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This is a list of non-governmental organizations with consultative status at the United Nations.
Agri-Energy Roundtable
Article 12
CANADEM
Conference of NGOs
Global Policy Forum
Global Youth Action Network
International League of Esperanto Instructors
Islands First
Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
United Nations Youth Associations Network
Universal Esperanto Association
World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies
World Council of Arameans
World Federation of United Nations Associations
See also
:Category:United Nations Youth Associations Network
:Category:World Federation of United Nations Associations
List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council
References
Lists of organizations
Non-governmental organizations
Non-governmental organizations
United Nations | wiki |
"Lies to Me" is the second single by Canadian rock group 54-40 from the band's seventh studio album, Trusted by Millions.
Charts
References
External links
1996 singles
54-40 songs
1995 songs | wiki |
Tottenham hat folgende Bedeutungen:
Tottenham, Stadtteil von London
Tottenham (Wahlkreis), ein Wahlkreis für das britische Unterhaus
Tottenham (New South Wales), Ort in Australien
Tottenham (Ontario), Ort in Kanada
Tottenham (Victoria), Ort in Australien
Tottenham ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
Charles Tottenham, 8. Marquess of Ely (1913–2006), britischer Adliger und Journalist
Siehe auch:
Municipal Borough of Tottenham, ehemaliger Bezirk im Großraum London
Tottenham Hotspur, englischer Fußballverein | wiki |
The following is a list of the final 2015 Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) team rosters:
Alabama Hammers
Nashville Venom
Richmond Raiders
References
Professional Indoor Football League | wiki |
Robert Rodgers may refer to:
Robert L. Rodgers (1875–1960), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Robert Rodgers (architect) (1895–1934), American architect
R. H. Rodgers (born 1944), American classical scholar
See also
Robert Rogers (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tripwire, est un logiciel ;
Tripwire Interactive est un développeur de jeux vidéo ;
Tripwire est un film américain réalisé par James Lemmo sorti en 1990.
Homonymie | wiki |
The aditus to mastoid antrum (otomastoid foramen or entrance or aperture to the mastoid antrum) is a large irregular cavity that leads backward from the epitympanic recess into a considerable air space named the tympanic or mastoid antrum.
The antrum communicates behind and below with the mastoid air cells, which vary considerably in number, size, and form; the antrum and mastoid air cells are lined by mucous membrane, continuous with that lining the tympanic cavity.
On the medial wall of the entrance to the antrum is a rounded eminence, situated above and behind the prominence of the facial canal; it corresponds with the position of the ampullated ends of the superior and lateral semicircular canals.
See also
Aditus
Mastoid antrum
Epitympanic recess
References
External links
Description at umich.edu
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_44/44-5.HTM
Bones of the head and neck
Ear | wiki |
Bailando (chanson d'Enrique Iglesias),
Bailando (chanson de Paradisio),
Bailando por un Sueño, version argentine de Dancing with the Stars. | wiki |
"Cruising" is a pop song by American–British singer Sinitta. The song was released in 1984 as the first single from Sinitta's debut album Sinitta! (1987). It was written by James George Hargreaves and produced by James George Hargreaves and Mick Parker. "Cruising" was re-recorded in 1999 and included on her compilation album The Very Best of...Sinitta. No music video was made for this song.
Formats and track listings
7" Single
"Cruising" – 3:52
"Cruising" (Instrumental) – 3:35
12" Single
"Cruising" (Extended Version) – 5:52
"Cruising" (Dub Mix) – 4:20
References
1984 songs
Sinitta songs
Songs written by George Hargreaves (politician)
1984 singles
Fanfare Records singles | wiki |
Board President's XI or Board XI may refer to several cricket teams:
Board President's XI (India), a team representing the Board of Control for Cricket in India
Board President's XI, a team representing Cricket South Africa
Board President's XI, a team representing Sri Lanka Cricket | wiki |
Kershaw Knives designs, sources and manufactures a wide range of knives, including pocketknives, sporting knives, and kitchen cutlery. Kershaw is a brand of Kai USA Ltd., a member of the KAI Group, headquartered in Tualatin, Oregon, United States.
History
Kershaw Knives was started in Portland, Oregon in 1974 when knife salesman Pete Kershaw left Gerber Legendary Blades to form his own cutlery company based on his own designs. Early manufacturing was primarily done in Japan by Ichiro Hattori in Seki.
In 1977, Kershaw became a wholly owned subsidiary of the KAI Group.
In 1997 the U.S. production facility was opened in Wilsonville, Oregon. Due to an expanding market, the facilities were moved to a larger production site in 2003 located in Tualatin, Oregon. Other products are imported from Japanese and Chinese factories.
On 28 December 1998, the USPTO granted and published Patent number US6006385A for inventors Peter G. Kershaw, Douglas B. Flagg, Craig Green and Katsumi Hasegawa. The patent was filed on 24 January 1997 by Kai USA Ltd, who was also the assignee for the duration of its 20-year life span.
In 2002, Kershaw released a Steven Seagal model featuring stingray leather on the handle.
In May 2005, Kai USA Ltd. won four of the top awards at the Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia. This was the first time in the show's history that one company won this number of awards in one year: 2005 Overall Knife of the Year, 2005 Most Innovative American Design, 2005 Kitchen Knife of the Year, and 2005 Knife Collaboration of the Year.
In June 2007, Kai USA won the Blade Show's "Overall Knife of the Year Award" with the Kershaw "Tyrade" (model 1850), in which the company's patent-pending Composite Blade technology using two different steels in the same blade was introduced. The blade steels were D2 tool steel at the cutting edge, and a spine of 154CM stainless steel.
In 2009 Kershaw won an award for the Speedform (model 3500).
In 2010, Kershaw won "American Made Knife of the Year" for the Tilt (model 4001) and Shun won "Kitchen Knife of the Year" for the Shun Premier line.
In the 2011 Blade Show, Zero Tolerance's 0777 won "Overall Knife of the Year," the ZT-Rick Hinderer 0560/0561 won "Collaboration of the Year," and the Shun Fuji line won "Kitchen Knife of the Year".
Then in 2012, Kai USA Ltd. repeated its four-win sweep of the Blade Show awards. The Zero Tolerance 0888 won "Overall Knife of the Year", while the 0600 won for "Collaboration of the Year". The Kershaw Cryo won 2012's "Best Buy of the Year" and the Shun Taiyo was the 2012 "Kitchen Knife of the Year."
Synopsis
Kai USA Ltd. has three lines of products; Kershaw Knives brand of sporting and pocketknives, Shun Cutlery, handcrafted Japanese kitchen cutlery, and Zero Tolerance, a line of premium and professional knives.
Kai USA Ltd. is the assignee of more than 150 patents at the USPTO.
Kershaw has collaborated with custom knife makers including Hall of Fame knife maker Ken Onion on Kershaw's SpeedSafe knives, Ernest Emerson, Grant and Gavin Hawk, Frank Centofante, Rick Hinderer and RJ Martin.
Kershaw Knives: Pocketknives and sporting knives designed for every day use, camping, hunting and fishing
Zero Tolerance Knives: Premium knives developed in loose collaboration with custom knife makers for the law enforcement and military markets.
Shun Cutlery: Handcrafted kitchen cutlery
Kai Housewares: Kitchen cutlery and household products
Priyanka India Pvt. Ltd.: Stainless Steel Kitchen cutlery and household products
In popular culture
In the television show Person of Interest, the character John Reece (played by Jim Caviezel) is frequently seen using a Kershaw Blur.
In the television series NCIS, the character Leroy Jethro Gibbs (played by Mark Harmon) is seen frequently using a Zero Tolerance ZT0301 with Tiger Stripes.
See also
List of companies based in Oregon
References
External links
Kershaw Knives official site
Knife manufacturing companies
Kitchen knife brands
Companies based in Tualatin, Oregon
Manufacturing companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Oregon
American brands | wiki |
The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5 c. 31) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed on 9 August 1920 to address the collapse of the British civilian administration in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence.
In effect a special extension of the Defence of the Realm Acts, the aim of the Act was to increase convictions of nationalist rebels while averting the need to declare martial law. Following a guillotine motion, royal assent was received on 13 August. Under Section 3(6) of the Act military authorities were empowered to jail any Irish person without charge or trial. Secret courts martials were established and lawyers (appointed by Crown agents) could be present only if the death penalty was involved. Inquests of military or police actions were banned.
Context of the Act
By the middle of 1920, Ireland was in the throes of a full-fledged rebellion that was barely recognized by the British Government in Ireland headquartered in Dublin Castle. The Irish Republican Army (IRA), the military arm of the Dáil Éireann revolutionary government, was engaged in a guerilla campaign to destroy elements of British power, particularly burning down courthouses and attacking members of the RIC, Britain’s police force in the countryside.
The British response to the increase in violence and the assassination of police officers was twofold. To suppress the IRA “murderers,” Major-General Henry H. Tudor, commander of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and self-styled “Chief of Police”, began supplementing that body with the employment of World War I veterans known as the “Black and Tans” because of the color of their surplus World War I uniforms, and an additional temporary force of Auxiliaries. With little discipline and utter indifference to the plight or moral indignation of the Irish population, these groups raided and burned villages, creameries, and farm buildings to intimidate supporters of the IRA.
The second measure was the enactment of the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act (ROIA)[2]. The Act was envisioned as a remedy to the problem perceived by Chief Secretary for Ireland Sir Hamar Greenwood that, “throughout the greater part of Ireland criminal justice can no longer be administered by the ordinary constitutional process of trial by judge and jury.”
The genesis of the Act may be seen in a Cabinet discussion on 31 May 1920, in which the members focused on the violence in Ireland. Rather than addressing violence as the product of rebellion, Greenwood insisted that, “The great task is to crush out murder and arson.” He asserted that the violence was perpetrated by “[t]hugs” who were being “handsomely paid.” Commenting on a pending Irish bill, Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill stated that, “You should include in the Bill a special tribunal for trying murderers. It is monstrous that we have some 200 murders and no one hung.” The prime minister agreed that he felt “certain you must hang,” but questioned whether “you can get convictions from Catholics.” The concern of all was that the civil courts were incapable of strictly administering justice to the revolutionaries because the juries largely consisted of Irish Catholics. The ensuing discussion of possibly imposing court-martial jurisdiction was inconclusive.
After the 31 May meeting, Greenwood investigated the feasibility of imposing martial law in Ireland, and raised martial law as the specific subject of a 23 July 1920 conference committee meeting of the Cabinet led by Prime Minister David Lloyd George to which the key members of the Dublin Castle administration were invited. Mr. William E. Wylie, the law advisor at Dublin Castle, noted that the RIC was disintegrating through resignations brought on by terrorist attacks, and that with “regard to the Civil Courts, the entire administration of the Imperial Government had ceased.” The civilian participants from Dublin Castle, especially Wylie, maintained that martial law was counter-productive, and would only antagonize the Irish people. As an alternative to martial law, the General Tudor argued for the imposition of court-martial jurisdiction. Tudor argued forcefully that court-martial jurisdiction over all crimes would support the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries that he was recruiting. He declaimed that “not a single criminal had been brought to justice for murder.” Lloyd George closed the discussion directing the Dublin Castle participants to provide final proposals for enforcement of the laws.
A draft bill to establish military criminal jurisdiction was considered by the Cabinet on 26 July. The prime minister’s most telling contribution was his question as to “how a man would be killed. Would he be shot or hanged?” It appears that he was comforted by the response that the defendant would be tried as under the ordinary law which implied death by hanging. The resulting bill was completed by 30 July 1920, and was then quickly pushed through Parliament and received Royal assent on 9 August 1920. The ROIA provided that all crimes punishable under the laws in Ireland could be brought before a court-martial. The court-martial would have the power to impose any punishment authorized by statute or common law including the death penalty. The final step was taken on 20 August 1920, when the final Regulations for implementation went into effect.
