text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
In mathematics, a superadditive set function is a set function whose value when applied to the union of two disjoint sets is greater than or equal to the sum of values of the function applied to each of the sets separately. This definition is analogous to the notion of superadditivity for real-valued functions. It is contrasted to subadditive set function.
Definition
Let be a set and be a set function, where denotes the power set of . The function f is superadditive if for any pair of disjoint subsets of , we have .
See also
Utility functions on indivisible goods
Citations
Combinatorial optimization
Approximation algorithms | wiki |
Exhibit (part of the SIMILE Project) is a lightweight, structured-data publishing framework that allows developers to create web pages with support for sorting, filtering and rich visualizations. Oriented towards semantic web-type problems, Exhibit can be implemented by writing rich data out to HTML then configuring some CSS and JavaScript code.
Overview
Technically, Exhibit is a collection of JavaScript files to be included in a web page. When Exhibit pages are loaded by a browser, the JavaScript reads in one or more JSON data files and builds a local database in the memory of the machine running the browser. Data can then be filtered and sorted directly in the browser without having to re-query the server. The design of Exhibit is optimized for browsing faceted data.
The Exhibit code base is currently being developed by members of the SIMILE Project at MIT.
References
External links
Website of the Exhibit Widget
Exhibit Wiki
Official SIMILE Project website
Web development software
Semantic Web | wiki |
A paperless loan is a financial transaction in which one party (i.e. the lender) agrees to give another party (i.e. the borrower) a certain amount of money with the expectation of repayment together with the fee agreed upon by both parties solely online or over the phone. The predominant difference of a traditional loan compared to the paperless loan lies within its paperless application process and the absence of interest. Instead of charging borrowers an interest rate, lenders will charge a fee that may range from $10 to $30 for each borrowed $100. Plenty of paper agreements can be avoided as lenders do not require a written proof of employment or income since such information can be confirmed with the aid of online databases.
Paperless loans are usually from a minimum of $100 to a maximum of $1,500 with an average amount varying between $200 and $500. The exact eligible amount is determined when applying and depends on an income reported by the customer.
Criticism
Some people argue that paperless payday lenders target fragile people, such as low-income communities, emphasizing the ease of getting a loan regardless of the target audience being fragile and unfamiliar with the repaying process.
References
Loans
Personal finance
Credit | wiki |
Ibazocine (INN, USAN) is an opioid analgesic which was never marketed.
See also
Benzomorphan
References
Analgesics
Benzomorphans
Opioids | wiki |
Corner Shot may refer to:
Corner Shot Holdings, LLC company, which makes the following product:
CornerShot weapon accessory | wiki |
In lithic reduction, the striking platform is the surface on the proximal portion of a lithic flake on which the detachment blow falls; this may be natural or prepared. Types of striking platforms include:
Cortex, which consists of an area of cortex used as a platform during initial reduction;
Single-faceted, consisting of a flat platform at right angles to the dorsal surface of the flake and most often associated with conchoidal fractures;
Double-faceted, a variety of multifaceted, prepared platform, also characteristically flat and associated with conchoidal fractures;
Multifaceted, with three or more facets to the platform;
Lipped, a platform type resulting from soft hammer biface reduction; and
Crushed, which occurs when the platform was crushed beyond easy recognition by the detachment blow.
Notes
Lithics | wiki |
Blanche Azoulay was the first woman to become a lawyer in Algeria, upon being called to the Bar of Algiers in 1908.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
20th-century Algerian lawyers
Algerian women lawyers | wiki |
A firelighter is a small, solid fuel tablet for fire making. Firelighters marketed as consumer products may be used to start a wood or coal fire in a fireplace, wood-burning stove, or solid-fuel portable stove.
As a hazardous material, firelighters are assigned a UN number: 2623 ("Firelighters; solid with flammable liquid").
See also
Hexamine fuel tablet
References
Camping equipment
Firelighting materials
Solid fuels | wiki |
Primarily, nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on certain kinds of cloth, such as velvet or moleskin. Nap can refer additionally to other surfaces that look like the surface of a napped cloth, such as the surface of a felt or beaver hat.
Starting around the 14th century, the word referred originally to the roughness of woven cloth before it was sheared. When cloth, especially woollen cloth, is woven, the surface of the cloth is not smooth, and this roughness is the nap. Generally the cloth is then "sheared" to create an even surface, and the nap is thus removed. A person who trimmed the surface of cloth with shears to remove any excess nap was known as a shearman.
Nap typically has a direction in which it feels smoothest. In garments, nap direction is often matched across seams, because cloth will not only feel but look different depending on the direction of the nap. For this reason, sewing patterns frequently show the nap direction, or warn that more fabric will be needed if the fabric has a nap.
Piled nap
Since the 15th century, the term nap has generally referred to a special pile given to the cloth. The term pile refers to raised fibres that are there on purpose, rather than as a by-product of producing the cloth. In this case, the nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric, which can then be cut or left intact. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a nap or pile.
Raising the nap
In the finishing process of manufacturing textiles, after the cloth is woven, it goes through processes such as washing, fulling, raising the nap and trimming the nap. After the nap is trimmed, the fabric is considered finished. The raising process, which draws out the ends of the fibres, is done on both woollen and cotton fabric. Flannelette is a cotton fabric that goes through this process. There are ways to 'raise the nap', most of which involve wire brushes such as raising cards. Originally, dried teasel pods were used and were still preferred for use on woollen cloth for a long time. Woollen fabrics, which must be damp when raising the nap, are then dried and stretched before the nap is trimmed or sheared. Cotton cloth goes straight to the shearing process, where the nap gets trimmed to ensure that all the raised fibres are the same length.
Sueding and emerizing
Fabric sueding is carried out on a sueding machine with abrasive covered rollers; the machines can suede both sides of fabric, whether woven or knitted. Creasing and variations in the center selvedge are two major concerns with sueded fabrics. Fabrics that have been sueded or emerized are known as 'sueded fabrics' or 'emerized fabrics.'
Sueding
Sueding is a mechanical finishing process that exposes the material to an abrasive surface, creating a small, soft pile. The abrasion mechanism may be equipped with sandpaper, emery paper or carbon brushes.
Sueding action
The abrasive material on the machine's rollers cuts and shreds surface fibres, resulting in a soft texture with a short pile.
Trademarked sueded fabrics
Alcantara and Ultrasuede are trademarked names for a plush microfiber with a feel resembling soft suede; this type of material is more durable and resistant to liquids and stains, and can be used in upholstery, accessories, clothing or shoes.
See also
Beaver (cloth)
Gig-mill
Falding
References
Textiles | wiki |
Women's Islamic Initiative in Spirituality and Equality, (WISE, or WISE Muslim Women) is a global organization dedicated to promoting women's rights, and social justice which is led by Muslim women. WISE takes the stance that patriarchal culture, not Islam, takes away women's rights and helps Muslims feel that they do not have to choose between their religion and their rights. The organization is able to provide Muslims around the world with a place and platform to discuss interpretations of the Quran, confront harmful traditions and prejudice and also to raise awareness of women in Islam. As an international movement, it has been considered by scholar and social scientist, Julie Pruzan-Jørgensen, to "hold important potentials for strengthening Arab women's authority and for pushing for reform of patriarchal practices." WISE is sponsored by the New York-based American Society for Muslim Advancement (ASMA).
Programs
WISE sponsors conferences, like the 2010 conference in Malaysia which drew over 200 Muslim women from over 55 countries. At the first conference, also in Malaysia in 2007, WISE developed a 10-year plan for "advancing women's worldwide leadership within Islam." WISE conferences present academic papers, workshops and a Muslim Women's Online Portal which streams video and has a virtual mosque.
WISE set up a shura council for women which makes religious statements about abuses against women. While the council has no legal authority to issue fatwas, it is influential in many countries where Islam is the major religion. The shura is a way to promote activism from within the system already in place where Shari'a law is used. The shura created by WISE is "an effort by women to reclaim a religious and legal voice," and it is also the "first truly international shura of the Muslim world."
WISE also coordinates with other groups, like the Noor Educational Centre (NEC), founded by Jamila Afghani, in order to provide gender-sensitive training for Imams. The group also reaches out and partners with traditional Islamic universities as well.
History
WISE was formed in 2006 in order to overcome the stereotypes that Muslims are terrorists and that Islam oppresses women. WISE was founded by Daisy Khan, who was concerned about gender inequality in Islam. Khan also said, "It's embarrassing when the problems of Muslim women are debated in the press without any participation by Muslim women themselves." WISE was first "launched" at a 2006 conference sponsored by ASMA in New York. In its initial statement in 2006, WISE has stated that "justice, fairness, and equality are core values of Islam."
WISE has been funded by the Ford Foundation, the Henry Luce Foundation, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Marshall Family Fund. Early on, the organization included prominent Muslim women, such as Baroness Uddin, Ingrid Mattson and Massouda Jalal.
References
External links
Official site
Islamic feminism
Women's organizations based in the United States
Islamic organizations based in the United States | wiki |
Visa requirements for Kenyan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Kenya. As of 2 July 2019, Kenyan citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 69 countries and territories, ranking the Kenyan passport 74th in terms of travel freedom (tied with the passport of the People's Republic of China) according to the Henley Passport Index.
Visa requirements map
History
In order to comply to with the Schengen Agreement, Italy re-established the regime obligatory a visa for Kenyan citizens. From 1 January 1999, all Kenyan citizens, holders of ordinary, service and diplomatic passports need a visa to travel to Italy.
Visa requirements
Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories
Unrecognized or partially recognized countries
Dependent and autonomous territories
See also
Visa policy of Kenya
Kenyan passport
Visa requirements for Burundian citizens
Visa requirements for Congo DR citizens
Visa requirements for Rwandan citizens
Visa requirements for South Sudanese citizens
Visa requirements for Tanzanian citizens
Visa requirements for Ugandan citizens
References and Notes
References
Notes
Kenya
Foreign relations of Kenya | wiki |
Caulibugula is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
Caulibugula annulata
Caulibugula arcasounensis
Caulibugula armata
Caulibugula aspinosa
Caulibugula binata
Caulibugula bocki
Caulibugula caliculata
Caulibugula californica
Caulibugula ciliata
Caulibugula ciliatoidea
Caulibugula dendrograpta
Caulibugula exilis
Caulibugula glabra
Caulibugula gracilenta
Caulibugula haddoni
Caulibugula hainanica
Caulibugula hastingsae
Caulibugula inermis
Caulibugula irregularis
Caulibugula levinseni
Caulibugula longiconica
Caulibugula longirostrata
Caulibugula lunga
Caulibugula mortenseni
Caulibugula occidentalis
Caulibugula pearsei
Caulibugula separata
Caulibugula sinica
Caulibugula tuberosa
Caulibugula zanzibariensis
References
Bryozoan genera | wiki |
Liar Liar is a 1997 Jim Carrey film.
Liar Liar may also refer to:
Liar, Liar (1993 film), a TV movie
"Liar! Liar!, "a song by B'z
"Liar Liar" (Cris Cab song)
"Liar, Liar" (The Castaways song), a song covered by Debbie Harry
"Liar Liar", a 2013 song by Avicii from True
"Liar Liar" (Christina Grimmie song), 2011
"Liar, Liar", a 2008 song by In Fiction from The Forecast
"Liar Liar", a 2016 song by Oh My Girl from Pink Ocean
"Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)", a 2007 song by the Used from Lies for the Liars
"Liar Liar GE2017", a 2017 song by Captain SKA
Liar Liar (novel series), a Japanese light novel series
Liar × Liar, a Japanese manga series by Renjūrō Kindaichi
See also
Liar (disambiguation)
Pants on Fire (disambiguation) | wiki |
A sports riot is a riot that occurs during or after sporting events. Sports riots occur worldwide. Most riots are known to occur after the event is done, but some have been during the game (see football hooliganism). Whilst football (soccer) is one of the more well-known triggers for riots, other sports which have triggered riots include ice hockey and motorcycle racing. There are a number of factors believed to influence whether riots occur, including cultural factors; environmental factors such as temperature, darkness, and noise; and witnessing player violence.
Examples
The following are various examples of a sports riot:
References
Riots | wiki |
Mina for you is an album by Italian singer Mina, issued in 1969. It was recorded by Mina entirely in English.
Track listing
Side A
Side B
1969 albums
Mina (Italian singer) albums | wiki |
Salamandra is a genus of salamanders.
Salamandra may also refer to:
Salamandra (band), Czech speed metal band
Salamandra (album), 1986 album by Miguel Bosé
W.W.S.1 Salamandra, Polish glider
Salamandra Kharkiv, Ukrainian ice-hockey team
Salamander (1928 film), a 1928 Soviet-German film
See also | wiki |
Bubble Wrap (originally Air Cap) is a trademarked brand of Sealed Air Corporation that includes numerous cushioning products made from bubble wrap. The brand is produced by the Product Care division of Sealed Air. Both the Bubble Wrap brand and product were introduced in 1960, with the launch of Sealed Air. Although the brand was originally used for the packaging of IBM computers, Sealed Air now does most of its Bubble Wrap business in the food packaging industry.
History
Bubble wrap was invented in 1957 by engineers Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes in Hawthorne, New Jersey. Fielding and Chavannes sealed two shower curtains together, creating a smattering of air bubbles, which they originally tried to sell as wallpaper. When the product turned out to be unsuccessful as wallpaper, the team sold it as greenhouse insulation.
Although Bubble Wrap was branded by Sealed Air Corporation (founded by Fielding and Chavannes) in 1960, it was not until a year later (1961) that its usefulness in protective usage was discovered. As a packaging material, Bubble Wrap's first client was IBM, which used the product to protect the IBM 1401 computer during shipment. Fielding and Chavannes were inducted into the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame in 1993. Sealed Air celebrated Bubble Wrap's 50th birthday in January 2010.
Uses
The Annual Bubble Wrap Competition For Young Inventors was hosted by Sealed Air from 2006 to 2008, in which children were encouraged to design products made out of bubble wrap that had uses outside of the packaging industry. Inventions included a "Bubble Wrap Car Door Cover", a "Bubble Wrap Cushy Wheelchair", and "Transformable Bubble Wrap Kite".
Popping Bubble Wrap is sometimes used as stress-relief, and Sealed Air's corporate offices have "stress relief boxes" that are filled with Bubble Wrap for the employees to pop.
References
Brands that became generic
Packaging materials
Products introduced in 1960 | wiki |
Neoscona tedgenica is een spinnensoort in de taxonomische indeling van de wielwebspinnen (Araneidae).
Het dier behoort tot het geslacht Neoscona. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1978 door Bakhvalov.
