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Burn is an energy drink owned and distributed by Monster Beverage Corporation, carrying the official tagline "Fuel your fire". Burn is distributed in more than 80 countries.
Ingredients
Acidity regulator (Citric acid, Natrium citrate)
Antioxidants (Ascorbic acid)
Arginine
Aromas (Theobromine)
B Vitamins
Caffeine
Carbonated water
Food coloring (E163, E150d)
Ginseng
Guarana
Maltodextrin
Preservative (E202)
Sugar
Taurine
Water
Caffeine content
Caffeine content per 100 ml is 32 mg.
Nutritional values per 100 ml
Flavors
Original
Apple Kiwi
Zero Sugar
Passion Punch
Lemon Ice
Dark Energy
Sour Twist
Cherry
Mango
Raspberry Zero Sugar
Peach Zero Sugar
References
Energy drinks | wiki |
Valeria Muriel Ortega Schettino, née le à Concepción, est une journaliste et animatrice de télévision chilienne.
Télévision
Émissions de télévision
Références
Liens externes
Naissance en août 1986
Naissance à Concepción (Chili)
Journaliste chilien
Animatrice chilienne de télévision
Reine du Festival de Viña del Mar | wiki |
The 2002 Tour de France was the 89th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Luxembourg City with a prologue individual time trial on 6 July and Stage 11 occurred on 18 July with a flat stage from Pau. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 28 July.
Stage 11
18 July 2002 — Pau to La Mongie (Col du Tourmalet),
Stage 12
19 July 2002 — Lannemezan to Plateau-de-Beille,
Stage 13
20 July 2002 — Lavelanet to Béziers,
Stage 14
21 July 2002 — Lodève to Mont Ventoux,
Stage 15
23 July 2002 — Vaison-la-Romaine to Les Deux Alpes,
Stage 16
24 July 2002 — Les Deux Alpes to La Plagne,
Stage 17
25 July 2002 — Aime to Cluses,
Stage 18
26 July 2002 — Cluses to Bourg-en-Bresse,
Stage 19
27 July 2002 — Régnié-Durette to Mâcon, (individual time trial)
Stage 20
28 July 2002 — Melun to Paris Champs-Élysées,
References
cyclingnews
, Stage 11 To Stage 20, 2002 Tour de France
Tour de France stages | wiki |
84th Street may refer to:
84 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
84th Street (Manhattan), New York City
84th Street (IRT Third Avenue Line), New York City | wiki |
Полігнот — художник.
Полігнот — вазописець
Полігнот — кратер на Меркурії. | wiki |
Virion is another name for a virus particle.
Virion may also refer to:
Charles Virion (1865-1946), a noted French sculptor and ceramicist
Pierre Virion (1899–1988), a French journalist and writer
Virion Screen Project, a screen based digital art exhibition | wiki |
Abdominal angina is abdominal pain after eating that occurs in individuals with ongoing poor blood supply to their small intestines known as chronic mesenteric ischemia. Although the term angina alone usually denotes angina pectoris (a type of chest pain due to obstruction of the coronary artery), angina by itself can also mean "any spasmodic, choking, or suffocative pain", with an anatomic adjective defining its focus; so, in this case, spasmodic pain in the abdomen. Stedman's Medical Dictionary Online defines abdominal angina as "intermittent abdominal pain, frequently occurring at a fixed time after eating, caused by inadequacy of the mesenteric circulation resulting from arteriosclerosis or other arterial disease. Synonym: intestinal angina."
Signs and symptoms
Hallmark of condition: Intermittent abdominal pain a fixed period of time after eating.
Physical examination: The abdomen typically is scaphoid and soft, even during an episode of pain. Patients present with stigmata of weight loss and signs of peripheral vascular disease, particularly aortoiliac occlusive disease, may be present.
Causes
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology is similar to that seen in angina pectoris and intermittent claudication. The most common cause of abdominal angina is atherosclerotic vascular disease, where the occlusive process commonly involves the ostia and the proximal few centimeters of the mesenteric vessels.
It can be associated with:
carcinoid
aortic coarctation
antiphospholipid syndrome
Treatment
Stents have been used in the treatment of abdominal angina.
See also
Abdominal pain
Ischemic colitis
References
External links
Pain
Abdominal pain | wiki |
Digestate is the material remaining after the anaerobic digestion (decomposition under low oxygen conditions) of a biodegradable feedstock. Anaerobic digestion produces two main products: digestate and biogas. Digestate is produced both by acidogenesis and methanogenesis and each has different characteristics. These characteristics stem from the original feedstock source as well as the processes themselves.
Digestate feedstock sources
Anaerobic digestion is a versatile process that can use many different types of feedstocks. Example of feedstocks can be from:
Sewage sludges: Liquid sludge, untreated sewage sludge, composted sludge, and lime treated sludge.
Animal wastes: Animal fats, animal blood, food remains, stomach contents, rumen contents, animal carcasses, and poultry, fish, and livestock manure.
Energy crops: Usually corn, maize, millet, and clover. This can be whole crops used in co-digestion or as waste (stems and stalks) from harvesting of these crops.
Municipal wastes: Food waste, coffee/tea filters, organic leftovers, bakery waste, and kitchen waste.
Agricultural wastes: Fruits, molasses, stems, plant straw, and bagasse (residue after crushing sugarcane or sorghum stalks).
Industrial wastes: Food/beverage processing waste, dairy wastes, starch/sugar industries wastes, slaughterhouse wastes, and brewery wastes.
These are just some of the different sources that anaerobic digestate can come from. The chemical make-up of the digestate produced can vary depending on what feedstock is used. Sewage sludge and animal manure generally have the majority of its energy contents consumed due to the original energy source (food) being digested inside the person or animal first. This allows sewage sludge and animal manure to be good candidates for co-digestion together with other feedstocks to produce a better digestate for agricultural purposes as well as increased biogas production.
Anaerobic digestion process
Anaerobic digestion of organic matter consists mainly of four phases: enzymatic hydrolysis (break down of large polymers to smaller molecules), acidogenesis (acid formation), acetogenesis (acetic acid production), and methanogenesis (CH4 production). Digestate is produced both by acidogenesis and methanogenesis and each has different characteristics.
Acidogenic digestate
During this stage, the acidifying bacteria convert water-soluble chemical substances, including products of hydrolysis, to short-chain organic acids, such as formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and pentanoic, alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, aldehydes, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are other products of acidogenesis. This bacteria operate within a pH range from 4.0 to 8.5. This process can also lower pH inside the biodigester over time causing the microbes to not to be able to function. For this reason pH must be carefully monitored.
Since acidogenesis is early in the process of anaerobic digestion, most of the organic matter has not been fully degraded leaving a digestate that is fibrous and consists of structural plant matter including lignin and cellulose. Thus, it is often referred to as solid digestate. Acidogenic digestate has high moisture retention properties. The digestate may also contain minerals (primarily phosphorus) and remnants of bacteria.
Methanogenic digestate
Methanogenesis is the last stage of anaerobic digestion. During this phase methanogenic Archaea produce methane from the substrates generated during acetogenesis. These substrates are mainly acetate and hydrogen. Methanogenesis can also occur using another metabolism based on the cooperation of fermenting bacteria and methanogens archaea, the syntrophic methanogenic pathway. During syntrophic methanogens bacteria belonging mainly to the Clostridia class oxidize acetate into hydrogen and CO2, which are successively exploited by hydrogenotrophic Archaea for the methanogens. The methanogenic microbes are fairly sensitive to pH changes and prefer a range from 5.0-8.5 depending on the species. This is why in some biodigesters the chambers for the different anaerobic digestions stages will be separated for optimal biogas production.
By this point most of the organic matter has broken down leaving behind the Methanogenic digestate known as a sludge (sometimes called a liquor or liquid digestate). The sludge is high in nutrients such as ammoniums and potassium. The other byproduct of this step is methane, which is often collected and used as a fuel source.
Whole digestate
This is when the fibrous digestate (solid fraction) of the acidogenic digestate is combined with the liquor digestate (liquid fraction) of the methanogenic digestate to create the whole digestate. This combination of the two digestates consists as a sludge form. The liquid fraction constitutes up to 90% of the digestate by volume, contains 2–6% dry matter, particles <1.2 mm in size, and most of the soluble nitrogen and potassium, while the solid fraction retains most of the digestate phosphorus, and contains dry matter content ˃ 15%.
Combining the two into a whole digestate allows for increased availability of a wide array of nutrients that can be useful for agricultural activities. Some anaerobic biodigesters will only have one digestion chamber allowing these two digitates to mix together on their own without further intervention.
Digestate characteristics
The major parameters to assess digestate quality when being used for agricultural applications include pH, nutrients, total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and total carbon (TC). This quality depends on feedstock and type of anaerobic digester system. Generally the ammonia content of the digestate accounts for approximately 60-80% of the total nitrogen content, but for a feedstock like kitchen food waste it can be as high as 99%. Digestate has also been reported to have a higher phosphorus and potassium concentration than that of composts. The average P to K ratio is about 1:3. All this together makes digestate a potentially viable source for agricultural soil amendments of certain crops.
Uses
The primary use of digestate is as a soil conditioner. Acidogenic digestate provides moisture retention and organic content for soils. This organic material can break down further, aerobically in soil. Methanogenic digestate provides nutrients for plant growth. It can also be used to protect soils against erosion.
Acidogenic digestate can also be used as an environmentally friendly filler to give structure to composite plastics.
Growth trials on digestate originating from mixed waste have showed healthy growth results for crops. Digestate can also be used in intensive greenhouse cultivation of plants, e.g., in digeponics.
Additionally, both solid and liquid digestates have been shown to be of use in hydroponic crop production. Multiple studies have shown that digestate can produce similar or higher yields across multiple crops when compared to standard growing practices used in hydroponics and soilless substrate growing.
Application of digestate has been shown to inhibit plant diseases and induction of resistance. Digestate application has a direct effect on soil-born diseases, and an indirect effect by stimulation of biological activity.
Digestate and compost
Digestate is technically not compost although it is similar to it in physical and chemical characteristics. Compost is produced by aerobic digestion-decomposition by aerobes. This includes fungi and bacteria which are able to break down the lignin and cellulose to a greater extent.
Treatment, for example by ultrasonication, has shown to enhance solubilization of digestate as measured by increased levels of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), soluble total organic carbon (sTOC), and soluble total nitrogen (sTN) released into the solution.
Standards for digestate
The standard of digestate produced by anaerobic digestion can be assessed on three criteria, chemical, biological and physical aspects. Chemical quality needs to be considered in terms of heavy metals and other inorganic contaminant, persistent organic compounds and the content of macro-elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Depending on their source, biowastes can contain pathogens, which can lead to the spreading of human, animal or plant diseases if not appropriately managed.
The physical standards of composts includes mainly appearance and odor factors. Whilst physical contamination does not present a problem with regards to human, plant or animal health, contamination (in the form of plastics, metals and ceramics) can cause a negative public perception. Even if the compost is of high quality and all standards are met, a negative public perception of waste-based composts still exists. The presence of visible contaminants reminds users of this.
Quality control of the feedstock is the most important way of ensuring a quality end product. The content and quality of waste arriving on-site should be characterised as thoroughly as possible prior to being supplied.
In the UK the Publicly Available Specification (called PAS110) governs the definition of digestate derived from the anaerobic digestion of source-segregated biodegradable materials. The specification ensures all digested materials are of consistent quality and fit for purpose. If a biogas plant meets the standard, its digestate will be regarded as having been fully recovered and to have ceased to be waste, and it can be sold with the name "bio-fertiliser".
See also
Anaerobic decomposition
Anaerobic digester types
Anaerobic digestion
Biogas powerplant
Biosolids
Mechanical biological treatment
References
Peng, Wei & Pivato, Alberto. (2019). Sustainable Management of Digestate from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste and Food Waste Under the Concepts of Back to Earth Alternatives and Circular Economy. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 10. 10.1007/s12649-017-0071-2.
External links
Anaerobic digestion
Biodegradable waste management
Biogas technology
Mechanical biological treatment
Soil improvers | wiki |
The Last Tunnel may refer to:
The Last Tunnel (1987 film), a Mexican film from 1987
The Last Tunnel (2004 film), a Canadian film from 2004 | wiki |
The Australian bustard (Ardeotis australis) is a large ground dwelling bird which is common in grassland, woodland and open agricultural country across northern Australia and southern New Guinea. It stands at about high, and its wingspan is around twice that length. The species is nomadic, flying to areas when food becomes plentiful, and capable of travelling long distances. They were once widespread and common to the open plains of Australia, but became rare in regions that were populated by Europeans during the colonisation of Australia. The bustard is omnivorous, mostly consuming the fruit or seed of plants, but also eating invertebrates such as crickets, grasshoppers, smaller mammals, birds and reptiles.
The species is also commonly referred to as the plains turkey, and in Central Australia as the bush turkey, particularly by Aboriginal people, who hunt it, although the latter name may also be used for the Australian brushturkey, as well as the orange-footed scrubfowl.
Taxonomy
The species was first described by John Edward Gray in 1829, who assigned it the name Otis australis. Gray's specimen was obtained in New South Wales and was held in the General T. Davies collection. The whereabouts of that type is now unknown, after being sold to a private buyer. John Gould also provided a description in 1841, and named the bird Otis australasianus, using a skin obtained in Western Australia. That specimen was later nominated as the syntype and is held at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Placement within the family Otididae has been variously assigned. Gray recognised the species in the genus Otis in the first description, Gregory Mathews later proposed the names Choriotis and Austrotis, along with subspecific descriptions, and it was placed as a species of Eupodotis in the mid-twentieth century.
Common names for Ardeotis australis include bustard, Australian bustard, plains turkey, wild turkey and native turkey. The Arrernte name for the bird is kere artewe, and the Luritja name is kipara. The Larrakia name is danimila. The species is also presumed to be important to the Noongar peoples, whose names for the bird included the word bebilya, recorded by John Gilbert and published in Birds of Australia (Gould, 1848).
Description
The only Australian species of Ardeotis, a genus occurring in the African, Indian and Australasian regions, this bustard is a large terrestrial bird that resembles an American turkey in its form and behaviour. It is readily distinguished by its large size, long legs and habits while slowly striding across open plains. The general coloration of A. australis is black at the crown and nape, the long neck is pale grey at the front, and brown plumage cover the wings and upper body. The sexes are similar in appearance, females are smaller in stature, wingspan and weight than the males.
The abdomen is white and separated from the light grey of the neck by a black band of feathers. The wing coverts are patchily coloured with black and white patterning, which is visible while at rest or especially in flight. The iris is white, and their beak is variously whitish to brown in colour.
The legs are long and yellow to cream coloured.
Males are up to tall with a wingspan. The average weight for males is , with a range of . The female is quite a bit smaller at tall, with a wingspan and an average body mass of in a range of but is similarly coloured.
The largest male recorded was 14.5 kg (32 lb), a specimen obtained in Victoria. Reports of large birds, presumably males, were given by Tom Carter in the west (16 lb), a recorded range of 16–18 lb by E. F. Boehm in South Australia was exceeded in some specimens (28 lb).
The smaller specimens in records are of an unwell adult weighing 9 lb, shot by Carter at Broomehill, and a healthy but small specimen of 7½ lb captured and weighed by Dominic Serventy and Hubert Whittell at Bridgetown in 1949. Although it is the largest extant flying land bird in Australia, this long-legged bird is the smallest species in the genus Ardeotis.
Behaviour
The species is mostly terrestrial and usually seen walking slowly alone or in pairs.
When disturbed, Australian bustards often adopt a cryptic pose with neck erect and bill pointed skywards. They may stalk gradually away or run if alarmed, taking flight as a last resort.
When leaving the ground they take to the air with heavy beats of the wings.
A brooding female will crouch and move away if disturbed, flightless juveniles will remain still and rely on the camouflage of their plumage to evade detection.
Despite the apparent labour in flying, they have strength and stamina that allows them to travel long distances.
The roost is at a high point on an open plain or in trees when they available.
Greater numbers of the bird are seen during the breeding season.
The habits of the bird are usually discreet and shy of disturbance, however, the display of males during the breeding season is a conspicuous performance that is accompanied by loud booming.
The male is able to expand a sac at the neck to display their longer feathers as a swaying skirt, with the head held proud and upward facing, the wings are pointed toward the ground and tail feathers arched over the back; they stride about an area while adopting this posture and emit deep roaring noises.
The voice of the courting male has been transliterated as "who-o-o-o".
Males have been observed in close proximity during territorial disputes, using the breeding display and call to challenge each other, but the direct conflict seen in smaller bustard species is rare with this bird. One incident involving physical combat at a height around 25 metres was recorded in Arnhemland, after a period of posturing and chasing by the males in dispute, but this may be unusual behaviour due to the greater risk of injury in this larger species of bustard.
Ardeotis australis does not make any attempt to construct a nest. The clutch size is usually one egg, sometimes two, laid close to a small shrub or bush on unadorned ground. The shell is marked with olive-brown blotching and streaks over most of the surface, perhaps more completely covering the larger end of the egg, the background colour is a lighter shade of olive-brown or olive-green. Incubation of the brood is maintained by the female. The dimensions of the egg are 75 × 55 millimetres. The chick will leave the site after emerging from its shell to avoid predation, and relies on the mottled black and brown coloration of their downy plumage to evade detection by squatting and remaining motionless.
Brooding females may be driven from the egg by the raptor Hamirostra melanosternon, the blackbreasted kite, who are able to throw or drop stones to break the shell and feed on the contents; the kite is also known to carry the broken shell to its nest.
The species is strongly attracted to capers, fruit of the plant Capparis nummularia known as myandee or moonflower in the Australian northwest, and this behaviour is exploited by Indigenous peoples who dig pit traps around the bush and wait nearby to capture them. The omnivorous diet includes seeds and fruit of plants, a variety of insects, especially grasshoppers, lizards, young birds and small rodents.
Distribution and habitat
The distribution range of the species includes a wide area of the Australian continent and occasionally extends to southern parts of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.
The occurrence in the southeast of Australia has contracted and it no longer occurs in areas where it once recorded.
Individual range has been studied by tracking of the birds, via satellite and tagging or community derived surveys, indicating that local populations in wetter regions are more permanent and localised than the greater range of those inhabiting more arid regions.
The birds may become locally abundant after land clearing or during outbreaks of grasshoppers. The greatest fidelity to a local region is reported in areas of high rainfall in the north and northwest of Australia.
The habitat favoured by the species is open grasslands, perhaps with some trees, spinifex plains and low shrublands. This bustard will enter denser areas of vegetation after fire, and is observed on artificial cleared areas such as golf courses and farmland.
The historical range in Southwest Australia included the dunes and alluvial flats of the Swan Coastal Plain, as far south as Busselton, and at the interior in what became the Wheatbelt. Vagrants were seen in other areas associated with the higher rainfall forest of the southwest region, although the species avoided forest and densely vegetated areas. Anecdotal reports from residents of the region stated that the species avoided human habitation and pastoral activities, and that over-hunting or land clearing rather than foxes were responsible for their local disappearance. The incidence of historical occurrence in southwest Australia was year round, and sometimes in large flocks.
Conservation status
This bird remains relatively common and widespread across most of northern Australia (see Atlas), but its range appears to have contracted in the southeast of the continent during the last century, perhaps due to hunting (now illegal except for indigenous Australians), feral predators such as pigs and foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and habitat destruction. The species is very sensitive to disturbance at its breeding sites by humans or cattle and sheep and will desert an area in response. Its nomadic habits make it difficult to assess. In 2012 IUCN downlisted the species to Least Concern.
The assessment of IUCN in 2016 maintained its status as least concern, but noted a declining population trajectory.
The total population is thought to exceed 10 000 and be no greater than 100 000 individuals.
The Australian bustard is not listed as threatened on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
Regional status
Ardeotis australis is listed in state conservation registers, providing evaluation and protection to the species under each region's legislation. In Western Australia and the Northern Territory the classification is near threatened by extinction, the states of South Australia and New South Wales record it as endangered, and the status of least concern in Queensland.
The Australian bustard is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared.
On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria the species was is listed as critically endangered, maintaining this advice in the listing published in 2016.
Cultural references
Australian Aboriginals generally refer to this bird as the bush turkey. It is an important food source for Aboriginal people from Central Australia, and is still being killed and eaten today despite its protected status. The white feathers of the bird are used for ceremonial purposes.
There are important Dreaming stories associated with the bush turkey. A number of artists painting in the desert today paint bush turkey Dreaming. This means they have been given stories of the origins of the turkey in the Dreamtime and are entitled to tell this story and paint about it.
Hunting of the bush turkey was noted as difficult, the elusive habits requiring a lot of manoeuvring for a clear target, but greater success was found by the colonists, first from horseback and later from motor vehicles.
The bustard was protected by legislation introduced during the later nineteenth century, which included closed seasons for hunting and eventually a prohibition on shooting. The value of the species to agriculture, arriving to control outbreaks of grasshoppers, was acknowledged and promoted to discourage the continued hunting of the bird. Aboriginal peoples were exempted from any prohibition on hunting.
The illegal hunting of the bustard continued during the twentieth century.
John Gould's early description of the bustard noted the difficulty of shooting of the bird due to their wariness around settled regions, but he was able to stalk and kill the bird more easily in areas remote from the colonies in New South Wales; Gould described the flesh as delicate and well-flavoured.
Bustard Bay, on Queensland's Discovery Coast, was named by Lt. James Cook, who anchored the Endeavour there on 23th May 1770. The next day, he made his second Australian landing, at the location now known as Seventeen Seventy. While investigating the area, Cook's party shot and killed a bustard. It was declared "the best bird we had eaten since we left England" and the bay was named in honor of the bird.
Bustard Head, at the Northern end of the bay, is the site of the first lighthouse erected in Queensland (1868).
Barossa Valley winery Turkey Flat takes its name from the Australian bustard. 'Turkey Flat' was the local name given to Lot 1, 100 of Moorooroo (where the winery now sits) on settlement in reference to the large flocks of the Australian bustard found along the river banks. The winery's logo features an Australian bustard as drawn by renowned local artist, Rod Schubert.
References
Frith, H (ed) Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds, 1977
Simpson, K and Day, N,. Field Guide to the Birds of Australia 7th edition, 2004
External links
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Threatened Species Information sheet (PDF accessed 27 July 2006)
Bird Flight Diverter: An Initiative -Bird Collision Saving Device by Indolite Devices
Ardeotis
Bushfood
Birds of Australia
Birds described in 1829
Taxa named by John Edward Gray | wiki |
Triplet (genetica)
Triplet (muziek)
Triplet (kwantummechanica)
Triplet (fiets)
Zie ook
Tripletzuurstof, de grondtoestand en meest gangbare vorm van dizuurstof.
Triplette, een historisch merk van motorfietsen.
Triplett (doorverwijspagina) | wiki |
The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries is een Amerikaanse serie die van 1977 tot 1979 op de Amerikaanse televisie werd uitgezonden.