The Court-Martial of Kevin Barry
The most celebrated case and the first murder trial by court-martial under the ROIA was the trial of 18-year old Kevin Barry on 20 October 1920. Barry had been captured by British troops on 20 September 1920 when a party of the Dublin IRA, including Barry, attempted to ambush soldiers guarding a British Army lorry in an attempt to capture the soldiers' weapons. During the ambush, three British soldiers had been killed.
Although there was no evidence as to the specific killer, on 28 September 1920 Dublin Castle elected to try him under the ROIA for "Offenses . . . of such a character that they cannot adequately be dealt with by a Court of Summary Jurisdiction." For purposes of jurisdiction he was to "be treated as if he belonged to the Detach. 1/Bn. Lancashire Fusilers (sic).". The formal order convening the a General Court-Martial was issued on 15 October 1920, charging Barry with three counts of first degree murder relating to the three dead soldiers. During the subsequent trial, Barry refused to recognize the court's jurisdiction or present any evidence in his defense. He was found guilty of the first charge (resulting in the dropping of the other charges)and sentenced to death by hanging.
Barry's sentence was publicly announced on 29 October 1920, and it was stated that he would be executed at Mountjoy Prison in three days. The republican press responded with scathing condemnation of the pending execution of a mere "boy" referred to as "Master Kevin Barry". Notwithstanding public outrage and the attempted intervention of the Archbishop of Dublin and the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Sir John French, Lord-Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, and other members of the Dublin Castle administration, refused to modify the sentence. A last minute telephone appeal to Prime Minister Lloyd George was also firmly rebuffed.
At about 6:00 a.m. on Monday 1 November, crowds began to gather outside of to begin a vigil. By 7:00 some 2,000 people were present, and the crowd continued to grow. The British authorities reacted by bringing up an armored car that drove through the crowd and stopped with its gun turret trained on the crowd. Notwithstanding intimidation, at 7:45 a.m., a contingent of the Cumann na mBan, the women’s auxiliary of the IRA, marched up in uniform and knelt in a line outside the prison to conduct prayers.
Inside the prison, Kevin Barry was hanged at 8:00 a.m. Canon John Waters and his assistant, Father Matthew McMahon, had arrived at Barry’s cell an hour earlier to celebrate mass and witness the execution. Afterward, they described the scene to the press in terms that all but sanctified Barry. They reported that Barry received them in his cell with rosary beads in hand and a smile on his face. He was “cheerful and unmoved,” and after the mass, as he proceeded to the gallows, he never “flinched or wavered.” When the executioner approached to blindfold him, he stated that he did not want it, as “he was a soldier and not afraid to die.” Canon Waters stated, “His last thoughts were not of this world. He died a brave and beautiful death, marked by great humility and resignation to the will of God. He died a holy and a Christian death. He died with prayers on his lips for his friends and enemies.” Father McMahon agreed that “[h]e was as brave as a lion, and died as holy as a saint,” and added, “He must have passed straight into Heaven as a reward for his perfect resignation to death, and his acceptance of God’s Divine Will.”
The headlines in Tuesday’s Irish Independent announced, “Execution of Kevin Barry in Mountjoy. Without a Tremor to the End. Asked for No Pity. But Requested Irish Prayers.” Not to be outdone, the Freeman’s Journal proclaimed, “The Heroic Sacrifice. Kevin Barry Yields His Life for Ireland Without Flinching. A Brave Boy’s Fortitude. He goes to the Scaffold Praying for His Friends and Enemies.” The Journal‘s editorial ennobled Barry’s death: Vengeance has been wreaked upon the school-boy Kevin Barry. The vengeance is blind.... It adds to the tragedy that he died with more than a man’s courage, but in the temper of a Christian. He might have saved his life by giving the names of his comrades. The offer should have cancelled the sentence. He refused though the scaffold gloomed upon him. But he died praying for his executioners. He had just arrived at the years when the soul of a boy is fullest of generosity and noble sentiment. Such lads as he are the salt of a nation, the salt of the earth. The ghastly thing about this strife is that it is the very best and most generous of the young manhood of Ireland that has been driven to revolt and is now being warred upon.In contrast, Dublin Castle issued no press release or explanation of the rationale for the sentence, thus ceding a complete propaganda victory to the Irish republican cause. The only statement from Dublin Castle was the posting of the following notice on the prison gate, shortly after 8:00 a.m.:The sentence of the law passed on Kevin Barry, found guilty of murder, was carried into execution at 8 a.m. to-day
By Order.Implementation of the Act
The combination of growing police and military pressure and recourse to the ROIA led to increased internments of known or suspected IRA members and a steady increase in convictions to 50-60 per week. This made it more difficult for IRA soldiers to continue openly working day jobs while carrying on part-time guerrilla activities. As a result, the IRA shifted its approach to guerrilla warfare in the rural counties. Volunteers from IRA units were organized into elite, full-time, mobile flying columns of around 25 men who would live off the land and on the run. These flying columns proved to be more suited to ambushes of patrols and convoys and other targets of opportunity, rather than attacks on barracks which had become better defended.
On 10 December 1920 martial law was proclaimed in counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Tipperary. In January 1921 martial law was extended to Clare and Waterford.
In a crucial judgement, R (Egan) v Macready, the Irish courts ruled that the Act did not give power to impose the death penalty. This would no doubt have proved politically contentious had not hostilities ended the same day.
Despite its name, the courts were of the view that ROIA applied in England too. Following the creation of the Irish Free State, when the Act was repealed by implication, it was still used to deport ex-members of the Irish Self-Determination League to Ireland.
References
Emergency laws in the United Kingdom
1920 in British law
1920 in Ireland
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1920
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Ireland
Irish War of Independence | wiki |
Robbie Adams peut désigner :
Robbie Adams, un ingénieur du son irlandais ;
Robbie Adams, un chanteur anglais. | wiki |
Portland Public Schools or Portland School District may refer to:
Portland Public Schools (Maine), in Portland, Maine, U.S.
Portland Public Schools (Oregon), in Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Portland Public Schools (Connecticut), in Portland, Connecticut, U.S.
Portland Public School District (Michigan), in Portland, Michigan, U.S.
Portland School District (Arkansas), a former school district in Arkansas, U.S.
Gregory-Portland Independent School District | wiki |
Cetyl alcohol , also known as hexadecan-1-ol and palmityl alcohol, is a C-16 fatty alcohol with the formula CH3(CH2)15OH. At room temperature, cetyl alcohol takes the form of a waxy white solid or flakes. The name cetyl derives from the whale oil (cetacea oil, from , from ) from which it was first isolated.
Preparation
Cetyl alcohol was discovered in 1817 by the French chemist Michel Chevreul when he heated spermaceti, a waxy substance obtained from sperm whale oil, with caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). Flakes of cetyl alcohol were left behind on cooling. Modern production is based around the chemical reduction of ethyl palmitate.
Uses
Cetyl alcohol is used in the cosmetic industry as an opacifier in shampoos, or as an emollient, emulsifier or thickening agent in the manufacture of skin creams and lotions. It is also employed as a lubricant for nuts and bolts, and is the active ingredient in some "liquid pool covers" (forming a non-volatile surface layer to reduce water evaporation, related latent vaporization heat loss, and thus to retain heat in the pool). Moreover, it can also be used as a non-ionic co-surfactant in emulsion applications.
Side effects
People who suffer from eczema can be sensitive to cetyl alcohol, though this may be due to impurities rather than cetyl alcohol itself. However, cetyl alcohol is sometimes included in medications used for the treatment of eczema.
Related compounds
Palmitate
Palmitic acid
References
Fatty alcohols
Antioxidants
Non-ionic surfactants
Lubricants
Cosmetics chemicals
Whale products
Primary alcohols
Alkanols
Semiochemicals
Insect pheromones | wiki |
Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania vary, with it being defined in various ways, often geopolitically or geographically. In the geopolitical conception used by the United Nations, International Olympic Committee, and many atlases, the Oceanic region includes Australia and the nations of the Pacific from Papua New Guinea east, but not the Malay Archipelago or Indonesian New Guinea. The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote Australasia as a geographic continent,
or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian realm (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Oceanian realm (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guinea).
Although Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands belong to the Commonwealth of Australia and are inhabited, they are nearer Indonesia than the Australian mainland, and are commonly associated with Asia instead of Oceania.
Demographics by territory
The demographic table below shows all inhabited states and territories of Oceania. The information in this chart comes from the CIA World Factbook or the United States Department of State, unless noted otherwise or not available (NA); where sources differ, references are included.
See also
Europeans in Oceania
Indigenous peoples of Oceania
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania
Notes
References
Oceania
Oceania | wiki |
The helicis major (or large muscle of helix) is an intrinsic muscle of the outer ear.
In human anatomy, it is the form of a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix, at the point where the helix becomes transverse.
It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward.
The function of the muscle is to adjust the shape of the ear by depressing the anterior margin of the ear cartilage. While the muscle modifies the auricular shape only minimally in the majority of individuals, this action could increase the opening into the external acoustic meatus in some.
The helicis major is developmentally derived from the second pharyngeal arch. It seem that only in primates is the helicis minor and major two distinctive muscles.
Additional images
See also
Intrinsic muscles of external ear
Helicis minor
References
External links
AnatomyExpert.com
Ear
Muscles of the head and neck | wiki |
Australia and New Zealand share many dishes due to similar colonial ties and shared publications such as the Women's Weekly.
Main dishes
Breakfast
Salads
Dips
Breads
Sandwiches
Savoury pastries
Deep fried snacks
Fast food, pub meals
Baked/grilled/fried dishes
Stewed/boiled dishes
Sausages
Sweet dishes
Sweet breads
Sweet pastries
Sweet slices
Cakes
Puddings
Other sweets
Chocolate and lollies
Biscuits
Other
Ingredients/products
Beverages
Hot beverages
Cold beverages
Alcoholic beverages
References
New Zealand cuisine
Dishes | wiki |
In digital photography and digital video, clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented. It is an instance of signal clipping in the image domain. The clipped area of the image will typically appear as a uniform area of the minimum or maximum brightness, losing any image detail. The amount by which values were clipped, and the extent of the clipped area, affect the degree to which the clipping is visually noticeable or undesirable in the resulting image.
In a color image, clipping may occur in any of the image's color channels separately, which negatively affects colour reproduction.
Clipping can occur at many different stages. It may occur in the image sensor when initially capturing the image using a digital camera or scanner. It may occur due to internal image processing or color space conversion in the camera or scanner. It may also result from later image processing using image editing software. Clipping that is due to internal image processing in a digital camera may often be partially or fully recovered if the raw sensor data is available, such as when saving to a raw image format.
Clipping due to overexposure
Clipping can often occur in image highlights as a result of an incorrect exposure when initially photographing or scanning to a digital image. Increasing an exposure increases the amount of light collected or the sensitivity of the sensor, and increasing it too far will cause the lightest areas, such as the sky, or light sources, to clip.
Bright areas due to overexposure are sometimes called blown-out highlights. In extreme cases, the clipped area may appear to have a noticeable border between the clipped and non-clipped area. The clipped area will typically be completely white, though in the case that only one color channel has clipped, it may represent itself as an area of distorted color, such as an area of sky that is greener or yellower than it should be.
A similar effect also exists in analog photography, though in that case it is not referred to as clipping, and the blown-out area often curves off gently to its maximum brightness rather than being cut off abruptly as in clipping. This causes blown-out highlights to appear differently in analog and digital photography, with the smooth edges in analog photography regarded as more pleasant to some.
In some cases, a small amount of clipping may be tolerable, especially when the clipped area is in the background of the image rather than part of the main subject, or is only a very small area such as a specular highlight (where a light, or the sun, is reflected in a shiny object).
Out-of-gamut clipping
Clipping in some color channels may occur when an image is rendered to a different color space. When the image contains colors that fall outside the target color space, such colors are referred to as out-of-gamut.
This form of clipping may be avoided by performing the color space conversion using a different rendering intent. However, this can sometimes result in lower overall color saturation, leading to duller colors. The desire for bright, saturated colors may, in some cases, be more important than avoiding clipping in single channels due to out-of-gamut colors.
