926, although the dates are somewhat hazy. He was a brown stallion, registered as bred by an unknown breeder, but later research determined that his breeder was John Jackson Hancock. His sire was a son of Peter McCue named John Wilkens and his dam was a half Percheron mare, although the AQHA's stud book gives his dam as "unknown." John Wilkens was inbred to the Thoroughbred stallion Voltigeur, as well as being a descendant of the Thoroughbred Glencoe. When he was registered, he was owned by the Tom L. Burnett Estate in Fort Worth, Texas, which later became the 6666 Ranch.
Joe Hancock had a streak on his face and, when grown, stood 15.3 hands high. Unlike his sire, he had good feet.
Racing career
Joe Hancock raced in match races for a number of years, although no official records of these races exist. At one point, there were advertisements run in the Fort Worth Star Telegram and the Daily Oklahoman stating that "Joe Hancock is open to the world, from standing start to ⅜ths of a mile." There were no folks willing to match their horses against Joe Hancock. All of Joe Hancock's racing took place before the formation of the AQHA in 1940.
Breeding record
By the time the AQHA was founded, Joe Hancock was busy siring ranch horses on the 6666 Ranch. He sired seven foals that earned their Race Register of Merit with the AQHA. He also sired two foals that earned their Performance Register of Merit with the AQHA – Brown Joe Hancock and Red Man.
Death and honors
Joe Hancock died in 1943 and in 1992 he was inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame. In 2007 Western Horseman magazine chose Joe Hancock as number three on their list of top ten ranch horse bloodlines.
Pedigree
Notes
References
All Breed Pedigree Database Pedigree of Joe Hancock retrieved on June 22, 2007
American Quarter Horse Foundation – Joe Hancock accessed on September 1, 2017
AQHA Hall of Fame accessed on September 1, 2017
The 6666 Story retrieved July 4, 2007
Further reading
External links
Joe Hancock at Foundation Horses
Joe Hancock at Quarter Horse Directory
American Quarter Horse racehorses
American Quarter Horse sires
1926 racehorse births
1943 racehorse deaths | wiki |
Ideain, the cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, is an anthocyanin, a type of plant pigment.
Natural occurrences
Ideain is the main anthocyanin in red-skinned or red-fleshed (for example Weirouge) apple varieties. It is also found in Chinese hawthorn fruits (Crataegus spp.). It is also the pigment in the copper beech (cultivar of Fagus sylvatica), that was identified in 1932.
While it is only one in the many anthocyanins present in bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) and cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon), it is the main anthocyanin in lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).
Quintinia serrata, the tawheowheo, a species of evergreen trees endemic to New Zealand, has different patterns of anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside) in its leaves to protect the shade-adapted chloroplasts from direct sun light.
References
External links
Ideain chloride at extrasynthese.com
Anthocyanins
Flavonoid galactosides | wiki |
Tunes may refer to:
Places and jurisdictions
Tunes (Silves), a parish in Portugal
Tunes, Norway, a village in Norway
Tunes, Tunisia, now Tunis, eponymous capital city of Tunisia
Tunes (see), a suppressed Latin Catholic titular bishopric; see Catholic Church in Tunisia
Music
Music
iTunes, music software
Tunes (album), an album by Spiers and Boden
MC Tunes (born 1970), British rapper
Other uses
Tunes (confectionery), a brand of cough sweets in the UK
Tunes (bug), a genus of assassin bug in the tribe Harpactorini
Looney Tunes, a cartoon
See also
Tune (disambiguation)
Tunis (disambiguation)
pt:Tunes | wiki |
A time-delay combination lock is most commonly a digital, electronic combination lock equipped with a delay timer that delays the unlocking of the lock by a user-definable delay period, usually less than one hour. Unlike the time lock, which unlocks at a preset time (as in the case of a bank vault), time-delay locks operate each time the safe is unlocked, but the operator must wait for the set delay period to elapse before the lock can be opened. Time delay safes are most commonly used in businesses with high cash transactions. They are used in some banks including Nationwide, HSBC, Barclays, and Halifax.
Use
Time-delay combination locks are frequently incorporated into money safes as an armed robbery deterrent. In many instances, time-delay combination locks are also equipped with a duress code which may be entered to activate the time delay whilst sending a silent alarm to a monitoring centre.
Modern time delay combination locks can have many functions such as multiple different codes, pre-set time lock settings (open and close times), pre-set vacation times (e.g. Christmas Day), dual code facility, and a full audit trail providing a detailed record of the lock history showing who opened the lock, when and how long it was open.
They also use a non-volatile memory so that no information is lost if the batteries are depleted. This will allow the safe to be opened when the batteries are changed after the pre-set time if the correct code is entered. Some electronic combination locks with a time-delay feature require the code to be entered twice: once to start the timer, and a second to unlock and open the safe entered after the delay period has expired.
References
Locksmithing
Password authentication
Access control | wiki |
Iron powder has several uses; for example production of magnetic alloys and certain types of steels.
Iron powder is formed as a whole from several other iron particles. The particle sizes vary anywhere from 20-200 μm. The iron properties differ depending on the production method and history of a specific iron powder. There are three types of iron powder classifications: reduced iron powder, atomized powder, and electrolytic iron powder. Each type is used in various applications depending on their properties. There is very little difference in the visual appearances of reduced iron powder and atomized iron powder.
Applications
Automobiles
Most iron powders are used for automobile parts.
Engine parts
Cam shaft pulley
Cam shaft sprocket
Crank shaft pulley
Crank shaft sprocket
Cap crank bearing
Valve guide
Valve seat
Rocker arm chip
Oil pump inner rotor
Oil pump outer rotor
Steering parts, suspension, and brake parts
Power steering rotor cam ring
Pressure plate
Rack guide
Shock absorber
Ball joint
ABS sensor
Seats and door parts
Seat lifter cam set
Door mirror plate clutch
Striker
Slider
Transmission parts
M/T Synchronizer hub
A/T Hub clutch
Synchronizer ring
Retaining plate
Synchronizer key
Pressure plate
Shift fork
Turbine hub
Weight governor
Cam stater T. C.
Outer race
Other
Iron powder is also used for the following:
Bearings and filter parts
Machine parts
Hand Warmers
High strength/wear-resistant parts
Magnetic materials
Friction parts (mainly automobile parts)
As a fuel
Oxygen scavengers
External links
See also
Metal powder
References
Iron
Iron objects
Powders | wiki |
A multifunction tester or MFT is an electronic device used by electricians to test electrical circuits that use the "low" and "extra-low voltages" typically used by consumers in domestic, commercial and agricultural settings.
Multifunction testers are able to perform continuity tests (or low ohms resistance tests) and insulation resistance tests (or high ohms resistance tests) and they may also be able to perform earth fault loop impedance tests, prospective short-circuit current tests, earth electrode tests and RCD tests.
Electrical circuits | wiki |
The Senate Finance Subcommittee on Taxation and IRS Oversight is one of the six subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Finance.
Members, 118th Congress
References
https://www.finance.senate.gov/chairmans-news/hatch-wyden-announce-finance-subcommittee-assignments-for-115th-congress-
External links
Committee on Finance, Subcommittee membership page
Finance Taxation, IRS Oversight, and Long-Term Growth | wiki |
Lying triceps extensions, also known as skull crushers and French extensions or French presses, are a strength exercise used in many different forms of strength training. Lying triceps extensions are one of the most stimulating exercises to the entire triceps muscle group in the upper arm. It works the triceps from the elbow all the way to the latissimus dorsi. Due to its full use of the Triceps muscle group, the lying triceps extensions are used by many as part of their training regimen.
Triceps extensions are isolation exercises, meaning they use just one joint. While compound exercises are recommended for developing all the muscle groups involved in the functional movement, triceps extensions can be beneficial for fixing imbalances in the triceps or rehabilitating from injury. In bodybuilding, this exercise is used to target the triceps for growth.
A study sponsored and done by the American Council on Exercise revealed that the extensions are around 70–90 percent effective compared to the triangle push up for the triceps. However, extensions put no pressure on the wrists so they are an alternative for people with wrist strain or injury.
Execution
Instructions:
Lie on a flat bench with feet on the ground and head hanging just off the top of the bench, so that the edge of the bench rests in the pit between neck and head.
Take the barbell with an overhand grip (palms away from body) and hold it out above the head so that the arms are supporting the weight. Do not hold the arms straight over the face at 12 o'clock, but rather at an angle more like 10 o'clock, with feet at 3 o'clock. All of the weight should be on the triceps.
Now bend the arms at the elbow, bringing the bar down close to the top of the forehead.
Keep the elbows in the same position, do not let them sway outward.
Press back up to starting 10 o’clock position.
Try to avoid moving your elbows too much; try to keep them the same width apart during the whole movement.
Variations
Vertical French extension
In this variation, the exercise is performed while standing (or sitting on a device with a low backing—that allows the shoulders full range of movement). With respect to gravity, the weight is still lifted in the same manner. With respect to the body, .
As with all weight training movements, it is important to keep the weight under smooth control on both the way down and the way up. This exercise can be performed standing, sitting or lying on one's back. As with most weight training exercises, it is recommended to start off with a lighter weight and then to gradually increase the weight as the muscles get stronger.
Incline EZ-bar lying tricep extensions
In this variation, the exercise is done lying on an incline bench with an EZ-bar which is said to hit the muscle group at a different angle stressing in a new way. Simply thinking about the position of the torso relative to the elevated arms will explain this. Being on a flat bench and raising the arms straight up as in the top of a bench press is a reference point. When inclining the torso from this position, the arms will make an obtuse angle with the lower body. This stretch is what hits the long head of the triceps hard, as the arm should be pointed as far toward your back as comfortably possible to receive the best stretch of the long head.
Triceps extension push-ups
A triceps extension push-up can be performed as a bodyweight exercise only and is thus an ideal substitution when weight lifting equipment is not available. To perform a triceps extension push-up, a person begins on the ground in a plank position with their body supported by their feet and forearms. While maintaining strict form, the triceps are extended until the person is in the standard push-up position. The triceps are then relaxed returning the body to the plank position so another repetition can be performed.
Other
Another variation is done with dumbbells, lying on the ground, touching the dumbbell to the forehead and then fully extending the arm.
