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Nogging, an architectural term, may refer to:
Brick nog, (nogged, nogging) term used for the filling in-between wall framing in buildings
Nogging or dwang, a horizontal bracing piece used to give rigidity
See also
Noggin (disambiguation) | wiki |
The umbilical fascia (or umbilicovesical fascia) is a thin fascial layer that extends between the medial umbilical ligaments from the umbilicus, and extends inferiorly, becoming continuous with the visceral fascia enclosing the urinary bladder.
References
Fascia
Musculoskeletal system
Abdomen | wiki |
The Seal of the Federated States of Micronesia resembles the previous seal of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and reads "Government of the Federated States of Micronesia". The seal had been adopted by the Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia and then accepted by the United States Congress.
External links
Information on national symbols of FSM
National symbols of the Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia, Federated States
Micronesia, Federated States
Micronesia, Federated States | wiki |
In construction, a nogging or nogging piece (England and Australia), dwang (Scotland, South Island, New Zealand, and lower/central North Island, New Zealand), blocking (North America), noggin (Australia and Greater Auckland Region of New Zealand), or nogs (New Zealand and Australia), is a horizontal bracing piece used between wall studs or floor joists to give rigidity to the wall or floor frames of a building. Noggings may be made of timber, steel, or aluminium. If made of timber they are cut slightly longer than the space they fit into, and are driven into place so they fit tightly or are rabbeted into the wall stud. Timber noggings are fixed to the perimeter, abutments, or for the purpose of framing any openings using suitable fixings.
The interval between noggings is dictated by local building codes and by the type of timber used; a typical timber-framed house in a non-cyclonic area will have two or three noggings per storey between each pair of neighbouring studs. Additional noggings may be added as grounds for later fixings.
Noggings between vertical studs generally brace the studs against buckling under load; noggings on floor joists prevent the joists from twisting or rotating under load (lateral-torsional buckling), and are often fixed at intervals, in pairs diagonally for that reason. In floors this type of bracing is also called herringbone strutting. It is also used in ceilings to prevent not only joist twisting but also ceiling damage.
Noggings provide no bracing effect in shear and are generally supplemented by diagonal bracing to prevent the frame from racking.
References
See also
Blocking (construction)
Carpentry
Building engineering
Structural system
Carpentry | wiki |
Video Identification Parade Electronic Recording (VIPER) is a digital system for conducting identity parades. Rather than recruit a group of volunteers who resemble a suspect, police officers can retrieve a selection of pre-recorded video recordings of people unrelated to the case under investigation. Police officers make up a virtual parade, using clips taken from this library, and witness is then shown these, along with recordings of the current suspect. The system is used by many police forces across the UK.
VIPER was developed by West Yorkshire Police. The system is operated by the Viper Bureau from a datacentre in Wakefield. The initiative is funded by the Home Office; the initial set up cost was £7.6m, and the Wakefield datacentre was officially inaugurated by Home Secretary David Blunkett in March 2003. The system contains clips of over 50,000 different people, which can be downloaded to police laptops to allow identification to be conducted at a witness' home. A conventional lineup would cost at least £800 and could take up to ten weeks to set up – a VIPER parade costs around £150 and can be constructed in a few minutes. The system operates on a virtual private network operated by Cable and Wireless.
When the system was introduced in Scotland, Solicitor General for Scotland Elish Angiolini said "Viper is an excellent example of modernisation improving the service delivered to victims and witnesses. Old-style identification parades could be distressing for victims and witnesses and difficult to arrange quickly."
References
External links
VIPER website
Law enforcement techniques | wiki |
Finzione
Batplano – Veicolo di Batman, un mezzo di trasporto aereo solitamente a forma di pipistrello.
Batwing – Personaggio dei fumetti DC Comics
Batwing – Personaggio dei fumetti Marvel Comics
Montagne russe
Batwing – Una montagna russa a Six Flags America
Batwing Spaceshot – Una torre di caduta al Warner Bros. Movie World | wiki |
Plectranthus zuluensis, the Zulu spurflower, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Africa. A tender perennial, it produces spikes of pale blue or mauve flowers against lime green foliage in spring.
In temperate climates it needs to be grown under glass, or protected from winter frosts if kept outside. It is suitable as a houseplant or conservatory plant.
References
Flora of Southern Africa
zuluensis | wiki |
PDA Optional Packages for the J2ME Platform JSR 75 is a specification that standardizes access in the Java on embedded devices such as mobile phones and PDAs to data that resides natively on mobile devices. JSR 75 is part of the Java ME framework and sits on top of CLDC, a set of lower level programming interfaces. It has 2 main components. Not all devices that claim to implement JSR 75 will implement both components.
See also
MIDlet
External links
The JSR 75 Specification
Suns overview of the File Connection Optional Package
Suns Overview of the PIM Optional Package
Java device platform
Java specification requests | wiki |
Suzanne Collins (born 1962) is an American television writer and novelist.
Suzanne Collins may also refer to:
Suzanne Collins (actress) (born 1978), English actress
Murder of Suzanne Marie Collins (1966–1985), American marine who was murdered
See also
Susan Collins (disambiguation) | wiki |
Southwood may refer to:
Places
Australia
Southwood, Queensland, a town and locality in the Western Downs Region
Canada
Southwood, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Southwood, Edmonton, Alberta
Southwood, Ontario
United Kingdom
Southwood, Derbyshire, a hamlet near Swadlincote
Southwood, Hampshire, a suburb in Farnborough, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Southwood, Norfolk
Southwood, Somerset
Southwood, Worcestershire, a location
South Wood, a wood in Kent
South Hayling, Hampshire, formerly called "Southwood"
United States
Southwood, Alabama, a place in Alabama
SouthWood, Tallahassee, Florida, a planned community
Southwood, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Southwood, Louisiana, in Ascension Parish, Louisiana#Unincorporated communities
Southwood, New York
Education
Southwood Boys Grammar School, an independent school in Ringwood, Victoria
Southwood Middle School, a public school in Palmetto Bay, Florida
Southwood Secondary School, a Canadian high school in Cambridge, Ontario
Southwood High School, a high school in Shreveport, Louisiana
Persons
Richard Southwood, British ecologist
Thomas Southwood Smith, English physician and sanitary reformer
Nicholas Southwood, Australian philosopher
Nick Southwood, British songwriter | wiki |
Sweet tea is a style of iced tea.
"Sweet Tea" can also refer to the following:
Sweet Tea Recording Studio, a studio in Mississippi
Sweet Tea (album), a 2001 album by Buddy Guy named after the studio
Sweet Tea: Black Gay Men of the South—An Oral History, a 2008 ethnographic book by E. Patrick Johnson
See also
Sweet Tee, an American rapper who recorded in the 1980s and 90s
Matt Bloom, an American wrestler who has had the nickname "Sweet T" | wiki |
Shado or SHADO may refer to:
SHADO, a fictional organization (Supreme Headquarters, Alien Defence Organisation) in the Gerry Anderson UFO series
Shado (comics), a fictional female archer, an antagonist of DC Comics' Green Arrow
Shado Vao, a Jedi in the Star Wars universe
See also
Shadoe Stevens, the host of American Top 40
Shadow (disambiguation) | wiki |
"A Disney Halloween" is a 60-minute Halloween-themed episode which originally aired as part of television series Walt Disney on CBS, October 24, 1981. The special is hosted by the Magic Mirror (voiced by an uncredited actor) which incorporates segments of various villains from three Disney feature films and two classic short cartoons.
Featured segments with the Magic Mirror
The Headless Horseman - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
The Evil Queen – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Trick or Treat (1952)
Maleficent – Sleeping Beauty (1959)
Lonesome Ghosts (1937)
See also
"Our Unsung Villains" (1956)
"Halloween Hall o' Fame" (1977)
"Disney's Greatest Villains" (1977)
"Disney's Greatest Villains" (1984)
"Disney's Halloween Treat" (1982)
"A Disney Halloween" (1983)
"Scary Tales" (1986, varies)
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Once Upon a Halloween (2005)
References
External links
1981 American television episodes
1980s American television specials
Halloween television specials
Walt Disney anthology television series episodes | wiki |
Pet Fooled (stylized PET FOOD) is a 2016 American independent documentary film exploring the pet food industry with interviews from veterinarians and pet owners whose pets died, they allege, due to commercial packaged pet food. After premiering at the Catalina Film Festival on 2 October 2016, the film had an "on demand theatrical run" via Gathr, after which it became available on VOD platforms on 10 January 2017. The film is currently available to Netflix subscribers, as a digital download on iTunes or as a physical DVD via Amazon. The film, produced by Myla Films and directed/narrated by Kohl Harrington, was distributed by Gravitas Ventures.
Synopsis
The film begins with, and shows at points throughout, montages of pet food labels from different brands, such as Milk-Bone and Meow Mix. The documentary promotes raw feeding, and criticizes all kibble brands, even ones considered "organic" or "natural". The film also criticizes the fact that pet food manufacturers use the same factories for different brands, thereby potentially misleading consumers that different companies were behind the production of the pet food.
According to the documentary, as of 2013, there were only five pet food manufacturers in the United States: Mars Corporation (manufacturer of Royal Canin, Whiskas, and Pedigree, among others), Nestlé Purina PetCare, Procter & Gamble, Hill's Pet Nutrition (manufacturer of the Science Diet), and The J. M. Smucker Company (formerly Big Heart Pet Brands, manufacturer of Meow Mix and Milk-Bone, among others). In 2014, however, Mars Corporation purchased Procter & Gamble's pet food brands (IAMS, Eukanuba and Natura) from the company, meaning that today there are only four manufacturers.
The documentary showed interviews with several veterinarians who advocate raw feeding, such as Dr. Karen Shaw Becker and Dr. Barbara Royal, and it recounted previous pet food scares, such as the 2007 pet food recalls and the 2013 chicken jerky recall.
Some veterinary professionals interviewed in the film link modern ailments found in pets, such as obesity and allergies, to diet, and claim that changing that diet would eliminate those problems. Among those personally criticized are Dr. Melody Raasch, who has advocated corn as a healthful dog food in the past for IAMS.
Other veterinarians disagreed, such as Dr. Annie Harvilicz, who in her interview said that she believed that bacteria and other pathogens in uncooked foods present a risk to pets. According to Dr. Becker, however, dogs frequently practice coprophagia with no ill effects, and dogs are evolutionarily equipped to be able to process any pathogens in raw food.
The film also explains and criticizes the regulatory framework for pet food in the United States. Pet food and animal feed are not differentiated in the law, which means pets and livestock are in many cases legally the same. If a pet dies due to poisonous food, American courts only return judgments which give plaintiffs minimal amounts of money in light of how much they care for and pay for their pets. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates pet food labels, but the film criticizes the definitions used as misleading. For example, if a pet food has "dinner" on the label, it only need contain 25% meat; if the word "with" is used, as in "with beef", a pet food could be 97% grain or corn with only mandatory 3% beef. If the word "flavor" is used, as in "salmon flavor", the pet food need not contain any salmon at all, the only requirement is that there is enough of the ingredient "to be detected". Only foods specifically labeled with the words "cat food" and "dog food" need contain 95% or more meat.
Reception
Reception to the film was mostly positive; however, it did not have a large theater run and many major publications did not review it. CBS's Chicago affiliate responded positively to the documentary, and included tips on making the switch to raw feeding and recipes from Dr. Barbara Royal. The Daily Journal praised the film, describing it as "breaking down the facade" of the pet food industry. Hammer To Nail called the film a "powerful" documentary that "every pet owner needs to see". The Holmes County Times-Advertiser praised the film, writing "[Pet Fooled exposes] a poorly regulated industry driven more by profits and less by the wellbeing of animals."
Lindsay Beaton, writing for Pet Food Industry, a trade publication funded by the pet food industry, responded negatively to the film, claiming that while labels "can be...confusing and overwhelming", "the industry knows this and has been discussing the issue at great length for some time now". She also stated that the documentary did a poor job of "discussing any of the significant pet food safety changes that have come from those recalls in the decade since [the 2007 pet food recalls.]"
References
External links
2016 films
Pet foods
Food safety scandals
Documentary films about food and drink
2010s English-language films | wiki |
Pre-stellar cores are the nurseries of new stars, and are an early phase in the formation of low-mass stars, before gravitational collapse produces a central protostar. The spatial distribution of pre-stellar cores shows the history of their formation, and their sensitivity to the physics controlling their creation.
Most of our Galaxy's star formation takes place in clusters and groups within large molecular clouds. These clouds are often turbulent, showing supersonic line widths and complex magnetic fields which play crucial roles in cloud physics. The properties of pre-stellar cores within molecular clouds aid understanding of the large-scale physical processes dictating star formation.
Composition
Pre-stellar cores are hundreds of thousands of solar masses of dust and gas collapsing due to the influence of gravity. The density is much greater than the average interstellar density having around one thousand atoms per cubic centimeter as opposed to the one atom per cubic centimeter in the interstellar medium.
See also
Jeans instability
References
Observational astronomy | wiki |
Farmstead cheese, less commonly known as farmhouse cheese, is produced from the milk collected on the same farm where the cheese is produced. Unlike artisan cheese, which may also include milk purchased and transported from off-farm sources, farmstead cheese makers use milk only from animals they raise. According to the American Cheese Society, "milk used in the production of farmstead cheeses may not be obtained from any outside source". As a result, the cheeses produced often have unique flavors owing to the farm's local terroir. Most farmstead cheese is produced from cow, goat or sheep milk, although some farmstead cheeses are produced from water buffalo milk (mainly Buffalo mozzarella).
Farmstead cheeses are most often made on family farms in small batches and are often sold at local farmers' markets. While Europe has long had a very strong tradition of farmstead cheese-making, it is only in the last decades of the 20th century that farmstead cheese-making began to return to prominence in North America. In the United States, the top states for farmstead cheesemaking include Vermont, California, and Wisconsin, although farmstead cheese is growing rapidly in other states, like Georgia, as well. North Carolina is another state that has recently gained accolades for its farmstead cheeses, even creating the WNC Cheese Trail.
In Europe, these cheeses are more commonly known as farmhouse cheeses and there are many different varieties available, especially from Ireland and Germany. The small scale of production allows for unique sales points such as cheese from cows raised on non-genetically modified organisms (GMOs)-containing feed.
See also
List of cheeses
Ardrahan Farmhouse Cheese
Corleggy Cheese
Durrus Farmhouse Cheese
Gubbeen Farmhouse Cheese
References
External Sites
Farmhouse Cheese Information - Bord Bia | Irish Food Board
American cheeses | wiki |
In the United States, farmer cheese (also farmer's cheese or farmers' cheese) is pressed curds, an unripened cheese made by adding rennet and bacterial starter to coagulate and acidify milk. Farmer cheese may be made from the milk of cows, sheep or goats, with each giving its own texture and flavor.
References
American cheeses
Cheese | wiki |
Quark or quarg is a type of fresh dairy product made from milk. The milk is soured, usually by adding lactic acid bacteria cultures, and strained once the desired curdling is achieved. It can be classified as fresh acid-set cheese. Traditional quark can be made without rennet, but in modern dairies small quantities of rennet are typically added. It is soft, white and unaged, and usually has no salt added. It is traditional in the cuisines of Baltic, Germanic and Slavic-speaking countries as well as amongst Ashkenazi Jews and various Turkic peoples.
Dictionaries sometimes translate it as curd cheese, cottage cheese, farmer cheese or junket. In Germany, quark and cottage cheese are considered to be different types of fresh cheese and quark is often not considered cheese at all, while in Eastern Europe cottage cheese is usually viewed as a type of quark (e.g. Ukrainian for cottage cheese is "сир" syr).
Quark is similar to French fromage blanc. It is distinct from Italian ricotta because ricotta (Italian "recooked") is made from scalded whey. Quark is somewhat similar to yogurt cheeses such as the South Asian chak(k)a, the Arabic labneh, and the Central Asian suzma or kashk, but while these products are obtained by straining yogurt (milk fermented with thermophile bacteria), quark is made from soured milk fermented with mesophile bacteria.
Name
Quark is possibly described by Tacitus in his book Germania as lac concretum ("thick milk"), eaten by Germanic peoples. However, this could also have meant soured milk or any other kind of fresh cheese or fermented milk product.
Although quark is sometimes referred to loosely as a type of "cottage cheese", they can be distinguished by the different production aspects and textural quality, with the cottage cheese grains described as more chewy or meaty.
Etymology
The word Quark (Late Middle High German: quarc, twarc, zwarg; Lower Saxon: dwarg), with usage in German documented since the 14th century, is thought to derive from a West Slavic equivalent, such as Lower Sorbian twarog, Upper Sorbian twaroh, Polish twaróg, Czech and Slovak tvaroh. The word is also cognate with Russian tvorog () and Belarusian: tvaroh (тварог).
The original Old Slavonic tvarogъ (тварогъ) is supposed to be related to the Church Slavonic творъ, tr. tvor, meaning "form". The meaning can thus be interpreted as "milk that solidified and took a form". The word formation is thus similar to that of the Italian formaggio and French fromage.
More cognates and forms
The Slavic words may also be cognate with the Greek name for cheese, τῡρός (tūrós). A cognate term for quark, túró, is used in Hungarian.
Cognates also occur in Scandinavia (Danish kvark, Norwegian and Swedish kvarg) and the Netherlands (Dutch kwark). The Old English form is .
Other German forms include Quarck, and Quaergel (Quärgel).