Digital video
Clipping may occur in digital video, just as in digital still photography.
Just as with digital still photography, an intensity value that is outside the allowed range of values in any one channel causes clipping.
See also
Graduated neutral-density filter
High-dynamic-range imaging
References
What is white or black "clipping", and how does one avoid it? (2011, September 23)
Science of photography | wiki |
Tcho can refer to:
TCHO a craft chocolate company based in Berkeley, California
Tchô! a French-Belgian comics magazine | wiki |
Agua Dulce, Texas may refer to:
Agua Dulce, El Paso County, Texas
Agua Dulce, Nueces County, Texas | wiki |
Colorado Amendment 64 was a successful popular initiative ballot measure to amend the Constitution of the State of Colorado, outlining a statewide drug policy for cannabis. The measure passed on November 6, 2012, and along with a similar measure in Washington state, marked "an electoral first not only for America but for the world."
Enacted as Article 18, section 16 of the state constitution, the law addresses "personal use and regulation of marijuana" for adults 21 and over, as well as commercial cultivation, manufacture, and sale: regulating marijuana in a manner similar to alcohol, namely for recreational use. Possession and cultivation of marijuana became legal on December 10, 2012, after governor John Hickenlooper issued an executive action adding Amendment 64 to the state constitution. The commercial sale of marijuana to the general public began on January 1, 2014, at establishments licensed under the regulatory framework.
As of April 2017, 176 of Colorado's 272 municipalities have opted to prohibit retail marijuana activity within their boundaries. While Colorado's second most populous city, Colorado Springs in El Paso county, has prohibited the sale of recreational marijuana, the city has permitted medical marijuana dispensaries.
Ballot summary
Proposed initiative 2011/12 #30 was submitted on January 4 and found sufficient by the Secretary of State on February 27 to appear on the general ballot for the November election.
Personal use
Adults 21 or older can grow up to three immature and three mature marijuana plants privately in a locked space, legally possess all marijuana from the plants they grow (as long as it stays where it was grown), legally possess up to one ounce of marijuana while traveling, and give as a gift up to one ounce to other citizens 21 years of age or older. Consumption is permitted in a manner similar to alcohol, with equivalent offenses prescribed for driving under the influence.
The new legislation does not apply to medical marijuana.
Commercial regulation
The legislation defines industrial hemp as any part of the cannabis plant, growing or not, "with a delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration that does not exceed three tenths percent (0.3%) on a dry weight basis." The amendment declares that industrial hemp should be regulated separately from marijuana with higher THC concentrations, and requires the Colorado General Assembly to "enact legislation governing the cultivation, processing, and sale of industrial hemp" by no later than July 1, 2014.
The amendment provides for licensing of cultivation facilities, product manufacturing facilities, testing facilities, and retail stores. Local governments can now regulate or prohibit such facilities. This amendment requires the general assembly to enact an excise tax to be levied upon wholesale sales of marijuana, requiring that the first $40 million in revenue raised annually by such tax be credited to the public school capital construction assistance fund, known as the Building Excellent Schools today (B.E.S.T.) program. The B.E.S.T. program assists in renovation, repairs, and new school construction needs for Colorado public schools. B.E.S.T. receives funding from state land tax proceeds, lottery proceeds, interest tax proceeds, and marijuana sales tax proceeds via Amendment 64. The Colorado Department of Education annual B.E.S.T. reports suggest that Amendment 64 has provided a visible increase in funding to this program. Since implementation of Amendment 64, the Colorado B.E.S.T. program has seen a decrease in overall annual applications numbers, an increase in overall granted applications numbers, and an increase in cash granted amounts since implementation of Amendment 64 in 2014.
Support and opposition
The largest survey for the amendment, conducted October 23, 2012 by Public Policy Polling, indicated that 53% of voters intended to support it, with 46% opposed. On December 9, 2013, more than a year after the passing of Amendment 64, a Public Policy Polling poll showed that the majority of Coloradans still support legal marijuana. With 53% support versus 38% opposition, the survey of 928 Colorado voters showed little change in support for legal marijuana a year on from the amendment vote.
Since the amendment passed there has been concern over its conflict with federal substance prohibition laws. The outcome is nevertheless expected to have broad impacts south of the border, including in Mexico where less than a week after the U.S. vote Mexican senators submitted a proposal to legalize marijuana in their country.
Support
Though support for liberalizing drug policy has traditionally been considered a liberal or libertarian cause, Amendment 64 garnered a number of high-profile conservative endorsements, including, most notably, an endorsement from former U.S. Representative and 2008 Republican Presidential Candidate Tom Tancredo, who claimed, "Throughout my career in public policy and in public office, I have fought to reform or eliminate wasteful and ineffective government programs. There is no government program or policy I can think of that has failed in such a unique way as marijuana prohibition." Similarly, Temple Emmanuel's Rabbi, Steven Foster, endorsed Amendment 64 because, "as clergy, we have the responsibility to talk about what policies serve our community best. You do not have to use marijuana—or even approve of marijuana—to see that our current laws are not working." Many supporters of Amendment 64 did so because they wanted to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the state's law enforcement resources. Proponents believe that permitting recreational use will allow officers to focus on prevention of violent crime and that it will remove some of the burden on the state's prosecutors and courts.
Other justifications for support include:
increasing the state's revenue (much of the additional revenue is required to be used to fund primary education),
subjecting otherwise illicit substances to health and safety regulations for the protections of users,
enhancing individual freedom,
eliminating a black market (black markets tend to result in crime regardless of the goods sold because market participants are already criminals, and therefore have less to lose by committing additional crimes), and
providing empirical evidence for studying the effects of legalization to identify whether the harms associated with drugs are actually caused by the policy of prohibition.
Yet another argument favoring Amendment 64 is that regulation of marijuana may actually reduce marijuana usage by teens: According to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, the organization responsible for much of the campaigning in support of Amendment 64, marijuana use by teens is likely to go down because commercial access would be limited to persons 21 and older. The campaign also points out that teens who currently seek marijuana have to turn to criminals for their supply and that these criminals may expose teens to other, potentially more dangerous drugs like heroin, meth, or cocaine. Supporters also point out that Colorado's experience with medical marijuana supports their conclusion: The CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System monitors a number of statistics for America's youth. The CDC study suggests that marijuana use among Colorado's youths fell by 2.8 percent from 2009 (24.8 percent) to 2011 (22 percent), while the national rate of youth use increased by 2.3 percent from 2009 (20.8 percent) to 2011 (23.1 percent). Furthermore, the CDC found that the availability of drugs on school grounds in Colorado fell 5 percent from 2009 (22.7 percent) to 2011 (17.2 percent), while the national rate increased by 3.1 percent over the same time.
Opposition
The group "No on 64" objected to Amendment 64 chiefly because it claimed the amendment would lead to increased use of marijuana, a consequence the group considers harmful. In particular, the group sees marijuana as addictive and as damaging to children because they believe it "permanently affects brain development, impairs learning ability and contributes to depression."
On October 14, The Denver Post'''s editorial board announced its opposition to Amendment 64. The board began by saying, "We believe possession and use of marijuana should be legal," but ultimately encouraged readers to vote against the amendments because "Drug policy simply has no business being in the state constitution."
Implementation
The policies took effect when the Governor ratified the ballots, which was to happen within 30 days of the election. Governor John Hickenlooper officially added the law to his state's constitution on Monday December 10, 2012 making the private consumption of marijuana legal in Colorado. The first stores officially opened on January 1, 2014.
Shortly after its passing Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper stated "This will be a complicated process, but we intend to follow through. That said, federal law still says marijuana is an illegal drug, so don't break out the Cheetos or Goldfish too quickly." On December 10, 2012 Governor Hickenlooper signed Executive Order B 2012-004 to create the Task Force on the Implementation of Amendment 64 to "consider and resolve a number of policy, legal and procedural issues". On March 13, 2013, the task force issued 58 recommendations on how recreational pot should be grown, sold and taxed in the state. On May 28, 2013, Governor Hickenlooper signed several bills into law implementing the task force's recommendations. On September 9, 2013, the Colorado Department of Revenue adopted final regulations for recreational marijuana establishments, implementing the Colorado Retail Marijuana Code (HB 13-1317). On September 16, 2013, the Denver City Council adopted an ordinance for retail marijuana establishments. These local licensing requirements are in addition to the state licensing requirements.
Proposition AA
On May 28, 2013 the government also proposed Proposition AA, a 15% excise tax on the "average market rate" and a 10-15% sales tax on retail sales (on top of the 2.9% state sales tax and any local government sales taxes). The Colorado chapter of NORML opposed the measure, supporting the 15% excise tax but opposing the 10% sales tax as unreasonable and unnecessary, arguing that the proposed marijuana taxes could amount to an effective tax rate of 30-40% and would be more than twice the equivalent taxes on alcohol, that there would be adequate funds to effectively regulate recreational marijuana if the measure failed, and that excessive taxation would have the potential effect of keeping a black market alive. The Denver Post disagreed, citing the insufficiency of licensing fees to previously regulate medical marijuana and rejecting the notion that the taxes would drive pot back to the black market. On November 5, Proposition AA was approved by a wide margin, as were similar local taxes such as a 3.5% Denver marijuana sales tax which is on top of the 3.62% Denver sales tax.
"Local Option" legal challenge
Although Colorado voters approved the constitutional amendment legalizing retail sales of marijuana for recreational purposes, the amendment and enabling legislation also provided that localities could limit or ban retail outlets within a city or unincorporated portion of a county through a "local option". The provisions of Amendment 64 concerning personal use are not affected by the local bans on retail sales, so that growing and possession of small quantities of "personal" pot are legal statewide under state (but not federal) law. Most localities have chosen to ban retail stores, at least temporarily.
Colorado Springs and vicinity
Colorado Springs is the county seat of El Paso county, the second most populous county in the state. A tiny majority of El Paso county voters approved the statewide Amendment 64 with an original margin of only 10 votes. In Colorado Springs the measure won by just 2% favored by only 5,000 out of more than 200,000 ballots cast. Relying on the local option clause in the amendment, the city council then voted 5-4 not to permit retail shops in the city. Some council members expressed concern over the effect pot shops would have on existing businesses, as well as on local military bases. Current mayor John Suthers, elected in May 2015, supports the ban on pot shops; his opponent in the mayoral election supported recreational pot shops as a way to increase city tax collections. Suthers, a former Colorado Attorney General, has long been an outspoken opponent of legalized marijuana.
Retail marijuana outlets are also banned in unincorporated areas of El Paso County. As of 2016, the only area in El Paso County to permit retail recreational marijuana outlets is the city of Manitou Springs, which adjoins Colorado Springs to the west, and has two retail recreational pot shops, the maximum number allowed by city ordinance.
Medical marijuana outlets continue to operate in Colorado Springs although current regulations prevent any new stores from opening. As of 2015, there were 91 medical marijuana clinics in the city, which reported sales of $59.6 million in 2014, up 11 percent from the previous year.
Pueblo county
In Pueblo County in 2013 the commissioners adopted laws governing the recreational marijuana industry. The laws allows for the establishment of recreational marijuana grows, manufacturing, testing and retail facilities. The county currently limits the industry to 15 retail marijuana stores which produced more than one half million dollars in taxes in their first year. In 2014 the citizens adopted a tax measure designed to fund college scholarships. In April 2016 a citizen group, operating under Amendment 64's local option, is threatening to bring the issue to ballot with the potential outcome that if adopted the established industry would be forced to shut down anywhere it operates within the unincorporated county. County Commissioner Sal Pace said if this ban were to pass it would hurt the county. In 2015 the county generated a net revenue of $1.75 million from recreational marijuana sales.
Tax revenue
In February 2015, the state of Colorado reported that tax collection figures for 2014, the first year of legal commercial sales, reached a total of $44 million from recreational marijuana with a further $32 million collected from fees on the industry and pre-existing taxes on medical marijuana. The projected revenue before legalization was $60 million. These sales and excise tax figures do not include the corporate and personal income taxes generated by businesses and employees working in the state's marijuana industry.
