text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Molly's Pilgrim is a 1985 American short film directed by Jeffrey D. Brown, based on the children's book of the same title by Barbara Cohen, who also appeared in the film as a crossing guard. It won an Oscar in 1986 for Best Short Subject.
Cast
Lilly Balaban as Kate
Jessica Bertan as Classroom student
Travis Blank as Arthur
Robert Clohessy as Gym Teacher
Barbara Cohen as School Crossing Guard
Greg Donohue as Classroom student
Sophia Eliazova as Molly
Marcus Reboa as Classroom student
References
External links
Molly's Pilgrim at the Phoenix Learning Group
1985 films
1985 short films
1985 independent films
American independent films
Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners
Films set in New Jersey
Films shot in New Jersey
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
American short films | wiki |
Fairytale fantasy is distinguished from other subgenres of fantasy by the works' heavy use of motifs, and often plots, from folklore.
History
Literary fairy tales were not unknown in the Roman era: Apuleius included several in The Golden Ass. Giambattista Basile retold many fairy tales in the Pentamerone, an aristocratic frame story and aristocratic retellings. From there, the literary fairy tale was taken up by the French 'salon' writers of 17th century Paris (Madame d'Aulnoy, Charles Perrault, etc.) and other writers who took up the folktales of their time and developed them into literary forms. The Grimm brothers, despite their intentions being to restore the tales they collected, also transformed the Märchen they collected into Kunstmärchen.
These stories are not regarded as fantasies but as literary fairy tales, even retrospectively, but from this start, the fairy tale remained a literary form, and fairytale fantasies were an offshoot. Fairytale fantasies, like other fantasies, make use of novelistic writing conventions of prose, characterization, or setting. The precise dividing line is not well defined, but it is applied, even to the works of a single author: George MacDonald's Lilith and Phantastes are regarded as fantasies, while his "The Light Princess", "The Golden Key", and "The Wise Woman" are commonly called fairy tales.
Genre overview
This genre may include modern fairy tales, which use fairy tale motifs in original plots, such as The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Hobbit, as well as erotic, violent, or otherwise more adult-oriented retellings of classic fairy tales (many of which, in many variants, were originally intended an audience of adults, or a mixed audience of all ages), such as the comic book series Fables. It can also include fairy tales with the plot fleshed out with characterization, setting, and fuller plots, to form a child's or young adult novel.
Many fairytale fantasies are revisionist, often reversing the moral values of the characters involved. This may be done for the intrinsic aesthetic interest, or for a thematic exploration. Writers may also make the magic of the fairy tale self-consistent in a fantasy re-telling, based on technological extrapolation in a science fiction, or explain it away in a contemporary or historical work of fiction.
Other forms of fantasy, especially comic fantasy, may include fairy tale motifs as partial elements, as when Terry Pratchett's Discworld contains a witch who lives in a gingerbread house, or when Patricia Wrede's Enchanted Forest is rife with princesses and princes trying to fit in their appointed fairy tale roles.
The settings of fairytale fantasies, like the fairy tales they derive from, may owe less to world-building than to the logic of folk tales. Princes can go wandering in the woods and return with a bride without consideration for all the political effects of royal marriages. A common, comic, motif is a world where all the fairy tales take place, and the characters are aware of their role in the story, occasionally even breaking the fourth wall.
Other writers may develop the world as fully as in other subgenres, generating a work that is also, based on setting, a high fantasy, historical fantasy, or contemporary fantasy.
Authors who have worked with the genre include such various figures as Oscar Wilde, Kathryn Davis, A. S. Byatt, Italo Calvino, Donald Barthelme, Robert Coover, Margaret Atwood, Kate Bernheimer, James Thurber, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Rikki Ducornet, Robert Bly, Katie Farris and Annette Marie Hyder.
See also
List of fairytale fantasies
Mythic fiction
References
External links
The Fairy Tale Review: a Journal of Fairy Tale Literature
Cabinet des Fees: On-line Journal of Fairy Tale Literature
Journal of Mythic Arts: On-line Journal of Fairy Tale Literature
SurLaLune Fairy Tales: Modern Interpretations pages for over 45 tales include lists of modern redactions of fairy tales. Also announces new releases in the genre.
Fantasy genres | wiki |
Promachus crassifemoratus is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de roofvliegen (Asilidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1936 door Hobby.
crassifemoratus | wiki |
Cube steak or cubed steak is a cut of beef, usually top round or top sirloin, tenderized and flattened by pounding with a meat tenderizer. The name refers to the shape of the indentations left by that process (called "cubing"). This is the most common cut of meat used for the American dish chicken-fried steak.
Minute steak
In Ireland, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and some parts of the United States, cube steak is called a minute steak, because it can be cooked quickly.
Minute steak may also be distinguished by:
simply referring to the cut, which is not necessarily tenderized;
thinner than cube steak (hence does not need tenderizing);
cut from sirloin or round, while cube steak cut is from chuck or round.
Bucket steak
In parts of the southern United States, cube steak is also known as bucket steak, a name derived from the cardboard buckets in which stacks of them are often sold.
See also
Swiss steak
Notes
Cuts of beef | wiki |
FileHippo is a software downloading website that offers computer software for Windows. The website has sections listing most recently updated programs and most popular downloads, organised by category, with program information and link. Registration is not required in this website. Before the acquisition by Softonic the FileHippo website, funded by user donations and third-party advertising, had an Update Checker, later renamed App Manager, a free program that scanned a computer for outdated software and offered links to more recent versions.
FileHippo was established in 2004 by the UK-based technology company Well Known Media. The site added a news section in 2014. FileHippo was estimated to be worth over US$13,000,000 in November 2015. FileHippo does not accept software submissions from publishers. Softonic later acquired FileHippo; the FileHippo home page states "Softonic International, S.A. holds the license to use the name and logo of Filehippo".
References
External links
FileHippo.com
Download websites | wiki |
The RFL Match Officials are a select group of professional Rugby League match officials who officiate the top divisions of Rugby League in Britain.
Officials are required to take part in a Fitness Test to maintain and or gain their status.
Match Official Department Staff
Graded Match Officials
To become an Elite match official, Grade 1 officials must have an interview with the Head of Match Officials.
Elite Referees (RFL Full Time Match Officials)
Since the 2007 season, the Rugby Football League have employed a panel of full-time officials. That panel currently has eight members.
Current Full Time Match Officials Squad
Previous Full Time Match Officials
Elite Touch Judges (Super League)
Grade 1 Match Officials
Select Referees
Select Touch Judges
Grade 2 Match Officials
Emerging Referees
Emerging Touch Judges
Grade 3 Match Officials
Entry Referees
Entry Touch Judges
Kit suppliers and sponsors
See also
NRL match officials
Super League
Rugby Football League
References
External links
Rugby league in England
Rugby league referees | wiki |
Aimco or Apartment Investment and Management Company is a publicly traded real estate investment trust. As of December 31, 2020, the company owned 27 apartment communities comprising 6,342 apartment units in 12 states and the District of Columbia.
History
Aimco traces its roots to The Considine Company, formed in 1975 by Terry Considine. Aimco was incorporated on January 10, 1994.
On July 29, 1994, the company became a public company via an initial public offering.
In 1996, Aimco acquired Walters Management Company and the J.W. English Company.
In 1997, Aimco acquired National Housing Partnership Incorporated, which owned 87,659 apartments.
In October 1997, Aimco acquired 8,175 apartment units from Winthrop.
In 1998, Aimco acquired Insignia Financial Group in a $910 million transaction.
In 2000, the company acquired Oxford Realty Financial Group, which owned interests in 36,662 apartment units, for $314 million. Also in 2000, the company acquired the Oxford Tax-Exempt Fund for $206 million.
In 2002, Aimco acquired Casden Properties, founded by Alan Casden. The $1.5 billion acquisition included 17,383 apartments, including 6,356 conventional apartment units located in Southern California and 11,027 affordable apartment units in 25 states.
In 2003, the company was added to the S&P 500 index. It was removed from the index in December 2020.
In December 2020, it completed the corporate spin-off of Apartment Income REIT Corp.
References
External links
Financial services companies established in 1975
1975 establishments in Colorado
American companies established in 1975
Companies based in Denver
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Real estate investment trusts of the United States
Real estate companies established in 1975 | wiki |
Deadfall is a 2012 American crime drama film directed by Stefan Ruzowitzky, written by Zach Dean, and starring Eric Bana, Olivia Wilde, and Charlie Hunnam.
Plot
After a successful casino heist, siblings Addison and Liza go on the run in Michigan. They decide to split up when their driver is fatally injured in a car crash and Addison murders a state trooper responding to the scene. They resolve to cross the U.S.-Canadian border during a blizzard. Meanwhile, after being released from prison, former boxer Jay calls his parents, retired sheriff Chet and his wife June, to say he'll be home for Thanksgiving. He confronts his former coach in Detroit, demanding money owed him. The two get into a fight and Jay, thinking he has killed him and unwilling to return to jail, flees.
Hannah, the sheriff's deputy, is invited to join Jay's parents for Thanksgiving dinner. She is treated poorly by her father, Sheriff Becker, who does not want to include her in the hunt for the fugitives. Hannah, who has been accepted to be trained for the FBI, excuses her father's behavior because of the loss of his wife several years ago. Jay finds a shivering Liza in the road and offers her a ride to the nearest gas station. Meanwhile, wandering in the snow, Addison murders an elderly man losing a little finger in the struggle and steals his damaged snowmobile. He is later forced to abandon the snowmobile, but not before cauterizing his wound on the still hot engine.
When Jay and Liza stop at a bar during the blizzard, she sneaks back to his truck, finds Jay's address, and leaves Addison a message to meet her there. A romantic relationship develops between Jay and Liza, who have sex in a motel. Elsewhere, Addison invades a cabin in the woods and kills the abusive father of the family. After dumping the man's body, he tends to the distraught wife and her children. Hannah is called to investigate the situation in the cabin. Meanwhile, realizing that she has feelings for Jay, Liza calls Addison to say she couldn't proceed with the plan and that she'll find another ride. Jay confesses his feelings for her. Liza explains how her brother was her protector from their abusive father, who was killed when they were young.
Hannah and two officers reach the cabin. Hannah notices a man's corpse and tries to warn the officer at the door, but Addison shoots him with a shotgun. Addison flees on a snowmobile with Hannah and the other officer giving chase, and the officer is killed.
Addison arrives at Jay's house and holds his parents captive. When Liza and Jay arrive for Thanksgiving dinner, Addison pretends at first not to know who Liza is. They eat dinner together. Addison sees Liza act protectively of Jay and his family. Hannah receives a call from a Detroit detective about Jay's coach, who is recovering from a concussion. She goes to the house and is also taken captive by Addison.
Becker finds Addison's snowmobile at the house, draws a weapon and goes inside. He fires at Addison, but it turns out to be his daughter, Hannah, surreptitiously dressed by Addison in his own jacket. Becker is then shot by Addison. A struggle between Jay and Addison ensues outside. Jay overpowers Addison but releases him when Liza begs him to, reminding Jay that Addison is her brother. Addison points another gun at Jay and challenges Jay to proclaim his love for Liza, which Jay does. Before Addison can decide what to do next, Liza fatally shoots him. Other police arrive to discover Hannah's life has been saved by a bulletproof vest.
Cast
Eric Bana as Addison
Olivia Wilde as Liza
Charlie Hunnam as Jay Mills
Kris Kristofferson as Chet Mills
Alain Goulem as Bobby
Allison Graham as Mandy
Sissy Spacek as June Mills
Kate Mara as Deputy Hannah Becker
Treat Williams as Sheriff Marshall T. Becker
Jason Cavalier as Deputy Travis
Maxime Savaria as Deputy Brice
Tom Jackson as Old Indian Hunter
Background
As a passenger on JetBlue Flight 292 in 2005, flying for hours in a figure 8 over Southern California to prepare for a risky landing, Zach Dean contemplated his mortality and resolved to write a screenplay about family. The rights to the script, originally titled Kin, were optioned by Mutual Films and in 2010 it was reported that Bana, Wilde, and Hunnam were in casting talks. Shooting began in Canada in 2011.
Release
Deadfall premiered at the 2012 Tribeca Festival. It opened in theaters on December 7, 2012.
Critical reception
Deadfall received negative reviews and has a rating of 35% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 81 reviews with an average rating of 4.93 out of 10. The film also has a score of 52 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews. According to, the film scored a 6.2 out of 10 stars with 39,570 star reviews. Over 23,000 of these star reviews were in the 6-7 range with only 18.0% of these climbing into the 8-10 range.
References
External links
2012 films
2010s English-language films
American chase films
American road movies
2010s road movies
Films directed by Stefan Ruzowitzky
Films scored by Marco Beltrami
Mutual Film Company films
2010s American films | wiki |
A Mouli grater or rotational grater is a hand-operated kitchen utensil designed for grating or pureeing small quantities of food. The device consists of a small metal drum with holes that grate the food and a handle for turning the drum.
The hand-held unit consists of two sections with hinged handles. The end of one handle contains a food hopper with a grating cylinder and a crank for rotating the cylinder. The other section has a rounded surface that acts as a clamp, pressing the food to be grated into the grating cylinder. The hinged handles are held in one hand and squeezed so that the food presses against the grating cylinder. Meanwhile, the other hand turns the crank, causing the cylinder to rotate and the food to be grated. Because the cylinder can be removed, the Mouli grater can be easily used by both left- and right-handed people by simply placing the grater with the crank on the preferred side.
The rotational grater was first patented in France in the 1940s. Mouli is a French brand name that became Moulinex in 1957, partly in response to the success of the electric coffee grinder of the same name. A grating cylinder similar to the one used in this design later turned up in food processors from that company.
There are three cylinders: a fine grater, medium grater, and a slice-producing cutter.
See also
Food mill
References
Food preparation utensils | wiki |
All Sides may refer to:
All Sides (O.A.R. album), 2008
All Sides (LMNT album), 2002
AllSides, a company that evaluates media bias
All Sides with Ann Fisher, WOSU-FM talk show | wiki |
Real Talk may refer to:
"Real Talk" (R. Kelly song), a song by singer-songwriter R. Kelly on his eight solo studio album
Real Talk (Fabolous album)
Real Talk (Lecrae album)
Real Talk (Man Overboard album), debut record by pop punk band Man Overboard
Real Talk (Konshens album)
Real Talk (Philippine talk show), a lifestyle talk show in the Philippines
Real Talk Entertainment, a hip hop record label
See also
Real Talk 2000, an album by 3X Krazy | wiki |
Security tape (or security label) is a type of adhesive tape used to help reduce shipping losses due to pilfering and theft. It helps reduce tampering or product adulteration. Often it is a pressure sensitive tape or label with special tamper resistant or tamper evident features. It can be used as a ‘’security seal’’ in addition to a container closure or can be used as a security label. They are sometimes used as or with authentication products and can be an anti-pilferage seal.
Security tapes and labels are sometimes used in conjunction with security envelopes.
Use
Security tapes can be used as packaging tapes on small primary packages such as bottles and cartons or on larger shipping containers such as corrugated boxes. They are also used on unit loads or palletized goods. The strength and adhesive bonding are important. Security labels are usually only used for their security features; backing strength is less important but the bonding characteristics are critical.
Some security tapes have an appearance similar to standard packaging tapes to help conceal the value of an item. Logistics and packaging professionals do not want to bring attention to the item or its package. Other security tapes have bright colors with high impact graphics.
Security tapes and labels are one part of a broader security system: No one layer of security can provide full protection to shipments of packages. Most security products can be foiled by a knowledgeable person with sufficient time and with access to specialized tools, solvents, extreme temperatures, other security tapes and labels, adhesives, etc.
Security tapes and labels usually add security to one point of entry to a container. Other points of unauthorized entry are sometimes available.
Security tapes are also used on access doors for temporary area denial and as tamper-indicating seals for sensitive equipment. Some uses of security tapes require stable temperatures and the non-exposure of the tape to direct sunlight.
Construction
There are many types and constructions of tapes and labels used for security. The use of security printing, holography, embossing, barcodes, RFID chips, etc. is common. Some tape strips and labels have sequential serial numbers, bar codes, etc. Custom printing with corporate logo, etc. is useful but needs to be revised periodically because of creative counterfeiters.
Many security tapes have extra strong backings and high performance adhesives; a damaged or partially open package can be an invitation to theft or tampering. High graphics can draw attention to a package during shipment.
Security tapes often have special features to indicate opening, including:
Intentionally weak or frangible components
Printing which cannot easily be realigned after a cut or tear
Hidden print layers which indicate opening
Serrations or perforations to make one-piece removal more difficult
RFID indicating systems
Security tapes are usually wound on a roll for storage and dispensing. Either a release liner is used or a premium release coating is used on the top surface. Security labels typically employ a release liner and are die-cut.
Interpretation
Sometimes a tape or label is intended to provide a signal of removal or of container tampering: imaging, delamination, fracture, etc. The desired outcome is for the tape or label to correctly indicate attempted or unauthorized container opening. Conversely, it should not signal tampering when there has not been tampering. This is a type of binary classification.
It may be possible to have a "false negative": the label is (or appears to be) intact yet tampering has occurred. Depending on the specific security tape/label, there may be specialized means of removing and reattaching the label, covering or obscuring the signaled/activated label, etc. Also, tampering could have occurred in a different part of the container. A "false positive" may also be possible, either by accident or with intent.
See also
Electronic article surveillance
Barricade tape
Evaluation of binary classifiers
Counterfeit consumer goods
References
Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
Rosette, J. L, "Improving Tamper-Evident Packaging: Problems, Tests and Solutions", 1992
Packaging
Theft
Adhesive tape
Security
Authentication methods
Security technology | wiki |
The American Rare Breed Association (ARBA) is a kennel club for owners and fanciers of dog breeds and types not recognised by the American Kennel Club.
References
Dog breed registries | wiki |
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece, marked by much of the eastern Aegean and northern regions of Greek culture (such as Ionia and Macedonia) gaining increased autonomy from the Persian Empire; the peak flourishing of democratic Athens; the First and Second Peloponnesian Wars; the Spartan and then Theban hegemonies; and the expansion of Macedonia under Philip II. Much of the early defining politics, artistic thought (architecture, sculpture), scientific thought, theatre, literature and philosophy of Western civilization derives from this period of Greek history, which had a powerful influence on the later Roman Empire. Part of the broader era of classical antiquity, the classical Greek era ended after Philip II's unification of most of the Greek world against the common enemy of the Persian Empire, which was conquered within 13 years during the wars of Alexander the Great, Philip's son.
In the context of the art, architecture, and culture of Ancient Greece, the Classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the most common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC). The Classical period in this sense follows the Greek Dark Ages and Archaic period and is in turn succeeded by the Hellenistic period.
5th century BC
This century is essentially studied from the Athenian outlook because Athens has left us more narratives, plays, and other written works than any of the other ancient Greek states. From the perspective of Athenian culture in Classical Greece, the period generally referred to as the 5th century BC extends slightly into the 6th century BC. In this context, one might consider that the first significant event of this century occurs in 508 BC, with the fall of the last Athenian tyrant and Cleisthenes' reforms. However, a broader view of the whole Greek world might place its beginning at the Ionian Revolt of 500 BC, the event that provoked the Persian invasion of 492 BC. The Persians were defeated in 490 BC. A second Persian attempt, in 481–479 BC, failed as well, despite having overrun much of modern-day Greece (north of the Isthmus of Corinth) at a crucial point during the war following the Battle of Thermopylae and the Battle of Artemisium. The Delian League then formed, under Athenian hegemony and as Athens' instrument. Athens' successes caused several revolts among the allied cities, all of which were put down by force, but Athenian dynamism finally awoke Sparta and brought about the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. After both forces were spent, a brief peace came about; then the war resumed to Sparta's advantage. Athens was definitively defeated in 404 BC, and internal Athenian agitations mark the end of the 5th century BC in Greece.
Since its beginning, Sparta had been ruled by a diarchy. This meant that Sparta had two kings ruling concurrently throughout its entire history. The two kingships were both hereditary, vested in the Agiad dynasty and the Eurypontid dynasty. According to legend, the respective hereditary lines of these two dynasties sprang from Eurysthenes and Procles, twin descendants of Hercules. They were said to have conquered Sparta two generations after the Trojan War.