Other names
In several languages quark is also known as "white cheese" (, southern or , , , , ), as opposed to any rennet-set "yellow cheese". Another French name for it is fromage frais (fresh cheese), where the difference to fromage blanc is defined by French legislation: a product named fromage frais must contain live cultures when sold, whereas with fromage blanc fermentation has been halted. In Swiss French, it is usually called séré.
In Israel, gevina levana denotes the creamy variety similar to the German types of quark. The firmer version which was introduced to Israel during the Aliyah of the 1990s by immigrants from the former Soviet Union is differentiated as tvorog.
In Austria, the name Topfen (pot cheese) is common. In Flanders, it is called plattekaas (runny cheese). In Finnish, it is known as rahka, while in Estonian as kohupiim (foamy milk), in Lithuanian as varškės sūris (curd cheese), in Ukrainian it is frequently called cир, and in Latvian is known as biezpiens (thick milk). Its Italian name is giuncata or cagliata (curd). Among the Albanians quark is known as gjizë.
Production
Quark is a member of the acid-set cheese group, whose coagulation mainly relies on the acidity produced by lactic acid bacteria feeding on the lactose. But moderate amounts of rennet have also been in use, both at the home consumption level and the industrial level.
Manufacture of quark normally uses pasteurized skim milk as the main ingredient, but cream can be added later to adjust fat content. The lactic acid bacteria are introduced in the form of mesophilic Lactococcus starter cultures. In the dairy industry today, quark is mostly produced with a small quantity of rennet, added after the culture when the solution is still only slightly acidic (ph 6.1). The solution will then continue to acidify, allowed to reach an approximate pH of 4.6. At this point, the acidity causes the casein proteins in the milk to begin precipitating.
In Germany, it is continuously stirred to prevent hardening, resulting in a thick, creamy texture. According to German regulations on cheese (Käseverordnung), "fresh cheeses" (Frischkäse) such as quark or cottage cheese must contain at least 73% water in the fat-free component. German quark is usually sold in plastic tubs. This type of quark has the firmness of sour cream but is slightly drier, resulting in a somewhat crumbly texture (like ricotta).
Basic quark contains about 0.2% fat; this basic quark or skimmed quark (Magerquark) must under German law have less than 10% fat by dry mass. Quark with higher fat content is made by adding cream after cooling. It has a smooth and creamy texture, and is slightly sweet (unlike sour cream). A firmer version called Schichtkäse (layer cheese) is often used for baking. Schichtkäse is distinguished from quark by having an added layer of cream sandwiched between two layers of quark.
Quark may be flavored with herbs, spices, or fruit. In general, the dry mass of quark has 1% to 40% fat; most of the rest is protein (80% of which is casein), calcium, and phosphate.
In the 19th century, there was no industrial production of quark (as end-product) and it was produced entirely for home use. In the traditional home-made process, the milk would be allowed to let stand until it soured naturally by the presence of naturally occurring bacteria, although the hardening could be encouraged with the addition of some rennet.
Some or most of the whey is removed to standardize the quark to the desired thickness. Traditionally, this is done by hanging the cheese in a muslin bag or a loosely woven cotton gauze called cheesecloth and letting the whey drip off, which gives quark its distinctive shape of a wedge with rounded edges. In industrial production, however, cheese is separated from whey in a centrifuge and later formed into blocks.
Variations in quark preparation occur across different regions of Germany and Austria. Most of the Austrian and other Central and Eastern European varieties contain less whey and are therefore drier and more solid than the German and Scandinavian ones.
In the Netherlands, many products labelled "kwark" are not based on quark as described in this article (fresh acid-set cheese), but instead a thick yogurt-like product made using yogurt bacteria (such as Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus) in a quicker process using a centrifuge.
Under Russian governmental regulations, tvorog is distinguished from cheeses, and classified as a separate type of dairy product. Typical tvorog usually contain 65–80% water out of the total mass.
Common uses
Various cuisines feature quark as an ingredient for appetizers, salads, main dishes, side dishes and desserts.
In Germany, quark is sold in cubic plastic tubs and usually comes in three different varieties, Magerquark (skimmed quark, <10% fat by dry mass.), "regular" quark (20% fat in dry mass) and Sahnequark ("creamy quark", 40% fat in dry mass) with added cream. Similar gradations in fat content are also common in Eastern Europe.
While Magerquark is often used for baking or is eaten as breakfast with a side of fruit or muesli, Sahnequark also forms the basis of a large number of quark desserts (called Quarkspeise when homemade or Quarkdessert when sold in German).
Much like yoghurts in some parts of the world, these foods mostly come with fruit flavoring (Früchtequark, fruit quark), sometimes with vanilla and are often also simply referred to as quark.
Dishes in Germanic-speaking areas
One common use for quark is in making cheesecake called Käsekuchen or Quarkkuchen in Germany. Quark cheesecake is called Topfenkuchen in Austria. The Quarktorte in Switzerland may be equivalent, though this has also been described as a torte that combines quark and cream.
In neighboring Netherlands there is a different variant; these cakes, called kwarktaart in Dutch, usually have a cookie crumb crust, and the quark is typically mixed with whipped cream, gelatine, and sugar. These cakes do not require baking or frying, but instead are placed in the refrigerator to firm up. They may be made with quark or with the yogurt-like quark that is common in the Netherlands (see above).
In Austria, is commonly used in baking for desserts like above-mentioned Topfenkuchen, Topfenstrudel and Topfen-Palatschinken (-filled crèpes).
Quark is also often used as an ingredient for sandwiches, salads, and savory dishes. Quark, vegetable oil and wheat flour are the ingredients of a popular kind of baking powder leavened dough called Quarkölteig ("quark oil dough"), used in German cuisine as an alternative to yeast-leavened dough in home baking, since it is considerably easier to handle and requires no rising period. The resulting baked goods look and taste very similar to yeast-leavened goods, although they do not last as long and are thus usually consumed immediately after baking.
In Germany, quark mixed with chopped onions and herbs such as parsley and chives is called Kräuterquark. Kräuterquark is commonly eaten with boiled potatoes and has some similarity to tzatziki which is based on yoghurt.
Quark with linseed oil and potatoes is the national dish of the Sorbs in Lusatia and an iconic dish in Brandenburg and parts of Saxony. Quark also has been used among Ashkenazi Jews.
Slavic and Baltic countries
Desserts using quarks (Russian: tvorog, etc.) in Slavic regions include the tvarohovník in Slovakia, tvarožník in Czech Republic, sernik in Poland, and syrnyk in Ukraine) and cheese pancakes (syrnyky in Russia and Ukraine).
In Poland, twaróg is mixed with mashed potatoes to produce a filling for pierogi. Twaróg is also used to make gnocchi-shaped dumplings called leniwe pierogi ("lazy pierogi"). Ukrainian recipes for varenyky or lazy varenyky are similar but tvorog and mashed potatoes are different fillings which are usually not mixed together.
In Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, tvorog (Russian: творог) is highly popular and is bought frequently or made at home by almost every family. In Russian families, it is especially recommended for growing babies. It can be enjoyed simply with sour cream, or jam, sugar, sugar condensed milk, or as a breakfast food. It is often used as a stuffing in blinchiki offered at many fast-food restaurants. It is also commonly used as the base for making Easter cakes. It is mixed with eggs, sugar, raisins and nuts and dried into a solid pyramid-shaped mass called paskha. The mass can also be fried, then known as syrniki.
In Latvia, quark is eaten savory mixed with sour cream and scallions on rye bread or with potatoes. In desserts, quark is commonly baked into biezpiena plātsmaize, a crusted sheet cake baked with or without raisins. A sweetened treat biezpiena sieriņš (small curd cheese) is made of small sweetened blocks of quark dipped in chocolate.
Estonian Quark is evaluated on olfaction, vision, taste, after taste, and texture and is distributed nationally as well as to nearby regions.
Availability in other countries
Although common in continental Europe, manufacturing of quark is rare in the Americas. A few dairies manufacture it, such as the Vermont Creamery in Vermont, and some specialty retailers carry it. Lifeway Foods manufactures a product under the title "farmer cheese" which is available in a variety of metropolitan locations with Jewish, as well as former Soviet populations. Elli Quark, a Californian manufacturer of quark, offers soft quark in different flavors.
In Canada, the firmer East European variety of quark is manufactured by Liberté Natural Foods; a softer German-style quark is manufactured in the Didsbury, Alberta, plant of Calgary-based Foothills Creamery. Glengarry Fine Cheesemaking in Lancaster (Eastern Ontario) also produces Quark. Also available in Canada is the very similar Dry Curd Cottage Cheese manufactured by Dairyland. Quark may also be available as baking cheese, pressed cottage cheese, or fromage frais.
In Australia, Ukrainian traditional quark is produced by Blue Bay Cheese in the Mornington Peninsula. It is also sometimes available from supermarkets labelled as quark or quarg.
In New Zealand, European traditional Kwark is produced by Karikaas in North Canterbury. It is available in 350 g pots and available online and in speciality stores such as Moore Wilsons.
In the United Kingdom, fat-free quark is produced by several independent manufacturers based throughout the country. All the big four supermarkets in the UK sell their own branded quark, as well as other brands of quark.
In Finland, quark (rahka) is commonly available in supermarkets, both in plain and flavored forms. It is produced by Arla, Valio and is also sold under private labels by Kesko and S Group. It is often used as a dessert when mixed with berries and whipped cream. Karelians have a dish called piimäpiirakka, which is a quark pie.
See also
Clabber (food)
Mizithra
List of ancient dishes and foods
List of German cheeses
List of cheeses
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
General bibliography
.
External links
Instruction on how to make Quark at home
Recipe for homemade Quark without rennet
Easter Molded Cheese Dessert Recipe - Paska / Paskha
Konditoreja un deserti - recepšu kolekcijas, Receptes.lv
Making Quark at home using buttermilk
Curd
Acid-set cheeses
Fermented dairy products
ba:Эремсек
et:Kohupiim
eo:Kazeo
sl:Skuta (mlečni izdelek)
tt:Eremçek | wiki |
Injera (, ; ; ) is a sour fermented pancake-like flatbread with a slightly spongy texture, traditionally made of teff flour. In Ethiopia, Eritrea, and some parts of Sudan, injera is the staple. Injera is central to the dining process, like bread or rice elsewhere.
Ingredients
Traditionally, injera is made with just two ingredients – teff flour and water. Teff flour is ground from the grains of Eragrostis tef, also known as teff, an ancient cereal crop from the Ethiopian Highlands. Teff production is limited to certain middle elevations with adequate rainfall, and, as it is a low-yield crop, it is relatively expensive for the average farming household. As many farmers in the Ethiopian highlands grow their own subsistence grains, wheat, barley, corn, or rice flour are sometimes used to replace some or all of the teff content. Teff seeds are graded according to color, used to make different kinds of injera: nech (white), key or quey (red), and sergegna (mixed). When teff is not available, usually because of location or financial limitations, injera is made by fermenting a variety of different grains, including barley, millet, and sorghum. Teff is, however, the preferred grain for making injera, primarily because of its sensory attributes (color, smell, taste). Teff flour is gluten-free.
Preparation
To make injera, teff flour is mixed with water. The fermentation process is started by adding ersho, a clear, yellow liquid that accumulates on the surface of fermenting teff flour batter and is collected from previous fermentations. Ersho contains (aerobic) Bacillus species and several yeasts (in order of abundance): Candida milleri, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia naganishii and Debaromyces hansenii. The mixture is then allowed to ferment for an average of two to three days, giving it a mildly sour taste.
Making
Baking method
The baking method for injera has changed little since its origin. Traditionally, the flour is mixed with water and fermented. It is baked by pouring the mixture onto a large circular griddle, known as a mitad.
The injera is baked into large, flat and round pieces. The dough's viscosity allows it to be poured onto the baking surface, rather than rolled out.
In terms of shape, injera compares to the French crêpe and the Indian dosa as a flatbread cooked in a circle and used as a base for other foods. In taste and texture, it is more similar to the South Indian appam. The bottom surface of the injera, which touches the heating surface, has a relatively smooth texture, while the top is porous. This porous texture makes injera good for scooping up sauces and dishes.
Baking surface
Baking is done on a circular griddle—either a large black clay plate over a fire or a specialized electric stove. The griddle is known as a () (in Amharic) or () (in Tigrinya). Mitads have been found at archaeological sites dating back as far as 600 AD. Nowadays, mitads are no longer always made out of clay, and can also be electric.
Traditional clay stoves can be inefficient in that they consume large amounts of firewood and produce a lot of smoke, creating household pollution and making them dangerous to use around children. In 2003, an Eritrean research group designed a stove for cooking injera and other foods that uses more easily available fuel, such as twigs instead of large branches, crop residues and dung, locally called kubet. Several parts of this new stove are made in the central cities of Ethiopia and Eritrea, while other parts are moulded from clay by women in local areas.
Many women in urban areas—especially those living outside Ethiopia and Eritrea—now use electric injera stoves, which are topped with a large metal plate, or simply non-stick frying pans.
Consumption and contemporary use
In Ethiopia and Eritrea, a variety of stews, salads (during Ethiopian Orthodox fasting, for which believers abstain from most animal products), and more injera (called injera firfir) are placed on the injera for serving. Using one's hand (traditionally only the right one), small pieces of injera are torn and used to grasp the stews and salads for eating. The injera under these stews soaks up the juices and flavors of the foods, and after the stews and salads are gone, this bread is also consumed. Injera is thus simultaneously a food, eating utensil, and plate. When the entire "tablecloth" of injera is gone, the meal is over.
In Ethiopia and Eritrea, injera is eaten daily in virtually every household. Outside of Ethiopia and Eritrea, injera may be found in grocery stores and restaurants specializing in Ethiopian and Eritrean cooking.
Injera is the most important component of food in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is often both the serving platter and utensil for a meal. Hearty stews such as wat are placed on top of the bread and then the meal is eaten by tearing pieces of injera off and scooping up the stews. While injera's literal use as the base and staple of any Ethiopian and Eritrean meal has not changed since its creation, its symbolic value has changed. Different varieties of injera can be found in the highlands versus the lowlands of Ethiopia. In the lowlands, injera is often made with sorghum and in the highlands it is more commonly made with barley. Either way, because it is made with something other than teff, its symbolic value has already decreased compared to the symbolic value of injera made with teff. There are symbolic value differences with types of teff as well. White-grained teff is more expensive to buy and thus symbolizes a higher status than its cheaper counterpart, red-grained teff.
Outside Ethiopia and Eritrea
There are similar variants to injera in other African countries, namely Sudan and Chad. The variant eaten in South Sudan, Sudan and Chad is known as kisra.
United States
Injera became more common in the United States during a spike in Ethiopian immigration in the 1980s and 1990s, largely because of the Refugee Act passed in 1980. Teff flour is now being produced in the United States by the Teff Company in Idaho, making teff more accessible to expatriate Ethiopians.
See also
List of Ethiopian dishes and foods
Eritrean cuisine
Baghrir
Lahoh
Sudanese cuisine
List of African dishes
References
Further reading
The Deep Dish on Chicago Ethiopian Companion website to Kloman's book Mesob Across America
Traditional Ethiopian Injera Recipe
Here, Eat This: A Beginner's Guide to Ethiopian Food A Houston Press article that outlines all the basics for Ethiopian cuisine
de Solier, Isabelle. Food and the Self: Consumption, Production, and Material Culture. Bloomsbury Academic. 2013
External links
Mesob Across America: Ethiopian Food in the U.S.A. A book about the history and culture of Ethiopian cuisine
Eritrean cuisine
Ethiopian cuisine
Fermented foods
Flatbreads
Pancakes
Somali cuisine
Sourdough breads
National dishes
Ethiopian-American history | wiki |
Articles on Fluidized bed include:
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Coffee roasting using a fluidized bed | wiki |
A mammal is a vertebrate animal with milk-producing glands.
Mammal, Mammals or Mammalia may also refer to:
Music
Mammal (band), an Australian rock/metal group
Mammal (EP), their debut EP
The Mammals, an American folk rock band
Mammal (album), by Irish metal band Altar of Plagues
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Mammals (play), by Amelia Bullmore
Mammals (TV series), a 2022 British Amazon-produced comedy | wiki |
The largest extant species of bird measured by mass is the common ostrich (Struthio camelus), closely followed by the Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes). The Struthioniformes family are from the plains of Africa. A male ostrich can reach a height of and weigh over , A mass of has been cited for the ostrich but no wild ostriches of this weight have been verified. Ostrich eggs are the largest of any bird, weighing up to .
The bird with the largest wingspan is the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) of the Sub-Antarctic oceans. The largest dimensions found in this species are an approximate head-to-tail length of and a wingspan of .
Largest birds in history
The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant bird (Vorombe) of Madagascar, whose closest living relative is the kiwi. Elephant birds exceeded in height, weighed over and are estimated to have become extinct approximately 1,000 years ago. The Dromornis stirtoni of Australia, part of a 26,000-year-old group called mihirungs of the family Dromornithidae, were of similar proportions to the largest elephant birds.
The largest carnivorous bird was Brontornis, an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of and a height of approximately .
The tallest recorded bird was the South Island giant moa (Dinornis robustus), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct around 1500 CE. This particular species of moa stood at tall but only weighed about half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame.
The heaviest bird ever capable of flight was Argentavis magnificens, the largest member of the extinct family Teratornithidae. The Argentavis was found in Miocene-aged fossil beds of Argentina and had a wingspan up to , a length of up to , a height of up to and a body weight of at least . Pelagornis sandersi is another contender for the largest-known flying bird ever, rivaling Argentavis with a wingspan of up to .