Rolverdeling
|-
|||Joe Hardy
|-
|||Frank Hardy
|-
|||Carson Drew
|-
|||Nancy Drew
|-
|||Fenton Hardy
|-
|||Aunt Gertrude
|}
Afleveringen
Externe link
Amerikaanse televisieserie | wiki |
Cake Hole may refer to:
As a crude phrase, the mouth
In music
Cakehole, a song by The Crystal Method on their Community Service album
A remix by Evil Nine for Distinct'ive Records' Y4K series on the ILS Presents: Y4K album.
"Cakewhole", a remix by Ferocious Mullet for Distinct'ive Records' Y4K series on the Überzone Presents: Y4K album. | wiki |
Tza'ar ba'alei chayim (), literally "suffering of living creatures", is a Jewish commandment which bans causing animals unnecessary suffering. This concept is not clearly enunciated in the written Torah, but was accepted by the Talmud as being a biblical mandate. It is linked in the Talmud from the biblical law requiring people to assist in unloading burdens from animals ().
Literal meaning
Tza'ar is an (ancient) Hebrew word for "suffering" and is used in this context with the meaning of "suffering that does not advance some legitimate human good", according to The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality. Ba'alei chayim is an expression literally meaning "owners of life", which is used in the Talmud for "animals".
Laws
Slaughter
In traditional Jewish law, kosher animals may be eaten if killed using the slaughter method known as shechitah, where the animal is killed by having its throat cut swiftly using an extremely sharp and specially designed knife. Many rabbis assert that these regulations were put in place to reduce the animal's suffering and to ensure that the animal has the easiest possible death. The design of the kosher knives as well as regulation relating to how the cut is made have been seen to greatly reduce or completely eliminate reaction from the kosher cut. Even modern-day scientists critical of shechita agree that it greatly improved welfare at slaughter in historical periods, though experts disagree regarding shechita's efficacy compared to modern slaughter methods.
In 2000, the Rabbinical Assembly of Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards banned the common slaughter method of "shackling and hoisting" (pulling a conscious animal into the air with a chain before slaughter). Rabbis Joel Roth and Elliot Dorff wrote a responsum on this topic which concluded that shackling and hoisting "unquestionably constitutes a violation of Jewish laws that forbid us to cause undue pain to animals."
Animal research
According to the Shulkhan Aruch, "anything that is necessary for medical purposes, or for anything else, is exempt from the prohibition of causing suffering to animals".
Most Jewish authorities allow medical research if it will help people in need, and if the animals do not undergo any unnecessary suffering. Reform Judaism's Central Conference of American Rabbis, for example, affirms that animal research is permissible if it will save human lives, so long as animals are subjected to little pain and not used in "frivolous" experiments such as cosmetic testing.
In the Noahide Code
A concern for suffering caused to animals is found in Judaism's Seven Laws of Noah, which apply to all humankind. One of the seven laws, ever min ha chai, prohibits eating the flesh of live animals. This law is derived from , as interpreted in the Talmud.
Vegetarianism and veganism
A number of authorities have described tza'ar ba'alei chayim as requiring or leading to the adoption of a vegetarian or vegan diet. Israeli rabbi Asa Kesiar has argued that the slaughter of animals in contemporary times violates tza'ar ba'alei chayim and should not be considered kosher. Israeli rabbi Simchah Roth has argued that contemporary slaughter "constitutes cruelty to animals [tza'ar ba'alei chayim] which is forbidden by the Torah." American rabbi Geoffrey Claussen has written that considering tza'ar ba'alei chayim may lead to "committing to a vegan diet and boycotting the animal agriculture industry." American author Richard H. Schwartz has claimed that tza'ar ba'alei chayim is a central reason for Jews to become vegetarians.
Orthodox Judaism, however, firmly reject these views. Orthodox Jews believe that God created the entire world, including animals, for the enjoyment of man. In regards to the consumption of animals specifically, the biblical laws of slaughter, as well as portions of the Bible that relate anecdotes of Jews eating meat, clearly indicate this view.
Other areas of concern for animals in Jewish law
Resting on the Sabbath also meant providing rest for the working animals, and people are instructed to feed their animals before they sit down to eat.
At harvest time, the working animals must not be muzzled, so that they can eat of the harvest as they work.
A prohibition against using two different kinds of animals teamed together, such as ploughing or doing other work, is derived from the Torah in and the Mishnah in tractate Kila'yim elaborates upon this prohibition. The underlying concern is for the welfare of the animals, particularly the weaker of the pair.
Sports like bullfighting are forbidden by most authorities. Rabbi Ovadia Yosef has characterized bullfighting as "a culture of sinful and cruel people" which is opposed by Torah values.
Narrative traditions
One midrash declares compassion for animals to have been the merit of Moses that made him the shepherd of his people. This midrash has sometimes been linked with tza'ar ba'alei chayim.
In one narrative in the Babylonian Talmud, Judah ha-Nasi saw in his own ailment the punishment for having once failed to show compassion for a frightened calf. This midrash has sometimes also been linked with tza'ar ba'alei chayim.
Organizations
The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute
The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute is a Jewish animal protection group that educates leaders, trains advocates, and leads campaigns for the humane treatment of animals. Shamyim V'Aretz is led by rabbi Shmuly Yanklowitz and has run campaigns which seek to end: kosher certification of veal, the practice of kapparot, and the kosher certifying of cattle that are killed using shackle and hoist techniques.
Magen Tzedek
Enforcing a commitment to tza'ar ba'alei chayim in food production has been part of the effort of Conservative Judaism's Magen Tzedek commission, formerly known as Hekshher Tzedek. The Magen Tzedek commission sees compliance with the Humane Farm Animal Care Standards (HFAC) as sufficiently preventing unnecessary suffering to animals. Amid disputed claims of Orthodox opposition the Magen Tzedek commission has not been successful in recruiting any food producers into its certification program.
The Jewish Initiative For Animals
The Jewish Initiative For Animals (JIFA) supports innovative programs that seek to turn the Jewish value of tza'ar ba'alei chayim into action and build Jewish American communities in the process. In November 2016 JIFA partnered with kosher meat distributors KOL Foods and Grow and Behold to bring a run of kosher certified heritage breed chickens to market for the first time in approximately 50 years. Heritage breed chickens and turkeys are able to achieve highest possible welfare outcomes. Thus, the renewed availability of heritage chicken to kosher consumer has helped expand values of tza'ar ba'alei chayim within the modern kosher meat industry. JIFA has also sought to spread the values of tza'ar ba'alei chayim into the Jewish world through its Ark Project, a service-learning curriculum for b’nai mitzvah. This curriculum seeks to engages with Jewish teaching and real life problems about topics such as homeless animals, animals used in entertainment, farmed animal welfare, conservation of wildlife and more.
Jewish Veg
Jewish Veg is an organization whose mission is to encourage and help Jews to embrace plant-based diets. The organization teaches that "tsa'ar baalei chaim, the prohibition on causing animals pain, is one of the most beautiful teachings in Judaism. Our Jewish sacred texts strongly emphasize compassion for animals, and strongly oppose the infliction of suffering on another living creature."
Hazon
Hazon is a Jewish environmental education organization. In December 2015, it introduced animal welfare as a core value of its agenda. The organization teaches that "preventing unnecessary cruelty to animals, or tzaar baalei chayim, is a core value in Judaism."
See also
Jewish vegetarianism
Further reading
Labendz, Jacob Ari; Yanklowitz, Shmuly (2019). Jewish Veganism and Vegetarianism: Studies and New Directions. SUNY Press.
References
External links
MyJewishLearning.com: Ethical Treatment of Animals in Judaism
Jewish perspectives from the Humane Society
The Jewish Initiative For Animals
Jewish ethics
Jewish law principles
Animal welfare
Negative Mitzvoth
Jewish vegetarianism
Animals in Judaism | wiki |
Center Parcs may refer to:
Center Parcs UK and Ireland, a short-break holiday company based in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Center Parcs Europe, a short-break holiday company based in continental Europe | wiki |
The front lever is a gymnastic and calisthenic move - a static hold normally performed on the still rings or the pull-up bar. A front lever is performed by lowering from an inverted hang until the body is completely horizontal and straight with the front of the body facing upwards. An accomplished gymnast may also pull directly into the horizontal position from a dead hang. Front levers require a high degree of back and core strength.
The move is rated A in the gymnastic code of points, a scale from A to F, with F being the most difficult. In the 1960s the move was rated B, when the levels of difficulty were A, B, and C. Evidently the athlete's body length is a factor in point scoring as world class gymnasts are shorter now than during the mid 20th century: for example the top American gymnast in 1956 was John Beckner at 1.85m, whereas the 2004 Olympic champion American gymnast, Paul Hamm, is 1.68m.
Progressions
There are progressions available to train the full front Lever. The easiest is the tuck front lever, then the advanced tuck variation (where the back is kept flat), then the single leg front lever, straddle front lever, and finally on to the full front lever. At any stage of learning the skill the gymnast may perform pull-ups in the front lever position of their choice.
One arm front lever
A front lever held with just one arm. The body is often turned sideways in this variation
Exercises based on the front lever
Front lever pullups
The body is kept horizontal while the gymnast performs a pullup. Valid execution requires to break the parallel by getting with elbows under the line of shoulders.
Ice cream makers
In this variation the performer leans forward from the lever position, bringing the legs down and arms up until the performer reaches the top of a regular pullup. From here they lean back again, straightening the arms and returning to the front lever
Front lever raises
From dead hang, the body is raised without bending arms until getting to front lever position.
Front lever pulls
A much more difficult version compared to the previous, the body is pulled from dead hang getting with feet to the bar or rings in vertical position while keeping the lever throughout the entire execution. A more difficult version consists in doing this by starting directly in front lever position, pull, then getting back to front lever position.
References
See also
Back lever
Planche (exercise)
Static elements (gymnastics)
Bodyweight exercises | wiki |
Citizen Band may refer to:
Citizens band radio
Citizen Band (music band)
Citizen (band) | wiki |
Josh Anderson may refer to:
Josh Anderson (Neighbours), character who appeared on the soap opera Neighbours
Josh Anderson (baseball) (born 1982), Major League Baseball outfielder
Josh Anderson (ice hockey) (born 1994), National Hockey League forward
Josh Anderson (serial killer) (born 1987), American serial killer | wiki |
Volleyball Club World Championship may refer to
FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship
FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship | wiki |
Last of the Summer Wine's ninth series originally aired on BBC1 between 1 January 1986 and 27 December 1987. All episodes from this series were written by Roy Clarke and produced and directed by Alan J. W. Bell.
The ninth series was released on DVD in region 2 as a box set on 5 May 2008.
Outline
The trio in this series consisted of:
First appearances
Seymour Utterthwaite (1986–1990)
Edie Pegden (1986–2003)
Barry Wilkinson (1986-1990, 1996–2010)
Glenda Wilkinson (1986–2010)
Eli Duckett (1987–2002)
Second Policeman (1987, 1990–2004)
Last appearances
Wally Batty (1975–1987)
Crusher (1984–1987)
List of episodes
New Year Special (1986)
Christmas Special (1986)
Regular series
Christmas Special (1987)
When recordings were "repackaged" for overseas sale, UK series 9 (12 episodes) was split into "Season 9" and "Season 10" (each of 6 episodes), with all subsequent "seasons" being renumbered accordingly. As a result, (for example) "Series 27" in the UK may be referred to as "Season 28" in the USA.
DVD release
The box set for series nine was released by Universal Playback in May 2008, mislabelled as a box set for series 9 & 10.
Notes
References
External links
Series 9 at the Internet Movie Database
Last of the Summer Wine series
1987 British television seasons
1986 British television seasons | wiki |
Marvel Girl es un alias que puede referirse a:
Jean Grey
Valeria Richards
Rachel Summers | wiki |
Edward Bligh (2e comte de Darnley) (1715-1747), pair irlandais ;
Edward Bligh (5e comte de Darnley) (1795-1835), pair et un politicien britannique ;
Edward Bligh (7e comte de Darnley) (1851-1900), aristocrate anglais.
Voir aussi | wiki |
Yellow-hair chicken, also called yellow-feather chicken (), is a breed of chicken traditionally raised for meat in China. It takes about 120 days to grow to market size compared to as little as 41 days for specially-bred broiler chickens.
Yellow-hair chicken is flavorful, but takes longer and is more difficult to cook than a typical broiler as it has less fat and more meat. Most whole birds sold in markets in China are Yellow-hair. Outside of China it is only available in Chinese restaurants, and, even there, usually not on the English menu. The breed is being displaced in China by broiler chickens.
Yellow-hair chicken is not necessarily free range, although it could be, if raised that way.
Notes
Chinese cuisine
Chicken breeds originating in China | wiki |
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
Despite remaining a legal penalty, there have been no executions in North Carolina since 2006. A series of lawsuits filed in state courts questioning the fairness and humanity of capital punishment have created a de facto moratorium on executions being carried out in North Carolina. The last person executed in the state was convicted murderer Samuel Flippen.
Legal process
When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous.
In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial).
The power of clemency belongs to the Governor of North Carolina.
The method of execution is lethal injection.
Capital crimes
First-degree murder is punishable by death in North Carolina if it involves one of the following aggravating factors:
The capital felony was committed by a person lawfully incarcerated.
The defendant had been previously convicted of another capital felony.
The defendant had been previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.
The capital felony was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or effecting an escape from custody.
The capital felony was committed while the defendant was engaged, or was an aider or abettor, in the commission of, or an attempt to commit, or flight after committing or attempting to commit, any homicide, robbery, rape or a sex offense, arson, burglary, kidnapping, or aircraft piracy or the unlawful throwing, placing, or discharging of a destructive device or bomb.
The capital felony was committed for pecuniary gain.
The capital felony was committed to disrupt or hinder the lawful exercise of any governmental function or the enforcement of laws.
The capital felony was committed against a law-enforcement officer, employee of the Division of Adult Correction of the Department of Public Safety, jailer, fireman, judge or justice, former judge or justice, prosecutor or former prosecutor, juror or former juror, or witness or former witness against the defendant, while engaged in the performance of his official duties or because of the exercise of his official duty.
The capital felony was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel.
The defendant knowingly created a great risk of death to more than one person by means of a weapon or device which would normally be hazardous to the lives of more than one person.
The murder for which the defendant stands convicted was part of a course of conduct in which the defendant engaged and which included the commission by the defendant of other crimes of violence against another person or persons.
Death row
Death row for males is located at the Central Prison. Female death row prisoners are housed at the North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women. Both prisons are located in Raleigh.
See also
List of people executed in North Carolina
List of death row inmates in North Carolina
Crime in North Carolina
Law of North Carolina
Footnotes
Further reading
Seth Kotch, Lethal State: A History of the Death Penalty in North Carolina. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
North Carolina | wiki |
"Never Been Kissed" is the sixth episode of the second season of the American television series Glee, and the twenty-eighth episode overall. It was written by Brad Falchuk, directed by Bradley Buecker and premiered on Fox on November 9, 2010. In "Never Been Kissed", the glee club members are assigned a boys against girls singing competition. The bullying of club member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) intensifies, but he meets a new ally in Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss), the lead singer of a rival glee club. Puck (Mark Salling) is released from juvenile detention and forms a friendship with Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), and football coach Sheldon Beiste (Dot-Marie Jones) is hurt when she learns that several of the students are visualizing her to quell their amorous moods.
The episode began a story arc about bullying which spanned the remainder of the season. It coincided with a spate of suicides among bullied youths, which reportedly gave the cast and crew additional inspiration to do their best work. Six songs were covered—four in the form of two mash-ups—and all were released as singles which charted on the Billboard Hot 100. Critics were less enthused by the mash-ups than the other performances; Criss's cover of "Teenage Dream" was particularly well-received, and became the first Glee single to top the Billboard Digital Songs chart.
10.99 million US viewers watched "Never Been Kissed". It was one of six episodes that were submitted to the judges for Glee nomination in the Outstanding Comedy Series category at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jones received an Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series nomination for her work on the show, and submitted this episode for judging. Reviewers approved of her performance but were very critical of her storyline and polarized by the plotting of the bullying story, though they generally approved of the episode's Puck and Artie sub-plot.
Plot
Glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) announces the second New Directions boys against girls singing competition. He later sees a shaken Kurt Hummel in the hallway—he had been slammed against a locker by school bully Dave Karofsky (Max Adler)—and takes Kurt to his office to recover. Kurt criticizes both the school's failure to act against homophobic bullying and the lack of challenge in the club's competition; Will decides to modify the assignment to have the teams perform songs by groups of different genders. Kurt is happier with the new spin, but the other boys are unreceptive to his ideas for their team. Puck is especially dismissive, and suggests that he go spy on the Dalton Academy Warblers, one of their competitors at the forthcoming Sectionals round of show choir competition. The girls' team decides on and sings a mash-up of "Start Me Up / Livin' on a Prayer".
Kurt visits Dalton Academy, an all-boys private school, and watches the Warblers perform "Teenage Dream". He is befriended by lead singer Blaine Anderson, who is also gay and encourages Kurt to stand up for himself. The next time he is attacked by Karofsky, Kurt confronts him in the boys' locker room, and as the argument intensifies he is kissed by Karofsky, which leaves Kurt stunned. After Kurt tells Blaine of this, he and Kurt later try to talk to Karofsky about the difficulties and confusion his homosexual feelings must be causing him, but he denies that anything happened and soon returns to bullying Kurt.
Puck has been granted early release from juvenile detention on the condition that he performs community service. He picks Artie Abrams, a paraplegic, to fulfill that service, and the two busk in the school courtyard. They sing a duet of "One Love/People Get Ready" while Puck surreptitiously intimidates their schoolmates into giving donations. He then helps Artie get back together with Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), by setting up a double date with them and Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera). Puck's caseworker Joan Martin (Michael Hyatt) had believed he was working to rehabilitate gang members, and tells him he will have to return to the detention center unless he finds an alternative type of service. Puck admits to Artie that despite his bravado, he was miserable when locked up and does not want to return; Artie convinces him to complete the required real community service and offers to tutor him in school.
Some members of New Directions, who need to cool their arousal while making out, discover that picturing football coach Sheldon Beiste is very effective. When she finds out about their technique, Beiste is deeply hurt and submits her resignation. Will attempts to convince her to stay, and gives her a friendly kiss when she admits she has never been kissed. He then invites Beiste to watch the boys' competition performance; they apologize, dedicate their mash-up of "Stop! In the Name of Love / Free Your Mind" to her, and win her forgiveness.
Production
"Never Been Kissed" was written by series co-creator Brad Falchuk, directed by Bradley Buecker, and premiered on November 9, 2010. It launched a story arc about bullying, which Glee co-creator Ryan Murphy had been building to for a season and a half. He explained that he wanted Kurt to reach a point where he would not accept the abusive treatment he received any more, and planned to follow the developments through the rest of the year, as all of the other characters were affected. The revelation that Karofsky's antagonism stemmed from his own homosexual feelings was based on a personal acquaintance of Murphy's. After the episode had been written, a spate of suicides occurred around the nation among teenage victims of bullying, which Murphy said added extra significance to "Never Been Kissed" and "ignite[d] the cast and the crew to do their best and push themselves with the story."
The episode introduced Criss as Blaine, a gay member of a rival glee club, the Dalton Academy Warblers. In September 2010, a casting call was released for an actor to portray a "cute, charismatic, gay high school junior" who would lead a competing glee club. Criss had auditioned for Glee several times before, once for the role of Finn Hudson. The character breakdown for Blaine was the first he believed he had a chance of securing, and indeed his audition was successful. Blaine was introduced primarily as a mentor to Kurt. Criss explained, "At this point, Kurt's [sexuality] has been such a sense of discord in his life. Blaine finds [being gay] empowering. He embraces who he is, and sees Kurt [struggling with] the same things that he had to deal with, and I think he wants to impart that knowledge." Murphy described Blaine as a character with "great self-loathing" and regret for having run away from his own tormentors; he intended this to form part of his story arc for the season, as Blaine tries to set right some past mistakes. Neither he nor Criss knew whether Blaine would eventually become Kurt's boyfriend—a role originally intended for new club member Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) until the producers decided to change Sam to heterosexual and paired him with Quinn—but based on the characters' chemistry and the "immediate outcry" from fans who wanted to see them as a couple, Murphy later decided to pair them romantically.
Other recurring characters who appeared were glee club members Sam and Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.), Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba), jock bully Dave Karofsky, cheerleader Becky Jackson (Lauren Potter), students Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman) and Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink), and Coach Shannon Beiste. Although Beiste's physical appearance was used as comedy in the episode, Jones was not offended; she called it hysterical, said "it serves a purpose for the message" and hoped "maybe it will make people think outside of the show." Murphy intended her storyline to highlight the fact that bullying can be damaging without necessarily being overt. He stated: "Th[e] episode is completely about accountability. If you can change any young impressionable minds and make them aware of the consequences of their actions and all different forms of cruelty, I think that’s a great, great gift." Telly Leung and Titus Makin, Jr. guest starred as Wes and David respectively, two additional members of the Dalton Academy Warblers. Hyatt guest starred as Joan Martin, Puck's probation officer.
The episode featured cover versions of "Teenage Dream" by Katy Perry, "One Love/People Get Ready" by Bob Marley & the Wailers, and mash-ups of The Rolling Stones' "Start Me Up" with Bon Jovi's "Livin' on a Prayer", and The Supremes' "Stop! In the Name of Love" with En Vogue's "Free Your Mind". All of the songs performed were released as singles, available for download, and "Teenage Dream" and "One Love/People Get Ready" are featured on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 4. "Teenage Dream" was later also included as the opening track on the seventh soundtrack album, Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers. The background vocals of "Teenage Dream" were provided by collegiate a cappella group the Beelzebubs from Tufts University.
Reception
Ratings
During its original broadcast, "Never Been Kissed" was watched by 10.99 million American viewers and attained a 4.6/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. Its rating was a season low to that point; however, Glee was the top-rated show for the night of broadcast in all under-50 categories. It was the most-viewed scripted show of the week amongst adults 18–49, and ranked twenty-first amongst all viewers. In Australia, the episode was watched by 1.081 million viewers, a decline from previous weeks, which was attributed by David Dale of The Sydney Morning Herald to many regular viewers being away on Schoolies week. In Canada, 1.97 million viewers watched the episode, placing twelfth for the week. In the UK, the episode was watched by 2.64 million viewers (2.20 million on E4, and 438,000 on E4+1), which made it the most-watched show on cable for the week.
Accolades
Glee was nominated in the Outstanding Comedy Series category at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards: "Never Been Kissed" was one of six episodes submitted for consideration, paired with the season's fourth episode, "Duets". Jones received an Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series nomination for her work on Glee second season, and submitted her performance in the episode for final judging.