Wielwebspinnen | wiki |
Vlad the Drac Returns () is a book by Ann Jungman, and the sequel to Vlad the Drac. It was first published in 1984 by Dragon Books.
References
British children's novels
Vampire novels
1984 British novels
1984 children's books
Children's fantasy novels | wiki |
In the United States, a party store is a store that sells supplies for parties. Merchandise may include:
Balloons and streamers
Wrapping paper, greeting cards
Cake decoration items
Seasonal holiday items (Christmas, Hanukkah, July 4th, Halloween, Thanksgiving, etc.)
Candy and soft drinks
Plates, utensils, cups (especially disposable ones for parties) and table decorations
In 2019 a global shortage of helium sharply reduced supply for helium-filled balloons, due to the US rationing helium because of a reduction in supply by 30% stemming from a Saudi-boycott of producer country Qatar, hurting party stores such as Party City, one of the reasons the company cited in closing 45 of its 870 stores.
In Michigan and some other parts of the United States, "party store" may also be a local synonym for convenience store.
See also
See articles about party stores on Wikipedia
References
Retailers by type of merchandise sold | wiki |
Light of Life may refer to:
Light of Life (The Bar-Kays album), 1978
Light of Life (Sons of Korah album), 1999 | wiki |
A cookie cake is a dessert that consists of a large cookie, which is baked similarly to a batch of regular-sized cookies and usually decorated with frosting. Cookie cakes are made with cookie dough, generally by adjusting the portions of existing cookie recipes in order to match the size of the pan used for baking. Cookie cakes can be baked in a variety of sizes, and are served and sliced in sections, similarly to cakes and pies.
See also
List of cakes
References
https://www.juliesamericancookies.com
Cookies
Cakes | wiki |
Just watch me is a phrase made famous by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.
Just Watch Me may also refer to:
Just Watch Me: Trudeau and the '70s Generation, a 1999 Canadian documentary film by Catherine Annau
Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Vol. 2: 1968-2000, a 2009 book by John English
Just Watch Me: Remembering Pierre Trudeau, a 1984 book by Larry Zolf
Just Watch Me..., a 2002 romance novel by Julie Elizabeth Leto
Just Watch Me, an unreleased album by Jordan McCoy, or the title song
"Just Watch Me", a song by G. Hannelius
"Just Watch Me", a song by Kate Voegele from her 2014 Wild Card EP
See also
"You Just Watch Me", a song by Tanya Tucker
Watch Me (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tapuah Junction stabbing may refer to:
2010 Tapuah Junction stabbing
2013 Tapuah Junction stabbing | wiki |
Earth Star may refer to:
Earth Star Diamond
Earth star fungus or Geastrales, an order of mushrooms
Cryptanthus or earth star, a genus in the botanical family Bromeliaceae
Saturn or earth star
Earth Star, a character in Toad Patrol
See also
Earthstar (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Diploma in Education and Training is an initial teacher training qualification, studied at QCF Level 5, for teaching in Further Education (FE) and the lifelong learning sector of education in the United Kingdom. Study for the Diploma in Education and Training typically follows the completion of the Certificate in Education and Training at QCF Level 4 and the Award in Education and Training at QCF Level 3. The Diploma in Education and Training qualifies a teacher for Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS) status from the Institute for Learning. The Diploma in Education and Training replaces the Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector.
References
Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
Teacher training | wiki |
The Certificate in Education and Training is an initial teacher training qualification, studied at Qualifications and Credit Framework Level 4, for teaching in Further Education and the lifelong learning sector of education in the United Kingdom. Study for the Certificate in Education and Training typically follows the completion of the Award in Education and Training at Qualifications and Credit Framework Level 3, and precedes the start of the Diploma in Education and Training at Level 5. The Certificate in Education and Training qualifies an associate teacher for Associate Teacher Learning and Skills status from the Institute for Learning. The Certificate in Education and Training replaces the Certificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector.
The Certificate in Education and Training Level 4 is qualification for associate teacher. This does not allow one to apply for Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills. https://www.gov.uk/qualified-teacher-status-qts
Level 4 Certificate In Education and Training Level 4
References
Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
Professional certification in teaching
Teacher training | wiki |
"Shot Reverse Shot" is a song by American musician Jack Johnson from his 2013 album From Here to Now to You. The song is the third and final single from the album, and was released on December 23, 2013.
Composition
Johnson wrote the song about Shot reverse shot, a technique frequently used by film editors to set up a scene where two characters talk to one another in a motion picture. The song also features references of his wife Kim Johnson.
Release
The radio edit of the song was released on December 23, 2013. A one track promotional single for the album was released in the UK.
Music video
The music video for the song was released on December 24, 2013, and spawned over 1 million views on YouTube. The video was shot frame by frame while Johnson was on his From Here to Now to You Tour in Australia and New Zealand.
Track listing
CD single
"Shot Reverse Shot" - 3:04
References
2013 songs
2013 singles
Jack Johnson (musician) songs
Songs written by Jack Johnson (musician) | wiki |
The Écréhous (or in Jèrriais: Êcrého) are a group of islands and rocks situated six miles (9.6 km) north-east of Jersey, and eight miles (12.8 km) from France. They form part of the Bailiwick of Jersey and are administratively part of the Parish of St. Martin.
Etymology
The name 'Ecrehous' is Norse in origin. "Esker" as in Skerry meaning a stony bank and 'Hou', the toponym found also in Jethou, Lihou, Brecqhou, Burhou and other islets, derives from holm, meaning island. The first part of the name appears to be traced back to the Norse word sker, meaning reef. The Ecrehos are actually, geologically, part of the same island group as Les Dirouilles (west) and Les Pierres de Lecq ('the Paternosters') (further west).
Islets
The most significant islets in the group are:
Maîtr'Île
La Marmotchiéthe ('La Marmotière' in gallicized form)
Lé Bliantch'Île (La Blanche Île in gallicized form);
others include:
Les D'mies
La Grand' Naithe
L'Etchièrviéthe
Lé Fou
La Froutchie
All but the three largest are submerged at high tide. There are no permanent residents on the islands and there is no fresh water there. Due to erosion, they are now much smaller than they may have been within historic times. Maîtr'Île, the largest of the islets, is about 300 metres (0.19 mi) long. There is a small number of fishermen's huts, some used as holiday residences, on the largest islets, and one official building, a customs house, on La Marmotchiéthe.
History
During the last ice age, sea levels were lower and the islands were high ground above a plain that connected the European Continent with southern England.
Sovereignty
The islets, along with the other Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula, were annexed to the Duchy of Normandy in 933. After William, Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066 the islands remained united to the Duchy until the conquest of mainland Normandy in 1204 by Philip Augustus. In 1259 Henry III did homage to the French king for the Channel Islands. While Edward III in the 1360 Treaty of Brétigny waived his claims to the crown of France and to Normandy, he reserved various territories to England.
Chapel and Priory
In 1203, shortly before the division of Normandy in 1204, John, Duke of Normandy granted the Ecrehos to the Abbey of Val-Richer that they might build a church there. The chapel measured in width and in length; the priory accommodation for the monks formed an extension to the chapel. In 1309 it was reported that a prior was living in the Ecrehos with one monk and a servant; a navigation light was lit every night.
In 1413 alien priories were suppressed, and the monks returned to Val-Richer. Their church and priory on La Maîtr'Île fell into ruins.
Uses
In the 17th century the Ecrehos were used by smugglers. It was recorded that the main smuggled goods in the 1690s through the Ecrehos was lead and gunpowder destined for St Malô.
In order to help control voting in Jersey, it was not unknown for citizens to find themselves taken and stranded on the Islands until after voting had taken place.
Long-term residents
Though they are only inhabited sporadically by holidaymakers and fishermen, in the past there have been more permanent residents on the Ecrehos due to more abundant vegetation. Two eccentrics who lived on the Ecrehos for a long time proclaimed themselves to be Le Roi des Écréhous (The King of the Ecrehous) and claimed that sovereignty over the islands belonged to them. Philippe Pinel lived on Bliantch'Île from 1848 to 1898 and exchanged gifts with Queen Victoria. In the 1960s and 1970s Alphonse Le Gastelois found refuge in the islands from unfounded public suspicion of being the Beast of Jersey (a notorious sexual attacker of children who was later arrested, thus clearing Le Gastelois of suspicion).
Resolution of disputed status
In the 19th and early 20th centuries there were several occasions on which nominal control was displayed – e.g. flags and buoys, and there were several occasions on which the British government indicated to the French government that it wished to settle the matter.
In 1950 France took the United Kingdom to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for discussions to decide to which country the Minquiers and Ecrehos belonged. The French fished in the waters, but Jersey exercised various administrative rights. In the Minquiers and Ecrehos case, the ICJ considered the historical evidence, and in its judgment of 17 November 1953 awarded the islands to Jersey.
On currency
La Marmotchiéthe is depicted on the 2010 issue Jersey 50 pound note.
Protected status
In 2005, the States of Jersey designated it as an area under the Ramsar convention, signifying it was a wetland of international importance and giving it an enhanced status and recognition. A management plan for the area has yet to be published. There was a public consultation in 2010 into Jersey's management of Ramsar areas but the results were not made public.
In 2022, four areas of Les Ecréhous islands were introduced under Jersey's wildlife law. This decision was made in order to protect the breeding activities and nesting of wild birds, some of them including European shags, great cormorants, common terns, the roseate terns, and oystercatchers. In practice, this means unauthorized people cannot enter during breeding periods, the speed of boats is limited, dogs may not enter, and the use of drones, lasers, and fireworks is prohibited.
Pilotage and sailing
Entrance to the islands can be difficult. However, it is possible to visit at all states of tide with the main entrance from the southwest.
Gallery
Footnotes
References
Files on the ICJ case can be found in the National Archives, mostly in the FO 371 sequence.
Les Ecrehous, Jersey: History and Archaeology of a Channel Island Archipelago () by Warwick Rodwell.
Histoire des Minquiers et des Écréhous. Robert Sinsoilliez. Éditions l'Ancre de Marine.
External links
Les Écréhous: a Toponymy
International Court of Justice: The Minquiers and Ecrehos Case
, Accord commercial sur la pêche entre la France et Jersey
The Écréhous
Video "Les Écréhou, petit bijou anglo-normand" by MancheLibre
Sentence of the International Court of Justice
Ramsar sites in Jersey
Uninhabited islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey
Saint Martin, Jersey
Protected areas of Jersey
Former populated places in the Channel Islands | wiki |
Associate Teacher Learning and Skills (ATLS) status is a designation awarded to teachers in the Further Education and Post-Compulsory Education & Training sectors by the Education & Training Foundation (ETF) in the United Kingdom. ATLS may be earned en route to Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS) status, which is seen as on an equal level to Qualified Teacher Status (QTS).
ATLS is a professional 'status'.
Gaining ATLS
From November 2014, ATLS has been offered by the Education & Training Foundation (ETF) to members of the Society for Education & Training (SET) for a fee of £485. In order to obtain ATLS, the candidate is required to register with SET, undertake Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and complete SET's 'Professional Formation' process.
Prior to November 2014, ATLS was offered by the Institute for Learning (IfL) which was absorbed into the Education & Training Foundation (ETF) on 31 October 2014.
ATLS can be obtained en route to QTLS which is seen as on an equal level to QTS. Should an individual want to work as an Associate Teacher in maintained schools, the same way as any other teacher, then they must have ATLS and be a member of the Society for Education & Training (SET).
The Certificate in Education and Training qualification and its predecessors (e.g. CTLLS) qualify a teacher to attain ATLS.
See also
Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS)
Qualified Teacher Status (QTS)
External links
Education & Training Foundation
Society for Education & Training
Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom
Professional certification in teaching
Teacher training | wiki |
Acianthera saurocephala is a species of orchid.
saurocephala | wiki |
Strawberry tree is a common name for:
Arbutus, a genus in the family Ericaceae with edible red fruits
Arbutus unedo, the tree from which the genus Arbutus derives its name
Arbutus andrachne, known as Greek strawberry tree
Calycophyllum candidissimum, in the family Calycophyllum
Cornus capitata, a species of dogwood known as Himalayan strawberry-tree
Muntingia calabura, in the family Malvaceae, native to the American tropics
Myrica rubra, in the family Myricaceae, referred to as the Chinese strawberry tree
Other uses
Strawberry Tree (solar energy device)
Strawberry Tree (national symbol of Italy)
The Strawberry Tree, a 2011 Spanish-language experimental film
See also
Strawberries and Cream Tree, a graft hybrid cherry tree | wiki |
A jam nut is a low profile type of nut, typically half as tall as a standard nut. It is commonly used as a type of locknut, where it is "jammed" up against a standard nut to lock the two in place. It is also used in situations where a standard nut would not fit.
The term "jam nut" can also refer to any nut that is used in the same function (even a standard nut used for the jamming purpose). Jam nuts, other types of locknuts, lock washers, and thread-locking fluid are ways to prevent vibration from loosening a bolted joint.
Use of two nuts to prevent self-loosening
In normal use, a nut-and-bolt joint holds together because the bolt is under a constant tensile stress called the preload. The preload pulls the nut threads against the bolt threads, and the nut face against the bearing surface, with a constant force, so that the nut cannot rotate without overcoming the friction between these surfaces. If the joint is subjected to vibration, however, the preload increases and decreases with each cycle of movement. If the minimum preload during the vibration cycle is not enough to hold the nut firmly in contact with the bolt and the bearing surface, then the nut is likely to become loose.
Specialized locking nuts exist to prevent this problem, but sometimes it is sufficient to add a second nut. For this technique to be reliable, each nut must be tightened to the correct torque. The inner nut is tightened to about a quarter to a half of the torque of the outer nut. It is then held in place by a wrench while the outer nut is tightened on top using the full torque. This arrangement causes the two nuts to push against each other, creating a tensile stress in the short section of the bolt that lies between them. Even when the main joint is vibrated, the stress between the two nuts remains constant, thus holding the nut threads in constant contact with the bolt threads and preventing self-loosening. When the joint is assembled correctly, the outer nut bears the full tension of the joint. The inner nut functions merely to add a small additional force to the outer nut and does not need to be as strong, so a thin nut can be used.
The jam nut essentially acts as the "other object", as the two nuts are tightened against each other. They can also be used to secure an item on a fastener without applying force to that object. This is achieved by first tightening one of the nuts onto the item. Then the other nut is screwed down on top of the first nut. The inner nut is then slackened back and tightened against the outer nut.
Jam nuts can also be used in situations where a threaded rod must be rotated. Since threaded rods have no bolt heads, it is difficult or impossible to apply torque to a threaded rod. A pair of jam nuts is used to create a point where a wrench may be used.
