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SpotPass and StreetPass are communication systems first introduced in the Nintendo 3DS. SpotPass was later incorporated into the Nintendo 2DS, models of the New 3DS and New 2DS, and Wii U game consoles. SpotPass delivers content from the Internet to the consoles, and StreetPass uses local Wi-Fi functionality to exchange data between 3DS, 2DS, and Wii U systems.
SpotPass
SpotPass is a Nintendo 3DS and Wii U "always on" online background connectivity system, similarly to how predecessor WiiConnect24 originally functioned with Wii, which can automatically seek and connect to wireless network nodes such as Wi-Fi hotspots, sending and downloading information in the background while in sleep mode or while playing a game or running an application. It can be customized to fit the user's preferences, including opting out of it altogether for selected software. One application was being considered to use this functionality to "automatically acquire magazine and newspaper articles", similar to networked e-book reader applications.
Nintendo 3DS
Full WiFi connectivity requires the Nintendo 3DS to be properly connected to a Wi-Fi connection via its settings, but SpotPass can be obtained automatically and passively. When new data is received from SpotPass and the system is in sleep mode, the notification LED of the system will turn blue and will remain blue until the system is taken out of sleep mode. When SpotPass data is received while the system is not in sleep mode, the notification LED will blink blue a few times before returning to being off. During the 2011 Game Developers Conference, Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé announced a partnership with AT&T to provide access to AT&T hotspots via the Nintendo 3DS. Users can connect to these hotspots automatically and free of charge. SpotPass also makes uses of certified hotspots to access an application called Nintendo Zone. In the Nintendo Zone application, users can view game trailers, game screenshots, and information about current and upcoming Nintendo 3DS titles. After leaving the hotspot, although the app remains on their Nintendo 3DS system, the player becomes unable to access it.
Wii U
Similar to Nintendo 3DS's more distinctly mobile SpotPass functionality, the SpotPass feature on Wii U allows the system to automatically download available content via the Internet in the background, while the system is in use or in sleep mode. When the system is transmitting while in sleep mode, the system light will turn orange. Content that can be downloaded via SpotPass includes full game and application downloads, firmware updates, patches, and specific in-game content. Content currently being downloaded can be viewed in the Download Manager, accessed via the Wii U's Home Menu.
StreetPass
StreetPass is Nintendo 3DS functionality which allows passive communication between Nintendo 3DS systems held by users in close proximity, an example being the sharing of Mii avatars in the StreetPass Mii Plaza application, and other game data. Similar to SpotPass in the Nintendo 3DS, when new data is received from StreetPass and the system is in sleep mode, the notification LED of the system will turn green and will remain green until the system is taken out of sleep mode; when StreetPass data is received while the system is not in sleep mode, the notification LED will blink green a few times before returning to being off.
StreetPass allows users to exchange software content from select games played on their system, regardless of what software is currently in the console. StreetPass functionality must be activated for each piece of compatible software and can be disabled by parental controls. Currently shared content is stored in one of twelve "data slots" in the console. Using this data slot, Nintendo 3DS users can readily share and exchange content for multiple games at the same time, whenever they are connected. Using the console's background connectivity, a Nintendo 3DS in Sleep Mode can automatically discover other Nintendo 3DS systems within range, establish a connection, and exchange content for mutually played games, all transparently and without requiring any user input. For example, in Rhythm Heaven Megamix, if the user passes by someone with the same software, they will take on a figure-fighting duel challenge. Each game can only hold a certain number of StreetPass exchanges, requiring the player to check their game software before additional exchanges can be made (for example, StreetPass Mii Plaza can only hold ten visitors at a time).
Trademarks suggested that this functionality would be named "CrossPass", but on September 29, 2010, during the Nintendo World conference, the name of the Tag Mode service was confirmed to be StreetPass.
StreetPass Mii Plaza
StreetPass Mii Plaza is a built-in application included with every Nintendo 3DS family device and the primary application for StreetPass interactivity. Here, players can set up their Mii to appear on other 3DS devices that it encounters via StreetPass. Up to ten Miis can be brought into the plaza at a time and taken into various mini-games. Two mini-games, Puzzle Swap and Find Mii / StreetPass Quest, are included as standard, whilst eleven additional games; Mii Force / StreetPass Squad, Flower Town / StreetPass Garden, Warrior's Way / StreetPass Battle, Monster Manor / StreetPass Mansion, Ultimate Angler, Battleground Z, Slot Car Rivals, Market Crashers, Feed Mii, Ninja Launcher, and Mii Trek can be purchased separately. All games allow players to use Play Coins in place of StreetPass Miis.
StreetPass Relay
StreetPass Relay was announced during an analyst briefing at E3 2013, where Nintendo announced that it was creating thousands of new StreetPass Relay stations across the United States and Europe. Nintendo planned to turn over 29,000 Wi-Fi access points into relays in the US, while Europe would see approximately 30,000. With this network, Nintendo aimed to vastly improve the functionality of the 3DS and enable players to find more Miis in their StreetPass Mii Plaza. It was powered by Hbase, Puppet, fluentd, and Amazon Web Services cloud technologies.
StreetPass Relay points were located at Nintendo Zones all across the country. When a Nintendo 3DS user got near a StreetPass Relay point, it automatically forwarded his or her StreetPass data to Nintendo's servers which stored it temporarily to pass it on to the next Nintendo 3DS user to pass by the same relay point. The Nintendo servers kept track of each relay point by the MAC address of the node. StreetPass Relay points supported StreetPass data for various games each time a Nintendo 3DS user passes by. This meant the user could get StreetPass data for several games at once.
On March 28, 2018, StreetPass Relays worldwide were shut down, with the exception of the Nintendo store in New York City and Best Buy locations in Canada.
Notes
References
Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo Network
Online video game services
Wii U | wiki |
The Women's 400 metre individual medley competition at the 2017 Summer Universiade was held on 20 August 2017.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing world and Universiade records were as follows.
The following new records were set during this competition.
Results
Heats
The heats were held at 10:10.
Final
The final was held at 19:25.
References
Women's 400 metre individual medley | wiki |
Sculpey (often misspelled as Sculpy) is the brand name for a type of polymer clay that can be molded and put into a conventional oven to harden, as opposed to typical modeling clays, which require a much hotter oven, such as a kiln. Until it is baked, Sculpey has a consistency somewhat like Plasticine. Its main competitor is the German brand Fimo. It is sold in many colors, but can also be painted once baked. Sculpey has become popular with modeling artists, jewellery makers, and other craft work.
The primary ingredient in Sculpey is polyvinyl chloride, augmented with fillers, plasticizers and colorants. Aside from the hazards of overheating and combustion, which can generate hydrochloric acid and other toxins, Sculpey is nontoxic both before and after hardening.
History
Sculpey is a brand of polymer clay made by Polyform Products in the United States. The compound was first created in the early 1960s, with the original idea being to use the clay as a thermal transfer compound which would conduct heat away from the cores of electrical transformers. However, the usage of the compound for this purpose turned out to be unsuccessful. The material was neglected for a period of time, until the late 1960s, when it was discovered that the compound could be molded, baked, sanded, drilled, carved and painted. It became a highly versatile medium for the craft industry. The clay was marketed directly to people at craft shows, street fairs and demonstrations in small art stores.
Sculpey closely resembles Fimo, another brand of polymer clay. Sculpey has a less rigid composition which better suits modeling, while Fimo is better suited for twisting into cane and bead making because the colors do not blend together as readily. The plasticity is controlled by the amount of oil suspending the polymers in the "clay".
Today, Sculpey offers six variations of polymer clay: Sculpey Soufflé, Sculpey Premo, Sculpey III, Sculpey BakeShop, Super Sculpey and Sculpey Original. It also manufactures various liquid clay products and polymer clay tools.
Techniques
Many techniques exist for working with polymer clay. Caning is a technique borrowed from glass artisans, who used the name millefiori, meaning "a thousand flowers". It involves making a picture from thick pieces of polymer clay, which are then extruded so the picture becomes smaller, and the cane much longer. The original picture can then be seen running throughout the length of the cane, though smaller. It can then be sliced, with the slices used to cover other objects or blobs of scrap polymer clay.
Marbling is one of the simplest techniques used with polymer clay. It involves mixing different colors of polymer clay together to form a pattern. As the clay is mixed, the pattern becomes smaller and smaller, until the two colors are completely blended.
Colors can be mixed by combining various colors of clay, alcohol inks, mica powder or paints.
Mokume-Gane is a technique borrowed from metalworking. It involves placing several sheets of clay on top of each other and then pushing an object through it.
References
External links
Official Sculpey web site
Handicrafts
Sculpture materials | wiki |
The Immigration Act 1971 (c 77) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning immigration and nearly entirely remaking the field of British immigration law. The Act, as with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, and that of 1968, restricts immigration, especially primary immigration into the UK. It introduced the concept of patriality or right of abode. It was also partly passed to legally clarify the rights of Commonwealth citizens within the United Kingdom in preparation for membership of the European Communities (EC) in which the United Kingdom would become a member state from 1 January 1973. It was coincidentally the same day which the Act came into full legal force which gave not only new automatic rights to EC member state citizens but would also give them priority over non-EC citizens (including overseas Commonwealth citizens) under the obligations of the Treaty of Rome, of which the UK become a signatory though the Treaty of Accession, signed on 22 January 1972. In relation to deportation notices, the Act is referenced at sections 11 and 23 of the Terrorism Act 2000.
Background
Harold Wilson's Labour government proposed the Commonwealth Immigrants act of 1968 in response to the possibility of 200,000 Asian immigrants leaving Kenya in 1967 due to its attempts at 'Africanisation'. The act was passed in just three days, partly due to the support and fierce drive of then-Home Secretary, James Callaghan. This broke away from the non-discriminatory immigration policy that had preceded it. The UK Government saw a need to appease Canada, New Zealand, and Australia over the future negative impact on them when Britain would join the European Communities, a matter which would be hardest on people who had emigrated from Britain in the expectation of continued close ties.
Summary
One result of the Act was to stop the permanent migration of workers from the overseas members of the Commonwealth of Nations, unless they met certain tests. It elaborated the definition of "patrial" migrants, first introduced in the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968, as persons born in the United Kingdom and persons who had resided there for the previous five years or longer.
Right of abode
The Act limited the right to enter and live in the United Kingdom to certain subsets of Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies with ties to the UK itself.
That wording of the measure introduced minor confusion into the concept of the right of abode, when it limited right of abode through descent to a CUKC who had a parent who had CUKC status by "birth, adoption, naturalisation or .... registration in the United Kingdom or in any of the islands" or a grandparent CUKC who "at the time of that birth or adoption so had it".
Whether "so had it" referred to a grandparent who had CUKC status generally or CUKC status from the UK and islands specifically was decided by the courts to refer to the latter.
The right of abode on 31 December 1982 was necessary to become a British citizen on 1 January 1983 under the automatic transition at commencement of CUKC provisions of the British Nationality Act 1981, so failing to meet the interpretation of the right of abode test above resulted in no British citizenship through that route.
The British Nationality Act 1981 modified the right of abode section of the Immigration Act 1971 to remove the wording at issue, although the former version still had effect for determinations of British citizenship through right of abode for persons born before 1983, and potentially for their descendants.
Immigration Rules
Section 1 of the act provides for "rules laid down by the Secretary of State as to the practice to be followed in the administration of this Act".
In 1972, the Heath administration introduced the first proposed Immigration Rules under the 1971 act. The rules proposal drew criticism from Conservative Party backbenchers, because it formally implemented a limit of six months of leave to enter as a visitor for white "Old Commonwealth" citizens who were "non-patrial" (did not have Right of Abode under the 1971 act, generally because they did not have a parent or grandparent from the UK). At the same time the proposal opened the door to free movement of certain European workers from European Economic Community member states. Seven backbenchers voted against the proposed Rules and 53 abstained, leading to defeat. Minutes from a Cabinet meeting the next day conclude that "anti-European sentiment" among backbenchers, who instead preferred "Old Commonwealth" migration to the UK, was at the core of the result. The proposal was revised, and the first Rules were passed in January 1973.
By August 2018, the Immigration Rules stood at almost 375,000 words, often so precise and detailed that the service of a lawyer are typically required to navigate them. That length represented nearly a doubling in just a decade. During the period of the introduction of the "hostile environment" policy under Prime Minister Theresa May, more than 1,300 changes were made to the Rules in 2012 alone. Former Lord Justice of Appeal Stephen Irwin referred to the complexity of the system as "something of a disgrace", and an effort to gradually overhaul the Rules into a more understandable system began to take place. The England and Wales Law Commission began to make recommendations for clearer rules to be adopted.
Contents
Part I Regulation of Entry into and Stay in United Kingdom
Part II Appeals
Part III Criminal Proceedings
Part 3A Maritime enforcement
Part IV Supplementary
Schedule 1
Schedule 2 Administrative Provisions as to Control on Entry etc.
Schedule 3 Supplementary Provisions as to Deportation
Schedule 4 Integration with United Kingdom Law of Immigration Law of Islands
Schedule 4A Enforcement powers in relation to ships
Schedule 5 The Adjudicators and the Tribunal
Schedule 6 Repeals
See also
UK labour law
British nationality law
History of British nationality law
Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner
Notes
Further reading
External links
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1971
Immigration law in the United Kingdom
British Indian history
Immigration legislation | wiki |
Tuttle House may refer to:
in the United States
(by state then city)
Bronson B. Tuttle House, Naugatuck, Connecticut, listed on the NRHP in Connecticut
Bishop Daniel S. Tuttle House, Boise, Idaho, listed on the NRHP in Idaho
Columbus Tuttle House, Lapeer, Michigan, listed on the NRHP in Michigan
Tuttle House, Ipswich, Massachusetts
Donald D. Tuttle House, Concord, New Hampshire, listed on the NRHP
David Tuttle Cooperage, Dover, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in New Jersey
Tuttle House (Whippany, New Jersey), listed on the NRHP in New Jersey
Newman Tuttle House, Lacona, New York, listed on the NRHP in New York
Tuttle House (Fredericktown, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Ohio
Tuttle-Folsom House, Manti, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Utah
A. G. Tuttle Estate, Baraboo, Wisconsin, listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin | wiki |
Udaka may refer:
Uddaka Rāmaputta, teacher of Gautama Buddha.
Shinji Udaka, a Japanese Baseball player.
Udakanuketiya, a town in Sri Lanka.
Udaka vadya, an Indian musical instrument. | wiki |
India competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. A total of 83 athletes, 60 men and 23 women, competed in 13 sports. Men's field hockey was the only team-based sport in which India had its representation in these Olympic Games. India also marked its Olympic return in weightlifting, after the International Weightlifting Federation imposed a two-year suspension for the nation's athletes in Beijing because of a doping scandal.
The Indian team featured several Olympic medalists from Beijing, including rifle shooter and Olympic gold medalist Abhinav Bindra, who failed to advance into the final rounds of his event in London. Wrestler and Olympic bronze medalist Sushil Kumar managed to claim another medal by winning silver in the men's freestyle wrestling. The Indian Olympic Association also appointed him to be the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony.
This was India's 2nd most successful Olympics in terms of total medal tally, having won a total of 6 medals (2 silver and 4 bronze), doubling the nation's previous record (3 medals at the 2008 Beijing Olympics). Two medals each were awarded to the athletes in shooting and wrestling. India also set a historical milestone for the female athletes who won two Olympic medals for the first time. Badminton player and world junior champion Saina Nehwal became the first Indian athlete to win an Olympic bronze medal in the women's singles. Boxer Mary Kom, on the other hand, lost to Great Britain's Nicola Adams in the semi-final match, but settled for the bronze in the first ever women's flyweight event.
Medalists
Competitors
Archery
Six Indian archers qualified for the London Olympics – 3 in women's recurve and 3 in men's recurve.
Men
Women
Athletics
Fourteen Indian athletes qualified for the Athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the 'A' Standard, and 1 at the 'B' Standard).:
Men
Track & road events
Field events
Women
Track & road events
Field events
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
SB = Seasonal best
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Badminton
5 Indian badminton players qualified for the London Olympics.
Boxing
Eight Indian boxers qualified for the London Olympics.
Men
Women
Field hockey
The Indian national Hockey team, on 26 February 2012, had qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics after winning the qualifying tournament against France with a score of 8–1.
India was placed in Pool B of the men's tournament.
Men's tournament
Roster
Group play
All times are British Summer Time, (UTC+1).
11th–12th Place
This was the worst show ever by India at the Olympics.
Judo
There was only one Indian judoka at the London Olympics.
Rowing
India had qualified the following boats.
Men
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; Q=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage
Shooting
Eleven Indian shooters qualified for the London Olympics, with seven male and four female competitors. India had earned 11 quotas in shooting events. India has been most successful in this category this year with Gagan Narang and Vijay Kumar winning bronze and silver medals respectively.
Men
Women
Swimming
India had gained a "Universality place" from the FINA.
Men
Table tennis
India had won 2 quotas in table tennis.
Tennis
India had won 7 quotas in tennis.
Men
Women
Mixed
Weightlifting
India had won 2 quotas in weightlifting.
Wrestling
India had won 5 quotas in the following events.
Key:
- Victory by Fall.
- Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.
- Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.
Men's freestyle
Women's freestyle
Controversies
Opening ceremony
An unknown woman in civilian attire was seen walking at the head of the Indian Olympic team's march past during the Parade of Nations. Her presence attracted media attention throughout India and raised questions about security at the Olympic Games. The woman was subsequently identified as Madhura Nagendra (incorrectly referred to by some sources as Madhura Honey), a graduate student from Bangalore living in London and a dancer in a segment of the opening ceremony co-ordinated by Danny Boyle.
The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games issued an apology to the Indian contingent over the incident and revoked Nagendra's Olympic security accreditation. On her return to India, Nagendra issued a public apology for her "error of judgement".
Boxing
Boxer Sumit Sangwan lost a closely contested bout 14–15 against Yamaguchi Falcao Florentino of Brazil in the light heavyweight category round of 32. The ESPN commentators described the loss as "daylight robbery." India's acting chef-de-mission Brigadier P. K. M. Raja, on the insistence of Sports Minister Ajay Maken, lodged an unsuccessful appeal against the judges' decision believing he had won.
A win by Vikas Krishan in the welterweight pre-quarters was overturned after an appeal by the opponent Errol Spence. The Indian was given four penalty points and the score was changed from 11–13 to 15–13 in favour of Errol Spence. The decision was overturned citing the nine holding fouls committed by the Indian boxer in the third round and for spitting out the gumshield intentionally. As the jury's decision was final, no further appeal by the Indians were permitted. India through its Acting Chef de Mission Brigadier PKM Raja approached the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) but the appeal was rejected.