Critical response
"Never Been Kissed" received mixed reviews from critics, who were polarized by Kurt's storyline. While CNN's Lisa Respers France thought it was Glee best episode thus far and IGN's Robert Canning rated it 9 out of 10, which signifies an outstanding episode, Linda Holmes of National Public Radio dismissed it as "one of the most facile and emotionally inauthentic episodes the show has ever produced", and Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club deemed it a failure on "almost every level." The Huffington Post Leah Anthony Libresco found it an "extraordinarily counterproductive" response to the string of teenage gay suicides in early 2010. Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle and James Poniewozik of Time approved of the storyline in principle—the former opined that Glee willingness to raise mainstream awareness of such issues was "incredibly courageous", and the latter appreciated that it would span a multi-episode arc—but both were critical of its depiction in practice.
Many elements of the plot were highlighted as being problematic. Holmes felt that Karofsky's swift transition from bullying to kissing Kurt was absurd and "emotionally unsound". Libresco disapproved of Will for treating Kurt's upset as the key problem, rather than the unchecked bullying which provoked it. She found Blaine's advice to Kurt "misleading and dangerous", especially the suggestion that targeted children should be held responsible for confronting their attackers and putting themselves at risk of further injury, rather than for protecting themselves. VanDerWerff and Poniewozik were critical of Dalton Academy: the former found its tolerance unrealistic and the latter was disappointed that Glee declined to depict a flawed high school tackling bullying in favor of creating "an almost otherworldly paradise". Poniewozik also noted that the storyline was inherently flawed, as the show had previously treated bullying in a light-hearted manner, but opined that its saving grace was the focus it placed on Colfer, "probably the strongest actor with the most interesting character among the Glee kids".
Further praise for Colfer's performance came from Canning and Entertainment Weekly Tim Stack, who approved of the episode for its depiction of there being no simple solution to the bullying. Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times commented that it was testament to the writers and cast that Karofsky's kiss startled the audience as much as it did Kurt, and commended the transitioning of Karofsky from a faceless jock into "a nuanced character with a back story and hidden motives of his own." MTV's Aly Semigran wrote that, should the episode inspire a single teenager to have courage in the face of discrimination, or re-consider bullying, it would be an impressive accomplishment.
The Beiste storyline was met with criticism. Reiter questioned why Beiste was made to look to high school students to "gauge her own desirability", an element she found "hazy and creepy". Poniewozik criticized the depiction of Beiste as an object of pity, and felt that Will's behavior was worse than the students' when he acted with "amazing condescension" and kissed her. Both Poniewozik and Semigran disliked the way viewers were made complicit in Beiste's humiliation by being invited to laugh at her expense, and Holmes criticized Glee for denying Beiste dignity, with the observation that such a plot would never have been given to Kurt. VanDerWerff commented negatively on the way Glee plays up Beiste's "masculine nature" while simultaneously lecturing viewers against mocking her. She called the kiss "somehow both heartfelt and completely horrifying". Canning praised Jones in her "best performance this season", as well as Beiste's "raw and real" confession to Will.
The Puck sub-plot received generally positive reviews. Poniewozik called it the "best and most authentic of the night", with praise for Salling's performance, and Canning felt that it served well as a comical break from the episode's other storylines. Brett Berk of Vanity Fair enjoyed the additional depth given to Puck, and he, Stack and New York Rebecca Milzoff commented positively on Puck's budding friendship with Artie.<ref name="BB">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2010/11/darren-criss-battled-a-bear-to-get-on-glee-and-now-he-and-the-bear-are-very-good-friends.html|title=Glee'''s Darren Criss—Kurt's New Squeeze?—Describes His Character as "Tom Ford-ish." Perfect!|date=November 9, 2010|first=Brett|last=Berk|work=Vanity Fair|access-date=November 10, 2010}}</ref> VanDerWerff deemed it the episode's "least objectionable" storyline, though wrote that the awkward inclusion of their duet, the abruptness of Artie's feelings for Brittany, and the "forced nature" of the scene in which Puck confesses that he does not want to return to juvenile detention all "conspired to keep the storyline from lifting off."
Music and performances
Reviews of the episode's musical numbers were also mixed, with the mash-ups less favorably received than the other performances. Canning felt that the songs intruded on the storytelling. Hankinson wrote that the mash-ups were "shoehorned in [to an] already over-stuffed hour", and Emily Yahr of The Washington Post said they served "no real purpose".
BuddyTV's Jen Harper enjoyed the harmonies and simple arrangement of "One Love/People Get Ready", and Anthony Benigno of the Daily News gave it an "A", with praise for the vocals. Stack graded it "B−". He called it a "nice performance", but incongruous in context, a concern shared by Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone, who preferred Salling's rendition of "Only the Good Die Young" in the episode "Grilled Cheesus".
Perry expressed approval of the cover of her song, "Teenage Dream", through the social networking website Twitter. Harper found the choreography uncomfortable viewing, and Hanh Nguyen of Zap2it agreed that the performers appeared to be "rockin' out a bit too much to it", but felt that the song worked "remarkably well" overall. Futterman deemed it the best song of the episode, and appreciated that it was more understated than numbers performed by rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline during the show's first season. Stack went further and called the performance one of his favorites on Glee; he enjoyed the choreography and arrangement and graded it "A+". Benigno again gave the song an "A"; he called it "flawless" and an improvement on Perry's original. In December 2012, TV Guide named the rendition one of Glee best performances.
The girls' Bon Jovi–Rolling Stones mash-up was received favorably by Stack and Milzoff—the former graded it "A", the latter called it "brash and fun", and both writers appreciated the black leather costumes. While Harper also liked the costumes and the energetic performance, she felt it "paled in comparison" to the last mash-up the girls performed, in the season one episode "Vitamin D". Futterman commented that the costumes and choreography overwhelmed the vocals, to the point of being "a little too Miley and not enough Glee". Benigno called the song a "cacophony" and gave it his lowest performance grade of the episode, a "D". He suggested that Glee had been responsible for "reviving the mashup fad", but hoped the girls' performance would serve to end it again. The boys' Supremes–En Vogue mash-up was graded "A" by Stack, who liked the combination of artists. Harper preferred the girls' costumes but felt the boys gave the better performance, while Futterman found it overly-sentimental in context, but also preferred it to the girls' song. Benigno gave it a "C", and commented, "Not quite the debacle the previous mash-up was, but given how fantastic this episode was, the sendoff should've been better."
Chart history
All four of the cover versions featured debuted on the Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on other musical charts. On the Hot 100, the show's rendition of "Teenage Dream" debuted at number eight, and sold 55,000 downloads on its first day and a total of 214,000 copies in its first week, the best first-day and first-week sales numbers for any Glee Cast single. It was the first Glee single to top Billboard'' Digital Songs chart, and debuted at number ten on the Canadian Hot 100. "Teenage Dream" was also the first single since the pilot's "Don't Stop Believin to be certified gold in the US. The other three songs on the Hot 100 were "Start Me Up / Livin' on a Prayer" at number thirty-one, which also made number twenty-two on the Canadian Hot 100; "Stop! In the Name of Love / Free Your Mind" at number thirty-eight, which also made number twenty-eight on the Canadian Hot 100; and "One Love/People Get Ready" at number forty-one, which also made number thirty-two on the Canadian Hot 100.
Notes
References
External links
"Never Been Kissed" at Fox.com
2010 American television episodes
Glee (season 2) episodes
Television episodes about bullying
Television episodes written by Brad Falchuk
American LGBT-related television episodes | wiki |
Outlaws is an American science fiction western television series which aired Saturday nights on CBS from December 28, 1986 until May 30, 1987. The original series began as a 2-hour pilot movie, and was followed by eleven one-hour episodes.
Plot
The story begins in Houston, Texas in 1899, as Sheriff Jonathan Grail tried to round up the villainous four-man Pike Gang, of which he had once been a member. After cornering the gang in a stormy Native American graveyard, a bolt of lightning struck all five men - transporting them 87 years forward in time to 1986. With no way to get back to their original time, the five men agreed to a truce, and started a private investigation/detective agency to pay their bills.
The five men, now working as the "Double Eagle Detection Agency," helped right wrongs, protected the downtrodden, and fought off drug lords and gang leaders, all while continuing to operate with 19th-century weaponry, including revolvers and shotguns. Several of the episodes dealt with problems the men faced in the 1880s that had to be resolved in the 1980s. No one knew their real identities, and most people assumed that their old-style clothing and weapons were an affectation. During their first case they met Lt. Maggie Randall, a Houston detective, who became romantically involved with Grail and often helped them in their cases.
The series featured crime drama and shootouts, although the heroes never killed anyone, thanks to their superior marksmanship. The show also featured humorous moments. The humor derived primarily from the outlaws' unfamiliarity with 20th-century technology, as well as the contrast between their 19th-century mores and those of the 20th century. Most episodes featured flashbacks, which were done in a sepia tone.
Although the pilot episode was one of the most-watched shows that week, future episodes drew fewer and fewer fans. The series' final episode, in fact, featured a "flashback" scene from another television show, The Oregon Trail, in which Outlaws actors Rod Taylor and Charles Napier both starred.
Characters
Episodes
Low ratings and cancellation
Outlaws was considered a "high concept" series, mixing three separate genres - time travel, the Western, and a detective series. After very high ratings for the series pilot, Outlaws aired its regular episodes on Saturday nights, where it struggled to find an audience. It was cancelled in May 1987.
References
External links
1986 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
1980s American drama television series
English-language television shows
1980s Western (genre) television series
CBS original programming
Science fiction Westerns
Television shows set in Houston
Television series by Universal Television | wiki |
MoreSunlight or Project Moresunlight is a proposal to advance Indian Standard Time by 30 minutes. According to the proposal of MoreSunlight, the current time of India, which is +530 UTC should be advance to +600 UTC.
The project is a conception of many government officers, elected representatives, members of the scientific community in India and civil society organizations and ordinary citizens.
Background
India's current time is calculated from 82.5 longitude. This has been the established convention since 1906. Due to the geographical breadth of the country which spans 29 degrees of longitude there is a difference of 1 hour and 56 minutes between the extreme western and eastern parts of the country. Conveners of Project Moresunglight argues for calculating India's time zone from 90 degree east longitude
Moreover, citizens in the north and north eastern parts of India tend to get less usable sunlight during their routine awake timings. There have been demands to split the country into two time zones. Some proposals have also called for daylight saving time concept as is prevalent in parts of Europe and America. The Government of India, has rejected both these demands.
Solution to India's time situation
Scientists and concerned citizens, at various forums have concluded that the best way to bring an optimum utilization of India's abundant sunlight is by advancing India's time by 30 minutes. Project Moresunlight proposes to educate the decision makers in India about the benefits of such an advancement, where India's new time zone would be +6:00 GMT.
Benefits
It is estimated that electricity worth more than 4000 crores a year will be saved by advancing IST by 30mins.
See also
Bombay Time
Calcutta Time
References
Time in India | wiki |
Mystery Man may refer to:
"Mystery Man", a song on Play Deep, the 1985 debut album released by British band The Outfield
"Mystery Man", a song on Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, the 1976 debut album by the band of the same name
"Mystery Man", a 2009 episode of the American TV series Cougar Town
"Mystery Man", an episode of the television series The Crown
The Mystery Man, the fifth solo album by jazz pianist Mike Garson, released in 1990
The Mystery Man (film), a 1935 American film directed by Ray McCarey
Mystery Man (film), a 1944 Hopalong Cassidy Western directed by George Archainbaud
W.D. Gaster (possible in-game sprite named "spr_mysteryman"), a character and mystery from the video game Undertale | wiki |
Williams & Glyn's Bank Limited was established in London in 1970, when the Royal Bank of Scotland merged its two subsidiaries in England and Wales, Williams Deacon's Bank Ltd. and Glyn, Mills & Co. In 1985, Williams & Glyn's was fully absorbed into the Royal Bank of Scotland and ceased to trade separately.
The name was revived as a brand by NatWest, as Williams and Glyn.
History
Williams Deacon's Bank and the Manchester & Salford Bank
The London private bank of Williams Deacon & Co can date its history back to 1771 when the partnership of Raymond, Williams, Vere, Lowe and Fletcher was first recorded. It ceased payment in 1825 and was reconstituted with different shareholders as Williams, Deacon, Labouchere & Co, before finally becoming Williams Deacon in 1882. It was acquired by the Manchester & Salford Bank in 1890.
The Manchester & Salford Bank was founded in 1836 as a joint stock bank and became a substantial force in Lancashire banking and by 1890 it had over 45 branches. In that year it acquired Williams Deacon, primarily to obtain the latter's seat on the London Bankers' Clearing House. The registered office was moved to London but the head office remained in Manchester. The bank also changed its name to Williams Deacon & Manchester & Salford Bank, shortened to Williams Deacon's Bank in 1901.
The enlarged bank continued to expand but its commitment to the declining cotton industry after World War I, exacerbated by the effects of the Great Depression, stretched its own finances and, encouraged by the Bank of England, Williams Deacon's was acquired by the Royal Bank of Scotland in 1930.
Glyn, Mills & Co.
Glyn, Mills & Co. was founded as the private bank, Vere, Glyn & Hallifax, in the City of London in 1753 by Joseph Vere, Richard Glyn and Thomas Hallifax. The Vere family interest ended in 1766; William Mills joined in 1772; and when the last of the Hallifaxes departed in 1851 the Bank became known as Glyn, Mills & Company.
Acquisitions included Currie's in 1864, Holt & Co. in 1923 and Child & Co. in 1924. Child & Company, founded in the 1580s, remains part of RBS Group Wealth Management today. In 1923, it also acquired the private military bank Holt & Co. founded in 1809, which continued to trade separately until merged into the Drummonds Bank business in 1992.
In 1939, the bank was purchased by Royal Bank of Scotland, which became known as the Three Banks Group.
National Bank
The National Bank of Ireland was founded in London in 1835, becoming The National Bank Limited in 1859. The bank's core Irish business was divested to the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland as National Bank of Ireland in 1966. The remaining branches in England and Wales were acquired by National Commercial Bank of Scotland (itself formed by the 1959 merger of National Bank of Scotland and Commercial Bank of Scotland), although they continued to trade separately.
In 1969, National Commercial Bank merged with the Royal Bank of Scotland and, in 1970, the National Bank branches became part of the newly formed Williams & Glyn's Bank, consolidating their interests south of the border. In 1972, Williams & Glyn's and five other banks formed the Inter-Alpha Group of Banks, of which RBS Group remains a member, to exploit opportunities in the then European Economic Community.
Proposed revival of the brand
In 2000, the Royal Bank of Scotland Group acquired National Westminster Bank in a hostile takeover. In 2009 it was announced that all 311 Royal Bank branches in England and Wales together with the seven Scottish branches of NatWest were to be divested by the troubled group, possibly under the dormant Williams & Glyn's brand, to comply with European Union state aid requirements. The process was expected to take up to four years to complete.
In March 2010, it was reported that the group had issued a sales memorandum for the business, which would include 318 branches and around £20 billion in loans provided to small businesses and households. Following the deadline for initial bids on 7 April, Santander Group, Virgin Money, National Australia Bank, BBVA and the private equity firm JC Flowers were all confirmed to have submitted bids for consideration. It was announced on 3 August that the Spanish Santander Group would pay around £1.65 billion for the branches, expected to be rebranded as part of Santander UK, in a deal set to be completed by December 2013. Santander withdrew from the sale on 12 October 2012.
On 27 September 2013, the Royal Bank of Scotland Group confirmed it had agreed to sell 308 Royal Bank of Scotland branches in England and Wales and 6 NatWest branches in Scotland to the Corsair consortium. The branches were due to be divested from the group in 2016 as a standalone business operating under the Williams & Glyn name. The deal was modified to 314 branches incorporating 250,000 small business customers, 1,200 medium business customers and 1.8 million personal banking customers. With the proposed unit initially planned to be called Williams & Glyn's Bank, it was announced in December 2013 that the bank name would be shortened to Williams & Glyn owing to the difficulty of using an apostrophe in branding and website addresses. The name Glyn is historically accurate however, as the bank was originally formed by merging Williams Deacon's Bank with Glyn, Mills & Co.
The historic Williams and Glyn's Bank did not have a distinct logo, instead it used the "Daisy Wheel" logo of its parent company, The Royal Bank of Scotland. A logo for Williams and Glyn was designed by Landor Associates in April 2014. The logo featured the words "Williams" and "Glyn" joined by a large ampersand.
Failed spinoff and closed branches
On 16 December 2015, RBS confirmed it had received a number of informal offers for the bank, and would seek to complete a sale by the end of 2017. HM Treasury subsequently announced it had asked the Competition and Markets Authority to suspend a review into how competitive the bank would be in the UK banking sector.
In August 2016, RBS cancelled its plan to spin off Williams & Glyn as a separate business, stating that the new bank could not survive independently given the exigencies involved in Brexit. It revealed it would instead seek to sell the operation to another bank. Reuters reported that Santander UK was interested in buying the unit outright. Santander had abandoned talks in September 2016. CYBG plc, owner of Clydesdale Bank and Yorkshire Bank, confirmed in October 2016 that it had made what it described as a "preliminary non-binding proposal" for the unit. In the same month RBS confirmed that it would be unable to sell Williams & Glyn by the end of 2017, potentially giving the European Commission the right to take control of the sales process.
RBS was ordered to sell Williams & Glyn by regulators as part of the bank's obligations for receiving state aid during the government bailout in 2009 after the 2008 financial crisis. However, RBS was unable to find a buyer for what were several RBS banks in England and Wales, as well as NatWest branches in Scotland, branded under the resurrected Williams & Glyn name. RBS ultimately avoided the mandatory sale by deal-making with the government, earning approval to reintegrate Williams & Glyn and the associated branch network into its core bank. In February 2017, HM Treasury suggested that the bank should abandon the plan to sell the operation, and instead focus on initiatives to boost competition within business banking in the United Kingdom. This plan was formally approved by the European Commission in September 2017. As an alternative to divesting of Williams & Glyn, RBS agreed to create a $1 billion fund to support competing companies, as part of an agreement with the Treasury and the European Commission. This final agreement, known as the "Alternative Remedies Package", was reached with the European Commission in September 2017, allowing RBS Group to retain the Williams & Glyn assets and bringing the sale process to a close.
After creating the fund, RBS considered relaunching Williams & Glyn as a new brand, but risks led to the bank abandoning the idea, and in May 2018, it was announced that 162 RBS branches in England or Wales that were to have become Williams & Glyn would be closed, resulting in almost 800 job losses, with customers able to use nearby NatWest branches for counter services instead. The 162 branches were closed June of 2018 as a result.
The closure of a further 54 branches was announced in September 2018 with an expected loss of 258 jobs. RBS said it was closing branches in close proximity to each other to reduce overlap, with the branches officially closed in January 2019. The BBC quoted the Unite union criticizing the move, in part for limiting easy access to disabled and elderly customers. The closures left 54 RBS branches in England and Wales total.
In July of 2020 the Royal Bank of Scotland Group rebranded itself as NatWest Group, with the bank continuing to operate as NatWest and Williams & Glyn outside of Scotland.
See also
Williams & Glyn's Bank v Boland
Roger Fulford, Glyn’s 1753–1953 (1953)
Eric Gore Browne, Glyn, Mills & Co (1933)
References
External links
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group
RBS Branch Information
Royal Bank of Scotland
Defunct banks of the United Kingdom
Banks established in 1970
Banks disestablished in 1985
Glyn family
British companies established in 1970
British companies disestablished in 1985 | wiki |
The Bowlers' Club of New South Wales is a registered club located at 99 York Street, Sydney, Australia.
History
The club was established in 1958 and was granted a provisional liquor licence in that year.
Location
The club was originally located at the northern end of Clarence Street and relocated to its current premises at 99 York Street, Sydney in 1971.
Awards
The Bowlers' Club at 99 on York won the 2010 City of Sydney Business Award in the Pubs, Hotels, Nightclubs & Venues category.
Financial
The club made a Net Profit of $2,248,646 for the year ended 31 May 2010 and had Net Assets of $17,672,493 at that date. The profit includes a gain of $2,684,685 on the disposal of the club's 3rd floor strata
See also
List of restaurant in Australia
References
External links
Official Bowlers' Club of NSW website
Clubs and societies in New South Wales
1958 establishments in Australia
Sports clubs established in 1958
Bowls in Australia
Bowls clubs
Sporting clubs in Sydney
Restaurants in New South Wales
Coffeehouses and cafés in Australia
Licensed clubs in New South Wales | wiki |
Nokia C5-03 a fost anunțat în decembrie 2010. Rulează pe platforma S60 sistemul de operare Symbian 9.4. Are Bluetooth, A-GPS, cameră de 5 megapixeli, mufă audio 3.5 mm, slot card microSD și radio FM.
gsmarena
Telefoane mobile Nokia
Referințe | wiki |
FootFall Ltd was founded in 1991 by John Gallagher and Brian Barnes. The company initially sold hardware solutions designed to measure pedestrian flows within UK shopping centres. The company evolved into a provider of information services based on pedestrian flow. FootFall systems are installed in 37 countries with customers primarily in the retail and retail property industries. In December 2005 Experian purchased FootFall Ltd at a cost of 36 million GBP. Experian FootFall is a product of Experian PLC.
Experian sold the company to Tyco International in 2015 for £38.5 million. It now trades as ShopperTrak.
References
External links
Experian website
FootFall website
Companies based in Buckinghamshire
Market research companies of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Bifrenaria stefanae is a species of orchid.
stefanae | wiki |
"The Dragon and the Wolf" is the seventh and final episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 67th episode overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The title of the episode refers to the sigils of House Targaryen (the Dragon) and House Stark (the Wolf) and their newfound alliance.
The episode's plot includes a negotiation between Cersei and Daenerys, and a rift between Cersei and Jaime; Theon rededicates himself to Yara; Sansa and Arya unite against Littlefinger; Jon Snow is revealed to be the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen; Jon and Daenerys's romantic relationship comes to fruition; and the Army of the Dead penetrates the Wall.
"The Dragon and the Wolf" received a positive reception from critics. The pacing, however, was met with mixed reviews, and criticism was also leveled at the resemblance of Rhaegar Targaryen to his brother Viserys Targaryen. In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 12.07 million in its initial broadcast, making it the highest-rated episode of the series at the time.
The episode received eight nominations at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards – making it the most Emmy Award-nominated episode of the series to date –, including for its writing, direction, music, and the performances of Peter Dinklage and Lena Headey, with Djawadi and Dinklage winning in their categories. This episode marks the final appearance of Aidan Gillen (Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish).
Plot
In King's Landing
Cersei, Daenerys, and their entourages meet in the ruined Dragonpit, and Jon and the Hound present the captured wight to prove the existence of the White Walkers. Cersei pledges her assistance on the condition that Jon remains neutral between the queens, but retracts her support when Jon affirms he has already sworn himself to Daenerys and returns to the Red Keep. Brienne appeals to Jaime to make Cersei reconsider. Tyrion goes alone to confront Cersei. He explains to Cersei that Daenerys wanted to destroy King's Landing until Tyrion persuaded her not to. During their conversation, he realizes Cersei is pregnant. Cersei returns to the parley and agrees to send her entire army north to fight the White Walkers.