Largest extant birds
Table of heaviest extant bird species
The following table is a list of the heaviest extant bird species based on maximum reported or reliable mass, with the average weight is also given for comparison. These species are almost all flightless, having denser bones and heavier bodies. Flightless birds comprise less than two percent of all extant bird species.
By families
Birds of prey (Accipitriformes)
New World vultures are generally considered to belong to this order, although their inclusion is not accepted by all. If included, the largest species of this order, based on body weight and wingspan, is the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) of western South America. The Andean condor can reach a wingspan of and a weight of .
Excluding New World vultures, the largest extant species is the Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus). The Eurasian black vulture can attain a maximum weight of , a height of up to , and a wingspan of . Other vultures can be almost as large, with the Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) reaching lengths of up to due to its long neck.
The largest living member of this order, in terms of length and height, is the secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) of sub-Saharan Africa. It measures in height and in length. Its wingspan can reach and have a weight of .
The largest living eagle is a source of contention. The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) of neotropical forests is often cited as the largest eagle, with captive female harpy eagles recording weights of up to . The Steller's sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) of Asia's North Pacific, with unconfirmed weights of up to , and an average weight of , is regarded as the heaviest eagle. The up to Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) has the greatest length of any eagle. The harpy and Philippine eagles, due to having to navigate in deep forest, are relatively short-winged and do not exceed , respectively, in wingspan. The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is of marginally smaller wingspan, with the Himalayan subspecies recorded at . The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) measures in length with a wingspan. Its wingspan, with a midpoint of , is on average the largest of any eagle. The white-tailed eagle is sometimes considered the fourth-largest eagle in the world, and is on average the fourth-heaviest. The martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) is the largest eagle in Africa, and the fifth-heaviest (on average) eagle in the world, with a length of , a weight of and a wingspan of . The longest wingspan of an eagle ever recorded was an Australian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax) at . However, less substantiated records indicate that the Steller's sea eagle may reach at least . The now extinct Haast's eagle (Hieraaetus moorei), which existed alongside early aboriginal people in New Zealand, was by far the largest eagle known and perhaps the largest raptor ever. Adult female Haast's are estimated to have averaged up to in length, weighing up to , with a relatively short wingspan.
The largest of the accipitrine hawks is the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. They range in size variably, but on average measure in length, have a wingspan of and weigh . The Henst's goshawk (Accipiter henstii) and Meyer's goshawk (Accipiter meyerianus) do rival it in terms of wing size and body mass.
Among the buteonine hawks, the largest species are the ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) and the upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) of North America and Asia respectively. The former can have a wingspan of , weigh and measure in length. The weight of the upland buzzard, which can be in the range of , broadly overlaps that of the ferruginous hawk, even though it is slightly larger at long and with a wingspan of .
The swamp harrier (Circus approximans) of Australasia is believed to be the largest species of harrier, measuring long, having a wingspan of and weighing .
The largest species of kite is the red kite (Milvus milvus). With a wingspan of , it measures in length and weighs .
Waterfowl (Anseriformes)
The largest waterfowl species by average size is the trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) of Northern North America, which can reach a length of , a wingspan of and a weight of . The heaviest single waterfowl ever recorded was a cob (Cygnus olor) from Poland which weighed , and was allegedly too heavy to take flight.
The largest species of goose is the Canada goose (Branta canadensis), more specifically the subspecies known as the giant Canada goose (Branta canadensis maxima). Individuals can reach more than in weight.
The largest 'duck' species is the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) of the Americas. Males can weigh from and can measure up to . However, its genus is now considered to be paraphyletic with the species currently being placed in the subfamily Tadorninae (shelducks and shelgeese). If so, the largest species of the true ducks or dabbling ducks (Anatinae) is the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). They can measure in length, have a wingspan of and a weight of .
Swifts and allies (Apodiformes)
The largest species of Apodiformes is the white-naped swift (Streptoprocne semicollaris), endemic to southern Mexico, and the purple needletail (Hirundapus celebensis), of the Philippine islands. Both reach weights of up to , lengths of up to and wingspans as long as .
Traditionally included in this order, by far the largest hummingbird species is the giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas) of the Andes Mountains. "Giant" is a relative term among the hummingbirds, the smallest-bodied variety of birds, with the giant hummingbird species weighing up to with a length of .
The longest hummingbird species, indeed the longest in the order, is the adult male black-tailed trainbearer (Lesbia victoriae), which can measure up to . The majority of this length is due to the hummingbird's extreme tail streamers. Another size champion among hummingbirds is the sword-billed hummingbird, a fairly large species of which approximately half of its length derives from its bill. This is by far the largest bill-to-body-size ratio of any bird.
Nightjars and allies (Caprimulgiformes)
The largest species of this order of nocturnal birds is the neotropical great potoo (Nycitbius grandis), which can grow to a weight of and a height of . Heavier Caprimulgiformes have been recorded in juvenile specimens of the Australian tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides), which can weigh up to . Other species nearly as large as the potoo are the Papuan frogmouth (Podargus papuensis) of New Guinea and the neotropic, cave-dwelling oilbird (Steatornis caripensis), both growing as large as . The wingspan of the great potoo and the oilbird can be more than , the largest of the order.
The largest species of the nightjar family, the great eared nightjar (Eurostopodus macrotis) of East Asia, is of smaller proportions. Great eared nightjars can reach in weight and in height.
Shorebirds (Charadriiformes)
The largest species in this diverse order is the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) of the North Atlantic, attaining a height as large as , a wingspan of and a weight of up to . The glaucous gull (L. hyperboreus) is smaller on average than the black-back but has been weighed as heavy as .
Among the most prominent family of "small waders", the sandpipers reach their maximum size in the Far Eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) at up to in length and across the wings. The more widespread Eurasian curlew (N. arquata) can weigh up to .
Less variable in size, the largest species of plovers is the Australasian masked lapwing (Vanellus miles) which grows up to long with a wingspan and a weight of . The widely distributed Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia), is relatively large and heavily built. Caspians can range up to in weight, with a wingspan and a length of .
The largest extant alcid is the sub-Arctic thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia), which can weigh up to , with a length of and a wingspan of . However, until its extinction, the flightless great auk (Pinguinus impennis) of the North Atlantic was both the largest alcid and the second-largest member of the order. Great auks could range up to and tall.
Miomancalla howardi was the largest charadriiform of all time, weighing approximately (?) more than the Great Auk with a height of approximately .
Herons and allies (Ciconiiformes)
The longest-bodied and tallest species in this order is the saddle-billed stork of Africa (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), which often exceeds tall and has a wingspan of up to . Reaching a similar height but more heavily built among the storks are the neotropical jabiru (Jabiru mycteria), the Asian greater adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius) and the African marabou stork (L. crumeniferus), all of which weigh up to . The greater adjutant and marabou nearly equal the Andean condor in maximum wingspan, with all three birds believed to reach or exceed a wingspan of . Standing up to , with a wingspan of up to and a weight up to , the African goliath heron (Ardea goliath) is the largest of the herons and egrets. Juvenile white-bellied heron (A. insignis) have been reported to weigh up to with heights of .
Many of the largest flying birds in the fossil record may have been members of the Ciconiiformes. The heaviest flying bird ever, Argentavis magnificens, is part of a group, the teratorns, that is considered an ally of the New World vultures.
The largest ibis is the giant ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea). Adults can grow to long, with a standing height of up to and are estimated to weigh approximately . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the tarsus is and the culmen is . The crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) of Japan is as large as in height and in length.
Mousebirds (Coliiformes)
The largest mousebird species, the speckled mousebird (Colius striatus), weighs with a height of over .
Pigeons (Columbiformes)
The largest species of the pigeon/dove complex is the Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria) of Northern New Guinea. Some exceptionally large Victoria crowned pigeons have reached and . The largest arboreal pigeon is the Marquesan imperial pigeon (Ducula galeata), which can grow approximately across the wings and can weigh .
The largest pigeons and doves known to have existed were the dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and the Rodrigues solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria). Both flightless species may have exceeded in height. The dodo is frequently cited as the largest-ever pigeon, potentially weighing as much as , although recent estimates have indicated that an average wild dodo weighed much less at approximately .
Rollers, Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, motmots, and todies (Coraciiformes)
The largest kingfisher is the giant kingfisher (Megaceryle maxima), at up to long and in weight. The common Australian species, the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), may be heavier still, as individuals exceeding are not uncommon. A kookaburra's wingspan can range up to .
Hornbills, hoopoe, and wood-hoopoes (Order Bucerotiformes)
The largest species of Coraciiformes is the southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), which can reach weights of up to and grow as long as . Several arboreal, Asian hornbills can also grow very large, with the great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) weighing up to , and the helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) measuring as much as in total length. The larger hornbills have a wingspan of up to .
Cuckoos, coucals and roadrunners (Cuculiformes)
The largest of the cuckoos is the Australasian channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae), which can range up to a weight of , a wingspan and a length of .
Falcons (Falconiformes)
Many authorities now support the split of falcons from the Accipitriformes, despite similar adaptations, due to the genetic evidence showing they are not closely related. The largest species of falcon is the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). Large females of this species can range up to , span across the wings and measure long.
Gamebirds (Galliformes)
The heaviest member of this order is the North American wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The largest specimen ever recorded was shot in 2015, and weighed . The heaviest domesticated turkey on record weighed .
The longest gamebirds species, if measured from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail coverts, is the male green peafowl (Pavo muticus) of Southeast Asia at a length of up to , with two-thirds of the length being made up by the tail coverts. It has a relatively large wingspan for a gamebird, spanning as much as across the wings.
The largest member of the grouse family is the Eurasian western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), weighing up to with a length of .
A prehistoric, flightless family, sometimes called (incorrectly) "giant megapodes" (Sylviornis) of New Caledonia were the most massive galliformes ever, with lengths of up to weights up to approximately .
Loons (Gaviiformes)
The largest species on average is the yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) of the Arctic, at up to and . One exceptionally large North American Great northern diver (Gavia immer) was weighed at , heavier than any recorded yellow-billed loon. Wingspans of the largest loons can reach .
Cranes and allies (Gruiformes)
The males of the Eurasian great bustard (Otis tarda) and the African kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) are the heaviest birds capable of flight, averaging up to and weighing 2 to 3 times as much as their female counterparts. It is not resolved if one of these species is larger than the other, but both can reach a weight of at least and measure up to long. Some kori bustards have been reported from to even , but all such reports are unverified or dubious.
The tallest flying bird on earth, also represented in the Gruiformes, is the sarus crane (Grus antigone) of Southern Asia and Australia, which can reach a height of . Heavier cranes are reported in other species, the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) and the Siberian crane (G. leucogeranus), both from Northeast Asia and both at up to , as opposed to a top weight of in the sarus. Wingspan in both the largest cranes and the largest bustards can range up to .
The most species-rich family in this order, the rails, reaches their largest size in the bulky takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) of New Zealand, an endangered species that can weigh up to and measure long. The aforementioned "terror bird", Brontornis burmeisteri, has traditionally been classified as a member of this order, although this may not be an accurate classification.
Songbirds (Passeriformes)
The passerine or songbird order comprises more than half of all bird species, and are known for their generally small size, their strong voices and their frequent perching. Corvids are the largest of passerines, particularly the large races of the common raven (Corvus corax) and the Northeast African thick-billed raven (C. crassirostris). Large ravens can weigh , attain a wingspan and measure long.
The closest non-corvid contender to largest size is the Australian superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae), which can reach a length of , much of it comprised by their spectacular tail, and a weight of .
The largest species in the most species-rich passerine family, Tyrannidae or tyrant-flycatchers, is the great shrike-tyrant of the South Andes (Agriornis lividus), at and , although the fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana), to , is longer thanks to its extreme tail.
The namesake of the previous family, the Old World flycatchers, reaches its maximum size in the blue whistling thrush of India Southeast Asia (Myophonus caeruleus), if it is indeed a proper member of the family, at up to and a length of .
Closely related to the Old World flycatchers, the thrush family's largest representative is the Great thrush of South America (Turdus fuscater), at up to and .
The largest bird family in Eurasia is the Old World warblers. As previously classified these warblers could get fairly large, up to and in the striated grassbird of Southeast Asia (Megalurus palustris). The Old World warblers have been split into several families, however, which leaves the barred warbler of central Eurasia (Sylvia nisoria), up to and , as the largest "true warbler".
Not to be confused with the previous family, the largest of the well-known New World warblers is the aberrant yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens), which can exceptionally measure up to and weigh .
Another large family is the bulbuls, the largest of which is the south Asian straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus), to and . The diverse, large family of babblers can reach and in the south Asian greater necklaced laughingthrush (Garrulax pectoralis).
The familiar domesticated species, the Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), is (in the wild) the largest estrildid, at up to and . The largest honeyeater, perhaps the most diverse Australasian bird family, is the crow honeyeater (Gymnomyza aubryana), at up to and . The largest of the "true finches" is the collared grosbeak (Mycerobas affinis) of central and south Asia at up to and .
Among the largest bird families, the emberizids, reaches its largest size in the Abert's towhee (Pipilo aberti) of Southwest United States and north Mexico at up to and .
Closely related to the previous family is the tanagers, which can range up to in the Andean-forest-dwelling white-capped tanager (Sericossypha albocristata). Another species-rich neotropical family is the ovenbirds, the largest of which, the great rufous woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes major) of the Amazonian rainforest, can weigh up to and . The specialized antbird family can range up to and in the giant antshrike (Batara cinerea). Among the most variably sized passerine families is the icterids.
The largest icterid is the olive oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus), in which males can range up to and . The latter species competes with the similarly sized Amazonian umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus) as the largest passerine in South America.
Cormorants and allies (Pelecaniformes)
Pelicans rank amongst the largest flying birds. The largest species of pelican is the Eurasian Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), which can attain a length of and a body weight of . The great white pelican (P. onocrotalus) of Europe and Africa is almost as large. The Australian pelican (P. conspicillatus) is slightly smaller but has the largest bill of any bird, at as much as long. A large pelican can attain a wingspan of , second only to the great albatrosses among all living birds.
The largest of the cormorants is the flightless cormorant of the Galapagos Islands (Phalacrocorax harrisi), at up to and , although large races in the great cormorant (P. carbo) can weigh up to . The spectacled cormorant of the North Pacific (P. perspicillatus), which became extinct around 1850, was larger still, averaging around and .
The widely distributed magnificent frigatebird is of note for having an extremely large wingspan, up to , for its relatively light body, at up to only .
Pelagornithidae or pseudotooth birds included several species that were behind only Argentavis magnificens in size among all flying birds. Characterized by the tooth-like protrusions along their bills, this unique family has been variously allied with the Pelecaniformes, tubenoses, large waders and even waterfowl. Their true linkage to extant birds remains in question, though pelecaniformes are the group most regularly considered related. Some of the largest pseudotooth birds have included, Osteodontornis of the late Miocene from the North Pacific, Gigantornis eaglesomei, from the Eocene era in what is now Nigeria and Dasornis, from Eocene era Europe. A new, unnamed species has been discovered which may outsize even these giants. Superficially albatross-like, each of these pseudotooth species may have attained lengths of and wingspans of at least . Body mass in these slender birds was probably only up to around .
Tropicbirds (Phaethontiformes)
The largest tropicbirds is the red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus). The adult is a slender, mainly white bird, 48 cm long, excluding the central tail feathers which double the total length, and a one-meter wingspan.
Flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes)
The largest flamingo is the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) of Eurasia and Africa. One of the tallest flying birds in existence when standing upright (exceeded only by the tallest cranes), this species typically weighs and stands up to tall. At maximum, a male can weigh up to and stand as high as . Wingspan is relatively small in flamingos, ranging up to .
Woodpeckers and allies (Piciformes)
The largest species of this order is the toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) of the neotropic forest. Large specimens of this toucan can weigh to and , at which size the beak alone can measure approximately .
Until the 20th century, the largest woodpecker was the imperial woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) of Mexico, with a length of up to . This species is generally believed to have gone extinct following habitat destruction and hunting. The closely related ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) of the Southeast United States and Cuba approached similar sizes at up to in length, with a wingspan of and a mass of at least . Despite possibilities that it has survived in some deep swamp forests in Arkansas or Florida, the ivory-billed is also generally considered to have gone extinct. The great slaty woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) of southeast Asia is the largest woodpecker certain to exist, with a weight of up to and a length of up to .
Less well-known than the woodpeckers and toucans, barbets can range up to and in the great barbet (Megalaima virens).
The largest jacamar is the great jacamar (Jacamerops aureus). It measures in length and weighs between .
Grebes (Podicipediformes)
The largest species of grebe is the South American great grebe (Podiceps major). It can reach a length of , with a wingspan of and a weight of over .
Tubenoses (Procellariiformes)
The largest species of Procellariiformes is the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) of the sub-Antarctic oceans, which has the largest wingspan of any living bird. The maximum dimensions of this species are a length of and a wingspan of . Unverified specimens have been reported to measure . Immature wandering albatrosses have weighed as much as at the time of their first flights, with the maximum reported weight of adults being .
The Southern royal albatross (Diomedea epomophora) is slightly lesser in length, wingspan and weight.
The largest procellarids is the southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus). It can reach a body length of 1 m (39 in), with a wingspan of 2.1 m (83 in) and a weight of 8 kg (17.6 lb).
Hoatzin (Opisthocomiformes)
Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), the only member of its order, is a pheasant-sized South American bird, with a total length of and a maximum weight of .