Boxer Manoj Kumar lost his pre quarterfinal light welterweight bout against Great Britain's Tom Stalker in a controversial manner. The boxer was at the wrong end of some of the judging calls and he cried "cheating" openly before leaving the boxing arena.
Badminton
Jwala Gutta and Ashwini Ponnappa missed out on a badminton - women's doubles quarterfinal berth by a difference of one point after tying with Japan and Taipei on points. Prior to India's final group game, the Japanese partnership of Mizuki Fujii and Reika Kakiiwa lost to Chinese Taipei's Cheng Wen Hsing and Chien Yu Chin. On behalf of the Badminton Association of India, a protest was lodged saying that the match between Japan and Chinese Taipei was fixed and that Japan had deliberately lost that match in order to have a better draw in the next round. The Indian appeal was turned down by force.
See also
India at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
India at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics
Indian sports
References
External links
Olympics London 2012
Nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2012
2012 in Indian sport | wiki |
This list of undefeated mixed martial artists excludes mixed martial artists with fewer than 7 wins.
See also
List of female mixed martial artists
List of mixed martial artists with the most sanctioned fights
List of male mixed martial artists
References
Undefeated mixed martial artists | wiki |
Baithak or Bethak literally means "seat" or "place to seat" in several languages from South Asia.
Baithak or Bethak may refer to:
Pushtimarg Baithak, a sacred sites in Pushtimarg tradition of Vaishnava Hinduism.
Mehmaan khana, the sitting rooms of North India and Pakistan.
Baithak Gana, the Surinamese music
Baithakata, a village in Bengal
Bethak redirects to squat, a type of exercise
Baithak, a type of Hindustani classical music performance | wiki |
Costume museum may refer to:
Costume Museum of Canada
Costume Museum (Kastoria)
Other costume museums:
Centre National du Costume de Scene, France
Devonshire Collection of Period Costume, England
Korea Museum of Modern Costume
Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume, Scotland
Museum of the History of the Greek Costume, Greece
National Museum of Costume, Scotland
National Museum of Costume and Fashion, Portugal
See also
Fashion museum
Textile museums | wiki |
The Red Wolf () is a crime novel by Liza Marklund first published in 2003. It is a sequel to her novel The Bomber.
It was made into a movie in 2012.
Adaptations
The Red Wolf (2012), film directed by Agneta Fagerström-Olsson
External links
2003 Swedish novels
Novels by Liza Marklund
Swedish crime novels
Sequel novels | wiki |
Życzenie śmierci (ujednoznacznienie)
Death Wish (soundtrack) (do filmu Życzenie śmierci (film 1974), Herbie Hancock)
Death Wish (singel) (Jadakiss) | wiki |
This is a list of political entities in the 19th century (1801–1900) AD. It includes both sovereign states, self-declared unrecognized states, and any political predecessors of current sovereign states.
Political entities
|| ||Republic of British Hawaii || ||Republic || 2019–2021 ||Oceania ||United States
|-
See also
List of Bronze Age states
List of Iron Age states
List of Classical Age states
List of states during Late Antiquity
List of states during the Middle Ages
References
+19
19th century
19th century-related lists | wiki |
Cue sports techniques (usually more specific, e.g., billiards techniques, snooker techniques) are a vital important aspect of game play in the various cue sports such as carom billiards, pool, snooker and other games. Such techniques are used on each shot in an attempt to achieve an immediate aim such as scoring or playing a safety, while at the same time exercising control over the positioning of the and often the s for the next shot or .
In carom games, an advanced player's aim on most shots is to leave the cue ball and the object balls in position so that the next shot is of a less difficult variety to make the requisite , and so that the next shot is in position to be manipulated in turn for yet another shot; ad infinitum.
Similarly, in many pocket billiards games, an advanced player's aim is to manipulate the cue ball so that it is in position to () a chosen next object ball, and so that the next shot can also be manipulated for the next shot, and so on. Whereas in the carom games, manipulation of the object ball's position is crucial as well on every shot, in some pool games this is not as large a factor because on a successful shot the object ball is pocketed. However, many shots in one-pocket, for example, have this same added object ball control factor for most shots.
If a player is not attempting to score or pocket, depending on the game, then the goal is usually to exercise control over the cue ball to leave some type of to make it more difficult for the opponent to score or pocket.
In order to control the cue ball on a shot, a player must master a wide variety of techniques, and have a well-founded conceptual grasp of the mechanics involved. As stated by George Fels, "pool's poet laureate":
Stance
There is no single universally accepted stance, with a wide variation between players who compete at professional cuesports. However, there are a number of common characteristics: generally the back leg is braced while the front leg is slightly bent with the player leaning into the shot; the player's weight is evenly distributed, and the body remains still for the duration of the shot. Many of the modern players face the line of the shot, while a more traditional stance would see the player twist their body so their back foot is at a right-angle to the shot.
Sidespin ()
The term (usually not capitalized in this context, and often called "side" in the UK, and sometimes simply called "left" or "right") normally refers to sidespin put on a cue ball by hitting it to the left or right of center. English is used for position by altering the of the cue ball after it contacts a rail cushion. More specific terms are sometimes employed, including "reverse english" for side that closes the cue ball's angle after contacting a cushion, and "natural english" or "running english" for side that widens that angle. Both left and right change the direction an object ball takes upon impact with the cue ball (the "" effect). For advanced players it is important to understand how the use of can cause the cue ball to veer off its aiming line (an effect called deflection or "squirt").
An above-center hit on the cue ball is more precisely referred to as "" ("top" in the UK), while a below-center hit is "draw", "bottom", or "back-spin". Any time the cue ball is not struck directly in the center of the vertical axis, some sidespin will be imparted either left or right on the cue ball. This unintentional sidespin is a common source of missed shots. Cue-ball spin is not always the shooter's doing; some spin is naturally imparted to the cue ball from contact with the cloth surface on the bed of the table, and by the table's cushions.
Follow
Follow, sometimes called top spin or simply "top," is spin in the direction of travel of the cue ball, so that it is spinning faster than it would from its natural roll. If the cue ball has top spin on it, it will resume rolling forward after making contact dead-on with the object ball and "follow" the object ball rather than stopping abruptly.
Top spin is imparted to a ball by hitting it above the midpoint of its vertical plane as it faces the shooter. Top spin is spin in the direction a ball naturally "wants" to take in reaction to friction from contact with the pool cloth. Because of this, a ball sliding on the cloth will rapidly pick up follow. Likewise, a ball struck so that it is spinning backwards (with draw — see below) immediately starts losing that spin, and if it travels far enough, will reach a sliding point (no spin), soon graduating to natural follow.
Follow applied to a non-dead-on shot will cause the angle of departure of the cue ball from the object ball to widen shortly after impact; the thicker the hit on the object ball, the more this effect will be noticeable (on very thin cut shots it practically does not exist). Similarly, top spin will cause a widening of the cue ball's rebound angle after impact with a rail cushion.
Follow also increases the rate of cue ball travel, both before and after object-ball impact, and actually imparts a small amount of draw to the object ball.
Force-follow
Force-follow is an extreme variation of follow, produced by an imparting as much top-spin as possible, in a forceful shot that employs a long follow-through, as used on a draw shot but above rather than below centre. A straight-on force-follow shot causes the cue ball to hesitate for a split second (rebounding from impact), then charge forward again, due to the forward spin it still retains. It may also refuse a normal rebound from the rail by striking the same rail a second time, due to the forward spin's friction overcoming the rebound. This shot is useful both in trick shots and in positional play.
Draw
Draw, sometimes called back-spin or "bottom" in the U.K., is backward spin applied to the cue ball by hitting it below the midpoint of its vertical plane as it faces the shooter. If the cue ball is hit with draw, and if that spin remains on the cue ball at the moment of impact with an object ball, the cue ball will reverse direction on a dead-on or center-to-center hit, and "draw" backwards.
Draw applied to a non-dead-on shot will cause the angle of departure of the cue ball from the object ball to narrow shortly after impact. Similarly, it will cause a narrowing of the cue ball's rebound angle after impact with a rail cushion.
Draw can also be used to slow the rate of cue ball travel as a result of increased friction between the cloth and the cue ball, and reduce the risk of having the cueball roll off line if the table is not level. This is often called "drag shot" or "drag draw".
A cue ball with back spin can impart a small amount of follow to the object ball. This is often useful in close combination shots to make the first ball struck follow instead of stun after second ball contact.
Slide
"" refers to a cue ball that is sliding across the cloth with no follow or draw spin. To illustrate this principle, if a ball was marked with a single red dot on it which faced the ceiling at the time the cue ball was struck, an observer would see the cue ball traveling with that red dot remaining fixed at the top of the ball, because the bottom of the ball is sliding over the cloth.
In order to initially achieve a sliding cue ball, a middle-ball hit is employed. The more speed with which the cue ball is hit in this manner, the longer the cue ball will slide before picking up natural forward roll from cloth friction. However, because of this tendency of the cue ball to acquire follow from friction, in order to deliver a sliding cue ball to an object ball at a distance, the cue ball must be precisely hit with the necessary degree of draw so that by the time it reaches the object ball, the draw has dissipated and the cue ball is sliding at the moment of impact.
Stop and stun shots
When a sliding cue ball contacts an object ball dead-on (a center-to-center hit), the cue ball and object ball are of the same mass, and neither follow nor draw is on the cue ball at the moment of impact, the cue ball will transfer all of its momentum to the object ball and come to a complete stop; this is a . If the sliding cue ball in the preceding scenario has sidespin on it when it contacts an object ball dead on, it will come to a complete stop but spin in place at that position until the sidespin dissipates. If the cue ball and object ball contact is not dead-on but still very full, the result will often be a , where the cue ball departs the object ball in the expected direction but travels only a short distance. The stun effect can often be enhanced with a minimal amount of draw, to reduce cue ball speed before impact with the object ball.
If a cue ball is sliding, not rolling, at the time it contacts an object ball at an angle (i.e. on a , a center-to-center impact), the cue ball will travel in a line tangential to the point of impact between both balls – the . Because billiard balls are somewhat elastic, the resulting tangent line is slightly less than 90 degrees from perpendicular to a line formed by the contact point between the balls.
If the cue ball hits an object ball at an angle and has follow on it (is spinning forward), the cue ball will first travel on the tangent line and then parabolically arc forward from the tangent line in the direction of cue ball travel. By the same token, when such impact is made and the cue ball has draw (back-spin) on it, the cue ball will first travel on the tangent line and then parabolically arc backward from the tangent line in the opposite direction of cue ball travel. Whether follow or draw is on the cue ball, the faster the cue ball is traveling at the moment of impact, the farther it will travel on the tangent line before arcing forward or backward.
Throw
"" refers to an object ball's motion away from the impact line due to relative sideways sliding motion between the cue ball and object ball caused by sidespin or a cut angle.
When a ball with (sidespin) on it hits an object ball with a degree of fullness, the object ball will be "thrown" in the opposite direction of the side of the cue ball the was applied. Thus, a cue ball with left hand on it will "throw" a hit object ball to the right.
This effect is sometimes overarchingly referred to as the "gear system", so-called because of the interaction of the cogwork gears of a each circular gear is interlocked with an abutting circular gear and each spins in the opposite direction of its neighbor in a series. on the cue ball can cause a very similar effect. If the cue ball with left hand in the preceding scenario contacts an object ball relatively full and that object ball is frozen to another, the first object ball is thrown to the right and the second to the left, exactly as the name implies.
Throw is also imparted to a ball by collision from a cue ball with no on it through friction. This is sometimes called "". The direction of the object ball's throw depends on the cue ball's path immediately before impact. Collision-induced throw "pushes" the object ball in the same direction as the cue ball was traveling before impact. Thus, a cue ball traveling from the left will cause an impacted object ball to be thrown slightly to the left of the OB's natural impact line.
Both varieties of throw are highly influenced by speed. Generally, the less momentum the cue ball possesses at the time of impact, the more that throw will affect the object ball's resultant path of travel.
Semi- ("curve" or "swerve") shot
A cue ball can be made to curve in its path of travel with a shot. This is usually employed for the purpose of avoiding an interfering ball or balls.
In order to achieve a curve, a player's cue stick must be elevated and the cue ball struck with . A curve to the left is accomplished by hitting the cue ball with left-hand , and vice versa for a rightward curve. The higher the elevation of the cue, the more severe the degree of curve. The greater force with which a cue ball is hit the farther it will travel in the direction it was hit before beginning to curve.
Such shots are typically referred to as "curve shots" by North Americans and "swerve shots" by the British (not be confused with the swerve effect, below).
Much steeper curves and even reversal of cue ball direction can be achieved with a (below).
shot
"" refers to imparting a high degree of spin along the vertical axis and often on the horizontal axis as well, so that the cue ball reverses direction, sharply curves, or both a few moments after being struck without the necessity of ever contacting another ball or rail.
A is performed by hitting the cue ball with the butt of the cue stick elevated; usually by 60 degrees or more. While controlling the aim, speed and curve of the cue ball takes a great deal of practice to master, there is a science to it. After the initial contact, the cue ball will travel straight along the path defined by the horizontal alignment of the cue until the cue ball slows enough for the imparted vertical spin to take over. The cue ball will then curve onto a line defined by an angle described by the cue ball's initial resting point on the table and point on the table where the cue tip was aimed. The time before vertical spin overcomes horizontal movement is determined by the force with which the cue ball is struck. are quite difficult for non-experts, and are not allowed in some venues, as the table's can be easily damaged by unskilled players.
A massé shot is an equivalent to the hook technique in ten-pin bowling, used to impart spin on the ball and produce a curving pattern.
Swerve effect
Whenever a pool ball is struck with any degree of , and with a cue that is not perfectly level, some curve in the ball's path will result. In the two immediately preceding sections, intentional curves of lesser and greater degrees were described. However, because in most billiards shots, the cue is slightly elevated, if is employed, an unintentional (and often imperceptible to the naked eye) curve results. This is known as "" or "the swerve effect". The farther away an intended target is from the cue ball's original shooting position, the more swerve of the cue ball will affect where the cue ball arrives. For this reason, use of (and unintentional ) are complicating factors in billiards and swerve must be compensated for. The swerve effect should not be confused with a "swerve shot", previously defined as Commonwealth terminology for a curve shot.
Deflection (squirt)
"", sometimes referred to as "squirt", is displacement of the cue ball from the aimed direction in the opposite direction of the side to which was applied. Like the swerve effect, deflection is an unwanted complicating factor, present whenever is employed.
The physics of deflection has been studied extensively. Basically, when is used, the cue ball will always begin its travel in a direction not exactly as aimed; it will "squirt" off of the line parallel with the cue's direction. Deflection increases the faster the cue stick is traveling at impact and the more has been applied.
In more detail, deflection occurs when the cue tip strikes the cue ball right or left of the vertical axis. When the cue tip strikes the cue ball off the vertical axis, the cue ball will deviate from what would seem to be the obvious path once the cue tip strikes the cue ball. The reason this occurs and how much the ball deviates from what seems like the obvious path is dependent on many factors that the player must be aware of to properly adjust the line of aim while using side-spin. The most impactful of factors is the front-end weight of the cue stick. What is actually causing the squirt to occur is the off-center hit on a spherical object from a linear source of energy. As the energy of the cue stick is imparted to the cue ball from the tip of the cue stick, it is actually making contact with an angled surface when the cue ball is struck off-center. The more off-center the hit, the more angle the cue tip encounters. As a result, when the tip strikes the cue ball, it imparts forward energy and a degree of energy directed left or right. – a nudging-to-the-side effect. The left or right energy serves to push the cueball off the line just a little bit while most of the energy is distributed forward. A cue stick with less front end mass will naturally serve to minimize the left or right energy imparted on the cue ball thus reducing the amount of squirt realized on the shot. To really dig into the physics behind why squirt takes place, students from the University of Colorado's physics department wrote a detailed paper explaining the math behind what is taking place (Physics Behind Squirt).
Deflection can be decreased by the type of cue used, and at high levels, players will often select a personal playing cue (or a primary shooting shaft for one) based on the amount of squirt it imparts (the less the better). Various manufacturers since the late 1990s have developed low-deflection shafts which flex slightly upon impact, to absorb some of this sideways momentum and prevent imparting it to the cue ball. These are essentially opposite the rigid shafts designed for breaking and for jump shots, which are intended to impart all available force into the cue ball.
Because swerve and deflection (for separate reasons) each cause the cue ball to take a different path than aimed, but each does so in the opposite direction of the other, under the right conditions swerve and deflection can cancel each other out.
Jump shot
A "" describes any shot where the cue ball is intentionally driven into the air in a legal manner. It is not permissible in some games (e.g. snooker, blackball, and Russian pyramid) and may be frowned upon or even forbidden in some venues as attempts at it by unskilled players may cause damage to a table's cloth. A legal jump shot requires that the cue ball be struck above center, driving it down into the table, so that the slightly elastic ball will leave the table surface on a rebound. All authoritative rule sources deem it illegal to "scoop" under the cue ball with the tip of the cue to fling it into the air (technically because it is illegal to contact the cue ball with the ferrule of the cue, and because the cue ball is struck twice in rapid succession on such a move, both of which are classic fouls).
Unintentional small jumps are ubiquitous to billiards. In most billiards shots, a player's cue is slightly elevated. Whenever a ball is struck with an elevated cue with much force, a jump, no matter how slight, occurs. An oft-used way to illustrate this principle is to lay a coin on the table approximately an inch in front of the cue ball. When shot very softly, the player will audibly hear the coin being struck and see the cue ball's reaction to that collision. When the same shot is performed with any degree of speed no sound or collision is evident, and it is clear that the coin is being jumped.
Drag
The drag shot is a finesse stroke (usually over a long distance, often the full length of the table) where just enough backspin is applied to the cueball so that it will expire moments before contact with the object ball and finally roll with neither backspin or topspin at a slow pace. The cueball skims over the surface thus negating any nap or deformation (pilling) of the cloth and keeps a straight trajectory, up until the point where the spin wears off and the cueball rolls naturally. The great advantage of the finessed drag shot is that it allows great control of aim on less than perfect surfaces and delivers contact on the originally intended trajectory. Willie Smith was a master of the drag shot.
References
Techniques
Sports techniques
Snooker | wiki |
Chester Park may refer to:
Chester Park, Bristol, a residential area in Bristol, England
Chester Park, Duluth, a neighborhood in Duluth, Minnesota, U.S.
Chester State Park, a state park of South Carolina, U.S.
Grosvenor Park, Chester, a public park in Chester, England | wiki |
Prison is a 1987 horror film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Viggo Mortensen, Tom Everett, Kane Hodder, Lane Smith, and Tommy Lister. It was filmed at the Old State Prison in Rawlins, Wyoming, with many residents on the cast and crew.