Jam nuts can be unreliable under significant loads. If the inner nut is torqued more than the outer nut, the outer nut may yield. If the outer nut is torqued more than the inner nut, the inner nut may loosen up.
References
Nuts (hardware)
Kontermutter | wiki |
Waves and Instabilities from a Neutral Dynamo or WINDY is space experiment mission for the purpose to study a phenomenon that occurs in the ionosphere – a layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere.
Mission
WINDY is a NASA rocket mission that hopes to study disturbances in the upper atmosphere that might interfere with communication and technology systems. The experiment will form night-time white artificial clouds that will be visible by residents of the Republic of the Marshall Islands during two rocket flights. The rockets were launched September 9, 2017.
References
Ionosphere
NASA programs | wiki |
A knurled nut is a nut with a knurled outside surface. This facilitates tightening by hand (thumb nut) or secures the nut into a handle or cover (insertion nut).
Uses
Knurled nuts are commonly used in any application where the fasteners will be removed regularly but not needed for structural support. They can commonly be found on electrical panel covers, precision measuring tools, squares, and service covers. The advantages of using a knurled fastener in this situation are: it improves the ease of removal, deters the possibly over-tightening/stripping, and does not require any tools to manipulate the fastener.
However, there are knurled nuts available that have a slot cut into them for the use of a Phillips head screwdriver. This expands the versatility of the nut and provides the option to use tools. Nuts with the Phillips slot are common in applications where vibration is a concern.
References
What Are Thumb Screws and Where Are They Used, www.rabcomponents.com/blog/what-are-thumb-screws-and-where-are-they-used.html.
“Understanding Benefits and Applications of Knurled Thumb Screws.” Norwood, norwoodscrewmachine.com/blog/understanding-benefits-applications-knurled-thumb-screws/.
Nuts (hardware)
Mechanical fasteners | wiki |
Jiangzhe may refer to:
Wu (region) or Jiangzhe (江浙), a region in the Jiangnan area
Jiangzhe people, often synonymous with Wu Chinese-speaking people
Jiangzhe province (江浙行省) during the Yuan dynasty
Jiang Zhe, a Chinese football player
See also
Zhejiang | wiki |
A flange nut is a nut that has a wide flange at one end that acts as an integrated washer. This serves to distribute the pressure of the nut over the part being secured, reducing the chance of damage to the part and making it less likely to loosen as a result of an uneven fastening surface. These nuts are mostly hexagonal in shape and are made up of hardened steel and often coated with zinc.
Flange nuts (and bolts) are widely used in automobiles and electronic products.
Variants
Serrated flange nut
The flange may be serrated to provide a locking action. On a serrated flange nut, the serrations are angled such that they keep the nut from rotating in the direction that would loosen the nut. Because of the serrations they cannot be used with a washer or on surfaces that must not be scratched. The serrations help in preventing the vibration of the nut from moving the fastener, thus maintaining the holding power of the nut.
Swivelling flange nut
Flange nuts are sometimes provided with a swivel flange which helps in creating a more stable structure without affecting finished product like a serrated flange nut. Swivel flange nuts are mostly used in joining wood and plastic.
Self-aligning nut
A self-aligning nut, also known as a spherical nut or leveling nut, is a type of nut used in applications where the fastener is not perpendicular to the surface to which the nut anchors. A flange nut is used inside a specially shaped dished-out washer. The device is commonly used in the aerospace industry. If this nut were not used the object would have to be spot faced so as to provide a surface perpendicular to the fastener.
Standards
The following specifications define flange nuts:
ASME B18.2.2
ISO 4161
DIN EN 1661, and the DIN 6923 which it has superseded
JIS B 1190
JASO F 126 (used in the Japanese automotive industry)
See also
Keps nut
Serrated face nut
References
Nuts (hardware) | wiki |
Crash box may refer to:
Crash box (vehicle collision), an energy absorbing device installed in order to reduce repair costs in low-speed vehicle collisions
Crash box (stagecraft), a stagecraft device which reproduces a crash or collision sound effect
Crash gearbox, non-synchromesh automobile transmission
Crashbox, an American-Canadian educational children's television series | wiki |
Approved Driving Instructor (or ADI) is a UK term for a trainer of car driving who has been tested and registered by the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA). UK law requires driving instructors to be qualified before they can charge for their services.
Free tuition or supervision may however be given by any individual over the age of 21 who has held and continues to hold a full licence in the same class of vehicle as that being used for at least 3 years. The UK has no law requiring the compulsory use of an Approved Driving Instructor but it is against the law for someone to charge a fee for driving tuition at any level, if they are not an Approved Driving Instructor.
Register of Approved Driving Instructors
To be entered on the Register of Approved Driving Instructors one must:
Hold a full UK or European Union (EU/European Economic Area) (EEA) unrestricted car driving license
Have held it for a total of at least four out of the past six years prior to entering the Register after qualifying
Not have been disqualified from driving at any time in the four years prior to being entered in the Register
Be a "fit and proper" person; all convictions are taken into account when entering your name on the register, and enhanced level criminal record check is required
Pass two qualifying practical examinations within two years of passing the theory examination
Apply for registration within 12 months of passing the final part of the examination.
Qualifying
If the application to start the qualifying process and join the Register as a Potential Driving Instructor is successful, they will need to prepare for the qualifying examination.
The qualifying examination is in three parts:
theory (part one) - a multiple choice section and a video-based hazard perception section
driving ability (part two) - an eyesight test followed by a practical test of driving technique
instructional ability (part three) - a practical test of one's ability to instruct
The candidate must pass all three parts of the examination in this order and must complete the whole examination within two years of passing the theory test (part one).
Theory (part one)
The theory test is the first of three tests they will need to pass before they can register as an ADI. It is made up of two elements:
a set of multiple choice questions
a hazard perception test
They will need to pass both elements of the theory test in the same sitting to get an overall pass result. The overall pass mark for the multiple choice part of the test is 85 per cent - i.e., 85 out of 100 questions answered correctly. However, they must reach a minimum mark of 80 per cent - 20 correct questions out of 25 - in each of the four categories:
road procedure
traffic signs and signals, car control, pedestrians and mechanical knowledge
driving test, disabilities, and the law
publications and instructional techniques
This means it's possible for candidates to get an overall mark of 85 per cent or higher, but still fail the exercise because they did not gain at least of 80 per cent in any one - or more - of the four categories.
For the hazard perception test, the pass mark is 57 out of a possible 75.
Driving ability (part two)
Part two of the qualifying test for potential driving instructors is a practical assessment of their driving ability. It involves separate assessments of eyesight, and driving technique. Both parts of the test must be passed at the same attempt.
To pass the test, they must drive to a high standard of competence, demonstrating a well-planned, positive, progressive drive, sticking to - and reaching - national speed limits when safe and where possible.
During the test, prospective instructors are allowed to make a maximum of six driving faults. Seven or more faults mean will result in a fail. One or more serious or dangerous faults will also result in oneself failing the test.
Instructional ability (part three)
The third part of the ADI examination assesses:
the quality of one's instruction
one's ability to pass one's knowledge on to pupils
The test is in two parts - each of which lasts about half an hour. The candidate will be asked to show their knowledge and ability by giving practical instruction to the examiner, who will play the role of a pupil.
The examiner will play two of the following roles:
a beginner or partly trained pupil
a pupil who is about test standard
a qualified driver taking further development training
The ADI Part 3 test is Marked between 0 and 51 points
Grade A: Very Good (43 - 51)
Grade B: Satisfactory (31 - 42)
Grade C: Fail (0 - 30)
To pass, the candidates must achieve at least a (satisfactory) grade B
Parts 2 and 3 must be passed within two years of the successful part 1 attempt. In addition to this, parts 2 and 3 are limited to three attempts in any two-year period. If one does not qualify in this two-year period they must re-apply and re-take all the examinations.
An instructor must display proof they are legally allowed to accept payment for driver training. They must:
Display a green badge in the left side of the windscreen of the training vehicle showing their photo, name and confirming their entry on the Register. (This is not required in Northern Ireland at present.)
Display a red/pink badge as a licensed trainee instructor provided they have passed their part 2 and have undergone a minimum amount of training. This licence is only valid for six months and is designed to give prospective driving instructors (PDIs') valuable experience for their part 3 examination. (Nb This is not required in Northern Ireland at present)
Maintaining ADI registration
Registered ADIs need to take a test of their 'continued ability and fitness to give instruction' during their period of registration. These are commonly known as 'check tests'.
The check test was replaced in April 2014 by the new Standards Check. Standard Checks are carried out by a supervising examiner from the Driving and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA). During this test ADIs' will be tested against the ‘National standard for driver and rider training’ criteria. They are designed to ensure that ADIs are keeping up the proper standards of instruction. The tests normally take place during working hours from Mondays to Fridays. The check test lasts for about an hour, with a 15-minute debrief afterwards without the pupil being present.
It is a condition of the ADI register that ADIs' make themselves available for check tests when requested. A check test usually involves the examiner assessing the ADIs instructional ability by observing a lesson given to a real pupil. If the ADI doesn't have a pupil available, they may give instruction to someone who holds a full driving licence this must not be another ADI or a PDI who has passed the ADI part 2 exam. During the test they must ensure that their level of instruction is correct for the driver's ability.
The ADI will be given a grading at the end of the test - grade B being the lower grade and grade A the higher. If the ADI is assessed as un-satisfactory, they will be asked to retake the check test again within a short period of time. If the ADI displays a lower than acceptable level of instruction on three consecutive occasions, steps will be taken to remove him/her from the ADI register.
Continuing professional development
Continuing professional development (CPD) can be both formal and informal professional development, based on an individual's needs.
To maximise individual potential and retain credibility within the profession it is essential that ADIs maintain high levels of professional competence.
ADIs can make a commitment towards professionalism by keeping up to date and continually seeking to improve their knowledge and expertise.
The DSA is currently working with representative organisations and other stakeholders to develop a structured CPD scheme in preparation for a public consultation on modernising driver training.
References
External links
Driving and motorcycle instructors: Business Link
ADI qualifying tests: DSA YouTube channel
Driving Instructor Training
Driver's education in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Novel adaptation may refer to:
Literary adaptation, the adaptation of a literary work (e.g., a novel) into another work
Novelization, the adaptation of another work into a novel | wiki |
Solenocystis is een geslacht van zee-egels uit de familie Pourtalesiidae.
Soorten
Solenocystis imitans , 2008
Irregularia | wiki |
Az Edge lehetséges jelentései:
Edge, videójáték-magazin
Edge, videójáték
Microsoft Edge, webböngésző | wiki |
Revere bells were cast out of the bell foundry of Paul Revere starting in 1792 in Boston. Revere became known professionally for his foundries and for being one of the few competent bell makers in the United States at the time.
Paul Revere opened his bell foundry in the Boston's North End and, between the years 1792 and 1828, the foundry cast a total of 398 bells that varied from 500 to 2500 pounds. The vast majority of Revere's bells have pleasant tones, are long lasting, and served as centerpieces of their communities. They were used in schools, on ships and for communication. For example, a church bell tolled during a fire, let the community know of a death or wedding, and signaled the start of mass. An example of the longevity of his bells comes from Henry W. Owen who spoke of the Revere bell at Bath City Hall in 1936:
For more than a century (the bell) was rung daily morning, noon and evening, at stated hours, besides announcing hours of religious services and alarms of fire, tolling for departed citizens, and pealing in honor of independence days and other occasions of joy. On account of its age it has been retired from regular duty, but still on special occasions is sparingly used.
History
Paul Revere cast his first bell for the Second Church in Boston. As a church member, he offered to take up the challenge of recasting the church's cracked bell himself, despite the fact that he had no previous experience in the craft. For guidance, he turned to one of America's few knowledgeable bell casters: Aaron Hobart, a Massachusetts acquaintance. But even with Hobart's guidance, Revere's first bell had a poor tone quality and contained visible imperfections, "[unlike any other of] the more than one hundred bells his shop produced during the period of his active involvement". A century later, a reverend in the same church, Edward G. Porter, expounded upon it in a chapter of his Rambles in Old Boston titled "A Noted Bell". The reverend appreciated the bell for all the civil functions it had punctuated with its sound, and claimed that it "deserves a place among the famous bells of the world."
Many of Revere's initial failures can be attributed to the lack of standardization in bell founding at the time. Correspondences and records from Revere show that he probably used existing bells as models for his own, as he had no scientific understanding of how to optimize their shape. However, after experimentation and working with masters in the craft, Revere eventually produced bells praised for their pleasant sound. Joseph Warren Revere claimed that "we know we can cast as good bells as can be cast in the world, both for goodness and for sound."
The ability to cast items as large as bells led to the development of other areas of Revere's business. The establishment of his foundry started a paradigm shift as he realized his "air furnace" could be used for different metals, alloys, and for very large pieces. After 1792, Revere expanded his range of products to include items such as cannons. His products became so varied that many found hard to believe it was all the work of a single man. Bell casting also led to a change in his career path, as he began to use his skills to improve his societal image and standing. While his excellence in manufacturing made him a respected craftsman, Revere's role in pioneering bell manufacturing in the United States propelled him to a higher social status. This new prestige allowed him to gain government contracts and play a role in improving America's technological infrastructure. Thus, he continued his service to his country while furthering his career as an entrepreneur.
During the time of his active employment, Revere's foundry made over one hundred bells as recorded in the official family stock books and ledgers. The highly artistic nature of the bell making craft resulted in a high degree of customization for each bell, which made standardization almost impossible. As a result, Revere's personal involvement in his bells declined as other aspects of his business gained greater success. In 1804, Revere formed a partnership with his son, Joseph Warren Revere, to share equally in the work and profits of the bell making venture. This partnership lasted until 1811, when it was disbanded and replaced by a new partnership, "Paul Revere and Son," between Joseph Warren Revere and Paul Revere's grandsons Paul 3rd and Thomas Eayres Jr. Joseph Warren Revere took the primary role in the bell foundry and continued the business after his father's death in 1818. The last bell listed in the official stock books of Revere & Son is dated in 1828, the same year when the company was incorporated into Revere Copper Company, with Joseph Revere as the president. The Revere Copper Company continued to make bells with the inscription "Revere Boston" until 1843.
Types of Revere bells
Revere made bells for numerous applications, ranging from huge church bells to small school bells. The performance requirements and hence, the design for each of these types of bells was very different. Because of this wide range of requirements, Revere required every customer to come into the foundry and listen to the bell he had made to ensure they were satisfied before they left.