Later, Jaime prepares to mobilize the army, but Cersei reveals that she lied and will not join Daenerys and Jon's cause. Euron, who had claimed to be fleeing the threat of the dead, is revealed to have actually gone to Essos to transport the Golden Company, with which Cersei will fight whoever prevails in the Long Night. Jaime is disgusted; Cersei threatens to have the Mountain kill him, but ultimately relents. Jaime departs King's Landing riding North alone as snow begins to fall on the city.
On Dragonstone
Daenerys' allies make plans to travel to Winterfell. Daenerys decides to travel with Jon, in hopes of garnering popular support amongst the Northmen. Later, Theon seeks guidance from Jon, who declares they both preserve Ned's legacy. Theon decides to save Yara. Harrag, the leader of the remaining Ironborn, defies Theon and the two begin fighting. Despite taking a brutal beating, Theon ultimately prevails, rallying the Ironborn to his cause.
At Winterfell
Sansa and Littlefinger discuss Arya's actions. Littlefinger advises Sansa to always assume others have the worst possible motive. Sansa summons Arya before the lords of the North and Vale, then stuns Littlefinger by accusing him of murder and treason, which Bran corroborates. Littlefinger begs for mercy, but Arya executes him.
Sam arrives at Winterfell with his family. Bran tells him that Jon's real parents were Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark. Sam reveals information from the High Septon's journal: in secret, Rhaegar's marriage to Elia Martell was annulled and he married Lyanna. Bran revisits the vision of Ned and Lyanna at the Tower of Joy and discovers that Jon's real name is Aegon Targaryen VI, making him Rhaegar's legitimate lawful son and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne (ahead of Rhaegar's younger sister Daenerys) and Robert's Rebellion was built on a lie: Rhaegar didn't kidnap and rape Lyanna, she loved him.
In the Narrow Sea
Tyrion witnesses Jon Snow entering Daenerys' cabin. Jon and Daenerys give in to their feelings for each other and have sex.
At Eastwatch-by-the-Sea
The undead army arrives at Eastwatch. When Viserion appears, ridden by the Night King and breathing blue fire, Tormund orders the Night's Watch to evacuate. Viserion destroys Eastwatch and breaches the Wall, finally allowing the White Walkers and the wights to invade the Seven Kingdoms.
Production
Writing
"The Dragon and the Wolf" was written by the series' co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. In the "Inside the Episode" featurette published by HBO following the airing of the episode, they described the meeting at the dragon pit as one of the most challenging scenes in the episode to write, as they felt it was important to give each character their due. Weiss described the many different interactions between various characters as "deceptively difficult", and the necessity for the actors to be "playing off the person they're supposed to be playing off of" for the scene to be properly translated during the filming process.
For the culmination of the Winterfell storyline, and the death of Littlefinger, Benioff and Weiss stressed the importance of the scenes leading up to the finale, which they described as a realistic threat of harm between Arya and Sansa, with Benioff saying "It's one of the benefits of working on a show like this, where over the years so many beloved characters have been killed, and so many characters make decisions you wish they hadn't that you can believe Sansa might conspire against Arya, or that Arya might decide that Sansa has betrayed the family and deserves to die." Benioff continued by revealing his excitement in seeing Aiden Gillan's performance as Littlefinger, as it was the first time that they had written a scene in which the character was caught unaware, saying "He's imagined every conceivable eventuality except this one." Isaac Hemsptead Wright, who portrays Bran, described a scene that was originally written between his character and Sansa, but it was later removed from the episode.
Another challenge involved with writing the episode involved the presentation of the information regarding Jon Snow's lineage, as it mostly consisted of details that had already been revealed in prior scenes. As such, the inclusion of a montage, of Rhaegar and Lyanna, and Jon and Daenerys, was one of the ways that Benioff and Weiss stated they were able to go about this problem. Weiss noted that it was important to make it clear "that this was almost like an information bomb that Jon was heading towards." Benioff continued by describing Jon and Daenery's intimacy as a complication "on a political level," and "on a personal level," due to the two being related, with Weiss adding "Just as we're seeing these two people come together we’re hearing the information that will inevitably, if not tear them apart at least cause real problems in their relationship."
In writing the final interaction between Jaime and Cersei, Benioff felt it was important to convey Cersei's reluctance to fully confide in Jaime.
Leading up to the seventh-season finale, Benioff and Weiss revealed that it was always planned for the penultimate season to end with the destruction of the Wall, and the White Walker army crossing into the Seven Kingdoms. Weiss noted, "The wall's kept these things out for eight thousand years and there's no real reason it can't keep doing that unless something puts a hole in the Wall. There's one thing on the board from the beginning that is now big enough to do that and that's a dragon." They also felt it was essential for the seventh-season finale to contrast well with previous season finale episodes, particularly the sixth-season finale, "The Winds of Winter", which Benioff stated had a more "triumphant ending" as opposed to something "much more horrific" with the conclusion of "The Dragon and the Wolf".
Filming
"The Dragon and the Wolf" was directed by Jeremy Podeswa. He joined the series as a director in the fifth season, his first episode being "Kill the Boy", which was followed by "Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken", for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. He further directed two more episodes in the series' sixth season, and also directed the seventh season's premiere episode, "Dragonstone". This would be Podeswa's final episode as a director for the series, as he would later reveal that he would not be returning for the series' final season.
In an interview with Variety, Podeswa described the tone in filming the scene at the dragon pit as "laden with tension," and that he was very excited to film the sequence due to several characters meeting for the first time and others reuniting after a long absence from each other. According to a separate interview with USA Today, shooting of the dragon pit scene took place over the course of six days, and was first rehearsed in Belfast, and later on set in Spain. The Italica ruins near Seville, Spain stood in for the dragon pit. Podeswa revealed that the sequence was "40 to 50 pages" in the script, which he felt was a lot of material to work with, saying he had to "make sure everything landed," and that "every look in that script and every moment that needed to be there was actually going to end up on screen."
In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Podeswa described filming the death of Littlefinger and Aidan Gillen's performance, saying "It was moving and difficult to see somebody get to the end of their role on the show, but it was an amazing scene to go out on. The mood when we were shooting it was incredible, actually. Aidan's performance was so, so passionate, and so surprising in a way." The filming of the scene took place over the course of an entire day, with the conclusion being filmed later, with Podeswa noting, "We didn't really shoot the end until a certain point, and was very ready at that point."
Podeswa also described the process behind filming the sexual intimacy between Jon and Daenerys, saying, "In the script, it described the fact that they were love-making, but it didn't go into great detail in terms of what was going on between them as characters in that moment." He went on to state that he "built in a moment between" Kit Harington and Emilia Clarke, who portray Jon and Daenerys respectively, where they "stop for a moment and look into each other's eyes." He continued, "The intention from my point of view, and their point of view too, is that they're driven by passion into this. They don't even fully understand what it's all about and what the consequences of it are. They really can't stop themselves. It's almost destiny that's bringing them together." In regards to the similarity between the appearance of Rhaegar and Viserys Targaryen, Podeswa stated that the brothers were meant to look similar.
Podeswa's first reaction to the final scene of the episode, with the destruction of a portion of the Wall, was "This is an enormous, spectacular sequence. How are we actually going to pull it off?" In order to piece together the sequence, Podeswa was required to work with several different departments, including Benioff and Weiss, the visual effects department, storyboard artist, the set designers, stuntmen, the cinematographer, and the actors themselves. All of the scenes that were filmed on top of the Wall, with Kristofer Hivju and Richard Dormer as Tormund and Beric respectively, were on an actual set in Belfast, along with filming of the stuntmen falling, which would be later transposed by visual effects. He continued by describing the process of creating the non-practical shots by saying, "All of the more panoramic spectacular shots are visual effects, but they're designed by me working with the visual effects department from storyboards that I created with storyboard artists." There were also several interactive elements involved, which Podeswa noted by saying, "When we were shooting the Wall set, we had the lighting effect on the Wall that was caused by the flame, but we hadn't created the flame yet." He continued by revealing the process that went into Viserion's appearance, saying "Everything comes from a sense of logic, so I guess in this particular instance with Viserion, what were the wounds that he suffered before he died? What happened to him underwater and when he was dragged up? All of those kinds of things folded into the discussion of what he should appear to look like when he's resurrected."
Reception
Ratings
"The Dragon and the Wolf" was viewed by 12.07 million viewers on its initial live broadcast on HBO, and an additional 4.4 million viewers on streaming platforms, for a total 16.5 million viewers. This set a ratings record for Game of Thrones as the highest-rated episode of the series at the time, surpassing "Eastwatch", which previously held the record. The episode also acquired a 5.7 rating in the 18–49 demographic, making it the highest-rated show on cable television of the night. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 3.54 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, making it the highest-rated broadcast that week on its channel. It also received 1.02 million timeshift viewers.
Critical reception
"The Dragon and the Wolf" was praised by critics, who listed the meeting at the Dragonpit, Cersei's lack of cooperation to defeat the White Walkers, Aidan Gillen's performance as Littlefinger, and the demolition of the Wall as highlights of the episode. The episode has received an 88% rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes from 64 reviews, with an average score of 8.93 out of 10. The site's consensus reads: "While much slower in pace than the season that preceded it, 'The Dragon and the Wolf' delivered satisfying conclusions to several story arcs, and masterfully set up the series' final season."
The pacing of the episode received mixed reviews. On the other hand, Erik Kain of Forbes believed the episode to be too rushed, but praised it nonetheless for being one of the most "ultimately satisfying episodes HBO has given us to date." He listed the reveal of Jon Snow's lineage as one of the most important moments of the episode, and praised it for paralleling Jon and Daenerys's intimate sexual encounter.
Myles McNutt of The A.V Club wrote that the episode returned to the slow pace of the premiere and criticized its pacing and some of the characters motivations, but gave it a B+ overall. Jeremy Egner of The New York Times also gave praise to the episode, albeit with some criticism towards the episode's predictability, stating that while there were "Plenty of enjoyable moments and blue fire-fueled spectacle, and effectively set up next season’s culminating clashes, it didn't offer much in the way of surprise." Matt Fowler of IGN praised the episode's ability at "delivering lengthy meaningful scenes filled with dialogue, deception, revelations, twists", and the assembly at the Dragonpit. He gave the episode a 9.3 out of 10.
Kain and McNutt were also critical that Rhaegar Targaryen bore too great a resemblance to his brother Viserys Targaryen.
Accolades
References
External links
2017 American television episodes
Game of Thrones (season 7) episodes
Television episodes directed by Jeremy Podeswa
Television episodes written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss | wiki |
Picture of You may refer to:
Picture of You (album), a 2007 album by Ben Mills, or its title track
"Picture of You" (Boyzone song), 1997
"Picture of You", a song by Diesel on the 1992 album Hepfidelity
"Picture of You", a song by My Morning Jacket on the 1999 album The Tennessee Fire
"Picture of You", a song by Elwood
"Picture of You", a song by Mr Hudson and The Library on the 2007 album A Tale of Two Cities
See also
A Picture of You (disambiguation)
Pictures of You (disambiguation) | wiki |
Bifrenaria steyermarkii is a species of orchid.
steyermarkii | wiki |
Acting Out may refer to:
Acting out, a psychological term
"Acting Out" (Will & Grace), an episode of Will & Grace
Acting Out (book), a 2003 book by French philosopher Bernard Stiegler
"Acting Out", a 2009 song by Ashley Tisdale from her album Guilty Pleasure | wiki |
New King James Version, NKJV är en reviderad version av den engelskspråkiga bibelöversättningen King James Bible. Arbetet tog sju år att utgavs i fulltext 1982. NKJV har strävat efter att behålla en del av den språkliga formen hos King James Version, men moderniserat vissa uttryck. Bland annat hade "Thou" och "Thee" ersatts av modernare "You".
Källor
Fotnoter
Engelska bibelöversättningar
Litteratur 1979
Litteratur 1980
Litteratur 1982 | wiki |
The 1949–50 Boston Celtics season was the fourth season of the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This was the last time the Celtics both finished below .500, and missed the playoffs until the 1969–70 season.
Draft
Roster
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #008040; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Boston Celtics 1949–50 roster
|- style="background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #008040; text-align: center;"
! Players !! Coaches
|-
| valign="top" |
! Pos. !! # !! Nat. !! Name !! Ht. !! Wt. !! From
|-
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Game log
References
Boston Celtics seasons
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
1940s in Boston
1950s in Boston | wiki |
Hawaii Route 31, also known as the Pi'ilani Highway, is a 38-mile road on the island of Maui in Maui County, Hawaii, United States.
Description
The route begins in at an intersection with Hawaii Routes 310 and 311 in the East Maui town of Kihei. The highway formerly ran parallel to the coast all the way to the southern terminus of the Hana Highway (Route 360), until developments in Wailea and Makena blocked access. The Kihei section of the highway now terminates in Wailea, and the much longer Kaupo section, which is mostly a one-lane, winding road, is county-maintained as County Road 31, connects Route 37 near Kula to the Route 360 south of Hana (at the western border of Haleakala National Park).
Major intersections
See also
List of state highways in Hawaii
List of highways numbered 31
References
External links
Transportation in Maui County, Hawaii
0031 | wiki |
The following words are terms used in sumo wrestling in Japan.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
M
N
O
R
S
T
W
Y
Z
References
External links
Glossary of Sumo Terms
Sumo Glossary
Sumopedia at NHK World-Japan
Sumo
Sumo-related lists
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists | wiki |
GREC may refer to:
Greenpoint Renaissance Enterprise Corporation, a consortium of neighborhood organizations in North Brooklyn
Group for Reflection among Catholics, a dialogue among traditionalist Catholics in France | wiki |
Moongel is a translucent blue, sticky, gel-like substance produced by the drum practice products company RTOM. It has been incorporated into several products and come in packs of four or six which can applied to a drumhead or cymbal to diminish the higher overtones. It also has become a popular studio technique due to its damping properties. Therefore, it allows for drummers to get a "punchier" sound of out their toms.
RTOM also makes Moongel Workout Pads, which are practice pads that are available in 7" and 14" diameter sizes. The manufacturer claims that unlike most practice pads they allow no "free rebounds", which is said to accelerate muscle development.
Moongels are made from 53% PVC copolymer resin, 27% Dioctyl Terephthalate, 2.5% Epoxied Soybean Oil, 3% Calcium-Zinc Stabilizers, 7% PVC-based Thixotrope and 7.5% Adipate Plasticizer-based Thixotrope. Gel of this composition is commercially available from WRS SportsMed, a division of WRS Group, Inc. under the UltraSoft™ trademark.
External links
Moongel - RTOM
Drumming
Musical instrument parts and accessories | wiki |
Jerry Harvey may refer to:
Jerry Harvey (screenwriter) (1949–1988), American screenwriter and film programmer
Jerry Harvey (inventor) (born 1961), audio engineer
See also
Gerry Harvey (born 1939), Australian entrepreneur
Jeremy Harvey (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of fried chicken dishes. Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world, and was one of the first domesticated animals. Chicken is a major worldwide source of meat for human consumption, and is prepared as food in a wide variety of ways.
One common method of preparing chicken is frying, or cooking of food in oil or another fat. Fried chicken dishes include preparations that are deep fried, such as the ubiquitous fried chicken that originated in the Southern United States, shallow fried, pan fried, stir fried or sautéed.
Fried chicken dishes
See also
Fried chicken restaurant
List of chicken dishes
List of deep fried foods
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
References
External links
Chicken, Fried
Chicken, Fried | wiki |
Welding slag is a form of slag, or vitreous material produced as a byproduct of some arc welding processes, most specifically shielded metal arc welding (also known as stick welding), submerged arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. Slag is formed when flux, the solid shielding material used in the welding process, melts in or on top of the weld zone (also known as Dross). Slag is the solidified remaining flux after the weld area cools.
Flux
Welding flux is a combination of carbonate and silicate materials used in welding processes to shield the weld from atmospheric gases. When the heat of the weld zone reaches the flux, the flux melts and outgasses. The gases produced push the atmospheric gas back, preventing oxidation (and reactions with nitrogen).
The melted flux covers the molten metal in the weld zone. Flux materials are chosen so that the density of the melted flux / slag is lower than that of the metal being welded, so that the flux floats to the very top of the weld puddle and leaves pure or nearly pure metal to solidify below.
Flux materials may also contribute to metal behavior in the molten metal, with physical or chemical alterations to the molten metal.
The flux cover also helps thermally insulate the weld and reduce the cooling rate.
Inclusions
It is possible for areas of slag to become embedded within the solidified metal, if it did not float to the top of the molten metal for some reason. These are called inclusions and are a form of welding defect. Inclusions may be visible on the surface after cleaning, or may be completely contained within the metal, in that case they can only be detected on X-rays of the weld, requiring grinding or drilling to remove (followed by re-welding that section).
Processes
Four welding processes use flux in slag-producing manners:
Shielded metal arc welding, also known as SMAW
Flux-core arc welding, also known as FCAW or FC
Submerged arc welding
Electroslag welding
Removal of slag
Slag does not contribute to strength or protection of metals after the welding process; it is waste material. Removal of the slag is necessary for four reasons:
ability to inspect the quality of the weld area;
aesthetics, or visual appearance;
if a second layer or pass of welding is to be made on top of the first;
to clean and clear the surface for coatings such as paint or oil.
Removal is usually done using manual or power tools. Manual tools may include a welding or chipping hammer, which has a pointed tip on one end to break up large chunks of slag efficiently, or wire brushes. Power tools include angle grinders with grinder disks or wire brush wheels.
See also
Flux (metallurgy)
References
Arc welding | wiki |
In English poetry, accent refers to the stressed syllable of a polysyllabic word, or a monosyllabic word that receives stress because it belongs to an "open class" of words (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) or because of "contrastive" or "rhetorical" stress. In basic analysis of a poem by scansion, accents can be represented by a short vertical line (') preceding the syllable, while the divisions between feet are shown by a slash (/).
There is generally one accent in each foot, for example:
Be-'hold / her, 'sin-/gle 'in / the 'field
Yon 'sol-/i-'tar-/y 'high-/land 'lass!
'Reap-ing / and 'sing-/ing 'by / her-'self;
'Stop here /or 'gent-/ly 'pass.
See also
Stress (linguistics)
References
External links
Fact Monster: accent
Poetic rhythm | wiki |
El Rio del Tiempo ("The River of Time") was a dark ride housed within the pyramid-shaped Mexico pavilion, in EPCOT Center at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The ride carried passengers on a slow boat ride through various scenes from Mexico's history. The scenes were filled with doll-sized Audio-Animatronic figures clad in authentic folk clothing, singing, dancing and playing music.
Synopsis
The ride began on a quiet river under an evening sky. It passed a volcano and continued on to scenes of native inhabitants. The ride continued with scenes of swimming, jumping into the ocean and relaxing at a bar. It would pass a Mexican shop, where merchants talked directly to the riders and tried to bargain with them. The finale was a fireworks filled night sky in modern-day Mexico City, with oversized marionettes dancing in a carousel.
Closure
El Rio del Tiempo closed on January 2, 2007 and was updated into a new ride titled Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros in April 2007. The updated ride is based on the characters from the 1944 Disney film The Three Caballeros, including Donald Duck, Jose Carioca and Panchito Pistoles. The attraction's new story has Jose and Panchito searching for Donald across Mexico. It features much of the same settings as El Rio del Tiempo, and is located in the same place.
See also
Epcot attraction and entertainment history
References
External links
Walt Disney World Resort - Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros
Amusement rides introduced in 1982
Amusement rides that closed in 2007
Former Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Epcot
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts gentle boat rides
Water rides
Audio-Animatronic attractions
1982 establishments in Florida
2007 disestablishments in Florida | wiki |
Cat-Man – personaggio dei fumetti Golden Age
Cat-Man – personaggio dei fumetti Marvel Comics
Cat Man – nativo americano con il maggior numero di modifiche al corpo del mondo
Pagine correlate
Catman | wiki |
Catman – personaggio dei fumetti DC Comics
Catman – personaggio della serie animata Due fantagenitori
Catman – personaggio della serie animata Perfect Hair Forever
Catman – nome d'arte dei membri dei Kiss Peter Criss e Eric Singer
Catman – serie anime ONA
Pagine correlate
Cat-Man | wiki |
An investment company is a financial institution principally engaged in holding, managing and investing securities. These companies in the United States are regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and must be registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Investment companies invest money on behalf of their clients who, in return, share in the profits and losses.
Investment companies are designed for long-term investment, not short-term trading.
Investment companies do not include brokerage companies, insurance companies, or banks.
In United States securities law, there are at least three types of investment companies:
Open-End Management Investment Companies (mutual funds)
Face amount certificates companies: very rare.
Management companies
Closed-End Management Investment Companies (closed-end funds)
UITs (unit investment trusts): only issue redeemable units.
In general, each of these investment companies must register under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940. A fourth and lesser-known type of investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 is a Face-Amount Certificate Company. A major type of company not covered under the Investment Company Act 1940 is private investment companies, which are simply private companies that make investments in stocks or bonds, but are limited to under 250 investors and are not regulated by the SEC. These funds are often composed of very wealthy investors.
See also
Holding company
Investment trust
Private equity firm
References
Investment management
Types of business entity | wiki |
Paurocidaris is een geslacht van uitgestorven zee-egels, en het typegeslacht van de familie Paurocidaridae.
Soorten
Paurocidaris rinbianchi , 1973 †
Cidaroidea
Uitgestorven zee-egels | wiki |
Acedianthrone is an octacyclic relative of anthraquinone that is used as a pigment. It is produced from anthrone by condensation with glyoxal followed by dehydrogenation.
References
Anthraquinone dyes | wiki |
Mynigma (also known as M) is an email client with built-in encryption. It is free for personal use.
The Name “Mynigma” derives from the ancient Greek „Ainigma“ (αἴνιγμα, „Riddle“).
Functionality
Mynigma's core feature is an encryption mechanism that activates automatically when both parties use the client.
With its focus on usability and automation, Mynigma aims to make encryption available specifically to non-technical users.
Platforms
A proof-of-concept app is currently available for Mac and iOS. The most recent version, as well as an Outlook plug-in, are in closed beta. Programs for other platforms like Android are also being developed.
Awards
In 2015, Mynigma received the CeBIT Innovation Award for its unique approach to combining security with usability. The company also finished runner-up in the Gründerpreis der Berliner Sparkasse competition.
Name changes
Due to possible confusion with the meanwhile ceased instant messenger MyEnigma, the program was renamed M in March 2015. Following the announcement of Facebook M in August 2015, the name was changed back to Mynigma.
Privacy
The personal-use version of the program is peer-to-peer. As it does not connect to a central server, it collects no user or usage data.