Plot
In 1956, inmate Charlie Forsythe of Creedmore Prison was executed via electric chair for a murder he did not commit.
When Creedmore Prison is reopened after thirty years, Charlie Forsythe returns from the afterlife to exact revenge on Ethan Sharpe (Lane Smith) – the officer who stood by as Forsythe was executed.
Inmate Burke (Viggo Mortensen) and all other inmates soon realize that they will all be slaughtered unless Forsythe is allowed to repay his long-standing debt.
Cast
Prison Staff
Chelsea Field as Katherine Walker
Lane Smith as Warden Ethan Sharpe
Arlen Dean Snyder as Captain Carl Horton
Hal Landon Jr. as Wallace
Matt Kane as Johnson
Prisoners
Viggo Mortensen as Burke
Lincoln Kilpatrick as Cresus
Tom Everett as Rabbitt
Ivan Kane as Joe 'Lasagna' Lazano
André DeShields as Sandor
Tommy Lister as Tiny
Stephen Little as 'Rhino' Reynolds
Mickey Yablans as Brian Young
Larry "Flash" Jenkins as Hershey
Kane Hodder as Charlie Forsythe
Joseph Garcia as inmate getting hair cut
Production
The film was shot on location at the former Wyoming State Penitentiary in Rawlins, Wyoming. The facility had been vacant since its closure in 1981 after the construction of a new State Penitentiary, and was made freely available for film production after producer Irwin Yablans approached the State during a search for abandoned prison facilities as the setting for a prison horror movie.
Because the facility was slated for demolition, little regard was given for its preservation, and the production crew was offered free license to make permanent, oftentimes destructive modifications as necessary. This included drilling a large passage through the prison's reinforced concrete perimeter wall, which was mocked up as a vehicle gate for the film.
A majority of the extras portraying prisoners were real-life inmates of the Wyoming State Penitentiary, including former stuntman Stephen E. Little, who was serving a sentence of manslaughter at the time. His SAG membership dues were paid and current, and he was cast in a speaking role as "Rhino."
The execution chamber shown in the film is the Penitentiary's original gas chamber, which replaced hanging after 1936 as the legal method of execution for condemned criminals in the State. The chamber was never used for electrocutions in reality.
Release
The film was given a limited theatrical release in the United States by the Eden Distributing Company in March 1988. It grossed $354,704 at the box office.
The film was released in 1988 on VHS by New World Pictures. It had originally been released on DVD overseas, but not in the United States, save for bootlegs. However, on February 19, 2013, Shout! Factory released the first official Blu-ray Disc and DVD and the first through their new subdivision Scream Factory.
References
External links
1987 horror films
1987 films
Films set in 1956
American supernatural horror films
Empire International Pictures films
1980s English-language films
Films directed by Renny Harlin
Films produced by Irwin Yablans
Films set in prison
Films scored by Richard Band
Films shot in Wyoming
American ghost films
1980s prison films
1980s American films
Films about miscarriage of justice | wiki |
"This Is My Song" is a popular song.
It was composed by Dick Charles, a pseudonym of Richard Charles Krieg, on August 23, 1950, and published on December 31, 1951.
It was recorded by Patti Page in 1953, and issued by Mercury Records as catalog number 70183. It entered the Billboard chart on August 8, 1953, at number 20, lasting one week. The song also became Patti Page's television theme song.
References
1951 songs
Songs written by Dick Charles | wiki |
The 2021 International Court of Justice election was held on 5 November 2021 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly and the Security Council concurrently elected Hilary Charlesworth (Australia) to the International Court of Justice for remainder of the nine-year term of office that had been held by Judge James Crawford (Australia).
In the election, two candidates were vying for the remaining term of one position, opened following the death of Judge Crawford, beginning on 5 November 2021, the date on which they were voted by the Security Council and General Assembly, and ending on 5 February 2024. The nominated candidates were Hilary Charlesworth (Australia) and Linos‑Alexander Sicilianos (Greece). After a single round of voting, Ms. Charlesworth (Australia) received the required majority in the Security Council, as well as an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly.
Election
Under the terms of the Statute of the ICJ, a candidate obtaining an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly and the Security Council is considered elected. In the General Assembly, all 193 Member States in the General Assembly are electors. Accordingly, for the election, 97 votes constitute an absolute majority in the Assembly. In the Security Council, eight votes constitute an absolute majority and no distinction is made between its permanent and non‑permanent members.
Sources:
References
International Court of Justice elections | wiki |
Canadian primary and secondary standardized examinations are examinations developed in Canada and taken by primary and secondary students in some provinces and territories in Canada.
The majority of the exams listed are developed provincially and are unique to each respective province and their related adjacent territories. This is as a result of education in Canada being in the jurisdiction of the provinces and territories. Such exams can be important factors in the determination of final grades and therefore also in scholarship decisions, college, and university admissions. However, policies of post-secondary institutions in Canada vary concerning whether the blended exam and class grade are used or simply the class grade are used for admission.
A unique situation of primary and secondary examinations is that of Canada's territories. The territories mostly elect to adopt the curriculum of their most closely related adjacent provinces. This includes adopting the related provinces examination policy. Yukon primarily follows the British Columbia curriculum. Meanwhile, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut primarily follow the Alberta curriculum. Therefore, exams in these territories are developed and adjudicated by the aforementioned adjacent province but are administered by the territorial educational ministry. The reason for the territories adopting the curriculum of provinces is because the provinces have both greater means to create the curriculum and populations to ensure the curriculums acceptance by tertiary institutions. The reason for the territories adopting the curriculum of those specific provinces is as a result of the historical geography of Canada. Yukon was formed prior to the existence of any current western Canadian province except British Columbia. Meanwhile, Alberta, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and a handful of other provinces were created from the now nonexistent North-Western Territories which was.
List of examinations
For the purposes of the list, the 'course grade' is defined as the grade assigned by the teacher during classroom instruction. 'Final grade' or 'blended grade' are defined as the combined examination and course grade.
National
Pan-Canadian Assessment Program (PCAP)
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC)
International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS)
Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M)
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
International Baccalaureate
Advanced Placement
Canadian Achievement Test (CAT)
Alberta, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut
Some universities choose to raise Albertan students marks because of their provincially required exams. For example, the University of British Columbia automatically raises Albertan students' averages by 2%.
Provincial Achievement Tests (PAT) — Taken in grades 6 and 9. Exam mark is not included in final reported grade as class grades are not report to the province.
Alberta Diploma Examinations (Diploma) — Taken in some 30 level (grade 12) courses, including:
Biology 30
Chemistry 30
Physics 30
Science 30
English Language Arts 30–1/30-2
Français 30–1
French Language Arts 30–1
Mathematics 30–1/30-2
Social Studies 30–1/30-2
Exam mark is worth 30% of final course grade.
British Columbia and Yukon
Graduation assessments — graduation literacy assessment (GLA) taken in grade 10 and 12. Graduation numeracy assessment (GNA) taken in grade 10. GLA and GNA are both marked on a scale of 4 (1 = Emerging, 2 = Developing, 3 = Proficient, 4 = Extending). There is no minimum score required to graduate (completion only).
Grade 7 SAT
Manitoba
Grade 3 Assessments, including the subjects reading, writing, and mathematics.
Middle Years Assessments
Grade 7, including the subjects reading, writing, and mathematics.
Grade 8, including the subjects reading, writing, and mathematics.
Grade 12 Provincial Tests — taken in some grade 12 level courses. Exam mark is worth 30% of final course grade except for Essential Mathematics test which is worth 20%.
Ontario
In Ontario, province wide assessment is administered by the crown corporation called the Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO). The EQAO administers tests in:
Grade 3, including the subjects reading, writing, and mathematics.
Grade 6, including the subjects reading, writing, and mathematics.
Grade 9, which only includes a mathematics test.
Grade 10, Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test is a graduation requirement
Final exam mark is worth 30%. Every course in an Ontario secondary school has a final evaluation worth 30%. These final evaluations are organised by the individual departments within a school, and thus they are not standardized across the province. Also, the final evaluation is not only a written examination, but it is split between a culminating activity (i.e., a final project) and written exam. This arrangement provides students more opportunity to demonstrate their learning, especially if any student suffers from test-taking anxiety that one high-stakes examination could cause. For example, an English department in a high school could develop a media literacy presentation for the grade 9 culminating activity worth 10% of the students' final grade. The other 20% of the students' grade will be demonstrated with a written examination responding and applying a literary analysis to a sight-passage. The ultimate goal is for students to demonstrate what they have learned from the curriculum and apply those skills with a final evaluation.
Prince Edward Island
Provincial examinations are known as Provincial Assessments in Prince Edward Island. Examinations prior to the IMA is not included in grade submission.
Primary Literacy Assessments (PLA) — taken in grade 3.
Primary Mathematics Assessments (PMA) — taken in grade 3.
French Immersion Elementary Mathematics Assessments (French Immersion EMA) — taken in grade 5.
Elementary Literacy Assessments (ELA) — taken in grade 6.
Elementary Mathematics Assessments (EMA) — taken in grade 6.
Intermediate Mathematics Assessments (IMA) — taken in grade 9. Exam mark is worth 10% of final course grade.
Secondary Mathematics Assessments (SMA) — taken in grade 11. Exam mark is worth 25% for Math 521A, Math 521B and Math 521M. Worth 20% for Math 512K.
Quebec
Ministerial Examinations — taken in grade 10 and 11 level subjects. Exam mark is worth 50% of the final grade. However, the final grade cannot be lower than the ministerial exam mark. For instance, if a student earns a 70% in the course, but an 80% on the exam, their final grade will be an 80%.
Saskatchewan
Departmental Examinations — taken only by students instructed by non-accredited teachers, for home-based education students, and for adults wishing to earn Level 30 credits. Exam mark is worth 40% of final grade.
New Brunswick
Provincial Exams — only taken by students wishing to complete courses by correspondence or who do not attend a regular high school.
Newfoundland and Labrador
Provincial Assessments — taken in grade 3 and grade 6.
Public Examinations — taken in certain grade 12 level subjects. Exam is worth 40% of final grade.
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia Assessments — taken in grades 6 and 8 covering reading, writing, and mathematics.
Nova Scotia Examinations — taken in grade 10 covering mathematics and English.
References
External links
British Columbian Provincial Exam Website
BC Provincial Exams Practice Questions & Answer Keys
Examinations, primary and secondary
Standardized tests
School examinations
Secondary education-related lists | wiki |
Salmon is a common food fish classified as an oily fish with a rich content of protein and omega-3 fatty acids. In Norway – a major producer of farmed and wild salmon – farmed and wild salmon differ only slightly in terms of food quality and safety, with farmed salmon having lower content of environmental contaminants, and wild salmon having higher content of omega-3 fatty acids.
Colour
Salmon flesh is generally orange to red, although there are some examples of white-fleshed wild salmon. The natural color of salmon results from carotenoid pigments, largely astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in the flesh. Wild salmon get these carotenoids from eating krill and other tiny shellfish.
The concentration of carotenoids (mainly canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) exceeds 8 mg/kg of flesh, and all fish producers try to reach a level that represents a value of 16 on the "Roche Colour Card", a colour card used to show how pink the fish will appear at specific doses. This scale is specific for measuring the pink colour due to astaxanthin and is not for the orange hue obtained with canthaxanthin. The development of processing and storage operations, which can be detrimental on canthaxanthin flesh concentration, has led to an increased quantity of pigments added to the diet to compensate for the degrading effects of the processing. In wild fish, carotenoid levels of up to 25 mg are present, but levels of canthaxanthin are, in contrast, minor.
Nutrition
Raw wild salmon is 70% water, 20% protein, 6% fat, and contains no carbohydrates (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw salmon supplies 142 calories, and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins, especially vitamin B12 at 133% DV, selenium (52% DV), and phosphorus (29% DV). Dietary minerals in moderate content are copper (15% DV) and potassium (10% DV).
Contaminants
PCBs, metformin, and mercury are some of the pollutants found in wild salmon, caught close to wastewater treatment plants of major metropolitan areas in the United States’ Pacific Northwest.
Impact on wild populations
Some environmental groups have advocated favoring certain salmon catches over others.
Products
Most Atlantic salmon available on the world market are farmed, whereas the majority of Pacific salmon are wild-caught.
Canned salmon in the U.S. is usually wild from the Pacific Ocean, though some farmed salmon is available in cans. Smoked salmon is another preparation method, and can either be hot- or cold-smoked. Lox can refer either to cold-smoked salmon or to salmon cured in a brine solution (also called gravlax). Traditional canned salmon includes some skin (which is harmless) and bone (which adds calcium). Skinless and boneless canned salmon is also available.
Raw salmon flesh may contain Anisakis nematodes, marine parasites that cause anisakiasis. Before the availability of refrigeration, Japan did not consume raw salmon. Salmon and salmon roe have only recently come into use in making sashimi (raw fish) and sushi, with the introduction of parasite-free Norwegian salmon in the late 1980s.
Ordinary types of cooked salmon contain 500–1,500 mg DHA and 300–1,000 mg EPA (two similar species of fatty acids) per 100 grams
Dishes
Gallery
See also
Salmon cannery
Atlantic salmon
Chum salmon
Notes
Further reading
Come back, salmon, By Molly Cone, Sierra Club Books, 48 pages, - A book for juveniles describes the restoration of 'Pigeon Creek'.
The salmon: their fight for survival, By Anthony Netboy, 1973, Houghton Mifflin Co., 613 pages,
Trading Tails: Linkages Between Russian Salmon Fisheries and East Asian Markets. Shelley Clarke. (November 2007). 120pp. .
"Last Stand of the American Salmon," G. Bruce Knecht for Men's Journal
External links
Plea for the Wanderer, an NFB documentary on West Coast salmon
Salmon
Alaskan cuisine
Commercial fish
Oily fish
Fish as food | wiki |
High Blast Explosive, or HBX, is an explosive used as a bursting charge in missile warheads, mines, depth bombs, depth charges, and torpedoes.
History
It was developed during World War II as a desensitized modification of Torpex explosives.
Properties
It is an aluminized (powdered aluminum) explosive having the same order of sensitivity as Composition B.
Tests indicate that it is about 98% to 100% as powerful as Torpex, that it is definitely less sensitive than Torpex in both laboratory impact and bullet impact, that it is slightly more sensitive in these respects than TNT, and that it is about the same order as Composition B.
A difficulty with HBX is that it produces gas and builds up pressure in the case during stowage. It was discovered that adding calcium chloride to the mixture will absorb all the moisture and eliminate the production of gas.
Composition
There are three types of HBX explosives: HBX-1, HBX-3, and H-6. Below is each type's "Grade A" composition based on weight:
HBX-1
HBX-3
H-6
References
Explosives | wiki |
The Redheaded Princess is a young adult novel by Ann Rinaldi, published by HarperCollins in 2008. It tells the story of the young Elizabeth I, from age nine until she becomes Queen of England in 1558, at the age of 25. Most of the novel takes place after the death of her father, Henry VIII, during the reign of her older sister, Mary I.
External links
Teenreads.com
2008 American novels
Novels by Ann Rinaldi
American young adult novels
Children's historical novels
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
Novels set in Tudor England
HarperCollins books
Novels about royalty
2008 children's books | wiki |
A non-secure tenancy is a type of tenancy under Part VII of the United Kingdom Housing Act 1996. They are usually granted where a Council has a duty to a homeless person.
See also
Secure tenancy
References
Tenancies in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Like Mike is a 2002 film directed by John Schultz.
Like Mike may also refer to:
Like Mike (soundtrack), soundtrack album of the 2002 film
Like Mike 2: Streetball, American direct-to-video film sequel to Like Mike
Like Mike (DJ), real name Michael Thivaios, part of the Belgian DJ duo Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike
See also
I Like Mike (disambiguation)
"Be Like Mike", 1992 commercial featuring Michael Jordan | wiki |
The mayor of Lewisham is a directly elected mayor responsible for the executive function of Lewisham London Borough Council in London, England. Steve Bullock held the position from 2002 until May 2018, when he was succeeded by Damien Egan.
Referendum
Elections
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
References
Lewisham | wiki |
Edilma is a female given name. The origin of the name Edilma is Greek and means "Remains Young". Edilma comes from the Greek Edelia and is commonly used in countries where Latin languages are speaking. Many Edilmas are found in Latin America and Spain.
Given names | wiki |
31st Street may refer to:
31st Street (Manhattan), New York City
31st Street Bridge, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
31st Street station, a closed rapid transit station on the Chicago 'L' | wiki |
Dorleta Eskamendi Gil (born 2 January 1992) is a Spanish professional racing cyclist. She rides for team Bizkaia–Durango.
See also
List of 2015 UCI Women's Teams and riders
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Spanish female cyclists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Cyclists from the Basque Country (autonomous community)
People from Errenteria
Sportspeople from Gipuzkoa | wiki |
The first season of the American competitive reality television series MasterChef Junior premiered on Fox on September 27, 2013 and concluded on November 8, 2013.
The winner was Alexander Weiss, a 13-year-old from New York City, New York, with Dara Yu from Los Angeles, California being the runner-up.
Top 12
Elimination table
(WINNER) This cook won the competition.
(RUNNER-UP) This cook finished in second place.
(WIN) The cook won an individual challenge (Mystery Box Challenge or Elimination Test).
(WIN) The cook was on the winning team in the Team Challenge and directly advanced to the next round.
(HIGH) The cook was one of the top entries in an individual challenge but did not win.
(IN) The cook was not selected as a top or bottom entry in an individual challenge.
(IN) The cook was not selected as a top or bottom entry in a Team Challenge.
(IMM) The cook did not have to compete in that round of competition and was safe from elimination.
(LOW) The cook was one of the bottom entries in an individual challenge, and advanced.
(LOW) The cook was one of the bottom entries in a Team Challenge, advanced.
(ELIM) The cook was eliminated.
Episodes
References
2013 American television seasons
Season 1 | wiki |
Deadwood is the lower part of a ship's stem or stern.
External links
References
A Practical Course in Wooden Boat and Ship Building, page 19
Shipbuilding Terms
Nautical terminology
Shipbuilding | wiki |
A moonraker, also known as a moonsail, hope-in-heaven, or hopesail, is a square sail flown immediately above a skysail (see sail-plan) on the royal masts of a square rigged sailing ship. None of the four- and five-masted square rigged ships carried a moonsail.
The equivalent sail, if triangular, is called a skyscraper.
Moonrakers are relatively unusual sails only used on ships built primarily for speed.