Church bells
Church bells in Revere's time served as a method of communication within each town—the evidence suggests that churchgoers valued the quality of the bell's acoustics, the distance from which one could hear the bell and the persistence of the ring. Church bells were of great importance in these colonial communities, as there were few clocks in that day and because they signified events of great importance such as funerals and weddings.
Other kinds of bells
Revere's foundry also produced school bells and smaller bells for shipyards and factories, in later years.
Metallurgy
Design and composition
Revere designed church bells with a large diameter which allowed the bell sound to travel greater distances. For example, the King Chapel bell had a diameter of 49 inches and a weight of nearly 2500 lbs. At a time when churches were the center of civic life and the only form of mass communication, sound intensity was an important factor. Other customers, like shipbuilders and schools, usually did not need such large bells because their audience was in a closer proximity.
The composition of the bronze bells produced by Paul Revere was usually around 77% copper, 21% tin, and a small percentage of unintentional impurities such as zinc, lead, nickel, and silicon. Revere was knowledgeable about the integrity of his metal and at one point even corresponded with an expert in London about the purity of the tin of his supplier. Revere also occasionally used a pinch of silver in his composition which draws from the superstition of the time that silver added a nice tone to bells.
Production and tuning
Revere purchased several core molds that he used when making his bells. He and his coworkers would pack mud very precisely into the exact shape of the interior of the bell, apply tallow and wax to the exterior, then cover it in a layer of mud. Aaron Hobart taught Revere how to make the mud for the bell: "one part horse dung, one sand, and one part clay. For nowel and cope, six parts horse dung, one-sand, one-clay and some cow horn." The model would then be heated from below, allowing the wax to drip out and the mud would harden into the bell mold. Molten bronze would be poured and cooled. After the cast bell was removed from the mold, Revere and his employees would painstakingly clean, polish, and tune the bell by hand. After casting and polishing the bells, Paul Revere generally mounted his bells using a cast and then tuned the bells by removing metal from the interior of the bell. This practice of tuning with a tuning hammer continued into the early 20th century. Throughout the tuning process, the notes made by striking the bell were frequently compared with the tones made by a tuning fork.
Examples of bells
Paul Revere listed 84 bells in his stock book. Most bells remain in New England; however, some have been relocated. A list of bells noted in Revere's stock book, their respective size has been created by Edward and Evelyn Stickney.
Revere bell in Singapore
The Revere Bell in Singapore was a gift by Mrs. Maria Revere Balestier, the daughter of Paul Revere and wife of the first American Consul to Singapore, Joseph Balestier. The only Revere bell outside the United States, it is in height and in diameter with a clapper underneath. Maria Revere presented the bell to the first Church of St. Andrew in 1843 on condition that it be used to sound a curfew for five minutes at 8:00 pm every night. The curfew bell rang until 1855 when the church was demolished, and was resumed when St. Andrew's Cathedral was constructed in its place in 1861 until it was permanently discontinued in 1874. The bell entered the collection of the Raffles Museum, now the National Museum of Singapore, in 1937. It is regarded as a symbol of friendship between the peoples of Singapore and the United States.
First bell: New Brick Church
In 1792, Revere entered the bell founding business when the bell of the New Brick Church, the church he attended, cracked upon relocation. After salvaging about 500 pounds of metal from the old bell and enlisting the help of Aaron Hobart, Revere cast his first bell. The bell did not get the best reviews. Reverend William Bentley remarked that "the sound is not clear and prolonged, from the lips to the crown shrill." Even though the bell did not have a pleasant sound, it was a momentous achievement because it was the first bell cast in Boston, instead of the usual casting in England.
Largest bell: First Congregational Church
At 2488 lbs, the bell cast for the First Congregational Church (now the First Unitarian Church) in Providence, Rhode Island was the largest bell cast by the Revere foundry.
Bell at First Parish
In 1811, First Parish Church of Needham, Massachusetts bought a bell from Revere that has lasted numerous church renovations, rebuildings and movement to a new location. The bell, which weighs 960 pounds, was bought to mark Needham's first centennial, and rings every Sunday and the past two centennials. The bell was purchased for $407.69 and was rung for the first time in November 15, 1811 marking it as the first church bell rung in Needham. First Parish Church of 1836 as painted by Timothy Newell Smith, Jr. in 1863. The tower was added to accommodate the Revere bell.
References
External links
Bells (percussion)
Paul Revere | wiki |
A cuddy is a small room or cupboard, particularly on a boat. Sometimes a cuddy refers to a small but cosy hut. The origin of the term is not clear. Cuddy was in use in colonial America as early as 1655. The term may derive from the Dutch kajuit, meaning a small cabin, or from the French cahute, meaning a hut.
Nautical uses
The term cuddy is used particularly in nautical contexts. In the 19th century it referred to a saloon cabin at the stern of immigrant ships, where wealthy immigrants could travel in greater comfort than the steerage passengers below.
A cuddy boat is a boat with a small shelter cabin with maybe a small head. It may have a small berth also. The cuddy on cuddy boats is usually not tall enough to stand in. Typical lengths of cuddy boats range from . The term "cuddy cabin", is still somewhat used (cuddy itself can mean cabin), and is a common term among small boaters. Cuddy boats are popular as recreational boats with people who want a little shelter and storage space but do not want to upgrade to a full cabin boat. Cuddy cabin fishing boats are also used as near-shore fishing boats.
References
Nautical terminology
Boat types | wiki |
AGM:
AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) — технология изготовления свинцово-кислотных аккумуляторов.
AGM (Award of Garden Merit) — ежегодно присуждаемая премия Королевского общества садоводов. | wiki |
The CERH Cup Winners' Cup was a European club roller hockey competition organised annually by the Comité Européen de Rink-Hockey for domestic cup winners in each country. Created in 1976, it was merged with the European Cup in 1996 to form the CERH Champions League, which was renamed the CERH European League in 2005. HC Liceo were the competition's last winners.
The most successful teams in the competition were Sporting CP (from Portugal), AD Oeiras (also from Portugal) and Roller Monza (from Italy), with three wins apiece.
Finals
Performances
By team
By country
External links
CERH Media Guide – 2013–14
Recurring sporting events established in 1976
Roller hockey competitions
Recurring events disestablished in 1996 | wiki |
Stichopogon muticus is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de roofvliegen (Asilidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1910 door Bezzi.
muticus | wiki |
Acianthera tricarinata is a species of orchid.
References
tricarinata | wiki |
Undercover Boss is a British reality television series. Each episode depicts a person who has a high management position at a major business, deciding to become undercover as an entry-level employee to discover the faults in the company. The following is a list of episodes of the British version of the show.
Summary
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Series
! rowspan="2" |Episodes
! colspan="2" |Originally aired
|-
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
| 1
| 2
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#FFDF00" |
| 2
| 7
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#FF8C00" |
| 3
| 6
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#2FCE1F" |
| 4
| 6
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#F66767" |
| 5
| 6
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#FF29FF" |
| 6
| 6
|
|
|}
Series 1: 2009
Series 2: 2010
Series 3: 2011
Series 4: 2012
Series 5: 2013
Series 6: 2014
Ratings
References
Episodes (United Kingdom)
Lists of British reality television series episodes
2009 British television seasons
2010 British television seasons
2011 British television seasons
2012 British television seasons
2013 British television seasons
2014 British television seasons | wiki |
There are more than 10,000 tomato varieties available.
Table of tomatoes
See also
Lists of cultivars
List of tomato dishes
Notes
Some tomato cultivars will be marked with disease resistance codes, signifying that the plant is immune to a certain disease shown below:
A — Alternaria stem canker
F — Fusarium wilt
FF — Fusarium races 1 and 2
FFF — Fusarium races 1, 2 and 3
N — Nematodes
T — Tobacco mosaic virus
St — Stemphylium gray leaf spot
V — Verticillium wilt
References
External links
Non-profit discussion forums for tomato growers with special emphasis on heirloom varieties
Lists of cultivars
Tomatoes | wiki |
Wilsinho is the Portuguese diminutive of the name Wilson. Wilsinho may refer to:
Wilsinho (football manager) (born 1950), full name Wilson de Oliveira Riça, Brazilian football manager
Wilsinho (footballer, born 1982), full name Wilson Antônio de Resende Júnior, Brazilian football forward
Wilsinho (footballer, born 1999), full name Wilson de Paula Cavalheiro Filho, Brazilian football forward | wiki |
Quadazocine (WIN-44,441) is an opioid antagonist of the benzomorphan family which is used in scientific research. It acts as a silent antagonist at all three of the major opioid receptors—μ, κ, and δ, but with a significant preference in affinity for the μ receptor and the κ2 subtype. As such, it has been touted as a "κ2-selective" antagonist, though this is not entirely accurate on account of its similar affinity for the μ receptor. As would be expected, quadazocine reverses the effects (e.g., analgesia) of opioid agonists like morphine and fentanyl in animals.
See also
Dezocine
References
Benzomorphans
Cyclopentyl compounds
Delta-opioid receptor antagonists
Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists | wiki |
Usher
Usher (album)
nazwisko
Alberto Héber Usher
William Usher
Zobacz też
Zagłada domu Usherów | wiki |
Dimoerites may refer to either of two early Christian sects:
Apollinarism
Antidicomarism | wiki |
The following table lists the Van der Waals constants (from the Van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids.
To convert from to , multiply by 100.
Units
1 J·m3/mol2 = 1 m6·Pa/mol2 = 10 L2·bar/mol2
1 L2atm/mol2 = 0.101325 J·m3/mol2 = 0.101325 Pa·m6/mol2
1 dm3/mol = 1 L/mol = 1 m3/kmol (where kmol is kilomoles = 1000 moles)
References
Gas laws
Constants (Data Page) | wiki |
Racism in South Korea comprises negative attitudes and views on race or ethnicity which are related to each other, are held by various people and groups in South Korea, and have been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices and actions (including violence) at various times in the history of South Korea against racial or ethnic groups. It has been recognized as a widespread social problem in the country.
South Korea lacks an anti-discrimination law, which was recommended by the UN Human Rights Committee in 2015. The law has been reported stalled due to "lack of public consensus".
An increase in immigration to South Korea since the 2000s catalyzed more overt expressions of racism, as well as criticism of those expressions. Newspapers have frequently reported on and criticized discrimination against immigrants, in forms such as being paid lower than the minimum wage, having their wages withheld, unsafe work conditions, physical abuse, or general denigration.
In the 2017–2020 World Values Survey, of the 1245 South Koreans surveyed, 15.2% reported that they would not want someone of a different race as a neighbor. This represents a sharp decrease from the 2010-2014 World Values Survey, where of 1200 South Koreans surveyed, 34.1% mentioned that they would not want someone of a different race as a neighbor. In the 2010–2014 survey, 44.2% reported they would not want "immigrants/foreign workers" as neighbors. By the 2017–2020 report, this figure was at 22.0%.
According to a report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, undocumented migrant children are left without many of the rights enjoyed by their South Korean counterparts. The process used to determine refugees status is designed "not to protect refugees but to keep them out. Migrant workers are only allowed to change their job with their old employer's permission. Migrant workers who work in agricultural sector, small businesses and domestic services are the most vulnerable to discrimination because of the temporary nature of their work.
History
Scholars believe Korean's strong national identity comes from a long tradition of "thousand years of ‘pure’ ancestral bloodlines, common language, customs, and history" and was strengthened during and after the Japanese colonialism in the 20th century. The Japanese's attempts to erase Korean language, culture and history had constructed ethnocentrism and ethno-nationalism as a method for Koreans to reclaim and maintain their sovereignty.
According to Katharine Moon, the Asian financial crisis in 1997 is one of the events that shaped Korean's dominant attitude towards immigrants and foreigners. In the 1997 crisis, the IMF forced South Korea to take a bailout and the adverse effect it had on Korean's economy caused the closings of financial institutions, losing jobs for 5% of workers and decreased earnings for the majority of the population.
Attitudes against different races
Overt racist attitudes are more commonly expressed towards immigrants from poorer Asian countries, Latin America and Africa, while racist attitudes toward immigrants of Australasian, Western European, Japanese and North American descent are more commonly expressed via subtle racism and microaggressions. Attitudes of racism could also correlate to classism — a Singaporean in South Korea would not generally face as much discrimination or negative attitudes as compared to a Filipino or a Cambodian.
Related discrimination has also been reported with regard to mixed-race children, Chinese Korean, and North Korean immigrants. Racism and discrimination against Muslims (who tend to be immigrants or foreign workers) is also common with many Koreans perceiving Muslims as a potential "terrorist group". These negative views stem from the rising prevalence of Islamophobia in Korea and the representation of Muslims and Islam in Korean media.
Denied public services
Due to the lack of an anti-discrimination law, it is common for people not of Korean ethnicity to be denied service at business establishments or in taxis without consequences.
According to a survey conducted by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea among foreign residents in South Korea in 2019, 68.4% of respondents declared they had experienced racial discrimination, and many of them said they experienced it due of their Korean language skills (62.3%), because they were not Korean (59.7%), or due to their race (44.7%).
COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 crisis, 1.4 million foreigners living in South Korea were initially excluded from the government's subsidy plan, which includes relief funds of up to 1 million won to Korean households. Although all people are susceptible to the virus, only foreigners who are married to Korean citizens were eligible for the money because of their "strong ties to the country". Following backlash, financial aid was extended to most foreigners in August that year.
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has made schools in South Korea go fully online but the immigrant and refugee children have not received proper education opportunities due to the lack of appropriate online curriculum for them.
In March 2021, several regions in Korea ordered all foreigners to undergo testing for COVID or risk a fine. This legislation has been criticized by activists for being discriminatory and racist.
Vaccine Passport
South Korea implemented a vaccine passport system during the COVID-19 pandemic, restricting access to high-risk venues such as bars, restaurants, and clubs. Korea's vaccine passport system was criticized as being discriminatory because did not recognize the vaccinations of foreigners who had been vaccinated overseas unless one has obtained a quarantine exemption while allowing recognizing overseas vaccinations of Korean nationals with or without a quarantine exemption.
The then British Ambassador to South Korea, Simon Smith, criticized the vaccine passport on the official Twitter account for the British Embassy in Seoul, saying "If evidence produced by a Korean national of an overseas vaccination is good enough for that vaccination to be registered for the vaccine pass, the same evidence should be good enough to register the overseas vaccinations of foreign nationals too." The United States embassy made a public statement saying, "The U.S. Embassy in Seoul is aware of the Korean Government’s discriminatory policy which prevents U.S. citizens from registering vaccinations received in the United States with local health centers" and that they were raising their concerns to the highest levels of government to resolve this issue.