Athens under Cleisthenes
In 510 BC, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow their king, the tyrant Hippias, son of Peisistratos. Cleomenes I, king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy headed by Isagoras. But his rival Cleisthenes, with the support of the middle class and aided by pro-democracy citizens, took over. Cleomenes intervened in 508 and 506 BC, but could not stop Cleisthenes, now supported by the Athenians. Through Cleisthenes' reforms, the people endowed their city with isonomic institutions—equal rights for all citizens (though only men were citizens)—and established ostracism.
The isonomic and isegoric (equal freedom of speech) democracy was first organized into about 130 demes, which became the basic civic element. The 10,000 citizens exercised their power as members of the assembly (ἐκκλησία, ekklesia), headed by a council of 500 citizens chosen at random.
The city's administrative geography was reworked, in order to create mixed political groups: not federated by local interests linked to the sea, to the city, or to farming, whose decisions (e.g. a declaration of war) would depend on their geographical position. The territory of the city was also divided into thirty trittyes as follows:
ten trittyes in the coastal region (παρᾰλία, paralia)
ten trittyes in the ἄστυ (astu), the urban centre
ten trittyes in the rural interior, (μεσογεία, mesogia).
A tribe consisted of three trittyes, selected at random, one from each of the three groups. Each tribe therefore always acted in the interest of all three sectors.
It was this corpus of reforms that allowed the emergence of a wider democracy in the 460s and 450s BC.
The Persian Wars
In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey), the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid-6th century BC. In 499 BC that region's Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities sent aid, but were quickly forced to back down after defeat in 494 BC at the Battle of Lade. Asia Minor returned to Persian control.
In 492 BC, the Persian general Mardonius led a campaign through Thrace and Macedonia. He was victorious and again subjugated the former and conquered the latter, but he was wounded and forced to retreat back into Asia Minor. In addition, a fleet of around 1,200 ships that accompanied Mardonius on the expedition was wrecked by a storm off the coast of Mount Athos. Later, the generals Artaphernes and Datis led a successful naval expedition against the Aegean islands.
In 490 BC, Darius the Great, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a Persian fleet to punish the Greeks. (Historians are uncertain about their number of men; accounts vary from 18,000 to 100,000.) They landed in Attica intending to take Athens, but were defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a Greek army of 9,000 Athenian hoplites and 1,000 Plataeans led by the Athenian general Miltiades. The Persian fleet continued to Athens but, seeing it garrisoned, decided not to attempt an assault.
In 480 BC, Darius' successor Xerxes I sent a much more powerful force of 300,000 by land, with 1,207 ships in support, across a double pontoon bridge over the Hellespont. This army took Thrace, before descending on Thessaly and Boeotia, whilst the Persian navy skirted the coast and resupplied the ground troops. The Greek fleet, meanwhile, dashed to block Cape Artemision. After being delayed by Leonidas I, the Spartan king of the Agiad Dynasty, at the Battle of Thermopylae (a battle made famous by the 300 Spartans who faced the entire Persian army), Xerxes advanced into Attica, and captured and burned Athens. The subsequent Battle of Artemisium resulted in the capture of Euboea, bringing most of mainland Greece north of the Isthmus of Corinth under Persian control. However, the Athenians had evacuated the city of Athens by sea before Thermopylae, and under the command of Themistocles, they defeated the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis.
In 483 BC, during the period of peace between the two Persian invasions, a vein of silver ore had been discovered in the Laurion (a small mountain range near Athens), and the hundreds of talents mined there were used to build 200 warships to combat Aeginetan piracy. A year later, the Greeks, under the Spartan Pausanias, defeated the Persian army at Plataea. The Persians then began to withdraw from Greece, and never attempted an invasion again.
The Athenian fleet then turned to chasing the Persians from the Aegean Sea, defeating their fleet decisively in the Battle of Mycale; then in 478 BC the fleet captured Byzantium. At that time Athens enrolled all the island states and some mainland ones into an alliance called the Delian League, so named because its treasury was kept on the sacred island of Delos. The Spartans, although they had taken part in the war, withdrew into isolation afterwards, allowing Athens to establish unchallenged naval and commercial power.
The Peloponnesian War
Origins of the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League
In 431 BC war broke out between Athens and Sparta. The war was a struggle not merely between two city-states but rather between two coalitions, or leagues of city-states: the Delian League, led by Athens, and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta.
Delian league
The Delian League grew out of the need to present a unified front of all Greek city-states against Persian aggression. In 481 BC, Greek city-states, including Sparta, met in the first of a series of "congresses" that strove to unify all the Greek city-states against the danger of another Persian invasion. The coalition that emerged from the first congress was named the "Hellenic League" and included Sparta. Persia, under Xerxes, invaded Greece in September 481 BC, but the Athenian navy defeated the Persian navy. The Persian land forces were delayed in 480 BC by a much smaller force of 300 Spartans, 400 Thebans and 700 men from Boeotian Thespiae at the Battle of Thermopylae. The Persians left Greece in 479 BC after their defeat at Plataea.
Plataea was the final battle of Xerxes' invasion of Greece. After this, the Persians never again tried to invade Greece. With the disappearance of this external threat, cracks appeared in the united front of the Hellenic League. In 477, Athens became the recognised leader of a coalition of city-states that did not include Sparta. This coalition met and formalized their relationship at the holy city of Delos. Thus, the League took the name "Delian League". Its formal purpose was to liberate Greek cities still under Persian control. However, it became increasingly apparent that the Delian League was really a front for Athenian hegemony throughout the Aegean.
Peloponnesian (or Spartan) league
A competing coalition of Greek city-states centred around Sparta arose, and became more important as the external Persian threat subsided. This coalition is known as the Peloponnesian League. However, unlike the Hellenic League and the Delian League, this league was not a response to any external threat, Persian or otherwise: it was unabashedly an instrument of Spartan policy aimed at Sparta's security and Spartan dominance over the Peloponnese peninsula. The term "Peloponnesian League" is a misnomer. It was not really a "league" at all. Nor was it really "Peloponnesian". There was no equality at all between the members, as might be implied by the term "league". Furthermore, most of its members were located outside the Peloponnese Peninsula. The terms "Spartan League" and "Peloponnesian League" are modern terms. Contemporaries instead referred to "Lacedaemonians and their Allies" to describe the "league".
The league had its origins in Sparta's conflict with Argos, another city on the Peloponnese Peninsula. In the 7th century BC, Argos dominated the peninsula. Even in the early 6th century, the Argives attempted to control the northeastern part of the peninsula. The rise of Sparta in the 6th century brought Sparta into conflict with Argos. However, with the conquest of the Peloponnesian city-state of Tegea in 550 BC and the defeat of the Argives in 546 BC, the Spartans' control began to reach well beyond the borders of Laconia.
The thirty years peace
As the two coalitions grew, their separate interests kept coming into conflict. Under the influence of King Archidamus II (the Eurypontid king of Sparta from 476 BC through 427 BC), Sparta, in the late summer or early autumn of 446 BC, concluded the Thirty Years Peace with Athens. This treaty took effect the next winter in 445 BC Under the terms of this treaty, Greece was formally divided into two large power zones. Sparta and Athens agreed to stay within their own power zone and not to interfere in the other's. Despite the Thirty Years Peace, it was clear that war was inevitable. As noted above, at all times during its history down to 221 BC, Sparta was a "diarchy" with two kings ruling the city-state concurrently. One line of hereditary kings was from the Eurypontid Dynasty while the other king was from the Agiad Dynasty. With the signing of the Thirty Years Peace treaty, Archidamus II felt he had successfully prevented Sparta from entering into a war with its neighbours. However, the strong war party in Sparta soon won out and in 431 BC Archidamus was forced to go to war with the Delian League. However, in 427 BC, Archidamus II died and his son, Agis II succeeded to the Eurypontid throne of Sparta.
Causes of the Peloponnesian war
The immediate causes of the Peloponnesian War vary from account to account. However three causes are fairly consistent among the ancient historians, namely Thucydides and Plutarch. Prior to the war, Corinth and one of its colonies, Corcyra (modern-day Corfu), went to war in 435 BC over the new Corcyran colony of Epidamnus. Sparta refused to become involved in the conflict and urged an arbitrated settlement of the struggle. In 433 BC, Corcyra sought Athenian assistance in the war. Corinth was known to be a traditional enemy of Athens. However, to further encourage Athens to enter the conflict, Corcyra pointed out how useful a friendly relationship with Corcyra would be, given the strategic locations of Corcyra itself and the colony of Epidamnus on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea. Furthermore, Corcyra promised that Athens would have the use of Corcyra's navy, the third-largest in Greece. This was too good of an offer for Athens to refuse. Accordingly, Athens signed a defensive alliance with Corcyra.
The next year, in 432 BC, Corinth and Athens argued over control of Potidaea (near modern-day Nea Potidaia), eventually leading to an Athenian siege of Potidaea. In 434–433 BC Athens issued the "Megarian Decrees", a series of decrees that placed economic sanctions on the Megarian people. The Peloponnesian League accused Athens of violating the Thirty Years Peace through all of the aforementioned actions, and, accordingly, Sparta formally declared war on Athens.
Many historians consider these to be merely the immediate causes of the war. They would argue that the underlying cause was the growing resentment on the part of Sparta and its allies at the dominance of Athens over Greek affairs. The war lasted 27 years, partly because Athens (a naval power) and Sparta (a land-based military power) found it difficult to come to grips with each other.
The Peloponnesian war: Opening stages (431–421 BC)
Sparta's initial strategy was to invade Attica, but the Athenians were able to retreat behind their walls. An outbreak of plague in the city during the siege caused many deaths, including that of Pericles. At the same time the Athenian fleet landed troops in the Peloponnesus, winning battles at Naupactus (429) and Pylos (425). However, these tactics could bring neither side a decisive victory. After several years of inconclusive campaigning, the moderate Athenian leader Nicias concluded the Peace of Nicias (421).
The Peloponnesian war: Second phase (418–404 BC)
In 418 BC, however, conflict between Sparta and the Athenian ally Argos led to a resumption of hostilities. Alcibiades was one of the most influential voices in persuading the Athenians to ally with Argos against the Spartans. At the Mantinea Sparta defeated the combined armies of Athens and her allies. Accordingly, Argos and the rest of the Peloponnesus was brought back under the control of Sparta. The return of peace allowed Athens to be diverted from meddling in the affairs of the Peloponnesus and to concentrate on building up the empire and putting their finances in order. Soon trade recovered and tribute began, once again, rolling into Athens. A strong "peace party" arose, which promoted avoidance of war and continued concentration on the economic growth of the Athenian Empire. Concentration on the Athenian Empire, however, brought Athens into conflict with another Greek state.
The Melian expedition (416 BC)
Ever since the formation of the Delian League in 477 BC, the island of Melos had refused to join. By refusing to join the League, however, Melos reaped the benefits of the League without bearing any of the burdens. In 425 BC, an Athenian army under Cleon attacked Melos to force the island to join the Delian League. However, Melos fought off the attack and was able to maintain its neutrality. Further conflict was inevitable and in the spring of 416 BC the mood of the people in Athens was inclined toward military adventure. The island of Melos provided an outlet for this energy and frustration for the military party. Furthermore, there appeared to be no real opposition to this military expedition from the peace party. Enforcement of the economic obligations of the Delian League upon rebellious city-states and islands was a means by which continuing trade and prosperity of Athens could be assured. Melos alone among all the Cycladic Islands located in the south-west Aegean Sea had resisted joining the Delian League. This continued rebellion provided a bad example to the rest of the members of the Delian League.
The debate between Athens and Melos over the issue of joining the Delian League is presented by Thucydides in his Melian Dialogue. The debate did not in the end resolve any of the differences between Melos and Athens and Melos was invaded in 416 BC, and soon occupied by Athens. This success on the part of Athens whetted the appetite of the people of Athens for further expansion of the Athenian Empire. Accordingly, the people of Athens were ready for military action and tended to support the military party, led by Alcibiades.
The Sicilian expedition (415–413 BC)
Thus, in 415 BC, Alcibiades found support within the Athenian Assembly for his position when he urged that Athens launch a major expedition against Syracuse, a Peloponnesian ally in Sicily. Segesta, a town in Sicily, had requested Athenian assistance in their war with another Sicilian town—the town of Selinus. Although Nicias was a sceptic about the Sicilian Expedition, he was appointed along with Alcibiades to lead the expedition.
However, unlike the expedition against Melos, the citizens of Athens were deeply divided over Alcibiades' proposal for an expedition to far-off Sicily. In June 415 BC, on the very eve of the departure of the Athenian fleet for Sicily, a band of vandals in Athens defaced the many statues of the god Hermes that were scattered throughout the city of Athens. This action was blamed on Alcibiades and was seen as a bad omen for the coming campaign. In all likelihood, the coordinated action against the statues of Hermes was the action of the peace party. Having lost the debate on the issue, the peace party was desperate to weaken Alcibiades' hold on the people of Athens. Successfully blaming Alcibiades for the action of the vandals would have weakened Alcibiades and the war party in Athens. Furthermore, it is unlikely that Alcibiades would have deliberately defaced the statues of Hermes on the very eve of his departure with the fleet. Such defacement could only have been interpreted as a bad omen for the expedition that he had long advocated.
Even before the fleet reached Sicily, word arrived to the fleet that Alcibiades was to be arrested and charged with sacrilege of the statues of Hermes, prompting Alcibiades to flee to Sparta. When the fleet later landed in Sicily and the battle was joined, the expedition was a complete disaster. The entire expeditionary force was lost and Nicias was captured and executed. This was one of the most crushing defeats in the history of Athens.
Alcibiades in Sparta
Meanwhile, Alcibiades betrayed Athens and became a chief advisor to the Spartans and began to counsel them on the best way to defeat his native land. Alcibiades persuaded the Spartans to begin building a real navy for the first time—large enough to challenge the Athenian superiority at sea. Additionally, Alcibiades persuaded the Spartans to ally themselves with their traditional foes—the Persians. As noted below, Alcibiades soon found himself in controversy in Sparta when he was accused of having seduced Timaea, the wife of Agis II, the Eurypontid king of Sparta. Accordingly, Alcibiades was required to flee from Sparta and seek the protection of the Persian Court.
Persia intervenes
In the Persian court, Alcibiades now betrayed both Athens and Sparta. He encouraged Persia to give Sparta financial aid to build a navy, advising that long and continuous warfare between Sparta and Athens would weaken both city-states and allow the Persians to dominate the Greek peninsula.
Among the war party in Athens, a belief arose that the catastrophic defeat of the military expedition to Sicily in 415–413 could have been avoided if Alcibiades had been allowed to lead the expedition. Thus, despite his treacherous flight to Sparta and his collaboration with Sparta and later with the Persian court, there arose a demand among the war party that Alcibiades be allowed to return to Athens without being arrested. Alcibiades negotiated with his supporters on the Athenian-controlled island of Samos. Alcibiades felt that "radical democracy" was his worst enemy. Accordingly, he asked his supporters to initiate a coup to establish an oligarchy in Athens. If the coup were successful Alcibiades promised to return to Athens. In 411, a successful oligarchic coup was mounted in Athens, by a group which became known as "the 400". However, a parallel attempt by the 400 to overthrow democracy in Samos failed. Alcibiades was immediately made an admiral (navarch) in the Athenian navy. Later, due to democratic pressures, the 400 were replaced by a broader oligarchy called "the 5000". Alcibiades did not immediately return to Athens. In early 410, Alcibiades led an Athenian fleet of 18 triremes against the Persian-financed Spartan fleet at Abydos near the Hellespont. The Battle of Abydos had actually begun before the arrival of Alcibiades, and had been inclining slightly toward the Athenians. However, with the arrival of Alcibiades, the Athenian victory over the Spartans became a rout. Only the approach of nightfall and the movement of Persian troops to the coast where the Spartans had beached their ships saved the Spartan navy from total destruction.
Following Alcibiades' advice, the Persian Empire had been playing Sparta and Athens off against each other. However, as weak as the Spartan navy was after the Battle of Abydos, the Persian navy directly assisted the Spartans. Alcibiades then pursued and met the combined Spartan and Persian fleets at the Battle of Cyzicus later in the spring of 410, achieving a significant victory.
Lysander and the end of the war
With the financial help of the Persians, Sparta built a fleet to challenge Athenian naval supremacy. With the new fleet and new military leader Lysander, Sparta attacked Abydos, seizing the strategic initiative. By occupying the Hellespont, the source of Athens' grain imports, Sparta effectively threatened Athens with starvation. In response, Athens sent its last remaining fleet to confront Lysander, but were decisively defeated at Aegospotami (405 BC). The loss of her fleet threatened Athens with bankruptcy. In 404 BC Athens sued for peace, and Sparta dictated a predictably stern settlement: Athens lost her city walls, her fleet, and all of her overseas possessions. Lysander abolished the democracy and appointed in its place an oligarchy called the "Thirty Tyrants" to govern Athens.
Meanwhile, in Sparta, Timaea gave birth to a child. The child was given the name Leotychidas, after the great grandfather of Agis II—King Leotychidas of Sparta. However, because of Timaea's alleged affair with Alcibiades, it was widely rumoured that the young Leotychidas was fathered by Alcibiades. Indeed, Agis II refused to acknowledge Leotychidas as his son until he relented, in front of witnesses, on his deathbed in 400 BC.
Upon the death of Agis II, Leotychidas attempted to claim the Eurypontid throne for himself, but this was met with an outcry, led by Lysander, who was at the height of his influence in Sparta. Lysander argued that Leotychidas was a bastard and could not inherit the Eurypontid throne; instead he backed the hereditary claim of Agesilaus, son of Agis by another wife. With Lysander's support, Agesilaus became the Eurypontid king as Agesilaus II, expelled Leotychidas from the country, and took over all of Agis' estates and property.
4th century BC
Related articles: Spartan hegemony and Theban hegemony
The end of the Peloponnesian War left Sparta the master of Greece, but the narrow outlook of the Spartan warrior elite did not suit them to this role. Within a few years the democratic party regained power in Athens and in other cities. In 395 BC the Spartan rulers removed Lysander from office, and Sparta lost her naval supremacy. Athens, Argos, Thebes, and Corinth, the latter two former Spartan allies, challenged Sparta's dominance in the Corinthian War, which ended inconclusively in 387 BC. That same year Sparta shocked the Greeks by concluding the Treaty of Antalcidas with Persia. The agreement turned over the Greek cities of Ionia and Cyprus, reversing a hundred years of Greek victories against Persia. Sparta then tried to further weaken the power of Thebes, which led to a war in which Thebes allied with its old enemy Athens.
Then the Theban generals Epaminondas and Pelopidas won a decisive victory at Leuctra (371 BC). The result of this battle was the end of Spartan supremacy and the establishment of Theban dominance, but Athens herself recovered much of her former power because the supremacy of Thebes was short-lived. With the death of Epaminondas at Mantinea (362 BC) the city lost its greatest leader and his successors blundered into an ineffectual ten-year war with Phocis. In 346 BC the Thebans appealed to Philip II of Macedon to help them against the Phocians, thus drawing Macedon into Greek affairs for the first time.
The Peloponnesian War was a radical turning point for the Greek world. Before 403 BC, the situation was more defined, with Athens and its allies (a zone of domination and stability, with a number of island cities benefiting from Athens' maritime protection), and other states outside this Athenian Empire. The sources denounce this Athenian supremacy (or hegemony) as smothering and disadvantageous.
After 403 BC, things became more complicated, with a number of cities trying to create similar empires over others, all of which proved short-lived. The first of these turnarounds was managed by Athens as early as 390 BC, allowing it to re-establish itself as a major power without regaining its former glory.
The fall of Sparta
This empire was powerful but short-lived. In 405 BC, the Spartans were masters of all—of Athens' allies and of Athens itself—and their power was undivided. By the end of the century, they could not even defend their own city. As noted above, in 400 BC, Agesilaus became king of Sparta.
Foundation of a Spartan empire
The subject of how to reorganize the Athenian Empire as part of the Spartan Empire provoked much heated debate among Sparta's full citizens. The admiral Lysander felt that the Spartans should rebuild the Athenian empire in such a way that Sparta profited from it. Lysander tended to be too proud to take advice from others. Prior to this, Spartan law forbade the use of all precious metals by private citizens, with transactions being carried out with cumbersome iron ingots (which generally discouraged their accumulation) and all precious metals obtained by the city becoming state property. Without the Spartans' support, Lysander's innovations came into effect and brought a great deal of profit for him—on Samos, for example, festivals known as Lysandreia were organized in his honour. He was recalled to Sparta, and once there did not attend to any important matters.