Security
Mynigma uses end-to-end encryption. The keys required for decryption are stored only on the users' devices.
The encryption format is public and the program's source code is available under a GPL licence.
It uses the algorithms RSA (4096 bit, OAEP padding), AES-128 (CBC with random IV) and SHA-512. Its crypto container is provably CCA secure and protects subject lines as well as message body and attachments.
Man-the-middle prevention
Like any trust-on-first-use system, Mynigma may be subject to a man-in-the-middle attack. This can be prevented by comparing a fingerprint (e.g. over the phone) or scanning a QR code.
Press coverage
Mynigma has been featured in various national newspapers, including Tagesspiegel, FAZ and Die Welt. It appears in the sixth issue of The Hundert magazine.
References
Email clients | wiki |
On the Way Home is the diary of an American farm wife, Laura Ingalls Wilder, during her 1894 migration with her husband Almanzo Wilder and their seven-year-old daughter, Rose, from De Smet, South Dakota, to Mansfield, Missouri, where they settled permanently.
It provides a detailed, daily description of the family's migration and includes commentary by Rose ("a setting by Rose Wilder Lane"). It was published in 1962, after Laura's death, by Harper & Bros., who had published her Little House series of novels. It is sometimes considered part of the series, which is narrowly a series of eight autobiographical children's novels based on Wilder's life from about 1870 to 1894 in South Dakota, ages about three to 27.
References
Little House books
1962 non-fiction books
Children's non-fiction books
Diaries
Harper & Row books
1894 in the United States
1962 children's books
Books published posthumously | wiki |
NPAS1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor.
See also
NPAS3
References
External links
Transcription factors
PAS-domain-containing proteins | wiki |
The following is a list of the tallest buildings by U.S. state and territory. Forty are in their state's largest city, and 18 are in their capital city. The tallest building in the U.S. by architectural height is currently Central Park Tower in New York, which is approximately —more than the combined heights of the tallest buildings in Wyoming, Vermont, Maine, South Dakota, Montana, North Dakota, New Hampshire, and West Virginia. Many are attributed to banks: three to JPMorgan Chase and U.S. Bancorp, and two to Wells Fargo and Bank of America.
Current tallest building in each state, territory or district
Tallest buildings proposed or under construction
These future buildings, if completed, would overtake the title of the tallest building in their respective states.
Method of determination
The building heights compared here are calculated from the ground level to the architectural top and include heights of all habitable structures irrespective of number of occupied floors. Non-freestanding structures, observational towers, and communication towers are excluded (North Dakota boasts the largest guyed mast structure in the world), as are antennas extending from the structure top. However integral spires are included, facilitating One World Trade Center to be considered taller than Willis Tower, even though the highest occupied floor of Willis Tower is higher than that of One World Trade Center. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is considered the arbiter for any dispute. For more information, see building heights.
See also
List of tallest buildings in the United States
List of tallest buildings in the world
List of tallest structures in the United States
Notes
References
Tallest Buildings | wiki |
Pork ribs are a cut of pork popular in Western and Asian cuisines. The ribcage of a domestic pig, meat and bones together, is cut into usable pieces, prepared by smoking, grilling, or baking – usually with a sauce, often barbecue – and then served.
Cuts of pork ribs
Several different types of ribs are available, depending on the section of the rib cage from which they are cut. Variations in the thickness of the meat and bone, as well as levels of fat in each cut, can alter the flavor and texture of the prepared dish. The inner surface of the rib cage is covered by a layer of connective tissue (pleura) that is difficult to cook tender; it is usually removed before marinating or cooking.
Back ribs
Back ribs (also back ribs or loin ribs) are taken from the top of the rib cage between the spine and the spare ribs, below the loin muscle. They have meat between the bones and on top of the bones and are shorter, curved, and sometimes meatier than spare ribs. The rack is shorter at one end due to the natural tapering of a pig's rib cage. The shortest bones are typically only about and the longest is usually about , depending on the size of the hog. A pig side has 15 to 16 ribs (depending on the breed), but usually, two or three are left on the shoulder when it is separated from the loin. A rack of back ribs contains a minimum of eight ribs (some may be trimmed if damaged) but can include up to 13 ribs, depending on how the butcher has prepared it. A typical commercial rack has 10–13 bones. If fewer than ten bones are present, butchers call them "cheater racks."
Spareribs
Spare ribs, also called "spareribs" or "side ribs," are taken from the belly side of the rib cage, below the section of back ribs, and above the sternum (breast bone). Spareribs are flatter and contain more bone than meat but more fat, making the ribs more tender than back ribs. The term spare ribs is an Early Modern English corruption (via ) of , a Low German term that referred to racks of meat being roasted on a turning spit.
St. Louis style ribs (or St. Louis cut spare ribs) have had the sternum bone, cartilage, and rib tips (see below) removed. The shape is almost rectangular.
Kansas City style ribs are trimmed less closely than the St. Louis style ribs and have the hard bone removed.
Rib tips
Rib tips are short, meaty sections of rib attached to the lower end of the spare ribs, between the ribs and the sternum. Unlike back ribs or spare ribs, the rib structure is provided by dense costal cartilage, not bone. Rib tips are cut away from the spare ribs when preparing St. Louis-style spare ribs.
Riblets
Riblets are sometimes prepared by butchers by cutting a full set of spare ribs approximately in half. This produces a set of short, flat ribs where the curved part of the rib is removed and gives them a more uniform look. Loin back ribs do not always have this removed. When not removed, they look rounded and are often referred to as baby back ribs. Riblets, as defined by the North American Meat Processors Association as pork cut number 424, the pork loin riblet, is the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and any accompanying lean meat that is left after the loin and tenderloin are removed. These riblets, number 424, must include at least four transverse processes from the lumbar spine but no more than two rib bones. Riblets used to be thrown out by butchers but have become popular due to their excellent flavor and lower cost.
Button ribs (or feather bones) are often confused with riblets mostly because Applebee's sells these as riblets. What Applebee's sells is found just past the ribs near the backbone, just underneath the tenderloin. This cut of meat has no bones but instead has "buttons" of cartilaginous material with meat attached.
Rib tips (or brisket) are found at the bottom of the spare ribs by the sternum. The rib tips have a high proportion of cartilage. The rib tips give the spare ribs a rounded appearance. This piece is sometimes removed to provide the meat with a more uniform appearance and make it easier to eat, and the remaining spare ribs are referred to as Saint Louis-style ribs.
Other cuts and preparations
Button ribs are flat, circular-shaped bones located at the sirloin end of the loin. They are not actually ribs, as they are not taken from the rib cage. The button ribs consist of the last four to six bones on the backbone; they do not have actual ribs connected to them. The meat on the button ribs consists of meat that covers each button and connects them.
Country-style ribs are cut from the blade end of the loin close to the pork shoulder. They are meatier than other rib cuts. They contain no rib bones but instead contain parts of the shoulder blade (scapula).
Rib roast (or bone-in pork loin rib roast, bone-in loin rib roast, center cut rib roast, prime rib of pork, standing rib roast) is a whole pork loin with the back ribs attached. They can be up to long and thick. They are sold whole or in sections.
Rib chops are pork steaks or chops that include a back rib bone and the loin meat attached. They are lean and tender.
Rib patties – The meat from the ribs is taken off the bone and ground to make rib patties. McDonald's McRib patties contain pork meat mostly from non-rib sections of the hog.
Christmas ribs – About half of Norwegian families eat oven-cooked ribs on Christmas Eve. Normally, they are referred to as or . Traditional recipes include steaming for half an hour before cooking in the oven to achieve a crisp surface.
See also
Ribs (food)
Beef ribs
Galbi
Rack of lamb
Pork belly
References
External links
Cuts of pork
Chinese cuisine
Indonesian cuisine
Korean cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine
German cuisine
Italian cuisine
French cuisine
Mexican cuisine
Soul food
Cuisine of the Southern United States | wiki |
A blooming onion, also called onion bloom, onion blossom, onion flower, bloomin' onion, Australian onion or onion mum, is a dish consisting of one large onion, cut to resemble a flower (after it has expanded while soaking in ice water), battered, and deep-fried, often served with dipping sauce. It is served as an appetizer at some restaurants.
History
References to an "onion mum" consisting of an onion cut into the shape of a flower date as far back as 1947, though this dish did not fry or cook the onion. The more popular fried version of the dish was likely invented in 1985 at New Orleans restaurant Russell's Marina Grill, where future Outback Steakhouse founder Tim Gannon worked at the time.
The dish was popularized in the United States when it appeared as "Bloomin' Onion", a charter feature of the Outback Steakhouse when that national chain opened in 1988. It is usually served with a restaurant-specific signature dipping sauce.
From June 21, 2016, Outback Steakhouse began serving a limited time only variant of the Bloomin' Onion, the Loaded Bloomin' Onion.
Nutrition
The egg wash and deep frying preparation process of the dish means it is high in calories; a single blooming onion with dressing contains approximately 1660 calories and 87 grams of fat. In 2007, a study by the Center for Science in the Public Interest found a fat content of 116 grams, including a combined 44 grams of saturated and trans fat.
When it existed, the similarly styled Awesome Blossom at Chili's was ranked "Worst Appetizer in America" by Men's Health magazine in 2008 for the unusually high totals of calories and fat, with 2,710 calories, 203 grams (1,827 calories) of fat, 194 grams of carbohydrates, and 6,360 milligrams of sodium, with as much fat as 67 strips of bacon. For reference, the U.S. Reference Daily Intake for fat is 65g and for sodium is 2300 mg, assuming a 2000-calorie diet, while typical daily food energy recommendations lie in the range of 1600-3000 calories.
See also
Onion ring
French fries
List of hors d'oeuvre
List of onion dishes
References
External links
Onion-based foods
Appetizers
Deep fried foods
Cuisine of the Southern United States
American vegetable dishes | wiki |
Polyphlebium is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) but not by some other sources.
Taxonomy
The genus Polyphlebium was erected by Edwin Copeland in 1938. Its status, like other genera in the family Hymenophyllaceae, remains disputed. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts the genus, saying that there are about 15 species. , the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World lists 17 species, whereas Plants of the World Online sinks the genus into Trichomanes.
Phylogeny
, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following species:
Phylogeny of Polyphlebium by Fern Tree of Life.
Unassigned species:
Polyphlebium borbonicum (Bosch) Ebihara & Dubuisson
Polyphlebium haughtii (Morton) comb. ined.
Polyphlebium herzogii (Rosenst.) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler
Polyphlebium philippianum (Sturm) Ebihara & Dubuisson
Polyphlebium pyxidiferum (L.) Ebihara & Dubuisson
Polyphlebium tenuissimum (Bosch) comb. ined.
Polyphlebium werneri (Rosenst.) Ebihara & K.Iwats.
See also
List of fern families
References
Hymenophyllales
Fern genera | wiki |
A layette is a collection of clothing and accessories for a newborn child. The term "layette set" is commonly used in the United States to refer to sets of baby clothes. In the 1920s, expectant mothers or their friends and relatives frequently knitted a matching layette set, consisting of a blanket, hat, sweater and booties. That tradition has continued to the present day.
Traditionally, women would often hand-sew or knit their baby's clothes during their pregnancy. Today "layette" is often used to identify a baby clothing section of a store. The term can also be used for bedding, accessories, and baby care items.
Basic layette
Although there is no strict definition of the items included in a layette, basic layette items often include:
a going-home-from-the-hospital (or birth center) outfit
legless sleepwear (sleeping gowns / kimono / sleeping bags / newborn sacques / blanket sleepers) or footed sleepers
onesies (short-sleeved, legless bodysuits) / all-in-ones / rompers / coveralls
undershirts / T-shirts
receiving blankets
swaddling blankets
hooded towels
baby washcloths
cloth diapers (nappies)
socks / bootees
hats / beanies / sweaters / bunting (depending on the climate)
burp cloths (cloth diapers are often recommended)
Scratch mitts
Vests
baby rattles
teethers
pacifiers (dummies)
baby bottles
See also
Maternity package
Further reading
Baby care for health and comfort (c1944). Bureau of Educational Services, Byron G. Moon Company. Poster 65 x 51 cm. National Library of Medicine accession number: 04-08.
References
Infants' clothing | wiki |
Farthest neighbor may refer to:
Farthest neighbor graph in geometry
The farthest neighbor method for calculating distances between clusters in hierarchical clustering.
See also
Nearest neighbor (disambiguation) | wiki |
In physics and engineering, kinetics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the relationship between the motion and its causes, specifically, forces and torques. Since the mid-20th century, the term "dynamics" (or "analytical dynamics") has largely superseded "kinetics" in physics textbooks, though the term is still used in engineering.
In plasma physics, kinetics refers to the study of continua in velocity space. This is usually in the context of non-thermal (non-Maxwellian) velocity distributions, or processes that perturb thermal distributions. These "kinetic plasmas" cannot be adequately described with fluid equations.
The term kinetics is also used to refer to chemical kinetics, particularly in chemical physics and physical chemistry. In such uses, a qualifier is often used or implied, for example: "physical kinetics", "crystal growth kinetics", and so on.
References | wiki |
This is an episode list for the Canadian TV show Blue Murder. The show aired its pilot on January 10, 2001 and ended its four-year run on July 9, 2004.
The show centered on the fictitious Blue Murder Unit of the Toronto Police Department. Cases usually involved murders, kidnapping or other violent offenses.
The show has been broadcast in the UK on the Hallmark Channel.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2001)
Season 2 (2001–02)
Season 3 (2003)
Season 4 (2004)
External links
Lists of crime drama television series episodes
Lists of crime television series episodes
Lists of Canadian television series episodes
Lists of Canadian drama television series episodes | wiki |
The Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process is a subcommittee within the House Rules Committee
According to the Committee rules, this Subcommittee has general responsibility for measures or matters related to relations between the Congress and the Executive Branch.
Members, 117th Congress
Source:
Members, 116th Congress
Members, 115th Congress
External links
Rules Committee, Subcommittee page
Rules Legislative and Budget Process | wiki |
When Lights Are Low may refer to:
"When Lights Are Low", a song composed by Benny Carter and Spencer Williams, 1936
When Lights Are Low (Tony Bennett album), 1964
When Lights Are Low (Claire Martin and Richard Rodney Bennett album), 2005
When Lights Are Low (Kenny Burrell album), 1979 | wiki |
The Kambara nritham or Kambara dance is a folk dance performed by the Adiyan tribe of Wayanad, a northern district of the state of Kerala. In this artform, men sing folk songs and play wind and percussion instruments, while women dance near the paddies where saplings are collected.
See also
Folk dance in India
References
Folk dances of Kerala | wiki |
Products of conception, abbreviated POC, is a medical term used for the tissue derived from the union of an egg and a sperm. It encompasses anembryonic gestation (blighted ovum) which does not have a viable embryo.
In the context of tissue from a dilation and curettage, the presence of POC essentially excludes an ectopic pregnancy.
Retained products of conception
Retained products of conception is where products of conception remain in the uterus after childbirth, medical abortion or miscarriage (also known as spontaneous abortion). Miscarriage with retained products of conception is termed delayed when no or very little products of conception have been passed, and incomplete when some products have been passed but some still remain in utero.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, quantitative HCG, ultrasound, and pathologic evaluation. A solid, heterogeneous, echogenic mass has a positive predictive value of 80%, but is present in only a minority of cases. A thickened endometrium of > 10 mm is usually considered abnormal, though no consensus exists on the appropriate cutoff. A cut-off of 8 mm or more has 34% positive rate, while a cut off of 14 mm or more has 85% sensitivity, 64% specificity for the diagnosis. Color Doppler flow in the endometrial canal can increased confidence in the diagnosis, though its absence does not exclude it, as 40% of cases of retained products have little or no flow. The differential in suspected cases includes uterine atony, blood clot, gestational trophoblastic disease, and normal post partum appearance of the uterus. Post partum blood clot is more common, reported in up to 24% of postpartum patients, and tends to be more hypoechoic than retained products with absent color flow on Doppler, and resolving spontaneously on follow up scans. The presence of gas raises the possibility of post partum endometritis, though this can also be seen in up to 21% of normal post pregnancy states. The normal post partum uterus is usually less than 2 cm in thickness, and continues to involute on follow up scans to 7 mm or less over time. Retained products are not uncommon, occurring in approximately 1% of all pregnancies, though it more common following abortions, either elective or spontaneous. There is significant overlap between appearance of a normal post partum uterus and retained products. If there is no endometrial canal mass or fluid, and endometrial thickness is less than 10 mm and without increased flow, retained products are statistically unlikely.
Infections
Recent studies indicate that the products of conception may be susceptible to pathogenic infections, including viral infections. Indeed, footprints of JC polyomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus have been detected in chorionic villi from females affected by spontaneous abortion as well as pregnant women. Another virus, BK polyomavirus has been detected in the same tissues, but with lesser extent.
Treatment
After medical abortion
According to the 2006 WHO Frequently asked clinical questions about medical abortion, the presence of remaining products of conception in the uterus (as detected by obstetric ultrasonography) after a medical abortion is not an indication for surgical intervention (that is, vacuum aspiration or dilation and curettage). Remaining products of conception will be expelled during subsequent vaginal bleeding. Still, surgical intervention may be carried out on the woman's request, if the bleeding is heavy or prolonged, or causes anemia, or if there is evidence of endometritis.
In delayed miscarriage
In delayed miscarriage (also called missed abortion), the Royal Women's Hospital recommendations of management depend on the findings in ultrasonography:
Gestational sac greater than 30-35mm, embryo larger than ~25mm (corresponding to 9+0 weeks of gestational age): Surgery is recommended. It poses a high risk of pain and bleeding with passage of products of conception. Alternative methods may still be considered.
Gestational sac 15-35mm, embryo smaller than 25mm (corresponding to between 7 and 9+0 weeks of gestational age): Medication is recommended. Surgery or expectant management may be considered.
Gestational sac smaller than 15-20mm, corresponding to a gestational age of less than 7 weeks: Expectant management or medication is preferable. The products of conception may be difficult to find surgically with a considerable risk of failed surgical procedure.
In incomplete miscarriage
In incomplete miscarriage, the Royal Women's Hospital recommendations of management depend on the findings in ultrasonography:
Retained products of conception smaller than 15mm: Expectant management is generally preferable. There is a high chance of spontaneous expulsion.
Retained products of conception measuring between 15 and 20mm: Medical or expectant management are recommended. Surgery should only be considered upon specific indication.
At retained products of conception measuring over 35 to 50mm, the following measures are recommended:
Administration of misoprostol to hasten passage of products of conception.
Admission to inpatient care for observation for a few hours or overnight until the majority of the products of conception has passed and bleeding subsided.
After apparent failure of misoprostol, a gynecologic examination should be done prior to considering surgical evacuation of the uterus or the patient leaving the
See also
Abortion
Miscarriage
References
Reproduction
Human pregnancy
Miscarriage | wiki |
Where the Action Is is an American music-based television variety show.
Where the Action Is may also refer to:
Where the Action Is (Steve Alaimo album), 1965
Where the Action Is (The Waterboys album), 2019
"Where the Action Is" (song), a 1977 song by John Paul Young
Where the Action Is! Los Angeles Nuggets: 1965–1968, a 2009 box set
Where the Action Is Tour, a tour featuring Swedish rock bands | wiki |
Power brakes consist of a system of hydraulics used to slow down or stop a motor vehicle. It uses a combination of mechanical components and vacuum assistance to multiply the pressure applied to the brake pedal by the driver into enough force to actuate the brakes and stop the vehicle. By contrast, manual brakes rely solely on the pressure the driver applies to the brake pedal.
A power braking system consists of several distinct components, including the vacuum booster, master cylinder, brake fluid reservoir and lines, and calipers (or drums). Power brakes have been around in some form since the 1920s, and since the late 20th century all cars sold in North America have been equipped with power brakes.
Components
Vacuum booster
The vacuum booster was invented in 1927 in order to provide a shorter stopping distance. Vacuum boosters provide brake assist for the driver by multiplying the force out of the booster creating more than the force that was used to push on the brake pedal. The booster works by pulling the air out of the booster chamber with a pump or other vacuum source (typically the engine's intake manifold
), creating a low-pressure system inside. When the driver steps on the brake pedal, the input rod on the booster is pushed in which lets atmospheric pressure into the booster. This, in turn, pushes the diaphragm toward the master cylinder.
Master cylinder
The master cylinder is located behind the driver’s side dashboard mounted on the vacuum booster. The pressure inside of the master cylinder is created by a primary and secondary piston. These are pushed by the output rod of the vacuum booster to compress fluid within its primary and secondary chambers (hydraulic pressure). The hydraulic pressure is translated through the brake lines to the brake calipers. When the brake fluid is pushed through the brake lines, the master cylinder chambers are replenished by the reservoir (attached to the top of the master cylinder).
Brake calipers
Often used in disc brakes, the brake calipers consists of one to two hollow aluminum or chrome-plated steel pistons (caliper pistons). Brake calipers are one of the most important parts of a vehicle and are essential for your vehicle's ability to stop. The job of the caliper is to slow the vehicle's wheels using the friction they create against metal discs (rotors). They work by taking the pressure given by the master cylinder to force the pistons against the rotor. The development and use of disc-type brakes began in England in the 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham factory in 1902. In a disc-braking system the rotors are attached to the car's wheels and spin together.
Drum brakes
Another type of power brake installed in automobiles is called the drum brake. This type of brake, in general, will create some friction that will slow down the wheel. In this type of brake there is a brake cylinder that connects master cylinder to the drum brake via brake lines that transfer pressure from the master cylinder. When the driver pushes the brake pedal with his/her foot, the pistons inside the cylinder will activate. The activation of this piston will allow two brake shoes located within the drum of the brake to expand, thus generating friction to slow down and stop the wheel. Usually, this brake is located in the rear wheels of the vehicle, while the disc brake is located at the front of the vehicle. A car may also have only drum brakes or disc brakes both front and rear.
Operation
The driver initiates the braking process by depressing the brake pedal, springing a series of mechanical linkages into motion. The pressure exerted by the driver on the pedal is multiplied by the vacuum booster, which uses engine vacuum to pull the booster's rod and diaphragm forward toward the master cylinder. The forward travel of the rod causes the piston in the master cylinder to compress; this action pushes the brake fluid through the brake lines, which lead to the calipers. There, the fluid compresses the caliper pistons, which causes the brake pads to move inboard and contact the rotors. The resulting friction slows the vehicle.
This process is largely the same as a manual braking system; the primary difference is the addition of the vacuum booster.
References
External links
Brakes
Vehicle braking technologies | wiki |
Road Kill is a 1999 low-budget black comedy directed by Matthew Leutwyler and starring Jennifer Rubin and Erik Palladino. It won two awards in 1999, including the Audience Award for Best Film at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival.