On December 6, 2021, the ambassadors from the US, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and the EU Delegation to Korea jointly urged the South Korean government to recognize overseas vaccinations of foreigners. South Korea reversed their policy on December 9, 2021, allowing non-Korean nationals to register their vaccines, which allowed access to the vaccine passport and the third booster shot.
Legislation
Recent legislation—in particular, the Foreign Workers' Employment Act (2004) and Support for Multicultural Families (2008)—have improved the situation of immigrants, more efficiently protecting their human and labor rights. In 2011, the South Korean military abandoned a regulation barring mixed-race men from enlisting, and changed the oath of enlistment to not reference racial purity (minjok) to citizenship. Similarly, related concepts have been withdrawn from school curricula. This has been accredited in part to international pressure—in particular, concern from the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which stated persistent ethnic-centric thinking in South Korea "might be an obstacle to the realization of equal treatment and respect for foreigners and people belonging to different races and cultures".
As of September 2021, South Korea was lacking an anti-discrimination law, which has been globally recommended by the UN Human Rights Committee in 2015. It is frequently discussed in South Korean media and by politicians. As a result, incidents have been reported where people were denied service at business establishments because of their ethnicity. Legislations to protect against discrimination has been brought up in 2007, 2010 and 2012. but the bills faced objections chiefly by conservative Protestants. Another attempt has been made in 2020 by a minor liberal Justice Party to “ban all kinds of discrimination based on gender, disability, age, language, country of origin, sexual orientation, physical condition, academic background and any other reason.”
According to a survey conducted by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea among foreign residents in South Korea in 2019, 68.4% of respondents declared they had experienced racial discrimination, and many of them said they experienced it due of their Korean language skills (62.3%), because they were not Korean (59.7%), or due to their race (44.7%).
In education
Only 40% of mixed-race elementary and middle school students, or students born out of international marriages are considered Koreans by their classmates. Almost 50% of students said they have difficulties maintaining relationships with students who do not share the same nationality background. The reason given by Korean students is because of their classmates' different skin colors (24.2%), fear of being outcast by other Korean students (16.8%), and feeling of embarrassment if being friends with mixed-race children (15.5%)
Korean children also show a tendency to discriminate against Africans and people of African descent. In a 2015 research by Education Research International, Korean children show negative responses to darker-skin characters in picture book illustrations. This attitude of children is seen as a reflection of their parent's anti-blackness prejudice towards black people and white-dominant surroundings.
In 2009, Paul Jambor (Assistant professor at Korea University) claimed that Korean college students exhibit discrimination towards foreign professors by calling them by their first names and not showing the same amount of respect towards them as students traditionally show towards their Korean professors.
See also
Anti-Korean sentiment
Refugees in South Korea
Korean ethnic nationalism
Racism in North Korea
Jeju uprising
Jeju people
References
Further reading
External links
Racism by country
Korean nationalism | wiki |
Tfaya () is a sweet sauce in Moroccan cuisine made with caramelized onions, raisins, cinnamon, and honey. It is often served on couscous.
References
Moroccan cuisine
Sauces | wiki |
"I Used to Be Color Blind" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin for the 1938 film Carefree, where it was introduced by Fred Astaire. The Astaire recording was very popular in 1938.
Notable recordings
Fred Astaire recorded the song again for his album The Astaire Story (1952)
Tony Bennett - Life Is Beautiful (1975)
Ella Fitzgerald - Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Songbook (1958)
Anita O'Day - Pick Yourself Up with Anita O'Day (1957)
References
Songs written by Irving Berlin
Fred Astaire songs
Ella Fitzgerald songs
1937 songs
Mildred Bailey songs | wiki |
L'éclipse solaire du est la éclipse partielle du .
Zone de visibilité
Notes et références
Liens externes
Éclipse solaire 2018 02 15
2018-02-15
Éclipse solaire du 15 février 2018 | wiki |
Honor Bound may refer to:
Honor Bound (1920 film), an American drama film directed by Jacques Jaccard
Honor Bound (1928 film), an American drama film directed by Alfred E. Green, Jean Harlow's first role
Honor Bound (1988 film), a film directed by Jeannot Szwarc
"Honor Bound" (song), a 1985 song written by Tommy Rocco, Charlie Black, and Austin Roberts and recorded by Earl Thomas Conley
Honor Bound series, a 1993 series of World War II thriller novels written by W.E.B. Griffin
Honor Bound: Inside the Guantanamo Trials, a 2008 book about the Guantanamo Military Commissions by Kyndra Rotunda
Honor Bound to Defend Freedom, motto of the Joint Task Force Guantanamo | wiki |
An Express Cruiser is a fast cruising boat. To distinguish it from a cabin cruiser boat, it has a full head, a galley, sleeping space with two to six berths. There are large open areas near the steering area and in the back of the boat.
There can be one or two powerful engines and it can be a good family boat for outings up to a couple of days when the relatively cramped indoor areas start to become confining.
Express cruisers range in size from 25 feet to 45 feet.
An Express Cruiser does not usually have a Fly Bridge/Flying Bridge and usually looks sleek and 'sporty' with the design being biased more towards performance rather than luxurious/spacious accommodation.
References
External links
Rinker Boats, a boat manufacturer that uses the marketing term Express Cruiser
Motorboats | wiki |
A well nut is a blind rivet-like type of fastener used to blindly fasten a piece (much like a molly bolt) and to seal the bolt hole.
They are often referred to by the proprietary name Rawlnut or Rawl nut, the name by which they are known in the UK.
Description
A well nut consists of a flanged neoprene bushing with a nut embedded in the non-flanged end. The bolt is passed through one of the pieces to be fastened and threaded onto the nut from the flanged end. The non-flanged end is then inserted through the other piece to be fastened. As the bolt is tightened, friction from the neoprene flange against the piece being fastened prevents the nut from turning. The bushing is compressed by the nut, forming a lip behind the piece being fastened, which compresses the fastened piece and seals the bolt hole. It can also be used in a solid workpiece. As the bolt draws the embedded nut towards it, the walls of the well exert a force on the hole walls, anchoring it.
Well nuts are not particularly strong, but are useful for sealing holes and/or isolating vibrations.
History
The well nut was originally developed by the United Shoe Machinery Corporation (USMC).
References
Nuts (hardware) | wiki |
Chavagnac (Cantal)
Chavagnac (Dordonha) | wiki |
A Keps nut, (also called a k-lock nut or washer nut), is a nut with an attached, free-spinning washer.
It is used to make assembly more convenient. Common washer types are star-type lock washers, conical, and flat washers.
'Keps' trademark
Keps is a trademark of ITW Shakeproof. The name comes from "kep" in ShaKEProof, and the "s" is because usually more than one are purchased.
References
Notes
Bibliography
.
Nuts (hardware) | wiki |
A serrated face nut is a locknut with ridges on the face of the nut that bite into the surface it is tightened against. The serrations are angled such that they keep the nut from rotating in the direction that would loosen the nut. Due to the serrations they cannot be used with a washer or on surfaces that cannot be scratched. Sometimes both faces of the nut are serrated, permitting either side to lock.
See also
Serrated flange nut
References
Nuts (hardware) | wiki |
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is in general a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error. During the last 150 years, thousands of papers focusing on the effects or side effects of magnetic or radiofrequency fields have been published. They can be categorized as incidental and physiological. Contraindications to MRI include most cochlear implants and cardiac pacemakers, shrapnel and metallic foreign bodies in the eyes. The safety of MRI during the first trimester of pregnancy is uncertain, but it may be preferable to other options. Since MRI does not use any ionizing radiation, its use generally is favored in preference to CT when either modality could yield the same information. (In certain cases, MRI is not preferred as it may be more expensive, time-consuming and claustrophobia-exacerbating.)
Structure and certification
In an effort to standardize the roles and responsibilities of MRI professionals, an international consensus document, written and endorsed by major MRI and medical physics professional societies from around the globe, has been published formally. The document outlines specific responsibilities for the following positions:
MR Medical Director / Research Director (MRMD) – This individual is the supervising physician who has oversight responsibility for the safe use of MRI services.
MR Safety Officer (MRSO) – Roughly analogous to a radiation safety officer, the MRSO acts on behalf of, and on the instruction of, the MRMD to execute safety procedures and practices at the point of care.
MR Safety Expert (MRSE) – This individual serves in a consulting role to both the MRMD and MRSO, assisting in the investigation of safety questions that may include the need for extrapolation, interpolation, or quantification to approximate the risk of a specific study.
The American Board of Magnetic Resonance Safety (ABMRS) provides testing and board certification for each of the three positions, MRMD, MRSO, and MRSE. As most MRI accidents and injuries are directly attributable to decisions at the point of care, testing and certification of MRI professionals seeks to reduce the rates of MRI accidents and improve patient safety through the establishment of safety competency levels for MRI professionals.
Implants
All patients are reviewed for contraindications prior to MRI scanning. Medical devices and implants are categorized as MR Safe, MR Conditional or MR Unsafe:
MR-Safe – The device or implant is completely non-magnetic, non-electrically conductive, and non-RF reactive, eliminating all of the primary potential threats during an MRI procedure.
MR-Conditional – A device or implant that may contain magnetic, electrically conductive, or RF-reactive components that is safe for operations in proximity to the MRI, provided the conditions for safe operation are defined and observed (such as 'tested safe to 1.5 teslas' or 'safe in magnetic fields below 500 gauss in strength').
MR-Unsafe – Objects that are significantly ferromagnetic and pose a clear and direct threat to persons and equipment within the magnet room.
The MRI environment may cause harm in patients with MR-Unsafe devices such as cochlear implants, aneurysm clips, and many permanent pacemakers. In November 1992, a patient with an undisclosed cerebral aneurysm clip was reported to have died shortly after an MRI exam. Several deaths have been reported in patients with pacemakers who have undergone MRI scanning without appropriate precautions. Increasingly, MR-conditional pacemakers are available for selected patients.
Ferromagnetic foreign bodies such as shell fragments, or metallic implants such as surgical prostheses and ferromagnetic aneurysm clips also are potential risks. Interaction of the magnetic and radio frequency fields with such objects may lead to heating or torque of the object during an MRI. MRI is contraindicated in those suspected with metallic foreign body in the eye. MRI maybe considered if there is strong suspicion of non-metallic foreign body.
Titanium and its alloys are safe from attraction and torque forces produced by the magnetic field, although there may be some risks associated with Lenz effect forces acting on titanium implants in sensitive areas within the subject, such as stapes implants in the inner ear.
Intrauterine devices with copper are generally safe in MRI, but may become dislodged or even expelled, and it is therefore recommended to check the location of the IUD both before and after MRI.
Other implants that are contraindicated in MRI includes: magnetic dental implants, tissue expander, artificial limb, hearing aid, catheters with metallic components such as Swan-Ganz catheter and piercing. However, tooth amalgam is not contraindicated in MRI.
Risk of implant heating under MRI
Titanium and its alloys can heat from the radiofrequency field, as well as the switched gradient field (due to Faraday's law of magnetic induction).
The amount of heating that takes place has a number of contributing factors:
Injuries have been reported by this heating of metallic implants:
Projectile risk
The very high strength of the magnetic field may cause projectile effect (or "missile-effect") accidents, where ferromagnetic objects are attracted to the center of the magnet. Pennsylvania reported 27 cases of objects becoming projectiles in the MRI environment between 2004 and 2008. There have been incidents of injury and death. In one case, a six-year-old boy died in July 2001, during an MRI exam at the Westchester Medical Center, New York, after a metal oxygen tank was pulled across the room and crushed the child's head. To reduce the risk of projectile accidents, ferromagnetic objects and devices are typically prohibited near the MRI scanner, and patients undergoing MRI examinations must remove all metallic objects, often by changing into a gown or scrubs. Some radiology departments use ferromagnetic detection devices to ensure that no ferromagnetic objects enter the scanner room.
MRI-EEG
In research settings, structural MRI or functional MRI (fMRI) may be combined with EEG (electroencephalography) under the condition that the EEG equipment is MR-compatible. Although EEG equipment (electrodes, amplifiers, and peripherals) are either approved for research or clinical use, the same MR Safe, MR Conditional and MR Unsafe terminology applies. With the growth of the use of MR technology, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration [FDA] recognized the need for a consensus on standards of practice, and the FDA sought out ASTM International [ASTM] to achieve them. Committee F04 of ASTM developed F2503, Standard Practice for Marking Medical Devices and Other Items for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment.
Genotoxic effects
There is no proven risk of biological harm from any aspect of an MRI scan, including very powerful static magnetic fields, gradient magnetic fields, or radio frequency waves. Some studies have suggested possible genotoxic (i.e., potentially carcinogenic) effects of MRI scanning through micronuclei induction and DNA double strand breaks in vivo and in vitro, however, in most, if not all cases, others have been unable to repeat or validate the results of these studies, and the majority of research shows no genotoxic, or otherwise harmful, effects caused by any part of MRI. A recent study confirmed that MRI using some of the most potentially-risky parameters tested to date (7-tesla static magnetic field, 70 mT/m gradient magnetic field, and maximum strength radio frequency waves) did not cause any DNA damage in vitro.
Peripheral nerve stimulation
The rapid switching on and off of the magnetic field gradients is capable of causing nerve stimulation. Volunteers report a twitching sensation when exposed to rapidly switched fields, particularly in their extremities. The reason the peripheral nerves are stimulated is that the changing field increases with distance from the center of the gradient coils (which more or less coincides with the center of the magnet). Although PNS was not a problem for the slow, weak gradients used in the early days of MRI, the strong, rapidly switched gradients used in techniques such as EPI, fMRI, diffusion MRI, etc. are capable of inducing PNS. American and European regulatory agencies insist that manufacturers stay below specified dB/dt limits (dB/dt is the change in magnetic field strength per unit time), or else prove that no PNS is induced for any imaging sequence. As a result of dB/dt limitation, commercial MRI systems cannot use the full rated power of their gradient amplifiers.
Heating caused by absorption of radio waves
Every MRI scanner has a powerful radio transmitter that generates the electromagnetic field that excites the spins. If the body absorbs the energy, heating occurs. For this reason, the transmitter rate at which energy is absorbed by the body must be limited (see Specific absorption rate). It has been claimed that tattoos made with iron-containing dyes may lead to burns on the subject's body. Cosmetics are very unlikely to undergo heating, as well as body lotions, since the outcome of the reactions between those with the radio waves is unknown. The best option for clothing is 100% cotton.
There are several positions strictly forbidden during measurement such as crossing arms and legs, and the patient's body may not create loops of any kind for the RF during the measurement.