References
Weight training exercises | wiki |
Cimicoxib (UR-8880 trade name Cimalgex) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in veterinary medicine to treat dogs for pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and for the management of pain and inflammation associated with surgery. It acts as a COX-2 inhibitor.
Synthesis
Reaction of the imine with TosMIC in the presence of potassium carbonate leads to what may be viewed as 2+3 cycloaddition of the nitrogen analogue of a ketene to form the imidazole ring.
References
COX-2 inhibitors
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Imidazoles
Fluoroarenes
Organochlorides
Sulfonamides | wiki |
Oyster sauce describes a number of sauces made by cooking oysters. The most common in modern use is a viscous dark brown condiment made from oyster extracts, sugar, salt and water thickened with corn starch. Bear in mind that original oyster sauce reduced the unrefined sugar through heating, resulting in a naturally thick sauce due to caramelization, not the addition of corn starch. Today, some commercial versions are darkened with caramel, though high-quality oyster sauce is naturally dark. It is commonly used in Chinese, Thai, Malay, Vietnamese, and Khmer cuisine.
Production
Oyster sauce production began in China no later than the mid-1870s. Oysters were boiled in three iron basins for half an hour then removed for drying on rattan either by sun or over a moderate fire. The water from the basins was reduced in a fourth basin to "a blackish sauce". Sea-water, salt and/or soy could be added.
Today, many shortcuts have been made to create a similar flavor more quickly and at reduced cost. Oyster sauces today are usually made with a base of sugar and salt and thickened with corn starch. Oyster extracts or essences are then used to give flavor to the base sauce. Other ingredients, such as soy sauce and monosodium glutamate, may also be added to deepen the flavor and add color. The quality of the oyster sauce will greatly affect the flavor.
Oyster sauce is made manually in the traditional method. Some oyster sauce manufacturers have improved the process to mass-produce oyster sauce with automation. The oyster extracts are mixed with sugar, corn starch, and the like, with the weighing and mixing processes powered by an automatic electronic system before uniform blending on the automatic production line. The mixed ingredients are cooked in a sealed automatic production system at high temperature by a computerized system. The cooked sauce is transferred to the filling system through sealed pipelines, and reaches the market shelves only after multiple rounds of inspection.
Culinary use
Oyster sauce adds a savory flavor to many meat and vegetable dishes. The sauce is a staple for much Chinese family-style cooking. It is commonly used in noodle stir-fries, such as chow mein. It is also found in popular Chinese-American dishes such as beef with stir-fried vegetables. Oyster sauce can also be used as a topping for some dishes.
Since its early stage of development, oyster sauce has been widely popular with Cantonese chefs as a traditional umami rich condiment.
Applications are no longer restricted to Cantonese cuisine. Be it the well-balanced Shandong cuisine, the spicy hot Sichuanese cuisine, or the seafood and red stewing-dominated Jiangsu and Zhejiang cuisine, oyster sauce enhances flavor. It brings out the umami flavor.
Dishes that may use oyster sauce include Crab in oyster sauce, Kai-lan, Buddha's delight, Hainanese chicken rice, Cashew chicken, Lo mein, Cha siu baau, Har gow, Kai yat sai, Wonton noodles, and Daikon cake.
Difference from fish sauce
While oyster sauce and fish sauce are both briny and may have related histories, they are different products. Fish sauce is watery, clear, and salty, whereas oyster sauce is made by reducing oyster extracts and therefore sweeter with a hint of salt and not as strong an aroma as fish sauce.
Varieties
"True" oyster sauce of good quality should be made by condensing oyster extracts, the white broth produced by boiling oysters in water. This opaque broth, similar to the color of clam juice found in supermarkets, is then reduced until a desired viscosity has been reached and the liquid has caramelized to a brown color. No other additives, not even salt, should be added to the sauce, since the oysters should provide all the savory flavor. However, this method is prohibitively expensive.
Many modern oyster sauces are thickened with cornstarch, flavored with oyster essence or extract and darkened with caramel.
Vegetarian oyster sauce
Vegetarian oyster sauce prepared from mushrooms, often oyster mushrooms or shiitake mushrooms, is also popular and generally lower in price. It may contain more taste enhancers if less mushroom extract is used to reduce costs.
Non-MSG oyster sauce
Most of the oyster sauces available on the market contain added monosodium glutamate (MSG). In recent years MSG-free varieties can also be found.
European oyster sauce
In 19th century French and English cooking, "oyster sauce" referred to a variant of sauce blanche flavored with oysters, using a base of milk and melted butter rather than purely reducing the oysters by cooking. The white sauce version was moistened with cream, whereas in brown oyster sauce, the cream was replaced with gravy. Common recipes using the sauce included "Steak and oyster sauce", documented as early as 1806, and "Cod and oyster sauce". This sauce was still being eaten in Australia in the 1970s.
Health
In 2001, the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency found in tests of various oyster sauces and soy sauces that 22% of samples contained a chemical called 3-MCPD (3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol) at levels considerably higher than those deemed safe by the European Union. About two thirds of these samples also contained a second chemical, called 1,3-DCP (1,3-dichloropropanol), which experts advise should not be present at any levels in food. Both chemicals have the potential to cause cancer, and the Agency recommended that the affected products be withdrawn from shelves and avoided.
The joint Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) said it had taken emergency action to amend its food standards code to set a limit for 3-MCPD in soy sauce of 0.02 milligrams per kilogram, in line with European Commission standards that came into force in the EU in April 2002.
See also
Duck sauce
Fish sauce
Hoisin sauce
List of Chinese sauces
List of sauces
Meat glaze
Plum sauce
References
External links
Chinese sauces
Chinese condiments
Philippine cuisine
Thai cuisine
Oyster dishes
Umami enhancers | wiki |
Robenacoxib, sold under the brand name Onsior, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in veterinary medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation in cats and dogs. It is a COX-2 inhibitor (coxib).
References
External links
COX-2 inhibitors
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Fluoroarenes
Anilines
Carboxylic acids
Veterinary drugs | wiki |
Caulerpa verticillata is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family.
The seaweed has a green thallus that spreads outward to around forming dense low mats.
The species is found in warmer waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans particularly in the Caribbean. In Western Australia, it is found along the coast in the Kimberley region extending south to the Pilbara.
References
verticillata
Species described in 1847 | wiki |
Jiaozi (; ; pinyin: jiǎozi) are Chinese dumplings commonly eaten in China and other parts of East Asia. Jiaozi are folded to resemble Chinese sycee and have great cultural significance attached to them within China. Jiaozi are one of the major dishes eaten during the Chinese New Year throughout Northern China and eaten all year round in the northern provinces. Though considered part of Chinese cuisine, jiaozi are popular in other parts of East Asia and in the Western world, where a fried variety is sometimes called potstickers in North America and Chinese dumplings in the UK and Canada. The English-language term "potsticker" is a calque of the Mandarin word "guotie" (鍋貼). Potsticker was used by Buwei Yang Chao and her husband Yuen Ren Chao in the book How to Cook and Eat in Chinese, which was first published in 1945. In northern China, however, "guotie" specifically refers to a type of pan-fried jiaozi with its ends left open rather than just any pan-fried jiaozi.
Jiaozi typically consist of a ground meat and/or vegetable filling wrapped into a thinly rolled piece of dough, which is then sealed by pressing the edges together. Finished jiaozi can be boiled (shuǐ jiǎo), steamed (zhēng jiǎo), pan fried (jiān jiǎo), or deep fried (zhá jiǎo), and are traditionally served with a black vinegar and sesame oil dip. They can also be served in a soup (tāng jiǎo).
Origin and custom
In China, there are several different folk stories explaining the origin of jiaozi and its name.
Traditionally, jiaozi were thought to be invented during the era of the Eastern Han (AD 25–220) by Zhang Zhongjing who was a great practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine. Jiaozi were originally referred to as "tender ears" () because they were used to treat frostbitten ears. Zhang Zhongjing was on his way home during wintertime, when he found many common people had frostbitten ears, because they did not have warm clothes and sufficient food. He treated these poor people by stewing lamb, black pepper, and some warming medicines in a pot, chopped them, and used them to fill small dough wrappers. He boiled these dumplings and gave them with the broth to his patients, until the coming of the Chinese New Year. In order to celebrate the New Year as well as recovering from frostbitten ears, people imitated Zhang's recipe to make Jiao'er.
Other theories suggest that jiaozi may have derived from dumplings in Western Asia. In the Western Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 9) jiaozi () were called jiaozi (). During the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220–280), the book Guangya by Zhang Yi mentions jiaozi. Yan Zhitui during the Northern Qi dynasty (AD 550–577) wrote: "Today the jiaozi, shaped like a crescent moon, is a common food in the world." Six Dynasties Turfan tombs contained dumplings. Later in the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907), jiaozi become more popular, called Bian Shi (). Chinese archaeologists have found a bowl of jiaozi in the Tang dynasty tombs in Turpan. 7th or 8th century dumplings and wontons were found in Turfan.
Jiaozi may also be named because they are horn-shaped. The Chinese word for "horn" is jiao (), and jiaozi was originally written with the Chinese character for "horn", but later it was replaced by the specific character , which has the food radical on the left and the phonetic component () on the right.
At the same time, jiaozi look like yuan bao silver or gold ingots used as currency during the Ming dynasty, and as the name sounds like the word for the earliest paper money, serving them is believed to bring prosperity. Many families eat these at midnight on Chinese New Year's Eve. Some cooks will even hide a clean coin inside a jiaozi for the lucky to find.
Nowadays, jiaozi are eaten year-round, and can be eaten for breakfast, lunch or dinner. They can be served as an appetizer, a side dish, or as the main course. In China, sometimes jiaozi is served as a last course during restaurant meals. As a breakfast dish, jiaozi are prepared alongside xiaolongbao at inexpensive roadside restaurants. Typically, they are served in small steamers containing ten pieces each. Although mainly serving jiaozi to breakfast customers, these small restaurants keep them hot on steamers and ready to eat all day. Jiaozi are always served with a dipping sauce that may include vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, ginger, rice wine, hot sauce, and sesame oil. They can also be served with soup.