Cast
Jennifer Rubin as Blue
Erik Palladino as Alex
Billy Jayne as Lars
Anthony John Denison as Mr. Z
Richard Portnow as Charbonneau
Catherine Dyer as Sara
Jon Polito as Jelly
Chris Codol as Jordy
Matthew Brannan as Ronnie
Amanda Foreman as Shayla
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Bobby
Jason MacDonald as Frank
Production
Filming locations for Road Kill included Los Angeles, Bakersfield, California, and Palm Springs, California.
References
External links
1999 films
Films directed by Matthew Leutwyler
Films shot in California
1990s action films
1990s English-language films
American black comedy films
1990s American films | wiki |
Milling cutters are cutting tools typically used in milling machines or machining centres to perform milling operations (and occasionally in other machine tools). They remove material by their movement within the machine (e.g., a ball nose mill) or directly from the cutter's shape (e.g., a form tool such as a hobbing cutter).
Features of a milling cutter
Milling cutters come in several shapes and many sizes. There is also a choice of coatings, as well as rake angle and number of cutting surfaces.
Shape: Several standard shapes of milling cutter are used in industry today, which are explained in more detail below.
Flutes / teeth: The flutes of the milling bit are the deep helical grooves running up the cutter, while the sharp blade along the edge of the flute is known as the tooth. The tooth cuts the material, and chips of this material are pulled up the flute by the rotation of the cutter. There is almost always one tooth per flute, but some cutters have two teeth per flute. Often, the words flute and tooth are used interchangeably. Milling cutters may have from one to many teeth, with two, three and four being most common. Typically, the more teeth a cutter has, the more rapidly it can remove material. So, a 4-tooth cutter can remove material at twice the rate of a two-tooth cutter.
Helix angle: The flutes of a milling cutter are almost always helical. If the flutes were straight, the whole tooth would impact the material at once, causing vibration and reducing accuracy and surface quality. Setting the flutes at an angle allows the tooth to enter the material gradually, reducing vibration. Typically, finishing cutters have a higher rake angle (tighter helix) to give a better finish.
Center cutting: Some milling cutters can drill straight down (plunge) through the material, while others cannot. This is because the teeth of some cutters do not go all the way to the centre of the end face. However, these cutters can cut downwards at an angle of 45 degrees or so.
Roughing or Finishing: Different types of cutter are available for cutting away large amounts of material, leaving a poor surface finish (roughing), or removing a smaller amount of material, but leaving a good surface finish (finishing). A roughing cutter may have serrated teeth for breaking the chips of material into smaller pieces. These teeth leave a rough surface behind. A finishing cutter may have a large number (four or more) teeth for removing material carefully. However, the large number of flutes leaves little room for efficient swarf removal, so they are less appropriate for removing large amounts of material.
Coatings: The right tool coatings can have a great influence on the cutting process by increasing cutting speed and tool life, and improving the surface finish. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is an exceptionally hard coating used on cutters that must withstand high abrasive wear. A PCD coated tool may last up to 100 times longer than an uncoated tool. However, the coating cannot be used at temperatures above 600 degrees C, or on ferrous metals. Tools for machining aluminium are sometimes given a coating of TiAlN. Aluminium is a relatively sticky metal, and can weld itself to the teeth of tools, causing them to appear blunt. However, it tends not to stick to TiAlN, allowing the tool to be used for much longer in aluminium.
Shank: The shank is the cylindrical (non-fluted) part of the tool which is used to hold and locate it in the tool holder. A shank may be perfectly round, and held by friction, or it may have a Weldon Flat, where a set screw, also known as a grub screw, makes contact for increased torque without the tool slipping. The diameter may be different from the diameter of the cutting part of the tool, so that it can be held by a standard tool holder.§ The length of the shank might also be available in different sizes, with relatively short shanks (about 1.5x diameter) called "stub", long (5x diameter), extra long (8x diameter) and extra extra long (12x diameter).
Types
End mill
End mills (middle row in image) are those tools that have cutting teeth at one end, as well as on the sides. The words end mill are generally used to refer to flat bottomed cutters, but also include rounded cutters (referred to as ball nosed) and radiused cutters (referred to as bull nose, or torus). They are usually made from high speed steel or cemented carbide, and have one or more flutes. They are the most common tool used in a vertical mill.
Roughing end mill
Roughing end mills quickly remove large amounts of material. This kind of end mill utilizes a wavy tooth form cut on the periphery. These wavy teeth act as many successive cutting edges producing many small chips. This results in a relatively rough surface finish, but the swarf takes the form of short thin sections and is more manageable than a thicker more ribbon-like section, resulting in smaller chips that are easier to clear. During cutting, multiple teeth are in simultaneous contact with the workpiece, reducing chatter and vibration. Rapid stock removal with heavy milling cuts is sometimes called hogging. Roughing end mills are also sometimes known as "rippa" or "ripper" cutters.
Ball cutter
Ball nose cutters or ball end mills (lower row in image) are similar to slot drills, but the end of the cutters are hemispherical. They are ideal for machining 3-dimensional contoured shapes in machining centres, for example in moulds and dies. They are sometimes called ball mills in shop-floor slang, despite the fact that that term also has another meaning. They are also used to add a radius between perpendicular faces to reduce stress concentrations.
A bull nose cutter mills a slot with a corner radius, intermediate between an end mill and ball cutter; for example, it may be a 20 mm diameter cutter with a 2 mm radius corner. The silhouette is essentially a rectangle with its corners truncated (by either a chamfer or radius).
Slab mill
Slab mills are used either by themselves or in gang milling operations on manual horizontal or universal milling machines to machine large broad surfaces quickly. They have been superseded by the use of cemented carbide-tipped face mills which are then used in vertical mills or machining centres.
Side-and-face cutter
The side-and-face cutter is designed with cutting teeth on its side as well as its circumference. They are made in varying diameters and widths depending on the application. The teeth on the side allow the cutter to make unbalanced cuts (cutting on one side only) without deflecting the cutter as would happen with a slitting saw or slot cutter (no side teeth).
Cutters of this form factor were the earliest milling cutters developed. From the 1810s to at least the 1880s they were the most common form of milling cutter, whereas today that distinction probably goes to end mills. Traditionally, HSS side and face cutters are used to mill slots and grooves.
Involute gear cutter
There are 8 cutters (excluding the rare half sizes) that will cut gears from 12 teeth through to a rack (infinite diameter).
Hob
These cutters are a type of form tool and are used in hobbing machines to generate gears. A cross-section of the cutter's tooth will generate the required shape on the workpiece, once set to the appropriate conditions (blank size). A hobbing machine is a specialised milling machine.
Thread mill
Whereas a hob engages the work much as a mating gear would (and cuts the blank progressively until it reaches final shape), a thread milling cutter operates much like an endmill, traveling around the work in a helical interpolation.
Face mill
A face mill is a cutter designed for facing as opposed to e.g., creating a pocket (end mills). The cutting edges of face mills are always located along its sides. As such it must always cut in a horizontal direction at a given depth coming from outside the stock. Multiple teeth distribute the chip load, and since the teeth are normally disposable carbide inserts, this combination allows for very large and efficient face milling.
Fly cutter
A fly cutter is composed of a body into which one or two tool bits are inserted. As the entire unit rotates, the tool bits take broad, shallow facing cuts. Fly cutters are analogous to face mills in that their purpose is face milling and their individual cutters are replaceable. Face mills are more ideal in various respects (e.g., rigidity, indexability of inserts without disturbing effective cutter diameter or tool length offset, depth-of-cut capability), but tend to be expensive, whereas fly cutters are very inexpensive.
Most fly cutters simply have a cylindrical center body that holds one tool bit. It is usually a standard left-hand turning tool that is held at an angle of 30 to 60 degrees. Fly cutters with two tool bits have no "official" name but are often called double fly cutters, double-end fly cutters, or fly bars. The latter name reflects that they often take the form of a bar of steel with a tool bit fastened on each end. Often these bits will be mounted at right angles to the bar's main axis, and the cutting geometry is supplied by using a standard right-hand turning tool.
Regular fly cutters (one tool bit, swept diameter usually less than 100 mm) are widely sold in machinists' tooling catalogs. Fly bars are rarely sold commercially; they are usually made by the user. Fly bars are perhaps a bit more dangerous to use than endmills and regular fly cutters because of their larger swing. As one machinist put it, running a fly bar is like "running a lawn mower without the deck", that is, the exposed swinging cutter is a rather large opportunity to take in nearby hand tools, rags, fingers, and so on. However, given that a machinist can never be careless with impunity around rotating cutters or workpieces, this just means using the same care as always except with slightly higher stakes. Well-made fly bars in conscientious hands give years of trouble-free, cost-effective service for the facing off of large polygonal workpieces such as die/mold blocks.
Woodruff cutter
Woodruff cutters are used to cut the keyway for a woodruff key.
Hollow mill
Hollow milling cutters, more often called simply hollow mills, are essentially "inside-out endmills". They are shaped like a piece of pipe (but with thicker walls), with their cutting edges on the inside surface. They were originally used on turret lathes and screw machines as an alternative to turning with a box tool, or on milling machines or drill presses to finish a cylindrical boss (such as a trunnion). Hollow mills can be used on modern CNC lathes and Swiss style machines. An advantage to using an indexable adjustable hollow mill on a Swiss-style machine is replacing multiple tools. By performing multiple operations in a single pass, the machine does not need as can accommodate other tools in the tool zone and improves productivity.
More advanced hollow mills use indexable carbide inserts for cutting, although traditional high speed steel and carbide-tipped blades are still used.
Hollow milling has an advantage over other ways of cutting because it can perform multiple operations. A hollow mill can reduce the diameter of a part and also perform facing, centering, and chamfering in a single pass.
Hollow mills offer an advantage over single point tooling. Multiple blades allow the feed rate to double and can hold a closer concentricity. The number of blades can be as many as 8 or as few as 3. For significant diameter removal (roughing), more blades are necessary.
Trepanning is also possible with a hollow mill. Special form blades can be used on a hollow mill for trepanning diameters, forms, and ring grooves.
Interpolation is also not necessary when using a hollow mill; this can result in a significant reduction of production time.
Both convex and concave spherical radii are possible with a hollow mill. The multiple blades of a hollow mill allow this radius to be produced while holding a tight tolerance.
A common use of a hollow mill is preparing for threading. The hollow mill can create a consistent pre-thread diameter quickly, improving productivity.
An adjustable hollow mill is a valuable tool for even a small machine shop to have because the blades can be changed out for an almost infinite number of possible geometries.
Dovetail cutter
A dovetail cutter is an end mill whose form leaves behind a dovetail slot, such as often forms the ways of a machine tool.
Shell mill
Modular principle
A shell mill is any of various milling cutters (typically a face mill or endmill) whose construction takes a modular form, with the shank (arbor) made separately from the body of the cutter, which is called a "shell" and attaches to the shank/arbor via any of several standardized joining methods.
This modular style of construction is appropriate for large milling cutters for about the same reason that large diesel engines use separate pieces for each cylinder and head whereas a smaller engine would use one integrated casting. Two reasons are that (1) for the maker it is more practical (and thus less expensive) to make the individual pieces as separate endeavors than to machine all their features in relation to each other while the whole unit is integrated (which would require a larger machine tool work envelope); and (2) the user can change some pieces while keeping other pieces the same (rather than changing the whole unit). One arbor (at a hypothetical price of USD100) can serve for various shells at different times. Thus 5 different milling cutters may require only USD100 worth of arbor cost, rather than USD500, as long as the workflow of the shop does not require them all to be set up simultaneously. It is also possible that a crashed tool scraps only the shell rather than both the shell and arbor. To also avoid damage to the shell, many cutters, especially in larger diameters, also have another replaceable part called shim, which is mounted to the shell and the inserts are mounted on the shim. That way, in case of light damage, only the insert and maximum the shim needs replacement. The shell is safe. This would be like crashing a "regular" endmill and being able to reuse the shank rather than losing it along with the flutes.
Most shell mills made today use indexable inserts for the cutting edges—thus shank, body, and cutting edges are all modular components.
Mounting methods
There are several common standardized methods of mounting shell mills to their arbors. They overlap somewhat (not entirely) with the analogous joining of lathe chucks to the spindle nose.
The most common type of joint between shell and arbor involves a fairly large cylindrical feature at center (to locate the shell concentric to the arbor) and two driving lugs or tangs that drive the shell with a positive engagement (like a dog clutch). Within the central cylindrical area, one or several socket head cap screws fasten the shell to the arbor.
Another type of shell fastening is simply a large-diameter fine thread. The shell then screws onto the arbor just as old-style lathe chuck backplates screw onto the lathe's spindle nose. This method is commonly used on the 2" or 3" boring heads used on knee mills. As with the threaded-spindle-nose lathe chucks, this style of mounting requires that the cutter only make cuts in one rotary direction. Usually (i.e., with right-hand helix orientation) this means only M03, never M04, or in pre-CNC terminology, "only forward, never reverse". One could use a left-hand thread if one needed a mode of use involving the opposite directions (i.e., only M04, never M03).
Using a milling cutter
Chip formation
Although there are many different types of milling cutter, understanding chip formation is fundamental to the use of any of them.
As the milling cutter rotates, the material to be cut is fed into it, and each tooth of the cutter cuts away a small chip of material. Achieving the correct size of chip is of critical importance. The size of this chip depends on several variables.
Surface cutting speed (Vc) This is the speed at which each tooth cuts through the material as the tool spins. This is measured either in metres per minute in metric countries, or surface feet per minute (SFM) in America. Typical values for cutting speed are 10m/min to 60m/min for some steels, and 100m/min and 600m/min for aluminum. This should not be confused with the feed rate. This value is also known as "tangential velocity."
Spindle speed (S) This is the rotation speed of the tool, and is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). Typical values are from hundreds of rpm, up to tens of thousands of rpm.
Diameter of the tool (D)
Number of teeth (z)
Feed per tooth (Fz) This is the distance the material is fed into the cutter as each tooth rotates. This value is the size of the deepest cut the tooth will make.Typical values could be 0.1 mm/tooth or 1 mm/tooth
Feed rate (F) This is the speed at which the material is fed into the cutter. Typical values are from 20 mm/min to 5000 mm/min.
Depth of cut This is how deep the tool is under the surface of the material being cut (not shown on the diagram). This will be the height of the chip produced. Typically, the depth of cut will be less than or equal to the diameter of the cutting tool.
The machinist needs three values: S, F and Depth when deciding how to cut a new material with a new tool. However, he will probably be given values of Vc and Fz from the tool manufacturer. S and F can be calculated from them:
Conventional milling versus climb milling
A milling cutter can cut in two directions, sometimes known as conventional or up and climb or down.
Conventional milling (left): The chip thickness starts at zero thickness, and increases up to the maximum. The cut is so light at the beginning that the tool does not cut, but slides across the surface of the material, until sufficient pressure is built up and the tooth suddenly bites and begins to cut. This deforms the material (at point A on the diagram, left), hardening it, and dulling the tool. The sliding and biting behaviour leaves a poor finish on the material.
Climb milling (right): Each tooth engages the material at a definite point, and the width of the cut starts at the maximum and decreases to zero. The chips are disposed behind the cutter, leading to easier swarf removal. The tooth does not rub on the material, and so tool life may be longer. However, climb milling can apply larger loads to the machine, and so is not recommended for older milling machines or machines that are not in good condition. This type of milling is used predominantly on mills with a backlash eliminator.
Cutter location (cutter radius compensation)
Cutter location is the topic of where to locate the cutter in order to achieve the desired contour (geometry) of the workpiece, given that the cutter's size is non-zero. The most common example is cutter radius compensation (CRC) for endmills, where the centerline of the tool will be offset from the target position by a vector whose distance is equal to the cutter's radius and whose direction is governed by the left/right, climb/conventional, up/down distinction. In most implementations of G-code, it is G40 through G42 that control CRC (G40 cancel, G41 left/climb, G42 right/conventional). The radius values for each tool are entered into the offset register(s) by the CNC operator or machinist, who then tweaks them during production in order to keep the finished sizes within tolerance. Cutter location for 3D contouring in 3-, 4-, or 5-axis milling with a ball-endmill is handled readily by CAM software rather than manual programming. Typically the CAM vector output is postprocessed into G-code by a postprocessor program that is tailored to the particular CNC control model. Some late-model CNC controls accept the vector output directly, and do the translation to servo inputs themselves, internally.
Swarf removal
Another important quality of the milling cutter to consider is its ability to deal with the swarf generated by the cutting process. If the swarf is not removed as fast as it is produced, the flutes will clog and prevent the tool cutting efficiently, causing vibration, tool wear and overheating. Several factors affect swarf removal, including the depth and angle of the flutes, the size and shape of the chips, the flow of coolant, and the surrounding material. It may be difficult to predict, but a good machinist will watch out for swarf build up, and adjust the milling conditions if it is observed.
Selecting a milling cutter
Selecting a milling cutter is not a simple task. There are many variables, opinions and lore to consider, but essentially the machinist is trying to choose a tool that will cut the material to the required specification for the least cost. The cost of the job is a combination of the price of the tool, the time taken by the milling machine, and the time taken by the machinist. Often, for jobs of a large number of parts, and days of machining time, the cost of the tool is lowest of the three costs.
Material: High speed steel (HSS) cutters are the least-expensive and shortest-lived cutters. Cobalt-bearing high speed steels generally can be run 10% faster than regular high speed steel. Cemented carbide tools are more expensive than steel, but last longer, and can be run much faster, so prove more economical in the long run. HSS tools are perfectly adequate for many applications. The progression from regular HSS to cobalt HSS to carbide could be viewed as very good, even better, and the best. Using high speed spindles may preclude use of HSS entirely.
Diameter: Larger tools can remove material faster than small ones, therefore the largest possible cutter that will fit in the job is usually chosen. When milling an internal contour, or concave external contours, the diameter is limited by the size of internal curves. The radius of the cutter must be less than or equal to the radius of the smallest arc.
Flutes: More flutes allows a higher feed rate, because there is less material removed per flute. But because the core diameter increases, there is less room for swarf, so a balance must be chosen.
Coating: Coatings, such as titanium nitride, also increase initial cost but reduce wear and increase tool life. TiAlN coating reduces sticking of aluminium to the tool, reducing and sometimes eliminating need for lubrication.
Helix angle: High helix angles are typically best for soft metals, and low helix angles for hard or tough metals.
History
The history of milling cutters is intimately bound up with that of milling machines. Milling evolved from rotary filing, so there is a continuum of development between the earliest milling cutters known, such as that of Jacques de Vaucanson from about the 1760s or 1770s, through the cutters of the milling pioneers of the 1810s through 1850s (Whitney, North, Johnson, Nasmyth, and others), to the cutters developed by Joseph R. Brown of Brown & Sharpe in the 1860s, which were regarded as a break from the past for their large step forward in tooth coarseness and for the geometry that could take successive sharpenings without losing the clearance (rake, side rake, and so on). De Vries (1910) reported, "This revolution in the science of milling cutters took place in the States about the year 1870, and became generally known in Europe during the Exhibition in Vienna in 1873. However strange it may seem now that this type of cutter has been universally adopted and its undeniable superiority to the old European type is no longer doubted, it was regarded very distrustfully and European experts were very reserved in expressing their judgment. Even we ourselves can remember that after the coarse pitched cutter had been introduced, certain very clever and otherwise shrewd experts and engineers regarded the new cutting tool with many a shake of the head. When[,] however, the Worlds Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, exhibited to European experts a universal and many-sided application of the coarse pitched milling cutter which exceeded even the most sanguine expectations, the most far-seeing engineers were then convinced of the immense advantages which the application of the new type opened up for the metalworking industry, and from that time onwards the American type advanced, slowly at first, but later on with rapid strides".
Woodbury provides citations of patents for various advances in milling cutter design, including irregular spacing of teeth (1867), forms of inserted teeth (1872), spiral groove for breaking up the cut (1881), and others. He also provides a citation on how the introduction of vertical mills brought about wider use of the endmill and fly cutter types.
Scientific study by Holz and De Leeuw of the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company made the teeth even coarser and did for milling cutters what F.W. Taylor had done for single-point cutters with his famous scientific cutting studies.
See also
CNC pocket milling
Drill bit
Mortiser
Citations
General bibliography
. Co-edition: New York, Spon & Chamberlain, 1910.
. First published alone as a monograph in 1960.
External links
American inventions
Cutting tools
Metalworking cutting tools
es:Fresadora#Herramientas | wiki |
Pourtalocyathus est un genre de coraux durs de la famille des Schizocyathidae.
Caractéristiques
Habitat et répartition
Liste d'espèces
Selon , le genre Schizocyathus comprend l'espèce suivante :
Pourtalocyathus hispidus (Pourtalès, 1878)
Liens externes
Notes et références
Schizocyathidae | wiki |
Acianthera macropoda is a species of orchid.
macropoda | wiki |
Card throwing is the art of throwing standard playing cards with great accuracy or force. It is performed both as part of stage magic shows and as a competitive physical feat among magicians, with official records existing for longest distance thrown, fastest speed, highest throw, greatest accuracy, and the greatest number of cards in one minute.
History
First popularized in the West among stage magicians during the 1800s, the art of throwing cards is called scaling. Techniques used among performers today are attributed to stage magicians in the late 19th century. The exact origins of "flying card" tricks are unknown, but Alexander Herrmann is widely attributed with first including card throwing in a major act. He would use custom-made cards, sign them, and then throw them into the audience as potential souvenirs. The magician Howard Thurston also used card throwing as a major part of his act. The cards that they used, however, were heavier than those commonly used today.
Many magicians commissioned specially printed cards, known as throwing cards, throwouts, scaling cards, or souvenir cards to use for these purposes. Generally, such cards featured the image and name of the magician and often featured optical illusions, mystical images, and text and graphics from other advertisers. Propelled Pasteboards, a blog dedicated to the history of throwing cards and related ephemera, contains examples of hundreds of specially printed throwing cards used by magicians and other performers to advertise their performances.
Today, magicians all over the world use card throwing as parts of their act. Ricky Jay, Rick Smith Jr. and Aditya Kodmur are among the most well-known people to frequently use card throwing during performance.
Techniques
Playing cards and similar paper objects have very little mass and are not very aerodynamic except under certain circumstances. Simply throwing a card with no technique (that is, applying lateral speed only) usually will result in it fluttering about and falling to the ground. Achieving accuracy, distance, and force with a card requires giving it both lateral speed and angular momentum (i.e. "spin") along its z-axis. The spin creates gyroscopic stabilization so that the card's flat profile remains mostly parallel to the direction of travel and thus suffers the least possible air resistance.
There are multiple techniques for throwing cards in this manner. The technique often attributed to Alexander Herrmann, and taught in Ricky Jay's book Cards as Weapons (1977), involves gripping the middle of the card horizontally between the thumb and the middle finger, while the index finger rests on the corner of the card nearest the hand and away from the body. The wrist is cocked inward at a 90-degree angle, then flicked briskly outward, propelling the card. For distance and power, the technique adds motion of the forearm bending at the elbow straight outwards from a 90-degree angle simultaneous to the flicking motion of the wrist.