Parrots (Psittaciformes)
The largest parrot by length and wingspan is the endangered hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) of the neotropic lowlands, reaching a length of nearly with a wingspan of and weighing as little as . The heaviest parrot is the nearly extinct kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), which is part of the New Zealand parrot family. The flightless kakapo does not exceed in length, but weighs up to .
The largest parakeet is the Alexandrine parakeet (Palaeornis eupatoria), reaching lengths of up to 60 centimetres and a mass of 250 grams.
The largest species in the cockatoo family is the Australasian palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus), at up to long with a weight of .
Sandgrouse (Pterocliformes)
Black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis) is the largest sandgrouse, with a maximum size of and .
Penguins (Sphenisciformes)
The largest species of Sphenisciformes is the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) of the Antarctic, with a maximum height of and a weight of . The next largest living species is the king penguin, which grows to a maximum of in height and in weight. Now extinct, Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi, is believed to have reached a height of and a weight of up to .
Owls (Strigiformes)
The most massive owl is certainly either the Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) or the endangered and similarly sized Blakiston's fish owl (Bubo blakistoni) of coastal Russia and Japan. Record-sized specimens of both species have weighed approximately and measured over long. In either species, the wingspan can range up to . Longer still, but not as massive as the previous species (never more than in weight), a large female great gray owl (Strix nebulosa) from the northern boreal forest can range up to .
The largest of the barn or masked owl family is the Tasmanian masked owl (Tyto novaehollandiae castanops), which weighs up to and measures up to . The largest owl known to have existed was Ornimegalonyx oteroi of Cuba, a uniquely cursorial owl. The giant bird was estimated to stand over on the ground and to weigh at least .
Ratites (Struthioniformes)
The largest ratite is the ostrich (Struthio camelus), from the plains of Africa and Arabia. A large male ostrich can reach a height of and weigh over . A mass of has been cited for the ostrich but no wild ostriches of this weight have been verified. Eggs laid by the ostrich are the largest in the world, weighing . The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) of Australia reaches at the shoulder with a full height of . In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from . The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) from Australia and Papua New Guinea has a height of . The greater rhea (Rhea americana) from South America weighs up to and often measures long from beak to tail with a height of approximately .
The largest bird in the fossil record may be the extinct elephant birds (Vorombe/Aepyornis) of Madagascar, which were related to the ostrich. They exceeded in height and in weight. The last of the elephant birds became extinct approximately 1000 years ago.
The tallest bird ever was the South Island giant moa (Dinornis robustus), part of the moa family of New Zealand that went extinct about 500 years ago. The moa stood up to tall, and weighed approximately half as much as a large elephant bird or mihirung due to its comparatively slender frame.
Tinamous (Tinamiformes)
The largest species of tinamou, a group of chunky, elusive ground-birds from neotropical forests, is the grey tinamou (Tinamus tao) of western South America. It can reach a weight over and length of over .
Trogons (Trogoniformes)
The resplendent quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) of the montane forest of Central America is the largest trogon, though a few other quetzals approach similar sizes. It can weigh more than and, in females and non-breeding or immature males, they can measure up to from the head to the tail. Upon developing tail streamers, adult males can reach lengths of up to .
See also
Dinosaur size
References
Birds
Largest | wiki |
Viburnum japonicum, the Japanese viburnum, is a species of flowering plant in the family Viburnaceae. It native to Zhejiang in China, Gageodo island in South Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, and Japan. A rounded evergreen bush reaching , with glossy leaves and strongly scented flowers, it is hardy to USDA zone 7.
References
japonicum
Flora of Zhejiang
Flora of South Korea
Flora of Japan
Flora of the Ryukyu Islands
Plants described in 1824 | wiki |
VIR est un code, qui signifie :
Îles Vierges des États-Unis, selon la norme ISO 3166-1 (liste des codes pays), code alpha 3,
le Virginia International Raceway, circuit de sports mécaniques de Virginie
Abréviation
Code | wiki |
Batter is a flour mixture with liquid and other ingredients such as sugar, salt and leavening used for cooking. It usually contains more liquid than doughs, which are also mixtures of flour and liquid. Batters are usually a pourable consistency that can't be kneaded. Batter is most often used for pancakes, light cakes, and as a coating for fried foods. It is also used for a variety of batter breads.
The word batter comes from the French word battre, which means to beat, as many batters require vigorous beating or whisking in their preparation.
Methods
Many batters are made by combining dry flours with liquids such as water, milk or eggs. Batters can also be made by soaking grains in water and grinding them wet. Often a leavening agent such as baking powder is included to aerate and fluff up the batter as it cooks, or the mixture may be naturally fermented for this purpose as well as to add flavour. Carbonated water or another carbonated liquid such as beer may instead be used to aerate the batter in some recipes. Other substitutes for water are wine, or flavored liquors like curaçao, brandy, and maraschino.
The viscosity of batter may range from very "heavy" (adhering to an upturned spoon) to "thin" (similar to single cream, enough to pour or drop from a spoon and sometimes called "drop batter"). Heat is applied to the batter, usually by frying, baking or steaming, in order to cook the ingredients and to "set" the batter into a solid form. Batters may be sweet or savoury, often with either sugar or salt being added (sometimes both). Many other flavourings such as herbs, spices, fruits or vegetables may be added to the mixture.
Beer batter
Beer is a popular ingredient in batters used to coat foods before frying. One reason is that a basic batter can be made from merely flour, beer, and some salt. The purpose of using beer is so the bubbles in the beer will add body and lightness to the batter. Depending on the type and quality of the beer, it may also add colour or some flavour to the batter. The practice of beer battering is popular in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Iceland and Russia. Foods that are commonly beer battered and fried include fish, chips, and onion rings.
Cuisine and batters
Batters are used in many cuisines under many names. Tempura in Japan, pakoda and dosa in India, galapong in the Philippines, spoonbread in the US, and many other examples are all types of batters. All batters work by forming a crisp shell around the food, preventing scorching and retaining flavor and juices. The ideal batter for fried foods is to be thick enough to adhere to the food, but not so thick as to become heavy.
Batters made with wheat flour thicken with every second that passes after mixing because of the development of gluten. Strategies to reduce this effect include the use of ice water when mixing, alcohol (which does not mix with the flour to produce gluten), and making it at the last possible moment before use.
References
External links
Food ingredients
Pancakes
Fritters | wiki |
The Military ranks of Belize are the military insignia used by the Belize Defence Force and Belize Coast Guard. Belize shares a rank structure similar to those used in the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
References
Notes
External links
Ambergristoday.com (Belize Coast Guard Promotes Sanpedrana Alma Pinelo To Lieutenant Commander)
Ambergristoday.com (Belize Coast Guard Females Giveaway Shoes)
Channel5belize.com (Coast Guard Graduates 46)
bcg.gov.bz (State Of The Belize Coast Guard 2019)
Belize
Military of Belize | wiki |
LVA est un sigle, qui signifie :
Libération des voies aériennes, une technique pratiquée en médecine, notamment lors de la ventilation artificielle ;
Lieu de vie et d'accueil, structure intervenant généralement dans le cadre de la protection de l'enfance ;
La Vie de l'auto, revue consacrée à l’automobile.
LVA est un code, qui signifie :
Lettonie,
selon la norme ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 (liste des codes pays) ;
selon la liste des codes pays utilisés par l'OTAN, alpha-3.
Code | wiki |
"The Power of the Dog" is a quote from Psalm 22 of the Book of Psalms.
The Power of the Dog may also refer to:
The Power of the Dog, 1910–11 dog breed guide by Arthur Croxton Smith and illustrated by Maud Earl
The Power of the Dog (Savage novel), 1967 novel by Thomas Savage
The Power of the Dog (film), 2021 film adaptation of Savage's novel
The Power of the Dog (Winslow novel), 2005 novel by Don Winslow | wiki |
Four-leaf clover is a rare variation of the common three-leaf clover (genus Trifolium).
Four-leaf clover may also refer to:
Other plants
Oxalis tetraphylla, sometimes known informally as "lucky clover" and "four-leaf clover"
Marsilea, aquatic ferns, common names include water clover and four-leaf clover
Marsilea quadrifolia
Music
Four Leaf Clover Records, a Swedish record company and independent label established by musician, bandleader and producer Lars Samuelson in the early 1970's
Four Leaf Clover, a 2009 album by Four Celtic Voices and Erin Hill
Four Leaf Clover, a 2007 album by Li Yifeng
"The Four Leaf Clover", a song by Charles Whitney Coombs (1859–1940)
"Four Leaf Clover", a 1997 song by Abra Moore
"4 Leaf Clover", a song by Erykah Badu from the 1997 album Baduizm
"Four Leaf Clover", a song by Second Person from the 2011 album Come to Dust
"Four-leaf Clover", a song by Twice from the 2021 album Perfect World
"Four Leaf Clover", a song by Catherine from the 1996 album Hot Saki & Bedtime Stories
"Four Leaf Clover", a 2017 song by Christian Hudson
"Four Leaf Clover", a song by The Kooks from the 2018 album Let's Go Sunshine
"Four Leaf Clover", a song by The Badlees from the 2002 album Renew
"Four Leaf Clover", a song by Diana Vickers from the 2010 album Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree
"Four-Leaf Clover", a song by Winger from the 2006 album IV
"Four Leaf Clover", a song by Destine from the 2012 album Illuminate
"Four Leaf Clover", a song by Badly Drawn Boy from the 2004 album One Plus One Is One
"Four Leaf Clover", a 2006 song by Mellowdrone
"4 Leaf Clover", a song by Old 97's from the 1994 album Hitchhike to Rhome
Other uses
"Four-Leaf Clover", an episode of A Love So Beautiful (2020 TV series)
"The Four-Leaf Clover" (1990), a short story by Isaac Asimov from the 1990 collection Puzzles of the Black Widowers
See also
Quatrefoil ('four-leafed')
"I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover", a song from 1927
Fourth United States Army, whose shoulder sleeve insignia is a four-leaf clover | wiki |
Culcitopsis is een geslacht van zeesterren uit de familie Poraniidae.
Soort
Culcitopsis borealis (Süssbach & Breckner, 1911)
Valvatida | wiki |
Khao soi or khao soy (, ; , ,) is a dish developed by Muslim Chin Haw people (Chinese immigrants from Yunnan province in southwest China) served in Laos and northern Thailand. A comparable dish, ohn no khao swè, is widely served in Myanmar. The name means 'cut rice', although it is possible that it is simply a corruption of the Burmese word for noodles – "khao swè" – which may account for the variations. Traditionally, the dough for the rice noodles is spread out on a cloth stretched over boiling water. After steaming the large sheet noodle is then rolled and cut with scissors. Lao khao soi is traditionally made with hand sliced rice noodles in clear soup broth and topped with minced pork. In some markets in Luang Namtha and Muang Sing vendors still hand cut the noodles. These traditionally cut noodles can also be found in several places in northern Thailand.
Versions
There are two common versions of khao soi:
Lao khao soi is completely different and has no relation to the more famous Muslim influenced khao soi, a rich coconut curry and egg rice noodle soup, of northern Thailand and Burma. Lao khao soi is a hand sliced rice noodle soup with clear chicken, beef or pork broth topped with a tomato meat sauce made of minced pork, tomatoes, garlic and fermented bean paste. The dish is always served with a fresh herbs. Lao khao soi noodles are made with steamed rectangular sheets of rice flour batter, the streamed rice flour sheets are then rolled and sliced into wide rice noodle ribbons. The name khao soi is derived from the Lao language meaning 'sliced rice': khao is “rice” and soi means “sliced” and it is probably where the dish got its name. The northern Lao provinces of Luang Namtha and Luang Prabang is said to be the birthplace of the Lao khao soi. Northern Laotians have a special way of preparing this dish, different versions of it can be found at Lao restaurants. Northern Thai khao soi or Khao Soi Islam is closer to the present day Burmese ohn no khao swè, being a soup-like dish made with a mix of deep-fried crispy egg noodles and boiled egg noodles, pickled mustard greens, shallots, lime, ground chillies fried in oil, and meat in a curry-like sauce containing coconut milk. The curry is somewhat similar to that of yellow or massaman curry but of a thinner consistency. It is popular as a street dish eaten by Thai people in northern Thailand, though not frequently served in Thai restaurants abroad.There is some reason to believe that the Thai version of khao soi was influenced by Chinese Muslim cuisine and was therefore likely served with chicken or beef.Different variants of khao soi that are made without any coconut milk and with rice noodles instead of egg noodles are mainly eaten in the eastern half of northern Thailand.
Khao soi is featured in the cuisine of the Shan people who primarily live in Burma. This version of khao soi, as well as the version in Chiang Rai Province, can contain pieces of curdled blood (see khow suey).
Gallery
See also
Khow suey
Laksa
List of soups
Ohn no khao swè
Thai curry
Notes and references
External links
Khao soi recipe, Northern Thai style curried noodle soup with chicken
Northern Thai cuisine
Laotian soups
Burmese cuisine
Southeast Asian curries
Noodle soups
Laotian noodle dishes
Thai noodle dishes
Chiang Mai | wiki |
Philip Stanhope may refer to:
Philip Stanhope (Royalist officer), English Civil War Royalist colonel
Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield (1584–1656), English peer
Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield (1634–1714), English peer, grandson of the 1st Earl
Philip Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Chesterfield (1673–1726), English peer, son of the 2nd Earl
Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1793), English peer, son of the 3rd Earl
Philip Stanhope (diplomat) (1732–1768), illegitimate son of the 4th Earl of Chesterfield and recipient of his Letters
Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield (1755–1815), British Ambassador to Spain, 1784–1786, and Master of the Mint, 1789–1790, adopted son of the 4th Earl
Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl Stanhope (1714–1786), son of the 1st Earl
Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope (1781–1855), English politician
Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope (1805–1875), English historian, son of the 4th Earl
Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron Weardale (1847–1923), British Liberal politician | wiki |
The Anatolian Black (Turkish: Yerli Kara), also known as Native Black Cattle, is a breed of cattle that originated in Anatolia, in what is now Turkey. They are used in dairy production, meat production, and as draught animals on small farms. They are primarily raised in central Turkey.
The Anatolian Black is the smallest of the native cattle breeds of Turkey. It is closely related genetically to the East Anatolian Red and South Anatolian Red native Turkish breeds. These three breeds are collectively referred to as "Anatolian Native" cattle, and are distinguished on morphological and regional grounds, rather than genetically.
The breed is considered at risk of extinction, and the number of genetically pure individuals has decreased. This is due to crossbreeding with European breeds to improve productivity and yields, unconscious crossbreeding and poor management, as well as rural-urban migration. In order to save the Anatolian Black and other native cattle breeds, research has been conducted into how to improve their productivity, in order to become a more viable option for farmers. There is a conservation herd located at the Central Livestock Research Institute in Lalahan.
Breed Characteristics
Anatolian Blacks are a taurine, short-horned variety of cattle. Conformation between animals tends to vary, and individuals can exhibit a beef or dairy build. They are small-bodied, with a long trunk and slim bones. Short ribs give a medium chest depth. Females grow 100–110 cm at the shoulder, have a body length of 110–120 cm, and weigh 200–300 kg. Males weigh 300–400 kg. The neck is of average length with a small dewlap. The rear end of the body is wider and higher than the front - shoulders are narrow, long and slant, and the rump is sharp and slant. The back is straight. Legs are short with strong hooves.
The head narrows towards the nose, and possesses profound eyes. Bulls have big heads with a convex profile; cows have narrower heads with a small, long face. Males and females are both horned.
The skin is thick and tough, and coat colour is usually raven black. The hair is slightly wavy on the neck, and hair on the inner surface of the ears is thick.
Anatolian Blacks can survive harsh conditions, as well as poor care and diet. They are highly resistant to diseases and parasites. These characteristics make them a high priority for conservation. However, their adaptability and low maintenance characteristics have also come at a cost to productivity.
The breeding age for heifers is 24–28 months. Female birthweight is 17–19 kg; male birthweight is 18–20 kg. Cows possess a good maternal instinct, and the mother will not let her milk down unless she can see her calf.
Uses
Milk
Cows can produce up to 1000–1100 kg of milk per lactation. Their lactation period can last from 240–260 days. The milk has a 4-5% fat content.
Meat
Anatolian Black cattle are one of the most important sources of beef in Turkey. They can be fattened rapidly - the daily liveweight gain in feedlots is 700-900 g.
Productivity
Their adaptability and low maintenance characteristics have unfortunately come at a cost to productivity, and in order to make them a viable option for local farmers, their outputs must be improved to match that of European breeds.
References
External links
Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in Turkey
Cattle breeds originating in Turkey
Cattle breeds
Dairy cattle breeds
Beef cattle breeds
Draught cattle breeds | wiki |
Pink trumpet tree is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Handroanthus impetiginosus, native to Central and South America
Tabebuia heterophylla, native to the Caribbean | wiki |
LBN est un code, qui signifie :
Liban,
selon la norme ISO 3166-1 (liste des codes pays),
selon la liste des codes pays utilisés par l'OTAN, code alpha-3
Code | wiki |
LBY est un code, qui signifie :
Libye,
selon la norme ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 (liste des codes pays),
selon la liste des codes pays utilisés par l'OTAN, code alpha-3,
Code | wiki |
Christmas Child is an EP by the band Carbon Leaf that was released on their own label, Constant Ivy Music.
Track listing
References
2010 EPs
2010 Christmas albums
Carbon Leaf albums
Christmas albums by American artists | wiki |
A low-emission vehicle is a motor vehicle that emits relatively low levels of motor vehicle emissions. The term may be used in a general sense, but in some countries it is defined in air quality statutes.