Sparta refused to see Lysander or his successors dominate. Not wanting to establish a hegemony, they decided after 403 BC not to support the directives that he had made.
Agesilaus came to power by accident at the start of the 4th century BC. This accidental accession meant that, unlike the other Spartan kings, he had the advantage of a Spartan education. The Spartans at this date discovered a conspiracy against the laws of the city conducted by Cinadon and as a result concluded there were too many dangerous worldly elements at work in the Spartan state.
Agesilaus employed a political dynamic that played on a feeling of pan-Hellenic sentiment and launched a successful campaign against the Persian empire. Once again, the Persian empire played both sides against each other. The Persian Court supported Sparta in the rebuilding of their navy while simultaneously funding the Athenians, who used Persian subsidies to rebuild their long walls (destroyed in 404 BC) as well as to reconstruct their fleet and win a number of victories.
For most of the first years of his reign, Agesilaus had been engaged in a war against Persia in the Aegean Sea and in Asia Minor. In 394 BC, the Spartan authorities ordered Agesilaus to return to mainland Greece. While Agesilaus had a large part of the Spartan Army in Asia Minor, the Spartan forces protecting the homeland had been attacked by a coalition of forces led by Corinth. At the Battle of Haliartus the Spartans had been defeated by the Theban forces. Worse yet, Lysander, Sparta's chief military leader, had been killed during the battle. This was the start of what became known as the "Corinthian War" (395–387 BC). Upon hearing of the Spartan loss at Haliartus and of the death of Lysander, Agesilaus headed out of Asia Minor, back across the Hellespont, across Thrace and back towards Greece. At the Battle of Coronea, Agesilaus and his Spartan Army defeated a Theban force. During the war, Corinth drew support from a coalition of traditional Spartan enemies—Argos, Athens and Thebes. However, when the war descended into guerilla tactics, Sparta decided that it could not fight on two fronts and so chose to ally with Persia. The long Corinthian War finally ended with the Peace of Antalcidas or the King's Peace, in which the "Great King" of Persia, Artaxerxes II, pronounced a "treaty" of peace between the various city-states of Greece which broke up all "leagues" of city-states on Greek mainland and in the islands of the Aegean Sea. Although this was looked upon as "independence" for some city-states, the effect of the unilateral "treaty" was highly favourable to the interests of the Persian Empire.
The Corinthian War revealed a significant dynamic that was occurring in Greece. While Athens and Sparta fought each other to exhaustion, Thebes was rising to a position of dominance among the various Greek city-states.
The peace of Antalcidas
In 387 BC, an edict was promulgated by the Persian king, preserving the Greek cities of Asia Minor and Cyprus as well as the independence of the Greek Aegean cities, except for Lymnos, Imbros and Skyros, which were given over to Athens. It dissolved existing alliances and federations and forbade the formation of new ones. This is an ultimatum that benefited Athens only to the extent that Athens held onto three islands. While the "Great King," Artaxerxes, was the guarantor of the peace, Sparta was to act as Persia's agent in enforcing the Peace. To the Persians this document is known as the "King's Peace." To the Greeks, this document is known as the Peace of Antalcidas, after the Spartan diplomat Antalcidas who was sent to Persia as negotiator. Sparta had been worried about the developing closer ties between Athens and Persia. Accordingly, Antalcidas was directed to get whatever agreement he could from the "Great King". Accordingly, the "Peace of Antalcidas" is not a negotiated peace at all. Rather it is a surrender to the interests of Persia, drafted entirely for its benefit.
Spartan interventionism
On the other hand, this peace had unexpected consequences. In accordance with it, the Boeotian League, or Boeotian confederacy, was dissolved in 386 BC. This confederacy was dominated by Thebes, a city hostile to the Spartan hegemony. Sparta carried out large-scale operations and peripheral interventions in Epirus and in the north of Greece, resulting in the capture of the fortress of Thebes, the Cadmea, after an expedition in the Chalcidice and the capture of Olynthos. It was a Theban politician who suggested to the Spartan general Phoibidas that Sparta should seize Thebes itself. This act was sharply condemned, though Sparta eagerly ratified this unilateral move by Phoibidas. The Spartan attack was successful and Thebes was placed under Spartan control.
Clash with Thebes
In 378 BC, the reaction to Spartan control over Thebes was broken by a popular uprising within Thebes. Elsewhere in Greece, the reaction against Spartan hegemony began when Sphodrias, another Spartan general, tried to carry out a surprise attack on Piraeus. Although the gates of Piraeus were no longer fortified, Sphodrias was driven off before Piraeus. Back in Sparta, Sphodrias was put on trial for the failed attack, but was acquitted by the Spartan court. Nonetheless, the attempted attack triggered an alliance between Athens and Thebes. Sparta would now have to fight them both together. Athens was trying to recover from its defeat in the Peloponnesian War at the hands of Sparta's "navarch" Lysander in the disaster of 404 BC. The rising spirit of rebellion against Sparta also fueled Thebes' attempt to restore the former Boeotian confederacy. In Boeotia, the Theban leaders Pelopidas and Epaminondas reorganized the Theban army and began to free the towns of Boeotia from their Spartan garrisons, one by one, and incorporated these towns into the revived Boeotian League. Pelopidas won a great victory for Thebes over a much larger Spartan force in the Battle of Tegyra in 375 BC.
Theban authority grew so spectacularly in such a short time that Athens came to mistrust the growing Theban power. Athens began to consolidate its position again through the formation of a second Athenian League. Attention was drawn to growing power of Thebes when it began interfering in the political affairs of its neighbor, Phocis, and, particularly, after Thebes razed the city of Plataea, a long-standing ally of Athens, in 375 BC. The destruction of Plataea caused Athens to negotiate an alliance with Sparta against Thebes, in that same year. In 371, the Theban army, led by Epaminondas, inflicted a bloody defeat on Spartan forces at Battle of Leuctra. Sparta lost a large part of its army and 400 of its 2,000 citizen-troops. The Battle of Leuctra was a watershed in Greek history. Epaminondas' victory ended a long history of Spartan military prestige and dominance over Greece and the period of Spartan hegemony was over. However, Spartan hegemony was not replaced by Theban, but rather by Athenian hegemony.
The rise of Athens
Financing the league
It was important to erase the bad memories of the former league. Its financial system was not adopted, with no tribute being paid. Instead, syntaxeis were used, irregular contributions as and when Athens and its allies needed troops, collected for a precise reason and spent as quickly as possible. These contributions were not taken to Athens—unlike the 5th century BC system, there was no central exchequer for the league—but to the Athenian generals themselves.
The Athenians had to make their own contribution to the alliance, the eisphora. They reformed how this tax was paid, creating a system in advance, the Proseiphora, in which the richest individuals had to pay the whole sum of the tax then be reimbursed by other contributors. This system was quickly assimilated into a liturgy.
Athenian hegemony halted
This league responded to a real and present need. On the ground, however, the situation within the league proved to have changed little from that of the 5th century BC, with Athenian generals doing what they wanted and able to extort funds from the league. Alliance with Athens again looked unattractive and the allies complained.
The main reasons for the eventual failure were structural. This alliance was only valued out of fear of Sparta, which evaporated after Sparta's fall in 371 BC, losing the alliance its sole 'raison d'etre'. The Athenians no longer had the means to fulfill their ambitions, and found it difficult merely to finance their own navy, let alone that of an entire alliance, and so could not properly defend their allies. Thus, the tyrant of Pherae was able to destroy a number of cities with impunity. From 360 BC, Athens lost its reputation for invincibility and a number of allies (such as Byzantium and Naxos in 364 BC) decided to secede.
In 357 BC the revolt against the league spread, and between 357 BC and 355 BC, Athens had to face war against its allies—a war whose issue was marked by a decisive intervention by the king of Persia in the form of an ultimatum to Athens, demanding that Athens recognise its allies' independence under threat of Persia's sending 200 triremes against Athens. Athens had to renounce the war and leave the confederacy, thereby weakening itself more and more, and signaling the end of Athenian hegemony.
Theban hegemony – tentative and with no future
5th century BC Boeotian confederacy (447–386 BC)
This was not Thebes' first attempt at hegemony. It had been the most important city of Boeotia and the centre of the previous Boeotian confederacy of 447, resurrected since 386.
The 5th-century confederacy is well known to us from a papyrus found at Oxyrhynchus and known as "the Anonyme of Thebes". Thebes headed it and set up a system under which charges were divided up between the different cities of the confederacy. Citizenship was defined according to wealth, and Thebes counted 11,000 active citizens.
The confederacy was divided up into 11 districts, each providing a federal magistrate called a "boeotarch", a certain number of council members, 1,000 hoplites and 100 horsemen. From the 5th century BC the alliance could field an infantry force of 11,000 men, in addition to an elite corps and a light infantry numbering 10,000; but its real power derived from its cavalry force of 1,100, commanded by a federal magistrate independent of local commanders. It also had a small fleet that played a part in the Peloponnesian War by providing 25 triremes for the Spartans. At the end of the conflict, the fleet consisted of 50 triremes and was commanded by a "navarch".
All this constituted a significant enough force that the Spartans were happy to see the Boeotian confederacy dissolved by the king's peace. This dissolution, however, did not last, and in the 370s there was nothing to stop the Thebans (who had lost the Cadmea to Sparta in 382 BC) from reforming this confederacy.
Theban reconstruction
Pelopidas and Epaminondas endowed Thebes with democratic institutions similar to those of Athens, the Thebans revived the title of "Boeotarch" lost in the Persian King's Peace and—with victory at Leuctra and the destruction of Spartan power—the pair achieved their stated objective of renewing the confederacy. Epaminondas rid the Peloponnesus of pro-Spartan oligarchies, replacing them with pro-Theban democracies, constructed cities, and rebuilt a number of those destroyed by Sparta. He equally supported the reconstruction of the city of Messene thanks to an invasion of Laconia that also allowed him to liberate the helots and give them Messene as a capital.
He decided in the end to constitute small confederacies all round the Peloponnessus, forming an Arcadian confederacy (the King's Peace had destroyed a previous Arcadian confederacy and put Messene under Spartan control).
Confrontation between Athens and Thebes
The strength of the Boeotian League explains Athens' problems with her allies in the second Athenian League. Epaminondas succeeded in convincing his countrymen to build a fleet of 100 triremes to pressure cities into leaving the Athenian league and joining a Boeotian maritime league. Epaminondas and Pelopidas also reformed the army of Thebes to introduce new and more effective means of fighting. Thus, the Theban army was able to carry the day against the coalition of other Greek states at the battle of Leuctra in 371 BC and the battle of Mantinea in 362 BC.
Sparta also remained an important power in the face of Theban strength. However, some of the cities allied with Sparta turned against her, because of Thebes. In 367 BC, both Sparta and Athens sent delegates to Artaxerxes II, the Great King of Persia. These delegates sought to have the Artaxerxes, once again, declare Greek independence and a unilateral common peace, just as he had done in twenty years earlier in 387 BC. As noted above, this had meant the destruction of the Boeotian League in 387 BC. Sparta and Athens now hoped the same thing would happen with a new declaration of a similar "Kings Peace". Thebes sent Pelopidas to argue against them. The Great King was convinced by Pelopidas and the Theban diplomats that Thebes and the Boeotian League would be the best agents of Persian interests in Greece, and, accordingly, did not issue a new "King's Peace." Thus, to deal with Thebes, Athens and Sparta were thrown back on their own resources. Thebes, meanwhile, expanded its influence beyond the bounds of Boeotia. In 364 BC, Pelopidas defeated the Alexander of Pherae in the Battle of Cynoscephalae, located in south-eastern Thessaly in northern Greece. However, during the battle, Pelopides was killed.
The confederational framework of Sparta's relationship with her allies was really an artificial one, since it attempted to bring together cities that had never been able to agree on much at all in the past. Such was the case with the cities of Tegea and Mantinea, which re-allied in the Arcadian confederacy. The Mantineans received the support of the Athenians, and the Tegeans that of the Thebans. In 362 BC, Epaminondas led a Theban army against a coalition of Athenian, Spartan, Elisian, Mantinean and Achean forces. Battle was joined at Mantinea. The Thebans prevailed, but this triumph was short-lived, for Epaminondas died in the battle, stating that "I bequeath to Thebes two daughters, the victory of Leuctra and the victory at Mantinea".
Despite the victory at Mantinea, in the end, the Thebans abandoned their policy of intervention in the Peloponnesus. This event is looked upon as a watershed in Greek history. Thus, Xenophon concludes his history of the Greek world at this point, in 362 BC. The end of this period was even more confused than its beginning. Greece had failed and, according to Xenophon, the history of the Greek world was no longer intelligible.
The idea of hegemony disappeared. From 362 BC onward, there was no longer a single city that could exert hegemonic power in Greece. The Spartans were greatly weakened; the Athenians were in no condition to operate their navy, and after 365 no longer had any allies; Thebes could only exert an ephemeral dominance, and had the means to defeat Sparta and Athens but not to be a major power in Asia Minor.
Other forces also intervened, such as the Persian king, who appointed himself arbitrator among the Greek cities, with their tacit agreement. This situation reinforced the conflicts and there was a proliferation of civil wars, with the confederal framework a repeated trigger for them. One war led to another, each longer and more bloody than the last, and the cycle could not be broken. Hostilities even took place during winter for the first time, with the invasion of Laconia in 370 BC.
Rise of Macedon
Thebes sought to maintain its position until finally eclipsed by the rising power of Macedon in 346 BC. The energetic leadership within Macedon began in 359 BC when Philip of Macedon was made regent for his nephew, Amyntas. Within a short time, Philip was acclaimed king as Philip II of Macedonia in his own right, with succession of the throne established on his own heirs. During his lifetime, Philip II consolidated his rule over Macedonia. This was done by 359 BC and Philip began to look toward expanding Macedonia's influence abroad.
Under Philip II, (359–336 BC), Macedon expanded into the territory of the Paeonians, Thracians, and Illyrians. In 358 BC, Philip allied with Epirus in its campaign against Illyria. In 357 BC, Philip came into direct conflict with Athens when he conquered the Thracian port city of Amphipolis, a city located at the mouth of the Strymon River to the east of Macedonia, and a major Athenian trading port. Conquering this city allowed Philip to subjugate all of Thrace. A year later in 356 BC, the Macedonians attacked and conquered the Athenian-controlled port city of Pydna. This brought the Macedonian threat to Athens closer to home to the Athenians. With the start of the Phocian War in 356 BC, the great Athenian orator and political leader of the "war party", Demosthenes, became increasingly active in encouraging Athens to fight vigorously against Philip's expansionist aims. In 352 BC, Demosthenes gave many speeches against the Macedonian threat, declaring Philip II Athens' greatest enemy. The leader of the Athenian "peace party" was Phocion, who wished to avoid a confrontation that, Phocion felt, would be catastrophic for Athens. Despite Phocion's attempts to restrain the war party, Athens remained at war with Macedonia for years following the original declaration of war. Negotiations between Athens and Philip II started only in 346 BC. The Athenians successfully halted Philip's invasion of Attica at Thermopylae that same year in 352 BC. However, Philip defeated the Phocians at the Battle of the Crocus Field. The conflict between Macedonia and all the city-states of Greece came to a head in 338 BC, at the Battle of Chaeronea.
The Macedonians became more politically involved with the south-central city-states of Greece, but also retained more archaic aspects harking back to the palace culture, first at Aegae (modern Vergina) then at Pella, resembling Mycenaean culture more than that of the Classical city-states. Militarily, Philip recognized the new phalanx style of fighting that had been employed by Epaminondas and Pelopidas in Thebes. Accordingly, he incorporated this new system into the Macedonian army. Philip II also brought a Theban military tutor to Macedon to instruct the future Alexander the Great in the Theban method of fighting.
Philip's son Alexander the Great was born in Pella, Macedonia (356–323 BC). Philip II brought Aristotle to Pella to teach the young Alexander. Besides Alexander's mother, Olympias, Philip took another wife by the name of Cleopatra Eurydice. Cleopatra had a daughter, Europa, and a son, Caranus. Caranus posed a threat to the succession of Alexander. Cleopatra Eurydice was a Macedonian and, thus, Caranus was all Macedonian in blood. Olympias, on the other hand, was from Epirus and, thus, Alexander was regarded as being only half-Macedonian (Cleopatra Eurydice should not be confused with Cleopatra of Macedon, who was Alexander's full-sister and thus daughter of Philip and Olympias).
Philip II was assassinated at the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra of Macedon with King Alexander I of Epirus in 336 BC. Philip's son, the future Alexander the Great, immediately claimed the throne of Macedonia by eliminating all the other claimants to the throne, including Caranus and his cousin Amytas. Alexander was only twenty years of age when he assumed the throne.
Thereafter, Alexander continued his father's plans to conquer all of Greece. He did this by both military might and persuasion. After his victory over Thebes, Alexander traveled to Athens to meet the public directly. Despite Demosthenes' speeches against the Macedonian threat on behalf of the war party of Athens, the public in Athens was still very much divided between the "peace party" and Demosthenes' "war party." However, the arrival of Alexander charmed the Athenian public. The peace party was strengthened and then a peace between Athens and Macedonia was agreed. This allowed Alexander to move on his and the Greeks' long-held dream of conquest in the east, with a unified and secure Greek state at his back.
In 334 BC, Alexander with about 30,000 infantry soldiers and 5,000 cavalry crossed the Hellespont into Asia. He never returned. Alexander managed to briefly extend Macedonian power not only over the central Greek city-states, but also to the Persian empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India. He managed to spread Greek culture throughout the known world. Alexander the Great died in 323 BC in Babylon during his Asian campaign of conquest.
The Classical period conventionally ends at the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the fragmentation of his empire, divided among the Diadochi, which, in the minds of most scholars, marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period.
Legacy of Classical Greece
The legacy of Greece was strongly felt by post-Renaissance European elite, who saw themselves as the spiritual heirs of Greece. Will Durant wrote in 1939 that "excepting machinery, there is hardly anything secular in our culture that does not come from Greece," and conversely "there is nothing in Greek civilization that doesn't illuminate our own".
See also
Classical antiquity
Classics
Art in ancient Greece
Greece
Notes
References
4th century BC in Greece
5th century BC in Greece | wiki |
Promachus leucotrichodes is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de roofvliegen (Asilidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1892 door Bigot.
leucotrichodes | wiki |
Le lomito ou sándwich de lomo ou simplement lomo est un sandwich typique de la cuisine argentine, plus spécifiquement de la gastronomie de Cordoba, Mendoza et Santiago del Estero. Sa forme habituelle de consommation consiste en un steak de lomo de veau, fromage, jambon, œuf au plat, tomate, laitue et sauces diverses telles que moutarde, mayonnaise ou sauce chimichurri, entre deux pains de forme rectangulaire. Souvent, le pain est grillé pour éviter que l'humidité des ingrédients ne le mouille. Le lomito est aussi consommé au Paraguay et en Uruguay.
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Chimichurri
Chivito
Choripán
Cuisine uruguayenne
Cuisine paraguayenne
Cuisine argentine | wiki |
Scratching the Surface may refer to:
Scratching the Surface (The Groundhogs album)
Scratching the Surface (Rob Brown and Lou Grassi album)
"Scratching the Surface", a song by Saga, from the album Heads or Tales
"Scratching the Surface", an episode of the TV series Mayday | wiki |
A common room is a type of shared lounge, most often found in halls of residence or dormitories, at (for example) universities, colleges, military bases, hospitals, rest homes, hostels, and even minimum-security prisons. They are generally connected to several private rooms, and may incorporate a bathroom. They may also be found in secondary schools and sixth form colleges.
Regular features include couches, televisions, coffee tables, and other generic lounge furniture for socializing. Depending on its location and purpose of use, a common room may be known by another name. For instance, in mental hospitals, where access is usually restricted to the daytime hours, this type of room is often called a "day room".
In Singapore, the term usually refers to a bedroom without attached bathroom in an HDB apartment unit.
See also
Common Room (university)
Student lounge
References
External links
Rooms
Educational environment
School terminology | wiki |
Acirc, acirc, or ACIRC may refer to:
Â/â ("A with circumflex"), for which the reference Â/â may be used
Advanced Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code, an encoding used for magneto-optical discs | wiki |
Sahily Álvarez es una deportista cubana que compitió en taekwondo. Ganó una medalla de bronce en el Campeonato Panamericano de Taekwondo de 1998 en la categoría de –55 kg.