Acoustic noise
Switching of field gradients causes a change in the Lorentz force experienced by the gradient coils, producing minute expansions and contractions of the coil. As the switching typically is in the audible frequency range, the resulting vibration produces loud noises (clicking, banging or beeping). This behaviour, of sound being generated by the vibration of the conducting components, is described as a coupled acousto-magneto-mechanical system, solutions to which provide useful insight to the behaviour of the scanners. This is most marked with high-field machines, and rapid-imaging techniques in which sound pressure levels may reach 120 dB(A) (equivalent to a jet engine at take-off), and therefore, appropriate ear protection is essential for anyone inside the MRI scanner room during the examination.
Radio frequency in itself does not cause audible noises (at least for human beings), since modern systems are using frequencies of 8.5 MHz (0.2 T system) or higher.
Cryogens
As described in the Physics of magnetic resonance imaging article, many MRI scanners rely on cryogenic liquids to enable the superconducting capabilities of the electromagnetic coils within. Although the cryogenic liquids used are non-toxic, their physical properties present specific hazards.
An unintentional shut-down of a superconducting electromagnet, an event known as "quench", involves the rapid boiling of liquid helium from the device. If the rapidly expanding helium cannot be dissipated through an external vent, sometimes referred to as a 'quench pipe', it may be released into the scanner room where it may cause displacement of the oxygen and present a risk of asphyxiation.
Oxygen deficiency monitors usually are used as a safety precaution. Liquid helium, the most commonly used cryogen in MRI, undergoes near explosive expansion as it changes from a liquid to gaseous state. The use of an oxygen monitor is important to ensure that oxygen levels are safe for patients and physicians. Rooms built for superconducting MRI equipment should be equipped with pressure relief mechanisms and an exhaust fan, in addition to the required quench pipe.
Because a quench results in rapid loss of cryogens from the magnet, recommissioning the magnet is expensive and time-consuming. Spontaneous quenches are uncommon, but a quench also may be triggered by an equipment malfunction, an improper cryogen fill technique, contaminants inside the cryostat, or extreme magnetic or vibrational disturbances.
Pregnancy
No effects of MRI on the fetus have been demonstrated. As opposed to many other forms of medical imaging in pregnancy, MRI avoids the use of ionizing radiation, to which the fetus is particularly sensitive. As a precaution, however, many guidelines recommend pregnant women only undergo MRI when essential, especially during the first trimester.
The concerns in pregnancy are the same as for MRI in general, but the fetus may be more sensitive to the effects—particularly to heating and to noise. The use of gadolinium-based contrast media in pregnancy is an off-label indication and may be administered only in the lowest dose required to provide essential diagnostic information.
Despite these concerns, MRI is rapidly growing in importance as a way of diagnosing and monitoring congenital defects of the fetus because it is able to provide more diagnostic information than ultrasound and it lacks the ionizing radiation of CT. MRI without contrast agents is the imaging mode of choice for pre-surgical, in-utero diagnosis and evaluation of fetal tumors, primarily teratomas, facilitating open fetal surgery, other fetal interventions, and planning for procedures (such as the EXIT procedure) to safely deliver and treat babies whose defects would otherwise be fatal.
Claustrophobia and discomfort
Although painless, MRI scans may be unpleasant for those who are claustrophobic or otherwise uncomfortable with the imaging device surrounding them. Older closed bore MRI systems have a fairly long tube or tunnel. The part of the body being imaged must lie at the center of the magnet, which is at the absolute center of the tunnel. Because scan times on these older scanners may be long (occasionally up to 40 minutes for the entire procedure), people with even mild claustrophobia are sometimes unable to tolerate an MRI scan without management. Some modern scanners have larger bores (up to 70 cm) and scan times are shorter. A 1.5 T wide short bore scanner increases the examination success rate in patients with claustrophobia and substantially reduces the need for anesthesia-assisted MRI examinations even when claustrophobia is severe.
Alternative scanner designs, such as open or upright systems, may be helpful where these are available. Although open scanners have increased in popularity, they produce inferior scan quality because they operate at lower magnetic fields than closed scanners. Commercial 1.5-tesla open systems have become available recently, however, providing much better image quality than previous lower field strength open models.
Mirror glasses may be used to help create the illusion of openness. The mirrors are angled at 45 degrees, allowing the patient to look down their body and out the end of the imaging area. The appearance is of an open tube pointing upward (as seen when lying in the imaging area). Even though one is able to see around the glasses and the proximity of the device is very evident, this illusion is quite persuasive and relieves the claustrophobic feeling.
For young children who cannot hold still or would be frightened during the examination, chemical sedation or general anesthesia are the norm. Some hospitals encourage children to pretend the MRI machine is a spaceship or other adventure. Certain hospitals with Children's wards have decorated scanners for this purpose, such as that at the Boston Children's Hospital, which operates a scanner with a special casing designed to resemble a sandcastle.
Obese patients and pregnant women may find the MRI machine a tight fit. Pregnant women in the third trimester also may have difficulty lying on their backs for an hour or more without moving.
MRI versus CT
MRI and computed tomography (CT) are complementary imaging technologies and each has advantages and limitations for particular applications. CT is more widely used than MRI in OECD countries with a mean of 132 vs. 46 exams per 1000 population performed respectively. A concern is the potential for CT to contribute to radiation-induced cancer and in 2007 it was estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States were due to CTs performed in the past, and that in the future this figure may rise to 1.5–2% based on historical rates of CT usage. An Australian study found that one in every 1800 CT scans was associated with an excess cancer. An advantage of MRI is that no ionizing radiation is used and so it is recommended over CT when either approach could yield the same diagnostic information. Although the cost of MRI has fallen, making it more competitive with CT, there are not many common imaging scenarios in which MRI can simply replace CT, however, this substitution has been suggested for the imaging of liver disease. The effect of low doses of radiation on carcinogenesis also are disputed. Although MRI is associated with biological effects, these have not been proven to cause measurable harm.
Iodinated contrast medium is routinely used in CT and the main adverse events are anaphylactoid reactions and nephrotoxicity. Commonly used MRI contrast agents have a good safety profile, but linear non-ionic agents in particular have been implicated in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with severely impaired renal function.
MRI is contraindicated in the presence of MR-unsafe implants, and although these patients may be imaged with CT, beam hardening artefact from metallic devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, also may affect image quality. MRI is a longer investigation than CT and an exam may take between 20 and 40 minutes depending on complexity.
Guidance
Safety issues, including the potential for biostimulation device interference, movement of ferromagnetic bodies, and incidental localized heating, have been addressed in the American College of Radiology's White Paper on MR Safety, which originally was published in 2002 and expanded in 2004. The ACR White Paper on MR Safety has been rewritten and was released early in 2007 under the new title ACR Guidance Document for Safe MR Practices.
In December 2007, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), a UK healthcare regulatory body, issued their Safety Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Equipment in Clinical Use. In February 2008, the Joint Commission, a U.S. healthcare accrediting organization, issued a Sentinel Event Alert #38, their highest patient safety advisory, on MRI safety issues. In July 2008, the United States Veterans Administration, a federal governmental agency serving the healthcare needs of former military personnel, issued a substantial revision to their MRI Design Guide, that includes physical and facility safety considerations.
The European Directive on electromagnetic fields
This Directive (2013/35/EU – electromagnetic fields)
covers all known direct biophysical effects and indirect effects caused by electromagnetic fields within the EU and repealed the 2004/40/EC directive. The deadline for implementation of the new directive was 1 July 2016. Article 10 of the directive sets out the scope of the derogation for MRI, stating that the exposure limits may be exceeded during "the installation, testing, use, development, maintenance of or research related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment for patients in the health sector, provided that certain conditions are met." Uncertainties remain regarding the scope and conditions of this derogation.
References
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging | wiki |
The Canadian Postmasters and Assistants Association (CPAA; ) represents rural postal workers for the Canada Post Corporation. The trade union belongs to the Canadian Labour Congress as the federation's smallest national union.
The organization publishes The Canadian Postmaster and hosts a triennial convention.
History
The organization began in 1902 in Stonewall, Manitoba. From there, the trade union spread out through rural areas of Canada. In 2002, Canada issued a commemorative stamp for the organization's 100th anniversary.
In recent years, the organization has struggled with closures of rural post offices designed to cut costs at Canada Post. Even among rural post offices that remain open, many face cuts in hours and staff.
Jurisdiction
The union represents Canada Post employees who work in rural post offices. There are approximately 6,462 full and part-time permanent staff who are members of CPAA. In addition, there are approximately 5,209 term or temporary employees.
The CPAA represents the following classifications:
Semi-Staff Postmasters
Group Postmasters
Senior Assistants
Full-Time Assistants
Part-Time Assistants
In contrast, the Canadian Union of Postal Workers represents a larger majority of Canada Post's employees: 54,000 out of 72,000. The rest belong the Association of Postal Officials of Canada (3,400 supervisors), the Union of Postal Communications Employees (2,600 technical workers) and the CPAA (12,000 rural workers).
The CUPW put forward several merger proposals but, to date, the Canadian Postmasters have rebuffed them.
See also
National Rural Letter Carriers' Association, the US equivalent
References
External links
Commemorative Stamp
Contract Summary
Canadian Museum of Civilization Photo
Canadian Labour Congress
Canada Post
Postal trade unions
Stonewall, Manitoba
Trade unions established in 1902
1902 establishments in Manitoba | wiki |
The American Association of Mobile Veterinary Practitioners (AAMVP) is a non-profit organization in the United States founded in 2010 to help support mobile veterinary practitioners across the nation. It is a national organization which also was international membership. AAMVP offers a national forum to support mobile veterinary practitioners, veterinary students, and the vendors who provide products and services for quality veterinary medicine. AAMVP strives to be a leading resource and offer a robust support community for sharing information, ideas, and encouragement relevant to the mobile veterinary industry.
Dena D. Baker, DVM is the current Founding Director of the American Association of Veterinary Practitioners, and as a founding director has held that position since the organization's inception.
In 2012, The American Association of Housecall Veterinarians (AAHV) merged into the AAMVP.
Their domain, www.aamvp.org, and was last cached as the AAMVP website in August 2015 and has been up for sale since. As of October 2022, it is still for sale.
References
Veterinary medicine-related professional associations
Veterinary medicine in the United States
Professional associations based in the United States | wiki |
Paul Russell may refer to:
Paul Russell (philosopher) (born 1955), at Lund University & the University of British Columbia
Rusty Russell (born 1973), Australian Linux kernel hacker, whose real name is Paul Russell
Paul Russell (baseball) (1871–1957), Major League Baseball player
Paul Russell (Gaelic footballer) (1906–1965), Irish sportsperson
Paul Russell (novelist), author of The Coming Storm
Paul Russell drummer for New Zealand band “Super Groove”
Paul Russell (photographer) (born 1966), British street photographer
Paul Russell, child actor in Peter Greenaway's Prospero's Books and The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover
Paul Russell, former bass player of Sleeping with Sirens
Paul Fitzpatrick Russell (born 1959), American Roman Catholic archbishop and diplomat | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M21 engine is a naturally-aspirated, 2.0-liter, straight-6, internal combustion piston engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1933 and 1936.
M21 Engine
The side-valve six-cylinder engine had a capacity of 1,961 cc which produced a claimed maximum output of at 3,200 rpm. The engine shared its piston stroke length with the smaller 6-cylinder unit fitted in the manufacturer's W15 model, but for the W21 the bore was increased by to . The stated top speed was 98 km/h (61 mph) for the standard length and 95 km/h (59 mph) for the long bodied cars. Power from the engine passed to the rear wheels through a four-speed manual transmission in which the top gear was effectively an overdrive ratio. The top two ratios featured synchromesh. The brakes operated on all four wheels via a hydraulic linkage.
During the model's final year, Mercedes-Benz announced, in June 1936, the option of a more powerful 2,229 cc engine, which was seen as a necessary response to criticism of the car's leisurely performance in long bodied form.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz W21
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-six engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M18 engine is a naturally-aspirated, 2.9-liter, straight-6, internal combustion piston engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1933 and 1937.
M18 Engine
The six-cylinder 2,867 cc side-valve engine produced a maximum output of at 3,200 rpm. In 1935 the compression ratio was increased along with maximum power which was now given as . Power was delivered to the rear wheels via a four-speed manual transmission with synchromesh on the top two ratios.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz W18
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-six engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
A Walkaround boat is a cross between a center console and a cuddy boat or express. Like a center console, it is mostly used for fishing and has a full length primary deck or cockpit but also a small cabin (cuddy) for berths and a head in the center in front of the console.
Most walkarounds are production craft, which have steps leading to the bow with a low gunnel giving more interior room. Custom & Semi-custom walkarounds are more fishing oriented and have full gunnel depth all round without stairs.
Most production walkarounds boats are outboard powered, while the majority of custom and semi-custom are powered by inboard diesel engines.
References
Boat types
Nautical terminology | wiki |
Carmageddon: Reincarnation is a vehicular combat game, the fourth in the Carmageddon series. The game was developed by Stainless Games.
Development
A financial report in 2003 revealed that Carmageddon 4 was in development. The developers were identified as Visual Sciences, who were also working on Carmageddon TV for the Gizmondo handheld console. The publishers were confirmed as Take-Two Interactive's newly formed subsidiary 2K Games (although the same article named the developers as original Carmageddon publishers SCi). Very little information was released about the game until late 2005, when recently merged publishers SCi and Eidos Interactive put development on hold for unspecified reasons. The game was subsequently assumed to have been canned, as no new information or press releases surfaced since that time, and Eidos moved on to focus on other projects.
In 2011, after buying back the rights to the series from then-copyright holders Square Enix Europe, original Carmageddon developers Stainless Games revealed that a new Carmageddon game was in early pre-production stages. After that numerous concept artworks and early in-game test screens were released on the official site.
The new title, Carmageddon: Reincarnation, was funded through Kickstarter in 2012. Stainless Games aimed to raise over $400,000 (£250,000) via Kickstarter in order to produce the game. People who pledged more than $1000 for the project could have the chance to be featured in the game. The $400,000 target was reached in 10 days; if the project raised to $600,000, Mac and Linux versions were also to be produced. This new target was met by the campaign's end in July with a total of $625,143 raised, but the promised Mac and Linux versions were never released. The game was released in May 2015 through the Steam digital service.
Carmageddon: Max Damage
Carmageddon: Max Damage is an updated version of Carmageddon: Reincarnation, which was released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in July 2016. The game is available both as digital download and as a physical disc, with the disc version being distributed by Sold Out Sales & Marketing. It was later released for Microsoft Windows on 28 October.
Reception
The PC version of the game received a Metacritic score of 54%.