In another method created by Howard Thurston, the card is gripped between the first and second fingers, usually of the left hand, and propelled in a similar manner. There are also variations on both grips and throwing styles, some of which depend on the type of flight the magician is attempting to achieve.
Forceful throws will usually spiral somewhat on the way to the target when thrown at a long distance since most cards are not perfectly flat. With a given deck, the bend of the cards are usually similar enough to each other that this spiral is easily predictable, and a practiced magician can hit very small targets even at many yards away. It is also possible to throw a card very flat at lower speeds to get the card to land in or on top of something.
Many tricks done with thrown cards are designed to not only impress with the magician's dexterity but work on a common theme in stage magic: the illusion of danger. While the illusion of danger can be achieved by outright deception, another method is to play on people's popular misconceptions. In the case of card throwing, the magician achieves this effect by throwing the card at fragile targets such as newspaper, cigarettes, fruit, hot dogs, foam, or any other substance that the card will easily imbed in or break. While none of these objects act like human tissue in terms of wound ballistics, the magician is counting on most audience members thinking they actually are comparable, and therefore believing he or she has turned a harmless playing card into a deadly projectile.
Records
The current world record for farthest playing card thrown is held by Rick Smith Jr. who threw a card 65.96 meters (216 feet, 4 inches) on 2 December 2002. This is also the current record for the fastest throw, at 148 kilometers per hour (91.96 mph). Previous world record holders are Ricky Jay and Jim Karol.
The current record for the highest throw is held by Rick Smith Jr., who, on 14 March 2015, threw a single playing card to a height of 21.41 meters (70 feet, 3 inches) at the Great Lake Science Center in Cleveland, Ohio.
The world record for most accurate playing card throwing is held by Aditya Kodmur, who consecutively threw 117 cards into a target without missing on 11 December 2021.
On 13 August 2018, Rokas Bernatonis broke the Guinness World Record for the "most one fingered playing card scales in one minute". To break the record, Rokas had to hold a deck of playing cards in one hand and use his thumb to propel ("scale") the cards from the deck a minimum distance of 12 feet. Rokas was able to scale 122 playing cards in one minute, beating the previous record of 114 playing cards set by magician Chris Linn. The record took place in Vilnius, Lithuania
Urban legend about use as a weapon
The impressive speed that magicians could throw the cards gave rise to a myth that a card could kill or seriously injure someone if thrown correctly by a person with enough force. The book Cards as Weapons by Ricky Jay is believed to have propagated this myth even though it was originally intended to combine instruction with satire.
This myth was tested on the Discovery Channel program MythBusters, and subsequently debunked. Mythbusters co-host Adam Savage was already familiar with the throwing card trick and was shown to be adept at performing it, with his maximum throwing speed being measured at 25 miles per hour or 40 km/h. The episode also featured Ricky Jay himself, who spoke of writing the book and admitted he is most likely responsible for the genesis of the myth. The hosts were able to measure the speed of his throws at about 90 mph. After failing to throw the cards into a ballistic gelatin target with enough force that would result in injury, they used an electric motor to mechanically launch a card at 150 mph. Offering his own body as a target, host Jamie Hyneman allowed the launcher to be fired at the exposed skin of his abdomen from a few feet away, which only resulted in a superficial paper cut. The hosts concluded that a playing card lacks enough mass to transfer sufficient energy to human tissue on impact.
In popular culture
In the video game Payday 2, the player can select throwing cards as their throwable weapon.
Batman's nemesis The Joker is known to employ weaponized playing cards, particularly in the 1992 animated TV series. These cards are usually not standard, however, often shown to be made of razor-sharpened steel and sometimes coated with deadly poison to increase lethality.
Gambit (X-Men) is skilled in the art of card-throwing with great accuracy, which he combines with his mutant ability to "charge" objects with energy to turn the thrown cards into effective explosive weapons, like grenades.
Hisoka, a regular antagonist in the manga and anime series Hunter x Hunter, often throws razor-sharp playing cards in battle.
Yuri of the Dirty Pair sometimes employs the "Bloody Card" – a technologically enhanced card – to attack multiple targets.
City Hunter (1993) – features a gambling card thrower.
Setzer, the gambling hero of Final Fantasy VI, uses a variety of card decks for weapons as well as darts and dice.
3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain (1998) – uses a specially designed throwing card, which appears to be bent, a possible enhancement.
Oswald (KOF XI) – practices the card-throwing art called Karnöffel.
Twisted Fate (League of Legends) – utilizes card throwing for all of his attacks.
Hellsing, the Japanese horror manga, features a card-slinging sorcerer known as The Dandy Man.
Sheena Fujibayashi (Tales of Symphonia) swings and strikes with tarot cards for all of her abilities and employs techniques where she empowers those cards with energy called "seals".
Sneff, a playable character in Chrono Cross, is a magician who uses a deck of cards as his primary weapon.
Seto Kaiba has been known to do this in the original Yu-Gi-Oh! manga.
Bullseye, from Marvel Comics, kills or injures several people (including Elektra) with a thrown Ace of Spades.
Card throwing was one of the murder techniques used in the CSI episode "Last Woman Standing".
In Now You See Me (2013), one of the magicians, Jack Wilder, proves to be a skilled card thrower. During a show, using a playing card, he cuts in half a pencil held by an audience member and later uses the technique to distract the FBI agent pursuing him. Also, in the movies' sequel, Now You See Me 2 (2016), The Four Horsemen, a group of magicians, steal a chip attached to a playing card in front of guards by throwing the card to each other while the guards aren't looking.
In Smokin' Aces, stage magician Buddy "Aces" Israel manages to temporarily incapacitate his bodyguard Ivy by striking him in the eye with a thrown playing card.
In Jonathan Creek there is an episode where Jonathan uses his skills gained by reading the aforementioned book by Ricky Jay to incapacitate a potential shooter long enough for him to be apprehended by police
In Kingdom Hearts, Luxord from Organization XIII wields playing cards in combat with "Fair Game" being his most used deck. Most of his other decks are themed after a Tarot deck's Major Arcana.
In the anime Akikan! Yurika Kochikaze often throws cards at those who annoy her.
See also
Card manipulation
Cards in the hat
References
Further reading
Card tricks | wiki |
Hest may refer to:
Ari Hest (born 1979), American singer-songwriter
Greg van Hest (born 1973), Dutch runner
Hest, an album by the Norwegian band Kakkmaddafakka
See also
Hest Bank, a village in England | wiki |
Metroid (videojoc), primer videojoc de la saga del mateix nom per a la consola NES
Metroid (saga), sèrie de videojocs basats en l'heroïna Samus Aran
Metroid (criatura), ésser fictici de la saga del mateix nom.
Metroid Prime Pinball, videojoc de pinball basat en la saga de videojocs Metroid.
Metroid: Other M, videojoc per a Wii
Metroid Prime | wiki |
Dorsal nucleus of thalamus may refer to:
Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus
Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus | wiki |
A Let's Play is a type of video game walkthrough with commentary. The term may also refer to:
TV and gaming
LetsPlay, a YouTube channel run by Rooster Teeth
Let's Play (TV series), a children's television series broadcast on CBeebies
"Let's Play!", an episode of Desperate Housewives
Let's Play (1931 film), comedy short with Slim Summerville and Tom Kennedy
Music
Let's Play (album), a 1991 album by Larry Willis
Let's Play!, a 2002 children's music album by Raffi
Let Us Play!, a 1997 album by Coldcut
"Let's Play", a song and single by Kristina Maria | wiki |
Acianthera modestissima is a species of orchid. The flower is magenta in color and is very small.
modestissima | wiki |
This is a list of symphonies in E-flat major written by notable composers.
See also
List of symphonies by key.
References
E flat major
Symphonies | wiki |
Visitors to Mauritania must obtain a visa from one of the Mauritanian diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or if they arrive at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.
Visa policy map
Visa exemption
Citizens of the following 8 countries can visit Mauritania without a visa for up to 90 days:
Holders of diplomatic and service passports issued to nationals of Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, Morocco and Turkey do not require a visa for Mauritania. Nationals of any country with a diplomatic passport except Italy do not require a visa.
Visa on arrival
Holders of passports issued by any country can obtain a visa on arrival at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport. Nationals of Syria require a prior approval from the Direction General of National Security.
See also
Visa requirements for Mauritanian citizens
References
Mauritania
Foreign relations of Mauritania | wiki |
Kimberly Williams – triplista giamaicana
Kimberly Williams-Paisley – attrice statunitense
Kimberly Kevon Williams – attrice statunitense | wiki |
Hold My Hand (Hootie & the Blowfish), nummer van Hootie & the Blowfish
Hold My Hand (Jess Glynne), nummer van Jess Glynne
Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson), nummer van Michael Jackson en Akon
Hold My Hand (Lady Gaga), nummer van Lady Gaga | wiki |
A Panthera hybrid is a crossbreed between individuals of any of the five species of the genus Panthera: the tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard. Most hybrids would not be perpetuated in the wild as the territories of the parental species do not overlap and the males are usually infertile. Mitochondrial genome research revealed that wild hybrids were also present in ancient times. The mitochondrial genomes of the snow leopard and the lion were more similar to each other than to other Panthera species, indicating that at some point in their history, the female progeny of male ancestors of modern snow leopards and female ancestors of modern lions interbred with male ancestors of modern snow leopards.
History
In theory, lions and tigers can be matched in the wild and give offspring, but in reality there may be no natural born tigon or liger in the world, because they are separated both geographically, by behavioral differences and lives in different places and do not mate together in the wild. In England, African lions and Asian tigresses have been successfully mated, and three lion-tiger hybrid cubs were born in Windsor in 1824, which is probably the earliest record, the three cubs were then presented to George IV.
Table of names for hybrids
Below are some tables showing the many Panthera hybrids. Panthera hybrids are typically given a portmanteau name, varying by which species is the sire (male parent) and which is the dam (female parent). For example, a hybrid between a lion and a tigress is a liger, because the lion is the male parent and the tigress is the female parent.
Jaguar and leopard hybrids
A jagupard, jagulep or jagleop is the hybrid of a jaguar and a leopardess. A single rosetted female jagupard was produced at a zoo in Chicago (America). Jaguar-leopard hybrids bred at Hellbrun Zoo, Salzburg were described as jagupards, which conforms to the usual portmanteau naming convention.
A leguar or lepjag is the hybrid of a male leopard and a female jaguar. The terms jagulep and lepjag are often used interchangeably, regardless of which animal was the sire. Numerous lepjags have been bred as animal actors, as they are more tractable than jaguars.
A.D. Bartlett stated: "I have, more than once, met with instances of the male jaguar (P. onca) breeding with a female leopard (P. pardus). These hybrids were also reared recently in Wombell's well-known travelling collection. I have seen some animals of this kind bred, between a male black jaguar and a female Indian leopard:-the young partook strongly of the male, being almost black."
In Barnabos Menagerie (in Spain), a jaguar gave birth to two cubs from a union with a black leopard; one resembled the dam, but was somewhat darker, while the other was black with the rosettes of the dam showing. Since melanism in the panther (leopard) is recessive, the jaguar would have had to have been black, or be a jaguar-black leopard hybrid itself, carrying the recessive gene. Scherren continued, "The same cross, but with the sexes reversed, was noted, by Professor Sacc (F) of Barcelona Zoo (Zoolog. Gart., 1863, 88). "The cub, a female, was grey. She is said to have produced two cubs to her sire; one like a jaguar, the other like the dam. Herr Rorig expressed his regret that the account of the last two cases mentioned lacked fullness and precision."
Female jaguleps or lepjags are fertile, and when one is mated to a male lion, the offspring are referred to as lijaguleps. One such complex hybrid was exhibited in the early 1900s as a "Congolese spotted lion", hinting at some exotic African beast, rather than a man-made hybrid.
Jaguar and lion hybrids
A jaglion or jaguon is the offspring between a male jaguar and a female lion (lioness). A mounted specimen is on display at the Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum, Hertfordshire, England. It has the lion's background color, brown, jaguar-like rosettes and the powerful build of the jaguar.
On April 9, 2006, two jaglions were born at Bear Creek Wildlife Sanctuary, Barrie (north of Toronto), Ontario, Canada. Jahzara (female) and Tsunami (male) were the result of an unintended mating between a black jaguar called Diablo and a lioness called Lola, which had been hand-raised together and were inseparable. They were kept apart when Lola came into oestrus. Tsunami is spotted, but Jahzara is a melanistic jaglion due to inheriting the jaguar's dominant melanism gene. It was not previously known how the jaguar's dominant melanism gene would interact with lion coloration genes.
A liguar is an offspring of a male lion and a female jaguar.
When the fertile offspring of a male lion and female jaguar mates with a leopard, the resulting offspring is referred to as a leoliguar.
Jaguar and tiger hybrids
A tiguar is an offspring of a male tiger and a jaguaress. Reportedly, at the Altiplano Zoo in the city of San Pablo Apetatlan (near Tlaxcala, México), the crossbreeding of a male Siberian tiger and a female jaguar from the southern Chiapas Jungle produced a male tiguar named Mickey. Mickey is on exhibition at a 400 m2 habitat and as of June 2009, was two years old and weighed . Attempts to verify this report have been bolstered by recent images purported to show the adult Mickey (see External links section). There has been no report of the birth of a hybrid from a male jaguar and female tiger, which would be termed a "jagger".
There is a claimed sighting of a lion × black jaguar cross (male) and a tiger × black jaguar cross (female) loose in Maui, Hawaii. There are no authenticated tiger/jaguar hybrids and the description matches that of a liger. The alleged tiger × black jaguar was large, relatively long-necked (probably due to lack of a ruff or mane) with both stripes and "jaguar-like" rosettes on its sides. The assertion of hybrid identity was due to the combination of black, dark brown, light brown, dark orange, dark yellow and beige markings and the tiger-like stripes radiating from its face. It is more likely to have been a released liger, since these are very large and have a mix of rosettes (lion juvenile markings) and stripes and can have a brindled mix of colors exactly as described (their markings are extremely variable).
Leopard and lion hybrids
A leopon is the result of breeding a male leopard with a lioness. The head of the animal is similar to that of a lion, while the rest of the body carries similarities to leopards. Leopons are very rare.
A lipard or liard is the proper term for a hybrid of a male lion with a leopardess. It is sometimes known as a reverse leopon. The size difference between a male lion and a leopardess usually makes their mating difficult.
A lipard was born in Schoenbrunn Zoo, Vienna in 1951.
Another lipard was born in Florence, Italy. It is often erroneously referred to as a leopon. The father was a two-year-old, 250-kg lion, 1.08 m tall at the shoulders and 1.8 m long (excluding the tail). The mother was a 3.5-year-old leopardess weighing only 38 kg. The female cub was born overnight on 26/27 August 1982 after an estimated 92–93 days of gestation.
It was born on the grounds of a paper mill near Florence, to a lion and leopardess acquired from a Rome zoo. Their owner had two tigers, two lions and a leopardess as pets, and did not expect or intend them to breed. The lion/leopard hybrid cub came as a surprise to the owner, who originally thought the small, spotted creature in the cage was a stray domestic cat.
The mother began to over-groom the underside of the cub's tail and later bit off its tail. The cub was then hand-reared. The parents mated again in November 1982, and the lion and leopardess were separated.
They were brought together on Jan. 25, 1983 for photographs, but the lion immediately mounted the leopardess and they had to be separated again for fear of endangering her advanced pregnancy.
The cub had the body conformation of a lion cub with a large head (a lion trait), but a receding forehead (a leopard trait), fawn fur and thick, brown spotting. When it reached five months old, the owner offered it for sale and set about trying to breed more.
The male leopon is a fertile offspring of a male leopard and a female lion. The fertile female liguar, offspring of a male lion and female jaguar, is capable of fertilization by a leopon. Their mating, though rare, results in a leopliguar.
Leopard and tiger hybrids
The name dogla is a native Indian name used for a supposedly natural hybrid offspring of a male leopard and a tigress, the combination designated leoger in the table above. Indian folklore claims that large male leopards sometimes mate with tigresses, and anecdotal evidence exists in India of offspring resulting from leopard to tigress matings. A supposed dogla was reported in the early 1900s. Many reports probably refer to large leopards with abdominal striping or other striped shoulders and bodies of a tiger. One account stated, "On examining it, I found it to be a very old male hybrid. Its head and tail were purely those of a panther Indian leopard, but with the body, shoulders, and neck ruff of a tiger. The pattern was a combination of rosettes and stripes; the stripes were black, broad and long, though somewhat blurred and tended to break up into rosettes. The head was spotted. The stripes predominated over the rosettes." The pelt of this hybrid, if it ever existed, was lost. It was supposedly larger than a leopard and, though male, it showed some feminization of features, which might be expected in a sterile male hybrid.
K Sankhala's book Tiger refers to large, troublesome leopards as adhabaghera, which he translated as "bastard", and suggests a leopard/tiger hybrid (the reverse hybrid is unlikely to arise in the wild state, as a wild male tiger would probably kill rather than mate with a female leopard). Sankhala noted there was a belief amongst local people that leopards and tigers naturally hybridise.
From "The Tiger, Symbol Of Freedom", edited by Nicholas Courtney: "Rare reports have been made of tigresses mating with leopards in the wild. There has even been an account of the sighting of rosettes; the stripes of the tiger being most prominent in the body. The animal was a male measuring a little over eight feet [2.44 m]." This is the same description as given by Hicks.
The 1951 book Mammalian Hybrids reported tiger/leopard matings were infertile, producing spontaneously aborted "walnut-sized fetuses".
A tigard is the hybrid offspring of a male tiger and a leopardess. The only known attempts to mate the two have produced stillborns.
In 1900, Carl Hagenbeck crossed a female leopard with a Bengal tiger. The stillborn offspring had a mixture of spots, rosettes and stripes. Henry Scherren wrote, "A male tiger from Penang served two female Indian leopards, and twice with success. Details are not given and the story concludes somewhat lamely. 'The leopardess dropped her cubs prematurely, the embryos were in the first stage of development and were scarcely as big as young mice.' Of the second leopardess there is no mention."
Lion and tiger hybrids
The resulting hybrids that crossbreeding between lions and tigers are known as tigon (/ˈtaɪɡən/) and liger (/ˈlaɪɡə/). The second generation hybrids of liger or tigon are known as liliger, tiliger, litigon and titigon. The tigon (Panthera tigris X leo), also known as tiglon (/ˈtaɪɡlən/) is an offspring of a male tiger (Panthera tigris) and a female lion (Panthera leo). A liger is distinct from tigon (Panthera leo X tigris), as a hybrid of female tiger and male lion. In the case a fertile titigon has crossed between a female tigard, the hybrid is rare.
Professor Valentine Bail conducted a long observation and recording of some lion-tiger hybrids, those lion-tiger are owned by Mr. Atkins and his zoo:
The early record lion-tiger hybrid was mainly tigons, in At Home In The Zoo (1961), Gerald Iles wrote "For the record I must say that I have never seen a liger, a hybrid obtained by crossing a lion with a tigress. They seem to be even rarer than tigons."
Liger
A liger is the offspring between a lion and a tigress, which is larger than its parents because the lion has a growth maximizing gene and the tigress, unlike the lioness, has no growth inhibiting gene.
Tigon
A tigon is the offspring of a tiger and a lioness. The tigon is not as common as the converse hybrid, the liger. Contrary to some beliefs, the tigon ends up smaller than either parent, because male tigers and lionesses have a growth inhibitor. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, tigons were more common than ligers.
Liliger
A liliger is the offspring of a lion and a ligress. The first known liliger is a cub named Kiara.
Litigon
Rudrani, a tigoness from the Alipore Zoo, mated with Debabrata, a male (reportedly) Asiatic lion (but which was later genetically established as a hybrid of the African and Asiatic subspecies of the lion), and gave birth to three litigons. Only one litigon cub, named Cubanacan, survived.
Tiliger
A tiliger is the offspring of a male tiger and a ligress.
Titigon
A titigon is the offspring of a male tiger and a tigoness.
Growth and size
Typically, the size of a liger is more likely to be larger and heavier than all of other existing feline animals. Some biologists believe that the causes of its irregular large size, or 'gigantism', result from the lack of certain genes that limit the growth of lions. The male lion's genes tend to maximize the growth of its progeny, as the larger size represents greater competitiveness, so that the male lions could compete with other male lions. In order to control the size of the offspring within a certain range, the gene of the lioness will offset the growth-maximizing gene of the male lion. The genes of a female tiger, however, are not adapted to limiting growth, which allows ligers to grow extremely large—far more larger and heavier than its parent species. In general, most ligers grow more than in length and weigh more than . According to the Guinness World Records (through 2013), the largest feline was the adult male liger, Hercules, from Myrtle Beach Safari, a wildlife reserve in South Carolina, US. He was measured at , standing at the shoulder, and weighing . Hercules eats approximately of meat per day, and drinks several liters of water per day.
Tigons too have growth dysplasia, however inversely. They are smaller than the members of the parents species and weigh less than . A tigon is approximately twice as light as liger.
Unlike ligers, tigons are cross between a male tiger and a female lion, the absence of growth-maximizing genes from the male lion causing them to grow smaller.
Appearance
Ligers and tigons look just like their parents, only bigger or smaller. They have huge teeth, about two inches long. Their genes include the genetic components of tigers and lions, therefore, they may be very similar to tigers and lions, and can be difficult to identify. Their coloring ranges from gold to brown to white, and they may have or not have spots or stripes. An adult male liger usually has a smaller mane than a male lion.
Longevity
A liger called Samson died at the age of thirteen in 2006. Shasta, a female liger, was born in the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City in 1948, and died in 1972. She lived for 24 years. Many claim that ligers are short-lived, but according to the survey, such a conclusion is still uncertain. A male tigon owned by Atkins born on July 19, 1833, lived for 10 years.
Fertility
Guggisberg said liger and tigon were thought to be invariably sterile, which means they cannot have offspring. The first hybrid of a hybrid (that being a child of liger) was discovered at the Munich-Hellabrunn Zoo in 1943. The birth of the second generation of hybrids has proven that the biologists' knowledge of tigon and liger was wrong; it now seems that only male lion-tiger hybrids are invariably sterile; while female hybrids can give birth as other Panthera animals as well.
Zoo animals
By 2017 roughly more than 100 ligers were thought to exist, but only a few tigons still exist since they are more difficult to breed. Moreover, ligers are more likely to attract tourists, so zoos prefer to breed ligers as opposed to tigons.
Some zoos claim they breed ligers or tigons for conservation, but opponents believe that it is meaningless to preserve a species that does not exist in the wild.
See also
Felid hybrid
Pumapard
References
External links
Hybrid Big Cats.
Detailed information on hybridisation in big cats. Includes tiglons, ligers, leopons and others.