Types
Chinese dumplings (jiaozi) may be divided into various types depending on how they are cooked:
Boiled dumplings ()
Steamed dumplings ()
Pan-fried dumplings (), and () also referred to as "pot-stickers"
Deep fried dumplings ()
Soup dumplings ()
Dumplings that use egg rather than dough to wrap the filling are called "egg dumplings" ().
Pan-fried dumplings can be joined together by a brown, crispy lattice base created by pouring a flour and water mix into the pan at the end of cooking. In Chinese, this is known as "frost" or "ice crystal" (冰花). The dumplings can also be joined together with an egg base which is topped with green onion and sesame seeds.
Fillings
Common dumpling meat fillings include chicken, pork, beef, shrimp, and fish which are usually mixed with chopped vegetables. Popular vegetable fillings include napa cabbage, scallion (spring onions), celery, leek, spinach, mushroom, carrot, garlic chives, and edible black fungus.
Folding technique
There are many ways to fold jiaozi. Basically, steps for folding the skin includes putting a single pleat in the middle, putting multiple pleats along the edge, making a wavy edge like a pie crust, turning a pleated edge in toward the body resulting in a rounded edge, and putting both ends together resulting in a round shape. Different shapes of Jiaozi require different folding techniques, but the most famous and common technique is the pinched-edge fold. Take a wrapper and put one tablespoon of filling into the center of the wrapper. Fold a half of edge to the other half. Use left thumb and forefinger to pinch one side of the half-moon wrapper, and then use right thumb to push the inside skin outward, right forefinger to make outside skin into small pleats. Use right thumb to clench those pleats. Repeat these steps to the other side of the wrapper, and make sure to clench the seal of Jiaozi. This is crescent-shaped jiaozi, the most popular shape in China.
Variations
Guangdong
Jiaozi is called gaau ji in Cantonese and are standard fare in Guangdong style dim sum. The immediate noted difference to Northern style is that they are smaller and wrapped in a thinner translucent skin, and usually steamed. The smaller size and the thinner wrapper make the dumplings easier to cook through with steaming. In contrast to jiaozi, Guangdong gaau ji are rarely home-made because the wrapper, which needs to be thin but tough enough to not break, is more difficult to make. Many types of fillings exist, with the most common type being har gow (), but fillings can include scallop, chicken, tofu, and mixed vegetables; dim sum restaurants often feature their own house specials or innovations. Dim sum chefs and artists often use ingredients in new or creative ways, or draw inspiration from other Chinese culinary traditions, such as Chaozhou, Hakka, or Shanghai. More creative chefs may even create fusion gaau ji by using elements from other cultures, such as Japanese (teriyaki) or Southeast Asian (satay or curry), while upscale restaurants may use expensive or exotic ingredients such as lobster, shark fin and bird's nest.
Another Cantonese dumpling is yau gok (), which are made with glutinous rice dough and deep fried.
Guotie
Guotie () are a northern Chinese style dumpling popular as a street food, appetizer, or side order in Chinese cuisine. Guotie differs from pan fried dumplings, or jianjiao, in that the shape of guotie is usually elongated and the two ends are often left open. Guotie is sometimes served on a dim sum menu, but may be offered independently. The filling for both guotie and jianjiao usually contains pork (sometimes chicken, or beef in Muslim areas), cabbage (or Chinese cabbage and sometimes spinach), scallions (spring or green onions), ginger, Chinese rice wine or cooking wine, and sesame seed oil. In southern China, the term "guotie" is often used as a synonym for the typical jianjiao rather than referring to a particular variety of it.
Gyōza
Gyoza are a Japanese version of jiaozi that were developed from recipes brought back by Japanese soldiers returning from the Japanese-backed puppet state of Manchukuo in northeastern China during World War II. The Japanese word gyōza derives from giǎoze, the Jilu Mandarin pronunciation of the standard Mandarin jiǎozi, and is often written using the same Chinese characters.
The prevalent differences between Japanese-style gyōza and Chinese-style jiaozi are the rich garlic flavor, which is less noticeable in the Chinese version, and that gyōza wrappers tend to be thinner, due to the fact that most Japanese restaurants use machine-made wrappers. In contrast, the rustic cuisine of poor Chinese immigrants shaped westerners' views that Chinese restaurant jiaozi use thicker handmade wrappers. As jiaozi vary greatly across regions within China, these differences are not as clear in the country of origin. For example, visitors will easily find thin-skinned jiaozi at restaurants in Shanghai and at street food vendors in the Hangzhou region. Gyōza wrappers are actually identical to jiaozi wrappers seen in Chinese households using store-bought machine-made wrappers. Gyōza are usually served with soy-based tare sauce seasoned with rice vinegar and/or chili oil (rāyu in Japanese, làyóu () in Mandarin Chinese). The most common recipe is a mixture of minced pork (sometimes chicken or beef), cabbage, Asian chives, and sesame oil, and/or garlic, and/or ginger, which is then wrapped in the thinly rolled dough skins. Gyoza share similarities with both pierogi and spring rolls and are cooked in the same fashion as pierogi, either boiled or fried.
Gyōza and gyōza wrappers can be found in supermarkets and restaurants throughout Japan, either frozen or ready to eat. Pan-fried gyōza are sold as a side dish in many ramen and Chinese restaurants. Both the wrappers and the prepared gyōza themselves are increasingly easy to find in Asian markets around the world.
The most popular preparation method is the pan-fried style called yaki-gyōza (), in which the dumpling is first fried on one flat side, creating a crispy skin. Then, water is added and the pan sealed with a lid, until the upper part of the dumpling is steamed. This technique is what the Chinese call guotie or potstickers (see above). Other popular methods include boiling sui-gyōza () and deep frying age-gyōza ().
Store-bought frozen dumplings are often prepared at home by first placing them in a pot of water, bringing it to a boil, and then transferring them to a pan with oil to fry the skin.
Momo
The Tibetan and Nepalese version is known as momo (Tibetan: མོག་མོག་; Nepali: मम). The word "momo" comes from a Chinese loanword, "momo" (饃饃), which translates to "steamed bread". When preparing momo, flour is filled, most commonly with ground water buffalo meat. Often, ground lamb or chicken meat is used as alternate to water buffalo meat. In Nepal there is also a vegetarian option where mixtures of potato, cheese and other vegetable items are mixed. Finely chopped onion, minced garlic, fresh minced ginger, cumin powder, salt, coriander/cilantro, etc. are added to the meat for flavor. A sauce made from cooked tomatoes flavored with Sichuan pepper and minced red chilies is often served along with momo.
The Nepalese momo is usually served with dipping sauces that include tomato based chutneys or sesame based sauces. Sauces can be thick or thin consistency depending on the eatery (locally called chutney/achhar), that is normally made with tomato as the base ingredient. In Kathmandu valley, the traditional way of serving momo (momocha) is 10 ping-pong ball sized round momo drowned in a tangy, tomatoey and nutty broth or sauce called Jhol (watery soup / broth in Nepali) achar (served at room temperature, with watery / runny consistency, also known as Kathmandu style momo). Jhol momo has a warm or hot broth poured over momo (not cooked in the soup / broth). To make the jhol achar one of the main ingredients is Nepali Hog Plum (Lapsi), but if unavailable, lemon or lime juice can be used.
Jiaozi and wonton
Jiaozi are often confused with wonton. Jiaozi have a thicker skin and a relatively flatter, more oblate, double-saucer like shape, and are usually eaten with a soy-vinegar dipping sauce (and/or hot chili sauce), while wontons have thinner skin and are usually served in broth as soup. The dough for the jiaozi and wonton wrappers also consist of different ingredients.
See also
References
American Chinese cuisine
Appetizers
Beijing cuisine
Canadian Chinese cuisine
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese inventions
Chinese New Year foods
Dim sum
Dumplings
Fried foods
Hakka cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Japanese cuisine
Northeastern Chinese cuisine
Shanghai cuisine
Steamed foods
Street food
Taiwanese cuisine
Teochew cuisine | wiki |
The Ascoporiaceae are a family of fungi with an uncertain taxonomic placement in the class Dothideomycetes.
References
Dothideomycetes enigmatic taxa
Ascomycota families
Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth | wiki |
Ahed () is Arabic for covenant or vow.
Ahed may also refer to:
Organizations
AHED (company), a former Canadian company
Al Ahed FC, an association football club based in Beirut, Lebanon
Al Ahed Stadium, a stadium in Beirut, Lebanon
People
People with the given name
Ahed Joughili (born 1984), Syrian weightlifter
Ahed Tamimi (born 2001), Palestinian activist
People with the surname
Mohammad Abdul Ahed (1919–2001), Pakistani architect and painter
See also | wiki |
The Isosceles shooting stance is a shooting technique for handguns. It became popular in the 1980s when Brian Enos and Rob Leatham started using it to win International Practical Shooting Confederation competitions. It is one of the two main stances for pistol shooting alongside the Weaver stance.
Description
The Isosceles Stance is a two-handed technique in which the dominant hand holds the pistol or revolver while the support hand wraps around the dominant hand. Both arms are held straight, locking the elbows. Viewed from above, the arms and chest of the shooter describe an isosceles triangle (a triangle with two equal sides, from Greek iso "equal, uniform" and skelos "leg"), which gives the stance its name.
The Isosceles Stance passively absorbs the recoil of firing the handgun using the shooter's skeletal structure, rather than active muscular tension, as in other shooting stances, like the Weaver Stance.
The Isosceles Stance is a simple stance, and is natural to perform under stress. Because the Isosceles Stance orients the torso of the shooter forward, it increases the usefulness of a ballistic vest compared to other shooting stances, which tend to present the less protected side of the torso, but also provides a larger target in the process.
Modern Isosceles
The Modern Isosceles shooting stance is a more aggressive, forward-leaning version of the Traditional Isosceles. The shooter places the shoulders forward of the hips, the feet shoulder width apart, support-side foot slightly forward, and the knees bent. These changes to posture shift the center of mass forward, helping the shooter better control recoil.
References
External links
http://www.gunsandammo.com/2012/10/09/which-is-better-the-isosceles-or-weaver-stance/
Firearm techniques | wiki |
Tendil may refer to:
Tendil (cycling team), a cycling team that took part of the Milano–Torino cycling race
Alexis Tendil (1896–2005), one of the last surviving French veterans of the First World War
See also
Tendilla, a municipality in Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain | wiki |
The Eremomycetaceae are a family of fungi with an uncertain taxonomic placement in the class Dothideomycetes.