Different groups of people ("go greens", "go with the flow" and "no greens") show different interest in low emission vehicles
See also
Partial zero-emissions vehicle
Super-ultra-low emission vehicle
Ultra-low-emission vehicle
United States emission standards
Zero-emissions vehicle
References
Green vehicles
ar:سيارة بلا عادم
de:Zero Emission Vehicle
es:Vehículo de cero emisiones
fr:Véhicule propre
ja:低公害車
pt:Veículo zero emissões | wiki |
The A949 is a major road in Sutherland, in the Highland area of Scotland. It has staggered junctions with the A9. From the A949 the A9 runs (1) generally north to Thurso and (2) generally south to Tain, Inverness, Perth, Stirling and Falkirk.
From the A9, just north of Tain and the Dornoch Firth, the A949 runs (1) west to the A836 at Bonar Bridge and (2) east to Dornoch. The junctions are about 1 mile (2 km) apart. The section of the A949 between Bonar Bridge and the first junction on the A9 on the north side of the Dornoch Firth was part of the A9 until the opening of the Dornoch Firth Bridge in 1991.
Bonar Bridge is about 10 miles (16 km) west of the A9, at the neck of the Kyle of Sutherland. Dornoch is about 2 miles (3 km) east, at the mouth of the Dornoch Firth.
Within Dornoch the A949 has a junction with the B9168.
The A949 road goes west of the A9 road at a roundabout, merging into Zone 8 of the Great Britain road numbering scheme. It is one of the few Zone 9 roads to go west of the A9.
Ordnance Survey grid references
A9 junctions:
For Bonar Bridge:
Ordnance Survey
For Dornoch:
Bonar Bridge and A836 junction:
Dornoch and B9168 junction:
References
Roads in Scotland
Transport in Highland (council area) | wiki |
Honey Wagon may refer to:
Honeywagon (vehicle), a truck for collecting and carrying human excreta
Vacuum truck, a tank truck with a vacuum designed to load material through suction lines
Manure spreader, an agricultural machine used to distribute manure over a field as fertilizer
See also
Honey dipper, a term of disparagement for those that work with honeywagons or do similar work. | wiki |
The Montreal Convention is a multilateral treaty for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air.
Montreal Convention may also refer to:
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971
Montreal Protocol, an 1987 environmental protocol designed to protect the ozone layer
Montreal Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports serving International Civil Aviation, 1988
The Montreal Declaration of Anglican Essentials Canada, 1994
Declaration of Montreal, a 2006 statement on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Human Rights
See also
Great Peace of Montreal | wiki |
Daylight Limited could refer to:
the Daylight Limited, a passenger train in New Zealand
the Daylight Limited (Monon train), a passenger train of the Monon Railroad
the Coast Daylight (SP train), a passenger train of the Southern Pacific | wiki |
Particulate filter may refer to:
HEPA filter, for filtering particulates out of indoor air
Mechanical filter (respirator), a wearable filter
Diesel particulate filter, used in diesel engines
Gasoline particulate filter, used in gasoline engines | wiki |
The Balance of Competences Review was an “audit of what the EU does and how it affects the UK”, carried out by the United Kingdom Government during the Cameron–Clegg coalition. It was launched in 2012 and the set of reports were published in December 2014, but without a single summary final report.
References
David Cameron | wiki |
Mathematics education in New York in regard to both content and teaching method can vary depending on the type of school a person attends. Private school math education varies between schools whereas New York has statewide public school requirements where standardized tests are used to determine if the teaching method and educator are effective in transmitting content to the students. While an individual private school can choose the content and educational method to use, New York State mandates content and methods statewide. Some public schools have and continue to use established methods, such as Montessori for teaching such required content. New York State has used various foci of content and methods of teaching math including New Math (1960s), 'back to the basics' (1970s), Whole Math (1990s), Integrated Math, and Everyday Mathematics.
How to teach math, what to teach, and its effectiveness has been a topic of debate in New York State and nationally since the "Math Wars" started in the 1960s. Often, current political events influence how and what is taught. The politics in turn influence state legislation. California, New York, and several other states have influenced textbook content produced by publishers.
The state of New York has implemented a novel curriculum for high school mathematics.
The courses Algebra I, Geometry, and Algebra II/Trigonometry are required courses mandated by the New York State Department of Education for high school graduation.
2007-present
Algebra
This is the first course in the new three-year curriculum. It was originally "Math A," but was replaced with "Integrated Algebra." In 2009 when Common Core was adopted, "Algebra I" replaced "Integrated Algebra" and is still in use today.
Students learn to how write, solve, and graph equations and inequalities. They will also learn how to solve systems of equations, as well as how to simplify exponents, quadratic equations, exponential functions, polynomials, radicals, and rational expressions. Other topics included are probability and statistics.
Some schools divided Algebra 1 into a two-year sequence. The students who receive it begin with Algebra 1A, and will cover the rest of the Algebra 1 topics in Algebra 1B in the next school year. Typically, most students are placed in Algebra 1 which covers all lessons rather than splitting them.
At the conclusion of the one-year course, students take the New York State Regents Exam. The first administration of this exam was in June 2008.
Geometry
This is the second course in the new three year curriculum. It replaced part of "Math A" and part of "Math B"
Geometric concepts such as right triangles are introduced. The course also covers topics including perpendicular and parallel lines, triangles, quadrilaterals, and transformations.
At the conclusion of this one-year course, students take a New York State Regents exam in Geometry. The first administration of this exam was in June 2009.
Algebra II
This is the third and last course of the new three-year curriculum. It replaced the elements of "Math B" not covered in geometry.
This course covers concepts of advanced algebra, and as well prepares students for pre-calculus and calculus. In 2016, the Board of Regents removed some of the trigonometry concepts and lessons from the course, and the Regents exam has been renamed from
"Algebra 2/Trigonometry" to "Algebra II".
At the conclusion of the one-year course, students take the New York State Regents exam for Algebra II. This is the last Regents exam in mathematics students could take. Like the former "Math B" Regents, it is considered one of the hardest High School Regents examinations, along with the Physical Setting/Chemistry regents and the Physical Setting/Physics regents. The Algebra 2/Trigonometry exam was given from June 2010 through January 2017 and the new Algebra II Exam has been given since June 2016.
2001-2009
Math A (former course)
Math A replaced the former "Course 1" curriculum which focused solely on the topic of algebra, while Math A covered a whole range of topics. After algebra, students would take Geometry in the 10th grade and Algebra II in the 11th grade.
In Math A, students learned to how write, solve, and graph equations and inequalities. They learned how to solve systems of equations, quadratics, as well as exponents, exponential functions, polynomials, radicals, and rational expressions. Other topics included are probability and statistics. Geometric concepts such as right triangles are also introduced. The course works in conjunction with New York State's Standards for Mathematics. One course lasted three semesters, after which students took the Regents Math A Examination.
Math A/B (former course)
Math A/B took the place of the former "Course 2" curriculum, which focused almost solely on geometry, while Math A/B focused on a whole range of topics. Math A/B served as a bridge between the Math A and Math B courses.
Math A/B stayed true to its geometric roots, as the first half of the course covered topics such as perpendicular and parallel lines, triangles, quadrilaterals, and transformations. After their first semester, students took the New York State Math A Regents exam. June 2008 was the last administration of this exam. For the second half of the year, students would begin Math B. They covered logic, geometric figures, and an introduction to trigonometry.
Math B (former course)
Math B was required to receive a High School Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation. The course replaces the former "Course 3" curriculum, which focused almost solely on trigonometry. Math B focused on a whole range of topics. It was taken after the student has completed and passed Math A.
A Regents exam was taken at the end of the -year course. The Math B Regents was often considered one of the most difficult New York State Regents.
Math B covered concepts that can be found in trigonometry and advanced algebra, and prepared students for pre-calculus and calculus and reviewed past topics. During their year of study, students learned different theorems, graphed complex numbers and vectors, as well as reviewed topics such as exponential functions, systems of inequalities, and radicals. As the year progressed, students were expected to relate these functions to the real world, create conjectures through their own research, and begin a classroom discussion about these topics. At the end of their studies, they would take the New York State Math B Regents Examination. The last administration of this exam was in August 2010.
Changes proposed in 2004
In November 2004, the Mathematics Standards Committee made a report to the Board of Regents about the State's requirements for high school graduation as related to mathematics. The committee recommended that:
The curriculum should return to its old format as a one-year course with a Regents exam taken at the end of the year, with the new exam to be administered no earlier than June 2007. Math A would have its name changed to Integrated Algebra.
In addition to the current Regents exam at the end of the Math B course, there should be another Regents exam, at the end of the first half of Math B study (currently Math A/B), to be administered no later than June 2006, bringing the total number of Regents exams to three.
The course's name should be changed to Geometry for the first half of the course, and Algebra II and Trigonometry for the second half of the course (currently Math B). Integrated is only used in the new Algebra course.
The State of New York has announced that these changes will be implemented in the 2009/10 scholastic year.
In 2009, Integrated Algebra was switched to Algebra 1, due to the common core adoption.
The move was praised by many who thought the changes to the original draft curriculum were unnecessary.
Pre-2002
Sequential Mathematics
Prior to the 2001-2002 school year, the New York State Board of Regents mandated a three-year Sequential Mathematics series divided into three Courses I, II, and III.
See also
Mathematics education in the United States
USA Mathematical Olympiad
Math circle
References
Mathematics' Standard Committee's recommendations
External links
Official website of textbook developer
New York State Department of Education
New York State Department of Education: Curriculum, Instruction and Instructional Technology
Math Help and Resources
JMAP - Free resources for teachers
Regents preparation site for New York
Education in New York (state)
New York | wiki |
Impossible Planet may refer to:
"Impossible Planet", an episode of Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams
"The Impossible Planet", an episode of Doctor Who
"The Impossible Planet" (short story), a short story by Philip K. Dick | wiki |
Cythere peut faire référence à:
Cythère, une île grecque
Cythere (crustacé), un genre d'ostracodes de la famille des Cytheridae | wiki |
Avgorou (, also spelled Αβγόρου, []) is a municipal district of the Municipality of Ayia Napa in southwestern Famagusta District, Cyprus. It is located near Frenaros, Sotira, Liopetri and Ormidia .
Avgorou is one of the bigger suburbs in Famagusta area. Approximately 40 meters above sea level, near the district of Larnaka – Famagusta, and about 6 km north from Xylofagou village. Avgorou is still connected with the old road to Nicosia and borders with Dasaki Axnas, Xylofagou, Ormidia and Liopetri.
The colour of the soil in Augorou is dark red and very fertile, making Avgorou one of the main agriculture and animal farming areas in Famagusta. Most citizens of Avgorou cultivate a variety of potatoes, breadstuffs like barley, carrots, vegetables, locust trees, olive trees and some fruit trees.
The population of Avgorou is about 6,000 to 6,500 people from which 4,500 are locals and the others are refugees from the Turkish invasion of the north of the island in 1974.
References
Communities in Famagusta District | wiki |
Christavia may refer to either one of two aircraft designs by Ron Mason, Elmwood Aviation, Belleville, Ontario, Canada:
Christavia Mk I
Christavia Mk IV | wiki |
New Orleans Soul is a musical style derived from the soul music which has a large influence of the Gospel (music). New Orleans soul has ingredients of pop music and soul and is influenced by boogie-woogie style. The songs always are accompanied by a piano and a saxophone. This became known, mainly, in the postwar era, in the Crescent City.
This genus stands out for its pop base (what can be seen in the structures of genus) and Rock rhythms that have become very influenced by the "second line" hits, very popular in the city. The Caribbean music and Latin music from the 60's, that earned a great importance in the city, also inspired to this genre of Soul to develop more exotic rhythms. There are also normal midtempo rhythms. The musicians give more importance to the music and sound that to the letter, which sometimes makes no sense (much like most of this wiki entry). The choir is always feminine, with the participation of one or two women in it.
Origins
The first songs of this style of Soul emerged from the hand of songwriter and producer Allen Toussaint in 1960. Soon, however, this musical style began to assume great importance among other local and regional authorities. In the nineties, New Orleans Soul attracted the attention of many singers from other genres of soul music, in addition, influences to acquiring the Soul of the South. The success of this genre was originally developed in New Orleans, with little influence outside the city.
Despite this, some musicians from Memphis have named the genre as a major element in the development of Soul of this city. That genre also influenced the Northern Soul and British soul. Around 1965, when the Soul of New Orleans had only five years of operation, Toussaint, the mentioned operator of this kind of Soul, produced a slower version of gender, which caused much of the birth of Funk. The genus was about 24 national success.
Notable artists
Irma Thomas
Dr. John
Harry Connick, Jr.
Dave Bartholomew and Fats Domino
Walter "Wolfman" Washington
Jessie Hill
Mahalia Jackson
References
External links
Top picks in New Orleans music.
Soul music genres
Music of New Orleans
Music scenes | wiki |
A tern is a seabird in the family Laridae.
Tern or TERN may also refer to:
Tern
Alan Tern (born 1976), Singaporean actor
Miller Tern, an American single-seat glider
River Tern, a river in Shropshire, England
Tern (company), a folding bicycle company in Taiwan
Tern oilfield, Shetland basin in Scotland
, more than one United States Navy ship
SY Tern, a historic passenger vessel in England
TERN
Trans-European road network
Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node, a DARPA project
See also
Term (disambiguation)
Turn (disambiguation) | wiki |
Harvey L. Johnson (Cleburne, Texas, September 12, 1904 - May 29, 1995), was an American scholar of Latin America, professor and radio broadcaster. The Southwest Council of Latin American Studies' Harvey L. Johnson Award is named after him.
Broadcasting
Hello Neighbor 22 program cultural program
References
Academics from Texas
1904 births
1995 deaths | wiki |
Squawfish may refer to:
Ptychocheilus, a genus of fish.
The Colorado pikeminnow, a species of fish.
The Northern pikeminnow, a species of fish. | wiki |
Roseus is a Latin adjective meaning rose, rosy or pink.
Species and cultivars
Roseus, a rosemary cultivar
Roseus or Pink Snow, an early crocus (Crocus tommasinianus) cultivar
See also
Rosea (disambiguation)
Roseum (disambiguation)
A. roseus (disambiguation)
C. roseus (disambiguation)
E. roseus (disambiguation)
H. roseus (disambiguation)
M. roseus (disambiguation)
O. roseus (disambiguation)
P. roseus (disambiguation) | wiki |
Relevé can refer to:
Relevé (dance), rising onto or standing on the toes or balls of one or both feet
Relevé (population ecology), a plot that encloses the minimal area under a species-area curve
Relevé (phytosociology), a plot or table of phytosociological data
Relevé (French cuisine), an obsolete term for a type of entrée
Other
Relevés, an episode of the series Hannibal
Relève (Vichy regime), a work program in World War II France | wiki |
A reporter is a journalist.
Reporter(s) may also refer to:
Court reporter, a person whose occupation is to transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written form to produce official transcripts of court hearings, depositions and other official proceedings.
Law report, a reference book of legal decisions
Reporter (Scotland), a public official in Scotland
Reporter (film), a 2009 documentary
Reporter gene, a type of gene
Reporter TV, a Malayalam-language news channel
Northrop F-15 Reporter, a reconnaissance aircraft
Reporter: A Memoir, autobiography of Seymour Hersh
Reporters (TV programme), a British television news programme on BBC News
Reporters (Indian TV series), an Indian newsroom drama television series
Reporter, a newspaper published by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
The Reporter, journal succeeding the Anti-Slavery Reporter
See also
Rapporteur, from the same root word
The Reporter (disambiguation) | wiki |
Jungwon may refer to:
Jungwon-gyeong, former name of Chungju, North Chungcheong, South Korea when it was a sub-capital during the United Silla dynasty
Jungwon Province, one of the former provinces of Korea under the United Silla and Goryeo Dynasties, today North Chungcheong Province, South Korea
Jungwon Air Base in Chungju
Jungwon County, former county annexed by Chungju
Jungwon-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea
Jung-won (Revised Romanization: Jeong-won), Korean unisex given name
Jungwon, leader of South Korean boyband, Enhypen | wiki |
MySQL Connector/ODBC, once known as MyODBC, is computer software from Oracle Corporation. It is an ODBC interface and allows programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database. MySQL Connector/ODBC was originally created by MySQL AB.
History
3.51 - ANSI version only.
5.1 - Unicode version only. Suitable for use with any MySQL server version since MySQL 4.1, including MySQL 5.0, 5.1, and 6.0.
5.2 - ANSI and Unicode versions available at install time.
5.3 - ANSI and Unicode versions available at install time. Conforms to the ODBC 3.8 specification.
External links
Download Connector/ODBC
'MySQL Connector/ODBC Developer Guide' – main manual
Data access technologies
Application programming interfaces | wiki |
Windows Driver Model er en type hardwaredrivere, som er fælles for Windows 98 og NT.
Datalogi | wiki |
The fifteenth season of the American comedy television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered on FXX on December 1 and concluded on December 22, 2021. This season had next day availability on FX on Hulu and FXNOW. The season consists of eight episodes and makes the series the longest-running live-action comedy series in American television history, surpassing The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.