References
Sailing rigs and rigging | wiki |
45th Street may refer to:
45 Street station (Calgary), a light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line), New York City, New York
45th Street station (Hudson–Bergen Light Rail), Bayonne, New Jersey
45th Street station (Tri-Rail), proposed station in West Palm Beach, Florida | wiki |
47th Street may refer to:
47th Street (Manhattan), in New York City
47th Street (Washington, D.C.)
47th Street (album), a 1997 album by jazz trumpeter Malachi Thompson
See also
47th Street station (disambiguation)
West 47th Street | wiki |
Several species of blenny, a fish share the name Sailfin blenny:
Emblemaria pandionis
Microlipophrys velifer | wiki |
The Canada Building is an Art Deco office tower built in 1930 in downtown Windsor, Ontario. It stands at 14 storeys and stands on Ouellette Avenue between University Avenue and Park Street. It should not be confused with the nearby similarly designed Paul Martin Sr. Building, or the Bell Canada building, located on Goyeau Avenue, which looks nearly identical and is nearly the same in height.
The Canada Building was listed as a historic property under the Ontario Heritage Act on August 5, 2008.
As of July 2020, about a quarter of the building was used for commercial space. A redevelopment plan was announced in July 2020 for the building to have commercial space on the lowest three floors with 72 apartments in floors above.
References
External links
Skyscrapers in Windsor, Ontario
Art Deco architecture in Canada
Skyscraper office buildings in Canada
Office buildings completed in 1928
1928 establishments in Ontario | wiki |
Sussex Piscatorial Society (SPS) is a fishing club with waters in East and West Sussex and surrounding counties. SPS was founded in 1891, and separate Coarse and Trout Sections were created in 1923.
Rudyard Kipling, author of The Jungle Book, was a member.
In 2007 SPS won recognition from the Wild Trout Trust for conservation work on their stretch of the River Itchen.
External links
Sussex Piscatorial Society web site
Wild Trout Trust, SPS Upper Itchen Project
Sportswater display of historic sporting monograms and crests
Organizations established in 1891
Recreational fishing organizations
Recreational fishing in England
Sussex
1891 establishments in England | wiki |
The Barney Bear series is a collection of educational video games intended for children aged 2–6, programmed by Dave Krohne with artwork by Stephen Beam. Each was published by Free Spirit Software Inc. in a departure from previous adult-oriented erotic games. The Barney Bear games are presented as interactive picture books narrated by a synthesized voice. In each game, the protagonist Barney Bear goes to a new location where players are presented with a simple story and activities.
There are five Barney Bear titles: Barney Bear Goes to School, Barney Bear Goes to the Farm, Barney Bear Goes to Space, Barney Bear Meets Santa Claus, and Barney Bears Goes Camping.
The games were well received for their intended audience of young children, particularly as a way to acclimate children to then-novel home computers.
References
External links
Barney Bear Goes to School, the first entry, on MobyGames
1990 video games
Children's educational video games
DOS games
Amiga games
Classic Mac OS games
Video games about bears
Video games developed in the United States
Video game franchises introduced in 1990 | wiki |
Ambiophonics é um método de produção musical em que se emprega processamento digital de sinal (PDS) e dois alto-falantes diretamente à frente do ouvinte com o objetivo de realçar o som estereofônico e surround 5.1 para músicas, filmes e videogames em home theater, computador para jogo e estação de trabalho, por exemplo. Foi primeiramente implementado usando meios mecânicos em 1986.
Processamento de sinais
Engenharia do som | wiki |
AjaxView is an Ajax application profiler from Microsoft Research. It installs as a web server plug-in that modifies Ajax scripts on the fly to include performance monitoring and logging code.
References
External links
AjaxView
Ajax (programming)
Microsoft Research | wiki |
The cockade of France () is the national ornament of France, obtained by circularly pleating a blue, white and red ribbon. It is composed of the three colors of the French flag, with blue in the center, white immediately outside and red on the edge.
History
The French tricolor cockade was devised at the beginning of the French Revolution. On 12 July 1789 – two days before the storming of the Bastille – the revolutionary journalist Camille Desmoulins, calling on the Parisian crowd to revolt, asked the protesters what color to adopt as a symbol of the revolution, proposing either green (representing hope) or the blue of the American revolution, symbol of freedom and democracy. The protesters responded "The green! The green! We want green cockades!" Desmoulins then took a green leaf from the ground and pinned it to his hat. However, the green was abandoned after just one day because it was also the color of the king's brother, the reactionary Count of Artois, later King Charles X.
The following day, 13 July, an opportunity arose to create a cockade of different colors when those bourgeois who hoped to limit revolutionary excesses established a citizen militia. It was decided that the militia should be given a distinctive badge in the form of a two-colored cockade in the ancient colors of Paris, blue and red.
On 17 July, King Louis XVI went to Paris to meet the new French National Guard: its members wore the blue and red cockade of the militia, to which it would appear that the Marquis of Lafayette, commander of the Guard, had added a white band representing loyalty to the Sovereign. Louis XVI put it on his hat and – with some reluctance – approved the appointment of the revolutionary Jean Sylvain Bailly as mayor of Paris, and the formation of the National Guard led by Lafayette. Thus was born the French tricolor cockade. On the same day, the Count of Artois left France, along with members of the nobility supportive of absolute monarchy.
The tricolor cockade became the official symbol of the revolution in 1792, with the three colors now said to represent the three estates of French society: the clergy (blue), the nobility (white) and the third estate (red). The use of the three colors spread, and a law of 15 February 1794 made them the colors of the French national flag.
From August 1789, Italian demonstrators in sympathy with the French revolution began to use simple cockades of green leaves inspired by the primitive French cockade. From these evolved the red, white and green Italian tricolor cockade.
Use
Use on institutional vehicles
Decree no. 89-655 of 13 September 1989 forbids the use of the tricolor cockade on all land, sea and air vehicles, with the following exceptions:
by the president of the French Republic;
by members of the government of France;
by members of French Parliament;
by the president of the Constitutional Council;
by the vice president of the Council of State;
by the President of the Economic, Social and Environmental Council;
by prefects in their own departments, and by sub-prefects on official duties in their arrondissements.
The use of the tricolor cockade is not permitted for mayors' vehicles, and offenders risk up to one year's imprisonment and a fine of €15,000.
Use on state planes
The use of the cockade on French military aircraft was first mandated by the Aéronautique Militaire in 1912, and subsequently became widespread during World War I. The French practice inspired the adoption of a similar roundel (with colours reversed) by the British Royal Flying Corps, and of comparable insignia by other nations. Cockades were, and still are, painted on the aircraft fuselages as the primary military aircraft insignia of the French Air Force; modified designs are used for other French government aircraft.
Cockades continue to be used on French state aircraft. After World War II a yellow border was added to the cockade, which was removed in 1984.
Other uses
The tricolor cockade is also used on certain elite uniforms, both military and civilian, which include headwear decorated with it. It is likewise an attribute of Marianne, the national allegorical representation of France, who is conventionally depicted wearing a Phrygian cap, sometimes decorated with a tricolor cockade. The cockade appears on mayors' badges; and on the sash worn by Miss France, as well as French-made "méduses" (jellyfish in English) plastic beach sandals.
See also
Flag of France
Citations
National symbols of France
France | wiki |
The following people have attended and/or graduated from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.
List
Notes
References
Lists of people by university or college in New York City
Tisch | wiki |
Grown-ish is an American sitcom series and a spin-off of the ABC series Black-ish. The single-camera comedy follows the children of the Johnson family (from Black-ish) as they go to college and begin their journeys to adulthood, only to quickly discover that not everything goes their way once they leave the nest; the first four seasons follow eldest daughter Zoey (Yara Shahidi) as she attends college, while the fifth season onward follows eldest son, former college dropout and Zoey's younger brother Junior (Marcus Scribner) as he also attends college after Zoey's graduation. The series premiered on January 3, 2018, on Freeform.
In January 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season, while the second half of the third season premiered on January 21, 2021. The fourth season premiered on July 8, 2021. The second half of the fourth season premiered on January 27, 2022. In March 2022, Freeform renewed the series for a fifth season which premiered on July 20, 2022. In January 2023, the series was renewed for a sixth season.
Series overview
Episodes
Backdoor pilot (2017)
Season 1 (2018)
Season 2 (2019)
Season 3 (2020–21)
The second half of this season was delayed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Season 4 (2021–22)
Season 5 (2022–23)
Ratings
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
References
External links
Lists of American sitcom episodes
Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes
Black-ish
Split television seasons | wiki |
In computer security, a billion laughs attack is a type of denial-of-service (DoS) attack which is aimed at parsers of XML documents.
It is also referred to as an XML bomb or as an exponential entity expansion attack.
Details
The example attack consists of defining 10 entities, each defined as consisting of 10 of the previous entity, with the document consisting of a single instance of the largest entity, which expands to one billion copies of the first entity.
In the most frequently cited example, the first entity is the string "lol", hence the name "billion laughs". At the time this vulnerability was first reported, the computer memory used by a billion instances of the string "lol" would likely exceed that available to the process parsing the XML.
While the original form of the attack was aimed specifically at XML parsers, the term may be applicable to similar subjects as well.
The problem was first reported as early as 2002, but began to be widely addressed in 2008.
Defenses against this kind of attack include capping the memory allocated in an individual parser if loss of the document is acceptable, or treating entities symbolically and expanding them lazily only when (and to the extent) their content is to be used.
Code example
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE lolz [
<!ENTITY lol "lol">
<!ELEMENT lolz (#PCDATA)>
<!ENTITY lol1 "&lol;&lol;&lol;&lol;&lol;&lol;&lol;&lol;&lol;&lol;">
<!ENTITY lol2 "&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;&lol1;">
<!ENTITY lol3 "&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;&lol2;">
<!ENTITY lol4 "&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;&lol3;">
<!ENTITY lol5 "&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;&lol4;">
<!ENTITY lol6 "&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;&lol5;">
<!ENTITY lol7 "&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;&lol6;">
<!ENTITY lol8 "&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;&lol7;">
<!ENTITY lol9 "&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;&lol8;">
]>
<lolz>&lol9;</lolz>
When an XML parser loads this document, it sees that it includes one root element, "lolz", that contains the text "&lol9;". However, "&lol9;" is a defined entity that expands to a string containing ten "&lol8;" strings. Each "&lol8;" string is a defined entity that expands to ten "&lol7;" strings, and so on. After all the entity expansions have been processed, this small (< 1 KB) block of XML will actually contain 109 = a billion "lol"s, taking up almost 3 gigabytes of memory.
Variations
The billion laughs attack described above can take an exponential amount of space or time. The quadratic blowup variation causes quadratic growth in resource requirements by simply repeating a large entity over and over again, to avoid countermeasures that detect heavily nested entities. (See computational complexity theory for comparisons of different growth classes.)
A "billion laughs" attack could exist for any file format that can contain macro expansions, for example this YAML bomb:
a: &a ["lol","lol","lol","lol","lol","lol","lol","lol","lol"]
b: &b [*a,*a,*a,*a,*a,*a,*a,*a,*a]
c: &c [*b,*b,*b,*b,*b,*b,*b,*b,*b]
d: &d [*c,*c,*c,*c,*c,*c,*c,*c,*c]
e: &e [*d,*d,*d,*d,*d,*d,*d,*d,*d]
f: &f [*e,*e,*e,*e,*e,*e,*e,*e,*e]
g: &g [*f,*f,*f,*f,*f,*f,*f,*f,*f]
h: &h [*g,*g,*g,*g,*g,*g,*g,*g,*g]
i: &i [*h,*h,*h,*h,*h,*h,*h,*h,*h]
This crashed earlier versions of Go because the Go YAML processor (contrary to the YAML spec) expands references as if they were macros. The Go YAML processor was modified to fail parsing if the result object becomes too large.
Enterprise software like Kubernetes has been affected by this attack through its YAML parser. For this reason, either a parser with intentionally limited capabilities is preferred (like StrictYAML) or file formats that do not allow references are often preferred for data arriving from untrusted sources.
See also
Fork bomb: a similar method to exhaust a system's resources through recursion
Zip bomb: a similar attack utilizing zip archives
XML external entity attack: an XML attack to return arbitrary server files
Document type definition: a template for validating XML files
References
Algorithmic complexity attacks
Denial-of-service attacks
XML | wiki |
Peach Lake – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Nowy Jork, w hrabstwie Putnam.
CDP w stanie Nowy Jork | wiki |
Grown-ish (stylized as ish) is an American sitcom series and a spin-off of the ABC series Black-ish. The single-camera comedy follows the Johnson family's children as they go to college and begin their journeys to adulthood, only to quickly discover that not everything goes their way once they leave the nest. The first four seasons follow eldest daughter Zoey (Yara Shahidi), with Deon Cole, Trevor Jackson, Francia Raisa, Emily Arlook, Jordan Buhat, Chloe Bailey, Halle Bailey, Luka Sabbat and Chris Parnell also starring, while the fifth season onward follows eldest son and Zoey's younger brother Andre Junior (Marcus Scribner) as he attends college after Zoey's graduation, with Diggy Simmons and Daniella Perkins also starring.
Created by Black-ishs Kenya Barris and Larry Wilmore, the series is produced by Khalabo Ink Society, Cinema Gypsy Productions and Principato-Young Entertainment, with Anthony Anderson, Brian Dobbins, and Helen Sugland acting as executive producers. Freeform officially ordered 13 episodes of the spin-off in May 2017, and it premiered on January 3, 2018. In January 2018, Freeform renewed the series for a second season of 21 episodes which premiered on January 2, 2019. In February 2019, Freeform renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on January 16, 2020. In January 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season, while the second half of the third season premiered on January 21, 2021. The fourth season premiered on July 8, 2021. The second half of the fourth season premiered on January 27, 2022, with the majority of the original cast departing at the end of the season. In March 2022, the series was renewed for a forthcoming fifth season and Marcus Scribner and Daniella Perkins upped to series regulars, the former following the series finale of Black-ish, replacing Shahidi as lead character and narrator of the series. The first half of the fifth season premiered on July 20, 2022. In January 2023, the series was renewed for a sixth season.
Plot
The first four seasons follow the Johnson family's firstborn daughter Zoey leaves the family to go to college. As she attends the fictional California University of Liberal Arts (Cal U for short) while befriending some people, she discovers that her journey to adulthood and her departure from the family does not go the way she hoped. The fifth season onward follows the Johnson family's firstborn son, Zoey's younger brother and former college dropout Junior as he attends Cal U following Zoey's graduation.
Cast and characters
Main
Yara Shahidi as Zoey Johnson (main seasons 1–present), the narrator and main protagonist of the series who is actually shown in the break of a scene. She meets her six core friends in Professor Telphy's class. She originally intended to become a fashion designer but has since created her own major, "The Sociology of Fashion", and turned her career goals to fashion styling. She is a freshman in Season 1, a sophomore in Season 2, a junior in Season 3, and a senior in Season 4. She dated Luca until their breakup at the end of season 2. She began dating Aaron in the Season 3 finale. As of the Season 3 break, she has dropped out of Cal U to focus on her career as a stylist, then quit her job to re-enroll at Cal U. She graduates at the end of season 4 and moves to New York to start up her and Luca's fashion company Anti-Muse.
Deon Cole as Professor Charlie Telphy (main seasons 1–2; recurring seasons 3–4), a close friend of Zoey's family and former night time adjunct professor turned dean of students at Cal U teaching a class called "Digital Marketing Strategies", which is all about drones. He becomes Dean in Season 2.
Trevor Jackson as Aaron Jackson (main seasons 1–present), a student at Cal U. He is "woke", as evident by his many buttons to various causes dealing with African Americans. He later takes up a job as an RA for Hawkins Hall in Season 2. He is a sophomore in Season 1, a junior in Season 2, and a senior in Season 3. In the Season 3 finale, he graduates. In Season 4, he starts teaching night classes at Cal U.
Francia Raisa as Analisa "Ana" Patricia Torres (main seasons 1–4; guest season 5), a student at Cal U. She was born to Cuban immigrants, is a devout Catholic, and a Republican. She was Zoey's roommate in Season 1. In the second season, she and Zoey move into an apartment with Nomi and she develops a romantic interest in Aaron. Ana is a freshman in Season 1, a sophomore in Season 2, a junior in Season 3, and a senior in Season 4. In Season 2, Episode 19, her major is revealed as Political Science. She gets scrutinized a lot for her constant need to get the answers she wants, even if it includes spying and snooping.
Emily Arlook as Nomi Segal (main seasons 1–4; guest season 5), a Jewish American. She is bisexual, but she is not out to her family until season 2. She is a freshman in season 1 and then a sophomore in season 2, a junior in season 3, and a senior in season 4. At the start of the third season, she is revealed to be pregnant from a one-night stand. During the first half of season 3, she drops out of Cal U and returns to her parents' home while dealing with her pregnancy. In the second half of season 3, she returns to campus with her newborn daughter Luna. At the end of season 4, she moves to Connecticut to attend Yale Law School.
Jordan Buhat as Vivek Shah (main seasons 1–4; guest season 5), a first-generation Gujarati Indian American. His parents are devout Hindus. He is a drug dealer to support his fashion choices. He is an engineering major and has shown great intelligence throughout the series. He originally lived in the rich-kid Winthrop house but was kicked out in Season 2 and has been crashing at Hawkins Hall with Aaron and Doug. He is a freshman in Season 1, a sophomore in Season 2, and a junior in Season 3. He is best known as having a style that is highly influenced by black culture. In Season 3, he starts dating a girl named Heidi until the season finale. In season 4, Vivek gets expelled from Cal U following his arrest last season, which leads to his father disowning him; they are on the verge of reconciling when he dies of a heart ailment later on in the season. At the end of the season, he re-enrolls in a new college to complete his engineering degree.
Chloe Bailey as Jazlyn "Jazz" Forster (main seasons 1–4; guest season 5), Sky's twin sister and a track athlete at Cal U. From South Los Angeles, she is intensely smart, sassy, but focused on the bigger picture. Her focus is lost after getting into a relationship with Doug, causing a rift to form between her and her sister. She is a Freshman in Season 1, a Sophomore in Season 2, a Junior in Season 3, and a Senior in Season 4. Her major is in Economics, as revealed in Season 2.
Halle Bailey as Skylar "Sky" Forster (main seasons 1–3; recurring season 4), Jazz's twin sister and a track athlete at Cal U. From South Los Angeles, she is intensely smart, sassy, but focused on the bigger picture. She remains focused on her goals even while also partying and meeting guys, something her sister has trouble with which causes a rift between them. She is a Freshman in Season 1, a Sophomore in Season 2, and a Junior in Season 3. Her major is in Early Childhood Education, as revealed in Season 2. She leaves for Tokyo at the end of Season 3 after gaining a spot on the Olympic Team.