References
External links
(archived)
Carmageddon: Reincarnation at Kickstarter
2015 video games
Fiction about death games
Early access video games
Kickstarter-funded video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 4 games
Racing video games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Xbox One games
Stainless Games games | wiki |
Energy flow may refer to:
Energy transfer, the transfer of physical energy from one body or place to another
Energy flow (ecology), the flow of energy through a biological food chain
Energy (esotericism) flow, the movement of spiritual energy
Fluid dynamics, energy of a flowing fluid related to pressure
"Energy Flow", a 1999 song by Ryuichi Sakamoto
See also
Ecological energetics | wiki |
Vitaperk LLC, often stylized VitaPerk, is a Michigan based, domestic limited liability company that produces and sells nutraceuticals and dietary supplements in the form of a fortified, non-dairy coffee additive.
VitaPerk's powdered supplement formula contains 15 vitamins and minerals:
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin B1
Riboflavin
Vitamin B3
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Vitamin B5
Vitamin A
Iodine
Molybdenum
Chromium
History
The concept for VitaPerk's powdered coffee supplement began in January 2010 as an attempted convergence of the coffee and nutritional supplement industries. The initial projected timeline from formulation to product launch was one year. However, due to production and formulation issues, the product was not available until early 2015.
During the summer of 2015, Brad Kifferstein appeared on CNBC's Power Pitch, where his pitch received one "in" and two "out" votes from the panelists.
References
American companies established in 2010
Companies based in Oakland County, Michigan
Privately held companies based in Michigan
Coffee preparation | wiki |
James Martin's Saturday Morning is a British television program aired on ITV presented by James Martin. On Saturday 28 May 2022, Martin presented the 200th episode of the show with special guests model David Gandy, comedian Johnny Vegas and chefs Clare Smyth, Daniel Clifford and Sat Bains.
Series overview
Featured chefs
Some of the chefs to join James Martin run two- and three-Michelin star restaurants, including: Sat Bains, Tom Kerridge, and Clare Smyth.
Also among the chefs to join Martin are chefs from his time on Ready Steady Cook. Among them: Nick Nairn and Paul Rankin, Tony Tobin and Brian Turner.
References
2017 British television series debuts
2010s British television series
2020s British television series
English-language television shows
ITV (TV network) original programming | wiki |
Gwapyeon () is a jelly-like hangwa (traditional Korean confection) made with fruits. The colorful fruit jelly is commonly served at banquets. This classic dessert was served in the royal court during the Joseon dynasty.
Preparation
Fruits with tart-sweet flavor and higher pectin content, such as Korean cherry, Chinese quince, apricot, mountain hawthorn, bokbunja, Oriental cherry, bog blueberry and magnolia berry are preferred for making gwapyeon. The jelly can be made by boiling any of the above fruits in water, sieving it, then adding honey and simmering it for a long time on low heat. Starch, agar, or other gelling agents can be used as a time-saver. Boiled fruit juice is then cooled in a mold until it solidifies. It is sliced into bite-size pieces.
See also
Muk
References
Fruit dishes
Hangwa
Jams and jellies | wiki |
Deism is the philosophical doctrine in which it is understood that God can be found only through the exercise of reason, and does not intervene in the Universe.
Deism may also refer to:
Ceremonial deism, a doctrine created by the Supreme Court of the United States that permits the government to use general symbolic religious references
Moralistic therapeutic deism, a term coined by Christian social scientists to describe theological beliefs of American teenagers circa 2005
Pandeism, a pantheistic model of Deism
Polydeism, a polytheistic model of Deism
Christian deism, a branch that incorporates some Christian philosophy into deism, but still denies revelation and scripture | wiki |
SackSEER is a statistical model for predicting the performance of collegiate American football players who are trying to play in the National Football League. SackSEER was developed in 2010 by Nate Forster of Football Outsiders.
SackSEER only applies to defensive ends who are "edge rushers". The first version of SackSEER was published in the 2010 Football Outsiders Almanac.
Methodology
According to the SackSEER chapter in the 2010 Football Outsiders Almanac, the formula considers four factors:
vertical leap
short shuttle time
SRAM (an adjusted measure of per-game sack productivity in college)
The total number of eligible games missed for any reason other than early entry into the NFL draft
References
National Football League mass media | wiki |
Middletown is the name of more than one location in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:
Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania of the Harrisburg metropolitan area, zip code 17057
Middletown (Amtrak station)
Middletown, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, zip code 18017
Middletown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, zip code 19047
Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, zip code 19063
Middletown Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
Middletown, McKean County, Pennsylvania, on Pennsylvania Route 646
See also
Middleburg (disambiguation)
Middletown (disambiguation)
Middletown Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation)
West Middletown, Pennsylvania, Washington County | wiki |
Camberwell hat folgende Bedeutungen:
Camberwell, Stadtteil von London
Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell, ehemaliger Stadtbezirk von London
Camberwell (New South Wales), Ort in Australien
Camberwell (Victoria), Stadtteil von Boroondara (Australien) | wiki |
The Embassy of Turkey in Montevideo (Turkish: Türkiye'nin Montevideo Büyükelçiliği) is the diplomatic mission of Turkey to Uruguay.
References
Diplomatic missions of Turkey | wiki |
Desert beardtongue or desert penstemon is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Penstemon parryi, native to the Sonoran desert of Arizona and northern Mexico
Penstemon pseudospectabilis, native to the southwestern United States | wiki |
Miami Animal Police is an American documentary reality television series that premiered on January 5, 2004, on Animal Planet. Produced by Lion Television, the program is set in Miami, Florida and the surrounding Miami-Dade County. It depicts the everyday duties of Miami-Dade Police Department Animal Services Unit, focusing on the work of twenty ACOs (animal control officers), five civilian animal cruelty investigators, six Miami-Dade Police Department administrators, and a pitbull investigator.
References
External links
2000s American reality television series
Animal Planet original programming
2000s American documentary television series
2004 American television series debuts
Television shows filmed in Miami
Television shows set in Miami
2000s American crime television series
Cruelty to animals
2004 American television series endings | wiki |
Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) pistils and is typically surrounded by the pollen-producing reproductive organs, the stamens, collectively called the androecium. The gynoecium is often referred to as the "female" portion of the flower, although rather than directly producing female gametes (i.e. egg cells), the gynoecium produces megaspores, each of which develops into a female gametophyte which then produces egg cells.
The term gynoecium is also used by botanists to refer to a cluster of archegonia and any associated modified leaves or stems present on a gametophyte shoot in mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. The corresponding terms for the male parts of those plants are clusters of antheridia within the androecium. Flowers that bear a gynoecium but no stamens are called pistillate or carpellate. Flowers lacking a gynoecium are called staminate.
The gynoecium is often referred to as female because it gives rise to female (egg-producing) gametophytes; however, strictly speaking sporophytes do not have a sex, only gametophytes do. Gynoecium development and arrangement is important in systematic research and identification of angiosperms, but can be the most challenging of the floral parts to interpret.
Introduction
Unlike most animals, plants grow new organs after embryogenesis, including new roots, leaves, and flowers. In the flowering plants, the gynoecium develops in the central region of the flower as a carpel or in groups of fused carpels. After fertilization, the gynoecium develops into a fruit that provides protection and nutrition for the developing seeds, and often aids in their dispersal. The gynoecium has several specialized tissues. The tissues of the gynoecium develop from genetic and hormonal interactions along three-major axes. These tissue arise from meristems that produce cells that differentiation into the different tissues that produce the parts of the gynoecium including the pistil, carpels, ovary, and ovals; the carpel margin meristem (arising from the carpel primordium) produces the ovules, ovary septum, and the transmitting track, and plays a role in fusing the apical margins of carpels.
Pistil
The gynoecium may consist of one or more separate pistils. A pistil typically consists of an expanded basal portion called an ovary, an elongated section called a style and an apical structure called a stigma that receives pollen.
The ovary (from Latin ovum, meaning egg) is the enlarged basal portion which contains placentas, ridges of tissue bearing one or more ovules (integumented megasporangia). The placentas and/or ovule(s) may be born on the gynoecial appendages or less frequently on the floral apex. The chamber in which the ovules develop is called a locule (or sometimes cell).
The style (from Ancient Greek στῦλος, stylos, meaning a pillar) is a pillar-like stalk through which pollen tubes grow to reach the ovary. Some flowers, such as those of Tulipa, do not have a distinct style, and the stigma sits directly on the ovary. The style is a hollow tube in some plants, such as lilies, or has transmitting tissue through which the pollen tubes grow.
The stigma (from Ancient Greek , stigma, meaning mark or puncture) is usually found at the tip of the style, the portion of the carpel(s) that receives pollen (male gametophytes). It is commonly sticky or feathery to capture pollen.
The word "pistil" comes from Latin pistillum meaning pestle. A sterile pistil in a male flower is referred to as a pistillode.
Carpels
The pistils of a flower are considered to be composed of one or more carpels. A carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower—usually composed of the style, and stigma (sometimes having its individual ovary, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary) —and usually interpreted as modified leaves that bear structures called ovules, inside which egg cells ultimately form. A pistil may consist of one carpel (with its ovary, style and stigma); or it may comprise several carpels joined together to form a single ovary, the whole unit called a pistil. The gynoecium may present as one or more uni-carpellate pistils or as one multi-carpellate pistil. (The number of carpels is denoted by terms such as tricarpellate (three carpels).)
Carpels are thought to be phylogenetically derived from ovule-bearing leaves or leaf homologues (megasporophylls), which evolved to form a closed structure containing the ovules. This structure is typically rolled and fused along the margin.
Although many flowers satisfy the above definition of a carpel, there are also flowers that do not have carpels because in these flowers the ovule(s), although enclosed, are borne directly on the shoot apex. Different remedies have been suggested for this problem. An easy remedy that applies to most cases is to redefine the carpel as an appendage that encloses ovule(s) and may or may not bear them.
Types
If a gynoecium has a single carpel, it is called monocarpous. If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels, it is apocarpous. If a gynoecium has multiple carpels "fused" into a single structure, it is syncarpous. A syncarpous gynoecium can sometimes appear very much like a monocarpous gynoecium.
The degree of connation ("fusion") in a syncarpous gynoecium can vary. The carpels may be "fused" only at their bases, but retain separate styles and stigmas. The carpels may be "fused" entirely, except for retaining separate stigmas. Sometimes (e.g., Apocynaceae) carpels are fused by their styles or stigmas but possess distinct ovaries. In a syncarpous gynoecium, the "fused" ovaries of the constituent carpels may be referred to collectively as a single compound ovary. It can be a challenge to determine how many carpels fused to form a syncarpous gynoecium. If the styles and stigmas are distinct, they can usually be counted to determine the number of carpels. Within the compound ovary, the carpels may have distinct locules divided by walls called septa. If a syncarpous gynoecium has a single style and stigma and a single locule in the ovary, it may be necessary to examine how the ovules are attached. Each carpel will usually have a distinct line of placentation where the ovules are attached.
Pistil development
Pistils begin as small primordia on a floral apical meristem, forming later than, and closer to the (floral) apex than sepal, petal and stamen primordia. Morphological and molecular studies of pistil ontogeny reveal that carpels are most likely homologous to leaves.
A carpel has a similar function to a megasporophyll, but typically includes a stigma, and is fused, with ovules enclosed in the enlarged lower portion, the ovary.
In some basal angiosperm lineages, Degeneriaceae and Winteraceae, a carpel begins as a shallow cup where the ovules develop with laminar placentation, on the upper surface of the carpel. The carpel eventually forms a folded, leaf-like structure, not fully sealed at its margins. No style exists, but a broad stigmatic crest along the margin allows pollen tubes access along the surface and between hairs at the margins.
Two kinds of fusion have been distinguished: postgenital fusion that can be observed during the development of flowers, and congenital fusion that cannot be observed i.e., fusions that occurred during phylogeny. But it is very difficult to distinguish fusion and non-fusion processes in the evolution of flowering plants. Some processes that have been considered congenital (phylogenetic) fusions appear to be non-fusion processes such as, for example, the de novo formation of intercalary growth in a ring zone at or below the base of primordia. Therefore, "it is now increasingly acknowledged that the term 'fusion,' as applied to phylogeny (as in 'congenital fusion') is ill-advised."
Gynoecium position
Basal angiosperm groups tend to have carpels arranged spirally around a conical or dome-shaped receptacle. In later lineages, carpels tend to be in whorls.
The relationship of the other flower parts to the gynoecium can be an important systematic and taxonomic character. In some flowers, the stamens, petals, and sepals are often said to be "fused" into a "floral tube" or hypanthium. However, as Leins & Erbar (2010) pointed out, "the classical view that the wall of the inferior ovary results from the "congenital" fusion of dorsal carpel flanks and the floral axis does not correspond to the ontogenetic processes that can actually be observed. All that can be seen is an intercalary growth in a broad circular zone that changes the shape of the floral axis (receptacle)." And what happened during evolution is not a phylogenetic fusion but the formation of a unitary intercalary meristem. Evolutionary developmental biology investigates such developmental processes that arise or change during evolution.
If the hypanthium is absent, the flower is hypogynous, and the stamens, petals, and sepals are all attached to the receptacle below the gynoecium. Hypogynous flowers are often referred to as having a superior ovary. This is the typical arrangement in most flowers.
If the hypanthium is present up to the base of the style(s), the flower is epigynous. In an epigynous flower, the stamens, petals, and sepals are attached to the hypanthium at the top of the ovary or, occasionally, the hypanthium may extend beyond the top of the ovary. Epigynous flowers are often referred to as having an inferior ovary. Plant families with epigynous flowers include orchids, asters, and evening primroses.
Between these two extremes are perigynous flowers, in which a hypanthium is present, but is either free from the gynoecium (in which case it may appear to be a cup or tube surrounding the gynoecium) or connected partly to the gynoecium (with the stamens, petals, and sepals attached to the hypanthium part of the way up the ovary). Perigynous flowers are often referred to as having a half-inferior ovary (or, sometimes, partially inferior or half-superior). This arrangement is particularly frequent in the rose family and saxifrages.
Occasionally, the gynoecium is born on a stalk, called the gynophore, as in Isomeris arborea.
Placentation
Within the ovary, each ovule is born by a placenta or arises as a continuation of the floral apex. The placentas often occur in distinct lines called lines of placentation. In monocarpous or apocarpous gynoecia, there is typically a single line of placentation in each ovary. In syncarpous gynoecia, the lines of placentation can be regularly spaced along the wall of the ovary (parietal placentation), or near the center of the ovary. In the latter case, separate terms are used depending on whether or not the ovary is divided into separate locules. If the ovary is divided, with the ovules born on a line of placentation at the inner angle of each locule, this is axile placentation. An ovary with free central placentation, on the other hand, consists of a single compartment without septae and the ovules are attached to a central column that arises directly from the floral apex (axis). In some cases a single ovule is attached to the bottom or top of the locule (basal or apical placentation, respectively).