Photograph of Mickey the Tiguar, along with images of other Panthera hybrids (in Spanish)
Karl Shuker's Tiguar site, containing what may be a video of Mickey the Tiguar
Panthera hybrids | wiki |
Most, Most, Most, Most () is a 1966 animated film by Soyuzmultfilm directed by Vasily Livanov.
Plot
This legend was told by the Ancient Spirit, who hid himself at the bottom of a dried-up well in the very middle of Africa. On the shores of Lake Chad many different birds and animals have settled. Once upon a time they decided to elect a king and chose Lion. They called him the bravest, the strongest, the wisest and the most beautiful. Then a son was born to the Leo and the Lioness - Little Lion. When the Little Lion became able to walk alone, he met a hyena who told Little Lion that he is a Lion, hence the king of beasts, which means he was the bravest, the strongest, the wisest, the most beautiful.
Little Lion matured, began to move farther from home and came across a well with the Ancient Spirit. Little Lion boasted that he was the bravest, the strongest, the wisest, the most beautiful! The Ancient Spirit laughed and said: "You are the most stupid!" Then Little Lion was bitten by an ant who was not afraid of anyone, because he defended his anthill. Little Lion said: "You are indeed more brave than me, but I am the strongest!" The Ant laughed, called Little Lion the most stupid and advised him to find the Bald Elephant.
And the Little Lion went to look for the Bald Elephant. And when he saw how a huge elephant easily rips out a tree by the root, he realized who is the strongest! The eagle said: "Listen and remember! Do not say that you are brave - you will meet someone braver! Do not say that you are strong - you will meet a stronger one! Do not say that you are wise - you will meet someone more wise!" "I understand, – answered the Little Lion, – But who is the most beautiful? "The eagle flew away without listening.
Some time has passed, the young Lion called the beasts and birds using his roar, and announced that he would tear apart those who would call him the bravest, the strongest, the wisest and the most beautiful. Lion was approached by the young Lioness who said: "I fell in love with you at first sight. You can tear me apart, but I'll still say it! You are the most beautiful!" The lion smiled at her with a shy smile, because he realized that the one who is loved, is always the most, most, most, most ...
Cast
Rina Zelyonaya - Little Lion
Valentina Sperantova - Adolescent Lion
Ivan Tarkhanov - Young Lion
Elena Ponsova - Hyena
Vladimir Koretsky - The Ancient Spirit
Klara Rumyanova - The Crocodile / The Ant
Vladimir Balashov - Eagle
Valentina Tumanova - Dove
Lyubov Zemlyanikina - Lioness
Alexander Baranov - Little Lion's Father
Vasily Livanov - The Crocodile
References
1966 animated films
1966 films
Films scored by Gennady Gladkov
Russian animated films
1960s Russian-language films
Soviet animated films
Soyuzmultfilm | wiki |
Siku may refer to:
Siku (instrument), a kind of pan flute from the Andes
Siku (Bolivia), a mountain in the Bolivian Andes
Siku Toys, a German brand of toy vehicles
Siku (comics), an artist
Siku (polar bear), a bear cub who became an overnight online sensation
Siku Quanshu, a compendium of Chinese literature completed in 1782
Secoo, Chinese online retailer
Siku Allooloo, indigenous writer
Siku Ya Bibi (Day of the Lady)
Siku Njema, a Swahili novel | wiki |
Worlds may refer to:
Worlds (book), a collection of science fiction and fantasy short stories by Eric Flint
Worlds (Joe Lovano album), 1989
Worlds (Porter Robinson album), 2014
Abbreviated name for a world championship event
See also
World (disambiguation) | wiki |
Crachi is the trade name of an inexpensive chocolate bar made of locally produced chocolate from the Dominican Republic and sold in that country by Chocolate Cortes, a Dominican and Puerto Rican chocolatier.
Consisting of milk chocolate and crisped rice, the Crachi bar is marketed as a low-cost alternative to more expensive fare, such as the similar Nestlé Crunch bar.
A Crachi bar retails for RD$15.00, or about US$0.42.
See also
List of chocolate bar brands
References
External links
Photo of a Crachi bar paired with an inexpensive Dominican sparkling wine
Discussion board about Dominican chocolate
John's Topographic Survey
Chocolate bars
Dominican Republic cuisine | wiki |
True Heroes may refer to:
True Heroes (event), an event organised in 2004 related to the role-playing game True Adventures
True Heroes (TV series), a 2003 television series in Singapore | wiki |
A cup is an open-top container used to hold hot or cold liquids for pouring or drinking. Although mainly used for drinking, it also can be used to store solids for pouring (e.g., sugar, flour, grains, salt). Cups may be made of glass, metal, china, clay, wood, stone, polystyrene, plastic, aluminium or other materials, and are usually fixed with a stem, handles, or other adornments. Cups are used for quenching thirst across a wide range of cultures and social classes, and different styles of cups may be used for different liquids or in different situations. Cups of different styles may be used for different types of liquids or other foodstuffs (e.g. teacups and measuring cups), in different situations (e.g. at water stations or in ceremonies and rituals), or for decoration.
History
Cups are an obvious improvement on using cupped hands or feet to hold liquids . As such, they have almost certainly been used since before recorded history, and indeed, they have been found at archaeological sites throughout the world. Prehistoric cups were sometimes fashioned from shells and hollowed out stones.
In ancient Mesopotamia, cups were made for a variety of purposes, possibly including the transportation and drinking of alcoholic beverages.
There is evidence that the Roman Empire used cups throughout Europe, with notable examples including silver cups in Wales and a color-changing glass cup in ancient Thrace. In England, cups have been discovered which date back to several thousand years, including the Rillaton Gold Cup, about 3,700 years old. Cups were used in the Americas several centuries prior to the European arrivals. Around the Gulf of Mexico, Native American societies used the Horse conch for drinking cups, among other purposes.
Cultural significance and use
Since cups have been an integral part of dining since time immemorial, they have become a valued part of human culture. The shape or image of a cup appears in various places in human cultures.
Monarchy
Historically, monarchs have been concerned about assassination via poisoning. To avoid this fate, they often used dedicated cups, with cup-bearers to guard them. A "divining cup" was supposed to be able to detect poison. In the Bible, Joseph interpreted a dream for Pharaoh's cup-bearer, and a silver divining cup played a key role in his reconciliation with his brothers.
Spa cups are special cups that are used to drink mineral or thermal water directly from a spring, developed in north-west Bohemia during the 17th century and are now part of Czech folklore.
Religion
In the Christian ritual of Communion, adherents drink from a cup of wine (or a wine substitute) to commemorate the Last Supper of Jesus. A chalice is often used for this purpose.
Ancient Greek religious practices included libations. The rhyton was one cup used for libations.
Cuisine
The measuring cup, an adaptation of a simple cup, is a standard tool in cooking that has been in use at least as far back as Roman times. Apart from serving as drinking vessels, cups can be used as an alternative to bowls as a receptacle, especially, for soup. Recipes have been published for cooking various dishes in cups in the microwave.
Heraldry
Chalices are sometimes used in heraldry, especially ecclesiastical heraldry. A Kronkåsa is a type of elaborate wooden cup which was used by the Swedish nobility during the Renaissance.
Child development
Drinking from a cup is a significant step on a baby's path to becoming a toddler; it is recommended that children switch from bottles to cups between six months and one year of age. Sippy cups are typically used for this transition.
Sports
Many trophies take the form of a decorated cup. In cases such as the FIFA World Cup and the Stanley Cup, the competition itself may grow to take on the name of the trophy that is awarded to the winner. Owing to the common usage of cup-shaped trophies as prizes for the winners, a large number of national and international competitions are called "cups".
Games
In Tarot divination, the suit of cups is associated with the element of water and is regarded as symbolizing emotion, intuition, and the soul. Cards that feature cups are often associated with love, relationships, fears, and desires.
Various cups have been designed so that drinking out of them without spilling is a challenge. These are called puzzle cups.
Pythagorean cup
Fuddling cup
Puzzle jug
The cup game involves rhythmically striking plastic cups.
Promotion
In the developed world, cups are often distributed for promotional purposes. For example, a corporation might distribute cups with their logo at a trade show, or a city might hand out cups with slogans promoting recycling. There are companies that provide the service of printing slogans on cups.
Types
Names for different types of cups vary regionally and may overlap. Any transparent cup, regardless of actual composition, is called a "glass"; therefore, while a cup made of paper is a "paper cup", a transparent one for drinking shots is called a "shot glass", instead.
For hot beverages
While in theory, most cups are well suited to hold drinkable liquids, hot drinks like tea are generally served in either insulated cups or porcelain teacups.
Coffee cup
Mazagran
Mug
Teacup
Thermos
Travel mug
Moustache cup
Disposable
Disposable cups are intended to be used only once. They are often used by fast-food restaurants and coffee shops to serve beverages. Institutions that provide drinking water, such as offices and hospitals, may also use disposable cups for sanitary reasons.
Paper cup
Plastic cup
Glass cup
Foam cup
For alcoholic beverages
Some styles of cups are used primarily for alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, cocktail, and liquor. There are over a dozen distinct styles of cups for drinking beer, depending on the precise variety of beer. The idea that a certain beer should be served in a cup of a certain shape may have been promulgated more for marketing purposes, but there very well may be some basis in fact behind it. Wine glasses also come in different shapes, depending on the color and style of wine that is intended to be served in them.
Beer stein
Pint glass
Old Fashioned glass
Quaich
Sake cup (ochoko)
Shot glass
Tankard
Wine glass
Goblet
For measurement, suction and breasts
Measuring cup
Suction cup
Bra cup
Gallery
References
External links
Gallery of cups in The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Drinkware
Teaware
Containers
Pottery | wiki |
Penicillium ubiquetum is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium.
References
ubiquetum
Fungi described in 2011 | wiki |
Bernard Hocke is a television and film actor. He first appeared in the 1989 horror film Beware! Children at Play as Professor Randall. Since then he has appeared in numerous films and television series, including Seinfeld, Mad About You, the pilot of Sports Night, Green Lantern, and in 2012, The Philly Kid.
Filmography
In the Electric Mist (2009) as Murphy Doucet
Antebellum (2020) as talking head
References
External links
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
"December Brings Me Back to You" is the second single from Andy Abraham. It also featured Michael Underwood. It was released in the UK on 11 December 2006. It is a new original track from his second album, Soul Man. It charted at #18 in the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
"December Brings Me Back to You"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
Charts
2006 songs
Songs written by Mark Read (singer)
Songs written by Cliff Masterson | wiki |
An engineer's spirit level (or machinist's level) is generally used to level machines, although they may also be used to level large workpieces on machines such as planers. Using gravity as a reference and checking a machine's axis of travel at several points, the level is used to ensure the machine's axis is straight. A perfectly level machine does not actually need to be achieved, unless the particular manufacturing process requires it. Spirit levels are also used in building construction by carpenters and masons.
The upper image is a plain precision level used in the engineering field to level machines or workpieces; the lower image shows an adjustable precision level that has an accuracy of 1:10000. The adjustable nature of this level can also be used to measure the inclination of an object.
The accuracy of a spirit level can be checked by placing it on any flat surface, marking the bubble's position and rotating the level 180°. The position of the bubble should then be symmetrical to the first reading. Machinist's levels provide screw mechanisms to center the bubbles.
Some levels have V grooves machined along their bases, enabling the level to sit on a round bar while remaining parallel with the bar's axis. They also have smaller cross levels to enable the second axes to be roughly checked or corrected and to ensure the primary axes' bubbles are at the tops of the vials.
A precision level (1:24000) is used to check the installation of precision machine tools in two axes. A lathe is manufactured with its base in a level plane and if it is not installed level distortions in the frame cause machining errors. Small milling machines are often roughly leveled but large mills are installed level. A worn lathe may have a twist introduced to the machine's bed to ensure that it turns parallel to the spindle axis, by twisting the bed (that is worn) to the spindle axis. A lathe has several leveling screws. Usually, such a fix has limited utility for only part of the cutting tool (carriage) travel. A lathe usually requires two or more leveling trials as the machine castings "settle into" the adjustments.
Dimensional instruments
Metalworking measuring instruments | wiki |
Yours to Keep may refer to:
Yours to Keep (Albert Hammond Jr. album), 2006
Yours to Keep (Sticky Fingers album), 2019
"Yours to Keep", a 2000 song by Teddybears STHLM, from the album Rock 'n' Roll Highschool
"Yours to Keep", a 1994 song by Guided by Voices, from the album Bee Thousand | wiki |
Zoning is the process of dividing land in a municipality into zones in which certain land uses are permitted or prohibited.
Zoning may also refer to:
Zoning (Australian rules football), an area reserved exclusively for one club
Zoning (Mary Lou Williams album), 1974
Zoning (Tangerine Dream album), 1996
Facing (retail) or zoning, a tool in the retail industry to create the look of a perfectly stocked store
Zoning, a series of tactics a player uses in fighting games to keep their opponent at a specific distance.
Zoning, a geological property common in phenocrysts | wiki |
The Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) is a 35-item parent-report questionnaire designed to identify children with difficulties in psychosocial functioning. Its primary purpose is to alert pediatricians at an early point about which children would benefit from further assessment. A positive result on the overall scale indicates that the child in question would benefit from further evaluation. It is not a diagnostic tool. The PSC has subscales which measure inner distress and mood, interpersonal relations and behavior, and attention. The PSC is also used in pediatrics and other settings to measure changes in psychosocial functioning over time. Michael Jellinek, MD, created the PSC and has researched it over more than thirty years in collaboration with J. Michael Murphy, Ed.D. and other investigators. The PSC has been used in more than 200 studies in the US and other countries and has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the state of Massachusetts, the government of Chile and many other organizations.
Development and structure
The PSC was designed because none of the available instruments offered the "optimal combination of efficiency, ease of administration, and screening accuracy" (p. 451). The first draft was a shortened and revised form of the Washington Symptom Checklist (WSCL) designed by Weinberger and Gregory. The researchers shortened the WSCL from 67 to 27 questions and removed open-ended questions. They also revised questions to address the five major areas they wanted to examine: mood, play, school, friends, and family relations. The PSC was further revised based on "the symptoms of the major diagnoses for children listed in the American Psychiatric Association DSM-III, the clinical impressions of several pediatricians, psychologists, and child psychiatrists, and a review of items from other questionnaires reported to be the most useful in identifying children with emotional problems" (p. 372).
The current PSC contains 35 statements focused on the child's day-to-day behavior and mood. Parents are asked to indicate how frequently each of the statements, referred to as symptoms, describes the child; response options include "never", "sometimes", and "often". Examples of statements include "feels he or she is bad", "teases others", and "is distracted easily". The questionnaire takes 3–5 minutes to complete. The original study of the PSC focused on children between 6 and 12 years old, but the checklist has been studied and validated in all age groups between 4 and 16 years.
Scoring and interpretation
The PSC is scored by assigning point values to the ratings: 2 = “often”, 1 = “sometimes”, and 0 = “never”. The points are summed for a total score, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 70. An overall score above the cutoff point, sometimes referred to as a positive score, indicates need for further assessment. The cutoff score for children older than 6 years old is 28. For children younger than 6 years old, four items that pertain to school are excluded. As a result, the range of scores is lower and the cutoff score is lowered to 24.
If a child obtains a score above the cutoff, the pediatrician would review the questionnaire, explore any apparent problem areas, determine the severity of dysfunction, and then decide on what type of follow-up is appropriate: no follow-up needed, treatment already being received, follow-up by pediatrician, or referral to a mental health professional.
Versions
There are four versions of the PSC, including a full-length parent-report form (PSC), a full-length youth self-report form (Y-PSC), a shortened parent-report form (PSC-17), and a shortened youth self-report form (Y-PSC-17).
Y-PSC
The Y-PSC was designed to screen adolescents for psychosocial problems in school settings. It was adapted from the PSC by changing relevant pronouns and verbs. For instance, the statement “takes things that do not belong to him or her” was changed to “take things that do not belong to you” and the statement “worries a lot” was changed to “worry a lot”. The recommended cutoff score is 30 and it has the same number of items as the PSC. As a self-report measure, it is useful for identifying symptoms of internalizing disorders, such as anxiety or depression, which are often missed by parents.
PSC-17
The PSC-17 is a shortened, 17-item version of the PSC. It also includes three sub-scales which were designed to screen for distinct domains of psychosocial problems — internalizing, externalizing, and attention — and provide physicians with more information about directions for further evaluation. The subscales were also intended to increase the sensitivity of the screen because only using a total score might miss children with dysfunction in only one domain. Internalizing problems involve inner distress and mood and questions about these problems include the statements “feels hopeless” and “is down on him or herself.” Externalizing problems typically involve maladaptive behaviors and conflicts with others; questions about externalizing problems include the statements “fights with other children” and “teases others.” Questions about attention problems include the statements “fidgety, unable to sit still” and “distracted easily.” Parents respond to statements with ratings on the same scale as the PSC: often, sometimes, or never .
Parents ratings are converted to a total score and sub-scale scores. The cut-offs for the total score, internalizing problems scale, externalizing problems scale, and attention problems scale are 15, 5, 7, and 7, respectively. As on the PSC, a score above the cutoff is not diagnostic; it indicates only that further evaluation is needed.
Y-PSC-17
The Y-PSC-17 was adapted from the PSC-17 for self-report by adolescents. It has not yet been validated.
Psychometrics
Reliability
Test-retest
Studies of the PSC have consistently found moderate to high test-retest reliability. An early study of the PSC compared scores one week apart and found Pearson's r = 0.86. The original study of the Y-PSC retested participants four months after the original test and found r = 0.45. PSC scores were examined over a longer period of time, 10 to 18 months, in a more recent study which found that scores for patients who originally scored negative, below the cutoff, were stable over time and the scores of patients who originally scored positive, above the cutoff, and were referred to mental health services tended to decrease, or improve.
Internal consistency
Internal consistency has routinely been high in studies of the PSC and its various forms, formats, and languages. The original study of the PSC found alpha = 0.86 indicating that the PSC had a fairly high degree of internal consistency. One of the original studies of the PSC-17 measured internal consistency of the full scale and each of its subscales and found alpha values for each between 0.79 and 0.89. A study using the English, Spanish, oral, and written formats of the PSC found alpha = 0.91–0.92 for all formats. A study done with the Dutch PSC found alpha = 0.89, one done with the German PSC found alpha = 0.86, for the Korean PSC alpha = 0.95.
Validity
Concurrent
The PSC has consistently shown moderate to strong correlations with other validated measures of similar constructs, demonstrating concurrent validity. The original study compared checklist scores to ratings derived from a psychiatric interview and found r = 0.85. An early study of the PSC compared it with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) developed by Achenbach and found kappa = 0.76 indicating a high level of agreement. The original study of the PSC-17 compared its subscales to other validated parent report instruments and found good agreement. The internalizing subscale was compared to the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), the externalizing subscale was compared to the aggression subscale of the Iowa Connors Rating Scale, and the attention subscale was compared to the inattention—overactivity subscale of the Iowa Connors Rating scale. A study comparing the PSC-17 total score to the CBCL found r = 0.72.
Predictive
Demonstrating predictive validity, a positive score on the Y-PSC was correlated with specific psychosocial problem areas including getting into trouble, health problems, and problems getting along with parents and peers in a study of adolescents. Students with positive scores on the Y-PSC were also more likely to have poor grades and have higher absentee and tardy rates.
Impact
Psychosocial dysfunction is a common condition of children and adolescents and the risk for impairment seems to be higher for at risk groups such as minority or low-income families. Routine use of screening instruments, like the PSC, in primary care is a means of improving recognition and management of dysfunction. To further increase detection of psychosocial problems, the PSC can be used during acute care visits; only using the PSC during routine, health check-ups may miss opportunities to recognize dysfunction and refer patients to further mental health assessment and care. Studies have shown that referral to mental health services can lead to improved academic performance and that recognizing and managing psychosocial problems is “one of the best ways to prevent delinquency, violence, and other high-risk behaviors.” The PSC can also be used to track outcomes of treatment as successful interventions have been found to reduce scores over time.
Studies have also found that the PSC is useful as a screening measure to meet federal Medicaid/Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) requirements for children ages 4 –16.
Use in other populations
The PSC has been translated into 19 other languages including Spanish, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, and Japanese. A pictorial version of the PSC has also been developed. The Y-PSC, PSC-17, and Y-PSC-17 have been translated into 5, 3, and 1 other language, respectively.
The Spanish PSC, along with the English PSC, in both oral and written formats was used in a study with Mexican-American pre-school children, aged 4–5. All forms were found to be valid and reliable. However, when the age range was expanded to 4–16 years in a later study, the cut-off score had to be lowered to 12 to optimize sensitivity. A study done with the Dutch PSC found it to have good internal consistency and validity. Dutch children's mean PSC scores, as well as scores on other symptom checklists, were lower than those of American children indicating differences in levels of symptoms reported by parents based on country. A lower cut-off score of 22 had to be adopted to reach a similar level of sensitivity and specificity to the US version. The German translation of the PSC was used in a study of Austrian preschool children and found to be valid and reliable. The mean PSC scores were low; a lower cut-off score of 15.5 was adopted to optimize sensitivity and specificity. A study of the Korean PSC found it to have good reliability and validity. The cut-off score was lowered to 14 to achieve optimal sensitivity and specificity.
Studies have examined the use of the PSC and PSC-17 in urban or inner-city populations. The PSC was found to be valid and reliable for children in these areas. The study of the PSC-17 found that the sub-scales, particularly the externalizing and attention sub-scales, may not be valid measures in urban populations.
Limitations
PSC and PSC-17
The PSC and PSC-17, as parent-report measures, have some limitations: parents may not recognize or acknowledge their children's problems, especially if they have weak parent-child connections, and may under- or over-report their symptoms.
Studies of different translations of the PSC in different countries have found that the recommended cut-off score is not always optimal for detection of children with impairments. Having to recalculate the cut-off for each new language or population could make it difficult to use.
Y-PSC
As a self-report measure for children and adolescents, the Y-PSC is subject to some limitations: respondents may misunderstand questions, especially those with learning or attentional problems, and children may under- or over-report their symptoms.
See also
Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
References
External links
Full PSC
Full Y-PSC
Full PSC-17
Full Y-PSC-17
Mental disorders screening and assessment tools | wiki |
QQQQ may refer to:
The former ticker symbol for Invesco QQQ Trust, an exchange-traded fund based on the NASDAQ-100 stock index
The Morse code for unknown attacker, use in conjunction with SOS
The poker hand "Village People", composed of four queens, see List of playing-card nicknames
See also
QQQ (disambiguation)
QQ (disambiguation)
Q (disambiguation) | wiki |
A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines serial killing as "a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone".
Before 1917
Soviet era (1917–1991)
After 1991
Unidentified serial killers
See also
Lists of serial killers
References
External links
Serial killers on borntokillintheussr.com
Bibliography
serial russia
Russian criminals
Serial killers | wiki |
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