Luka Sabbat as Luca Hall (main seasons 1–4), a fashion design major at Cal U and is a stoner. He is very independent and a trendsetter, as seen in his outlandish fashion choices and his relaxed attitude toward life. He also works alongside Zoey at Teen Vogue, an internship he got by chance. Zoey and Luca become an official couple starting season 2 but break up in the season 2 finale. He is a freshman in season 1, a sophomore in season 2, a junior in Season 3, and a senior in Season 4.
Chris Parnell as Dean Burt Parker (main season 1), the Dean of Students. He is also Nomi's uncle. He leaves the university for unknown reasons before the events of season 2.
Diggy Simmons as Douglas Frederick "Doug" Edwards (main season 3–present; recurring seasons 1–2), Jazlyn's ex-boyfriend. He is best friends with Aaron and Vivek.
Marcus Scribner as Andre "Junior" Johnson (main season 5; recurring seasons 2–3; guest season 4), Zoey's younger brother from black-ish. He becomes Sky's romantic interest in season 2. Following Zoey's graduation at the end of season 4 and the series finale of black-ish, Junior replaces Zoey at the lead character and narrator of grown-ish, attending Cal U in the fifth season.
Daniella Perkins as Kiela Hall (main season 5; recurring season 4), Luca's younger sister, and Doug's fling and love interest who just started at Cal-U alongside Junior in season 5, she becomes a sophomore and becomes Junior's new love interest.
Recurring
Da'Vinchi as Cash Mooney (seasons 1–2), Zoey's first college boyfriend and star of the school's basketball team. Also, he's her first love and the first person she had sex with.
Katherine Moennig as Professor Paige Hewson (season 2), the professor of Gender Studies class that Zoey and her friends are in who was also Nomi's love interest.
Ryan Destiny as Jillian (season 3), a transfer student from Spelman College and Luca's new love interest.
Henri Esteve as Javier / "Javi" (season 3–present), a gorgeous grad student whom Ana interns with at Cal U. Javier and Ana start dating in Season 3.
Andrew Liner as Rodney (season 3), a soft-spoken, baby-faced babe with a killer smile who becomes Sky's new love interest.
Raigan Harris as Rochelle (seasons 2–3; guest season 4), an opinionated, well-informed member of the Black Student Union who is always down to fight for a cause. Rochelle ends up dating Aaron most of Season 3. She and Zoey sparks a rivalry due to them both having feelings for Aaron. Before the Season 3 finale, Aaron breaks up with Rochelle after cheating on her with Zoey. In spite of helping Zoey obtain an internship in season 4, she is revealed to still be spiteful and angry towards her for the event.
Tara Raani as Zaara Ali (season 5)
Justine Skye as Annika Longstreet (season 5)
Amelie Zilber as Lauryn Daniels (season 5)
Ceyair Wright as Zeke Bracey (season 5)
Matthew Sato as Brandon (season 5)
Slick Woods as Sharon "Slick" (season 5)
Notable guests
Anthony Anderson as Andre "Dre" Johnson Sr., Zoey's father
Tracee Ellis Ross as Dr. Rainbow "Bow" Johnson, Zoey's mother
Laurence Fishburne as Earl "Pops" Johnson, Zoey's grandfather
Jenifer Lewis as Ruby Johnson, Zoey's grandmother
Miles Brown as Jack Johnson, Zoey's younger brother and Diane's twin brother
Marsai Martin as Diane Johnson, Zoey's younger sister and Jack's twin sister
Joey Badass as himself
Saweetie as Indigo
Jordyn Woods as Dee
DC Young Fly as Rafael
Notes
Episodes
Production
"Liberal Arts", the 23rd episode of season 3 of Black-ish, functioned as a backdoor pilot for this spin-off, featuring Yara Shahidi's character, Zoey Johnson, as she goes to college. Shahidi stars in the series, with Chris Parnell, Mallory Sparks, Matt Walsh, and Trevor Jackson guest starring in the backdoor pilot. The series was later titled College-ish, with Parnell and Jackson reprising their roles from the backdoor pilot, and Emily Arlook replacing Mallory Sparks in the role of Miriam. In August 2017, Francia Raisa joined the cast as Ana along with Jordan Buhat as Vivek. Music duo Chloe and Halle would also star as twin sisters Sky and Jazz.
On May 19, 2017, Freeform (ABC's sister network) officially ordered 13 episodes of the spin-off under the final title, Grown-ish. On January 18, 2018, Freeform renewed the series for a second season. On February 5, 2019, the series was renewed for a third season. On November 7, 2019, it was announced that the third season will premiere on January 16, 2020. On January 17, 2020, Freeform renewed the series for a fourth season.
On May 19, 2020, Freeform announced that the remaining episodes from season three will premiere in 2021 due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the television industry.
The fourth season premiered on July 8, 2021, with the majority of the original cast leaving at its conclusion.
On March 7, 2022, Freeform renewed the series for a fifth season with Marcus Scribner joining the cast, replacing Shahidi as lead character of the series, as Junior Johnson, Zoey's younger brother from black-ish, with Zakiyyah Alexander and Courtney Lilly showrunning the season, which follows Junior as he finally decides to attend college. On May 4, 2022, it was announced that the first half of the fifth season would premiere on July 20, 2022. On January 11, 2023, Freeform renewed the series for a sixth season.
Release
The series premiered on January 3, 2018, on Freeform. Grown-ish airs in Canada on ABC Spark, simulcast with Freeform in the United States. Globally, the series is also available on Disney+.
Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 95% based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 7.90/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "grown-ish quickly works through its growing pains to establish itself as its own socially aware show with a fresh perspective on the college experience, driven by the charming and capable Yara Shahidi." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 71 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10.
Ratings
Accolades
References
External links
Black-ish
2018 American television series debuts
2010s American black sitcoms
2010s American college television series
2010s American LGBT-related comedy television series
2010s American single-camera sitcoms
2010s American teen sitcoms
2020s American black sitcoms
2020s American college television series
2020s American LGBT-related comedy television series
2020s American single-camera sitcoms
2020s American teen sitcoms
American television spin-offs
English-language television shows
Freeform (TV channel) original programming
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television series by ABC Studios
American LGBT-related sitcoms | wiki |
Ново-Комісарівка (, ) — село в Дубоссарському районі в Молдові (Придністров'ї). Є центром Ново-Комісарівської сільської ради.
Станом на 2004 рік у селі проживало 26,6% українців.
Примітки
Дубоссарський район (Придністров'я)
Села Молдови | wiki |
The X Window System (X11) — реализация X11 от Apple для Mac OS.
XQuartz (более известен как X11.app) для OS X представляет собой полноценное программное средство системы X Window System, которое базируется на программном обеспечении с открытым исходным кодом и содержит полный набор стандартных программ сервера X11, клиентских библиотек и инструментов разработчиков, а также ряд служебных программ, таких как xterm. Поддерживает аппаратное ускорение 2D и OpenGL. Имеет интеграцию с интерфейсом Aqua. Первая бета-версия была доступна для Mac OS X 10.2, а вот для Mac OS X 10.3 уже была доступна для скачивания с официального сайта Apple как стандартный пакет.
Был переписан в Mac OS X 10.5 для использования более популярного X.Org Server (X11R7.2), вместо XFree86
О программе
Так как Mac OS X базируется на UNIX, то пользователь может работать со многими инструментами и средами UNIX. Имея X11 для Mac OS X, пользователь может использовать программы, базирующиеся на графическом интерфейсе пользователя системы X Window System.
Программы X11 работают по тому же принципу, что и программы Mac OS X. Например, при работе с ними можно пользоваться стандартными функциями Mac OS X, такими как сворачивание окна в Dock, копирование или вставка объектов между программами X11 и Mac OS X. Также возможно использование любой трехкнопочной USB-мыши для работы с X11 для Mac OS X.
X11 для Mac OS X позволяет без труда переносить программы X Window System на компьютер Macintosh. X11 SDK устанавливается как часть пакета Xcode Tools.
Местонахождение
X11 располагается в папке «Программы», точнее: /Applications/Utilities/Xquartz.app. Вы можете открыть программы X Window System, находясь в программе «X11» или «Finder».
Программное обеспечение Apple | wiki |
The 14th-century Norwich Cathedral astronomical clock was the earliest example of a large clock with automata in England, and the first to possess an astronomical dial. It replaced an earlier 13th-century "old clock", one of the earliest weight-driven mechanical timekeepers made in England.
The astronomical clock at Norwich Cathedral was located in the priory's south transept. It was built to a high artistic standard—the exterior dial weighed and the interior dial had a gilt moon and sun painted on the panel. There were images on the dial that may have represented the hours; 30 other images represented the days of the month. The clock's costs were recorded by the Benedictine monks in the priory's Sacrist’s Rolls from 1322 to 1325, which provide the earliest known detailed account of English clockmaking.
The clock was destroyed in a fire in the 17th century and was replaced in about 1620 by a simpler device, now lost, although two "jacquemarts" or clock-jacks have survived. The jacks were sold in around 1800, but were returned to the cathedral in 1878. They are located above the southern exit door, close to the original position of the astronomical clock.
The original clock
The original clock at Norwich Cathedral was one of the earliest mechanical timekeepers made in medieval England. The reference to a payment for a mechanical clock at the priory, dated 1273, is the first to occur in England. A clock at Dunstable Priory was recorded in 1283, but the clock at Norwich (which was at time a Benedictine priory) was already being repaired by 1290. It was almost certainly weight-driven (as opposed to being a water clock), as the rope needed to be replaced. When repairs were done in 1322, it was referred to as "the old clock" ().
The clock would have been expensive to build and maintain. It was unreliable enough for a new one to be commissioned, when in 1308 a visiting bishop complained and demanded that it be replaced.
The astronomical clock
Norwich’s great astronomical clock was built when William Kirby was prior. It is the earliest recorded example of a large clock designed to include automata, and the surviving records relating to its construction contain the earliest account known of the making of an astronomical dial. It was built into a wall across the south transept, and 200 pieces of Caen stone were used for the base.
The new clock was built to a high artistic standard. The exterior dial was made of an iron plate that weighed . There was a painted and gilt moon, a sun (gilt copper) and brass pointers on the interior dial, which was painted on a panel and located under the exterior one. The dial was completed after having been originally wrecked by the clockmaker Robert de Turri, who became insolvent as a result of his poor workmanship on the clock. Other men who were hired to complete the job in London ruined the material, and the dial plate was only completed to a satisfactory standard after the clockmaker Robert de Stoke rode to London to supervise its construction. The 24 small images known to have been on the dial possibly represented each of the 24 hours in a day; another 30 images represented the days of the month.
The clock’s costs were recorded in Sacrist's Rolls from 1322 to 1325; these provide the earliest known detailed account of clockmaking in England:
The clock cost £52 9s 6d to build, equivalent to about £24,000 in modern currency. It was expensive to maintain—in its second year £6 13s 9d (equivalent to about £3,000) was spent on it, which accounted for a third of the sacrist’s debts for that year. By 1324 large complex clocks were described as being common in English cathedrals.
The 17th-century clock
The medieval clock was destroyed by fire in the 17th century, and was replaced by a simpler one in around 1620. A painting made in around 1630 (known to exist in Strangers' Hall, Norwich, in 1946) described the south transept as "the Ile where the clock standeth".
According to a 1917 article in the Journal of the Royal Musical Association, "this clock fell into disrepair, and was never restored." The only parts of the Jacobean clock to survive are two "jacquemarts" or clock-jacks. Built for use indoors, they are high, helmeted and in Jacobean era costume, with hammers to strike the bells. The jacks were removed after it was decided that "their curious movements" were too distracting during cathedral services. In around 1800 they came into the possession of a Mr Briggs, a former bell-ringer at the cathedral. Briggs travelled around the region and used the jacks when working as an entertainer, singing and putting on a ventriloquist act. He returned to Norwich when he retired in 1845, after which the jacks were sold. They were subsequently repaired.
In 1878 the jacks were donated to the cathedral. Once designed to move on a pivot, they were fixed on an oak stand with a Latin inscription below each one, along with a poem on card, accompanied by an English translation.
The present clock in the south transept dates from the early 19th century.
Notes
References
Sources
Astronomical clocks in the United Kingdom
Individual clocks in England
Norwich Cathedral | wiki |
Алакюла () — назва географічних об'єктів Естонії.
Алакюла — село у волості Кастре повіту Тартумаа.
Алакюла — село у волості Ляенеранна повіту Пярнумаа.
Алакюла — село у волості Мяр'ямаа повіту Рапламаа. | wiki |
A trafficker is a smuggler.
Trafficker may also refer to:
Drug trafficker
Human trafficker
Sex trafficker
Traffickers, 2012 South Korean film
The Traffickers (TV series), a 2016 investigative series
The Traffickers, a book in W. E. B. Griffin's Badge of Honor novel series
See also
Traffic (disambiguation) | wiki |
Nancy and Maya Yamout, also known as the "Mulan Sisters" or the "Kamikaze Sisters," are social workers active in Beirut, Lebanon and internationally as the president and vice president of Rescue Me - Crime Prevention.
Rescue Me
Rescue Me is a rehabilitation program for accused Islamist terrorists in Roumieh Prison. The program is based on research the sisters performed during their master's degree studies. After submitting their thesis titled "The Role of Forensic Social Work in Terrorism and Knowing its Reasons and Effects on Society," the sisters created a system whereby they visit prisons holding accused terrorists to psychologically survey and rehabilitate them.
References
External links
Living people
People from Beirut
Sibling duos
Social workers
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
"Right or Wrong" or "Right or Wrong (I'll Be with You)" is a song written and originally recorded by Wanda Jackson, an American country, rock, and Christian music artist. Originally, the song was a major country and pop hit for Jackson in 1961. A second version was released in 1964 that became popular by American pop artist, Ronnie Dove.
Wanda Jackson version
The song was recorded at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio on October 28, 1960 in Nashville, Tennessee, United States and was produced by Ken Nelson. It was one of Jackson's first recording sessions in Nashville. "Right or Wrong" was officially issued as a single in April 1961, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Magazine Hot Country and Western Sides chart. It also reached number twenty nine on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her second top-forty single on that list. Thirdly, the single peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, her first entry on to the chart. "Right or Wrong" became the second top-ten country single of Jackson's career.
"Right or Wrong" is associated with Wanda Jackson's "comeback" into mainstream country music. After a series of rock and roll-styled singles during the late 1950s, Jackson ultimately reverted to country and claimed to have lost her "rock" audience. She explained her reasoning to this switch in the book, Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music, stating, "Then country music began comin' back, and I had written a ballad called 'Right or Wrong' and it became a big hit...I think that when I went back to country I lost my rock and roll fans."
Chart performance
Ronnie Dove version
In 1964, American performer, Ronnie Dove, recorded Jackson's composition. The song was recorded at the RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee, United States in September 1964. Also included on the recording session was Dove's minor hit, "Hello Pretty Girl".
According to Ronnie, Elvis Presley sat in on the session and advised him to add the high note at the end of the song.
Dove's version was officially released as a single in October 1964 and it peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100. The song became Dove's first major hit as a recording artist, leading to a string of successful top-twenty hits on the Hot 100 during the 1960s.
The song also became a surprise R&B hit, making it in the Top 5 in Cashbox (Billboard was not printing R&B charts at this time). It was his only charting record on the R&B chart.
He re-recorded the song in 1976 for Melodyland Records. This country version did not chart.
Chart performance
References
1961 singles
Wanda Jackson songs
Song recordings produced by Ken Nelson (American record producer)
Ronnie Dove songs
1961 songs
1964 singles
Capitol Records singles
Songs written by Wanda Jackson | wiki |
Cortlan Brown (born May 31, 1989) is an American professional racing cyclist. He rode in the men's team time trial at the 2015 UCI Road World Championships.
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
American male cyclists
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American people
21st-century American people | wiki |
A Federal Firearms License (FFL) is a license in the United States that enables an individual or a company to engage in a business pertaining to the manufacture or importation of firearms and ammunition, or the interstate and intrastate sale of firearms. Holding an FFL to engage in certain such activities has been a legal requirement within the United States since the enactment of the Gun Control Act of 1968. The FFL is issued by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE, commonly known as the "ATF")
History
The Federal Firearms License was established to implement the Gun Control Act of 1968. The 1968 act was an update or revision of the Federal Firearms Act of 1938 (FFA), which required all manufacturers and dealers of firearms who ship or receive firearms or ammunition in interstate or foreign commerce to have a license, and forbade them from transferring any firearm or most ammunition to any person interstate unless certain conditions were met. As a practical matter, this did not affect the interstate commerce in firearms or ammunition, because the 1938 FFA lacked a provision specifically restricting "prohibited purchasers" as defined in the FFA from purchasing firearms under false pretenses/documentation (i.e. those who would otherwise have been considered "prohibited purchasers" were still able to get away with firearms purchases by providing falsified identity information; since background checks as understood today did not yet exist, convicted felons and other "prohibited purchasers" would still buy firearms unhindered by using fake identification). It was with the adoption of the Gun Control Act (GCA) in 1968, which repealed most of the FFA, that the lawful interstate trade of firearms was limited almost entirely to persons holding a Federal Firearms License in the United States. As background checks were available by this time, enforcement of the GCA via the bottleneck provided by background checks and the FFL requirement was more effective than that of the FFA.
Types
Special Occupational Tax Classes
Certain types of firearms, accessories and other weapons are currently restricted under the National Firearms Act (NFA). In addition to a current FFL (of whatever "type" is applicable), the ATF requires that business owners who are planning to import, manufacture or deal in restricted materials also pay a Special Occupational Tax, or "SOT" (thereby making the business owner a "Special Occupational Taxpayer").
Class 1 SOT status requires an importer FFL, either Type 8 or 11.
Class 2 SOT status requires a manufacturer FFL, either Type 7 or 10.
Class 3 SOT status requires a dealer FFL, either Type 1, 2, or 9.
Collectors of Curio and Relic (C&R) Firearms
C&R firearms are defined in Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 478.11 as those "of special interest to collectors by reason of some quality other than is associated with firearms intended for sporting use or as offensive or defensive weapons." To be recognized by ATF as a C&R firearm, a firearm must fall into at least one of the following three categories:
Firearms manufactured more than 50 years prior to the current date, not including replicas
Firearms certified by the curator of a municipal, state, or federal museum that exhibits firearms as curios or relics of museum interest
Any other firearms that derive a substantial part of their monetary value from the fact that they are novel, rare, bizarre, or because of their association with some historical figure, period, or event. Proof of qualification of a particular firearm under this category requires evidence of present value and evidence that like firearms are not available except as collector's items, or that the value of like firearms available in ordinary commercial channels is substantially less.