The state Department of Revenue reported that official sales of recreational and medical marijuana from dispensaries reached over $996 million in 2015; a $297 million increase from the $699 million sold in 2014. The 2015 sales alone generated $135 million of tax revenue, $35 million of which are being used for the Education Center construction projects.
Results
Colorado has experienced significant financial benefit as a result of legalization, with marijuana tax, license and fee revenue surpassing $1 billion as of 2019. This revenue has been used to finance youth, education and health programs; the first $40 million of annual fee revenue is used to repair and upgrade local elementary schools and education facilities.
Colorado has seen an 8% rise in homelessness since legalization, which has fueled speculation as to whether increased marijuana use is partially to blame; however, this rise is likely attributed to migration into the state as a result of legalization, including those who were already homeless. The number of teenagers sent to emergency rooms with THC-positive substance screens more than quadrupled after marijuana was legalized. The state also saw a 3% increase in car collision claims after legalization.
Interstate lawsuit
In 2015, Nebraska and Oklahoma attempted to file suit in federal court to stop the implementation of Amendment 64, claiming that Colorado cannabis was harming their localities, and should be preempted by federal law. Sheriffs in Kansas joined the suit. If their effort prevailed, it could have "potentially [led] to all state-level legalization laws being struck down". The United States Solicitor General filed an amicus brief urging the bill of complaint not to be heard, in layman's terms "urging the court to stay out of the case". On March 21, 2016, the United States Supreme Court denied Nebraska and Oklahoma's motion, leaving Amendment 64 and other states' legalization laws in effect.
See also
Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States
Legal history of cannabis in the United States
Legal issues of cannabis
List of Colorado ballot measures
Civil liberties
Prohibition of drugs
Washington Initiative 502
References
HUDAK, J. (2015) COLORADO'S ROLLOUT OF LEGAL MARIJUANA IS SUCCEEDING: A REPORT ON THE STATE'S IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGALIZATION. Case Western Reserve Law Review. 65, 3, 649-687, 2015.
Blake, D., & Finlaw, J. (2014). Marijuana Legalization in Colorado: Learned Lessons. Harvard Law & Policy Review, 8''(2), 1.
External links
Text of Amendment 64
County by county election results for Amendment 64
2012 cannabis law reform
Cannabis ballot measures in the United States
Amendment 64
2012 Colorado ballot measures
Constitution of Colorado | wiki |
Coronary artery aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of part of the coronary artery. This rare disorder occurs in about 0.3–4.9% of patients who undergo coronary angiography.
Signs and symptoms
Causes
Acquired causes include atherosclerosis in adults, Kawasaki disease in children and coronary catheterization. With the invention of drug eluting stents, there has been more cases implying stents lead to coronary aneurysms. The pathophysiology, although not completely understood, might be comparable to that of aneurysms of larger vessels. This includes disruption of the arterial media, weakening of the arterial wall, increased wall strain and slow dilatation of the coronary artery portion.
It can also be congenital. The following risk factors are thought to be associated with coronary artery aneurysms:
Individual's genetic make-up, especially in patients with congenital coronary artery aneurysms
Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)
Vasculitic and connective tissue diseases (Kawasaki and Marfan)
Intracoronary manipulation leading to local wall stress (stent placement, angioplasty, brachytherapy)
Post-infectious as a consequence of direct wall infiltration or immune complex deposition
Diagnosis
It is often found coincidentally on coronary angiography. Other modalities that can be used to diagnose a coronary artery aneurysm include echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. Although coronary angiography remains to be the gold standard, the invasive procedure comes with its associated risks, is more expensive than other modalities and the size of the aneurysm might be miscalculated if there is a thrombus in place.
Treatment
Treatment for coronary artery aneurysm include medical management, surgery and percutaneous intervention. Underlying coronary artery risk factors should be addressed in patients with atherosclerosis and proper guideline-mediated medications should be started. In those with risk for embolism or thrombosis, anti-platelet or anticoagulation therapy should be contemplated.
In patients with Kawasaki disease prompt administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy should be given to prevent complication of coronary artery aneurysm.
Prognosis
Generally, it has a good prognosis. In Kawasaki's disease, untreated, there is a 1–2% death rate, from cardiac causes.
The prognosis of coronary artery aneurysm is dependent on its diameter. The smaller the aneurysm the better the prognosis. There is less risk for ischemic myocardial damage and mortality with smaller aneurysms. Aneurysms with an internal diameter > 8 mm have poorer outcomes, since these aneurysms can be occluded and be associated with complications such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, or sudden death.
See also
Aneurysm
Coronary artery ectasia
References
External links
Diseases of the aorta
Heart diseases | wiki |
Meter data management (MDM) refers to software that performs long-term data storage and management for the vast quantities of data delivered by smart metering systems. This data consists primarily of usage data and events that are imported from the head-end servers managing the data collection in advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) or automatic meter reading (AMR) systems. MDM is a component in the smart grid infrastructure promoted by utility companies. This may also incorporate meter data analytics, the analysis of data emitted by electric smart meters that record consumption of electric energy.
MDM Systems
An MDM system will typically import the data, then validate, cleanse and process it before making it available for billing and analysis.
Products for meter data include:
Smart meter deployment planning and management;
Meter and network asset monitoring and management;
Automated smart meter provisioning (i.e. addition, deletion and updating of meter information at utility and AMR side) and billing cutover;
Meter-to-Cash system, workforce management system, asset management and other systems.
Furthermore, an MDM may provide reporting capabilities for load and demand forecasting, management reports, and customer service metrics.
An MDM provide application programming interfaces (APIs) between the MDM and the multiple destinations that rely on meter data. This is the first step to ensure that consistent processes and 'understanding' get applied to the data. Besides this common functionality, an advanced MDM may provide facility for remote connect/disconnect of meters, power status verification\power restoration verification and On demand read of remote meters .
Data analysis
Smart meters send usage data to the central head end systems as often as every minute from each meter whether installed at a residential or a commercial or an industrial customer. Utility companies sometimes analyze this voluminous data as well as collect it. Some of the reasons for analysis are
to make efficient energy buying decisions based on the usage patterns,
launching energy efficiency or energy rebate programs,
energy theft detection,
comparing and correcting metering service provider performance, and
detecting and reducing unbilled energy.
This data not only helps utility companies make their businesses more efficient, but also helps consumers save money by using less energy at peak times. So, it is both economical and green. Smart meter infrastructure is fairly new to Utilities industry. As utility companies collect more and more data over the years, they may uncover further uses to these detailed smart meter activities. Similar analysis can be applied to water and gas as well as electric usage.
According to a 2012 web posting, data that is required for complete meter data analytics may not reside in the same database. Instead, it might reside in disparate databases among various departments of utility companies.
See also
Automatic meter reading
Advanced Metering Infrastructure
Smart Grid
Smart meter
References
Flow meters
Public services
Emerging technologies
Data analysis | wiki |
The Award of Merit, or AM, is a mark of quality awarded to plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The award was instituted in 1888, and given on the recommendation of Plant Committees to plants deemed "of great merit for exhibition" i.e. for show, not garden, plants. A higher exhibition award is the First Class Certificate (FCC) given to plants "of outstanding excellence for exhibition".
The Award of Merit should not be confused with the Award of Garden Merit (AGM), given to plants of "outstanding excellence for garden decoration or use", i.e. to garden, greenhouse or house plants.
References
RHS Plant Finder 2005-2006, Dorling Kindersley (2005)
Royal Horticultural Society
Gardening in the United Kingdom
Plant awards | wiki |
Goldback fern is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Pentagramma triangularis, native to western North America
Pityrogramma | wiki |
There are two Bear constellations:
Ursa Major (Great Bear), contains the Big Dipper
Ursa Minor (Small Bear), contains the Little Dipper | wiki |
Anatomia vegetal: Tija
Mecànica: Tija (mecànica)
Sistema nerviós central: Tija encefàlica o tija cerebral | wiki |
Oryginalny tytuł "Freaky Friday":
Zakręcony piątek – książka Mary Rodgers
Zwariowany piątek – film z 1976 roku
Zwariowany piątek – film z 1995 roku
Zakręcony piątek – film z 2003 roku | wiki |
Renal–hepatic–pancreatic dysplasia is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by pancreatic fibrosis, renal dysplasia and hepatic dysgenesis. It is usually fatal soon after birth.An association with NPHP3 has been described.
It was characterized in 1959.
References
External links
GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Refsum Disease
Congenital disorders
Autosomal recessive disorders
Rare diseases | wiki |
Forensic Files is an American documentary-style series which reveals how forensic science is used to solve violent crimes, mysterious accidents, and even outbreaks of illness. The show is broadcast on truTV, narrated by Peter Thomas, and produced by Medstar Television, in association with truTV Original Productions. It has broadcast 406 episodes since its debut on TLC in 1996 as Medical Detectives.
Episodes
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External links
Forensic Files episodes on TV Guide
10 | wiki |
Cameron, Wisconsin may refer to:
Cameron, Barron County, Wisconsin, a village
Cameron, Wood County, Wisconsin, a town | wiki |
Forensic Files is an American documentary-style series which reveals how forensic science is used to solve violent crimes, mysterious accidents, and even outbreaks of illness. The show is broadcast on truTV, narrated by Peter Thomas, and produced by Medstar Television, in association with truTV Original Productions. It has broadcast 406 episodes since its debut on TLC in 1996 as Medical Detectives.
Episodes
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External links
Forensic Files episodes on TV Guide
09 | wiki |
ACOL, Bridge
Acol (plaats), plaats in Kent, Engeland | wiki |
The lacrimal papilla is the small rise in the bottom (inferior) and top (superior) eyelid just before it ends at the corner of the eye closest to the nose. At the medial edge of it is the lacrimal punctum, a small hole that lets tears drain into the inside of the nose through the lacrimal canaliculi.
In medical terms, the lacrimal papilla is a small conical elevation on the margin of each eyelid at the basal angles of the lacrimal lake. Its apex is pierced by a small orifice, the lacrimal punctum, the commencement of the lacrimal canaliculi.
It is otherwise known commonly as simply the 'tear duct'.
See also
Papilla (disambiguation)
References
External links
Description at uams.edu
Human eye anatomy | wiki |
Ericaceous fertilizer is a type of fertilizer that is high in acidity. It is used on plants from the plant family Ericaceae (Azaleas and Blueberries for example) which thrive in an acidic soil.
References
Fertilizers | wiki |
Mount Franklin (Djadjawurrung: Lalgambook) is an extinct volcano about 10 km north of Daylesford and 4.6 km south east of Franklinford in Victoria, Australia. A road spirals round the outside slopes covered with pine trees, into a flat 50 acre caldera, now used as a camping ground, and onto the rim which hosts a fire lookout, parking area and picnic ground.
Being a prominent local landmark within Hepburn Shire, the mountain is included within the boundaries of the Mount Franklin Reserve managed by Parks Victoria.
History
The mountain was created by a volcanic eruption about 470,000 years ago. It is fine example of a breached scoria cone. The breach in the south eastern rim (through which the road now enters) is thought to have been caused by lava flow breaking through the rim. The caldera is one of the deepest in the central highlands area. It is not active. Earlier flows extend to the north and west. The coarse ejecta exposed around the summit includes red and green olivine and megacrysts of high-temperature (some of the largest known Victorian examples) and orthoclase (to 7 cm long) and augite (over 9 cm long). Lumps of Ordovician sedimentary and granitic bedrock also occur in the ejecta and small basalt blocks contain cores of crazed quartz. On the western slope is the parasitic scoria mound known as "Lady Franklin".
The volcanic eruptions may have been witnessed by members of the Dja Dja Wurrung native Aboriginal tribe who called this country the ‘smoking grounds’. The clan that occupied the country around Mount Franklin were the Gunangara Gundidj who called it Lalgambook. Mount Franklin and the surrounding area appears to have been a place of considerable religious significance to Aboriginal people. Both ethnographical and archaeological evidence indicates that frequent large ceremonial gatherings took place in the area. Lava from Mount Franklin and other volcanoes in the area filled valleys and buried the gold bearing streams that became the renowned ‘deep leads’ of the gold mining era.