References
Dothideomycetes enigmatic taxa
Dothideomycetes families | wiki |
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Primogeniture ( ) is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative. In most contexts, it means the inheritance of the firstborn son (agnatic primogeniture); it can also mean by the firstborn daughter (matrilineal primogeniture).
Description
The common definition given is also known as male-line primogeniture, the classical form popular in European jurisdictions among others until into the 20th century. In the absence of male-line offspring, variations were expounded to entitle a daughter or a brother or, in the absence of either, to another collateral relative, in a specified order (e.g., male-preference primogeniture, Salic primogeniture, semi-Salic primogeniture). Variations have tempered the traditional, sole-beneficiary, right (such as French appanage) or, in the West since World War II, eliminate the preference for males over females (absolute male-preference primogeniture). Most monarchies in Western Europe have eliminated this, including: Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
English primogeniture endures mainly in titles of nobility: any first-placed direct male-line descendant (e.g. eldest son's son's son) inherits the title before siblings and similar, this being termed "by right of substitution" for the deceased heir; secondly where children were only daughters they would enjoy the fettered use (life use) of an equal amount of the underlying real asset and the substantive free use (such as one-half inheritance) would accrue to their most senior-line male descendant or contingent on her marriage (moieties); thirdly, where the late estate holder had no descendants his oldest brother would succeed, and his descendants would likewise enjoy the rule of substitution where he had died. The effect of English primogeniture was to keep estates undivided wherever possible and to disinherit real property from female relations unless only daughters survived in which case the estate thus normally results in division. The principle has applied in history to inheritance of land as well as inherited titles and offices, most notably monarchies, continuing until modified or abolished.
Other forms of inheritance in monarchies have existed or continue. The Holy Roman Emperor was selected for enthronement by a small number of powerful prince electors from among Europe's Christian males of inherited nobility. Currently, succession to the Saudi Arabian throne uses a form of lateral agnatic seniority, as did the Kievan Rus' (see Rota system), the early Kingdom of Scotland (see Tanistry), the Mongol Empire (see lateral succession) or the later Ottoman Empire (see succession practices).
Research shows that authoritarian regimes that rely on primogeniture for succession were more stable than forms of authoritarian rule with alternative succession arrangements. Scholars have linked primogeniture to a decline in regicide, as clear rules of succession reduce the number of people who could replace a ruler and disincentivize the killing of the ruler.
Order of succession in monarchies today
Absolute primogeniture
Absolute, equal, or lineal primogeniture is a form of primogeniture in which sex is irrelevant for inheritance; the oldest surviving child without regard to sex inherits the throne. Mathematically this is a depth-first search.
History
No monarchy implemented this form of primogeniture before 1980, when Sweden amended its Act of Succession to adopt it in royal succession. This displaced King Carl XVI Gustaf's infant son, Prince Carl Philip, in favor of his elder daughter, Princess Victoria. Several monarchies have since followed suit: the Netherlands in 1983, Norway in 1990, Belgium in 1991, Denmark in 2009, Luxembourg in 2011. In 2011, the governments of the 16 Commonwealth realms which have a common monarch—Elizabeth II at that date—announced the Perth Agreement, a plan to legislate changes to absolute primogeniture. This came into effect with the necessary legislation on 26 March 2015. Other monarchies have considered changing to absolute primogeniture:
With the birth of Infanta Leonor of Spain on 31 October 2005 to the then heir apparent Felipe, Prince of Asturias, and Princess Letizia, the Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero reaffirmed the intention of the government to institute, by amendment of the Spanish constitution, absolute primogeniture. Zapatero's proposal was supported by the leader of the main opposition party, the conservative Partido Popular, making its passage probable. However, Zapatero's administration ended before an amendment was drafted, and the succeeding government has not pursued it. The Prince counseled reformers that there was plenty of time before any constitutional amendment would need to be enacted because the expectation was to leave him next in line to succeed his father despite his elder sisters' continued status as dynasts; equal primogeniture was expected to apply first to his children. Felipe succeeded to the throne as Felipe VI upon his father's abdication in 2014, by which time he had two daughters. Felipe VI has no son that would, absent the constitutional amendment, displace Leonor as heir.
In July 2006, the Nepalese government proposed adopting absolute primogeniture, but the monarchy was abolished in 2008 before the change could be effected.
In Japan, it has been debated whether or not to adopt absolute primogeniture, as Princess Aiko is the only child of Emperor Naruhito. However, the birth in 2006 of Prince Hisahito, a son of Prince Akishino (the younger brother of Naruhito, and next in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne) has suspended the debate.
Monaco, the Netherlands, and Norway also deviated from traditional primogeniture in the late 20th or early 21st century by restricting succession to the crown to relatives within a specified degree of kinship to the most recent monarch.
Agnatic primogeniture
Under agnatic primogeniture, or patrilineal primogeniture, the degree of kinship (of males and females) is determined by tracing shared descent from the nearest common ancestor through male ancestors. Those who share agnatic kinship (through solely male ancestors) are termed agnates; those whose shared lineage includes a female ancestor are cognates.
There were different types of succession based on agnatic primogeniture, all sharing the principle that inheritance is according to seniority of birth among siblings (compare to ultimogeniture) and seniority of lineage among the agnatic kin, firstly, among the sons of a monarch or head of family, with sons and their male-line issue inheriting before brothers and their issue. Females and matrilineal males are excluded from succession.
Male-preference primogeniture
Male-preference primogeniture accords succession to the throne to a female member of a dynasty if and only if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendants. A dynast's sons and their lines of descent all come before that dynast's daughters and their lines. Older sons and their lines come before younger sons and their lines. Older daughters and their lines come before younger daughters and their lines.
It was practised in the succession to the once-separate thrones of England and Scotland, and then the United Kingdom until 2015, when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 changed it to absolute primogeniture. This rule change was simultaneously adopted by all Commonwealth realms that have the British monarch as their head of state.
Male-preference primogeniture is currently practised in succession to the thrones of Monaco and Spain (since before 1700 and since 1830).
With respect to hereditary titles, it is usually the rule for Scotland and baronies by writ in the United Kingdom, but baronies by writ go into abeyance when the last male titleholder dies leaving more than one surviving sister or more than one descendant in the legitimate female line of the original titleholder.
Matrilineal primogeniture
Matrilineal primogeniture is a form of succession in which the eldest female child inherits the throne, to the exclusion of males. The Rain Queen of the Balobedu nation has been cited as an example of matrilineal primogeniture. Since 1800, the Balobedu Royal Council has appointed only female descendants to the queenship. The position has been unoccupied and stewarded by a regent since the death of Makobo Modjadji, the most recent Rain Queen, in 2005. The Balobedu Royal Council has not published information concerning its succession norms, but among the Limpopo tribe, it was widely expected that the late Rain Queen's daughter, Masalanabo, would succeed to the queenship upon turning 18. A ceremony to celebrate her anticipated queenship was officially held in 2018. In May 2021, however, the Royal Council announced that Masalanabo would instead be appointed khadi-kholo (great aunt). The late queen's son, Lekukela was installed in October 2022, becoming the first Rain King since the 18th century.
Preference for males
The preference for males existing in most systems of primogeniture (and in other mechanisms of hereditary succession) comes mostly from the perceived nature of the tasks and role of the monarch: a monarch/prince (the latter means in Latin, chieftain) most usually was, first and foremost, a military leader, as in the millennia-old Book of Numbers.
Social norms pointing to kings further flow from making clear, first-generation survivors, so to avoid civil war. Lacking advanced healthcare and resource-conscious family planning, mothers faced high risk in enduring such regular childbirth. Also in pre-20th century medicine about 10% of women could not have children. Added to this, on any necessary remarriage from death in childbirth, the king would have socially entrenched powers over his new spouse: financial and any rivalry of a new queen consort by her personal and companions' physical strength was within the chivalric norm far-fetched so far as it might present a challenge to her ruling husband, if proving relatively able. Times of turbulence were more likely when a queen regnant/female main heir allowed to inherit was married to or remarried to a similar-status foreign leader, as was conventional for high-status women for their family security and diplomacy. Such a situation was a major source of civil wars; one example is the Spanish Armada. Henry VIII of England did not wait until death and remarried twice on the basis of lack of producing a male heir, on the second occasion beheading his queen "for witchcraft". A small minority of monarchs in many countries have openly made their heir an illegitimate child; stories abound of others as newborns brought to the expectant queen consort such as to James II of England "in a bedpan." Under any of these considerations, sons, some of whose lives were in times of war likely to be lost in battle, could be expected to produce more heirs. Eldest daughters could find themselves under a situation of duress on remarriage, and the concept of the trophy bride if the husband were slain is one resonant in many cultures especially before the 20th century.
In Japan, the Imperial chronologies include eight reigning empresses from ancient times up through the Edo period; however, their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained. Japanese empresses such as Empress Genshō (680–748), who succeeded her mother the Empress Gemmei (661–721) on the throne (but only because she was a Princess of the Imperial family, daughter of Prince Kusakabe), remain the sole exceptions to this conventional argument.
Arguments
Arguments in favour
Primogeniture by definition prevents the subdivision of estates. This lessens family pressures to sell property, such as if two (or more) children inherit a house and cannot afford to buy out the other(s).
In much of Europe younger sons of the nobility had no prospect of inheriting by death any property, and commonly sought careers in the Church, in military service (see purchase of commissions in the British Army), or in government. Some wills made bequests to a monastic order for an already suitably educated, disinherited son.
Many of the Spanish Conquistadors were younger sons who had to make their fortune in war. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, many younger sons of English aristocrats chose to leave England for Virginia in the Colonies. Many of the early Virginians who were plantation owners were younger sons of landed gentry who had left Britain and Ireland fortuneless due to primogeniture. These were key ancestors of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.
Arguments against
In Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville observes that abolition of primogeniture and entail as to property results in faster division of land. However primogeniture's forcing landless people to seek wealth outside the family estate to maintain their standard of living accelerated the death of the landed aristocracy and, in his view, thus, quickened the shift to democracy.