Palmarés internacional
Referencias
Alvarez, Sahily | wiki |
White Fleet or White fleet may refer to:
White fleet (military vehicles), non-combat vehicles used by Australian, New Zealand, and UK military forces
The Great White Fleet, the dispatch of US naval forces to the orient between 1907 and 1909
White Fleet, the fleet of Portuguese fishing vessels that fished for cod on Newfoundland's Grand Banks (e.g. UAM Creoula) | wiki |
Take a Breath may refer to:
"Take a Breath" (song), a song by David Gilmour
Take a Breath (album), an album by Hateful Monday
"Take a Breath", a song by the Jonas Brothers from the album Jonas Brothers | wiki |
Safina is a Kenyan political party.
Safina may also refer to:
People
Alessandro Safina (born 1963), Italian tenor
Alsou Safina, (born 1983), birth name of Alsou, Russian singer
Carl Safina (born 1955), Blue Ocean Institute president
Dinara Safina (born 1986), Russian professional tennis player
Yuliya Safina (born 1950), former Soviet/Russian handball player
Places
Safina, Jordan, a village in northern Jordan
Things
Safina Nuh the Islamic rendering of Noah's ark as described in Hud (sura)
Safina-yi Tabriz, a 14th-century manuscript | wiki |
Thanks for Listening may refer to:
Thanks for Listening (Colt Ford album)
Thanks for Listening (Chris Thile album)
Thanks for Listening (film), a 1937 American comedy film | wiki |
Rasam is a spicy South Indian soup. While it is sometimes served on its own as a soup, it is usually served as a side dish with rice. In a traditional South Indian meal, it is part of a course that includes sambar rice and curd rice. Rasam has a distinct taste in comparison to sambar due to its own seasoning ingredients and is fluid in consistency. Chilled prepared versions are marketed commercially as well as rasam paste in bottles.
A variety of rasam is the Tamil soup dish mulligatawny.
Origin
in Malayalam and Tamil, in Kannada (Kannada script: ), or in Telugu means "essence" and, by extension, "juice" or "soup". In South Indian households rasam commonly refers to a soup prepared with sweet-sour stock made from either kokum or tamarind, along with tomato and lentil, added spices and garnish.
The name rasam is derived from Sanskrit ; transliterated: , meaning sap, juice, or essence. The Sanskrit word also yielded the English word rasa, in the aesthetic sense.
Ingredients
Rasam is prepared mainly with a tart base such as kokum, malabar tamarind (kudam puli), tamarind, ambula, amchur (dried green mango), tomato, or buttermilk stock depending on the region. A dal or lentil stock (for rasam, the typical dal used is split yellow pigeon peas or mung beans) is optional but are used in several rasam recipes. Jaggery, cumin, black pepper, turmeric, mustard seeds, lemon, chilli powder, curry leaves, garlic, shallots and coriander may be used as flavoring ingredients and garnish in South India.
Types
Different kinds of rasam are listed below with its main ingredients.
Koẕi rasam – chicken
Kaḍalai rasam – black chickpeas
Venkāya rasam – Eggplant
Kattu sāru – Togari bele and Byadgi chillies
Huruli sāru - made from Horsegram (Kudu in Tulu)
Tili sāru – sieving water from plain rice
Thakkāḷi rasam – tomato puree
Pūndu rasam – garlic
Inji rasam – ginger
Panasa tona charu - jackfruit (ripe)
Mudakathān rasam – balloon vine
Māngā rasam – raw or semi-ripe mango
Elumichai rasam – lemon juice
Nellikkāi rasam – Indian gooseberry
Murungai pū rasam – drumstick flower
Vēpam pū rasam – neem flower
Kandathippili rasam – greens
Bassāru/kattu sāru – boiled vegetables/greens/lentils
Miḷagu rasam (mulligatawny) – black pepper
Jīraga rasam – cumin
Beetroot rasam
Black pepper sāru – Black pepper (Karimenasu in Kannada)
Puḷi rasam – kokum or tamarind extract
Hesaru kālu sāru – green gram
Paruppu rasam / pappu sāru – pulses and tomato stock
Baellae sāru – pigeon pea lentil
Kattina sāru – jaggery
Mysore rasam – fried lentils
See also
List of soups
References
Andhra cuisine
Foods containing coconut
Indian curries
Indian soups and stews
Karnataka cuisine
Kerala cuisine
South Indian cuisine
Tamil cuisine
Telangana cuisine
Vegetarian dishes of India
Sri Lankan soups and stews | wiki |
Camp Grant may refer to:
Camp Grant, California
Camp Grant (Illinois)
Camp Grant (Arizona), site of the Camp Grant massacre | wiki |
What Makes a Man är en låt av pojkbandet Westlife. Låten släppes 2000-12-18 och är gruppens åttonde officiella singel.
Musiksinglar 2000
Låtar av Westlife | wiki |
Hotel Pontchartrain may refer to:
The Crowne Plaza Detroit Downtown Convention Center, Detroit, Michigan (as its prior name)
The Pontchartrain Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana | wiki |
Tonight / Miss You Nights är en låt av pojkbandet Westlife. Låten släppes den 24 2003 och är gruppens fjortonde officiella singel.
Musiksinglar 2003
Låtar av Westlife | wiki |
The National University (NU), colloquially National U, is a private non–sectarian coeducational university located in Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines. The founder of the university, Mariano F. Jhocson Sr., established the institution on August 1, 1900, as Colegio Filipino in Quiapo, Manila. It is considered as the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines and also, the first university to use English as its medium of instruction, replacing Spanish.
With its main campus in Sampaloc, Manila, the university has been expanding by setting secondary campuses. Other campuses of NU includes: NU Laguna (Sports Academy), NU Fairview, NU Mall of Asia (College of Dentistry), NU Baliwag, NU Dasmariñas, and NU Lipa.
Approved by the Department Public Instruction on June 17, 1921, the university received its university status, changing the name from National Academy to National University. Senator Camilo Osías, two-time Senate President of the Philippines, served as the first University President (1921-1936). The current university president is Renato C. Ermita, Jr. (2008–present) and its current majority owner is the SM Group.
NU is one of the pioneer members of National Collegiate Athletic Association- Philippines (NCAA) and the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), and also a pioneer member of the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU). Its international affiliations and memberships include the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAHIL) and the International Association of Universities (IAU).
History
Mariano F. Jhocson Sr. founded Colegio Filipino on August 1, 1900, Jhocson Residence in Palma Street, Quiapo, Manila. Only a handful of students at that time were enrolled in the fledgling school and they were in the elementary and secondary levels. Mariano Sr. served as the college director, instructor, and janitor. He began business courses in bookkeeping and accounting. This prompted a name change as it became known as Colegio Mercantil, awarding the diploma of Perito Mercantil. A short time later, Jhocson Sr. collaborated with attorneys Simeon C. Lacson and Ricardo C. Lacson and established the Philippine Law School. From Colegio Mercantil, the Board of Trustees changed the name of the institution to National Academy in 1916. Due to continuous growth of the academy, liberal arts courses were offered.
After 21 years of service in the field of education, the Board of Trustees applied for university status to the Department of Public Instruction. Thus the school became known as National University on June 17, 1921. The university installed, on that same day, Senator Camilo Osías, a Filipino educator, as the first President of the university. The Colleges of Education and Commerce were opened in the same year. During the following years, the Colleges of Pharmacy and Dentistry were opened in 1922. The College of Engineering, initially offering Civil Engineering opened in 1925, and the Normal School in 1930. Sanitary Engineering was offered in 1930. Bachelor's degrees in Chemical, Electrical, Industrial, Mechanical Engineering and Architecture and Arts were opened. Master in Sanitary Engineering was also organized. Computer Science was opened in 1990, Marine Engineering, Computer Engineering and Electronics and Communications Engineering in 1994. College of Nursing was offered in 2004, Hotel and Restaurant Management in 2008 and Information Technology in 2009.
A fire broke out on January 1, 1998, and razed four buildings of the university which are the old Main Building, Law and Commerce Building, Elementary Building, and Graduate School Building. The university was able to re-open its doors after three weeks of restoration work and used Mariano F. Jhocson Memorial Building The College of Dentistry Building, built in the 1920s, was the only building in the NU campus that remained unscathed in the fire.
In 2008, the SM Group of Companies acquired majority ownership of the National University.
A new logo of the National University was unveiled on October 17, 2017. The new brand features the school's colors and a shield which was inspired from the old university logo.
As the institution grows so as their demand for a bigger campus increases which led to the birth NU Main Building Expansion. The expansion is built to cater approximately 10,000 students in the coming years. The expansion will be a 12-storey building which is physically connected to the existing 8-storey building. The whole development will have a gross floor area of approximately 40,000sm. Additional facilities will be an indoor swimming pool, indoor futsal, basketball court, pe center, and fitness room.
Academics
National University Manila offers twenty-four undergraduate degrees in its eight colleges. It also offers basic education via the NU Nazareth School. National University's basic education unit and Nazareth School merged in 2013. During the 2020–2021 school year, NU Nazareth had a student population of 13,729.
Campuses
Laguna Campus
National University has a satellite campus in Calamba, Laguna. The abandoned site of St. James College of Calamba was purchased by NU and it is now occupied by National University as a satellite campus. It is the first NU campus outside Metro Manila. The university opened its doors to students in the 2018–2019 school year.
List of campuses
Accreditations and affiliations
National University is an accredited member of various National and International Organizations:
Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL)
International Association of Universities (IAU)
Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU)
Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA)
University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP)
Athletics
NU Bulldogs
National University was one of the schools that founded the Philippine National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1924. It was one of the three schools that left the NCAA in 1932 and formed a new athletic association named the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) in 1938.
In the UAAP, NU has teams participating in twelve sports out of fifteen, namely; cheerleading, basketball, indoor volleyball, beach volleyball, football, baseball, softball, tennis, table tennis, badminton, fencing, taekwondo and chess.
The university's collegiate men's and women's varsity teams are called the National University Bulldogs and the Lady Bulldogs, respectively. The high school varsity teams are called the Bullpups and Lady Bullpups.
Notable alumni
Government and public service
Fidel V. Ramos - 12th President of the Philippines, Chief of Staff - Armed Forces of the Philippines, professional soldier, and 8th placer in the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination in 1953.
Carlos P. Garcia - 8th President of the Philippines, lawyer, teacher, and poet. Bachelor of Laws (Philippine Law School), Doctor of Humanities (Honoris Causa) National University in 1961.
Rafael P. Nantes - Licensed Mechanical Engineer, businessman, three-term Congressman, and former Governor of Quezon
Roy Cimatu - Retired Philippine Army general serving as the Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources since 2017 in the Cabinet of President Rodrigo Duterte. Former Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines from May to September 2002 under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Appointed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as the Special Envoy to the Middle East during the Iraq War
Nicanor Faeldon - Former Jail Director-General of Bureau of Jail and Penology, Deputy Administrator III at the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), Former Commissioner of the Bureau of Customs, retired Philippine Marines Captain, and one of the leaders of the Oakwood mutiny that exposed corruption in the Philippine military. He is an awardee of a Gold Cross Medal, three Military Merit Medals (MMM), five Military Commendation Medal (MCM), a wounded personnel medal, and Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao campaign medals.
Bernardo M. Vergara - Congressman and former mayor of Baguio City
Elisa Rosales Ochoa - The first woman elected to the Philippine Congress
Mamintal Adiong, Sr. - Civil and Sanitary engineer, former Governor of Lanao del Sur, former Deputy Minister of Public Works and Highways, former DPWH Undersecretary, former supervisor of Marawi Waterworks District, and a former international contractor in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Mamintal Alonto Adiong Jr. - Civil Engineer, Governor of Lanao del Sur
Neptali Gonzales, Sr. - Graduated class valedictorian in the Philippine Law School. He placed ninth in the 1949 bar examinations with a grade of 92.50%. Vice-Governor of the Premier Province of Rizal (1967–1969), Congressman of the First District of Rizal (1969–1973). Assemblyman for the District of Mandaluyong-San Juan (1984–1986) and Senator for two consecutive terms (1987–1998). Before his election as Senator, he was appointed Minister and later Secretary of Justice (1986–1987)
Nemesio Yabut - Former Mayor of Makati from 1972 to 1986, Chairman of the Philippine Racing Commission from 1978 to 1986, played for the National University Bulldogs basketball team.
Literature
Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez - National Artist of the Philippines for Literature
Media
Joey de Leon - actor, TV host and comedian
Alice Doria-Gamilla - Composer of "A Million Thanks to You" using her original piano arrangement in 1960. The song was later on recorded by "Asia's Queen of Songs", Pilita Corrales which hit the millionth mark in sales which was a first in the Philippine recording history.
Jestoni Alarcon (NU High School) - actor
Roxlee (B.S. Arch) - Filipino animator, filmmaker, cartoonist (creator of Cesar Asar) and painter.
Sports
Danny Ildefonso - Professional basketball player, two-time PBA Most Valuable Player and three-time PBA Finals Most Valuable Player awardee
Lordy Tugade - Professional basketball player
Carlos Loyzaga (NU High School) - basketball player and former Olympian
Narciso Bernardo - basketball player and former Olympian
Jun Papa - Filipino basketball player, played for the NU Bulldogs in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, Ysmael Steel Admirals and the Crispa-Floro Redmanizers in the Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association and at the Summer Olympic Games in 1968 and 1972 as a member of the country's national basketball team.
Jefferson Napa - Former basketball player and current head coach of the men's basketball team
Froilan Baguion - Professional basketball player
Jonathan Fernandez - Professional basketball player
Bobby Ray Parks Jr. - Most Valuable Player for UAAP Season 74 and 75
Troy Rosario - Professional basketball player
Glenn Khobuntin - Professional basketball player
Jewel Ponferada - Professional basketball player
Aleona Denise Santiago-Manabat - Volleyball Player
Alyja Daphne Santiago - Volleyball Player
Myla Pablo - Volleyball Player, Shakey's V-League finals MVP
Jennylyn Reyes - Volleyball Player, Best Libero in the 2015 Philippine Super Liga All-Filipino
Tin Patrimonio - Tennis player, model, actress and a former reality show contestant
Dave Wilson Yu - Basketball player, UAAP Champion Season 77, Licensed Civil Engineer
References
External links
Educational institutions established in 1900
Universities and colleges in Manila
Nursing schools in the Philippines
Dental schools in the Philippines
Education in Sampaloc, Manila
University Athletic Association of the Philippines universities
1900 establishments in the Philippines | wiki |
Sorb apple may refer to several trees, or their fruits, in the genus Sorbus:
Sorbus domestica, the true service tree
Sorbus aucuparia, the rowan
Sorbus torminalis, the wild service tree | wiki |
My Happiness may refer to:
My Happiness (album), 2014 album by Amanda Lear
"My Happiness" (1948 song), a 1948 song written by Betty Peterson Blasco and Borney Bergantine
"My Happiness" (Powderfinger song) (2000)
"My Happiness", a song by Daniel O'Donnell from Together Again (2007)
Счастье моё, 2010 Russian language film released as My Happiness or My Joy | wiki |
Nuvance Health is a not-for-profit health system with facilities spanning from New York State's Hudson Valley region to western Connecticut. Nuvance Health was formed in 2019 when Health Quest and Western Connecticut Health Network merged. It employs approximately 2,600 physicians and 12,000 ancillary staff, and serves approximately 1.5 million residents.
Member hospitals
The following hospitals are part of the Nuvance Health system:
New York
Vassar Brothers Medical Center - Poughkeepsie, NY
Northern Dutchess Hospital - Rhinebeck, NY
Putnam Hospital Center - Carmel, NY
Connecticut
Danbury Hospital - Danbury, CT
New Milford Hospital - New Milford, CT
Norwalk Hospital - Norwalk, CT
Sharon Hospital - Sharon, CT
West and East
The Nuvance Health organization is divided into West and East sections, where the New York locations are generally part of the West section and Connecticut locations are generally part of the East section. Exceptions include Sharon Hospital, which is part of the West section.
Training programs
For resident physicians
*these specialties have multiple residency programs, each headquartered at different hospitals
For fellow physicians
References
Medical and health organizations based in Connecticut
Companies based in Danbury, Connecticut | wiki |
est un film américain réalisé par Franco Steffanino en 1988.
Synopsis
Fiche technique
Producteur : Frank Avianca, Steve Bono
Scénariste : William James Kennedy
Directeur de la photographie : Richard E. Brooks
Monteur : Lorenzo Marinelli, David Szulkin
Distribution
Joe Spinell : Roscoe
Rebeca Yaron : Pam Hayes
Patrick Askin : Nicky Leonardo
Susan Bachli : Mandy
Liens externes
Film américain sorti en 1988
Film d'horreur américain | wiki |
The Life of a Song may refer to:
The Life of a Song (Joey + Rory album)
The Life of a Song (Geri Allen album) | wiki |
The Melody Lingers On may refer to:
The Melody Lingers On (Dizzy Gillespie album)
The Melody Lingers On (Houston Person album)
The Melody Lingers On (Etta Jones album)
The Melody Lingers On (film), a 1935 American film | wiki |
The second season of The Fairly OddParents premiered on December 9, 2001 and ended on January 20, 2003. The season was produced by Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio.
Episodes
(HH) indicates the amount of households an episode was viewed in when it premiered.
DVD releases
References
2002 American television seasons
2003 American television seasons
The Fairly OddParents seasons | wiki |
The third season of The Fairly OddParents premiered on November 8, 2002 and ended on November 21, 2003. The season was produced by Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio.
Episodes
(HH) indicates the amount of households an episode was viewed in when it premiered.
DVD releases
References
2003 American television seasons
The Fairly OddParents seasons | wiki |
The Right Combination may refer to:
The Right Combination (Linda Clifford and Curtis Mayfield album)
The Right Combination (Joe Albany album)
The Right Combination • Burning the Midnight Oil, a collaborative album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton
The Right Combination (song), a song by Seiko and Donnie Wahlberg | wiki |
The fourth season of The Fairly OddParents began on November 7, 2003. The second movie, "Channel Chasers", aired in the summer of 2004, and for the 4th time, 2 Nicktoons make crossovers in The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour. The season officially ended with "School's Out!: The Musical" on June 10, 2005. It was produced by Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio.
Episodes
DVD releases
References
2004 American television seasons
2005 American television seasons
The Fairly OddParents seasons | wiki |
Tumbling Down may refer to:
"Tumbling Down" (Cockney Rebel song), 1974
"Tumbling Down" (Tessanne Chin song), 2013
"Tumblin' Down" (Blind Melon song), 2008
"Tumblin' Down" (Ziggy Marley song), 1988
"Komm, süsser Tod", a song from the soundtrack of the film The End of Evangelion
See also
The Walls Came Tumbling Down (disambiguation) | wiki |
The fifth season of The Fairly OddParents started on . In this season, the show aired its seventh TV movie, Fairy Idol, and two Jimmy Timmy Power Hour movies. After "The Jerkinators", the series and Jimmy Neutron seem to end, but later in 2006, they aired episodes that chronologically come before the season finale. After the latter ended its run on November 25, 2006, The Fairly OddParents was sent on hiatus for 15 months, between November 2006 and February 2008. It was produced by Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio.
Season 5 was the last season to be distributed by Nelvana International and so is the last to air on Disney Channel and Jetix (depending on the country).
Episodes
DVD releases
References
2005 American television seasons
2006 American television seasons
The Fairly OddParents seasons | wiki |
The Avenger, film américain d'Edwin L. Marin (1933)
The Avenger, album de death metal mélodique d'Amon Amarth (1999) | wiki |
Alakazam is an incantation or magic word along the lines of abracadabra.
Alakazam may also refer to:
Alakazam (Pokémon), a Pokémon species
Alakazam the Great, a Japanese 1960 anime film
"Alakazam !", a track on Justice's album Woman
See also
The Magic Land of Allakazam, a television series from the 60's of the magician Mark Wilson | wiki |
Immigration detention of refugee and asylum seeking children in Thailand violates the rights of children under international law. The undocumented migrant children are detained for indefinite and prolonged periods without proper access to legal support. Thailand is key transit route, host and final destination for refugees seeking asylum in southeast Asia and Australia. During the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) session in May 2016, various human rights issues including detention of refugee and asylum seeking children were reported. Currently, there are no effective alternatives to immigration detention and all sectors of population including children are subject to detention.
Overview
Arrest and detention of refugees
According to the UNHCR, the population of refugees in Thailand as of December 2016, was approximately 102,500 refugees of which 56,000 were children, mostly from Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.