The country around Mount Franklin was described in 1855 as "thickly timbered with box and stringbark". Reports of fertile land waiting to be claimed prompted a minor rush by squatters who called the mount "Jim Crow Hill". Charles Joseph La Trobe, superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales named the mountain after Sir John Franklin after they climbed the hill together in December 1843.
In 1840, in response to concerns about the treatment of Aboriginal people by the settlers, the government took over Mount Franklin and the surrounding area for the Loddon Aboriginal Protectorate Station. The Protectorate Station was rife with mistreatment of local Aboriginal people.
In 1852, as part of the Victorian gold rush, gold was discovered in the immediate area. This placed additional pressures on the protectorate station and it was reduced and finally relocated.
Around 1865 the presence of a deep lead in Mount Franklin was established. Deep lead mining was initially unsuccessful, and it was not until the late 1870s that the Franklinford Gold Mining Company mined at Mount Franklin on a significant scale. A few years later the Mount Franklin Estate Gold Mining Company also struck gold, followed by the Shakespeare and Great Western companies in the mid-1880s. By the late 1880s, however, deep lead mining had ceased in the area.
As the alluvial gold was worked out, miners turned their attention to the gold-bearing leads deep beneath the earth’s surface. This gold was created by lava flows during the Newer Volcanic period, were mined intensively during the nineteenth century. One such company operated a mining lease at the eastern foot of Mount Franklin.
In 1866, the crater of Mount Franklin was set aside as a recreation reserve, and the remainder reserved as State forest. Owing to the high demand for land in the district, two areas of the reserve were excised and sold for agricultural settlement. This galvanised popular support for the permanent reservation of Mount Franklin.
During the 1870s and 80s, scenic qualities of natural bushland gained popularity as recreational venues as compared to formal parks and gardens. In 1875, a meeting asked the Victorian government to reserve all the land at Mount Franklin for public purposes and a reservation of 157 acres was gazetted the following year under shared management of the surrounding local government areas. In 1891 the Shire of Mount Franklin was given sole control of the reserve.
From the 1880s, parts of the reserve were being leased for grazing, providing much-needed revenue for the committee of management. By the 1920s, rabbit infestation was a major problem. Nevertheless, during this period the crater was still a popular destination for picnickers and pleasure-seekers. Mount Franklin was promoted as a local beauty spot within easy reach of Daylesford and Hepburn Springs mineral springs resort. A shelter shed and rainwater tank were erected.
In 1880, the railway network was extended to Daylesford making destinations like Mount Franklin a comfortable day-trip from Melbourne.
In 1944, a devastating bushfire destroyed most of the native vegetation on the mount. As a result, the inner and outer slopes of the crater were planted with exotic species, mainly conifers, to prevent erosion and to provide revenue through commercial harvesting. The caldera was planted with ornamentals such as silver birch, white poplar, Sycamore and Sequoia sempervirens (Californian Redwoods).
Not everyone approved of the scheme. Edgar Morrison remarked on Mount Franklin’s "pine-clad heights": "One feels that when the Forest Commission, a generation ago, draped this foreign garb around its shoulders, the old mount .... resented the indignity."
In 1955, 145 acres was re-reserved as permanent forest under the control of the Shire of Daylesford and Glenlyon. Within the reserve, an area of eight acres was set aside for recreation, specifically for an entrance gate and road which The new road made the mount more accessible at the same time as the dramatic increase in car ownership in the 1950s, and the lifting of war-time petrol rationing.
In 1972, the Department of Crown Lands and Survey took over the committee of management. In 1977, Mount Franklin was included in the new Hepburn Regional Park and managed by the Forest Commission of Victoria.
'Mount Franklin' mineral spring
Mineral springs were noted in 1864, when bottling began at Ballan and Hepburn, and their flow rates were recorded during the mid-nineteenth-century gold mining era, and subsequently in 1910. Until 1986, mineral water was bottled from by Coca-Cola Amatil from Gilmore’s (Limestone Creek) Mineral Spring issuing on allotment No. 3, Section 6, Parish of Yandoit, on a small alluvial flat on the east bank of Limestone Creek located approximately 7 km north of the mount and west of the junction of Limestone Track and Midland Highway.
As noted in a 1910 mineralogy report, "one issue of the spring flowed at a rate of 192 gpd" (726 litres per day), while "other issues could not be measured but altogether they keep filled a water hole about one chain across. The water is palatable but not very strong. Gas is plentiful and may be seen rising in several places. The mineral matter precipitated from spring water covers about an acre around the spring and the water issues through it. It consists of limestone, calcareous sinter quartz, earthy or sandy particles and iron oxide. This deposit is still forming and the surface of the water hole is continuously coated with a dirty white scum. Ordovician rocks outcrop within a few chains of the spring. The more calcareous parts of the spring deposit were formerly burnt for lime and old kilns remain on the flat"
Coca Cola, which had a licence to extract 35 megalitres, renamed the spring ‘Mount Franklin’ as part of a re-branding exercise. Their peak per annum extraction was over 15 ML and the total to around 1986 was 14.52 ML. The Mount Franklin trade name remains nationally iconic and profitable for the company, though no water has been extracted from the original site for approximately 35 years. The mineral spring itself was destroyed and the structures have become overgrown and forgotten by the side of the Midland Highway and there is no signage on the site.
While the ‘Mount Franklin’ brand remains under ownership of Coca Cola Amatil, the last water extraction occurred in the fiscal year 1985/1986. and the company's publicity makes no mention of the original spring, nor of the current source or sources of the water bottled under that name. The company continues to extract from the springs in the area including at Eganstown and Wheatsheaf. In 2003 Victorian Water Quality Monitoring Network analyses showed tap waters in Victoria being salted and carbonated and sold as “Mineral Waters” as since the 1990's the Australian Government had deviated from international regulation in this field with respect to consumer protection by deferring to industry self-regulation and obviating a regulatory or welfare approach. Coca-Cola represented Australia.
See also
List of mountains in Victoria
References
External links
Heritage story - Mount Franklin Hepburn Regional Park Parks Victoria Accessed: 23 April 2012
Municipality of Mount Franklin Parks Victoria Accessed: 23 April 2012
Mt Franklin Agriculture Victoria,Accessed: 5 November 2021
Hepburn Regional Park, Mt Franklin Reserve - Park Note Parks Victoria Accessed: 23 April 2012
Franklin
Franklin
Pleistocene volcanoes | wiki |
Scott Lawton may refer to:
Scott Lawton (boxer) (born 1976), English lightweight boxer
Scott Lawton (conductor) (born 1960), Germany based American conductor | wiki |
Mucosal immunology is the study of immune system responses that occur at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract, and the respiratory system. The mucous membranes are in constant contact with microorganisms, food, and inhaled antigens. In healthy states, the mucosal immune system protects the organism against infectious pathogens and maintains a tolerance towards non-harmful commensal microbes and benign environmental substances. Disruption of this balance between tolerance and deprivation of pathogens can lead to pathological conditions such as food allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, susceptibility to infections, and more.
The mucosal immune system consists of a cellular component, humoral immunity, and defense mechanisms that prevent the invasion of microorganisms and harmful foreign substances into the body. These defense mechanisms can be divided into physical barriers (epithelial lining, mucus, cilia function, intestinal peristalsis, etc.) and chemical factors (pH, antimicrobial peptides, etc.).
Function
The mucosal immune system provides three main functions:
First line of defense from harmful antigenic structures and infection.
Prevents systemic immune responses to commensal bacteria and food antigens.
Regulates appropriate immune responses to pathogens.
Physical barrier
Mucosal barrier integrity physically stops pathogens from entering the body. Barrier function is determined by factors such as age, genetics, types of mucins present on the mucosa, interactions between immune cells, nerves and neuropeptides, and co-infection. Barrier integrity depends on the immunosuppressive mechanisms implemented on the mucosa. The mucosal barrier is formed due to the tight junctions between the epithelial cells of the mucosa and the presence of the mucus on the cell surface. The mucins that form mucus offer protection from components on the mucosa by static shielding and limit the immunogenicity of intestinal antigens by inducing an anti-inflammatory state in dendritic cells (DC).
Active immunity
Because the mucosa surfaces are in constant contact with external antigens and microbiota many immune cells are required. For example, approximately 3/4 of all lymphocytes are found in the mucous membranes. These immune cells reside in secondary lymphoid tissue, largely distributed through the mucosal surfaces.
The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), provides the organism with an important first line of defense. Along with the spleen and lymph nodes, the tonsils and MALT are considered to be secondary lymphoid tissue.
The MALT's cellular component is composed mostly of dendritic cells, macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, intraepithelial T cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), and IgA secreting plasma cells.
Intraepithelial T cells, usually CD8+, reside between mucosal epithelial cells. These cells do not need primary activation like classic T cells. Instead, upon recognition of antigen, these cells initiate their effector functions, resulting in faster removal of pathogens. Tregs are abundant on the mucous membranes and play an important role in maintaining tolerance through various functions, especially through the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Mucosal resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in healthy people show a tolerogenic phenotype. These APCs do not express TLR2 or TLR4 on their surfaces. In addition, only negligible levels of the LPS receptor CD14 are normally present on these cells. Mucosal dendritic cells determine the type of subsequent immune responses by the production of certain types of cytokines and the type of molecules involved in the co-stimulation. For example production of IL-6 and IL-23 induce Th17 response, IL-12, IL-18 and INF-γ induce Th1 response, IL-4 induces Th2 response, and IL-10, TGF-β and retinoic acid induce tolerance. Innate lymphoid cells are abundant in the mucosa where via rapid cytokine production in response to tissue-derived signals, they act as regulators of immunity, inflammation, and barrier homeostasis.
The adaptive mucosal immune system is involved in maintaining mucosal homeostasis through a mechanism of immune exclusion mediated by secretory antibodies (mostly IgA) that inhibit the penetration of invasive pathogens into the body's tissues and prevent the penetration of potentially dangerous exogenous proteins. Another mechanism of adaptive mucosal immunity is the implementation of immunosuppressive mechanisms mediated mainly by Tregs to prevent local and peripheral hypersensitivity to harmless antigens, i.e. oral tolerance.
Basic immune response in the gut
In the gut, lymphoid tissue is dispersed in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). A large number of immune system cells in the intestines are found in dome-like structures called Peyer’s patches and in small mucosal lymphoid aggregates called cryptopatches. Above the Peyer’s patches is a layer of epithelial cells, which together with the mucus form a barrier against microbial invasion into the underlying tissue. Antigen sampling is a key function of Peyer’s patches. Above the Peyer’s patches is a much thinner mucus layer that helps the antigen sampling. Specialized phagocytic cells, called M cells, which are found in the epithelial layer of the Peyer’s patches, can transport antigenic material across the intestinal barrier through the process of transcytosis. The material transported in this way from the intestinal lumen can then be presented by the antigen-presenting cells present in Peyer’s patches. In addition, dendritic cells in Peyer’s patches can extend their dendrites through M cell-specific transcellular pores and they can also capture translocated IgA immune complexes. Dendritic cells then present the antigen to naïve T cells in the local mesenteric lymph nodes.
If mucosal barrier homeostasis has not been violated and invasive pathogens are not present, dendritic cells induce tolerance in the gut due to induction of Tregs by secretion of TGF-β and retinoic acid. These Tregs further travel to the lamina propria of villi through lymphatic vessels. There, Tregs produce IL-10 and IL-35, which affects other immune cells in the lamina propria toward a tolerogenic state.
However, damging the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier leads to inflammation. The epithelium in direct contact with bacteria is activated and begins to produce danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Alarm molecules released from epithelial cells activate immune cells. Dendritic cells and macrophages are activated in this environment and produce key pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23 which activate more immune cells and direct them towards a pro-inflammatory state. The activated effector cells then produce TNF, IFNγ, and IL-17. Neutrophils are attracted to the affected area and begin to perform their effector functions. After the ongoing infection has been removed, the inflammatory response must be stopped to restore homeostasis. The damaged tissue is healed and everything returns to its natural state of tolerance.