C&R firearms include most manually operated and semi-automatic firearms used by a military force prior to . This includes most firearms used by the warring nations in World War I and World War II. However, the firearm must normally also be in its original configuration to retain the C&R designation. So, for example, an unaltered Mauser Karabiner 98k rifle used by the German Army in World War II is a C&R firearm – but the same rifle "sporterized" with new stock and finish is generally not considered a C&R firearm. There is an ambiguous point in how the license is currently administered, in that some firearms altered by the militaries that issued them have been confirmed by the ATF to retain C&R status, though whether this applies to all such conversions (the examples given by the ATF were the Spanish M1916 Guardia Civil, FR-7, and FR-8 Mausers) also remains ambiguous. However, as long as the receiver (the part of the firearm that is regulated by the ATF) is over 50 years old, the firearm qualifies as a Curio & Relic – ATF states explicitly that, in addition to newer firearms it individually approves, firearms automatically achieve C&R status upon turning 50, provided they are in the original configuration. If modified significantly, the 50-year clock resets to the date of modification. (Specific examples are available in the ATF FAQs.) Certain automatic firearms have been designated as C&R firearms, and a C&R may be used to acquire these as well.
Collectors may acquire C&R firearms in interstate commerce, e.g., via mail or phone order or the Internet, or in person. (This is especially important for collectors of pistols and revolvers since they may not otherwise be acquired outside a collector's state of residence.) Collectors are not considered to be FFL dealers and have no special privileges concerning non-C&R firearms, nor may they "engage in the business" of regularly selling C&R firearms to persons who do not have an FFL. Selling of C&R firearms does not require an FFL transfer across state lines, only if the firearm has a collectible status. The purpose of the C&R license is to enable a collector to acquire C&R firearms for their personal collection and not to become a firearms dealer.
Curio & Relic Compliance Inspections
(D) At the election of a licensed collector, the annual inspection of records and inventory permitted under this paragraph shall be performed at the office of the Attorney General designed for such inspections which is located in closest proximity to the premises where the inventory and records of such licensed collector are maintained.
—ATF 2005 Regulations page 18. (ATF Publication 5300.4)
Conversion of C&R firearms
Any firearm sold as a C&R firearm once changed out of its original configuration cannot be resold as a C&R firearm.
In regard to conversions; certain pistols have been approved for sale with added safety conversions (i.e. Polish and Romanian Tokarev pistols, to which a manual safety was added to meet import requirements). Certain other modifications, such as period sporterisations, are arguably C&R qualified as they represent the gun culture of the period. An example would be a Lee–Enfield or 98K Mauser military rifle that had been converted into a continental style sporter before World War II. These common conversions occurred more than 50 years ago, and represent a sub-type of special interest to collectors.
Antiques
Federal law defines guns manufactured in or before 1898 with unconventional firing mechanisms (such as percussion, flintlock and other combustion methods typically considered "black powder"), or cartridge firearms that have uncommon and not readily available ammo types (.30-40 Krag, .30 Mauser, .44 Russian, etc) as "antique" (26 USC §5845(G)), (27 CFR §478.11) and they are generally unregulated in federal law. They may be bought and sold across state lines without an FFL. The only exceptions are short-barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, and machine guns, which are regulated under the National Firearms Act of 1934. Unlike C&R guns, antique guns can be re-arsenalized, sporterized, re-barreled, or re-chambered, yet they will still retain their federally exempt status. Even if every part except the receiver is replaced, a pre-1899 "black powder" firearm still qualifies as an antique. FFL holders have been directed not to enter Pre-1899 guns into their Bound Books.
Record keeping
FFL holders are required to keep a registry of firearms sales in an ATF-approved Bound Book, or a computerized equivalent using ATF-approved software. Licensed dealers must also maintain file copies of Form 4473 or eForm 4473 "Firearms Transaction Record" documents, for a period of not less than 20 years after the date of sale or disposition. When retiring or otherwise relinquishing a license, these records are sent to the ATF's out-of-business Records Center. Licensed collectors are not required to send their records to the ATF when relinquishing their license. The ATF is allowed to inspect, as well as request a copy of the Form 4473 from the dealer during the course of a criminal investigation. In addition, the sale of two or more handguns to a person in a five business day period must be reported to ATF on Form 3310.4.
Conditions of application
ATF will approve the application if the applicant:
Is 21 years or older.
Is not prohibited from handling or possessing firearms or ammunition
Has not violated the Gun Control Act or its regulations
Has not failed to disclose information or facts in connection with his application
Has premises for conducting business or collecting
The applicant must also certify that:
The business to be conducted under the license is not prohibited by State or local law in the place where the licensed premise is located including Local (City & County) Zoning Ordinances and not prohibited by the Home Owners Association (HOA) if any.
Within 30 days after the application is approved the business will comply with the requirements of State and local law applicable to the conduct of the business
The business will not be conducted under the license until the requirements of State and local law applicable to the business have been met
The applicant has sent or delivered a form to the chief law enforcement officer where the premises are located notifying the officer that the applicant intends to apply for a license.
Secure gun storage and safety devices will be available at any place in which firearms are sold under the license to persons who are not licensees
Application fees
See TITLE 27 CFR, CHAPTER II, PART 478 – COMMERCE IN FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION, § 478.42 License fees.
Non-destructive devices
Destructive Device
Ammunition
Importers and manufacturers of machine guns, short-barreled rifles and shotguns, and destructive devices must also pay a special occupational tax of $500 per year if gross revenues do not exceed $500,000, and $1,000 if revenues exceed $500,000.
International Traffic in Arms Regulations Registration
International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) is a set of United States government regulations that control the manufacture, export, import, or transfer of defense-related articles and services on the United States Munitions List (USML), which includes most all firearms components.
In general, the Department of State's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC), which interprets and enforces ITAR, requires anyone engaged in such activities, including holders of a Federal Firearms License, to register annually and submit a fee (no less than $2,250 as of 2013). Registration exemptions exist for, among other things, work on unclassified intellectual property, and work or fabrication of an experimental or scientific nature including research and development. As of January 23, 2020, new regulations regarding ITAR are in the works.
See also
Arms trafficking
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
Firearm Owners Protection Act (1986)
Form 4473
Gun Control Act of 1968
Gun law in the United States
Gun show loophole
Gun shows in the United States
Straw purchase
References
External links
Form order form to order F 7CR new form Curio/Relic FFL03 license
FFLeZCheck system for verifying FFL validity
NRA-ILA Factsheets: Federal Firearms License
Requirements for Electronic Acquisition & Disposition Records
United States federal firearms law
Gun politics in the United States | wiki |
Dinosaur King, un dessin animé
Dinosaur King (jeu vidéo)
Dinosaur King: Evolution, une série de jeu de cartes | wiki |
Chiswick Polytechnic may refer to:
The name used by the former campus of Chiswick School of Art from 1928 to 1944
The name used by a precursor of the West London Institute of Higher Education on the same site until 1976 | wiki |
This page summarises the figures from the WHO Influenza A Situation Updates issued roughly once every other day, and since 6 July from ECDC. For each country or territory, the table lists the number of confirmed cases of swine flu on the first reported day each month, and the latest figure. The number of countries affected is shown, and the number of days it has taken for the number of cases to double. The table can be sorted by country, date of first confirmed case or date of first confirmed case by continent.
As no global reports have been issued by WHO since 6 July 2009, data since then is taken from the reports of ECDC. ECDC stopped reporting cases outside Europe in August, and only reported deaths from 30 September.
Tables by month
The full figures for each month can be found in the following tables:
2009 flu pandemic table April 2009
2009 flu pandemic table May 2009
2009 flu pandemic table June 2009
2009 flu pandemic table July 2009
2009 flu pandemic table August 2009
2009 flu pandemic table September 2009
2009 flu pandemic table October 2009
2009 flu pandemic table November 2009
2009 flu pandemic table December 2009
Confirmed cases
Deaths
References
tables | wiki |
A mason's mitre is a type of mitre joint, traditionally used in stonework or masonry but commonly seen in kitchen countertops. In a mason's mitre, the two elements being joined meet as for a butt joint but a small section of one member is removed creating a socket to receive the end of the other. A small mitre is made at the inside edges of the socket and on the end of the intersecting member so that edge treatments are carried through the joint appropriately.
The mason's mitre allows the appearance of a mitre joint to be created with much less waste than occurs with a common mitre joint, in which triangular sections must be removed from the ends of both joint members.
The terms "back mitre" and "mason's mitre" (or "miter") are often used interchangeably, but are different types of joints, and used for different purposes. Both joints are traditionally used in stone or woodwork. Neither joint requires that one part be coped (or fit) over the other. In the back mitre, the joints follow the mitre and stile/rail joining lines. In the mason's mitre, the intersecting mouldings are carved within a single stone block or the woodwork's stile, with the rail or adjacent block having a straight profile.
Kitchen worktop protection
A protective trim for mitre cut kitchen worktops has been patented and created by Pepr products. The product is similar to aluminium trims for straight worktop joints, but shaped to fit mitre cut corner worktops.
References
External links
Joinery
Masonry
Kitchen countertops
Woodworking | wiki |
Carbonated milk is milk that has been carbonated and sold for human consumption.
Although carbonated milk is not sold globally, it is a popular drink in East Asia.
Brands
Vio is a mix of flavored milk and carbonated water made by The Coca-Cola Company.
See also
Egg cream
Milkis
Ice cream float
References
Milk-based drinks
Chinese drinks
Hong Kong drinks
Japanese drinks
Korean drinks
Carbonated drinks | wiki |
Ommatius catus is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de roofvliegen (Asilidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2005 door Scarbrough & Costantino.
catus | wiki |
Tigwav kan syfta på:
Haiti
Tigwav (kommun), Ouest,
Tigwav (ort), Ouest, | wiki |
"Ebony and Ivory" is a single by Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder.
Ebony and Ivory may also refer to:
Ebony and Ivory (piano duo)
Ebony and Ivory (Devil May Cry), fictional weapons
"Ebony and Ivory", an episode of Roc
"Ebony and Ivory", an episode of The Jeffersons
The keys of a piano
See also
Ebony (disambiguation)
Ivory (disambiguation) | wiki |
Stake Out was a British game show which originally aired on Challenge between 12 November and 21 December 2001. It was hosted by Anthony Davis in which contestants each bring £250 in cash, competing against each other in the hope of raising it up to £25,000.
Gameplay
In each game, four contestants each brought £250 of "their own money" as an initial stake, which was immediately doubled to £500. In reality, all the money was supplied by the production company; no personal funds were ever at risk. The game was played in four rounds.
Round 1: All In
Four multiple-choice questions were asked, each with three answer options. Before every question, £75 was deducted from each contestant's total to form a pot of £300. Contestants secretly locked in their response on keypads, and the pot was evenly divided among all those who gave the correct answer.
Round 2: Cashing In
Each contestant was asked one question, but had to decide how much of their total to wager before hearing the three answer options. A correct answer added the wager to their total, while a miss deducted it.
Round 3: Face Off
Each contestant in turn chose an opponent to challenge, a category from a list of five, and a wager (up to either their own total or their opponent's, whichever was lower). The host then asked a toss-up question on the buzzer. If a contestant buzzed-in with the correct answer, the wager was added to their score and deducted from their opponent's. A miss gave the opponent a chance to hear the entire question again before buzzing-in. Once a contestant's total was reduced to zero, they were out of the game. A new list of five categories was presented after each complete pass through the field. Once two contestants remained, the game will move to the final round.
Final Round: All Or Nothing
The last 2 players will play in a buzzer head to head, general knowledge questions. The stake start at £100 and increase rapidly and if one player can’t match the stake it will match that number to the player that can’t match the stake. If a player answered correctly they get the stake, if they get it wrong the other player can buzz in. If both of them answered the wrong answer, no money is loss. The round ends when one player bankrupted the other player.
The last remaining contestant became the champion and could either leave the show with their entire total, or risk £250 of it to defend their title in the next game.
External links
.
.
2000s British game shows
2001 British television series debuts
2001 British television series endings
English-language television shows | wiki |
Monwon kan syfta på:
Haiti
Moron (kommun), Grand'Anse,
Moron (ort i Haiti, Grand'Anse, lat 18,56, long -74,26), | wiki |
Galactik Football is a seventy-eight episode animated children's television series about a futuristic football team, co-produced by Alphanim and France 2 for Jetix Europe. The series comprised three seasons, and ran from 2006 to 2011
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
References
Lists of French animated television series episodes | wiki |
The Fantail is a goldfish that possesses an egg-shaped body, a high dorsal fin, a long quadruple caudal fin, and no shoulder hump. It is similar to the Ryukin, and is relatively common in western countries.
Description
The Fantail goldfish may have either metallic or nacreous scales and normal or telescope eyes. Telescope eyes do not develop until the fish is 6 months old. Its fins are less developed than the Ryukin. It supports double anal and tail fins. The anal and caudal fins are well divided into two matching halves. Although generally considered a hardy goldfish, Fantails can be sensitive to prolonged exposure to low water temperatures. Keeping Fantails in an aquarium requires an ideal temperature of 73 to 74 degrees Fahrenheit
Breeding
Good-quality Fantails are produced by rigorous fry selection.
Fantails can be very easy to breed.
References
See also
Ryukin | wiki |
SMW kan syfta på
Saab Microwave Systems, företag inom radarsektorn.
Super Mario World, ett TV-spel utvecklat av Nintendo till Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
Super Mario World (TV-serie), TV-serie baserad på det ovanstående spelet. | wiki |
The national Child Care Policy Research Consortium consists of grantees and contractors who have worked on research projects and partnerships funded by ACF. The purpose of this consortium is to help ACF increase national capacity for sound child care research, identify and respond to critical issues, and link child care research with policy and practice.
The consortium meets annually to provide an opportunity for participants to highlight new research activities and findings, work collaboratively on important technical issues, consider emerging research and policy concerns, build cross-cutting partnerships and peer relationships, and produce new ideas for the next generation of research. Papers, posters, presentations, and discussion summaries from the meetings are posted on the Research Connections website (http://www.researchconnections.org).
Child-related organizations in the United States | wiki |
Biên Hòa (Northern accent: , Southern accent: ) is the capital city of Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam and part of the Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area and located to the east of Ho Chi Minh City, to which Biên Hòa is linked by Vietnam Highway 1. Classified as a class-1 provincial city, it is the sixth largest city in Vietnam by population.
Geography
Topography
Biên Hòa spans 264 square kilometers of midland terrain in the west of Đồng Nai province. Most of the city lies east of the Đồng Nai River.
Biên Hòa shares borders with:
Trảng Bom district to the east
Bình Dương Province to the west
Long Thành district and Ho Chi Minh City to the south
Vĩnh Cửu district to the North
Administrative divisions
Biên Hòa has 30 divisions (29 wards and 1 commune), include:
Demographics
In 1989 the estimated population was 273,879. In 1999, the population was 435,400, and in 2009 it was 701,194. In December 2012, the population of the city crossed the one million mark.
The population in 2019 was 1,055,414, and in 2021 it was 1,119,190.
History
Nguyễn dynasty
The capture of Biên Hòa on December 16, 1861, was an important allied victory in the Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62). This campaign, fought between the French and the Spanish on the one side and the Vietnamese (under the Nguyễn dynasty) on the other, began as a limited punitive expedition and ended as a French war of conquest. The war concluded with the establishment of the French colony of Cochinchina, a development that inaugurated nearly a century of French colonial dominance in Vietnam.
Republic of Vietnam
Biên Hòa grew into a major suburb of Saigon as the capital city of the Republic of (South) Vietnam grew. Following the First Indochina War, tens of thousands of refugees from the northern and central regions of Vietnam—a large portion of whom were Roman Catholics—resettled in Biên Hòa as part of Operation Passage to Freedom. During the Vietnam War, the United States Air Force operated Biên Hòa Air Base near the city. Mortar attacks on U.S. and ARVN targets were frequently staged from residential districts in Biên Hòa. Two of the better-known attacks took place during Tết of 1968 as well as 1969.
Socialist Republic
Like most other areas of Vietnam, post-war Biên Hòa suffered a period of severe economic decline between 1975 and the second half of the 1980s. In part, because of its high concentration of former refugees and their descendants who had fled the communist government of North Vietnam in the mid-1950s, Biên Hòa was the site of small-scale resistance to the communist government in the months immediately following the fall of the Republic of Vietnam.
In the 1980s, the government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam initiated the economic reform policy of Đổi Mới and Biên Hòa experienced an economic resurgence. Biên Hòa and the surrounding areas received large amounts of foreign investment capital, and the area rapidly industrialized.
, Biên Hòa is now an industrial center of southern Vietnam, and many factories and warehouses (often funded in collaboration with Japanese, Singaporean, American, Swiss and other foreign investors) operate in the area surrounding the city. Biên Hòa Sugar is located near the city.
With regard to entertainment, the city includes several amusement parks, nightclubs and restaurants lining the Đồng Nai River. Construction has increased rapidly (with many Western-style houses and villas under development), and the real estate market has experienced a series of boom cycles since the mid-1990s.
Biên Hòa also is the location of the Biên Hòa Military Cemetery, a large national cemetery for fallen soldiers and military officials of the former Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). The cemetery today is now neglected by the current communist regime, and many sections of the cemetery are either vandalized, or demolished for the construction of various building projects. Most of the time there was no proper reburial for the skeletal remains, and this caused an outcry by overseas Vietnamese, most of whom came from the South. The Vietnamese America Foundation, and its program called "The Returning Casualty", are attempting to restore the cemetery and excavate a nearby mass grave.
At the end of 2015, the Prime Minister of Vietnam issued Decision No.2488/QD-TTg recognizing Biên Hòa as a class-1 provincial city.
Economy
Biên Hòa is one of the centers of industry in southern Vietnam. There are six industrial zones:
Biên Hòa I Industrial Zone, 335 ha. There is a plan to convert it into an urban, commercial, and service area by the end of 2025.
Biên Hòa II Industrial Zone, 365 ha
Amata Industrial Park, 674 ha. This is the first investment project of Amata Corporation in Vietnam.
Long Bình Industrial Zone Development
Agtex Long Bình Industrial Park - AGTEX 28, 43 ha
Tam Phước Industrial Park, 323 ha
Sanyang Motor's Vietnam Manufacturing & Export Processing Co., Ltd. (VMEP) is located in Biên Hòa.
Transport
National Route 1, National Route 51, and National Route 1K pass through the city.
Hồ Chí Minh Bridge leads out of the south of the city.
Biên Hòa station on the North–South Railway also leads out of the city.
Bien Hoa Air Base is one of the biggest air bases in Vietnam.
Đồng Nai port is located on Đồng Nai river.