Other terms
Salic law
An agnatic primogeniture system that excludes any female from inheritance of a monarch's principal possessions is generally known in western Europe as an application of the "Salic law" (see Terra salica). This is something of a misnomer; although Salic law excludes female lines, it also mandates partible inheritance, rather than primogeniture. This rule developed among successions in France in the later Middle Ages. In 1316, Joan, the only surviving child of Louis X of France, was debarred from the throne in favor of her uncle, Philip, Count of Poitiers. After this it was declared that women could not inherit the French throne. Then in 1328, after the death of Charles IV, his paternal cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, became king, notwithstanding the claims of Edward III of England. By proximity of blood, Edward was closest related as eldest son of the sister of Charles, Isabella. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris resolved that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. This ruling became a key point of contention in the subsequent Hundred Years War. Over the following century, French jurists adopted a clause from the 6th century Pactus Legis Salicae, which asserted that no female or her descendants could inherit the throne, as a governing rule for the French succession.
In the lands of Napoleon Bonaparte's conquests, Salic law was adopted, including the French Empire, the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Kingdom of Holland and, under Napoleonic influence, the House of Bernadotte's Sweden. Other states adopted Salic primogeniture as well, including Belgium, Denmark (in 1853) and all of the eastern European monarchies except Greece, i.e. Albania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. During this era, Spain (in the Carlist conflicts) fought a civil war which pitted the Salic and female-line heirs of the ruling dynasty against one another for possession of the crown.
A variation of Salic primogeniture allowed the sons of female dynasts to inherit, but not women themselves, an example being the Francoist succession to the throne of Spain that was applied in 1947–1978.
British and French titles of nobility
Many descend by Salic, male primogeniture so have a greater average rate of extinction. Many others if the title is otherwise to be extinct pass to the closest elder sister or a line of descendants to the last holder, as abeyant holders, such being parents or ancestors to whichever direct male descendant is first born to 'settle the abeyance'. Some senior agnatic cadets are granted from the outset courtesy or subsidiary titles. Notable English exceptions are the Duchy of Lancaster, which is merged with the British Crown which has included women in inheritance since the 16th century, and the Dukedom of Marlborough, which has done so since its establishment in 1702.
Semi-Salic law
Another variation on agnatic primogeniture is the so-called semi-Salic law, or "agnatic-cognatic primogeniture", which allows women to succeed only at the extinction of all the male descendants in the male line. Such were the cases of Bourbon Spain until 1833 and the dominions of Austria-Hungary, as well as most realms within the former Holy Roman Empire, i.e. most German monarchies. This was also the law of Russia under the Pauline Laws of 1797 and of Luxembourg until equal primogeniture was introduced on 20 June 2011.
There are various versions of semi-Salic law also, although in all forms women do not succeed by application of the same kind of primogeniture as was in effect among males in the family. Rather, the female who is nearest in kinship to the last male monarch of the family inherits, even if another female agnate of the dynasty is senior by primogeniture. Among sisters (and the lines of descendants issuing from them), the elder are preferred to the younger. In reckoning consanguinity or proximity of blood the dynasty's house law defines who among female relatives is "nearest" to the last male.
Quasi-Salic law
During High Medieval period there arose a trend where the extinction of agnatic lineage forced the consideration of women's claim, but the desire for a male heir saw the women themselves excluded from the succession in favor of their sons so that women could transmit claims but not inherit themselves. Such a system was called "quasi-Salic". In 1317, to illegitimize Joan II of Navarre's claim on France, Philip V of France declared "women do not succeed to the throne of France". In 1328, Philip's successor, Charles IV of France also died sonless, Charles' sister, Isabella of France, claimed the throne not for herself, but through her to her son, Edward, however Philip VI of France took the throne and added another rule to illegitimate Edward, that being – one cannot transmit a right that she does not possess.
History
In Christian Europe, the Catholic Church originally had a monopoly on the authority to sanction marriage. Its teachings forbid polygamy and state divorce is an impossibility per se. Consequently, in Europe, given morbidity and infertility, succession could not be assured solely by direct male descendants or even direct male or female progeny. In Islamic and Asian cultures, religious officials and customs either sanctioned polygyny, use of consorts, or both, or they had no authority of marriage; monarchs could consequently ensure sufficient numbers of male offspring to assure succession. In such cultures, female heads of state were rare.
Biblical
The earliest account of primogeniture to be known widely in modern times is that of Isaac's sons Esau, who was born first, and Jacob, who was born second. Esau was entitled to the "birthright" (bekhorah בְּכוֹרָה), but he sold the right to Jacob for a mess of pottage, i. e. a small amount of lentil stew. This passage demonstrates that primogeniture was known in the Middle East prior to the Roman Empire.
A woman's right and obligation to inherit property in the absence of a male heir in the family was recorded in the case of the Daughters of Zelophehad in Numbers 27.
Roman law
During the Roman Empire, Roman law governed much of Europe, and the laws pertaining to inheritance made no distinction between the oldest or youngest, male or female, if the decedent died intestate. Although admission to the two highest ordines (orders), i.e. the senators and equestrians, potentially brought lifelong privileges that the next generation could inherit, the principle of inherited rank in general was little used. Rather, Roman aristocracy was based on competition, and a Roman family could not maintain its position in the ordines merely by hereditary succession or title to land. Although the eldest son typically carried his father's name in some form, he was expected to construct his own career based on competence as an administrator or general and on remaining in favor with the emperor and his council at court. Other than meeting requirements for personal wealth, the qualifications for belonging to the senatorial or equestrian orders varied from generation to generation, and in the later Empire, the dignitas ("esteem") that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with additional titles, such as vir illustris, that were not inherited.
Most Roman emperors indicated their choice of successor, usually a close family member or adopted heir, and the presumption that the eldest or even a natural son would inherit was not enshrined. The death of an emperor led to a critical period of uncertainty and crisis. In theory, the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor, but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or the Praetorian Guard. Thus, neither an emperor nor his heir had an inherent "right" to rule, and did so through military power and the Senate's symbolic consent.
Reemergence in medieval and modern times
The law of primogeniture in Europe has its origins in Medieval Europe; which due to the feudal system necessitated that the estates of land-owning feudal lords be kept as large and united as possible to maintain social stability as well as the wealth, power and social standing of their families.
Adam Smith, in his book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, explains the origin of primogeniture in Europe in the following way:
Historical examples
A case of agnatic primogeniture is exemplified in the French royal milieu, where the Salic Law (attributed to the Salian Franks) forbade any inheritance of a crown through the female line. This rule was adopted to solve the dispute over the legitimate successor of John I of France, the short-lived son of deceased Louis X of France in favour of Philip V of France (brother of Louis and uncle of John) over Joan II of Navarre (daughter of Louis and sister of John), the ruling that "Women do not succeed the kingdom of France". In 1328 it was further elaborated to solve the dispute over the legitimate successor of Philip V's brother, Charles IV of France, in favour of Philip VI of France (the son of Charles' uncle Charles of Valois) over Edward III of England (the son of Charles' sister Isabella). While Edward had a stronger claim by proximity of blood, the court ruled "Women cannot transmit a right which they do not possess", reinforcing agnatic primogeniture. This dispute was among the factors behind the Hundred Years' War, which broke out in 1337.
Conflict between the Salic law and the male-preferred system was also the genesis of Carlism in Spain and Miguelism in Portugal.
The crowns of Hanover and Great Britain, which had been in personal union since 1714, were separated in 1837 upon the death of King William IV: his niece Victoria inherited the British crown under male-preference primogeniture but, because of semi-Salic law, was not the heir to that of Hanover, which passed to William's eldest surviving brother, Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover.
The divergence in the late 19th century of the thrones of Luxembourg and the Netherlands, both subject to semi-Salic law, resulted from the fact that the Luxembourg line of succession went back more generations than did the Dutch line. The Luxembourg succession was set by the Nassau House Treaty of 1783, which declared each prince of the House of Nassau to be a potential heir to the territories of every branch of the dynasty. Insofar as the succession is concerned, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the successor state to the Principality of (Orange-)Nassau-Dietz, which was given in exchange to William VI of Nassau, Prince of Orange, in 1813. Succession to the new Kingdom of the Netherlands was recognised by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as belonging exclusively to the descendants of Prince William VI, who became King William I of the Netherlands. In 1890, William I's agnatic line of male descendants died out, leaving the Netherlands to his female descendant Queen Wilhelmina, whereas Luxembourg still had an agnatic heir from a distant branch of the dynasty left to succeed; ex-Duke Adolf of Nassau, who became reigning Grand Duke, thus ending the personal union of the Netherlands and Luxembourg.
Since the Middle Ages, the quasi-Salic principle was prevalent for the inheritance of feudal land in the Holy Roman Empire: inheritance was allowed through females when the male line expired. Females themselves did not inherit, but their male issue could. For example, a grandfather without sons was succeeded by his grandson, the son of his daughter, although the daughter still lived. Likewise, an uncle without sons of his own was succeeded by his nephew, a son of his sister, even if the sister still lived.
Common in feudal Europe outside of Germany was land inheritance based on male-preference primogeniture: A lord was succeeded by his eldest son but, failing sons, either by daughters or sons of daughters. In most medieval Western European feudal fiefs, females (such as daughters and sisters) were allowed to succeed, brothers failing. But usually the husband of the heiress became the real lord, ruling in right of his wife (jure uxoris), though on her death the title would not remain with him but pass to her heir.
In more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity of blood and primogeniture competed, and outcomes were at times unpredictable. Proximity meant that an heir closer in degree of kinship to the lord in question was given precedence although that heir was not necessarily the heir by primogeniture.
The Burgundian succession in 1361 was resolved in favor of King John II, son of a younger daughter, on basis of blood proximity, being a nearer cousin of the dead duke than Charles II of Navarre, grandson of the elder daughter and son of Jeanne. John was only one generation of consanguinity removed from the late duke instead of two for Charles.
In dispute over the Scottish succession, 1290–1292, the Bruce family pleaded tanistry and proximity of blood, whereas Balliol argued his claim based on primogeniture. The arbiter, Edward I of England, decided in favor of primogeniture. But later, the Independence Wars reverted the situation in favor of the Bruce, due to political exigency.
The Earldom of Gloucester (in the beginning of 14th century) went to full sisters of the dead earl, not to his half-sisters, though they were elder, having been born of the father's first marriage, while the earl himself was from second marriage. Full siblings were considered higher in proximity than half-siblings.