Thailand is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention and does not have a formal asylum framework incorporated in domestic law. Instead, it relies on ad hoc policies established through Cabinet Resolutions. Refugees and asylum seekers are treated as illegal migrants and lack of legal framework makes refugees vulnerable to arrest, detention, discrimination, deportation and refoulement. Exploitation and abuse of refugees and asylum seekers by Thai authorities are common and there is limited access to justice. Migrants who are arrested and unable to pay bribes are likely to be taken to police lock-ups or Immigration Detention Centres (IDCs).
The UNHCR has raised concerns about the treatment of the asylum seekers, refugees and migrants and status of IDC facilities. The Immigration Act, B.E. 2522 (1979) provides broad discretionary powers to police officers and immigration officials to detain and arrest migrants, including children. The law does not set maximum length of time that a person can remain in immigration detention. Indefinite detention without judicial review amounts to arbitrary detention which is prohibited under international law.
The UNHCR has limited role in Thailand and Thai authorities refuse to recognise "asylum Seeker certificates" issued by UNHCR and restricts protection of refugees, including children from arrest or detention by Thai police.
Rohingya refugees
Over 100,000 refugees are from Myanmar of which 48,000 are children, make up the 90 percent of refugees in Thailand. Many are stateless Rohingya Muslim minority who fled systemic persecution and discrimination from the Burmese Government. A 2014 report by Human Rights Watch noted Thailand permitted 2,055 Rohingya to enter the country offering temporary protection but later treated them as illegal migrants and detained them in IDC. The government does not allow the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to conduct refugee status determination screenings for ethnic Rohingya from Myanmar.
Urban refugees
There are 3,801 urban refugees and 4,130 asylum seekers registered with UNHCR in Thailand and 2800 of which are children. As they wait for refugee status determination by the UNHCR many are subject to poor treatment from Thai authorities, such as harsh and unlawful treatment by corrupt authorities and detained in IDCs for prolonged period until they could leave for third country resettlement.
International obligations
Thailand became a member of the United Nations on 16 December 1946 and is party to a number of key human rights treaties. Thailand is a dualist state therefore international law does not automatically bind the government unless it has been incorporated and transformed into domestic law.
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was ratified by Thailand in 1992, which mandates states to take best interests of the child as primary consideration. Article 2(1) provides states to respect and ensure rights of all children and must not be discriminate against based on religion, race, political affiliation or other status.
The CRC further obligates states to:
ensure survival and development of children.
prevent separation from parents against their will.
protect from violence, abuse and neglect.
ensure special protection for unaccompanied children.
ensure highest attainable standard of health.
adequate standard of living for physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development.
recognise child's right to play and recreation.
protect from potential sexual abuse and exploitation.
not be subjected to torture, cruel, degrading treatment and not to be arbitrarily detained.
use detention and arrest only as last resort, for shortest period.
prompt legal access, assistance and challenge for children deprived of liberty.
Thailand has a reservation to Article 22, which mandates states to ensure refugee children receive protection and assistance in enjoying their rights and to cooperate with UN organisations to protect and assist reunification of child to the family.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Thailand ratified International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1996. It mandates states to:
not to subject anyone to torture, cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment.
protect against arbitrary arrest or detention.
enable access to court proceedings to anyone deprived of liberty by arrest or detention.
provide humane conditions of detention.
protect children as are required by status as a minor, without discrimination to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, birth.
The list of issues by the Human Rights Committee in relation to second periodic report of Thailand concerns various issues on Thailand's treatment of aliens and protection of children under articles 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 24 and 26 of ICCPR. Thailand has responded that it has refrained from deporting the refugees and the period of detention depends on the Refugee Status Determination and resettlement processes conducted by UNHCR.
Convention against Torture
Thailand ratified Convention against Torture (CAT) in 2007, which obligates states to:
not to expel, return ("refouler") or extradite a person to another state where there are substantial grounds that the person would be in danger of being subjected to torture.
prevent acts of cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment committed by public official.
Refugee Convention
Thailand is not a signatory and has not accepted the 1951 Refugee Convention in UPR's Recommendation & Voluntary Pledges (Second Review) in September 2016.
Children in detention facilities
Stateless refugee children and asylum seeking children whose refugee claim has been rejected may face indefinite periods in detention with little hope of release or repatriation.
Conditions in detention
The conditions of IDCs in Thailand is widely reported as substandard. Many live in poor hygiene with outdated facilities, without access to adequate health care and legal support. Children are detained in overcrowded cells, frequently separated from family members, without access to education, nutrition and privacy. A 2016 report by the BBC showed that children were suffering from vomiting and diarrhea due to unclean water. Basic services such as education, recreational activities, medical examination and adequate food are only available in Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS) shelters however many choose not to be separated from their children by sending them to shelters and consent to keep their children with them in IDCs. Children are often detained without regard to protection required by their status as minors and often separated from their parents with unrelated adults, giving them greater risk of violation and abuse, including sexual abuse. Current initiatives aimed at removing children from IDCs are limited and often discretionary.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has denied that detention of migrant children was result of the Government's policies but rather the preference of migrant parents themselves to keep family unity and logistical difficulties. The Thai Government has also claimed that it has allocated over US$14.58 million to improve IDCs to enhance living conditions and has an order by the Thailand Immigration Bureau guaranteeing individual's rights to sanitation, food, health and respect for religious belief.
Impact
Many children detained in IDCs have spent prolonged periods and some have spent almost their entire life in detention. Children who do not receive basic necessities for their psychological and physical development can suffer from serious impacts of incarceration.
Psychological and physical health
Prolonged detention for an indefinite period can cause psychological issues for detainees and this problem is especially grave for children. In a joint report submitted for the Second Periodic Report of Thailand at the 119th session of United Nations Human Rights Committee, it noted many detained children suffer from stress, depression, fear and alienation. In 2017, The Guardian reported this environment can create developmental delays and for some children to self-harm. Mental health has been identified as a major concern for detainees and there are few opportunities for referral for treatment.
Lack of access to education
Under Thailand's National Education Act 1999, all children have the right to primary education regardless of their nationality or legal status. However children detained in IDCs cannot physically access schools to receive such services.
According to a 2012 Human Rights Watch report, Thailand's Immigration Office permitted the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) to operate a daycare centre for children under 14 years inside Suan Plu IDC. However it was reported that daycare programme does not offer proper education suitable for their age and as a result many have suffered problems such as insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, isolation development, attachment disorder and acts of violence.
Possible reform
Thailand is still currently establishing national mechanisms under the framework of the Comprehensive Strategy on Addressing Illegal Migrants of 2012 to be in line with international standards and practices.
Thailand has accepted 187 of 249 of UPR's Recommendations & Voluntary Pledges (Second Review) in September 2016 and has accepted a recommendation to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture. It has also accepted in implementing Protection of Vulnerable Persons Act; improve access to health, education, social welfare for vulnerable groups including refugee children. However Thailand has not accepted key recommendations affecting migrant and refugee children, such as providing access to legal status for asylum seekers and refugees; withdrawing reservations to article 22 of CRC; ratification of 1951 Refugee Convention; complying with ICCPR by putting immediate end to arbitrary detention; prohibiting arbitrary arrest and detention including children.
In 2016, the Bangkok Post noted the decision by Chiang Rai Juvenile and Family Court has marked the first time a child who was recognised as a refugee by UNHCR, was entitled to protections under section 132(1) of Juvenile and Family Court and Juvenile and Family Case Procedure Act B.E. 2553 [2010] which provides counselling services, vocational training and access to education. The decision was made having regard to best interests of the child, regardless of child's immigration status.
UNHCR has advocated for a screening mechanism for undocumented immigrants and refugee children and this has been approved by Thailand’s Cabinet. The framework will assist with identification and protection of refugees.
See also
Constitution of Thailand
2014 interim constitution of Thailand
Human rights in Thailand
Immigration detention
Burmese in Thailand
Refugee children
Refugee women and children
Save the Children
References
External links
Asian Human Rights Commission - Thailand
End Immigration Detention of Children
Human Rights Watch
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Children's rights
Human rights abuses in Thailand | wiki |
After a year long hiatus in 2007, The Fairly OddParents returned for a sixth season to contain 20 episodes, which aired from February 18, 2008 to August 12, 2009. The season had one movie, Fairly OddBaby. This was the first season of the show to be co-produced by Billionfold Inc. (which was founded by creator Butch Hartman and also formerly produced his other show Danny Phantom), along with Frederator Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio.
Episodes
DVD releases
References
2008 American television seasons
The Fairly OddParents seasons | wiki |
Isochore may refer to:
Isochoric process, in thermodynamics
Isochore (genetics)
Isochore map, in geology
Isochore, in chemistry as a line representing the variation of pressure with temperature when the volume of the substance operated on is constant. See Isochoric process | wiki |
Filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) is a diagnostic technique which measures velocity, temperature, and pressure by determining Doppler shift, total intensity, and spectral line shape of laser induced Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering.
References
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Visibility
Light | wiki |
Murature may refer to:
Murature-class patrol ship, class of World War II era Argentine Navy warships
ARA Murature (P-20), World War II era Argentine Navy warship
José Luis Murature (1876–1929), Argentine foreign minister | wiki |
"Glow" is a 1985 single by Rick James from his album of the same title. The single was James' tenth release to reach the top ten on the R&B singles chart, peaking at number five. On the dance chart, the single was his second and final number one. Both James’ appearance and the song were featured in The A-Team Episode The Heart Of Rock 'N Roll (1985).
References
1985 singles
Rick James songs
Gordy Records singles
1984 songs
Songs written by Rick James
Song recordings produced by Rick James | wiki |
This Time It's Love may refer to:
This Time It's Love (Kurt Elling album)
This Time It's Love (The Hi-Lo's album) | wiki |
Top of the Line may refer to:
Top of the Line (Rittz album), 2016
Top of the Line (Tito El Bambino album), 2006
Top of the Line, album by Prince Phillip Mitchell, 1979
Top of the Line, album by Patty Ryan, 1988
"Top of the Line", song by Frankie J from Priceless, 2006 | wiki |
The Porsuk River also Kocasu-Porsuk River (), ancient Tembris, is a river in Turkey, that flows for . The city of Eskişehir is sited on the banks of this river. The river is dammed by the Porsuk dam forming large reservoirs. The Porsuk flows into the Sakarya River near the town of Polatlı, ancient Gordium.
See also
List of rivers of Turkey
References
Rivers of Turkey
Landforms of Eskişehir Province | wiki |
The policies of the United States of America comprise all actions taken by its federal government. The executive branch is the primary entity through which policies are enacted, however the policies are derived from a collection of laws, executive decisions, and legal precedents.
Public policy development
The primary method of developing public policy is through the legislative process outlined in Article One of the United States Constitution. Members of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives propose and vote on bills that describe changes to the law of the United States. These bills may be created on the initiative of the legislator, or they may take up causes proposed by their constituents. The President of the United States may also suggest legislative policy goals through executive communication, which can then be taken up by members of Congress. Once a bill is introduced by a member of Congress, it is assigned to one or more congressional committees dedicated to that area of policy. The committee evaluates, amends, and sets public hearings for the bill before deciding whether to report favorably on the bill and have Congress vote on it. Once both chambers of Congress vote in favor of a bill, the president may sign it to make it law.
Congress can also develop policy through resolutions, which declare the intent of Congress. Resolutions may be used to amend pending bills, modify Congressional procedure, or to make an official statement. Other ways that Congress can develop public policy include the budgeting process undertaken by the House of Representatives and the power of advice and consent granted to the Senate.
The executive branch of the United States is responsible for enacting and enforcing the policy created by the legislative branch. It also plays a role in the legislative process, as the president plays a role in advocating policies and often has the final say as to whether a bill is vetoed. The Constitution gives the president powers regarding foreign policy and military policy, though these are subject to Congressional oversight.
There are three ways that a president can unilaterally influence policy. An executive order is an instruction given to government agencies and government employees, and these orders have the force of law so long as they comply with the powers granted to the president under the law. A presidential proclamation is an official statement made by the president, and while these do not have force of law, they may announce the use of presidential powers. A presidential memorandum is an informal statement made by the president.
Agricultural policy
The agricultural policy of the United States is the governing policy for agriculture in the United States and is composed primarily of the periodically renewed federal U.S. farm bills.
In "A New Agricultural Policy for the United States," authors Dennis Keeney and Long Kemp summarize the agricultural policy of the United States as follows: "Because of its unique geography, weather, history and policies, the United States has an agriculture that has been dominated by production of commodity crops for use in animal, industrial and export enterprises. Over time agricultural policies evolved to support an industrialized, commodity-based agriculture. This evolution resulted in farmers leaving the land with agriculture moving to an industrial structure."
Cultural policy
The cultural policy of the United States funds and preserves American arts and heritage. The United States does not have a comprehensive cultural policy, and cultural aspects are typically governed by the states. The Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate American copyright law, and the arts are supported through the National Endowment for the Arts. American heritage sites, such as parks and historic places, are protected by the National Park Service in the Department of the Interior. Heritage sites of Native American tribes are overseen by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs in the Department of State runs cultural exchange programs with other countries. The Institute of Museum and Library Services oversees federal museum and library policy, including the distribution of grants and facilitation of research. The National Endowment for the Humanities is also responsible for supporting museums and libraries financially. The United States does not govern sports at the federal level, though college athletics are subject to federal education laws.
Drug policy
The drug policy of the United States encompasses the regulation of drugs in the United States and eradication of the illegal drug trade. Since 1971, American drug policy has constituted the war on drugs. The framework of American drug policy was established by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, which regulates the production of drugs in the United States and establishes the classes of illicit drugs. Prior to the war on drugs, American drug policy included completely unregulated drugs in the 19th century and a total prohibition on alcohol between 1920 and 1933.
Executive drug policy is coordinated by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). The ONDCP's stated objectives include combating substance use disorder, organizing the National Drug Control Budget, and providing support to law enforcement agencies in combating drug trafficking. The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for regulating consumer and prescription drugs while the Drug Enforcement Administration is responsible for combating the illegal drug trade.
Economic policy
Monetary policy
The monetary policy of the United States regulates the supply of the United States dollar. The mechanisms for setting monetary policy are governed by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and serves as the monetary authority. The Federal Reserve is responsible for regulating government loans and bonds and has the power to set reserve requirements and interest rates. The Department of the Treasury is responsible for the production of coinage and Federal Reserve Notes.
Policy responses to the late-2000s recession
The Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Securities and Exchange Commission took several steps on September 19 to intervene in the crisis. To stop the potential run on money market mutual funds, the Treasury also announced on September 19 a new $50 billion program to insure the investments, similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) program. Part of the announcements included temporary exceptions to section 23A and 23B (Regulation W), allowing financial groups to more easily share funds within their group. The exceptions would expire on January 30, 2009, unless extended by the Federal Reserve Board. The Securities and Exchange Commission announced termination of short-selling of 799 financial stocks, as well as action against naked short selling, as part of its reaction to the mortgage crisis.
Education policy
Congress does not have direct authority over education, and education policy is primarily set by state and local governments. Federal education policy is built around federal funding; the federal government allocates funding for schools, but they must comply with federal regulations to receive it. The Department of Education is responsible for carrying out the federal education policy of the United States. The earliest federal education policy involved the establishment of schools in federally controlled territory in the 18th century. By the mid-20th century, the federal government had begun providing federal funding for schools.
Elementary and secondary education in the United States is governed by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). This act authorizes the Title I program to provide federal funding for public schools in the United States in order to support underprivileged communities. Several acts have reauthorized and modified the ESEA, including the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002, and the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015. Schools that receive federal funding are also subject to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which provides protections for students with disabilities.
Foreign policy
The foreign policy of the United States governs how the American government interacts with the governments of other countries. The president has the power to engage in executive agreements and may negotiate treaties to be ratified by Congress. The Department of State carries out diplomatic activity and the Department of Defense carries out military activity. The Central Intelligence Agency is the foreign intelligence service of the United States. The United States is a member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, NATO, and the Group of Seven, and the World Trade Organization. The United States recognizes all members of the United Nations, and maintains foreign relations with most of them.
American defense policy prioritizes the use of mutually-beneficial alliances to deter attacks against the United States and its allies. As of 2022, the Department of Defense recognizes China as the greatest threat to this cause. The United States also considers Russia, North Korea, Iran, and violent extremist organizations to be major foreign threats. Climate change and pandemics have been recognized as major intangible threats to American security.
During much of the 19th century, American foreign policy was dictated by the Monroe Doctrine, which held Latin America to be the sphere of influence of the United States. Following World War I, President Woodrow Wilson moved away from isolationism toward interventionist Wilsonianism. During the Cold War, American foreign policy focused on combating the spread of Communism. Following the September 11 attacks, the war on terror directed American foreign policy.
Immigration policy
The immigration policy in the United States is set by the United States Congress. The Constitution enumerates the power to regulate naturalization, and the Supreme Court has ruled that the foreign policy powers of Congress extend to immigration regulations. Under the Homeland Security Act of 2002, immigration policy is carried out by the Department of Homeland Security. Customs and Border Protection is responsible for border control, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for enforcement of laws against illegal immigration., and the Citizenship and Immigration Services is responsible for processing legal immigration and naturalization.
Naturalization and immigration were historically regulated by a series of Naturalization Acts and Immigration Acts. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868, granting birthright citizenship through the Citizenship Clause. The immigration policy of the 19th century was one of open borders, but naturalization was restricted on the basis of race. The Chinese Exclusion Act implemented a ban on immigrants from China in 1882. A quota system was implemented by the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to limit immigration from different countries. Immigration and naturalization policy was reformed by the Immigration and Nationality Acts of 1952 and 1965. The Refugee Act of 1980 established American asylum policy. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 reformed how the United States addresses illegal immigration.
Visa policy
The United States requires that prospective immigrants or others visitors apply for and be granted a travel visa before entering the United States. Immigrants approved for permanent residency in the United States are granted a green card that indicates their status as lawful permanent residents of the United States. The most common reason for receiving a green card is having a relative that resides in the United States. Other possible reasons include employment in the United States, refugee status, or being selected for the Diversity Immigrant Visa. Visitors seeking temporary residence in the United States, such as for employment or tourism, receive a temporary visa that authorizes residence in the United States for a set period of time.
Infrastructure policy
The Constitution authorizes Congress to develop infrastructure under its authority over interstate commerce and national defense. Early infrastructure policy focused on internal improvements to construct methods of interstate transportation, such as roads and canals. Telecommunications policy is governed by the Communications Act of 1934 and the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and it is overseen by the Federal Communications Commission.
Energy policy
The energy policy of the United States addresses issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption, such as building codes and gas mileage standards. Federal United States energy policy is governed by energy acts passed by Congress. The United States Department of Energy is responsible for implementing and overseeing American energy policy. Its stated mission is "to ensure America's security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental, and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions."
Sustainable energy is a priority in modern American energy policy. As of 2019, 80% of energy in the United States comes from fossil fuels. Energy independence is also prioritized by American energy policy. The Strategic Petroleum Reserve was created by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, while the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 implemented several provisions seeking greater energy independence and energy efficiency. The United States utilizes energy subsidies to facilitate the production of energy and promote a shift to renewable energy sources. In 2016, $10.9 billion in subsidies supported renewable energy, $4.6 billion supported fossil fuel energy, and $2.7 billion went to improvement in energy efficiency.
Environmental policy
The environmental policy of the United States consists of efforts by the government to limit pollution and climate change in the United States and other countries. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for overseeing and carrying out American environmental policy. Issues overseen by the EPA include air pollution, climate change, toxic chemicals, sustainability, and water pollution. Major environmental laws in the United States include the Clean Air Act. the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Water Act, FIFRA, the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and CERCLA.
Transportation policy
Congress is empowered by the Constitution to regulate interstate commerce through the Commerce Clause and to establish post roads through the Postal Clause. The Department of Transportation is responsible for carrying out transportation policy, and the Department of Homeland Security oversees transportation security. Many offices within the Department of Transportation regulate different aspects of transportation, including the Federal Aviation Administration for aviation, the Maritime Administration for maritime transportation, the Federal Railroad Administration for rail, and the Federal Highway Administration for roads.
Early transportation policy in the United States involved the regulation of maritime transportation through admiralty law. As the United States expanded westward in the 19th century, the transcontinental railroad was constructed with oversight by the federal government. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 established the foundation of rail policy. The Interstate Highway System was developed in the 1950s to facilitate interstate travel by road.