Cast
Main cast
Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly
Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds
Rob McElhenney as Ronald "Mac" McDonald
Kaitlin Olson as Dee Reynolds
Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds
Special guest star
Colm Meaney as Shelley Kelly
Recurring cast
Mary Elizabeth Ellis as The Waitress
Artemis Pebdani as Artemis
Sandy Martin as Mrs. Mac
Guest stars
Brian Huskey as Gary
Geoffrey Owens as "Don Cheadle"
Mark Prendergast as Gus
Production
The series was renewed for a fifteenth season in May 2020, making it the longest-running live-action comedy series in American television history, replacing The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, which ran for 14 seasons between 1952 and 1966. On April 9, 2020, Rob McElhenney announced that writing had begun for season 15. Filming for the season began in May 2021 and wrapped that October. Despite teases that the Ireland arc was shot in Dublin, Ireland, in August and September 2021, the final four episodes of the season were instead shot at Bodega Bay, California due to COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland.
The season is the first not to be distributed by 20th Television and instead is distributed by Disney-ABC Domestic Television due to the Disney-FOX merger in December 2017.
Episodes
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 9/10 based on 6 reviews, the highest rating since season 11.
Ratings
References
External links
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
2021 American television seasons
Television shows about the COVID-19 pandemic | wiki |
Hannah Scott may refer to:
Hannah Scott (footballer) (born 1990), retired Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs
Hannah Scott (General Hospital), character on General Hospital
Hannah Scott (rower), British Olympian rower | wiki |
Sunbolt was a "morning energy drink" created and marketed by Quaker Oats/Gatorade North America in the mid-1990s. It can best be described as Gatorade with caffeine. For 12 weeks in 1994, a marketing firm called Chesapeake Communications Group (CCG) helped Quaker/GNA test-market the drink in the Baltimore/Washington area. The drink was also marketed in the Philadelphia metro area.
Gatorade no longer makes Sunbolt, but there is a Filipino drink by the same name, which is produced by Pasig-based Alternative Beverages Company, Inc.
Sources
http://www.ccgpublicrelations.com/services/gatorade.htm
Gatorade
Quaker Oats Company brands | wiki |
Tiempo may refer to:
Music
Tiempo (album), a 2003 album by Erreway
"Tiempo" (Cetu Javu song) (1994)
"Tiempo" (Erreway song) (2003)
Other uses
Tiempo (magazine), a Spanish-language weekly
Tiempo (programme), a programme relating to global warming
People with the surname
César Tiempo, (1906–1980), Russian-born screenwriter of Argentine cinema
Edilberto K. Tiempo (1913–1996), Filipino writer and professor, husband of Edith
Edith Tiempo (1919–2011), Filipina writer, wife of Edilberto
Rowena Tiempo Torrevillas (born 1951), Filipina poet, fiction writer and essayist, daughter of Edilberto and Edith
Sergio Tiempo (born 1972), Argentine classical pianist
See also
A Tiempo (disambiguation)
El Tiempo (disambiguation)
Mi tiempo, a 2007 album by Chayanne
Nike Tiempo, a sports brand
Nuevo Tiempo, a Spanish-language Christian TV and radio station for Central and South America
Tempo (disambiguation)
Surnames of Spanish origin | wiki |
Nathan Davis is the name of:
Nathan Davis (traveller) (1812–1882), British missionary and amateur excavator at Carthage
Nathan Davis (actor) (1917–2008), American actor
Nathan Davis (saxophonist) (1937–2018), American jazz saxophonist
Nathan Davis (gridiron football) (born 1974), defensive lineman
Nathan Smith Davis (1817–1904), physician instrumental in founding Northwestern University
Nathan Smith Davis Jr. (1858–1920), physician and dean of Northwestern University Medical College
Nathan Davis (basketball) (born 1974), American college basketball coach
Nathan Davis (rugby league) (born 1995), Australian rugby league player
See also
Nate Davis (disambiguation)
Nathaniel Davis (disambiguation) | wiki |
The following is a list of the exports of Algeria.
Exports
The data is for 2012, in billions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top ten exports are listed.
References
Algeria
Exports | wiki |
Protestants were executed in England under heresy laws during the reigns of Henry VIII (1509–1547) and Mary I (1553–1558). Radical Christians also were executed, though in much smaller numbers, during the reigns of Edward VI (1547–1553), Elizabeth I (1558–1603), and James I (1603–1625). The excesses of this period were recorded in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
Protestants in England and Wales were executed under legislation that punished anyone judged guilty of heresy against Catholicism. Although the standard penalty for those convicted of treason in England at the time was execution by being hanged, drawn and quartered, this legislation adopted the punishment of burning the condemned. At least 280 people were recognised as burned over the five years of Mary I's reign by contemporary sources.
Historical context
English Reformation
The English Reformation had put a stop to Catholic ecclesiastical governance in England, asserted royal supremacy over the English Church and dissolved some church institutions, such as monasteries and chantries.
An important year in the English Reformation was 1547, when Protestantism became a new force under the child-king Edward VI, England's first Protestant ruler. Edward died at age 15 in 1553. His relative Lady Jane Grey claimed the throne but was deposed by Edward's Catholic half-sister, Mary I.
Persecution of Protestants under Mary I (1553–1558)
The relationship between the English church and Rome was restored at the accession of Queen Mary I to the English throne in 1553. With her repeal of all religious legislation passed under Edward VI, Protestants faced a choice: exile, reconciliation/conversion, or punishment. Many people were exiled, and hundreds of dissenters were burned at the stake, earning her the nickname of "Bloody Mary". The number of people executed for their faith during the persecutions is thought to be at least 287, including 56 women. Thirty others died in prison.
Although the so-called "Marian Persecutions" began with four clergymen, relics of Edwardian England's Protestantism, Foxe's Book of Martyrs offers an account of the executions, which extended well beyond the anticipated targets – high-level clergy. Tradesmen were also burned, as well as married men and women, sometimes in unison, "youths" and at least one couple was burned alive with their daughter. The figure of 300 victims of the Marian Persecutions was given by Foxe and later by Thomas Brice in his poem, "The Regester".
English Inquisition and the judicial process
However bloody the end, the trials of Protestant heretics were judicial affairs, presided by bishops (most notably Bishop Bonner) adhering to a strict legal protocol under the privy council, with Parliament's blessing. Mary had difficulty forming an efficient Privy Council, which eventually numbered over 40 and never worked as a source of political advice, though it effectively pursued police work and enforcement of religious uniformity. During the session that restored the realm to papal obedience parliament reinstated the heresy laws. From 20 January 1555, England could legally punish those judged guilty of heresy against the Roman Catholic faith.
Thus it became a matter of establishing the guilt or innocence of an accused heretic in open court – a process which the lay authorities employed to reclaim "straying sheep" and to set a precedent for authentic Catholic teaching. If found guilty, the accused were first excommunicated, then handed over to the secular authorities for execution. The official records of the trials are limited to formal accusations, sentences, and so forth; the documents to which historians look for context and detail are those written by the accused or their supporters.
John Rogers' execution
Before Mary's ascent to the throne, John Foxe, one of the few clerics of his day who was against the burning of even obstinate heretics, had approached the Royal Chaplain and Protestant preacher, John Rogers to intervene on behalf of Joan of Kent, a female Anabaptist who was sentenced to burning in 1550. Rogers refused to help, as he supported the burning of heretics. Rogers claimed that the method of execution was "sufficiently mild" for a crime as grave as heresy. Later, after Mary I came to power and restored England to Catholicism, John Rogers spoke quite vehemently against the new order and was burnt as a heretic.
Legacy
Throughout the course of the persecutions, Foxe lists 312 individuals who were burnt or hanged for their faith, or died or sickened in prison. Three of these people are commemorated with a gothic memorial in Oxford, England, but there are many other memorials across England. They are known locally as the "Marian Martyrs".
English Saints and Martyrs of the Reformation Era are remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 4 May.
Martyrs executed
Also mentioned by Foxe
John Fortune (or Cutler) (of Hintlesham, Suffolk, blacksmith, either burnt or died in prison)
John Warner of Bourne
Thomas Athoth, priest 'he may have died in prison, escaped or – less likely – been pardoned.'
John Ashedon of Catsfield
Posthumous proceedings
William Tracy of Toddington, Gloucestershire, 'worshipful esquire', exhumed and burnt, 1532
John Tooley, poulterer, exhumed and burnt, 4 June 1555
James Trevisam, died 3 July 1555 and summoned posthumously to appear before the bishop
Catherine, wife of Peter Martyr Vermigli, exhumed 1556, Cambridge
Martin Bucer, Professor of Divinity, exhumed and burnt 6 February 1557, Cambridge
Paul Fagius, Lecturer in Hebrew, exhumed and burnt 6 February 1557, Cambridge
Joan Seaman, early 1558, refused burial at Mendlesham
John Glover, gentleman, 'about the latter end of Queen Mary', ordered to be exhumed
William Glover, September 1558, refused burial at Wem, Shropshire
Edward Burton, 15 January 1559, refused burial at Shrewsbury
Those who sickened or died in prison
See also
Marian exiles
Martyrs' Memorial
Foxe's Book of Martyrs
Religion in the United Kingdom
Oxford Martyrs
List of people executed in Smithfield
Coventry Martyrs
Martyrs Mirror, a book with a similar theme dealing with primarily with Anabaptist martyrs
Short, sharp shock
Notes
References
External links
List of martyrs according to Foxe
List of martyrs according to Summers
Lists of Christian martyrs
English Reformation
Marian martyr
Mary I of England
Religiously motivated violence in England
Human rights abuses in England
Political and cultural purges
Anglican saints | wiki |
State auditors (also known as state comptrollers, state controllers, state examiners, or inspectors general) are fiscal officers lodged in the executive or legislative branches of U.S. state governments who serve as External auditors, financial controllers, bookkeepers, or inspectors general of public funds. The office of state auditor may be a creature of the state constitution or one created by statutory law.
Selection
Method
The mode of selecting the state auditor varies among the many states and territories. In 24 states, the state auditor is a constitutional officer elected by the voters or the state legislature for specified terms of office. For example, state auditors in California, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington are elected by the voters. Maine and Tennessee are the only states where the state auditor is elected by the legislature. In the remaining states, the state auditor is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the governor or the relevant state legislature. In those states where the state auditor is appointed by the governor, the appointment is always subject to either legislative nomination or confirmation.
Quantity
Several states have both an elected auditor serving alongside another auditor that is appointed by and reports exclusively to the legislature. Government auditing arrangements in Minnesota, Utah, and Washington reflect this model. Under such circumstances, the respective jurisdictions of the aforementioned officials is such so that their responsibilities complement one another. In the case of Washington for instance, the state auditor conducts independent audits and investigations of the fiscal condition of local governments and state agencies alike, while the legislative auditor evaluates state agency financial management and performance in support of the legislature's oversight functions. This division of government auditing responsibility is in keeping with two core principles of state and local government auditing in the United States:
A state auditor elected by the people is functionally independent from all other public officials and is therefore duly empowered to superintend and verify the condition of public accounts, funds, and resources without fear of reprisal. Barring other constitutional remedies, only the voters can remove and replace an elected state auditor. This institutional independence combats corruption and promotes government accountability directly to the electorate in the spirit of Jacksonian democracy.
A legislative auditor subject to the direction and supervision of the state legislature ensures that the legislature, which appropriates funds and establishes program goals in public policy, will ultimately review program expenditures and results. Thus, state government is accountable to the people through their elected representatives.
Powers and duties
Supervising public finances and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration are the primary business of America's state auditors. However, distinctions exist in their functions. Generally speaking, external auditors and inspectors general conduct financial, compliance, or performance audits of public accounts in order to detect and prevent waste, fraud, and abuse of public funds and resources. Financial controllers, on the other hand, exist to maintain budgetary and accounting control over public spending on behalf of their respective state. In these respects, financial controllers are charged with operating the state accounting system, administering payroll, ordering or approving disbursements, enforcing internal control, and preparing financial reports, among related responsibilities.
Variations on the conceptual models
Public organizational theory and state law do not always clearly distinguish the functions of America's state auditors based on their official titles. In fact, the elected financial controllers in Arkansas, Indiana, South Dakota, and Wyoming are designated as "state auditor. Meanwhile, New Jersey's inspector general is named the "state comptroller" and Tennessee's external auditor is constitutionally the "comptroller of the treasury". This etymological discrepancy is the result of the government accounting profession evolving over the course of American history and provides, in part, for many variations on the conceptual models. Some state auditors perform functions altogether unrelated to public-sector accounting or auditing. Of note, New York combines the normally disparate functions of government accounting and government auditing into its elected state comptroller, with the incumbent also managing public pensions and investing state funds. No other state or territory consolidates so much financial power into a single state auditor.
On the other hand, some states constrain the authority of their auditors to specific functions. For example, the bulk of the Alabama state auditor's responsibilities entail inventorying state personal property, with only a limited role for financial audits of the state treasurer's and state comptroller's accounts. South Dakota's state auditor is broadly responsible for preauditing state agency claims and vouchers, issuing warrants on the state treasurer to pay funds out of the treasury, and administering payroll. However, no other functional responsibilities within the government machinery applicable to financial controllership have been assigned to the South Dakota state auditor. Rather, a separate state agency under the direction of the governor maintains the state accounting system, develops and maintains internal controls, and preparing financial reports, in addition to preparing and administering the state budget. Montana's state auditor does not even audit public funds or maintain fiscal control over the state treasury in the traditional sense. Rather, the auditorregulates Montana's securities and insurance industries.
Scope of audit authority
For the majority of states where the state auditor audits public accounts, their scope of authority encompasses all state agencies. In a plurality of these same states, the auditor's jurisdiction also extends to local governments. Government auditing arrangements are unique in Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, and West Virginia however with respect to the fact that their respective state auditors primarily or exclusively audit local governments. In the case of the Illinois comptroller and West Virginia state auditor, these elected state auditors also serve as financial controllers of state agencies. To the contrary, New Jersey's state comptroller functions as an inspector general for the executive branch of state government and is a member of the governor's cabinet. Minnesota is particularly unique. In that state, the state auditor, who is elected, is the only state auditor in the United States to broadly supervise and audit the fiscal concerns of local governments. In fact, nearly 5,000 local governments which altogether spend some $40 billion annually come under the state auditor's purview. With that said, the state auditor's authority over state agencies extends only to the statewide single audit of federal funds spent by state agencies and their subrecipients. A separate legislative auditor appointed by and reporting to the state legislature is responsible for audits and evaluations of state agency financial management and performance.
Miscellaneous responsibilities
As independently chosen external auditors, financial controllers and inspectors general, America's state auditors exist to safeguard public finances from misappropriation and maladministration. In short, their work combats corruption and keeps government accountable for the efficient and effective use of tax dollars. Nevertheless, their accounting and auditing activities are frequently put to use for connected purposes. In Colorado for instance, the state auditor reports on the effectiveness of health exchanges and marijuana legalization. Meanwhile, California's state auditor is involved in the redistricting process.
Professional standards
State financial controllers prepare financial statements and keep accounts in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles issued by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board. Meanwhile, state external auditors and inspectors general exercise their authority in accordance with Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) promulgated by the comptroller general of the United States, the head of the U.S. Government Accountability Office. Otherwise known as the "Yellow Book", GAGAS prescribes best practice for auditing state agencies and local governments in the United States. In the case of inspectors general, they are also subject to Quality Standards for Inspections and Evaluations prescribed by the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency, an independent committee created by an Act of Congress consisting of the U.S. government's many inspectors general.
Professional affiliations
State external auditors and financial controllers in the United States - whether elected or appointed - are organized nationally as the National State Auditors' Association and the National Association of State Comptrollers. Both secretariats are housed within the National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers. State inspectors general belong to the Association of Inspectors General.
Tables of America's state auditors
Elected state auditors in the United States
Appointed state auditors in the United States
See also
State constitutional officer
Governor (United States)
Lieutenant governor (United States)
State attorney general
State treasurer
Secretary of state (U.S. state government)
List of U.S. statewide elected officials
References
External links
Auditors and Comptroller 2018
State government in the United States | wiki |
Iraq Central FA Cup may refer to:
Iraq Central FA League, a tournament previously known as the Iraq Central FA First Division Cup
Iraq FA Baghdad Cup, a cup tournament organised by the Iraq Central FA | wiki |
The Soviet of the Republic (, ) was one of the two chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (Russian Federation). In 1990-1993 it consisted of 126 deputies. The Soviet of the Republic was established in 1989, as one of the chambers of the formerly unicameral Supreme Soviet, and elected in 1990.
Soviet of the Republic was elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation from among the deputies of the Russian Federation from territorial constituencies, taking into account the number of voters in the region.
On 21 September 1993 the Soviet of the Republic was dissolved by President of Russia, together with the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies during the armed siege of parliament.
Chairmen
References
External links
Russian Constitution of 1978 with amendments of 1989-1992
See also
Soviet of the Union
Government of Russia
Defunct lower houses
1990 establishments in Russia
1993 disestablishments
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Supreme Soviet of Russia | wiki |
EIEC may refer to:
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, a bacterium
Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, an encyclopedia | wiki |
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea, it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbor Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has abundant natural resources including 25 percent or more of the world's known bauxite reserves. Guinea also has diamonds, gold, and other metals.
Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
See also
Economy of Guinea
List of banks in Guinea
References
Companies of Guinea
Guinea | wiki |
A luxury magazine is a printed or online magazine marketed to the ultra-affluent that feature high-value products like sports cars, jewelry, mechanical watches, real estate, yachts, private jets and exotic vacations. Nationally, magazines such as Robb Report primarily offer advertisements for expensive goods. In many expensive markets, local titles exist to target the affluent.