However, primogeniture increasingly won legal cases over proximity in later centuries.
Later, when lands were strictly divided among noble families and tended to remain fixed, agnatic primogeniture (practically the same as Salic Law) became usual: succession going to the eldest son of the monarch; if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the nearest male relative in the male line.
Some countries, however, accepted female rulers early on, so that if the monarch had no sons, the throne would pass to the eldest daughter. For example, in 1632 Christina, Queen of Sweden, succeeded to the throne after the death of her father, King Gustav II Adolf.
In England all land passed to any widow strictly for life, then by primogeniture. Until the Statute of Wills was passed in 1540, a will could control only personal property. Real estate (land) passed to the eldest male descendant by operation of law. The statute gave power to landowners to "devise" land by the use of a new device, part of any will, including heading "testament". The default setting of such primogeniture applying absent express written words in England was not changed until the Administration of Estates Act 1925.
In law, primogeniture is the rule of inheritance whereby land descends to the oldest son. Under the feudal system of medieval Europe, primogeniture generally governed the inheritance of land held in military tenure (see knight). The effect of this rule was to keep the father's land for the support of the son who rendered the required military service. When feudalism declined and the payment of a tax was substituted for military service, the need for primogeniture disappeared. In England the 1540 Act permitted the oldest son to be entirely cut off from inheriting, and in the 17th century military tenure was abolished; primogeniture is, nevertheless, a fading custom of the gentry and farm owners in England and Wales.
An ancient and alternative way in which women succeeded to power, especially without displacing the direct male line descendants of the first monarchs, was consortium or coregency between husband and wife or other relatives. The most notable are the Egyptian cases of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, and the monarchs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
United States and Canada
In British North America, the colonies followed English primogeniture laws. Carole Shammas argues that issues of primogeniture, dower, curtesy, strict family settlements in equity, collateral kin, and unilateral division of real and personal property were fully developed in the colonial courts. The Americans differed little from English policies regarding the status of widow, widower, and lineal descendants. The primogeniture laws were repealed at the time of the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson took the lead in repealing the law in Virginia, where nearly three-fourths of Tidewater land and perhaps a majority of western lands were entailed. Canada had the same law but repealed it in 1851.
When Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt met at Placentia Bay in August 1941, Roosevelt said he could not understand the British aristocracy's concept of primogeniture, and he intended to divide his estate equally between his five children; Churchill explained that an equal distribution was nicknamed the Spanish Curse by the British upper classes: "We give everything to the eldest and the others strive to duplicate it and found empires. While the oldest, having it all, marries for beauty. Which accounts, Mr President, for my good looks". But as Churchill's father was a younger son, there may have been more modesty than mock-vanity than Roosevelt realised.
Noble titles
Spain
In 2006, King Juan Carlos I of Spain decreed a reform of the succession to noble titles from male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.
United Kingdom
A bill to reform hereditary peerage inheritance law was tabled in 2013 for absolute primogeniture. The Equality (Titles) Bill was socially dubbed the "Downton law/bill" in reference to the British television drama Downton Abbey, in which the Earl's eldest daughter cannot inherit her father's estate as entrusted, unless all of the adult beneficiaries amend the trust (a legal position established in the 1841 case Saunders v Vautier). A Lords' Committee was chosen for Committee Stage, which rejected it.
See also
Order of succession
List of monarchies by order of succession
Contrasting systems of succession:
Proximity of blood
Agnatic seniority, Rota system and Tanistry
Elective monarchy
Issue (genealogy)
Royal bastard
References
Inheritance
Legal history
Real property law
Succession
Hereditary monarchy
Order of succession | wiki |
Active Channel was a technology introduced by Internet Explorer 4.0 in 1997. It allowed synchronizing website content and viewing it offline. It made use of the Channel Definition Format, which was designed to "offer frequently updated collections of information, or channels, from any web server for automatic delivery to compatible receiver programs."
History
Microsoft unveiled the Active Channel component as part of an Internet Explorer 4.0 preview release in July 1997, and brought out the final version with the launch of the 4.0 browser in September that year.
Most Active Channels were provided by bigger entertainment companies like Disney, WB or AOL and also made heavy use of DHTML (Dynamic HTML). Channel defaults varied by country, and were controlled by the choice of country during the installation of Internet Explorer 4 (and therefore Windows 98). Channels could be displayed in a Channel Bar.
Active Channel support was removed from Internet Explorer in version 7, as it had been superseded by the more popular and standards-based RSS format.
See also
Active Desktop
Channel Definition Format
Web Slice
References
External links
MSDN Introduction to Active Channel Technology
Microsoft websites
Discontinued Microsoft software
Windows 98
Internet Explorer | wiki |
A full court (less formally, full bench) is a court of law sitting with a greater than normal number of judges. For a court which is usually presided over by one judge, a full court has three or more judges; for a court which, like many appellate courts, normally sits as a bench of three judges, a full court has a bench of five (or more) judges.
The expression originated in England but seems largely to have fallen into disuse there, and instead the technical term "divisional court" is used when referring to a multi-judge panel in the High Court of England and Wales.
However, the term is still used in Scotland, such as in the Court of Criminal Appeal, and in many other Commonwealth jurisdictions, such as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, etc. Although possible, a full court typically does not involve the participation of all the judges of the court, a practice known in the United States as the court sitting en banc. An example of an exception, where the participation of all the appointed judges is the usual composition for main hearings, is the High Court of Australia.
The term reflects the practice, before permanent appeal courts were established, of appeals from decisions of trial courts being heard by several judges of the same court (usually excluding the judge who handed down the original decision). Technically, a judgment of a full court is at the same level of the judicial hierarchy as the decision appealed from and may, depending on how the doctrine of precedent applies to that particular court, not bind future courts at that level. However, the greater number of judges involved, and the fact that it is an appeal, may make it almost as persuasive, in practice, as a judgment of the same number of judges in a higher court.
The historical trend to create separate courts of appeal, with permanent rather than ad hoc appellate judges, has reduced the need for the use of full courts. However, they are still sometimes found in cases of great significance for which there is no possibility or likelihood of a further appeal.
Notes
References
See also
Judicial panel
Courts by type | wiki |
Microsoft Build Developer Conference é uma conferência anual realizada pela Microsoft voltada para desenvolvedores de software que utilizam o Windows, Windows Phone, Azure e outras tecnologias da Microsoft. Foi feita pela primeira vez em 2011 e sucede os eventos anteriores da Microsoft, a Professional Developers Conference (que se tratava do desenvolvimento de software para o sistema operacional Windows) e MIX (que se tratava do desenvolvimento para a web da Microsoft, o Silverlight e ASP.NET).
Ligações externas
Eventos relacionados com a informática
! | wiki |
Virtual Valerie 2 (also known as Mike Saenz's Virtual Valerie 2) is an erotic video game released for MacOS System 7 by Reactor in 1995. At the No-Tell Motel, Valerie has virtual sex with the player. The goal is to help Valerie achieve orgasm.
References
1995 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Erotic video games
Video games developed in the United States | wiki |
Teamwork is the concept of people working together cooperatively.
Teamwork may also refer to:
"Teamwork" (House), a season six episode of House
"Teamwork" (Power Rangers), the third episode of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers' first season
Teamwork (sculpture), a public artwork by Omri Amrany in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US
Teamwork (software), a web-based wide-scoped project-and-groupware management tool developed by Open Lab
"Teamwork" (song), created for the musical production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
"Teamwork", a song on the LazyTown soundtrack
Teamwork.com, a web-based project-management tool | wiki |
Western Mining can refer to:
Western Mining Co., Ltd., a Chinese mining company.
Western Mining Corporation, a now defunct Australian mining company.
Western Mining and Railroad Museum, a mining museum in Utah. | wiki |
Jacob Epstein (1880–1959) was an American-British sculptor.
Jacob or Jake Epstein may also refer to:
Jacob Epstein (art collector) (1864–1945), Lithuanian-American merchant, philanthropist, and art collector
Jacob Epstein (banker) (1771–1843), Polish banker
Jacob Epstein (spy) (1903–1998), Russian-American student and alleged Soviet agent
Jake Epstein, Canadian actor
Jacob Epstein (writer) | wiki |
St Kilda mouse may refer to:
St Kilda field mouse
St Kilda house mouse (extinct)
Animal common name disambiguation pages | wiki |
Tahinopita is a Cypriot cake flavoured with sesame paste. Variations on the recipe include quickbread versions with chemical leaveners (such as baking soda or baking powder), yeasted versions, and phyllo layer versions. As most varieties contain no dairy, eggs, or oil, they are popular during Lent and can be considered vegan.
In the Greek language, where the word pita is a generic word for either bread, cake or pastry, tahinopita refers to a sweet bread roll (see tahini bread roll).
See also
Sweet roll
Fig roll
Cinnamon roll
Pita
Footnotes
Greek desserts
Greek cakes
Turkish desserts
Cakes
Mediterranean cuisine
Middle Eastern cuisine | wiki |
State Route 100 (SR 100) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Washington, serving Cape Disappointment State Park in Pacific County. The highway travels counterclockwise from U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in Ilwaco south to Cape Disappointment and north to an intersection with itself in Ilwaco. SR 100, part of the Lewis and Clark Trail Scenic Byway, serves as a loop route and has a spur route that serves the state park and a Coast Guard station. SR 100 was established in 1991 on the existing North Head Road, which was a paved county road by the late 1950s. The highway was washed away during a 1994 winter storm and had its spur route shortened in 2006.
Route description
SR 100 begins at an intersection with US 101 in Ilwaco as the highway turns north onto 1st Avenue towards Seaview. The highway, part of the Lewis and Clark Trail Scenic Byway, travels west on Spruce Street through an intersection with the clockwise terminus of SR 100, on 2nd Avenue, and continues towards the Pacific Ocean on North Head Road. SR 100 turns south along the Pacific coast past North Head Lighthouse and into Cape Disappointment State Park on Robert Gray Drive. The highway intersects its spur route that travels south on Fort Canby Road towards Coast Guard Station Cape Disappointment. SR 100 turns north and travels into Ilawaco along Baker Bay and the Columbia River before it ends at an intersection with SR 100 a block from its terminus at US 101.
Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 100 was its terminus at US 101 in Illwaco, serving 2,100 vehicles, while the least busiest section was the intersection with its spur route in Cape Disappointment State Park, serving 650 vehicles.
History
The North Head Road portion of SR 100, traveling west from Ilwaco to the Pacific coast and south to Cape Disappointment within Fort Canby State Park, has existed as a paved roadway since 1957. SR 100 was established in 1991 by the Washington State Legislature and was made into a complete loop route around the cape, with a short spur route traveling south into Fort Canby State Park, later renamed to Cape Disappointment State Park. The state government took over maintenance of the highway on April 1, 1992. Robert Gray Way was rebuilt after a 1994 winter storm washed away the roadway into Baker Bay.
Spur route
SR 100 has a spur route that travels south from the SR 100 mainline to the boundary of Cape Disappointment State Park. The spur route was established in 1991 along with the main route and was originally long until part of the highway was transferred to Pacific County on January 3, 2006.
Major intersections
References
External links
Highways of Washington State
100
Transportation in Pacific County, Washington | wiki |
Black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) is a bird of prey.
Black Eagle may also refer to:
Verreaux's eagle (Aquila verreauxii), an African bird of prey, also called the black eagle
Arts and entertainment
The Black Eagle, a 1946 Italian adventure film
Black Eagle (1948 film), a Western film
Black Eagle (1988 film), an American action film
R2B: Return to Base, also known as Black Eagle, a 2012 South Korean film
Black Eagle, a fictional character in Davy Crockett and the River Pirates (1956)
Black Eagle, a fictional character in Wild Cards
"Black Eagle", a song by Janet Jackson from the 2015 album Unbreakable
Black Eagles, a 1970s reggae band featuring Denroy Morgan
"The Black Eagle", a sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus
Military
Black Eagle (tank), a Russian prototype
Black Eagles aerobatic team, of the Republic of Korea Air Force
Chengdu J-20 Black Eagle, a Chinese fighter aircraft
Operation Black Eagle, a military operation in Iraq in 2007
Order of the Black Eagle, the highest order of chivalry in Prussia
The Black Eagles, a series of Colombian drug trafficking paramilitary organizations
People
Black Eagle (lacrosse) (fl. 1904), a Native American lacrosse player
Chief Black Eagle, alias of Dwight York (born 1945), Nuwaubian leader and convicted criminal
Wahweveh (Black Eagle) (died 1879), a leader of the Oregon Walpapi Paiute
Hubert Julian (1897–1983), Trinidadian aviator known as the Black Eagle
Places
Black Eagle, Montana, U.S.
Black Eagle, West Virginia, U.S.
Black Eagle Dam, on the Missouri River, Montana, U.S.
Sport
Black Eagles, nickname of the German national Australian rules football team
Black Eagles, nickname of Beşiktaş J.K., a Turkish football club
Other uses
Black Eagle (Montreal), a Canadian gay bar
Black Eagle (prison), in Russia
Black Eagle Brewery, in London, England
Black Eagle Party, a Mexican masonic lodge
, a ship
Arrano beltza (Basque, 'black eagle'), a Navarre and Basque nationalist symbol
See also
Order of the Black Eagle (disambiguation)
Eagle (heraldry)
Double-headed eagle
Treaty of the Three Black Eagles
Pitchfork uprising, also known as Black Eagle Uprising, 1920 | wiki |
Anelletti al forno (baked anelletti) are a type of baked pasta called pasta al forno typical of Palermo and its province but also widespread in the rest of Sicily.
Characteristics
Anelletti can be found in commercial establishments, restaurants, diners, fryers, bars with delicatessens, but they are also consumed as a family dish especially on holidays because of the long preparation required.
The pasta used to prepare baked pasta dishes are anelletti (ring-shaped pasta) of about one centimeter and with a thickness similar to bucatini. At the base of this dish is a particular ragout similar to the one from Bologna, which in the Palermo area is almost always made with the addition of peas. Among the many variants of this way of preparation, some of them include the use of ham, hard-boiled egg in the inner stuffing, others use mozzarella cheese, others pecorino cheese. In some gastronomies it can also be found in single portions, locally called "timballetti", which are prepared in aluminum containers having the shape of a truncated cone.
References
Related articles
Pasta al forno
Palermo
Sicilian Cuisine
Other projects
Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Anelletti al forno
Meat dishes
Tomato dishes
Palermitan cuisine
Cuisine of Sicily
Pasta dishes
Italian cuisine | wiki |
Gnocchi alla romana are a typical dish of Roman cuisine.
They are prepared with gnocchi made of semolina, whole milk, butter and parmesan cheese, seasoned with a sauce and pepper. They are baked in the oven after being sprinkled with parmesan cheese, and are traditionally topped with meatballs, tomato sauce and parmesan cheese.
Gluten-free gnocchi alla romana are made by replacing semolina with cornmeal.
The dish is also present in the Piedmontese culinary tradition due to the presence of butter, which is a common ingredient in Northern Italy.
See also
Gnocchi
References
Milk dishes
Wheat dishes
Italian cuisine
Cuisine of Lazio | wiki |
Filigranology is the study of watermarks. It is usually pursued in order to discover information about the date and origin for a paper-based piece of writing or a piece of art. There are several catalogues of watermarks - most notably C. M. Briquet's, Les Filigranes (1907) - including illustrations of many watermarks from dated documents to aid those wishing to undertake this kind of research.
References
Watermarking
Papermaking
Paper | wiki |
Innocent Eyes est un album de Delta Goodrem sorti en 2003.
Innocent Eyes est un album de Graham Nash sorti en 1986. | wiki |
Note
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Profilo di Shane Warne su ESPNcricinfo | wiki |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to sharks:
Sharks (superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 440 million years ago, before the time of the dinosaurs.
Fields that study sharks
Ichthyology – branch of zoology devoted to fish (including sharks)
Meristics – branch of ichthyology that relates to counting features of fish, such as the number of fins or scales
Description
A shark, also called a "selachimorph", can be described as all of the following:
Animal – multicellular, eukaryotic organism of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. An animal's body plan eventually becomes fixed as it develops, although some types of animal undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most kinds of animal are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently.
Chordate – Chordates (phylum Chordata) are animals which are either vertebrates or one of several closely related invertebrates.
Fish – gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate (or craniate) animal that lacks limbs with digits.
Chondrichthye (cartilaginous fish) – jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales, two-chambered hearts, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.
Elasmobranch – member of the subclass Elasmobranchii, which includes sharks, rays, and skates.
Predator – organism that attacks and feeds on prey (the organism that is attacked).
Apex predator – some shark species are apex predators, that is, predators with no predators of their own, residing at the top of their food chain.
Biological classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Superorder: Selachimorpha
Types of sharks
List of sharks
Subdivisions of the biological classification Selachimorpha include:
Carcharhiniformes – ground sharks
Heterodontiformes – bullhead sharks
Hexanchiformes – the five extant species of the most primitive types of sharks
Lamniformes – mackerel sharks
Orectolobiformes – includes carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks, wobbegongs, and the whale shark
Pristiophoriformes – includes sawsharks
Squaliformes – includes gulper sharks, bramble sharks, lantern sharks, rough sharks, sleeper sharks and dogfish sharks
Squatiniformes – angel sharks
† Cladoselachiformes
† Hybodontiformes
† Symmoriida
† Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)
Shark behavior
Predation
Apex predator
Shark threat display – Behaviour shown by some sharks when threatened
Spy hopping – Raising the head out of the water
Shark attacks
Shark attack
International Shark Attack File
List of fatal, unprovoked shark attacks in the United States
Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 – series of shark attacks along the coast of New Jersey between July 1 and July 12, 1916
Summer of the Shark – the name given to the summer of 2001 by American media outlets capitalizing on a bull shark attack and subsequent shark attacks
Range and habitats of sharks
Range
Bodies of water in which sharks can be found include:
Seas: all
Freshwater – some species of shark can live both in seawater and freshwater, and include:
Bull shark
River shark
Sandbar shark
Depths: from the surface down to depths of .
Habitats
White Shark Cafe – remote mid-Pacific Ocean area noted as a winter and spring habitat of otherwise coastal great white sharks
Sharks in captivity
Sharks in captivity
Shark tank
Shark tunnel – underwater tunnel that passes through an aquarium that keeps sharks
Shark anatomy
Physical characteristics of sharks – shark skeleton, respiration and skin
Dermal denticle – small outgrowths which cover the skin of sharks
Ampullae of Lorenzini – sensing organ that helps sharks and fish to sense electric fields
Electroreception – the biological ability to perceive electrical impulses (see also Ampullae of Lorenzini)
Lateral line – sense organ that detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water
Shark cartilage – material that a sharks' skeleton is composed of
Shark teeth
Spiracle – pumps water across gills
Clasper – the anatomical structure that male sharks use for mating
Fish anatomy – generic description of fish anatomy
Protective equipment
Drum lines
Shark net – submerged net placed around beaches to reduce shark attacks on swimmers
Shark proof cage – cage from which a SCUBA diver can examine sharks more safely
Shark repellent – method of driving sharks from an area, object, person, or animal
Magnetic shark repellent – use of permanent magnets to repel sharks
Protective oceanic device – first successful electronic shark repellent
Shark suit
Shark fishing
Drivers of the shark trade
Land-based shark fishing – fishing for sharks from land such as a beach, shoreline, jetty, pier, or bridge
Shark finning – the removal of shark fins for commercial purposes
Shark conservation
1992 Cageless shark-diving expedition – first publicized cageless dive with great white sharks which contributed to changing public opinions about the supposed "killing machine"
Shark Alliance – coalition of nongovernmental organizations dedicated to restoring and conserving shark populations by improving European fishing policy
Shark Conservation Act – proposed US law to protect sharks
Shark sanctuary – Palau's first-ever attempt to prohibit taking sharks within its territorial waters
Shark tourism – form of ecotourism showcasing sharks
Shark Trust – A UK organisation for conservation of sharks
Notable sharks
Stronsay Beast – large, dead creature washed ashore on Stronsay, in the Orkney Islands, after a storm in 1808, later presumed to be a basking shark
Notable researchers and people
Peter Benchley – author of the novel Jaws, later worked for shark conservation
Eugenie Clark – American ichthyologist researching poisonous fish and the behavior of sharks; popularly known as The Shark Lady
Leonard Compagno – international authority on shark taxonomy, best known for 1984 catalog of shark species (FAO)
Jacques-Yves Cousteau – French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water including sharks
Ben Cropp – Australian former shark hunter, who stopped in 1962 to produce some 150 wildlife documentaries
Richard Ellis – American marine biologist, author, and illustrator.