Science policy
The science policy of the United States directs funding for scientific research and incentivizes research in specific areas. Science policy has direct implications for other fields, including defense policy, energy policy, and health policy. In 2015, $135 billion were allocated to research and development, with nearly half of these funds going to the Department of Defense. Dozens of federal agencies exist for the purposes of research and development. The Office of Science and Technology Policy is responsible for informing the president on scientific issues.
Space policy
The space policy of the United States involves the civilian and military use of outer space. Civilian space policy is overseen and carried out by NASA. The United States Space Force is the outer space division of the United States Armed Forces. The United States is subject to several international treaties that influence its space policy. This include the Outer Space Treaty, which defines international space law and regulates many aspects of activity in outer space. American space policy began to develop in the 1950s when the Space Race began between the United States and the Soviet Union. The policy objective in the 1960s was to undertake a successful moon landing, which was accomplished by the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. This was succeeded by the Space Shuttle program and participation in the International Space Station.
Citation
Federal government of the United States
Policy | wiki |
Harlequin Color may refer to:
Harlequin (color), a color located between green and yellow
ChromaFlair, a pigment used in paint systems, primarily for automobiles | wiki |
In artificial intelligence, a behavior selection algorithm, or action selection algorithm, is an algorithm that selects appropriate behaviors or actions for one or more intelligent agents. In game artificial intelligence, it selects behaviors or actions for one or more non-player characters. Common behavior selection algorithms include:
Finite-state machines
Hierarchical finite-state machines
Decision trees
Behavior trees
Hierarchical task networks
Hierarchical control systems
Utility systems
Dialogue tree (for selecting what to say)
Related concepts
In application programming, run-time selection of the behavior of a specific method is referred to as the strategy design pattern.
See also
Cognitive model - all cognitive models exhibit behavior in terms of making decisions (taking action), making errors, and with various reaction times.
Behavioral modeling, in systems theory
Behavioral modeling in hydrology
Behavioral modeling in computer-aided design
Behavioral modeling language
Case-based reasoning, solving new problems based on solutions of past problems
Model-based reasoning
Synthetic intelligence
Weak AI
References
Artificial intelligence
Game artificial intelligence
Algorithms
Computational neuroscience | wiki |
The 1987 Washington Commandos season was the first season for the Commandos.
The Commandos had the honor of playing in the first AFL regular season game on June 19, 1987, losing to the Pittsburgh Gladiators 46-48 at the Civic Arena. The Commandos picked up their first win in franchise history the following week, when they defeated the Denver Dynamite, by a score of 36-20 in their home opener. The Commandos finished the season with a 2-4 record, a disappointment, but the team was in every game except one, losing 3 games by a total of 6 points.
Regular season
Schedule
Standings
y – clinched regular-season title
x – clinched playoff spot
Roster
Stats
Offense
Quarterback
Running backs
Wide receivers
Defense
Special teams
Kick return
Kicking
All-Arena team members
References
Washington Commandos
Washington Commandos
Washington Commandos seasons | wiki |
The Ellesmere Ice Shelf was the largest ice shelf in the Arctic, encompassing about of the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. The ice shelf was first documented by the British Arctic Expedition of 1875–76, in which Lieutenant Pelham Aldrich's party went from Cape Sheridan to Cape Alert. The continuous mass of the Ellesmere Ice Shelf had been in place for at least 3,000 years.
During the twentieth century, the Ellesmere Ice Shelf broke up into six separate shelves. From west to east, these were the Serson Ice Shelf, Petersen Ice Shelf, Milne Ice Shelf, Ayles Ice Shelf, Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, and Markham Ice Shelf. The smaller pieces continued to disintegrate.
In April 2000, satellite images revealed that a large crack in the Ward Hunt shelf had begun to form, and in 2003 it was announced that the ice sheet had split completely in two in 2002, releasing a huge pool of freshwater from the largest epishelf lake in the Northern Hemisphere, located in Disraeli Fjord. In April 2008, scientists discovered that the shelf fractured into dozens of deep, multi-faceted cracks.
On August 13, 2005, The Ayles Ice Shelf, which was located approximately south of the North Pole, broke away from the coast forming the giant Ayles Ice Island thick and measuring around by in size with an area of approximately or in volume.
The Milne Ice Shelf was the second largest segment of the former Ellesmere Ice Shelf. It suffered a 40% disintegration in July 2020 with the loss of a research camp, including instruments for measuring water flow.
Notes
Ice shelves of Qikiqtaaluk Region | wiki |
Turn the Lights On may refer to:
Turn the Lights On (song), a 1999 song by Big Sugar
Turn the Lights On (album), a 2015 album by Rico Love
Turn the Lights On, a song by Natalie Bassingthwaighte, from the album 1000 Stars | wiki |
Jean Stern may refer to:
Jean Stern (fencer) (1875–1962), French épée fencer
Jean Stern (art historian) (born 1946), art historian and museum director | wiki |
Gas carbon is a carbon that is obtained when the destructive distillation of coal is done or when petroleum products are heated at high temperatures in a closed container. It appears as a compact, amorphous, grey solid deposited on the walls of a container that holds the gas carbon. It is also a good conductor of heat and electricity, similar to graphite. Applications include battery plates, in arc lamps, and coal gas.
External links
What Does That Mean? Definition of: gas carbon
References
Pyrolysis | wiki |
Reversion may refer to:
Reversion (2012 film), a computer animated short film
Reversion (2015 film), an American science fiction thriller film
Reversion (genetics), a back mutation
Reversion (law)
Reversion (software development)
Series reversion, in mathematics
See also
Reversal (disambiguation)
Reverse (disambiguation)
Reversis, a card-game
Reverted (film), a 1994 film | wiki |
The 28th Saturn Awards, honoring the best in science fiction, fantasy and horror film and television in 2001, were held on June 10, 2002 at the St. Regis Hotel in Century City, Los Angeles. This year introduced categories that honored DVD releases onward. The nominations were announced on March 13, 2002.
Below is a complete list of nominees and winners. Winners are highlighted in bold.
Winners and nominees
Film
Television
Programs
Acting
DVD
Special awards
Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award
The Young Filmmaker's Showcase Award
Richard Kelly – Donnie Darko
The George Pal Memorial Award
Samuel Z. Arkoff (posthumous)
The Special Achievement Award
Anchor Bay Entertainment
The Dr. Donald A. Reed Award
Sherry Lansing
The Life Career Award
Stan Lee
Drew Struzan
References
External links
2002 Awards at IMDb
The Official Saturn Awards Site
Saturn Awards ceremonies
2002 film awards
2002 in California
2002 television awards | wiki |
Shands may reference one of the following:
William A. Shands, a Florida politician for whom the following are named:
UF Health Shands Hospital, a medical center in Gainesville, Florida
UF Health Jacksonville, a medical center in Jacksonville, Florida, formerly referred to as Shands Jacksonville
Shands Bridge, which spans the St. Johns River south of Jacksonville, Florida
Shands, California, a former settlement | wiki |
Pursuit racing is where two or more competitors (or teams) are either chasing after each other or chasing after a lead competitor or team.
Cycling
In cycling, pursuit racing is a form of track racing.
In individual pursuit, two cyclists begin on opposite sides of the velodrome. After starting at the same time, each cyclist attempts to catch up to the other for the win. The cyclists are also timed, for comparison with other competitors. Men race for ; women race for . At the Olympics beginning in 2012, individual pursuit is competed only as part of the omnium event.
Team pursuit works similarly to individual pursuit. Two teams – each with three of four cyclists – start from opposite sides of the track. The team earns their time based on the third-finishing rider. All events are , although through the 2011-2012 season the women's competitions were three cyclists over .
Track and field
The modern pentathlon is formatted such that the final event, a cross-country run with target shooting, is essentially a pursuit race. Athlete performance in the prior events determines the times in which they start the race. The idea is that the first athlete to cross the finish line wins the entire event.
Winter sports
In biathlon, pursuit is the second part of a sprint-pursuit race. The sprint is held first. In the subsequent pursuit section, the competitors' starts are staggered according to their times: the sprint winner starts first, whoever finished second by a certain time follows the leader by that time, and so on. (For example, Competitor F finished 5 seconds ahead of Competitor S in the Sprint, so Competitor F will start 5 seconds ahead of Competitor S in the Pursuit event.) Pursuit can follow up to the individual race too. They just divide by 2 your extra time behind the winner of individual race.
In cross-country skiing a pursuit is a race where the skiers start according to results in one or more previous races. The final stage of a ski tour event (i.e. Nordic Opening, Tour de Ski and World Cup Finals) is usually a pursuit where the overall leader starts first and is followed by the others starting behind according to their cumulative time from the stages raced before the pursuit.
In Nordic combined, the pursuit is determined by how well the competitors or team do in the ski jumping part of the competition. This is part of the Gundersen method developed in the 1980s. For the 15 km individual and 7.5 km sprint competitions, the computation is a 1 point advantage at the ski jump equals a 4 second advantage at the start of the cross-country skiing part of the competition. (For example, Competitor A finished the ski jump with 5 more points than Competitor B, so Competitor B must start 20 seconds after Competitor A in the cross-country skiing part.) For the 4 x 5 km team event prior to 2005, the computation was a 1 point advantage at the ski jump equals a 1.5 second advantage in the cross-country skiing part of the competition; since 2005, that computation is 1 point equals 1 second.
Long-track speed skating also has pursuit races. In team pursuit, two teams – each team comprising three skaters – begin on opposite sides of the ice, start at the same time, and attempt to catch the other team in the shortest elapsed time as measured by the third skater. Men race for eight laps and women for six laps.
References
Racing | wiki |
Alocasia cuprea is a species of plant in the genus Alocasia native to Borneo. This species derives its name, cuprea, from the unusual coppery appearance of the leaves, which are up to 24 inches long. This color is especially pronounced on juvenile leaves, and the back of the leaf is a deep purple, but there is also a greener leaf form of the plant. While rare in cultivation, A. cuprea has been known outside its native habitat since it was brought to Europe in the 1850s by Thomas Lobb for Veitch Nurseries.
References
cuprea
Flora of Borneo
Plants described in 1861 | wiki |
Milwaukee Excel High School (MEHS) is an alternative academic charter school in the Milwaukee Public Schools district in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
External links
Milwaukee Excel High School website
Charter schools in Wisconsin | wiki |
Walking the Line may refer to:
Walking the Line (Oscar Peterson album)
Walking the Line (Merle Haggard, George Jones and Willie Nelson album) | wiki |
Buddakan is a restaurant chain serving Pan-Asian fusion cuisine owned by STARR Restaurants with locations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New York City, New York.
Stephen Starr opened the first restaurant in 1998 in Philadelphia.
Buddakan Atlantic City closed in October 2020 after the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
External links
Buddakan NYC website
Restaurants in New York City
Restaurants in Philadelphia
Restaurants in Atlantic City, New Jersey
1998 establishments in Pennsylvania
Restaurants established in 1998
Asian restaurants in the United States | wiki |
Alessandra Bonfiglioli (born 5 December 1963) is an Italian female retired high jumper, which participated at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics.
Achievements
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Italian female high jumpers
World Athletics Championships athletes for Italy | wiki |
The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America, and the highest professional level of American football in the world. The NFL was founded in 1920. In the course of its existence, it has merged with the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and the American Football League (AFL) to create the current NFL. The AAFC merged with the NFL in , and the AFL merged with the NFL in . The history and records of the AFL were incorporated into the NFL.
In the 103-year history of the NFL, there have been 518 head coaches, 29 of whom are currently active as head coaches. George Halas has the longest tenure of any NFL head coach, with a career spanning 40 years. Don Shula, who had a 33-year coaching career spanning from 1963 to 1995, has coached the most overall games with 526 (490 regular season games and 36 postseason games).
Key
Coaches
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2022 NFL season.
Champion coaches
Playoff coaches
Remaining coaches
See also
List of current National Football League head coaches
List of National Football League head coach wins leaders
References
head coaches | wiki |
Character dictionary (; ), known as zìdiǎn in Mandarin Chinese, is a dictionary which lists individual Chinese characters (or kanji) and defines the characters' meanings, usages, and pronunciations. Character dictionaries are often arranged according to the shape of characters and usually include some rare characters.
References
External links
See also
Chinese dictionary
Japanese dictionary
Lexicography | wiki |
Passerby may refer to:
Passerby (EP), a 2003 recording by Flyleaf (band)
Passerby, a 2009 EP by Allie Moss
Passerby (Luluc album), a 2014 album by Luluc
"Passerby", a 2012 single by Grinspoon
Passerby, early name of the band Flyleaf
The Passerby (TV series)
The Passerby, English title of the 1951 film La Passante
The Passerby (1982 film)
Mr. Passerby, a character in the play Mr A's Amazing Maze Plays
See also
"The Passersby", an episode of the TV series The Twilight Zone
Passer by (disambiguation) | wiki |
"The Drop" is a song by Australian rock band Regurgitator. The song was released in October 2004 as the lead single from the band's fifth studio album Mish Mash!, which was recorded in a bubble in Federation Square, Melbourne, as part of Australian music channel, Channel V's Band in a Bubble program, in which the band entered a small glass recording studio while the public could watch the band work, or tune into a 24-hour digital cable television channel. Upon release, "The Drop" was the 10th most added song to radio and has become a top 5 request on Channel V. The song peaked at number 69 on the Australian ARIA Charts.
The song was voted in at number 85 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2004.
Track listing
Charts
Release history
References
2004 singles
2004 songs
Songs written by Quan Yeomans
Song recordings produced by Magoo (Australian producer)
Regurgitator songs | wiki |
Visakhapatnam Special Economic Zone (VSEZ), also called the Andhra Pradesh First Economic Zone, is one of the central government special economic zones in India. VSEZ is located in Duvvada, 20 km away from the Visakhapatnam.
History
The zone originated in 1989, when it was named VEPZ (Visakhpatnam Export Processing Zone). It was changed to the Visakapatnam Special Economic Zone on 1 January 2003. The zone consists of an area of 360 acres. The Development Commissioner, the administrative head of the zone, is also the head of all 53 special economic zones in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and the union territory of Yanam. From these SEZs, seven are multipurpose SEZs, and the remaining are sector specific SEZs.
Operation
VSEZ is treated as a foreign territory for trade operations, duties and tariffs. One hundred per cent foreign direct investment is allowed with permission for full and free repatriation of export proceeds. The turnover of the zone was Rs. 4.5 billion in 2004. Investments increased from Rs. 5.56 billion in 2008-09 to Rs. 12.4 billion in 2012-2013.
See also
Andhra Pradesh Special Economic Zone
Economy of Visakhapatnam
References
Industrial parks in India
Economy of Visakhapatnam
Special Economic Zones of India | wiki |
Minimal algebra is an important concept in tame congruence theory, a theory that has been developed by Ralph McKenzie and David Hobby.
Definition
A minimal algebra is a finite algebra with more than one element, in which every non-constant unary polynomial is a permutation on its domain.
Classification
A polynomial of an algebra is a composition of its basic operations, -ary operations and the projections. Two algebras are called polynomially equivalent if they have the same universe and precisely the same polynomial operations. A minimal algebra falls into one of the following types (P. P. Pálfy)
is of type , or unary type, iff , where denotes the universe of , denotes the set of all polynomials of an algebra and is a subgroup of the symmetric group over .
is of type , or affine type, iff is polynomially equivalent to a vector space.
is of type , or Boolean type, iff is polynomially equivalent to a two-element Boolean algebra.
is of type , or lattice type, iff is polynomially equivalent to a two-element lattice.
is of type , or semilattice type, iff is polynomially equivalent to a two-element semilattice.
References
Algebra | wiki |
Houndberry is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
The shrub dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), or its fruit
The plant black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), or its fruit | wiki |
Doyle's Cafe was a pub located on Washington Street in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Doyle's Cafe was established in 1882 and is located near the Samuel Adams brewery. Its close proximity to the brewery afforded Doyle's the unique opportunity to serve new or experimental Samuel Adams beers. It is also where Samuel Adams Boston Lager was first put on tap. Throughout its history, Doyle's was known as a favorite watering hole for both local and national politicians. On St. Patrick's Day in 1988, Senator Ted Kennedy helped dedicate a new room at the location to his maternal grandfather, John F. Fitzgerald.
Boston musician Rick Berlin was a long-time employee at Doyle's Cafe.
Given its historic look, atmosphere and popularity in the LGBTQ community the Irish pub has been used in several Hollywood movies and television series. Shots of the exterior of the building were used in the television series Boston Public. The pub also appeared in films such as 21, Patriots Day, Celtic Pride, Mystic River, and The Brink's Job. A local bartender who appeared in the film eventually moved to California to pursue acting.
Doyle's permanently closed at midnight on October 26, 2019. However, in October 2021, a development project to revive Doyle's was approved.
References
External links
Official website
Restaurants in Boston
Restaurants established in 1882
Defunct restaurants in Boston
Former pubs
1882 establishments in Massachusetts
2019 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Jamaica Plain, Boston | wiki |
Sacred space, sacred ground, sacred place, sacred temple, holy ground, or holy place refers to a location which is deemed to be sacred or hallowed. The sacredness of a natural feature may accrue through tradition or be granted through a blessing. One or more religions may consider sacred locations to be of special significance. Often, such locations either are or become the home of sanctuaries, shrines, places of worship, or locations conducive to meditation. Regardless of construction or use, these areas may have a variety of ritual or taboo associations – including limitations on visitors or on allowed actions within the space. Such places may become the focus of pilgrimage, drawing pilgrims from great distances, or simply locations of significance for the
See also
Sacred related
Holy Land
Tirtha (Hinduism)
Sapta Puri
Australian Aboriginal sacred site
Sacred trees
Bodhi Tree
List of Banyan trees in India
Sacred groves
Sacred groves of India
Trees in mythology
Tree worship
Sacred mountains
Sacred natural site
General
Axis mundi
Earth mysteries
Hierotopy
List of religious sites
Numen
Sanctum sanctorum
Sacred–profane dichotomy
Sacred architecture
Further reading
Bain, George. Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction. Dover, 1973. .
Bamford, Christopher. Homage to Pythagoras: Rediscovering Sacred Science, Lindisfarne Press, 1994, .
Calian, George. Sacred Spaces in Motion, RES, 2021, .
Schneider, Michael S.: A Beginner's Guide to Constructing the Universe: Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art, and Science. Harper Paperbacks, 1995. .
Pennick, Nigel: Beginnings: Geomancy, Builders' Rites and Electional Astrology in the European Tradition .
Pennick, Nigel: Sacred Geometry: Symbolism and Purpose in Religious Structures. | wiki |
Henri Lafont (born Henri Chamberlin, 22 April 1902 – 26 December 1944) was a French criminal based in Paris who headed the French Gestapo during the Nazi German occupation in World War II.
He was executed by firing squad on 26 December 1944 alongside corrupt policeman Pierre Bonny and footballer-turned-criminal Alexandre Villaplane.
See also
Carlingue
Georges Delfanne
Rudy de Mérode
Auguste Ricord
Milice
References
Magazine Historia Hors Série n°26 1972 by Fabrice Laroche
La Bande Bonny-Lafont ed. Fleuve noir, 1992 by Serge Jacquemard,
Les comtesses de la Gestapo ed. Grasset, 2007 by Cyril Eder,
The King of Nazi Paris by Christopher Othen, Biteback, 2020,
External links
Unofficial site on Patrick Modiano
On "les malfrats de la Carlingue"
1902 births
1944 deaths
Criminals from Paris
French collaborators with Nazi Germany
Nazi collaborators shot at the Fort de Montrouge
Gestapo personnel
French police officers convicted of crimes
Executed people from Île-de-France
Filmed executions | wiki |
Second Street Historic District may refer to:
Second Street Historic District, part of the Central Troy Historic District in Troy, New York
Second Street Historic District (Albemarle, North Carolina), a National Register of Historic Places listing in Stanly County, North Carolina
Second Street Historic District (Portsmouth, Ohio), a National Register of Historic Places listing in Scioto County, Ohio
See also
West Second Street Historic District (disambiguation)
East Second Street Commercial Historic District (disambiguation)
Greater Second Street Historic District, Ottumwa, Iowa, U.S. | wiki |
Whippletree (also as Whipple-tree and similar variations) may refer to:
Whippletree, a very old plant name for species of dogwood (see: Cornus (genus))
Whippletree (mechanism), a pivot mechanism used to distribute force evenly, used for draught animals and in windscreen (windshield) wipers | wiki |
Sogo is a department store chain that operates an extensive network of branches, primarily in Japan.