There are also many online magazines publishers including Modern Luxury and Niche Media .
References
Luxury
Magazine genres | wiki |
Somerset Hospital may refer to:
Somerset Hospital (Cape Town), a public hospital in Cape Town, South Africa
Somerset Hospital (Pennsylvania), a hospital in Somerset, Pennsylvania, United States
Somerset Hospital, almshouses in Froxfield, Wiltshire, England
Somerset Medical Center in Somerville, New Jersey, now Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, originally known as Somerset Hospital | wiki |
Fishing Australia is an Australian fishing television program, produced by WIN Television. The program premiered in 2001 and is broadcast on weekends on WIN Television and Network Ten formerly on the Nine Network, Imparja and NBN Television.
Fishing Australia travels around Australia, fishing for different species of fish in unique locations. The show also features special guests ranging from iconic Australians, television and media personalities through to local fishing guides and identities. It is hosted by professional fishing guide, writer, photographer and television presenter, Rob Paxevanos.
See also
WIN Television
References
External links
Official Website
WIN Television original programming
Nine Network original programming
Network 10 original programming
Australian sports television series
Fishing television series
2001 Australian television series debuts
Television shows set in Australia
2010s Australian television series
Recreational fishing in Australia
English-language television shows | wiki |
Redemption value is the price at which the issuing company may choose to repurchase a security before its maturity date.
A bond is purchased "at a discount" if its redemption value exceeds its purchase price. It is purchased "at a premium" if its purchase price exceeds its redemption value. Thus, the right will only be exercised at a discount.
See: Callable bond; Embedded option; Convertible bond.
References
Bonds (finance)
Embedded options
Fixed income analysis
Bond valuation | wiki |
The Air Force Security Forces Center (AFSFC) organizes, trains, and equips Air Force security forces worldwide. It develops force protection doctrine, programs, and policies by planning and programming resources to execute the missions of nuclear and non-nuclear weapon system security, physical security, integrated defense, combat arms, law enforcement, anti-terrorism, resource protection, and corrections. It identifies and delivers emergent and future force protection and force application solutions through modeling and simulation. It acts as the executive agency for the Department of Defense military working dog program.
See also
United States Air Force Security Forces
Air Force Security Forces Center Web Page
References
Notes
Bibliography
Air Force Historical Research Center AFSFC Page
Security Forces Center
Centers of the United States Air Force
Military in Texas | wiki |
Postinflammatory hypopigmentation is a cutaneous condition characterized by decreased pigment in the skin following inflammation of the skin.
See also
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
Skin lesion
References
Disturbances of human pigmentation | wiki |
The Niue rail (Gallirallus huiatua) is an extinct species of flightless bird in the Rallidae, or rail family.
History
The rail was described in 2000 from subfossil bones collected in January 1995 by paleozoologist Trevor Worthy at the Anakuli cave site in Hakupu village, on the island of Niue in West Polynesia. The age range of about 5300 to 3600 year BP for fossil material collected from the site predates human settlement of the island.
Etymology
The specific epithet comes from the Niuean words hui (bones) and atua (of the dead).
See also
List of birds of Niue
References
Gallirallus
Extinct flightless birds
Birds of Niue
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Holocene extinctions
Fossil taxa described in 2000
Extinct birds of Oceania
Birds described in 2000 | wiki |
Stagione 1 (2012)
Stagione 2 (2013)
Stagione 3 (2014)
Stagione 4 (2014)
Stagione 5 (2015)
Stagione 6 (2016)
Crimini del cuore | wiki |
Hollywood-inspired nicknames, most starting with the first letter or letters of the location and ending in the suffix "-ollywood" or "-wood", have been given to various locations around the world with associations to the film industry – inspired by the iconic Hollywood in Los Angeles, California, whose name has come to be a metonym for the motion picture industry of the United States. Some of the following names, however, did in fact exist before Hollywood.
The first Hollywood-inspired nickname, dating back to 1932, was Tollywood, referring to the Bengali film industry in Tollygunge (then in the Bengal Presidency of British India, now in the West Bengal state of India). The most widely recognized Hollywood-inspired nickname is Bollywood, the informal name for the Hindi language film industry in Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Maharashtra, India.
Film industry
Asia
South Asia
Bollywood is the informal name given to the Mumbai-based (formerly Bombay) Hindi-language film industry.
Tollywood may refer to:
the Bengali film industry in Tollygunge, West Bengal, India. It was the first Hollywood-inspired nickname, dating back to 1932.
and the Telugu film industry in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India.
Kollywood is the informal name given to the Kodambakkam-based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Tamil-language film industry.
Pollywood may refer to:
the cinema of Punjab, India.
the Pashto language movie industry in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Lollywood refers to the Punjabi films of Pakistani film industry based in the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Bhojiwood refers to Bhojpuri language films of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand, India.
Dhallywood or Dhaliwood refers to the Bangladeshi film industry, based in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Chhollywood is the colloquial name given to the Chhattisgarhi language movie industry in Chhattisgarh, India.
Follywood refers to Cinema of Sri Lanka.
Mollywood may also refer to the Malayalam film industry in the state of Kerala, India.
Sandalwood refers to the Kannada language film industry in Karnataka, India.
Jollywood is the name given to Assamese language film industry based in Assam, India.
Ollywood is the colloquial name given to the Odia language movie industry in Odisha, India.
Kariwood refers to the Pakistani film industry, based in the city of Karachi, Pakistan.
Dhollywood or Gollywood refers to the cinema of Gujarati Language in Gujarat, India.
Coastalwood refers to Tulu cinema in the Tulunad region (Udupi, Mangalore of Karnataka, Kasaragod of Kerala), India.#
East Asia
Mainland China
Cantonwood refers to the Hong Kong cinema for Cantonese-language films.
Chinawood is a nickname for the Hengdian World Studios, the largest film studio in China, part of the cinema of China.
Choicewood refers to the multicultural-related Japanese cinema in cooperation with the C12 and G20 countries.
Hallyuwood refers to the South Korean cinema, the most popular in the Korean Wave.
Hogawood and Animewood refers to the Japanese cinema, the most popular in Japanese popular culture (like Cool Japan).
Taiwood refers to the Taiwanese cinema, the most popular in the Taiwanese Wave.
Others
Aseanwood refers to the Southeast Asian cinema, named after the intergovernmental organization of the same name.
Kazakhwood is an informal name for Kazakhstan was proposed for use, from Kazakh director Bakhyt Aupbayev.
Pallywood is a term used to describe Palestinian cinema through video footage.
Africa
Ghollywood refers to the film industry in Ghana.
Hillywood refers to the annual Rwanda Film Festival and to the film industry in general in Rwanda, a country known for its hilly terrain.
Nollywood refers to the film industry in Nigeria.
Kannywood refers to the Hausa-language film industry of Northern Nigeria, based in Kano.
Riverwood is the film industry in Kenya.
Swahiliwood refers to the cinema of Tanzania
Ugawood is the Ugandan film industry.
Wakaliwood refers to the film studio in Wakaliga, Kampala, Uganda, which specializes in very violent films.
Zambiwood refers to the cinema of Zambia
Zollywood refers to the cinema of Zimbabwe.
Karewood refers to the Karai-Karai-language film industry of Northern Nigeria, based in Yobe.
The Americas
Hollywood North refers to film and television production in Canada, especially the cities of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Mollywood may refer to the Mormon film industry in the United States.
Tamalewood may refer to the active film industry of the state of New Mexico.
Somaliwood refers to the film industry that has sprung up around the Somali immigrant community of Columbus, Ohio.
Y'allywood refers to film production in Atlanta, Georgia.
Borikwood refers to the cinema of Borikén (Taíno name for Puerto Rico).
Latinwood refers to the Latin American film industry
Bogotawood refers to the Colombian cinema based in Bogota.
Chollywood refers to the Peruvian cinema. It is also spelled "Choliwood".
Peruliwood refers to the film production in Peru.
Mexiwood refers to the Mexican cinema.
Sambawood refers to the Brazilian cinema based in Rio de Janeiro.
Europe
Borehamwood has been home to several film and TV production studios since the 1920s; this earned it the nickname of "British Hollywood".
Etyekwood is the informal name given in the media to Hungary's new Korda Studios in the wine-making village of Etyek near Budapest.
Gaulywood is an informal name for France's film industry that has been in use since 2001.
Görliwood is the informal name for the German city of Görlitz, which frequently serves as a filming location.
Hollyhammar was used to refer to a TV production facility in Hallstahammar, Sweden, in the 1990s.
Hollywood on the Tiber refers to when Rome's Cinecittà Studios was a popular choice for international (and domestic) film productions between the 1950s and 1960s.
Olivewood is a metonym for Cyprus' efforts to mature into a high-value movie production destination.
Pinewood, the name given because of the pine trees surrounding it. It is located in Buckinghamshire, England. This studio dates from the 1930s so its real name predates the +wood suffix.
Trollywood is the informal name for a film production facility in Trollhättan Municipality, Sweden.
Valleywood is the informal name for the Dragon International film studio complex in Wales.
Oceania
Wellywood refers to Wellington, New Zealand – home of Weta Workshop, Weta Digital and Peter Jackson's film studio.
Mollywood is sometimes jokingly used to describe the Hollywood Sign-inspired town name on the hillside at the eastern edge of Mosgiel in New Zealand.
Aussiewood or Oziwood refers to Australian cinema, including Ozploitation from the 1970s and 1980s but post-dates the genre.
Other
Some Hollywood-inspired nicknames do not refer directly to the film industry:
Dollywood is a theme park owned by Dolly Parton in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.
FC Hollywood is a nickname for FC Bayern Munich, used especially widely by German media in the 1990s, an era in which Bayern players were as likely to appear in gossip pages as in sports pages.
See also
Babelsberg Studio
Cinecittà Studios
Cinema Europe: The Other Hollywood
Elstree Studios
List of film production companies
Lists of nicknames – nickname list articles on Wikipedia
References
Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Hollywood
Hollywood | wiki |
Southern Compromise may refer to the following pieces of American legislation:
Compromise of 1850, package of five bills regarding slavery in new territories, designed to avoid secession or civil war
Southern Compromise Amendment of 1867, legislation about Black Southerners' civil rights in the Reconstruction Era of the United States
Compromise of 1877, about inaugurating Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for recognizing Southern Democratic governors
Political compromises in the United States | wiki |
The President George Bush Turnpike (PGBT) is a toll road running through the northern, northeastern and western suburbs, forming a partial loop around Dallas, Texas, United States. It is named for the late George H. W. Bush, the 41st president of the United States. At its west end near Belt Line Road in Irving, State Highway 161 (SH 161) continues southwest to Interstate 20 (I-20) in Grand Prairie. The discontinuous free frontage roads along the turnpike from I-35E in Carrollton east to its end at I-30 in Garland are assigned the State Highway 190 (SH 190) designation. SH 190 signage appears only along the Rowlett, Garland, Richardson, Plano, and Carrollton sections of the frontage road with the undersign "frontage road only". At intersections with city streets, only the Bush Turnpike signs are displayed, not the SH 190 signage. Prior to the construction of the main lanes as a tollway, SH 190 was used as the name of the planned main lanes too. Similarly, the part west of I-35E was planned as part of SH 161. Bush Turnpike is signed as a north–south road from I-20 to I-35E (the "Western Extension"), an east–west road from I-35E to the Merritt Main Lane Gantry (the original sections) and as a north–south road from the Merritt Main Lane Gantry to I-30 (the "Eastern Extension"), as Bush Turnpike makes a nearly 90-degree curve in both places.
The turnpike is operated by the North Texas Tollway Authority (NTTA). Currently, all maintenance is done under a five-year total routine maintenance (TRM) contract with Roy Jorgensen Associates, Inc. based in Buckeystown, Maryland, that started in November 2011.
The turnpike passes through three Texas counties (Dallas, Collin and Denton) and nine Dallas suburbs (Rowlett, Sachse, Garland, Richardson, Plano, Carrollton, Farmers Branch, Irving, and Grand Prairie).
Originally the PGBT was equipped with traditional toll plazas for cash payment as well as RFID-based TollTag express lanes. However, on July 1, 2009, the cash plazas were closed and replaced with "ZipCash", an OCR-based camera system which reads the license plate and bills the owner by mail. This made the turnpike the first in the United States to transition to all-electronic toll collection. The ZipCash rates, however, come at a premium being significantly higher than both the TollTag rate and the earlier cash prices.
History
The corridor of SH 161 and the Turnpike was first proposed as an outer loop within Dallas County in 1957. The 1964 plan was the first to designate it as a freeway, and in 1969 the full loop was added to the state highway system as Loop 9. The loop would begin at Interstate 20 just east of the Tarrant County line and head north (along a corridor still planned as an extension of SH 161). From State Highway 183 it would run roughly along present SH 161, turning north on Belt Line Road and east just south of the Denton County line, crossing Interstate 35E near the present junction. Rather than cross into Denton and Tarrant Counties, the loop would stay in Dallas County, running roughly where Campbell Road is now. It would rejoin the present Turnpike alignment and head southeast to Interstate 30 west of Lake Ray Hubbard. The south part of the loop would continue in a roughly circular route to end at the junction of Interstate 20 and Spur 408, several miles east of the beginning of the loop. The short Spur 484, designated in 1970, would run from Loop 9 at Belt Line Road northeast along the present Turnpike alignment to Interstate 635.
Some of the opposition to the loop came from the city of Richardson, which was already divided by the Central Expressway. In conjunction with Plano, the city acquired empty right-of-way about two miles (3 km) to the north, where the Turnpike now runs, and set the centerline of the right-of-way to the border between Richardson and Plano.
Loop 9 was cancelled on October 1, 1977, and the western and northern section was split between two new designations: State Highway 161 from Interstate 20 to State Highway 114 (at Belt Line Road) and State Highway 190 from Interstate 35E to State Highway 78. (The piece between SH 114 and IH 35E was removed from the state highway system.) Spur 484 was absorbed into SH 161 on October 31, 1979, making its northern terminus Interstate 635 (at Valley View Lane). The connection between I-635 and I-35E was added to SH 161 on August 30, 1988.
Construction on service roads began in late 1988 in north Garland and Richardson. A stack interchange was constructed in 1990 at U.S. Highway 75 in Richardson, which quickly became a white elephant as the structure remained abandoned for several years. On January 29, 1991, SH 190 was extended to I-20. In 1995 following a revision in federal laws, authorities agreed to shift to a toll financing scheme, providing an infusion of cash and new construction. The SH 190 designation was removed from the plans for the not-yet-constructed main lanes on October 26, 1995, and SH 190 was truncated to SH 78. and on April 30, 1998, SH 161 was removed from the piece between Belt Line Road and I-635 (Segment V). On April 26, 2007, SH 190 extended to I-30.
SH 161 was also the name of a route designated on March 19, 1930, from Clairemont southeastward to SH 70 near Rotan as a renumbering of SH 84A. That route was transferred to SH 70 on December 1, 1930, but was not cancelled until January 22, 1931.
SH 190 was also the name of a route designated on November 30, 1932, from Cuero southwestward to SH 119. That route was transferred to SH 29 on March 13, 1934.
At Dallas North Tollway, the interchange had been built in 1994 ready for the turnpike to be built in 1998.
In late December 2015, the PGBT and the I-30 interchange was directly hit by a large, EF4 tornado with winds of up to 180 mph while at peak strength at around 6:52pm CDT. The tornado lofted several cars driving on the interchange bridges and threw them several hundred yards, with some of the cars being found in Lake Ray Hubbard in the following weeks. Multiple cars were mangled beyond recognition and several fatalities occurred on the interchange.
Description
Since the initial construction began in 1988, the turnpike was completed in a number of phases, as described here:
Segment I (North Dallas). Extends from Campbell Road to Midway Road, and includes the Dallas North Tollway and U.S. Highway 75 (Central Expressway) interchanges. Opened in December 1998 (Midway Road to Preston Road) and December 1999 (Preston Road to Campbell Road).
Segment II (Garland/Richardson). Extends from Campbell Road to State Highway 78. Opened in 2000.
Segment III (Carrollton). Extends from Midway Road in north Dallas to Interstate 35E. Opened July 2001.
Segment IV ("PGBT Superconnector"). Connects I-35E to the I-635 airport extension. It covers and was built at the cost of $339 million. Much of the expense is because the segment is built within the Trinity River wetland and comprises many miles of bridges. Construction began in January 2003 and was completed in October 2005.
Segment V (Irving). A segment connecting the I-635 airport extension to the SH 161 freeway near Belt Line Road. It opened in December 2001. Unstable clay soil was a significant problem in this segment, requiring contractors to use concentrated liquid stabilizers and geosynthetic reinforcement. A part of President George Bush Turnpike was extended from SH 183 to Conflans Road in 2006.
Segment VI ("Western Extension", Irving/Grand Prairie). A extension south from SH-183 in Irving to I-30 in Grand Prairie. A portion of the Western Extension, from SH-183 to I-30 in Grand Prairie, opened in August 2009. The remaining of the Western Extension, from I-30 to I-20 in Grand Prairie, opened in October 2012.
Segment VII ("Eastern Extension", Garland/Sachse/Rowlett). A extension from SH-78 in Garland, through Rowlett and Sachse, and back into Garland at I-30. The project, with a price tag of $1.04 billion, included construction of a 1-mile bridge at Lake Ray Hubbard. Construction began in October 2008, and the Eastern Extension opened to traffic on December 21, 2011.