The ovule
In flowering plants, the ovule (from Latin ovulum meaning small egg) is a complex structure born inside ovaries. The ovule initially consists of a stalked, integumented megasporangium (also called the nucellus). Typically, one cell in the megasporangium undergoes meiosis resulting in one to four megaspores. These develop into a megagametophyte (often called the embryo sac) within the ovule. The megagametophyte typically develops a small number of cells, including two special cells, an egg cell and a binucleate central cell, which are the gametes involved in double fertilization. The central cell, once fertilized by a sperm cell from the pollen becomes the first cell of the endosperm, and the egg cell once fertilized become the zygote that develops into the embryo. The gap in the integuments through which the pollen tube enters to deliver sperm to the egg is called the micropyle. The stalk attaching the ovule to the placenta is called the funiculus.
Role of the stigma and style
Stigmas can vary from long and slender to globe-shaped to feathery. The stigma is the receptive tip of the carpel(s), which receives pollen at pollination and on which the pollen grain germinates. The stigma is adapted to catch and trap pollen, either by combining pollen of visiting insects or by various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings.
The style and stigma of the flower are involved in most types of self incompatibility reactions. Self-incompatibility, if present, prevents fertilization by pollen from the same plant or from genetically similar plants, and ensures outcrossing.
The primitive development of carpels, as seen in such groups of plants as Tasmannia and Degeneria, lack styles and the stigmatic surface is produced along the carpels margins.
See also
Chalaza
Notes
References
Bibliography
Plant reproductive system
Plant morphology
Plant sexuality | wiki |
Oakland is the name of some locations in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:
Oakland (Pittsburgh), a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Oakland, Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Oakland, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
Oakland, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
Former name of Distant, Pennsylvania
See also
Oakland Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation) | wiki |
A split beam nut, also known as a split hex nut or slotted beam nut, is a locknut with slots cut in the top that separate the outside end into two or more sections that are bent slightly inward, making the thread diameter undersized in the slotted portion. As the nut is threaded on, these sections are forced back out to their original position and increase the friction between the nut and the fastener, creating the locking action.
High temperature use
High strength grades retain their locking ability up to , unlike nyloc nuts. Military grade nuts can be reused at least a dozen times.
Trademark
Aerotight is a tradename for a specific type of split beam nut. Other names for this type of nut are stiff nut and Allmetal self locking nut.
See also
Elliptical offset locknut
References
Notes
Bibliography
.
Nuts (hardware) | wiki |
The women's freestyle 69 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2017 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Paris, France on 24 August 2017.
This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winners of two bronze medals.
Results
Legend
F — Won by fall
Final
Top half
Bottom half
Repechage
References
External links
Official website
Women's freestyle 69 kg
World | wiki |
Dal 2002 al 2018 è stato il preparatore dei portieri del .
Palmarès
Club
Competizioni nazionali
Borussia Dortmund: 1994-1995, 1995-1996
Borussia Dortmund: 1988-1989
Borussia Dortmund: 1995, 1996
Competizioni internazionali
Borussia Dortmund: 1996-1997
Borussia Dortmund: 1997
Collegamenti esterni
Calciatori campioni d'Europa di club | wiki |
An ulnar claw, also known as claw hand or spinster's claw, is a deformity or an abnormal attitude of the hand that develops due to ulnar nerve damage causing paralysis of the lumbricals. A claw hand presents with a hyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 4th and 5th fingers. The patients with this condition can make a full fist but when they extend their fingers, the hand posture is referred to as claw hand. The ring- and little finger can usually not fully extend at the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP).
This can be commonly confused with the "hand of benediction or pope's blessing", which is caused by proximal (at elbow level) median nerve damage.
Presentation
Patients exhibiting an ulnar claw are also very frequently unable to spread (abduct) or pull together (adduct) their fingers against resistance. This occurs because the ulnar nerve also innervates the palmar and dorsal interossei of the hand. Patients with this deficit will become increasingly easy to identify over time as the paralysed first dorsal interosseous muscle atrophies, leaving a prominent hollowing between the thumb and forefinger.
Ulnar nerve symptoms
The ulnar nerve runs from the shoulder to the hand, and damage to it results in the Ulnar claw. It is linked to palsy, which is a result of peripheral neuropathy. There is a range of ways that damage to the nerve can occur. Leaning on the elbow can lead to long-term wear and tear due to the prolonged pressure of the weight of the upper body. Symptoms resulting from leaning on the nerve can include numbness and tingling fingers.
Causes
Common occupations such as cyclist, motorcyclist, and desk jobs prolong movement and elbow leaning. These activities involve pressure to the palms, which leads to cumulative damage to the nerve. When using a pizza cutter or similar hand tools which require downward pressure during use, applying upper body weight to push down on the tool over time can cause damage to the nerve.
Pathogenesis
An ulnar claw may follow an ulnar nerve lesion which results in the partial or complete denervation of the ulnar (medial) two lumbricals of the hand. Since the ulnar nerve also innervates the 3rd and 4th lumbricals, which flex the MCP joints (aka the knuckles), their denervation causes these joints to become extended by the now unopposed action of the long finger extensors (namely the extensor digitorum and the extensor digiti minimi). The lumbricals and interossei also extend the IP (interphalangeal) joints of the fingers by insertion into the extensor hood; their paralysis results in weakened extension. The combination of hyperextension at the MCP and flexion at the IP joints gives the hand its claw like appearance.
Ulnar paradox
The ulnar nerve also innervates the ulnar (medial) half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle (FDP). If the ulnar nerve lesion occurs more proximally (closer to the elbow), the flexor digitorum profundus muscle may also be denervated. As a result, flexion of the IP joints is weakened, which reduces the claw-like appearance of the hand. (Instead, the fourth and fifth fingers are simply paralyzed in their fully extended position.) This is called the "ulnar paradox" because one would normally expect a more proximal and thus debilitating injury to result in a more deformed appearance.
Simply put, as reinnervation occurs along the ulnar nerve after a high lesion, the deformity will get worse (FDP reinnervated) as the patient recovers - hence the use of the term "paradox". A simple way to remember this is: 'the closer to the Paw, the worse the Claw'.
Prevention
Preventive therapy is recommended to preserve the function of the fingers. This may include physical exercise, stretching, proper bodily function and myofascial release (massage, foam roller). Exercises are focused on the forearm muscles, such as the extensor carpi ulnaris; extensor digitorum to antagonize the flexion of the fingers.
Massaging the forearm muscles also alleviates the tightness that occurs with muscles exertion. Stretching allows the muscles more flexibility, decreasing interference with the innervations of the ulnar nerve to the fingers.
The so-called "Hand of Benediction" is caused by median nerve lesions. The hand will show hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) from the unopposed extensor digitorum as well as weakened extension and flexion of the Interphalangeal (IP) joints of the 2nd and 3rd digits (index and middle) due to deficits in the radial lumbricals and lateral half of the flexor digitorum profundus. The pathogenesis is similar to that of ulnar clawing (loss of the relevant lumbricals and the flexor digitorum profundus along with unopposed action of forearm extensors), and a median claw hand will appear similar to an ulnar claw when the patient with a median claw is asked to make a fist.
The following signs may be used to clinically distinguish median nerve clawing from ulnar nerve clawing.
Dupuytren's contracture
Dupuytren's contracture is a deformity of the hand due to thickening and fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis and eventual contracture of the 4th and 5th digits. Presenting as a small hard nodule in the base of the ring finger, it tends to affect the ring and little finger as puckering and adherence of the palmar aponeurosis to the skin. Eventually the MCP and IP joints of the 4th and 5th digits become permanently flexed. This claw appearance can be distinguished from an ulnar claw in that the MCP is flexed in Dupuytren's but hyperextended in ulnar nerve injuries.
Klumpke paralysis
A claw hand can result of injuries to the inferior brachial plexus (C8–T1). The condition may arise from the limb being suddenly pulled upward. For example, Klumpke paralysis can occur from excessive pulling of the infant's forelimb during parturition.
Treatment
Treatments excluding surgery can include physical therapy and occupational therapy rehabilitation. Range of motion can be regained by using hand splints to stretch the impaired hand and to prevent overstretching. Using splints will initiate flexion in the metacarpophalangeal joints while also allowing extensions and flexion in the interphalangeal joints, thus increasing range of motion.
Beneficial exercise will be any that strengthens the interosseous muscles and lumbricals. By exercising individual fingers and thumb in adduction and abduction motion in pronation position, interosseous muscles will gain strength. Exercises to strengthen lumbricals, strengthen flexion in the metacarpophalangeal joint, and extension in the interphalangeal joints are beneficial. Repetitive motion of pronation and supination are also effective exercises for rehabilitation. Exercising pronation and supination with a handle or screwdriver attachment will help stimulate the nerves. A lateral pinch and recurring grip can also be applied for supination and pronation.
Incidence
Older males are more likely to have ulnar mononeuropathy than females without regard to BMI. 95% of females with a BMI less than a 22.0 have a higher risk of ulnar nerve damage from a lack of adipose “cushion”, and external compression at the elbow is a more important cause of ulnar mononeuropathy among females than males. Both males and females with high grip strength, such as string musicians, are more susceptible to ulnar mononeuropathy, as are those who experience severe or sustained compression of the ulnar nerve.
References
External links
Medical signs | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M03 engine is a naturally-aspirated, 3.0-liter, straight-6, internal combustion piston engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1926 and 1927.
M03 engine
The side-valve six-cylinder 2,968 cc engine delivered a maximum output of at 3,500 rpm which translated into a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). Power was transmitted via a four-speed manual transmission to the rear wheels which were fixed to a rigid axle suspended from semi-elliptic leaf springs. The braking applied to all four wheels, mechanically controlled using rod linkages.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz 12/55 hp Type 300 Sedan
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-six engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
The Surface Laptop SE is a laptop computer manufactured by Microsoft. Unveiled on November 9, 2021, it is an entry-level model in the Surface Laptop series positioned exclusively towards the education market. It is scheduled to be released in early-2022.
Specifications
The Surface Laptop SE has a plastic body and shares some components (such as the keyboard) with the Surface Laptop Go. Microsoft stated that it was designed to be more repairable than other Surface models, with replacement parts (such as batteries, displays, keyboards, and motherboards) to be available through its service partners for on-site repairs.
The device uses an Intel Celeron CPU, with configurations using either a Celeron N4020 with 4 GB of RAM and 64 GB of internal storage, or the N4120 with 8 GB of RAM and 128 GB of internal storage. It has two USB ports, one of which is USB-C. Unlike other Surface models, the Laptop SE uses a round, non-magnetic power connector. It includes a 10.1-inch screen at 1366×768 resolution, and a one-megapixel webcam.
It ships with Windows 11 SE, a variant of the operating system with optimizations for the education market.
Timeline
References
External links
SE
Computer-related introductions in 2021
Educational hardware | wiki |
The Mercedes-Benz M02 engine is a naturally-aspirated, 2.0-liter, straight-6, internal combustion piston engine, designed, developed and produced by Mercedes-Benz; between 1926 and 1933.
M02 engine
The side-valve six-cylinder 1,988 cc engine delivered a maximum output of at 3,400 rpm, which translated into a top speed of 75 km/h (47 mph). Power was transmitted via a three-speed manual transmission to the rear wheels, which were fixed to a rigid axle suspended from semi-elliptic leaf springs. The braking applied to all four wheels, mechanically controlled using rod linkages.
Applications
Mercedes-Benz W02
References
Mercedes-Benz engines
Straight-six engines
Engines by model
Gasoline engines by model | wiki |
Carriera
Venne selezionato dai Los Angeles Lakers al terzo giro del Draft NBA 1966 (28ª scelta assoluta).
Palmarès
All-NBA Second Team (1972)
2 volte NBA All-Star (1968, 1972)
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Elenolic acid is a component of olive oil, olive infusion and olive leaf extract. It can be considered as a marker for maturation of olives.
Oleuropein, a chemical compound found in olive leaf from the olive tree, together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside and 10-hydroxyligstroside, are tyrosol esters of elenolic acid.
References
Carboxylic acids
Aldehydes
Dihydropyrans
Methyl esters
Olive oil
Olives
Aldehydic acids
Enones | wiki |
This is a list of cities in the world by gross domestic product (GDP). The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities may be classified using the same criteria. Cities may be defined as the cities proper, the extent of their urban area, or their metropolitan regions. The methodology of calculating GDP may differ between the studies and are widely based on projections and sometimes approximate estimations, notably for cities that are not within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Refer to sources for more information. Click on the headers to reorganize columns.
Major metropolitan areas (PPP)
Major metropolitan areas contributing at least 2.5% of world GDP.
Full List (Nominal)
Each of the columns in the table is sortable by pressing on the arrows at the head of the column:
Notes
Cities (metropolitan areas) by percentage of national GDP
See also
List of cheapest cities
List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP
List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP
List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion US dollars
References
GDP
GDP | wiki |
A Gardener's Year is a 1905 non-fiction book from H. Rider Haggard.
References
External links
Complete book at Internet Archive
1905 non-fiction books
Works by H. Rider Haggard
Gardening books | wiki |
A Warrant of Restitution is a court order which empowers a property owner to use court bailiffs to enforce a possession order which was gained previously.
A common use of such a warrant is for a landlord to remove tenants which have re-entered the property after eviction. The warrant allows the bailiffs to remove all people found on the property. There is normally no requirement to start additional legal proceedings as it is effectively an additional warrant of possession.
References
Court orders | wiki |
Premi e riconoscimenti
Washington Bullets: 1978
NBA All-Rookie First Team (1972)
All-NBA Second Team (1975)
3 volte NBA All-Star (1974, 1975, 1977)
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
Scheda su thedraftreview.com | wiki |
A coupling nut, also known as extension nut, is a threaded fastener for joining two male threads, most commonly a threaded rod, but also pipes. The outside of the fastener is usually a hex so a wrench can hold it. Variations include reducing coupling nuts, for joining two different size threads; sight hole coupling nuts, which have a sight hole for observing the amount of engagement; and coupling nuts with left-handed threads.
Coupling nuts can be used to tighten a rod assembly inward or to press a rod assembly outward.
Along with bolts or studs, connecting nuts are also often used to make homemade bearing and seal pullers/presses. The advantage of a connecting nut over a standard nut in this application is that, due to its length, a greater number of threads are engaged with the bolt. This helps to spread the force over a larger number of threads, which reduces the possibility of stripping or galling the threads under a heavy load.
References
Nuts (hardware) | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.