Sogo may also refer to:
Companies and organizations
Hotel Sogo, a hotel chain in the Philippines
NHK General TV, known as NHK Sōgō in Japanese
Pacific Sogo, a department store chain in Taiwan and mainland China
SOGo, an open source collaborative software server
Sogo Hong Kong, department stores in Hong Kong and China
Sogo & Seibu, a Japanese retail company
Sogo shosha, Japanese general trading companies
Sogou, traded on the NYSE as SOGO, an internet company in China
People
Shinji Sogō (1884–1981), president of Japanese National Railways
Sogō Kazumasa (1532–1561), Japanese samurai
Sōgo Ishii (born 1957), Japanese film director
Other uses
Sogo, a fictional city in Barbarella (comics)
Sogo, a small Korean hand drum | wiki |
Jack Lawrence (bassist) (19?), Amerikaans bassist en zanger
Jack Lawrence (songwriter) (1912-2009), Amerikaans songwriter | wiki |
The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is a satirical depiction of a dysfunctional middle-class American lifestyle starring the eponymous family: Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Set in the town of Springfield, the show lampoons both American culture and the human condition. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a pitch for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks. Groening named each character (other than Bart an anagram for brat) after members of his own family. The shorts became part of the Fox series The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime-time hit show.
Since its debut on December 17, 1989, The Simpsons has broadcast 745 episodes, as of March 19, 2023. The show holds several American television longevity records. It is the longest-running prime-time animated series and longest-running sitcom in the United States. With its twenty-first season (2009–10), the series surpassed Gunsmoke in seasons to claim the spot as the longest-running American prime-time scripted television series, and later also surpassed Gunsmoke in episode count with the twenty-ninth season episode "Forgive and Regret" on April 29, 2018.
Episodes of The Simpsons have won dozens of awards, including 31 Emmys (ten for Outstanding Animated Program), 30 Annies, and a Peabody. The Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 26 and 27, 2007 and grossed US$526.2 million worldwide. The first twenty seasons are available on DVD in regions 1, 2, and 4, with the twentieth season released on both DVD and Blu-ray in 2010 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the series. On April 8, 2015, showrunner Al Jean announced that there would be no more DVD or Blu-ray releases, shifting focus to digital distribution, although this was later reversed on July 22, 2017. Almost two years later, on July 20, 2019, it was announced that Season 19 would be released on December 3, 2019, on DVD.
On January 26, 2023, The Simpsons was renewed for seasons 35 and 36. On February 19, 2012, The Simpsons reached its 500th episode in the twenty-third season. It reached its 600th episode on October 16, 2016, in its twenty-eighth season. On March 21, 2021, The Simpsons reached its 700th episode in its thirty-second season.
Season 34 debuted on Fox on September 25, 2022.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 21 (2009–10)
Season 22 (2010–11)
Season 23 (2011–12)
Season 24 (2012–13)
Season 25 (2013–14)
Family Guy Crossover (2014)
Season 26 (2014–15)
Season 27 (2015–16)
Season 28 (2016–17)
Season 29 (2017–18)
Season 30 (2018–19)
Season 31 (2019–20)
Season 32 (2020–21)
Season 33 (2021–22)
Season 34 (2022–23)
Upcoming episodes without a scheduled air date
See also
The Simpsons shorts
"The Simpsons Guy" – a crossover episode of Family Guy
The Simpsons home media
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Lists of American adult animated television series episodes
Lists of American sitcom episodes
Episodes from seasons 21-present | wiki |
Rhabdogaster atropalpus is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de roofvliegen (Asilidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2006 door Londt.
Roofvliegen | wiki |
Faithful may refer to:
Film and television
Faithful (1910 film), an American comedy short directed by D. W. Griffith
Faithful (1936 film), a British musical drama directed by Paul L. Stein
Faithful (1996 film), an American crime comedy directed by Paul Mazursky
The Faithful, a Chinese film of 2018
"Faithful" (The Handmaid's Tale), a television episode
"The Faithful" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent), a television episode
"The Faithful" (Supergirl), a television episode
Music
Albums
Faithful (Dusty Springfield album), recorded 1971, released 2015
Faithful (Hi-Five album) or the title song, 1993
Faithful (Jenn Bostic album) or the title song, 2015
Faithful (Marcin Wasilewski album), 2011
Faithful (Todd Rundgren album), 1976
Faithful, a Hillsong album, 2003
Songs
"Faithful" (Common song), 2005
"Faithful" (Go West song), 1992
"Faithful", by Drake from Views, 2016
"Faithful", by Julian Lennon from Photograph Smile, 1998
"Faithful", by Marvin, Welch & Farrar from Marvin, Welch & Farrar, 1971
"Faithful", by the Original 7ven from Condensate, 2011
"Faithful", by Ornette Coleman from The Empty Foxhole, 1966
"Faithful", by Pearl Jam from Yield, 1998
"Faithful", by Tyga from Kyoto, 2018
Mathematics
Faithful representation
Faithful group action
Faithful module
Faithful functor
Other uses
Faithful (baptized Catholic), the collected members baptized into the church
Faithful (book), a 2004 baseball book by Stephen King and Stewart O'Nan
Faithfulness, the concept of unfailing loyalty
See also
Faith (disambiguation)
Faithfull (disambiguation)
Faithfully (disambiguation)
Faithless (disambiguation)
Old Faithful
Unfaithful (disambiguation) | wiki |
Doris Day (1922–2019) was an American actress and singer.
Doris Day may also refer to:
"Doris Day" (song), a song by Doe Maar
Doris E. Day (1873–1966), British archer
Jim Gray (UDA member) or Doris Day (1958–2005), loyalist paramilitary
Doris Day (actress, born 1910) (1910–1998), American actress | wiki |
T700 may refer to:
General Electric T700, a family of turboshaft and turboprop engines
Sony Ericsson T700, a mid-range mobile phone
T-700, a fictional robot from Terminator series
Tatra 700, a Czech car | wiki |
Vendetta!, or The Story Of One Forgotten is an 1886 romance by Marie Corelli. Corelli's second novel, it tells the story of an Italian count who, after being mistakenly declared dead, returns home to find his wife romantically involved with his best friend and seeks revenge on them both. The book was a popular success, but received tepid notices from critics.
Synopsis
Vendetta is told in the first person. The narrator, Fabio Romani, is an Italian count. Amidst a cholera outbreak in Naples, Romani is mistakenly pronounced dead and placed in a coffin in an above-ground family tomb. He awakens and manages to escape from his coffin. Inside the tomb, he finds a cache of valuable treasure hidden by the brigand Carmelo Neri and his gang. When he returns home, he finds that his wife, Nina, and his best friend, Guido Ferrari, are continuing a long-standing affair, and that neither mourns his death.
Romani decides to seek revenge against Nina and Guido. He adopts the persona "Cesare Oliva", a wealthy bachelor. Nina is unable to recognize her husband, in part because his hair has turned white from shock, and because he wears dark glasses. After Guido dies of wounds sustained in a duel, Romani (as "Oliva") proposes to Nina. On their wedding day, he reveals his identity to Nina, who dies as a result of being crushed by a rock dislodged in an earthquake.
Publication
Marie Corelli's publisher, George Bentley advised her that her second novel should avoid the supernatural themes which occupied her first, A Romance of Two Worlds. Corelli sent the manuscript for Vendetta to Bentley on 8 March 1886, just two weeks after the publication of A Romance of Two Worlds. Bentley was happy with the story, though he advised that it be condensed in places, and he gave it the title Vendetta, rather than Corelli's original choice, Buried Alive. Corelli signed a contract with Bentley on 19 July, receiving 50 pounds immediately, plus an additional 50 conditional on sales reaching 550 copies. She dedicated the book to the popular actor Wilson Barrett. The book was published in August 1886.
Reception
Critics generally described Vendetta as entertaining but unserious. The World described it as "pure and unadulterated melodrama". The critic George Sala wrote of the book in the Illustrated London News:
I am reading Vendetta with a wet cloth round my head, and my feet in a basin of iced and camphorated water; but ere I reach the end of the Signora or Signorina Corelli's appalling romance , dreadful consequences will, I fear, accrue. Possibly, human gore, Naples, the cholera, matrimony (very much matrimony), jealousy, the stiletto, and the Silent Tomb in which brigands have buried their treasures! I shudder; But I continue to read Vendetta, just as, when I was a child, I used to shudder over the Mysteries of Udolpho.
The book was a popular success, and by 1910 it was in its 37th edition with Methuen, which was by then Corelli's main publisher.
Adaptations and translations
Vendetta was translated into Japanese by Kuroiwa Shūroku and serialized in the newspaper .
Actress and producer Lillie Langtry apparently discussed adapting the story to the stage, with Langtry to play the part of Nina, though this failed to materialize. An Australian theatrical adaptation was staged by W. J. Lincoln in 1900 under the title The Power of Wealth.
It was adapted into a silent feature film of the same name in 1914. The film was produced by the French studio and directed by René Hervil and Louis Mercanton. It was distributed in the United States by George Kleine. It was also the subject of a 1929 German silent film adaptation, Circumstantial Evidence.
Citations
References
External links
1886 British novels
Novels by Marie Corelli
Victorian novels | wiki |
Sectional or Sectionals may refer to:
Sectionals, or sectional rehearsals, rehearsals for a single orchestral section
Sectional, or sectional couch, an item of furniture
"Sectionals" (Glee), a 2009 episode of the TV series Glee
See also
Sectionalism, loyalty to the interests of one's own region rather than the country as a whole
Sectional chart, an aeronautical chart used for VFR navigation | wiki |
Better Things may refer to:
"Better Things" (song), a song by The Kinks
"Better Things", a song by Sharon Jones and the Dap Kings from the album I Learned the Hard Way
"Better Things", a song by Halie which represented Missouri in the American Song Contest
Better Things (film), a 2008 film written and directed by Duane Hopkins
Better Things (TV series), a comedic television series starring Pamela Adlon | wiki |
Irene (Greek: Ειρήνη- Eirēnē), sometimes written Irini, is derived from εἰρήνη, the Greek word for "peace". Eirene was the Greek goddess of peace. Irene was also the name of an 8th-century Byzantine empress (Irene of Athens), as well as the name of several saints (see Saint Irene).
Variants
Arina (Russian)
Arisha (Russian)
Eireen (English, Irish)
Eirena (English)
Eirene (English, Greek)
Eirini (Greek)
Eraina (English)
Erayna (English)
Erea (Galicia)
Erene (English)
Ereni (Greek)
Eriny (Greek, similar to the pronunciation of)
Ira (Russian, Ukrainian)
Ireen (English)
Iren (English)
Irén (Hungarian)
Irena (Croatian, Czech, Dutch, English, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Polish, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian)
Irene (Dutch, English, Italian, Latvian, Spanish, Portuguese)
Irène (French)
Irenea (Spanish)
Irenka (Czech, Polish, Slovak)
Iria (Galician, Portuguese)
Iriana (English)
Iriena (English)
Irin (English)
Irina (Bulgarian, Finnish, Romanian, Russian)
Irine (English)
Irina (Romanian)
Irinka (Russian)
Irinushka (Russian)
Irisha (Russian)
Irja (Finnish)
Irka (Czech)
Iryna (English, Ukrainian)
Reeni (English)
Reeny (English)
Rena (English, Greek)
Rene (English)
Reney (English)
Reni (English)
Renie (English)
Rina (Russian)
Yarina (Russian)
Yaryna (Ukrainian)
Yeran (Armenian)
Yeranouhi (Armenian)
Iryna (Ukrainian)
Irynka (Ukrainian)
Irynochka (Ukrainian)
Irishka (Russian, Ukrainian)
People with the given name
Irene, baptismal name of Tzitzak (died 750), wife of Byzantine Emperor Constantine V
Irene of Athens (c. 752–803), wife of Byzantine Emperor Leo IV and empress regnant, 797–802
Irene of Hungary (1088–1134), empress consort of John II Komnenos of the Byzantine Empire
Irene Angelina (fl. late 1100s)
Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (1904–1974), later Duchess of Aosta, Queen of Croatia
Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (born 1942)
Princess Irene of the Netherlands (born 1939)
Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (1866–1953)
Saint Irene (disambiguation), various saints
Eirene (artist), ancient Greek artist
Irene (singer) (born 1991), South Korean singer
Irene Agyepong, Ghanaian public health physician
Irene Kataq Angutitok (1914–1971), Inuit sculptor
Irene Bedard (born 1967), Native American actress
Irene Bertschek, German economist
Irene Bosch, Venezuelan biologist and researcher
Irene Bridger (21st century), Canadian singer
Irene Broe (1923–1992), Irish sculptor
Irene Cara (1959–2022), American singer, songwriter, and actress
Irene Castle (1893–1969), half of the ballroom dance team of Vernon and Irene Castle
Irene Charnley (born 1960), South African businesswoman
Irene Chepet Cheptai (born 1992), Kenyan distance runner
Irene Dallas (1883-1971), British suffragette
Irene Diaz, American singer-songwriter
Irene Dick (born 1949), Curaçaoan politician
Irene Dölling (born 1942), German sociologist
Irene Dunne (1898–1990), American actress
Irene Edgar (born 1957), Scottish lawn bowler
Irene Eijs (born 1966), Dutch rower
Irene Emery (1900–1981), American art historian, scholar, curator, textile anthropologist, sculptor, and modern dancer
Irini Georgatou (b. 1990), Greek tennis player
Irini Giannatou (1917-2000), birth name of Greek actress and singer Rena Dor
Irene Gilbert (1934–2011), German-American actress
Irene Gilbert (swimmer) (1903–1988), British swimmer
Irene Gilbert (fashion designer) (c.1910–1985), Irish fashion designer
Irene Hays (born 1953/1954), British civil servant and businesswoman
Irene Haines, American politician and businesswoman from Connecticut
Irene Hunt, American children's writers
Irene ʻĪʻī Brown Holloway, Hawaiian philanthropist
Irene Jacob (born 1966), French-born Swiss actress
Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), French scientist
Irini Karra, Greek fashion model
Eirini Kavarnou, Greek swimmer
Irene de Kok (born 1963), Dutch judoka
Irene Lentz (1901–1962), American fashion and film costume designer, known simply as "Irene"
Irène Lidova, (1907–2002), Russian-French dance critic
Irene Luxbacher (born 1970), Canadian artist, author and illustrator
Irene Manjeri, Ugandan pastor
Irene McAra-McWilliam, British design researcher and Director of the Glasgow School of Art
Irene Ovonji-Odida (born 1964), Ugandan lawyer, politician, and women's rights activist
Irene Papas (born 1926 or 1929), Greek actress
Irene Piotrowski (born 1941), Lithuanian-Canadian athlete
Irene Pijoan (1953–2004), Swiss-born American painter, sculptor, and educator
Irini Psyhrami, Greek pop singer
Irene Rousseau (born 1941), American artist
Irene Ryan (1902–1973), American actress
Irene Saez (born 1961), Venezuelan politician and former Miss Universe
Irene Skliva (born 1978), Miss World 1996
Iréne Slättengren (born 1952), Swedish equestrian
Irene Tedrow (1907–1995), American character actress
Irini Terzoglou, Greek shot putter
Irene van Dyk (born 1972), New Zealand netball player
Irene Vernon (1922–1998), American actress
Irene Sue Vernon, American professor
Mother Irini (1936–2006), Egyptian Abbess
References
English given names
Feminine given names
English feminine given names
Dutch feminine given names
Latvian feminine given names
Lithuanian feminine given names
Spanish feminine given names
Portuguese feminine given names
Italian feminine given names
Given names
Given names of Greek language origin
Greek feminine given names
Scottish feminine given names | wiki |
Don't Waste Your Time may refer to:
"Don't Waste Your Time" (Kelly Clarkson song), 2007
"Don't Waste Your Time" (Yarbrough & Peoples song), 1984
"Don't Waste Your Time", a song by Mary J. Blige and Aretha Franklin from Mary | wiki |
River piracy may refer to:
River pirate
River capture | wiki |
This is a list of the oldest cats in the world, listed by reported age, all of whom have attained the minimum age of 25 years. Aging in cats depends on breed, size and diet.
Some of the ages reported here are approximate. Others are based on estimates or hearsay. Few of them have been confirmed by any authoritative agency. Creme Puff (1967-2005) of Austin, Texas is the oldest verified cat ever, while Flossie (born 29 December 1995) is the oldest living cat as of 2022.
Oldest cats by reported age
See also
List of individual cats
List of longest living dogs
List of longest-living organisms
References
External links
Oldest Cats at Messybeast.com
Oldest cats
cats, oldest
Cats
Oldest animals | wiki |
Mousoulita (, ) is a village in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, located 5 km east of Angastina on the main Nicosia-Famagusta highway. It is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.
References
Communities in Famagusta District
Populated places in Gazimağusa District
Greek Cypriot villages depopulated during the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus | wiki |
Adelaide Airport , also known as Adelaide International Airport, is the principal airport of Adelaide, South Australia and the fifth-busiest airport in Australia, servicing 8.5 million passengers in the financial year ending 30 June 2019. Located adjacent to West Beach, it is approximately west of the city centre. It has been operated privately by Adelaide Airport Limited under a long-term lease from the Commonwealth Government since 29 May 1998.
First established in 1955, a new dual international/domestic terminal was opened in 2005 which has received numerous awards, including being named the world's second-best international airport (5–15 million passengers) in 2006. Also, it has been named Australia's best capital city airport in 2006, 2009 and 2011.
Over the financial year 2018–2019, Adelaide Airport experienced passenger growth of 7% internationally and 1.3% for domestic and regional passengers from 2017's quarterly report; this added up to a new record number of passengers who passed through Adelaide Airport at 8,090,000 over the financial year. Adelaide Airport also experienced the greatest international growth out of any Australian port.
History
An early "Adelaide airport" was an aerodrome constructed in 1921 on of land in Albert Park, now Hendon, which took over from the Northfield Aerodrome. The small facility allowed for a mail service between Adelaide and Sydney. To meet the substantial growth in aviation, Parafield Airport was developed in 1927. The demand on aviation outgrew Parafield and the current site of Adelaide Airport was selected at West Torrens (known as West Beach until 1991) in January 1946. An alternative site at Port Adelaide, including a seaplane facility, was considered inferior and too far from the central business district. Construction began and flights commenced in 1954, with Parafield Airport being turned into a private and military aviation facility.
An annexe to one of the large hangars at the airport served as a passenger terminal until the Commonwealth Government provided funds for the construction of a temporary building.
In May 1998, Adelaide Airport Limited purchased the long-term leases of Adelaide Airport and Parafield Airport from the Commonwealth of Australia. As at April 2015, the shareholders of Adelaide Airport Limited comprised UniSuper (49%), Statewide (19.5%), Colonial (15.3%), IFM Investors (12.8%), Perron Group (3.4%).
In 2005 a dual-use $260 million facility replaced both the original 'temporary' domestic and international terminals. The old domestic terminal was closed shortly after the new terminal was opened to flights and was demolished not long after. A new control tower was built west of the current terminal with the old control tower maintained for additional operations.
In October 2006, the new terminal was named the Capital City Airport of the Year at the Australian Aviation Industry Awards in Cairns. In March 2007, Adelaide Airport was rated the world's second-best airport in the 5–15 million passengers category at the Airports Council International (ACI) 2006 awards in Dubai.
Plans were announced for an expansion of the terminal in July 2007, including more aerobridges and demolition of the old International Terminal.
On 5 August 2008 Tiger Airways Australia confirmed that Adelaide Airport would become the airline's second hub which would base two of the airline's Airbus A320s by early 2009. On 29 October 2009 Tiger announced it would be housing its third A320 at Adelaide Airport from early 2010. Tiger Airways later shut down its operations from Adelaide only to recommence them in 2013.
In 2011 the airport encountered major problems during the eruption of Puyehue volcano in Chile. The ash cloud caused flights to be cancelled nationwide, with over 40,000 passengers stranded in Adelaide.
On 11 October 2022, it was discovered that at around 10am local time, security screening equipment had failed half an hour earlier, leading to the evacuation of the terminal and re-screening of approximately 2,000 passengers.
International
International services became regular from 1982 upon the construction of an international terminal.