Neonatal
At birth, neonates' mucosal immune systems are relatively undeveloped and need intestinal flora colonies to promote development. Microbiota composition stabilizes around the age of 3. In the neonatal period and in early childhood interaction of host immunity with the microbiome is critical. During this interaction various immunity arms are educated. They contribute to homeostasis and determine the future immune system settings, i.e. its susceptibility to infections and inflammatory diseases. For example, the B cell line in the intestinal mucosa is regulated by extracellular signals from commensal microbes that affect the intestinal immunoglobulin repertoire. Diversity of microbiota in early childhood protects the body from the induction of mucosal IgE, which is associated with allergy development.
Mucosal vaccines
Because of its front-line status within the immune system, the mucosal immune system is being investigated for use in vaccines for various afflictions, including COVID-19, HIV, allergies, poliovirus, influenza A and B, rotavirus, vibrio cholerae and many others.
See also
Microfold cell
References
Further reading
Branches of immunology | wiki |
The Training Quality Standard is a standard given by the United Kingdom government to training providers whose provision is assessed as being of high quality.
Education in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Le département de Meurthe-et-Moselle comprend quatre arrondissements.
Composition
Histoire
Le département de Meurthe-et-Moselle fut créé le , à partir de territoires des départements de la Meurthe et de la Moselle que le traité de Francfort avait laissés à la France.
1871 : création du département de Meurthe-et-Moselle avec trois anciens arrondissements de la Meurthe : Lunéville, Nancy et Toul et un ancien arrondissement de la Moselle : Briey.
1926 : suppression de l'arrondissement de Toul
1943 : restauration de l'arrondissement de Toul
Meurthe-et-Moselle | wiki |
Volkswagen Vento can refer to:
Volkswagen Vento (A3) (1992–1999), the third generation Jetta was badged as the Volkswagen Vento outside of North America.
Volkswagen Jetta (A5) (2005–2011), the fifth generation Jetta was rebadged as the Volkswagen Vento in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
Volkswagen Jetta (A6) (2011–2018), the sixth generation Jetta was rebadged as the Volkswagen Vento in select South American countries.
Volkswagen Jetta (A7) (2018–present), the seventh generation Jetta was rebadged as the Volkswagen Vento in select South American countries.
Volkswagen Vento (A05) (2010–2022), a Polo-based sedan was badged as the Volkswagen Vento in India and Mexico.
Compact cars
Subcompact cars
Vento | wiki |
Local store marketing (LSM), also known as "neighborhood marketing," or simply "local marketing," is a marketing strategy that targets consumers/customers within a radius around a physical location with marketing messages tailored to the local populace. Tactics can be varied but are differentiated by the localization of the marketing message.
Often, local store marketing is employed by individual locations of a larger corporate entity - e.g. a franchise store rather than the franchisor - to supplement mass-market advertising campaigns. However, independent and regional retailers utilize the same strategy and tactics in their marketing efforts.
Techniques
Local store marketing includes a vast array of marketing tactics utilized by businesses everywhere. Some of these include promotion of business in a local chamber of commerce, direct mail, issuing local press releases, hosting events, sponsorships, purchasing ad space in print, outdoor, or local television, etc.
Retailer vs Manufacturer
Local marketing can be studied from both the retailer and manufacturer perspectives. For the retailer, local marketing implies optimization of the store's marketing mixes both in-store and out of the store. For the manufacturer, local marketing involves optimizing a product's marketing mix at the store level.
In-store Marketing Tactics
In-store marketing varies depending upon the entity managing the marketing - the retailer and manufacturer have different vantage points and means at their disposal. Many in-store marketing tactics can be employed by either entity.
Good customer service
Loyalty cards
Hosting events
Upsell via package deals
Analyze traffic patterns
Educate customers
Seasonal displays
Review program
Referral program
Product placement
Sampling
In-store signage/point-of-purchase
Product design
Graphic elements
End-cap displays
Out-of-store Marketing Tactics
Out-of-store marketing incorporates most traditional marketing channels, albeit those focused on a local area. From joining local business organizations, sponsoring local sports teams, co-marketing with neighboring stores, and more.
Online Marketing Tactics
Online marketing is an affordable way for local retailers to communicate and promote their business. Free methods of which are getting online reviews, maintaining accurate hours on online directories and social platforms, communicating/engaging with followers via social media, email and sms marketing, search engine optimization and more. Paid online marketing can involve local search marketing, local social marketing, geo-targeting, beacons, and other tactics.
References
Retailing-related lists | wiki |
The phosphate/oxygen ratio, or P/O ratio, refers to the amount of ATP produced from the movement of two electrons through a defined electron transport chain, terminated by reduction of an oxygen atom.
The P/O ratio is dependent on the number of hydrogen ions transported outward across an electrochemical gradient, and the number of protons which return inward through the membrane via an enzyme such as ATP synthase. The ATP synthase works by a rotary mechanism. The ATP generated will be dependent on the amount of ATP produced per rotation of the ATP synthase rotor, and the number of protons necessary to complete a rotation. Every full rotation produces 3 ATPs. According to current understanding of the mechanism of the F0 part, the number of protons translocated per rotation is exactly equal to the number of subunits in the c ring. Recent structural studies show that this is not the same for all organisms. For vertebrate mitochondrial ATP synthase, the number of c subunits is 8
. The synthase thus requires 8 protons to synthesize three ATP, or 8/3 protons/ATP.
Inward moving protons must not only power rotation of ATP synthase, but may also be used in the transport of products and precursors. Given the net charge differences between ATP and ADP, the enzyme ATP–ADP translocase dissipates the charge equivalent of one hydrogen ion from the gradient when moving ATP (outward) and ADP (inward) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electroneutral symport of phosphate ion and H+ results in importing one proton, without its charge, per phosphate. Taken together, import of ADP and Pi and export of the resulting ATP results in one proton imported, subtracting from the number available for use by the ATP synthase directly. Taking this into account, it takes 8/3 +1 or 3.67 protons for vertebrate mitochondria to synthesize one ATP in the cytoplasm from ADP and Pi in the cytoplasm.
Within aerobic respiration, the P/O ratio continues to be debated; however, current figures place it at 2.5 ATP per 1/2(O2) reduced to water, though some claim the ratio is 3. This figure arises from accepting that 10 H+ are transported out of the matrix per 2 e−, and 4 H+ are required to move inward to synthesize a molecule of ATP.
The H+/2e− ratios of the three major respiratory complexes are generally agreed to be 4, 4, and 2 for Complexes I, III, and IV respectively. The H+/O ratio thus depends whether the substrate electrons enter at the level of NADH (passing through all three for 10 H+/2e−) or ubiquinol (passing through only complexes III and IV for 6H+/2e−). The latter is the case when the substrate is succinate or extramitochondrial NADH being oxidized via the glycerol phosphate shuttle; or other UQH2-linked dehydrogenase. During normal aerobic respiration the ratio would be somewhere between these values, as the TCA cycle produces both NADH and ubiquinol.
The resulting P/O ratio would be the ratio of H/O and H/P; which is 10/3.67 or 2.73 for NADH-linked respiration, and 6/3.67 or 1.64 for UQH2-linked respiration, with actual values being somewhere between.
Notes
References
Garrett RH & Grisham CM (2010). "Biochemistry 4th Ed.". Brooks/Cole.
Nelson DL & Cox MM (2008). "Principles of Biochemistry 5th Ed." WH Freeman and Company.
Cellular respiration
Phosphates | wiki |
Burkinabé passports are issued to Burkinabe citizens to travel outside Burkina Faso.
Physical properties
Surname
Given names
Nationality Burkinabe/Burkinabé
Date of birth
Sex
Place of birth
Date of Expiry
Passport number
Languages
The data page/information page is printed in French and English.
See also
ECOWAS passports
List of passports
Visa requirements for Burkinabe citizens
References
Passports by country
Government of Burkina Faso | wiki |
Indicia may refer to:
Indicia (philately), markings on a mail piece showing that postage has been paid by the sender
Indicia (publishing), a piece of text traditionally appearing on the first recto page after the cover, which usually contains the official name of the publication
Information Based Indicia, a system used by the United States Postal Service | wiki |
Live in Hyde Park kan syfta på:
The Rolling Stones: Live in Hyde Park (1969, film)
Eric Clapton: Live in Hyde Park (1998, DVD)
Red Hot Chili Peppers: Live in Hyde Park (2004, CD)
Foo Fighters Live in Hyde Park (2006, DVD) | wiki |
is a Latin phrase that refers to indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient.
Sine qua non may also refer to:
"Sine Qua Non" (Battlestar Galactica), an episode of the sci-fi TV series Battlestar Galactica
Sine Qua Non (wine), a California cult wine producer
"Sinequanon", a song by Hybrid appearing on the 1999 album Wide Angle | wiki |
Morality is, “The ability to distinguish right from wrong, to act on this distinction and to experience pride when we do the right things and guilt or shame when we do not.” Both Piaget and Kohlberg made significant contributions to this area of study. Developmental psychologists have divided the subject of morality into three main topics: affective element, cognitive element, and behavioral element. The affective element consists of the emotional response to actions that may be considered right or wrong. This is the emotional part of morality that covers the feeling of guilt as well as empathy. The cognitive element focuses on how people use social cognitive processes to determine what actions are right or wrong. For example, if an eight-year-old child was informed by an authoritative adult not to eat the cookies in the jar and then was left in the room alone with the cookies the child may want a cookie, however also recognize they may get in trouble. The behavioral element targets how people behave when they are being enticed to deceive or when they are assisting someone who needs help.
Moral Affect
Moral affect is “emotion related to matters of right and wrong”. Such emotion includes shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride; shame is correlated with the disapproval by one's peers, guilt is correlated with the disapproval of oneself, embarrassment is feeling disgraced while in the public eye, and pride is a feeling generally brought about by a positive opinion of oneself when admired by one's peers
Empathy is also tied in with moral affect and is an emotional unfolding that allows you to be able to understand how another person feels. If an empathetic person sees someone crying, then they may understand their sadness. If the empathetic person sees someone that has just accomplished a lifelong goal, they may understand their happiness. Empathy falls under the affective component of morality and is the main reasoning behind selflessness. According to theorist Martin Hoffman, empathy plays a key role in the progression of morality. Empathy causes people to be more prominent in prosocial behavior as discussed earlier. Without empathy, there would be no humanity.
Moral Reasoning
Moral reasoning is the thinking process involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong. This allows the development of social cognition that helps us experience other people's distress. These skills also allow us to go beyond our egocentrism to construct a concept of reciprocity and fairness. According to Piaget and Kohlberg, moral reasoning progresses through a constant sequence, a very fixed and universal order of stages, each of which contains a consistent way of thinking about moral issues that are all distinct from one another.
Jean Piaget's view
Jean Piaget's view: Jean Piaget was the first psychologist to suggest a theory of moral development. According to Piaget, development only emerges with action, and a person constructs and reconstructs his knowledge of the world as the result of new interactions with his environment. Piaget said that people pass through three different stages of moral reasoning: Premoral period, heteronomous morality, and Autonomous morality. The first stage, premoral, occurs during the preschool years: children show very little awareness or understanding of rules and cannot be considered moral beings. The next stage, heteronomous which is defined as under the rule of another, and it involves children ages 6 to 10 years old. The child will take rules more seriously, believing that they are handed down by authority figures and are sacred and never to be altered. No matter if the intentions were good or bad, any violator to these passed-down rules will be judged as wrongdoing. The last stage, Autonomous, appears at 10 to 11 years of age. Children begin to appreciate that rules are agreements between individuals.