Segment VIII ("East Branch", Garland/Mesquite). A proposed extension from I-30 in Garland to I-20 in Mesquite, with an estimated cost of $730 million. In December 2015 an Environmental Impact Statement for the East Branch had been prepared but the review process was restarted in 2017. Construction is not expected until 2026.
Expansion plans
The next PGBT segment, the East Branch extension, is planned to begin at the PGBT Lake Ray Hubbard Interchange at I-30, extending south-southeast to near Duck Creek Way, then southward near Mesquite Metro Airport, terminating at I-20 near Rory Galloway Day Camp. The project is well into the planning stages, and an Environmental Impact Statement was under preparation . In May 2017 at a Dallas city council meeting it was stated TxDOT had restarted the environmental impact statement review process. Construction is not expected until 2026.
In the longer term, the North Central Texas Council of Governments is studying a very broad outer loop around the entire Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Assuming it receives environmental clearance, funding, and political support, much of it would be completed in the 2020s or 2030s. The PGBT is not part of this outer loop, but the PGBT East Branch alignment was closely coordinated with the loop's master plan. The segment of the proposed outer loop through southern Dallas County would be known as Loop 9 and would likely be the first segment to be built.
Exit list
References
External links
North Texas Tollway Authority
Texas Department of Transportation - SH 161 (southern extension)
Texas Freeways: State Highway 190
Section 32 Web site | Before and after images of SH 190 Eastern Extension construction
Bush
Toll roads in Texas
Transportation in Dallas County, Texas
Transportation in Denton County, Texas
Transportation in Collin County, Texas | wiki |
Essential dermatitis is an idiopathic inflammation of the skin that does not fit the picture of other well defined conditions (such as atopic or contact dermatitis) and is a diagnosis of exclusion.
See also
Dermatitis
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Dermatitis | wiki |
The Joint may refer to:
Slang for prison
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, colloquially known as "The Joint"
The Joint (Sirius XM) XM radio Reggae channel
The Joint (music venue) at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas
The Joint, band with Rick Davies and Steve Jolliffe, prior to Supertramp
The Joint Chiropractic, a chiropractic franchise founded in 1999 with headquarters located in Scottsdale, AZ.
See also
Joint (disambiguation) | wiki |
In the Wilderness may refer to:
In the Wilderness (Warner book), 1878 book by Charles Dudley Warner
In the Wilderness (Undset book), 1995 book by Sigrid Undset
In the Wilderness (1917 novel), 1917 book by Robert Hichens
In the Wilderness (Fare book), 1913 book by John Thomas Fare
In the Wilderness (film), 1910 short starring Margarita Fischer
In the Wilderness: Coming of Age in Unknown Country, 1997 book by Kim Barnes
In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers, 2001 book by Mary Douglas
In the Wilderness: And other poems, 1969 book by James Simmons
In the Wilderness: Stories, 1969 book by Aron Appelfeld
See also
Bamidbar (disambiguation), Hebrew for In the Wilderness | wiki |
Karuba may refer to:
Karuba (board game), a tile-laying race game
Karuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, a village
Karuba, Estonia, a village
Karuba, a brand of coffee sold at Kwik Trip | wiki |
Beer tasting is a way to learn more about the history, ingredients and production of beer as well as different beer styles, hops, yeast and beer presentation. A common way is to analyse the appearance, smell and taste of the beer. Then a final judgement of the beer's quality is done. There are many scales for rating beer among beer journalists and beer experts. Different magazines and experts often use their own scale, for example the famous British sommelier Jancis Robinson uses a scale between 1 and 20 and the famous American sommelier Joshua M. Bernstein uses a scale between 1 and 100. However it is common for professional organisations such as the Wine & Spirit Education Trust to rate beer with verbal grades: faulty - poor - acceptable - good - very good - outstanding, corresponding to a scale from 1 to 5.
Themes
First, a selection of beers is chosen for the tasting. A theme can be for example Belgian beers or a selection of beers of varying bitterness. Beers are often tasted in an order from lightest to heaviest, driest to sweetest and cheapest to most expensive. This forms a basic structure of the tasting, but it is more important to organise the tasting according to how the human tastebuds work. As tasting progresses, the tastebuds become less sensitive and can even be anaesthesised. After the beers have been chosen, suitable snacks are provided and information about each beer producer and region is given. To make the tasting diverse, four to six different beers to taste at the same time are generally provided. Interesting tasting themes can be for example different types of beer such as stout, wheat beer or India pale ale, different countries such as Belgian beers or American pale ales. It is also common to couple the beers with various food, such as a tasting of beers and cheeses.
Glass
Choosing a glass for beer tasting is more important than one might think. An ISO standard tasting glass is often used in professional tastings, which is the standard for tasting different beverages. This type of glass is used by many tasters throughout the world to ensure the glass does not affect their judgement. The glass should be large enough to capture the aroma of the beer when it is twisted around on the bottom of the glass. The glass should have a foot so that the container part is not stained or warmed by the hands.
Blind tasting
A common form of beer tasting is so-called blind tasting. In this type of tasting the taster does not know which beer is in which glass, for example by shrouding the bottle in an opaque container as it is poured. An experienced taster can have an idea of what the beer is by clues in the beer's appearance, smell and taste. This is however becoming more difficult as the number of different beer brands and styles is growing.
References
Beer
Gustation | wiki |
In pragmatics, a degreeting refers to the conversational procedure by which two participants of a conversation agree to discontinue the conversation. It is so named because a degreeting concludes a conversation in a similar way that a greeting engages one.
The following conversation is an example of degreeting:
Andrew: "I'll see you later then."
Bethany: "Yeah ok, see ya!"
Andrew: "Bye."
See also
Adjacency pair
Parting phrase
Pragmatics | wiki |
The Qube may refer to one of two buildings:
The Qube (Vancouver), a distinctive "hanging" building in British Columbia, Canada
The Qube (Detroit), formerly the Chase Tower and Bank One, a financial center in Michigan, United States
See also
Qube (disambiguation) | wiki |
BUL ou bul est un code, qui signifie :
bul, le bulgare, selon les normes ISO 639 des codes de langue ;
BUL, Bulgarie, selon la liste des codes pays du CIO ;
BUL, Bulacain, selon la norme ISO 3166-2:PH des subdivisions territoriales des Philippines ;
BUL, .
Code | wiki |
The 22447 / 22448 Khajuraho Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Link Express is a Superfast train belonging to Northern Railway zone that runs between and in India. It is currently being operated with 22447/22448 train numbers on a daily basis.
Service
The 22447/Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 55 km/hr and covers 604 km in 11h 5m. The 22448/Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express has an average speed of 58 km/hr and covers 604 km in 10h 25m.
This train is going to be replaced by 11841/11842 Gita Jayanti Express (extended with new number) from 27 April 2020 from Khajuraho to and from 28 April 2020 from Kurukshetra Junction to Khajuraho.
via:-
Route & Halts
The train halts at following stations:
Kulpahar
Mauranipur
Coach composition
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 10 coaches:
1 AC First class and AC II tier composite (HAE)
1 AC II Tier and AC III Tier composite (AB1)
1 AC III Tier (B2)
2 Sleeper coaches (S5, S6)
3 General Unreserved
2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
Traction
The train is hauled by a Jhansi-based WDM-3A diesel locomotive from Khajuraho to Mahoba. At Mahoba it reverses direction and is hauled by Tughlakabad-based WAP-7 electric locomotive power the train for its reminder journey until Hazrat Nizamuddin.
Rake sharing
The train is attached with 12447/12448 Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express at Mahoba.
Direction reversal
The train reverses its direction 1 times:
See also
Khajuraho railway station
Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station
Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express
References
External links
22447/Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express India Rail Info
22448/Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express India Rail Info
Transport in Khajuraho
Transport in Delhi
Sampark Kranti Express trains
Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh
Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh
Rail transport in Delhi
Railway services introduced in 2005 | wiki |
The 1 euro cent coin (€0.01) has a value of one hundredth of a euro and is composed of copper-covered steel. It is the lowest-value coin in the Eurozone, the next highest are the 2 and 5 euro cent coins. The coins of every Euro country have a common reverse and each has a country-specific (national) obverse. The coin has been used since 2002 and was not redesigned in 2007 as was the case with the higher-value coins.
History
The coin dates from 2001, when euro coins and banknotes were introduced in the 12-member eurozone and its related territories. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins. The design of the 1- to 5-cent coins was intended to show the European Union's (EU) place in the world (relative to Africa and Asia), as opposed to the one- and two-euro coins showing the 15 states as one and the 10- to 50-cent coins showing separate EU states.
The national sides, then 15 (eurozone + Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican, who could mint their own), were each designed according to national competitions, though to specifications which applied to all coins, such as the requirement of including twelve stars (see euro coins for more). National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) dies or abdicates. This happened in Monaco and the Vatican City, resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim design until the new Pope was selected). National designs have seen some changes due to new rules stating that national designs should include the name of the issuing country (Finland and Belgium both do not show their name, and hence have made minor changes).
As the EU's membership has since expanded in 2004 and 2007, with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins from the value of 10 cents and above were redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. The 1- to 5-cent coins, however, did not change, as the highlighting of the old members over the globe was so faint it was not considered worth the cost. However, new national coin designs were added: in 2007 for Slovenia; in 2008 for Cyprus and Malta; in 2009 for Slovakia; in 2011 for Estonia; in 2014 for Latvia; in 2015 for Lithuania; and in 2023 for Croatia.
Design
The coins are composed of copper-covered steel, with a diameter of 16.25 mm, a 1.67 mm thickness and a mass of 2.30 grams. The coins' edges are smooth. The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.
Reverse (common) side
The reverse was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a globe in the bottom right. The then-fifteen members of the EU are lightly highlighted and the northern half of Africa and the western half of Asia (including the Middle East) are shown. Six fine lines cut diagonally behind the globe from each side of the coin and have twelve stars at their ends (reflective of the flag of Europe). To the top left is a large number 1 followed, in smaller text, by the words "EURO CENT". The designer's initials, LL, appear to the right of the globe.
Starting in 2017 coins from individual member states have started adjusting their common side design to a new version, identified by smaller and more rounded numeral "1" and longer lines outside of the stars at the coin's circumference.
Obverse (national) sides
The obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases a circle around the edge), the engravers initials and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin (currently, Greece is the only such country, hence engraving "1 ΛΕΠΤΟ" upon its coins); Austria ignores this rule, engraving "EIN EURO CENT" on its coins.
Planned designs
Austria, Germany and Greece will also at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines stating they must include the issuing state's name or initial, and not repeat the denomination of the coin.
In addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro, some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs; however, it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency, and hence these are not yet minted. See enlargement of the Eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries.
Usage
The one- and two-cent coins were initially introduced to ensure that the transition to the euro was not used as an excuse by retailers to heavily round up prices. However, due to the cost of maintaining a circulation of low-value coins by business and the mints, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and Slovakia round prices to the nearest five cents (Swedish rounding) if paying by cash, while producing only a handful of those coins for collectors, rather than general circulation. Despite this, the coins are still legal tender and produced outside these states, so if customers with one-cent coins minted elsewhere wish to pay with them, they may.
The Nederlandse Bank calculated it would save $36 million a year by not using the smaller coins. Other countries such as Germany favoured retaining the coins due to retailers' desire for €1.99 prices, which appear more attractive to the consumer than €2.00 (psychological pricing). According to a 2021 Eurobarometer survey of citizens across the Eurozone, 67% of respondents were in favor of the removal of the 1 and 2 cent coins and rounding of prices; with over 75% in Finland, Ireland, Italy and Slovakia. All countries in the eurozone showed a plurality of people in favor of the abolishment.
Nicknames
In Flemish, the 1- to 5-cent coins have the nickname (copper), (redhead) or (little redhead) due to their colour. In Portugal, the 1-cent coin gained the nicknames (button), (bean) and (blacks) due to its small size, colour and value: instead of gambling with real money, buttons sometimes are used. In Italy 1, 2 and 5 cents coins are called "ramini" meaning literally "small coppers".
References
External links
Euro coins
One-cent coins | wiki |
Paver base is a form of aggregate used in the construction of patios and walkways whose topmost layer consists of mortarless (or "dry-laid") pavers. The first layer in the construction of such a surface is called the subgrade—this is the layer of native material underneath the intended surface. It is usually compacted and stabilized. If the final pavement is to have vehicle traffic, a layer of subbase of crushed stone or concrete must come next—this layer will even out the subgrade and will bear the heaviest load from the pavement above. Next comes the base course (also called the aggregate base course or ABC) composed of crushed gravel varying from down to dust-particle size. It too is typically compacted and evened. The next layer will be the paver base, composed of coarse sand and typically between thick, depending on anticipated traffic. The pavers are then laid on top of this, and then a uniform, fine-grained sand is poured between them.
References
Building materials | wiki |
Krupnik is a thick Polish soup made from vegetable or meat broth, containing potatoes and barley groats (kasza jęczmienna, archaically called krupy - hence the name). Common additional ingredients include włoszczyzna (carrots, parsley, leek, and celery), onion, meat, and dried mushrooms.
References
Barley-based dishes
Polish soups | wiki |
The Marlin is a 14-foot 2/3 person sailing dinghy designed and built by Ian Proctor.
The rigging is very simple and straightforward, easy enough to sail in moderate breezes single handed, and in heavy breezes the mainsail can be reefed to reduce its area.
Dinghies
Boats designed by Ian Proctor | wiki |
In software engineering and systems engineering, a functional requirement defines a function of a system or its component, where a function is described as a specification of behavior between inputs and outputs.
Functional requirements may involve calculations, technical details, data manipulation and processing, and other specific functionality that define what a system is supposed to accomplish. Behavioral requirements describe all the cases where the system uses the functional requirements, these are captured in use cases. Functional requirements are supported by non-functional requirements (also known as "quality requirements"), which impose constraints on the design or implementation (such as performance requirements, security, or reliability). Generally, functional requirements are expressed in the form "system must do <requirement>," while non-functional requirements take the form "system shall be <requirement>." The plan for implementing functional requirements is detailed in the system design, whereas non-functional requirements are detailed in the system architecture.
As defined in requirements engineering, functional requirements specify particular results of a system. This should be contrasted with non-functional requirements, which specify overall characteristics such as cost and reliability. Functional requirements drive the application architecture of a system, while non-functional requirements drive the technical architecture of a system.
In some cases a requirements analyst generates use cases after gathering and validating a set of functional requirements. The hierarchy of functional requirements collection and change, broadly speaking, is: user/stakeholder request → analyze → use case → incorporate. Stakeholders make a request; systems engineers attempt to discuss, observe, and understand the aspects of the requirement; use cases, entity relationship diagrams, and other models are built to validate the requirement; and, if documented and approved, the requirement is implemented/incorporated. Each use case illustrates behavioral scenarios through one or more functional requirements. Often, though, an analyst will begin by eliciting a set of use cases, from which the analyst can derive the functional requirements that must be implemented to allow a user to perform each use case.
Process
A typical functional requirement will contain a unique name and number, a brief summary, and a rationale. This information is used to help the reader understand why the requirement is needed, and to track the requirement through the development of the system. The crux of the requirement is the description of the required behavior, which must be clear and readable. The described behavior may come from organizational or business rules, or it may be discovered through elicitation sessions with users, stakeholders, and other experts within the organization. Many requirements may be uncovered during the use case development. When this happens, the requirements analyst may create a placeholder requirement with a name and summary, and research the details later, to be filled in when they are better known.
See also
Function (computer science)
Function (engineering)
Function (mathematics)
Function point
Functional decomposition
Functional design
Functional model
Separation of concerns
Software sizing
References
Software requirements
Systems engineering | wiki |
The Royal Society is a society for science in the United Kingdom.
Royal Society may also refer to:
Organisations
Australia
Royal Society of New South Wales
Royal Society of Queensland
Royal Society of South Australia
Royal Society of Tasmania
Royal Society of Victoria
Royal Society of Western Australia
Other
Royal Society of Canada
Royal Society of New Zealand
Royal Society of South Africa
Royal Society of Thailand
Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Other uses
The Royal Society (album), an album by the Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster
Royal Society Range, a mountain range in Antarctica
See also
List of Royal Societies
Real Sociedad | wiki |
Le Carpophage de Stalker () est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des . Elle était et est encore parfois considérée comme une sous-espèce du Carpophage mada ().
Répartition
Cet oiseau est endémique de Céram.
Annexes
Références taxinomiques
Columbidae
Faune endémique de Céram
Oiseau de Céram | wiki |
Clare Cunningham may refer to:
Clare Cunningham (athlete), Athlete
Clare Cunningham (Hollyoaks), fictional character
See also
Claire Cunningham, choreographer and dancer | wiki |
A source document is a document in which data collected for a clinical trial is first recorded. This data is usually later entered in the case report form. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH-GCP) guidelines define source documents as "original documents, data, and records." Source documents contain source data, which is defined as "all information in original records and certified copies of original records of clinical findings, observations, or other activities in a clinical trial necessary for the reconstruction and evaluation of the trial."
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not define the term "source document".
Examples of source documents
Hospital records
Clinical and office charts
Laboratory notes
Memorandum
Cash memo
Debit note, Credit note
Pay in slip
Subjects' diaries or evaluation checklists
Pharmacy dispensing records
Recorded data from automated instruments
Copies or transcriptions certified after verification as being accurate copies
Microfiches
Photographic negatives, microfilm or magnetic media
X-rays
Subject files
Records kept at the pharmacy, at the laboratories and at medico-technical departments involved in the clinical trial
References
Clinical research
Pharmaceutical industry
Clinical data management | wiki |
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