Education
Dong Nai University
Lạc Hồng University
Lương Thế Vinh High School for the Gifted
Ngo Quyen High School
Environment
As a result of the Viet Nam war, some areas around Bien Hoa Air Base were dioxin pollution. The authorities are trying to clean up these areas.
Notable landmarks
Trấn Biên Literature Temple has been recognised as national historical relic. Ancient Citadel of Biên Hòa is the only ancient citadel in the Southern Vietnam that still exists today. Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh Temple worships Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, the General had a huge contribution in the Nam tiến.
Đồng Nai Bridge
Cầu Ghenh Bridge (1901-1904) - designed by company associated with Gustave Eiffel; 2 spans destroyed 2016 and new bridge to be built after 2025
Rach Cat Bridge (Cầu Rạch Cát) (1903) - outer spans designed by company associated with Gustave Eiffel; inner span added during Vietnam War
Đồng Nai Stadium
Sister city
Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
Pakse, Champasak province, Laos
References
Provincial capitals in Vietnam
Districts of Đồng Nai province
Populated places in Đồng Nai province
Cities in Vietnam | wiki |
The Tuvalulan Ambassador in New York City is the official representative of the Government in Funafuti to the Government of the United States. Since 2010, the Tuvaluan ambassador to the United States has also been appointed as Tuvalu’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations.
Tuvalu–United States relations
List of ambassadors
References
United States
Tuvalu
Permanent Representatives of Tuvalu to the United Nations
Ambassadors of Tuvalu to the United States | wiki |
Hahn Air Base was a United States Air Force installation near Lautzenhausen in Germany for over 40 years. The major unit was the United States Air Force's 50th Tactical Fighter Wing during most of the years it was active.
It was originally built by French workers in 1951. In September 1952 the 7356th Air Base Group stood up and started to get the base ready for operational forces.
The 50th Fighter Bomber Wing deployed to Hahn from Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico during Operation Fox Able 27 in August 1953. After name changes the 50th Tactical Fighter Wing was deactivated in 1991 after 35 years at Hahn.
In September 1993, Hahn Air Base was turned over to the German Government. The USAF kept a radio communications site until it was deactivated in 2012.
See also
Frankfurt International Airport
References
External links
The 38th Tactical Missile Wing at Hahn Air Base
Were You a Lucky Puppy?
TAC Missileers - Matador and Mace Missileers
Installations of the United States Air Force in Germany
Military airbases established in 1951
Military installations closed in 1993
1951 establishments in West Germany
1993 disestablishments in Germany | wiki |
A beach bum trust provision, in the law of trusts, ties the ability of a trust beneficiary to take from the trust to the beneficiary's own earnings.
Background
Such a provision serves to prevent a beneficiary from lazily living off the trust funds (i.e. a "beach bum"). If the beneficiary earns no income, then he or she reaps nothing from the trust.
References
Wills and trusts | wiki |
Ginger crunch, also known as ginger slice or ginger square, is a New Zealand biscuit confection consisting of a rectangular shortbread base topped with ginger icing.
There are many variations of this recipe. The shortbread base can contain additions such as rolled oats or coconut or is sometimes substituted with a biscuit base, with nuts or crystallised ginger often added to the icing.
References
See also
Shortbread
List of shortbread biscuits and cookies
New Zealand desserts
Biscuits
Shortbread | wiki |
2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of isoleucine.
Alpha hydroxy acids
Vicinal diols
Beta hydroxy acids | wiki |
Soweto Green is a 1995 South African comedy film directed by David Lister and starring John Kani, L. Scott Caldwell and Casper de Vries. Following the election of Nelson Mandela as president, a middle-class American couple relocate to Johannesburg to help build the new society.
Cast
John Kani ... Dr. Curtis Tshabalala
L. Scott Caldwell ... Cora Tshabalala
Casper de Vries ... Adrian Fluit
Sandra Prinsloo ... Amanda Fluit
Cobus Rossouw ... Voseie Fluit
Zukile Ggobose ... Looksmart
Nkhensani Manganyi ... Thandeka
Connie Mfuku ... Mawe
Daphney Hlomuka ... Tryphina
Muso Sefatsa ... Thandeka
Sue Pam Grant ... Amelia
Martin Le Maitre ... Aubrey
Francois Stemmer ... Leon
Dambuza Mdledle ... Dr. Davel
Thulane Grubane ... Uncle Ho
Babsy Selela ... Lenin
Nadia Bilchik ... Kugel 1
Eleni Cousins ... Kugel 2
Crispin De Nuys ... Mao
Barbara Nielsen ... Eva
Greg Melvill-Smith ... Fritz
Alan T. Mark ... Malhond
References
External links
Journal of African Cinemas: special edition on contemporary South African cinema
1995 films
1995 comedy films
1990s English-language films
English-language South African films
South African comedy films
Films directed by David Lister | wiki |
Hudson River Bridge may refer to:
125th Street Hudson River bridge, a never-built bridge from Manhattan at 125th Street to New Jersey that was proposed in 1954
Bear Mountain Bridge, built by the Bear Mountain Hudson River Bridge Company
George Washington Bridge (opened 1931), informally known as the Hudson River Bridge during its construction
Hudson River Bridge (1866-1901), a railroad bridge connecting Albany and Rensselaer, New York, replaced by the Livingston Avenue Bridge
See also
List of crossings of the Hudson River | wiki |
Oonops domesticus is a tiny spider (males about 1.5 mm, females 2 mm) from Western Europe to Russia. It is of a bleak light red, with a reddish to whitish abdomen. It is found only in buildings, where it builds a retreat in corners and between old paper. It hunts at night, probably with booklice their common prey. The translucent flat egg sac contains only two eggs.
It is very similar to the closely related O. pulcher, but has five tibial spine pairs instead of four. O. pulcher is found outdoors.
Name
The species name domesticus is Latin for "home".
References
Oonopidae
Spiders of Europe
Spiders of Russia
Spiders described in 1916 | wiki |
Hongeo ()is of Korean origin and refers to two aspects of skates:
Hongeo-hoe , a dish made from fermented skate
Hongeo (fish), a monotypic genus containing only the Korean skate, Hongeo koreana | wiki |
Combat d'Abeïbara peut désigner :
Combat d'Abeïbara (1990) ;
Combat d'Abeïbara (2008) ;
Combat d'Abeïbara (2015). | wiki |
The South-east wall (German: Südostwall) (also known as Reichsschutzstellung) was a system of fortifications planned by Nazi Germany in the late stages of World War II to extend along the Little Carpathians and Lake Neusiedl southwards to the River Drau. Not a wall in the true sense of the word, the South-east wall was rather a series of German batteries and anti-tank ditches built at strategic locations alongside the southeastern border of the German Reich in 1944/45 with the intention of stopping the Red Army. The defensive line was only partly finished when the Red Army reached the line in March 1945, and merely slowed the speed of their offensive. The Red Army broke through the line at the beginning of the Vienna Offensive. Vienna is located only west of the defensive line.
References
Military installations of the Wehrmacht
World War II defensive lines | wiki |
Penny Meredith is a British actress.
Selected filmography
The Flesh and Blood Show (1972)
Go for a Take (1972)
The Best of Benny Hill (1974)
The Ups and Downs of a Handyman (1975)
Confessions from a Holiday Camp (1977)
Night Train to Murder (1983)
Television roles
Man at the Top
The Benny Hill Show
References
External links
Living people
British film actresses
British television actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
Flak 36, abréviation de Flugabwehrkanone 36, désigne plusieurs modèles de canons utilisés par la Wehrmacht :
le 3,7 cm Flak 36
le 8,8 cm Flak 36
le 7,5 cm Flak M 36(f), désignation allemande du canon de 75 mm antiaérien modèle 1936
Voir aussi | wiki |
Three strikes or 3 Strikes may refer to:
Strikeout (or strike-out) in baseball or softball, when a batter receives three strikes during his time at bat, which leads to an "out"; a strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters
Three strikes (policy), Internet disconnection for repeat offenders of copyright violations
Three-strikes law, U.S. state laws for repeat offenders
Three strikes (Revolutionary War), the three strikes necessary for the American Revolutionary War to start
Turkey (bowling), in the sport of bowling, three consecutive strikes is known as a "turkey" or "triple"
Media
Three Strikes (TV series), a Comedy Central television series
3 Strikes (film), a 2000 comedy film
3 Strikes (The Price Is Right), a segment game from the American TV game show The Price Is Right
"3 Strikes", a song by American band Terror Jr
Trigger was referred to as "Three Strikes" in the later half of the campaign in Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown
See also
Third Strike (disambiguation) | wiki |
The sixty-fourth Connecticut House of Representatives district elects one member of the Connecticut House of Representatives. Its current representative is Democrat Maria Horn. The district consists of the entire towns of Canaan, Cornwall, Kent, Norfolk, North Canaan, Sharon, and Salisbury, the southern part of Goshen, and much of the city of Torrington.
List of representatives
Recent elections
External links
Google Maps - Connecticut House Districts
References
64 | wiki |
Private practice may refer to:
Private sector practice
Practice of law
Private Practice (TV series), an American medical drama
Private Practice (album), released in 1978 by Dr. Feelgood
pt:Private Practice | wiki |
The Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (PLCB) is an independent government agency that manages the beverage alcohol industry in Pennsylvania by administering the Pennsylvania Liquor Code. It is responsible for licensing the possession, sale, storage, transportation, importation and manufacture of wine, spirits and malt or brewed beverages in the commonwealth, as well as operating a system of liquor distribution (retailing) and providing education about the harmful effects of underage and dangerous drinking.
Summary
The Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board was established in conjunction with the 21st Amendment and the repeal of prohibition. In 1933, just four days before the sale of alcohol became legal in Pennsylvania, the Board was officially organized. Governor Gifford Pinchot is often inaccurately quoted as having stated that the purpose of the Board was to "discourage the purchase of alcoholic beverages by making it as inconvenient and expensive as possible," (probably because of the quote's former misattribution on this very page), while in reality he believed that state control was the best way to move forward from Prohibition.
The agency has its headquarters in the Northwest Office Building in Harrisburg.
On-premises retail licenses and off-premises wholesale licenses are apportioned through a quota system (see below) established by the Pennsylvania Liquor Code. Under the law, the PLCB may grant one retail license for every 3,000 inhabitants of a county and one wholesale license for every 30,000 inhabitants of a county (with a minimum of five wholesale licenses allowed per county). To prevent a municipality from being inundated by liquor licenses, the Pennsylvania Liquor Code also established a population-based municipal quota that limits the number of retail liquor licenses allowed in a municipality; the issuance or transfer of any additional licenses beyond that quota requires prior municipal approval.
As of November 2016, there were about 20,000 active liquor licenses in Pennsylvania. Restaurants and food operations that are licensed to serve or sell drinks in Pennsylvania must purchase their liquor from the PLCB, which operates more than 600 Fine Wine & Good Spirits stores (originally branded simply as a "State Store," then "PA Wine & Spirits" stores before a rebranding project started in 2010) statewide and an e-commerce site. If a wine or spirit is not on the list of registered brands, then it cannot be bought or sold in Pennsylvania.
In Fiscal Year 2015–16, sales at Fine Wine & Good Spirits stores generated more than $2.43 billion in sales and taxes. Taxes and store profits are returned to Pennsylvania’s General Fund; more than $626.3 million was returned to the Pennsylvania Treasury, funded state programs or was returned to local communities in FY2015-16. In the last five fiscal years (FY2011-12 through FY2015-16), the PLCB provided more than $2.66 billion to the Pennsylvania Treasury, $122.5 million to the Pennsylvania State Police, $12.1 million to the Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, and $22.5 million to local communities. Since its inception, the PLCB has contributed more than $15.1 billion to the Pennsylvania Treasury.
The Board also supervises local option referendums in counties and municipalities that wish to prohibit or permit establishments to sell or serve alcohol. According to Section 472 of the Pennsylvania Liquor Code, a local option referendum to change what alcohol sales a municipality allows or prohibits may be voted on during any election. The issue may not be voted on more than once in four years. A referendum can be broad – for example, allowing all forms of alcohol sales in a municipality – or it can be very narrow, for example, allowing only a specific golf course to sell alcohol. To place a referendum on the ballot requires a petition with a number of signatures equal to at least 25 percent of the highest vote cast for any office in that municipality in the preceding general election. As of August 2017, almost 700 Pennsylvania municipalities are "dry" or "partially dry."
Unlike other Pennsylvania administrative agencies, appeals from decisions of the Board are to the local Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, rather than directly to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania.
As a result of Act 14 (enacted June 30, 1987), enforcement of the Pennsylvania Liquor Code was transferred from the PLCB to the Pennsylvania State Police Bureau of Liquor Control Enforcement (BLCE). This function is fully funded by the PLCB out of operational revenues.
Board members
The Board itself is composed of three members who are appointed by the governor and confirmed by a two-thirds vote of the Pennsylvania State Senate. They are appointed to staggered four-year terms ending the third Tuesday in May, but members may serve up to six months beyond that date.
Current Board members are:
Tim Holden of St. Clair, Schuylkill County – Chairman
Former Congressman Tim Holden (D) was nominated to the Board by Gov. Tom Corbett, on June 14, 2013. He was unanimously confirmed by the State Senate on Nov. 13, 2013, and sworn in a day later. Holden was named chairman of the PLCB by Gov. Tom Wolf on Feb. 17, 2015. He was unanimously confirmed for a second term by the state Senate on June 29, 2016, and sworn in on July 11, 2016. He was nominated to serve a third term by Governor Wolf on May 21, 2020, and was unanimously confirmed by the state Senate on Oct. 21, 2020. Tim Holden was the Skuylkill County Sheriff from 1985-1992. Then served as a member of Congress, serving Pennsylvania's Sixth District from 1993-2002 and then the 17th District from 2003 to 2012. Holden was also a member of the House Agriculture Committee.
Mike Negra of Centre Hall, Centre County
Mike Negra (R) was nominated to the Board by Gov. Tom Corbett on Sept. 10, 2014, and was unanimously confirmed by the state Senate on Oct. 16, 2014. He was sworn in on Oct. 21, 2014.
Mary Isenhour of Harrisburg, Dauphin County
Mary Isenhour (D) was nominated by Gov. Tom Wolf on February 15, 2019, and confirmed by the state Senate on June 19, 2019. She is the first woman to serve on the PLCB. Before joining the Board, Isenhour was Secretary of Legislative Affairs and Chief of Staff to Tom Wolf.
Programs to deter underage drinking
The PLCB Bureau of Alcohol Education provides educational material to youth, legal consumers and beverage alcohol servers. This includes RAMP (Responsible Alcohol Management Program), which is directed at establishments selling alcoholic beverages.
The PLCB policy of "zero tolerance" for sales to minors and intoxicated individuals has resulted in store employees challenging, or "carding," those who appear to be underage. Store employees can also require a customer to fill out a form attesting to his/her age before the sale is completed. This policy and effective implementation are considered to be an excellent deterrent to underage drinking in Pennsylvania. According to the PLCB Fiscal Year 2014–15 Annual Report, Fine Wine & Good Spirits store employees conducted more than 1.3 million ID checks during the 2014 calendar year.
The Bureau of Alcohol Education annually awards approximately $1 million in grants to reduce underage and dangerous drinking to colleges and universities, community organizations, law enforcement departments, and high schools. Those same groups send representatives to an annual Alcohol Education conference for prevention professionals in Pennsylvania. Another annual event is the Alcohol Awareness Poster Contest for students in kindergarten through 12th grade.
The quota system
The quota on retail liquor licenses is set forth in Section 461(a) of the Pennsylvania Liquor Code. While that section lays out exceptions, generally, Restaurant Liquor (R), Eating Place Malt Beverage (E), Club (C) and Catering Club Liquor (CC) licenses are subject to the quota. Quota exceptions include ski resorts and casinos. Hotel (H), Off-Track Wagering Restaurant Liquor (OWR), Airport Restaurant (AR), Golf Course (PGR, PGC, GCC, PGE), Continuing Care Retirement (CRR, CRE), Economic Development (EDR, EDE), Performing Arts (PAF) and Public Venue Restaurant (PV) licenses are not subject to the quota.
The first retail license quota was established by Act 358 of 1939, which set it at 1 license for every 1,000 municipal inhabitants. That was changed to 1 license for every 1,500 inhabitants by Act 702 of 1951; 1 license for every 2,000 inhabitants by Act 108 of 1972; and 1 license for every 3,000 inhabitants by Act 160 of 1990. The quota system was switched to a county-based system by Act 141 of 2000.
Section 437(f) of the Pennsylvania Liquor Code establishes quotas for Malt Beverage Distributors (D) and Malt Beverage Importing Distributors (ID). One D or ID license is issued for every 30,000 residents, with a minimum of five available in each county. There are no exceptions. Act 591 of 1952 established the distributor license quota at 1 license for every 10,000 county inhabitants and a minimum of five per county. Act 445 of 1965 changed the quota to 1 license for every 15,000 county inhabitants; Act 160 of 1990 made it 1 license for every 30,000 county inhabitants.
Board members and their terms of service
Efforts to privatize
For over forty years, starting with the administration of Governor Milton Shapp, efforts have existed to abolish the Board and privatize liquor sales in Pennsylvania. Critics of the Board argue that the commonwealth would generate significant income by selling state liquor stores to private entities while continuing to reap millions in annual sales taxes from alcohol sales and liquor tax revenues. Further, it has been cited that customers could benefit from lower prices, longer hours and wider selection at privately run liquor stores. In addition, privatizing liquor sales would allow the commonwealth to recoup taxes from sales in neighboring states such as New Jersey, Ohio and Delaware. Despite these arguments, efforts to privatize have largely stalled. According to former governor Dick Thornburgh, "the principal roadblock to reform has traditionally been an odd coalition of state store employee unions, fundamentalist anti-alcohol groups and organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving, all of which perceive that they have legitimate interests which are not susceptible to statewide budgetary considerations. It would take some courageous leadership to stare down this combination, something I do not see in the commonwealth today." In September 2014, PA House proposed a bill that would decriminalize purchasing wine and liquor in other states and transporting it to the state.
Opponents of privatization argue that keeping the stores public would generate significantly more money over time, as well as keep over 5000 employees from losing their jobs, pensions, and health benefits, many of whom are elderly. Although 45% of the entire LCB workforce is temporary, seasonal or part-time and may not have all the benefits that full time employees have.
On July 2, 2015, Governor Wolf vetoed the first-ever privatization bill to reach the governor's desk.
On August 8, 2016, Governor Wolf signed into law a bill that allowed for some privatization but kept wine distribution under state control.
See also
List of Pennsylvania state agencies
References
External links
Why Did Pennsylvania Become a Liquor Control State?