Lawrence Kohlberg's view
Lawrence Kohlberg's view: Influenced by Piaget's work, Kohlberg created an influential cognitive development theory of moral development. Like Piaget, Kohlberg formulated that moral growth occurs in a very universal and consistent sequence of three moral levels, but for him the stages in the sequence are connected with one another, and grows out of the preceding stage. Kohlberg's view represents a more complex way of thinking about moral issues.
Stages of Moral Reasoning
The first level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is called preconventional morality. In this stage, children obey rules more externally. This means the children are more likely to conform to rules authority sets for them, to avoid punishment or to receive personal rewards. There are two stages within preconventional morality. The first is punishment and obedience orientation. During this stage, the child determines how wrong his action was according to the punishment they receive. If he does not get scolded for his bad act, they will believe he did nothing wrong. The second stage of preconventional morality is called instrumental hedonism. The main principle for this stage is quid pro quo. A person in the second stage conforms to rules for personal gain. There is a hint of understanding the ruler's perspective, although, the main objective is to gain the benefit in return.
The next level is conventional morality. At this level, many moral values have been internalized by the individual. they work to obey rules set by authority and to seek approval. The points of views of others are now clearly recognized and taken into serious consideration. The first stage to this level is labeled “good boy” or “good girl” morality. The following stage captures the golden rule “treat others the way you want to be treated.” The emphasis in this stage consists of being nice and meaning well. What is seen as “good” is now what pleases and helps others. The last stage of this level is “Authority and social order- maintaining morality.” This is conforming to set rules created by legitimate authorities that benefits society as a whole. The basis of reciprocation is growing more complex. The purpose of conforming is no longer based on the fear of punishment, but on the value people place on respecting law and doing one's duty for society.
The final level of moral reasoning is postconventional morality. The individual determines what the moral ideal for society is. The individual will begin to distinguish between what is morally acceptable and what is legal. He will recognize some laws violate basic moral principles. He will go beyond perspectives of social groups or authorities and will start to accept the perspectives of all points of view around the world. In the first stage of postconventional, called “morality of contract, individual rights and democratic accepted law”, all people willingly work towards benefitting everyone. They understand all social groups within a society have different values, but believe all intellectual individuals would agree on two points. First point being freedom of liberty and life. Second, they would agree to having democratic vote for changing unfair laws and improving their society. The final stage of the final level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is “morality of individual principles of conscience”, At this highest stage of moral reasoning, Kohlberg defines his stage 6 subjects as having a clear and broad concept of universal principles. The stage 6 thinker does not create the basis for morality. Instead, they explore, through self-evaluation, complex principles of respect for all individuals and for their rights that all religions or moral authorities would view as moral. Kohlberg stopped using stage 6 in his scoring manual, saying it was a “theoretical stage”. He began to score postconventional responses only up to stage 5.
Moral Behavior: The Social Learning Theory
The Social Learning Theory is based on the observing of others and modeling behaviors, emotions and attitude of others. This theory is derived from the concept or perspective of behaviorism but has elements of cognitive learning as well. The theory says that people and especially children learn from observing others and their environment around them. It also says that imitation or modeling has a major role in learning and development of the person and their beliefs or morals. Albert Bandura was a major contributor to the theory of social learning and made many contributions to the field with social experiments and research. The social learning theory says that children learn and develop morals from observing what is around them and having role models that they imitate their behavior and learn from. Role models guide children indirectly with developing morals and morality. By watching the response of others and society around them, children learn what is acceptable and what is not acceptable and try to act similar to what is deemed acceptable by the society around them.
For example, a child's older sibling tends to serve as one of their first role models, especially because they share the same surroundings and authority figures. When the older child misbehaves or does something unacceptable the younger child takes the older one as an example and acts like him or her. However, if the parent punishes the older child or there is a consequence to their behavior, the younger child often does not act like the older one because they were able to observe that that behavior was “unacceptable” by the “society” surrounding them, meaning their family. This example coincides with the fact that children know that stealing, killing, and lying is bad, and honesty, kindness, and being polite is good.
Functions of Morality: Evolutionary Theory
The Evolutionary Theory of Morality tries to explain morality and its development in terms of evolution and how it may at first seem contradictory for humans to have morals and morality in the evolutionary opinion. Evolution has many beliefs and parts to it but as most commonly seen, it is the survival of the fittest. This behavior is driven from the desire to pass on your genes. Whether that means being selfish or caring for your young just to make sure that your genes survive. That may seem to conflict with morality and having morals, however some argue that that may be related and having morality and morals might actually be a factor that contributes to the theory of evolution. Additionally, humans have developed communities and a social lifestyle which makes it necessary to develop morals. In an evolutionary view, a human being that acts immorally will suffer consequences, such as paying a fine, going to prison, or being an outcast. Whatever it is, there is a loss to that human. Therefore, that individual eventually learns that to be accepted in society, it is necessary to develop morals and act on them.
The Infant
An infant is not held accountable for wrongdoings because an infant is considered to be amoral. Infants do not have the ability to understand morality at this stage of their life. Infancy ranges from birth to the age of two. It is during this time that infants learn how to be prosocial and empathetic by observing those around them.
Early moral training
An example of early moral training is given by Roger Burton. Roger Burton observed his 1-year-old daughter Ursula take her sister's Halloween candy. The older sister quickly scolded the infant for doing so. After a week had passed the infant went and stole candy again but was confronted by her mother this time. Yet again the infant stole her sister's candy, so Burton approached his daughter himself. As Burton was about to say something to Ursula, she spoke and said, “No this is Maria's, not Ursula's.” This specific example given by Burton shows how the infant grows and imputes morality slowly but surely. Over time infants start to understand that their behavior can cause repercussions. The infants learn by observing their surrounding environment. A 1-year-old may cease to commit a certain action because of feelings of apprehension due to past experiences of criticism. Both disapproval and reward are key factors in furthering the infants' development. If a baby is especially close to his mom, her disapproval and reward are that much more impactful in this process than it would be for a baby who was unattached to his mom. Infants are excellent at reading the emotions of others which in turn directs them in knowing what is good and what is bad. A strong attachment between parent and infant is the key to having success with the infants' socialization. If the relationship between the two is not stable by 15 months, at 4 the child will show animosity and troublesome behavior. At 5 the child is likely to show signs of destructive behavior. In order to ensure this does not happen, a mutually responsive orientation among the parent and offspring is necessary. Meaning, “A close emotionally positive and cooperative relationship in which child and care giver cares about each other and are sensitive to each other's needs.” With this bond, parents can help their child's conscience grow.
Empathy and Prosocial Behavior
Empathy and Prosocial Behavior: Unlike what Freud, Kohlberg, and Piaget said about infants being focused solely on themselves, Krebs's has a different take on the infant. Krebs's outlook on infants is that they can and do express signs of empathy and prosocial behavior. After being born, newborns show empathy in a primitive way by showing signs of agony when hearing other babies cry. Although it is not certain whether these babies can tell the difference between their own cry and another infants, Martin Hoffman explains that between the age of 1 and 2 infants are more able to perform real moral acts. Hoffman observed a 2-year-old's reaction to another child in distress. The 2-year-old offered his own teddy bear to his peer. This simple act shows that the 2-year-old was putting himself in the shoes of his peer Another study was done by Carolyn Zahn-Waxler and her team on this topic. Waxler found that over half of the infants involved took part in at least one act of prosocial behavior Hoffman feels that as children mature empathy in turn becomes less about oneself and more about cognitive development.
The Child
Kohlberg contributed to our understanding of moral development in children and said that moral reasoning is what makes ethical behavior. He said that there are six developmental stages that are constructive that eventually lead to the development of morality. Kohlberg also said that moral development does not just stop or is complete at a certain time or stage but instead that it is continuous and happens throughout a person's lifetime. Kohlberg used stories that are known as Heinz dilemmas which are controversial stories to see what people felt was morally acceptable and what was not. From that he developed his theory with his six stages of moral development which are: obedience, self-interest, conformity, law and order, human rights, and universal human ethics.
Weighing Intentions
As mentioned before, Kohlberg believed that moral development was an ongoing thing and that through experiences it develops and adapts. Moreover, in children's moral thinking there comes a time where morality and moral decisions are made based on consequences, that is to say that they start weighing intentions in order to decide and learn whether something is morally okay or not.
An example of this can be seen in identifying the intentions of specific behaviors. We as a society also operate in that way because the same outcome or behavior can be considered acceptable had the intentions for it been good versus another time where the intentions were bad and in that case it would be unacceptable. In a situation where a child is trying to help their parent clean and misplaces something accidentally, it is easily forgiven and is considered morally acceptable because his/her intentions were good. However, if the child purposely hid the object so their parent would not find it, it is morally unacceptable because the intentions were bad. Ultimately, it is the same situation and same outcome but the intentions are different. At the age of 10–11 years children realize this concept and start justifying their actions and behaviors by weighing their intentions.
Understanding Rules
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development there are six definite stages. The first stage is called obedience and punishment orientation. And this stage is governed by the concept of having rules, laws, and things that one must follow. In children there is a set of rules set down by their authority figures, often being their parents. At this stage of moral development, morality is defined by these rules and laws that they think are set in stone and can never change. To a child, these rules are ones that can never be wrong and that define good and bad and show the difference between them. Later on however, these rules become more like guidelines and can change based on the situation they are presented in. Another aspect of these rules is the concept of punishment and reinforcement and that's how children realize what is considered morally okay or not.
An example of this is in the dilemmas used by Kohlberg, when he asked children to justify or judge the situation and their answer was always justified by something similar to “this is not fair” or “this is wrong because lying is bad” etc. This shows that at this particular stage children are not yet contributing members in terms of moral development.
Applying Theory of Mind
The theory of mind tells us that children need to develop a sense of self in order to develop morality and moral concepts. As the child develops, s/he needs to experience and observe in order to realize how they fit into society and eventually become part of it thereby establishing a sense of self-identity. This sense of self-identity depends on many things and it is important to develop and learn from those stages in order to fully develop understand good from bad.
Moral Socialization
Moral socialization talks about how morality is passed on. This perspective says that adults or parents pass down and teach their children the acceptable behavior through techniques and teaching as well as punishments and reinforcements. This then shows that children who learn and develop morality have good listening and are more compliant and it is because of that that they are morally developed. Therefore, if a parent fails to teach that to their child, the child then would not develop morality. Moral socialization also has studies that show that parents who use techniques that are not violent or aggressive and unconditional raise children with more conscience. Therefore, these children have more of a sense of morality and are more morally developed.
The Adolescent
As adolescents gain the ability to independently think about complex and hypothetical ideas, and as they map out their identities, many of them begin to see their values and moral standards and some centralize on their morality. On the other side of the spectrum there are the adolescents who engage in serious antisocial behavior.
Changes in moral reasoning
The teen years are a significant period for moral growth. The moral reasoning percentage range displays that the preconventional reasoning (stage one and two) decrease rapidly as they reach teen years. During adolescence, conventional reasoning (stage three and four) become the centralized mode of moral thinking. Early year teens reflect stage 2 (instrumental hedonism) - “treat others how you would like to be treated”- or stage 3 (good boy or good girl) which involves earning approval and being polite. Almost half the percent of 16- to 18-year-olds display stage 3 reasoning and only a fifth were scored as stage 4 (authority and social order-maintaining morality) arguments. As adolescents start to age more they begin to take a broad societal perspective and act in ways to benefit the social system. The main developmental trend in moral reasoning occurs during the shift from preconventional to conventional reasoning. During the shift, individuals carry out moral standards that have been passed down by authority. Many teens characterize a moral person as caring fair, and honest. Adolescents who display these aspects tend to advance their moral reasoning.