The original international terminal had only one gate with limited space for passengers. Check-in desks were small and waiting space was limited. It was partially demolished to make the area more secure and allow aircraft to park on the other side of the terminal.
On 18 December 2018, Singapore Airlines upgraded their Singapore to Adelaide flight from the Airbus A330-300 to the new Airbus A350-900 fitted with their dual-class regional configuration.
Fiji Airways also upgraded their new Boeing 737-8 MAX aircraft on the Nadi to Adelaide route, but due to the grounding of the 737 MAX aircraft, switched to the Boeing 737-800. However, Fiji Airlines announced that they would no longer fly to Adelaide as of 20 July 2019.
In late 2018 and early 2019, China Southern, Cathay Pacific and Malaysia Airlines increased their services to Adelaide Airport to accommodate the increase in demand.
The airport is also a heavy cargo destination for Volga-Dnepr Airlines, who require 2.5 km of runway for the Antonov cargo plane.
In July 2020, Emirates announced their suspension of services to Adelaide Airport due to low demand caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Their Adelaide based staff have also been laid off. Emirates noted they wish to return their services to Adelaide Airport once travel demand has increased.
Present terminal building
The airport was redeveloped at a cost of $260 million and opened 8 October 2005. The redevelopment was managed by builders Hansen Yuncken. Before the redevelopment, the old airport terminal was criticised for its limited capacity and lack of aerobridges.
Proposals were developed for an upgraded terminal of world standard. The final proposal, released in 1997, called for a large, unified terminal in which both domestic and international flights would use the same terminal. A combination of factors, the most notable of which was the collapse of Ansett Australia, then a duopoly domestic carrier with Qantas, and the resultant loss of funds for its share of the construction cost, saw the new terminal plans shelved until an agreement was reached in 2002.
The new terminal was opened on 7 October 2005 by the Prime Minister John Howard and South Australian Premier Mike Rann. However, Adelaide Airport Limited announced soon afterwards that only international flights would use the new facility immediately due to problems with the fuel pumps and underground pipes. These problems related initially to the anti-rusting agent applied to the insides of the fuel pumps, then to construction debris in the pipes. Although international and regional (from December 2005) aircraft were refuelled via tankers, a lack of space and safety concerns prevented this action for domestic jet aircraft, which instead continued operations at the old terminal. The re-fueling system was cleared of all debris and the new terminal was used for all flights from 17 February 2006. The new airport terminal is approximately end to end and is capable of handling 27 aircraft, including an Airbus A380, simultaneously and processing 3,000 passengers per hour. It includes high-amenity public and airline lounges, 14 glass-sided aerobridges, 42 common user check-in desks and 34 shop fronts. Free wireless Internet is also provided throughout the terminal by Internode Systems, a first for an Australian airport.
Vickers Vimy museum
In 1919, the Australian government offered £10,000 for the first All-Australian crew to fly an aeroplane from England to Australia. Keith Macpherson Smith, Ross Macpherson Smith and mechanics Jim Bennett and Wally Shiers completed the journey from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Darwin via Singapore and Batavia on 10 December 1919. Their Vickers Vimy aircraft G-EAOU (affectionately known as "God 'Elp All Of Us") is now preserved in a purpose-built climate-controlled museum inside the grounds of the airport at . Due to relocation of the terminal buildings, the museum is now situated inside the long-term car park. In 2019, the state and federal government committed $2 million each towards a new preservation facility inside the airport's $165 million terminal expansion.
Recent development
In February 2011, a A$100 million building program was launched as part of a five-year master plan, including a new road network within the airport, a multi-storey car park, increasing short-term parking spaces from 800 to 1,650 (completed August 2012); a new plaza frontage for the passenger terminal (completed March 2013); a walkway bridge connecting new car park and existing terminal building (completed March 2013); terminal concourse extension; three new aerobridges; terminal commercial projects and passenger facilities; relocation of regional carrier Rex.
In July 2013, Adelaide Airport became the first Australian airport and second airport worldwide to have Google Street View technology, allowing passengers to explore the arrival and departure sections of the airport before travel.
A new control tower, at high more than twice the height of the old tower built in 1983 and costing , was completed and commissioned in August 2013.
In January 2015, the Adelaide Airport Master Plan 2014 was approved by the Commonwealth Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development.
In September 2016, a relocation and major upgrade was completed for the base of the central service region of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. The base houses many Pilatus PC-12 and one Pilatus PC-24, maintenance hangars and ambulance bays.
The Atura Hotel ( tall, nine levels) was completed in September 2018.
In late 2018 and early 2019, Adelaide Airport commenced a $165 million terminal expansion project, increasing the length of the terminal, adding more duty-free and shopping outlets, and increasing international capacity. The upgrades are set to be completed by 2021. The old international terminal was also demolished in 2019, after lying empty for many years.
In early 2020, Adelaide Airport opened a newly updated concourse which was finished in December 2019, New Shops include Penfolds Wine Bar & Kitchen, Precinct Adelaide Kitchen, Soul Origin, Boost Juice, Lego Kaboom and Airport Pharmacy.
Lucerne to cool runways
A world-first project that lowers runway temperatures by growing commercial crops irrigated by recycled water was trialled at Adelaide Airport, with the first trial completed in 2019. By planting of various crops and testing the effects of each on runway temperature, the scientists found that tree lucerne was most successful, leading to a reduction of an average 3 °C in average ambient air temperatures on warm days, in and around the irrigation areas. Not only was the lucerne the best performer compared with tall fescue, couch grass and kikuyu, but it can also be cut into hay and sold as stock feed. The Airport is creating a business case to extend the project to cover of airport land.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Traffic and statistics
Notes
Fiji Airways began services to Adelaide on 30 June 2017
Annual passengers
Cargo
Ground transport
Adelaide Metro operates frequent JetBus buses connecting the airport to a number of popular locations across metropolitan Adelaide.
Route J1X (currently cancelled due to COVID-19) operates an express service to and from the airport to the Adelaide CBD. Routes J1 and J2 operate between the northern, western and southern suburbs, via the CBD and airport – popular areas such as Tea Tree Plaza, Glenelg and Harbour Town are serviced. Routes J7 and J8 operate to West Lakes and Marion.
Taxis and rental cars are also available near the terminal building.
There were plans to build a rail line to the airport, but as of May 2020, these projects have been cancelled.
See also
List of airports in South Australia
Transport in Adelaide
Transport in Australia
References
External links
Adelaide Airport Limited
Adelaide Airport webcam, updated every 60 seconds. The camera is looking northeast from Gate 26
Video of Qantas A380's first visit to Adelaide Airport
1955 establishments in Australia
Airports established in 1955
Airports in South Australia
Buildings and structures in Adelaide
Transport in Adelaide
International airports in Australia | wiki |
A penny is a coin ( pennies) or a unit of currency (pl. pence) in various countries. Borrowed from the Carolingian denarius (hence its former abbreviation d.), it is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system. Presently, it is the formal name of the British penny ( p) and the de facto name of the American one-cent coin (abbr. ¢) as well as the informal Irish designation of the 1 cent euro coin (abbr. c). Due to inflation, pennies have lost virtually all their purchasing power and are often viewed as an expensive burden to merchants, banks, government mints and the public in general.
Penny is also the informal name of the cent unit of account in Canada, although one-cent coins were removed from circulation in 2012. Similarly, Australian one-cent coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1992 and New Zealand one-cent coins were demonetised in 1990.
The name penny is also used in reference to various historical currencies, also derived from the Carolingian system, such as the French denier and the German pfennig. It may also be informally used to refer to any similar smallest-denomination coin, such as the euro cent or Chinese fen.
The Carolingian penny was originally a 0.940-fine silver coin, weighing pound. It was adopted by Offa of Mercia and other English kings and remained the principal currency in Europe over the next few centuries, until repeated debasements necessitated the development of more valuable coins. The British penny remained a silver coin until the expense of the Napoleonic Wars prompted the use of base metals in 1797. Despite the decimalization of currencies in the United States and, later, throughout the British Commonwealth, the name remains in informal use.
No penny is currently formally subdivided, although farthings (d), halfpennies, and half cents have previously been minted and the mill (¢) remains in use as a unit of account in some contexts.
Etymology
Penny is first attested in a 1394 Scots text, a variant of Old English , a development of numerous variations including , , and . The etymology of the term "penny" is uncertain, although cognates are common across almost all Germanic languages and suggest a base *pan-, *pann-, or *pand- with the individualizing suffix -ing. Common suggestions include that it was originally *panding as a Low Franconian form of Old High German "pawn" (in the sense of a pledge or debt, as in a pawnbroker putting up collateral as a pledge for repayment of loans); *panning as a form of the West Germanic word for "frying pan", presumably owing to its shape; and *ponding as a very early borrowing of Latin ("pound"). Recently, it has been proposed that it may represent an early borrowing of Punic (Pane or Pene, "Face"), as the face of Carthaginian goddess Tanit was represented on nearly all Carthaginian currency. Following decimalization, the British and Irish coins were marked "new penny" until 1982 and 1985, respectively.
From the 16th century, the regular plural pennies fell out of use in England, when referring to a sum of money (e.g. "That costs tenpence."), but continued to be used to refer to more than one penny coin ("Here you are, a sixpence and four pennies."). It remains common in Scottish English, and is standard for all senses in American English, where, however, the informal "penny" is typically only used of the coins in any case, values being expressed in "cents". The informal name for the American cent seems to have spread from New York State.
In Britain, prior to decimalization, values from two to eleven pence were often written, and spoken as a single word, as twopence or tuppence, threepence or thruppence, etc. (Other values were usually expressed in terms of shillings and pence or written as two words, which might or might not be hyphenated.) Where a single coin represented a number of pence, it was treated as a single noun, as a sixpence. Thus, "a threepence" (but more usually "a threepenny bit") would be a single coin of that value whereas "three pence" would be its value, and "three pennies" would be three penny coins. In British English, divisions of a penny were added to such combinations without a conjunction, as sixpence-farthing, and such constructions were also treated as single nouns. Adjectival use of such coins used the ending -penny, as sixpenny.
The British abbreviation d. derived from the Latin . It followed the amount, e.g. "11d". It has been replaced since decimalization by p, usually written without a space or period. From this abbreviation, it is common to speak of pennies and values in pence as "p". In North America, it is common to abbreviate cents with the currency symbol ¢. Elsewhere, it is usually written with a simple c.
History
Antiquity
The medieval silver penny was modeled on similar coins in antiquity, such as the Greek drachma, the Carthaginian shekel, and the Roman denarius. Forms of these seem to have reached as far as Norway and Sweden. The use of Roman currency in Britain, seems to have fallen off after the Roman withdrawal and subsequent Saxon invasions.
Frankish Empire
Charlemagne's father Pepin the Short instituted a major currency reform around aiming to reorganize Francia's previous silver standard with a standardized .940-fine () weighing 1⁄240 pound. (As the Carolingian pound seems to have been about 489.5 grams, each penny weighed about 2 grams.) Around 790, Charlemagne introduced a new .950 or .960-fine penny with a smaller diameter. Surviving specimens have an average weight of although some estimate the original ideal mass at But despite the purity and quality of these pennies, they were often rejected by traders throughout the Carolingian period, in favor of the gold coins used elsewhere; this led to repeated legislation against such refusal, to accept the king's currency.
England
Some of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms initially copied the solidus, the late Roman gold coin; at the time, however, gold was so rare and valuable that even the smallest coins had such a great value that they could only be used in very large transactions and were sometimes not available at all. Around 641–670, there seems to have been a movement to use coins with lower gold content. This decreased their value and may have increased the number that could be minted, but these paler coins do not seem to have solved the problem of the value and scarcity of the currency. The miscellaneous silver sceattas minted in Frisia and Anglo-Saxon England after around 680 were probably known as "pennies" at the time. (The misnomer is based on a probable misreading of the Anglo-Saxon legal codes.) Their purity varied and their weight fluctuated from about 0.8 to about 1.3 grams. They continued to be minted in East Anglia under Beonna and in Northumbria as late as the mid-9th century.
The first Carolingian-style pennies were introduced by King Offa of Mercia ( 757–796), modeled on Pepin's system. His first series was of the Saxon pound of , giving a pennyweight of about His queen Cynethryth also minted these coins under her own name. Near the end of his reign, Offa minted his coins in imitation of Charlemagne's reformed pennies. Offa's coins were imitated by East Anglia, Kent, Wessex and Northumbria, as well as by two Archbishops of Canterbury. As in the Frankish Empire, all these pennies were notionally fractions of shillings (; ) and pounds (; ) but during this period neither larger unit was minted. Instead, they functioned only as notional units of account. (For instance, a "shilling" or "solidus" of grain was a measure equivalent to the amount of grain that 12 pennies could purchase.) English currency was notionally .925-fine sterling silver at the time of Henry II, but the weight and value of the silver penny steadily declined from 1300 onwards.
In 1257, Henry III minted a gold penny which had the nominal value of 1 shilling 8 pence (i.e. 20 d.). At first, the coin proved unpopular because it was overvalued for its weight; by 1265 it was so undervalued—the bullion value of its gold being worth 2 shillings (i.e. 24 d.) by then—that the coins still in circulation were almost entirely melted down for the value of their gold. Only eight gold pennies are known to survive. It was not until the reign of that the florin and noble established a common gold currency in England.
The earliest halfpenny and farthing (¼d.) found date from the reign of Henry III. The need for small change was also sometimes met by simply cutting a full penny into halves or quarters. In 1527, Henry VIII abolished the Tower pound of 5400 grains, replacing it with the Troy pound of 5760 grains (making a penny 5760/240 = 24 grains) and establishing a new pennyweight of 1.56 grams, although, confusingly, the penny coin by then weighed about 8 grains, and had never weighed as much as this 24 grains. The last silver pence for general circulation were minted during the reign of Charles II around 1660. Since then, they have only been coined for issue as Maundy money, royal alms given to the elderly on Maundy Thursday.
United Kingdom
Throughout the 18th century, the British government did not mint pennies for general circulation and the bullion value of the existing silver pennies caused them to be withdrawn from circulation. Merchants and mining companies, such as Anglesey's Parys Mining Co., began to issue their own copper tokens to fill the need for small change. Finally, amid the Napoleonic Wars, the government authorized Matthew Boulton to mint copper pennies and twopences at Soho Mint in Birmingham in 1797. Typically, 1 lb. of copper produced 24 pennies. In 1860, the copper penny was replaced with a bronze one (95% copper, 4% tin, 1% zinc). Each pound of bronze was coined into 48 pennies.
United States
The United States' cent, popularly known as the "penny" since the early 19th century, began with the unpopular copper chain cent in 1793. Abraham Lincoln was the first historical figure to appear on a U.S. coin when he was portrayed on the one-cent coin to commemorate his 100th birthday.
South Africa
The penny that was brought to the Cape Colony (in what is now South Africa) was a large coin—36 mm in diameter, 3.3 mm thick, and —and the twopence was correspondingly larger at 41 mm in diameter, 5 mm thick and . On them was Britannia with a trident in her hand. The English called this coin the Cartwheel penny due to its large size and raised rim, but the Capetonians referred to it as the Devil's Penny as they assumed that only the Devil used a trident. The coins were very unpopular due to their large weight and size. On 6 June 1825, Lord Charles Somerset, the governor, issued a proclamation that only British Sterling would be legal tender in the Cape Colony (colonial South Africa). The new British coins (which were introduced in England in 1816), among them being the shilling, six-pence of silver, the penny, half-penny, and quarter-penny in copper, were introduced to the Cape. Later two-shilling, four-penny, and three-penny coins were added to the coinage. The size and denomination of the 1816 British coins, with the exception of the four-penny coins, were used in South Africa until 1960.
Criticism of continued use
Handling and counting penny coins entail transaction costs that may be higher than a penny. It has been claimed that, for micropayments, the mental arithmetic costs more than the penny. Changes in the market prices of metals, combined with currency inflation, have caused the metal value of penny coins to exceed their face value.
Australia and New Zealand adopted 5¢ and 10¢, respectively, as their lowest coin denomination, followed by Canada, which adopted 5¢ as its lowest denomination in 2012. Several nations have stopped minting equivalent value coins, and efforts have been made to end the routine use of pennies in several countries. In the UK, since 1992, one- and two-penny coins have been made from copper-plated steel (making them magnetic) instead of bronze.
In popular culture
In British and American culture, finding a penny is traditionally considered lucky. A proverbial expression of this is "Find a penny, pick it up, and all the day you'll have good luck."
"A penny for your thoughts" is an idiomatic way of asking someone what they are thinking about. It is first attested in John Heywood's 1547 Dialogue Conteinying the Nomber in Effect of All the Proverbes in the Englishe Tongue, at a time when the penny was still a sterling silver coin.
"In for a penny, in for a pound," is a common expression used to express someone's intention to see an undertaking through, however much time, effort, or money this entails.
To "give (one's) tuppence/tuppenny/two'penneth (worth)", is a commonwealth saying that uses the words for two pence to share one's opinion, idea, or point of view, regardless of whether or not others want to hear it. A similar expression using the US term of cents is my two cents.
In British English, to "spend a penny" means to urinate. Its etymology is literal: coin-operated public toilets commonly charged a pre-decimal penny, beginning with the Great Exhibition of 1851.
"Tuppence" - Old British slang word for ‘vagina’.
Around Decimal Day in 1971, British Rail introduced the "Superloo", improved public toilets that charged 2p (equivalent to nearly 5d).
In 1936 U.S. shoemaker G.H. Bass & Co. introduced its "Weejuns" penny loafers. Other companies followed with similar products.
A common myth is that a penny dropped from the Empire State Building would kill a person or crack the sidewalk. However, a penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches terminal velocity after falling about 50 feet.
List of pennies
Australia: penny (1911–1964) and cent (1966–1992)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: (1998–present)
Canada: cent (1858–2012)
Denmark: (–a. 1873)
England: penny (–1707)
Estonia: (1918–1927)
Falkland Islands: Falkland Islands penny (1974–present)
Finland: (1861–2002)
France: (–1794)
Various German states: (–2002)
Gibraltar: Gibraltar penny (1988–present)
Guernsey, as an 8-double coin ("Guernsey penny", 1830–1921) and of a Guernsey pound (1921–71) and 1/100 of a Guernsey pound (1971–present)
Ireland: penny, as 1/240 Irish pound (1928–68) and as 1/100 Irish pound (1971–2002), and euro cent (2002–present)
Isle of Man: Manx penny (1668–present)
Jersey: Jersey penny (1841–present)
Netherlands: penning (8th–16th centuries)
New Zealand: penny (1940–1967) and cent (1967–1987)
Kingdom of Poland: (1917–1918) and (1918–1924) during Second Polish Republic
Norway: (–1873)
Saint Helena and Ascension Island: Saint Helena penny (1984–present)
Scotland: Penny Scots/ (–1707)
Sweden: (–1548)
South Africa: penny (1923–) and cent (1961–2002)
Transvaal: penny (1892–1900)
United Kingdom: penny, as British pound (1707–1971) and as 1/100 British pound (1971–present)
United States: cent (1793–present)
Medieval Wales: (10th–13th centuries)
See also
Coins of the pound sterling
Elongated coin (pressed penny)
Efforts to eliminate the penny in the United States
History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)
Legal Tender Modernization Act
One-cent coin (disambiguation)
Penny sizes of nails
Pennyweight
Sen, equivalent in Japan used between the 19th century and 1953
Prutah
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
External links
Copper Penny Importance – Blog post & video covering the importance of retaining copper pennies.
The MegaPenny Project – A visualisation of what exponential numbers of pennies would look like.
Silver Pennies – Pictures of English silver pennies from Anglo-Saxon times to the present.
Copper Pennies – Pictures of English copper pennies from 1797 to 1860.
US Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars – Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012).
Luck | wiki |
SingStar Guitar is a 2010 competitive karaoke and music video game, a spin-off of the karaoke SingStar series. The title was developed by London Studio for the PlayStation 3, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It allows the use of a third-party guitar controller such as those used in the Guitar Hero or Rock Band series.
Music
On-disc
The following track list is the line-up of music included in the release of SingStar Guitar: The German and Spanish editions of the game includes some localised material. All of the in game mixes were done from original multi-tracks. The mixing work was done by a music production company in the UK, Nimrod Productions.
Downloadable content
The following songs in the SingStore have "Guitar add-ons" available:
References
External links
Official Page @ PlayStation.com
2010 video games
Karaoke video games
London Studio games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 3-only games
PlayStation Eye games
SingStar
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.