Alcohol monopolies
State alcohol agencies of the United States
Liquor Control Board
Government agencies established in 1933
1933 establishments in Pennsylvania | wiki |
Jutro u fabrici is an EP by the Serbian noise-rock band Klopka Za Pionira, released in 2005 (see 2005 in music) on the Ne-ton independent label. The album has only one instrumental song of harsh noise consisting of industrial noises and loops treated electronically with many effects.
Track listing
All music by Klopka Za Pionira
"Jutro u fabrici" – 15:08
References
External links
Klopka Za Pionira albums
2005 EPs | wiki |
Bar stock, also (colloquially) known as blank, slug or billet, is a common form of raw purified metal, used by industry to manufacture metal parts and products. Bar stock is available in a variety of extrusion shapes and lengths. The most common shapes are round (circular cross-section), rectangular, square and hexagonal. A bar is characterised by an "enclosed invariant convex cross-section", meaning that pipes, angle stock and objects with varying diameter are not considered bar stock.
Bar stock is commonly processed by a sequence of sawing, turning, milling, drilling and grinding to produce a final product, often vastly different from the original stock. In some cases, the process is partially automated by specialized equipment which feeds the stock into the appropriate processing machine.
Process and types
Most metal produced by a steel mill or aluminium plant is formed (via rolling or extrusion) into long continuous strips of various size and shape. These strips are cut at regular intervals and allowed to cool, each segment becoming a piece of bar stock. A good analogy is pasta-making, in which lumps of dough are extruded into various cross-sectional shapes; cut into lengths; and then dried in that form. The cross-sectional shapes of pasta vary from simple bar or tube shapes (such as linguine or penne) to more elaborate extrusions (such as rotelle, fiori, or rotini). The same is true of metal bar stock. The most common shapes are round bar (also called rod), rectangular bar (including square bar, the special case of equal sides), and hexagonal bar (usually called hex bar for short). Tube and pipe are similar, but have hollow centers and are traditionally not called "bar" in industrial usage. (However, a product called hollow bar, essentially tube but with custom-orderable OD and ID and thus custom wall thickness, is marketed for lathe bar work which can benefit from obviation of drilling and rough boring.) Also similar in concept, but not called "bar", are the common structural shapes such as angle stock and channel stock. These are commonly available in steel and aluminum; the names "angle iron" and "channel iron" are still commonly used (informally) even though their literal namesake, wrought iron, has been replaced by steel and aluminum for most uses.
In a machine shop, bar stock and plate are often called billet, although in a rolling mill, that word refers to a piece of metal that has not yet been rolled into bar.
A machine shop typically has a storage area containing a large variety of bar stock. To create a metal component, a bar of sufficient volume is selected from storage and brought to the machining area. This piece may then be sawed, milled, drilled, turned, or ground to remove material and create the final shape. In turning, for large-diameter work (typically more than , although there is no universal threshold), a piece of the bar is cut off using a horizontal bandsaw to create a blank for each part. The blanks are then fed into a chucking lathe (chucker) which chucks each one in turn. For smaller-diameter work, the entire length of bar stock is more often fed through the spindle of the lathe. The entire bar rotates with the spindle during the part-machining cycle. When the cycle ends and one part is done, the chuck opens, the bar is pulled or pushed forward ("fed") by any of various automatic means, the chuck closes, and the next cycle begins. The last step of the cycle is to cut off the machined part from the bar, which is called "parting it off" and is achieved with a "cutoff" or "part-off" tool, a tool bit that grooves the bar all the way down to the centreline, causing the part to fall off. Then the cycle repeats.
The not-yet-cut bar protruding from the back of the spindle, rotating quickly, can present a safety hazard if it is sticking out too far and unconstrained from bending. Thus sometimes long bars must be sawn into shorter bars before being fed as "bar work" (which is the term for such work).
CNC lathes and screw machines have accessories called "bar feeders", which hold, guide, and feed the bar as commanded by the CNC control. More advanced machines may have a "bar loader" which holds multiple bars and feeds them one at a time into the bar feeder. Bar loaders are like magazines for part blanks (or pallets for milling work) in that they allow lights-out machining. The bar loader is filled with bars (or the magazine or pallet with part blanks) during working hours, and then it runs during the night unattended. Given that there is no human around to detect if something went wrong and the machine should stop, there are various kinds of sensors that are used to detect this, such as load meters, infrared beams, and, in recent years, webcams, which are placed inside the machine tool's enclosure and allow remote viewing of the cutting action.
Uses of bar stock
Bar stock is widely used in many industries and can be seen in many different industrial processes. These processes include forging, extrusion, machining, and many more. In forging, billets are heated to high temperatures before a press pushes the workpiece into the shape on the die. These presses operate at very high forces to make the desired changes to the product. Extrusion uses rollers that push the heated bar stock through a set of dies which will determine the shape of the workpiece. Machining is a subtractive process that utilizes bar stock and various cutters and tools to make intricate details that are not possible through other processes.
Standard sizes throughout a supply chain
To stock every possible size of bar stock (every possible fraction of a millimeter or inch in diameter or thickness) is impossible. Thus, bar stock is stocked by metals supply houses in various standard sizes, arrayed in discrete steps. For example, round bar with diameters of even millimeters (or in the US, on the eighths of an inch) can usually be ordered from standing stock. Bar diameters of nonstandard sizes can also be obtained, but only as a separate mill run from the rolling mill. Thus they are much more expensive than the standard sizes, can take much longer delivery time, and are not desirable as inventory for the supply house or the machine shop (because the chance of selling or using any particular custom size is slim).
Sometimes it is necessary that the bar not be very much larger than the intended part, because the metallurgical properties of some metal alloys in some finishing processes may vary by how far inside the bar the metal lies. Thus an engineering drawing will specify a certain size (or a maximum size) that the bar may start out as. These specs face the aforementioned limitation of stocking sizes versus custom mill runs; standard sizes are used wherever possible to avoid wasted expense and needless delays.
Drill rod
A drill rod is tool steel round stock ground to a tight tolerance diameter; it is usually ± . In the UK the name "silver steel" is often synonymous and sometimes hyponymous. Its origin was in reference to the shiny ground appearance (not to any silver alloying content). Drill rod diameters range from ; in the United States diameters smaller than th of an inch () are made in letter drill sizes and number drill sizes, in addition to fractional sizes. Lengths are usually . It is commonly used to make drill bits, taps, reamers, punches, dowel pins, and shafts. Note that the numbered sizes are different from the drill numbered sizes starting at 52. These sizes are:
Drill blanks have an undersize tolerance of +0/−, while reamer blanks have an oversize tolerance of −0/+0.
Some mills also sell square stock that is held to the same tolerances under the name "drill rod".
Commonly available material grades in the U.S. are A2, D2, M2, M42, O1, S7, W1, and high speed steel (including M2/M7).
Ground flat stock
Ground flat stock is annealed steel that has been ground to close tolerances (compare to drill rod). There are four types of materials available: O-1 tool steel, A-2 tool steel, A-6 tool steel, and 1018 steel (low-carbon or low-carb steel). Lengths are either long, various widths up to are available, and thicknesses range from .
Some geometrical sizes are known as .
See also
Dowel
References
Metalworking terminology
Steels
de:Halbzeug | wiki |
Ad Dekkers may refer to:
Ad Dekkers (painter) (1922–2004), Dutch painter
Ad Dekkers (artist) (1938–1974), Dutch sculptor
Ad Dekkers (cyclist) (b. 1953), Dutch cyclist | wiki |
In geology, a matrix-supported rock is a sedimentary rock of which a defined majority is the fine-grained matrix as opposed to the clasts (in the case of a conglomerate) or allochems (in the case of a limestone). For a conglomerate, a rock is considered matrix-supported when clasts constitute less than 15% of its volume. Matrix support is considered characteristic of debris flow deposits, in which clasts are supported within a fabric of mud as they move downstream. Wackestones and mudstones under the Dunham classification of limestones are also considered matrix-supported due to the predominance of micrite (as opposed to, for example, macrofossils).
References
Sedimentology
Petrology | wiki |
Dual Pep (1985–2018) was a dark chestnut stallion registered with the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA).
Dual Pep was sired by Peppy San Badger out of Miss Dual Doc, by Doc's Remedy. Dual Pep competed in National Cutting Horse Association (NCHA) events having earned $302,053.60 in lifetime NCHA earnings. At the time of his death, Dual Pep's offspring have earned over $24 million, making him fifth on the list of all-time leading sires.
Dual Pep is the sire of Dual Rey (1994-2018), also a leading cutting horse sire whose offspring have earned over $36 million.
References
American Quarter Horse sires
Cutting horses
1985 animal births
2018 animal deaths | wiki |
The Miscast Barbarian: a Biography of Robert E. Howard is a biography by science-fiction writer L. Sprague de Camp, first published in hardcover and trade paperback in 1975 by Gerry de la Ree.
Summary
The work is an examination of Robert E. Howard, the famous fantasy writer and creator of Conan the Barbarian.
Relation to other works
The book is an expansion of de Camp's article "The Miscast Barbarian", which appeared in the magazine Fantastic in June, 1971. Later, in collaboration with Catherine Crook de Camp and Jane Whittington Griffin, he expanded the text again, into Dark Valley Destiny: the Life of Robert E. Howard (1983), the first major independent biography of Howard.
Notes
1975 non-fiction books
American biographies
Books by L. Sprague de Camp
Books about Robert E. Howard | wiki |
Anapistula caecula est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Symphytognathidae.
Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Côte d'Ivoire.
Description
Les femelles mesurent de à .
Publication originale
Baert & Jocqué, 1993 : Anapistula caecula n. sp., the smallest known female spider (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). Journal of African Zoology, , .
Liens externes
Notes et références
Symphytognathidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Côte d'Ivoire | wiki |
203 East 29th Street is a historic house and carriage house located between Second and Third Avenues in the Kips Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, one of a small number of wooden houses that remain on Manhattan Island. The year the house was built is uncertain, having been variously dated from as early as around 1790 to as late as 1870.
The house, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 8, 1982, is privately owned and not open to the public. The architect was James Cali, and the restoration architect was John Sanguilano.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
External links
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Houses completed in 1790
Houses in Manhattan
Kips Bay, Manhattan | wiki |
Qi yoga (Qi-Yoga) is a term occasionally used by practitioners mixing techniques or philosophies of Chinese Qigong and Hindu Yoga, see:
Tam Qui Khi-Kong
Tao yin (aka "Taoist yoga")
Yin yoga | wiki |
Treggings are leggings styled to look like trousers. Much like jeggings, treggings is a portmanteau of trousers and leggings.
Treggings fit just like leggings, but are made out of a thicker fabric.
Controversy
There has been some controversy about whether they can be considered trousers. A British school decided to send 60 students showing up in treggings home on the reason that the clothing was too tight to be worn as trousers.
Fashion
The tregging is very popular among young women as an alternative to stockings or trousers. They can be worn under a skirt or as a trouser. Balmain included the tregging in their fall/winter 2009 collection.
References
Hosiery | wiki |
Don Nguyen (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 16 juni 1979) is een Amerikaans professioneel skateboarder. Hij heeft zijn eigen skateboards en T-shirts bij Foundation Skateboards.
Huidige sponsoren
Baker Skateboards
Pig Wheels
Ruckuss
Duffs
Sessions
Hot Skates
Externe link
Foundation Skateboards: Don Nguyens profiel (gearchiveerd op archive.org)
Nguyen, Don | wiki |
Mike Rusczyk (geboren op 5 augustus 1977, te Chicago) is een Amerikaans professioneel skateboarder.
Huidige Sponsoren
Foundation Skateboards
Pig Wheels
Duffs
Independant Trucks
Externe link
Foundation Skateboards: Mike Rusczyks profiel.
Rusczyk, Mike | wiki |
Emotionality is the observable behavioral and physiological component of emotion. It is a measure of a person's emotional reactivity to a stimulus. Most of these responses can be observed by other people, while some emotional responses can only be observed by the person experiencing them. Observable responses to emotion (i.e., smiling) do not have a single meaning. A smile can be used to express happiness or anxiety, while a frown can communicate sadness or anger. Emotionality is often used by experimental psychology researchers to operationalize emotion in research studies.
Early theories
By the late 1800s, many high-quality contributions became interested in analyzing emotion because of the works of psychologists and scientists such as Wilhelm Wundt, George Stout, William McDougall, William James, and George Herbert Mead. William James preferred to focus on the physiological aspects of emotional response, although he did not disregard the perceptual or cognitive components. William McDougall thought of emotion as the articulation of a natural response built on instinct. Other psychologists reasoned that although gestures express emotion, this is not the entirety of their function. Wundt analyzed that emotion portrays both expression and communication.
As irrational
One of the oldest views of emotion is that emotion indicates inferiority. In early psychology, it was believed that passion (emotion) was a part of the soul inherited from the animals and that it must be controlled. identified that in the Romantic movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, reason and emotion were discovered to be opposites.
As physiological
Physiological responses to emotion originate in the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system. Some of the responses include: heart rate, sweating, rate and depth of respiration, and electrical activity in the brain. Many researchers have attempted to find a connection between specific emotions and a corresponding pattern of physiological responses, but the results have been inconclusive.
Later theories
The significant theories of emotion can be divided into three primary categories: physiological, neurological, and cognitive. Physiological theories imply that activity within the body can be accountable for emotions. Neurological theories suggest that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. Lastly, cognitive theories reason that thoughts and other mental activity have a vital role in the stimulation of emotions. Common sense suggests that people first become consciously aware of their emotions and that the physiological responses follow shortly after. Theories by James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer contradict the common-sense theory.
James-Lange
The James-Lange theory of emotion was proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange. This theory suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological responses to outside stimuli or events. For example, this theory suggests that if someone is driving down the road and sees the headlights of another car heading toward them in their lane, their heart begins to race (a physiological response) and then they become afraid (fear being the emotion).
Cannon-Bard
The Cannon-Bard theory, which was conceptualized by Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard, suggests that emotions and their corresponding physiological responses are experienced simultaneously. Using the previous example, when someone sees the car coming toward them in their lane, their heart starts to race and they feel afraid at the same time.
Schachter-Singer
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed a theory also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, which implies emotion have two factors: physical arousal and cognitive label. This suggests that if the physiological activity occurs first, then it must cognitively be distinguished as the cause of the arousal and labeled as an emotion. Using the example of someone seeing a car coming towards them in their lane, their heart would start to race and they would identify that they must be afraid if their heart is racing, and from there they would begin to feel fear.
Gender differences
The opposition of rational thought and emotion is believed to be paralleled by the similar opposition between male and female. A traditional view is that "men are seen as rational and women as emotional, lacking rationality." However, in spite of these ideas, and in spite of gender differences in the prevalence of mood disorders, the empirical evidence on gender differences in emotional responding is mixed.
When engaging in social interaction, studies show that women smile significantly more than men do. It is difficult to determine the exact difference between males and females to explain this disparity. It is possible that this difference in expression of emotions is due to societal influences and conformity to gender roles. However, this may not fully explain why men smile less than women do.
The male gender role involves characteristics such as strength, expert knowledge, and a competitive nature. Smiling may be stereotypically associated with weakness. Men may feel that if they engage in this perceived weakness, it may contradict their attempts to show strength and other traits of the male gender role. Another broad explanation for the contrast in male and female gender expression is that women have reported to experience greater levels of emotional intensity than men, in both positive and negative aspects, which could naturally lead to greater emotional response. It has also been reported that men are more likely to confide in female companions, revealing their emotions and intimacy, while females are typically comfortable confiding in both genders. This suggests that men are more particular about how they express the emotions they feel, potentially relating back to gender roles.
Across cultures
There are six universal emotions which expand across all cultures. These emotions are happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. Debate exists about whether contempt should be combined with disgust. According to Ekman (1992), each of these emotions have universally corresponding facial expressions as well.
In addition to the facial expressions that are said to accompany each emotion, there is also evidence to suggest that certain autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is associated with the three emotions of fear, anger, and disgust. Ekman theorizes that these specific emotions are associated with the universal physiological responses due to evolution. It would not be expected to observe the same physiological responses for emotions not specifically linked to survival, such as happiness or sadness.
Ekman's theories were early challenged by James A. Russell, and have since been tested by a variety of researchers, with ambiguous results. This seems to reflect methodological problems relating to both display rules and to the components of emotion. Current thinking favors a mix of underlying universality combined with significant cultural differences in the articulation and expression of emotion. Emotions serve different functions in different cultures.
Positive
Positive emotionality is the ability to control positive mood and emotions, people with positive emotions seek for social reward. Positive emotionality can be a preventive factor in blocking out certain types of mental illness. In a study of a sample of 1,655 youth (54% girls; 7– 16 years), it found that the higher their positive emotionality was, the lower their depression would be. Depression was considered by its definition of the inability to receive positive emotions or pleasure. The youth's temperament, adaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies, and depressive symptoms were determined through a questionnaire. The study also reported that depressive symptoms could be reduced through emotion regulation of positive mood. A study by Charles T. Taylor et al. linked being exposed to positive emotions before a surgery to less anxiety and a decrease in having symptoms after treatment.
Negative
Negative emotionality is the opposite of positive emotionality. People are unable to control their positive mood and emotions. Everyone experiences negative emotionality in different levels, there are different factors that effect each individual in a different way. Negative emotionality effects many aspects of our lives in terms of coping and the relationship that people share with one another. Neuroticism (Big Five/HEXACO) is one of the biggest factors found in negative emotionality. Someone on the higher spectrum of neuroticism is often more anxious and enjoy the feelings of their negative emotion. Some research suggests that obese children compared to children who are not obese have higher levels of negative emotionality and the ability to control emotions.
See also
Affect display
Emotions and culture
Regulation of emotion
References
Emotion
Behavioral neuroscience | wiki |
Area 51 is a secret military facility in Nevada, north of Las Vegas.
Area 51 may also refer to:
Places
Area 51, troop barracks and MWR building on Camp Victory, Baghdad, Iraq
Games
Area 51 (series)
Area 51 (1995 video game), a light gun game developed by Atari
Area 51: Site 4, a 1998 sequel to the original
Area 51 (2005 video game), a first-person shooter game by Midway Austin
Literature
Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base, a 2011 book by Annie Jacobsen
Area 51, a science-fiction novel by Bob Mayer under the pseudonym Robert Doherty
Other uses
Area 51 (film), a 2015 film by Oren Peli
Area 51, a staging zone for new Q&A websites, part of the Stack Exchange Network
Area-51, a line of gaming computers from Dell subsidiary Alienware
See also
Area 52 (disambiguation)
Area (disambiguation)
51 (disambiguation)
Hangar 18 (disambiguation) | wiki |
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