Rodney Fox – Australian film maker, conservationist, survivor of great white shark attack and one of the world's foremost authorities on them
Andre Hartman – South African diving guide best known for free-diving unprotected with great white sharks
Hans Hass – diving pioneer, known for shark documentaries
Mike Rutzen – great white shark expert and outspoken champion of shark conservation; known for free diving unprotected with great white sharks
Ron & Valerie Taylor – ex-spearfishing champions who switched from killing to filming underwater documentaries
Rob Stewart (filmmaker) – Canadian photographer, filmmaker and conservationist. He was best known for making and directing the documentary film Sharkwater
See also
List of ichthyology terms
List of megamouth shark specimens and sightings
List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
List of sharks in the Red Sea
References
External links
Taxonomy of sharks and rays
sharks
sharks
Sharks | wiki |
Punto d'origine – punto in cui si incrociano gli assi del piano cartesiano
Punto di origine (Point of Origin) – romanzo di Patricia Cornwell del 1998
Punto d'origine (Point of Origin) – film del 2002 diretto da Newton Thomas Sigel | wiki |
Disney Junior Korea est une chaîne de télévision coréenne du groupe Disney-ABC Television Group. La chaîne, déclinaison de Disney Junior, est diffusée en coréen et est disponible en Corée du Sud.
Histoire
Le , Disney-ABC Television Group annonce la création de Disney Junior Korea, version coréenne de Disney Junior. Cette chaîne sera gérée par Television Media Korea une coentreprise créée en mai 2010 par Disney Channel International et SK Telecom, cette dernière détenant 51 %.
Références
Chaîne de télévision en Corée du Sud
Chaîne ou station de télévision fondée en 2011
Chaîne ou station de télévision disparue en 2021 | wiki |
The Departed may refer to:
The Departed, a 2006 film directed by Martin Scorsese
"The Departed" (The Green Green Grass), an episode of the television series The Green Green Grass
The Departed: A Novel, by Kathy Mackel
"The Departed" (The Vampire Diaries), an episode of the television series The Vampire Diaries
The Departed (band), a red dirt/southern rock band from Oklahoma | wiki |
The War of 1812 was a military conflict between the United States of America and the British Empire.
War of 1812 may also refer to:
War of 1812 (Russia), the French invasion of Russia
War of 1812 campaigns, a synopsis of the land campaigns of the North American War of 1812
War of 1812 (board game), a 1973 board wargame by Gamma Two Games (now Columbia Games)
War of 1812 Monument, a memorial located in Ottawa, Canada
See also
Origins of the War of 1812
Bibliography of the War of 1812
List of War of 1812 Bicentennial
Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)
Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)
"1812 Overture", a musical work by Tchaikovsky
Peninsular War (1808–1814)
Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
The Naval War of 1812, a book by Theodore Roosevelt
War of 1812 museum (disambiguation)
Category:Conflicts in 1812 | wiki |
Lagenaria rufa is a squash plant. It is a climbing vine. Its flowers range from white to yellow. The fruit is a gourd, dark green when developing but becomes cream-orange when ripe. It is native to western Africa.
External links
Lagenaria rufa
Cucurbitoideae | wiki |
David Marshall Lang
David Lang (kompozytor)
David Lang (futbolista)
David Lang (scenarzysta)
David Lang (oficer) | wiki |
Letteratura
Road Dogs – romanzo di Elmore Leonard del 2009
Musica
Road Dogs – album di Charlie Daniels del 2000
Road Dogs – album di John Mayall del 2005 | wiki |
Water slide decals (or water transfer decals) are decals which rely on dextrose residue from the decal paper to bond the decal to a surface. A water-based adhesive layer can be added to the decal to create a stronger bond or may be placed between layers of lacquer to create a durable decal transfer. The paper also has a layer of glucose film added prior to the dextrose layer which gives it adhesive properties; the dextrose layer gives the decal the ability to slide off the paper and onto the substrate (lubricity).
Water slide decals are thinner than many other decorative techniques (such as vinyl stickers) and as they are printed, they can be produced to a very high level of detail. As such, they are popular in craft areas such as scale modeling, as well as for labeling DIY electronics devices, such as guitar pedals.
Previously, water slide decals were professionally printed and only available in supplied designs, but with the advent of printable decal paper for colour inkjet and laser printers, custom decals can now be produced by the hobbyist or small business.
References
Scale modeling
Adhesives | wiki |
A yashmak, yashmac or yasmak (from Turkish yaşmak, "a veil") is a Turkish and Turkmen type of veil or niqāb worn by women to cover their faces in public. Today there is almost no usage of this garment in Turkey. In Turkmenistan, however, it is still consciously used by some married women in the presence of elder relatives of a husband.
Description
Unlike an ordinary veil, a yashmak contains a head-veil and a face-veil in one, thus consisting of two pieces of fine muslin, one tied across the face under the nose, and the other tied across the forehead draping the head.
A yashmak can also include a rectangle of woven black horsehair attached close to the temples and sloping down like an awning to cover the face, called peçe, or it can be a veil covered with pieces of lace, having slits for the eyes, tied behind the head by strings and sometimes supported over the nose by a small piece of gold.
See also
Islam and clothing
Burqa
Chador
Hijab
Tudung
Notes
Sources
External links
"The Costumes of Ottoman Women"
Islamic female clothing
Ottoman clothing
Turkish words and phrases
Veils | wiki |
The bedsheet format (also known as large pulp) was the size of many magazines published in the United States in the first quarter of the 20th century. Magazines in bedsheet format were roughly the size of Life but with square spines. While the bedsheet size varied slightly from magazine to magazine, a standard bedsheet size is usually 9¾" x 12".
Dick Eney's Fancyclopedia II gives the following entry:
Bedsheet: A prozine size; 9x12. At various times Amazing, Wonder, Fantastic Adventures, ASF and Unknown Worlds attempted this size. The two latter, at least, were cut down by wartime paper shortage, and possibly by the keening of collectors who found these dimensions accident-prone.
The first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, was published in a bedsheet format. Later, most magazines changed to the pulp magazine format, roughly the size of comic books or National Geographic but again with a square spine. Now, many magazines are published in digest format, roughly the size of Reader's Digest, although a few are in the standard roughly 8.5" x 11" size, and often have stapled spines, rather than glued square spines. Knowledge of these formats is an asset when locating magazines in libraries and collections where magazines are usually shelved according to size.
Sometimes the description "bedsheet" has been applied to magazines of the bedsheet size but with stapled rather than square spines.
Magazines that published issues in the bedsheet size
Amazing Stories
Astounding
Fantastic Adventures
Science-Fiction Plus
Science Wonder Quarterly
Unknown
The Witch's Tales
Wonder Stories
References
Magazine publishing | wiki |
Goemon: Shin Sedai Shūmei! is an action platforming game in the Ganbare Goemon series released for the PlayStation on December 20, 2001 in Japan. Developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo and Now Production, it is a futuristic spin-off of the original Ganbare Goemon series starring new characters who inherit the namesakes of the original cast in a more modern setting.
In February 2002, a companion game -- Goemon: New Age Shutsudō! -- was released for the Game Boy Advance. While this game shares the same general story and aesthetics as the original, it features a rewritten script, new level layouts, and various modifications from the Playstation game.
Notes
References
PlayStation (console) games
Game Boy Advance games
2001 video games
Ganbare Goemon games
Japan-exclusive video games
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games | wiki |
EverQuest (EQ) is een 3D Fantasy MMORPG. Het is uitgebracht op 16 maart 1999. Het is ontworpen door Verant Interactive en uitgegeven in de VS door Sony Online Entertainment (SOE) en in Europa door Ubisoft. Het tweede deel, EverQuest II, is uitgegeven in 2004. In 2015 zijn Everquest en andere games van SOE afgestoten door Sony en ondergebracht in het bedrijf Daybreak Game Company.
Aanvankelijk vereiste het spel een periodieke abonnementsbetaling. Inmiddels is er de keus tussen een gratis (beperkt)abonnement en een betaald abonnement met diverse bonussen. Bij aanschaf van de meest recente uitbreiding verkrijgt een speler toegang tot eerdere versies van het spel.
Uitbreidingen
The Ruins of Kunark (maart 2000)
The Scars of Velious (december 2000)
The Shadows of Luclin (december 2001)
The Planes of Power (oktober 2002)
The Legacy of Ykesha (februari 2003)
Lost Dungeons of Norrath (september 2003)
Gates of Discord (februari 2004)
Omens of War (september 2004)
Dragons of Norrath (februari 2005)
Depths of Darkhollow (september 2005)
Prophecy of Ro (februari 2006)
The Serpent's Spine (september 2006)
The Buried Sea (februari 2007)
Secrets of Faydwer (november 2007)
Seeds of Destruction (oktober 2008)
Underfoot (december 2009)
House of Thule (oktober 2010)
Veil of Alaris (november 2011)
Rain of Fear (november 2012)
Call of the Forsaken (oktober 2013)
The Darkened Sea (oktober 2014)
The Broken Mirror (november 2015)
Empires of Kunark (november 2016)
Ring of Scale (december 2017)
The Burning Lands (december 2018)
Torment of Velious (december 2019)
Claws of Veeshan (december 2020)
Prijzen en nominaties
'Multiplayer Game of the Year' in 2001 van Computer Gaming World
'Top 15 Game of All Time' in 2001 van GameSpy
'50 Best Games of All Time' in 2005 van PC Gamer
Trivia
Het spel heeft een ster op de Walk of Game.
Het spel is opgenomen in het boek 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die van Tony Mott.
Externe links
EverQuest Live
EverQuest @ OGRank.com
Computerspel uit 1999
Fantasycomputerspel
MMORPG
Mac OS-spel
MacOS-spel
Windows Mobile-spel
Windows-spel | wiki |
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