Antisocial behavior
The adolescents who do not internalize society's moral standards, are more likely to be involved in antisocial conduct such as, muggings, rapes, armed robberies, etc. Most antisocial adults start their bad behavior in childhood and continue on into adolescence. Misbehavior seen in childhood increases, resulting in juvenile delinquency as adolescents. Actions such as leaving school early, having difficulty maintaining a job, and later participating in law-breaking as adults. Children who are involved in these risky activities are diagnosed as having conduct disorder and will later develop antisocial personality disorder. There are at least two outcomes of antisocial youths. First, a noticeable group of children who are involved in animal cruelty, and violence amongst their peers which then consistently progresses throughout their entire lifespan. The second group consists of the larger population of adolescents who misbehave primarily due to peer pressure but outgrow this behavior when they reach adulthood. Juveniles are most likely to depend on preconventional moral reasoning. Some offenders lack a well-developed sense of right and wrong. A majority of delinquents are able to reason conventionally but commit illegal acts anyway.
Dodge's social information processing model
Kenneth Dodge progressed on the understanding of aggressive/aggression behavior with creating his social information processing model. He believed that people's retaliation to frustration, anger or provocation do not depend so much on social cues in the situation as on the ways which they process and interpret this information. An individual who is provoked goes through a six step progress of processing information. According to dodge the individual will encode and interpret cues, then clarify goals. Following this, he will respond search and decision, thinking of possible actions to achieve goal to then weigh pros and cons of alternative options. Finally, he will perform behavioral enactment, or take action. People do not go through these steps in the exact order in all cases, they may take two and work on them simultaneously or repeat the steps. Also, an individual may come up with information from not only the current situation, but also from a previous similar social experience and work off of that. The six steps in social information processing advance as one ages.
Patterson's coercive family environments
Gerald Patterson observed that highly antisocial children and adolescents tend to be raised in coercive family environments in which family members try to control the others through negative, coercive tactics. The parental guidance in these households realize they are able to control their children temporarily with threatening them and providing negative reinforcement. The child also learns to use negative reinforcement to get what they want by ignoring, whining and throwing tantrums. Eventually, both sides (parents and children) lose all power of the situation and nothing is resolved. It becomes evident of how a child is raised on how they will become very hostile or present aggressiveness to resolve all their disputes. Patterson discusses how growing up in a coercive family environment creates an antisocial adolescent due to the fact they are already unpleasant to be around they begin to perform poorly in school and are rejected to all their peers. With no alternative option, they turn to the low-achieving, antisocial youths who encourage bad behavior. Dodge's theory is well supported by many cases of ineffective parenting contributing to the child's behavior problems, association with antisocial groups, resulting in antisocial behavior in adolescence.
Nature and nurture
The next theory that may contribute to antisocial behavior is between genetic predisposition and social learning experiences. Aggression is seen more in the evolutionary aspect. An example being, males are more aggressive than females and are involved in triple the amount of crime. Aggression has been present in males for centuries due to male dependence on dominance to compete for mates and pass genes to further generations. Most individuals are born with temperaments, impulsive tendencies, and other characteristics that relate to a delinquent. Although predisposed aspects have a great effect on the adolescent's behavior, if the child grows up in a dysfunctional family and receive poor parenting or is involved in an abusive environment that will increase the chances immensely for antisocial behaviors to appear.
The Adult
Changes in Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg has led most of the studies based on moral development in adults. In Kohlberg's studies, the subjects are ranked accordingly at one of the six stages. Stage 1 is called the Obedience and Punishment Orientation. Stage 1 is preconventional morality because the subject sees morality in an egocentric way. Stage 2 is also considered to be preconventional morality and is labeled as Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, the individual is still concentrated on the self and his surrounding environment. Stages 3 and 4 are at level 2, Conventional Morality. Stage 3 is called Interpersonal Relationships and is the point where the individual realizes that people should behave in good ways not only for the benefit of themselves but the family and community as well. Stage 4, Maintaining the Social Order, the individual is more concentrated on society as a whole. Stage 5 and 6 are both at level 3, post-conventional Morality. Stage 5 is the social contract and Individual Rights. At this stage people are contemplating what makes a good society rather than just what makes a society run smoothly. Stage 6, Universal Principles is the last stage which interprets the foundation of justice Kohlberg completed a 20-year study and found that most 30-year-old adults were at stage 3 and 4, the conventional level. According to this study there is still room for moral development in adulthood.
Kohlberg's Theory in Perspective
Kohlberg's theory of moral development greatly influenced the scientific body of knowledge. That being said, it is now being evaluated and researchers are looking for a more thorough explanation of moral development. Kohlberg stated that there is no variation to his stages of development. Despite this, modern research explains that children are more morally mature than Kohlberg had noted. On top of that, there is no strong evidence to suggest that people go from conventional to postconventional. Lastly, it is now known that Kohlberg's theory is biased against numerous people.
New Approaches to Morality
The main focus of developmentalists now is how important emotion is in terms of morality. Developmental researchers are examining the emotions of children and adults when exhibiting good and bad behavior. The importance of innate feelings and hunches in regards to morality are also being contemplated by doctors. Researchers have also come up with dual-process models of morality. This process examines Kohlberg's rational deliberation as well as the more recent study of innate feelings and emotions. Joshua Green is one scholar who backs the dual-process models of morality and feels that there are different situations that call for each view. All in all, there are many factors that come into play in deciding whether a person will behave in a certain fashion when dealing with a moral decision.
References
Sigelman, Carol K., and David R. Shaffer. Life-span Human Development. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Pub., 1991. Print
McAlister, A. J., & Owen, S. V. (2006). Mechanisms of moral disengagement. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology.
Crain, W. C. (1985). Theories of development. (2nd ed., pp. 118–136). New York: Prentice-Hall.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Cognition and development. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20130712094632/http://psychology4a.com/develop13.htm
Miller, R. (2011). Moral development in childhood. Global Post: America's World News
Site.
Slavin, R. E. (2003). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice, 7e. Boston, MA. Allyn and Bacon.
W.C. Crain. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall. pp. 118–136
Thompson, Ross A. "Understanding Values in Relationship: The Development of Conscience." (n.d.): n. pag. Web.</references>
Moral psychology | wiki |
"Please Bring Your Love Back" is the fourth and final single released from Angela Winbush's second album, The Real Thing. "Please Bring Your Love Back" peaked at number 70 on the US R&B chart.
Charts
Angela Winbush songs
1990 singles
Songs written by Angela Winbush
1989 songs
PolyGram singles | wiki |
Durham School may refer to:
in England
Durham School, an independent British day and boarding school for girls and boys (age 3-18) in Durham.
in the United States
(by state)
Durham School (Durham, Arkansas), listed on the NRHP in Arkansas
Durham School of the Arts, in Durham, North Carolina
Durham Public Schools, the public school system of Durham, North Carolina
Thomas Durham School, Philadelphia, PA, listed on the NRHP in Pennsylvania
Durham's Chapel School, Bethpage, TN, listed on the NRHP in Tennessee
See also
Durham High School (disambiguation) | wiki |
Equine encephalitis is a family of horse diseases that also affect humans. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. Several forms of viral encephalitis can infect equines, and these include:
Eastern equine encephalitis virus
Japanese encephalitis virus
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Western equine encephalitis virus
West Nile virus
Horse diseases | wiki |
The 1998 season was the Baltimore Ravens' third season in the National Football League (NFL) and the last of Ted Marchibroda's three-year tenure as head coach of the organization. This was the Ravens' first year playing at Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards (now known as M&T Bank Stadium).
The season also included a November 29 visit from the city's former team, the Colts, for the first time since their controversial relocation in 1984.
Offseason
NFL draft
Staff
Roster
Preseason
Schedule
Regular season
Schedule
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Standings
Milestones
This was the Ravens' first season at Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards (now M&T Bank Stadium)
References
External links
1998 Baltimore Ravens at Pro-Football-Reference.com
Shpigel, Ben. "The Harbaugh Who Did Not Last in Baltimore," The New York Times, Monday, January 28, 2013.
Baltimore Ravens
Baltimore Ravens seasons
Baltimore Ravens
1990s in Baltimore | wiki |
Arabella was a German talk show hosted by Arabella Kiesbauer airing on the German television network ProSieben from 1994 to 2004. It was modelled after The Oprah Winfrey Show.
1994 German television series debuts
2004 German television series endings
German television talk shows
ProSieben original programming
German-language television shows | wiki |
The Accountant is a 2001 American short comedy film directed by Ray McKinnon. In 2002, it won an Oscar for McKinnon and his wife Lisa Blount for Best Short Subject at the 74th Academy Awards.
The film tells the story of an accountant whose mathematical skills just might save the O'Dell family farm. The accountant takes the O'Dell brothers on a journey that explores the plight of America’s family farms and hidden corporate conspiracies. The film was released on video and DVD on November 3, 2009.
Cast
Ray McKinnon as The Accountant
Walton Goggins as Tommy O'Dell (as Walt Goggins)
Eddie King as David O'Dell
Gary Richardson as One-armed farmer
References
External links
2001 films
2001 short films
2001 comedy films
2001 independent films
2000s English-language films
American independent films
Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners
American comedy short films
2000s American films | wiki |
Whitewing may refer to:
Common chaffinch, a small bird of the finch family
Velvet scoter, a bird of the duck family
Whitewing, a character in the Warriors novel series written by Erin Hunter
See also
White Wing (disambiguation)
All pages beginning in White-wing | wiki |
Theileriosis may refer to:
East Coast fever, a disease of cattle, sheep, and goats caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva
Human theileriosis, caused by Theileria microti
Tropical theileriosis, a theileriosis of cattle from the Mediterranean and Middle East area, from Morocco to Western parts of India and China, caused by Theileria annulata
See also
Theileria, the genus of parasitic protozoan which causes theileriosis | wiki |
Smyrnium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. Range in country of S. Europe to Asia. Occasionally naturalised in Britain.
Species include:
Smyrnium cordifolium
Smyrnium dodonaei Spreng.
Smyrnium creticum
Smyrnium olusatrum - alexanders, black-lovage, horse-parsley
Smyrnium perfoliatum - perfoliate alexanders
References
Apioideae
Apioideae genera | wiki |
The chapters of Japanese manga Inuyashiki are written and illustrated by Hiroya Oku.
Volume list
References
External links
Inuyashiki | wiki |
The Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces (1971) was a military junta which ruled Bolivia from August 21, 1971 through August 22, 1971 and consisted of junta chairmen Andrés Selich Chop, Hugo Banzer, Jaime Florentino Mendieta Vargas. This junta came to power after a coup d'etat and removal of President Juan José Torres.
This junta was dissolved with Hugo Banzer becoming 62nd President of Bolivia.
Resources
Political history of Bolivia | wiki |
Man Up may refer to:
Man Up (album), a 2008 album by The Blue Van
Man Up (film), a 2015 film
Man Up, a development programme fostered by Destiny Church in New Zealand
ROH Man Up, a professional-wrestling event
Man Up!, a 2011 sitcom
WVBZ, a radio station licensed to Clemmons, North Carolina, United States and called 105.7 Man Up since 2015
"Man Up", a song from the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon
"Man Up", a song by Nikki Lane from the album All or Nothin' | wiki |
Spoons Across America is a national non-profit organization founded in 2001 providing children's food, nutrition, education, and networking for providers. Spoons Across America is a member of America's Charities.
References
External links
Home page
Spoons Across America - America's Charities
Children's charities based in the United States
Charities based in New York (state)
Organizations established in 2001
2001 establishments in the United States | wiki |
Persone
Akihiko Ohya – giocatore di baseball e manager di baseball giapponese
Masanori Ohya – matematico giapponese
Personaggi immaginari
Ichiko Ohya – personaggio del videogioco Persona 5 | wiki |
A close stool was an early type of portable toilet, made in the shape of a cabinet or box at sitting height with an opening in the top. The external structure contained a pewter or earthenware chamberpot to receive the user's excrement and urine when they sat on it; this was normally covered (closed) by a folding lid. "Stool" has two relevant meanings: as a type of seat and as human feces. Close stools were used from the Middle Ages (the Oxford English Dictionary gives the first citation as 1410) until the introduction of the indoor flush toilet.
Other names
In Scotland, close stools were sometimes called "dry stools" or "stools of ease". James V of Scotland and his daughter Mary, Queen of Scots, both owned silk canopies which were suspended from the ceiling over the stool.
The close stool was sometimes called a necessary stool or a night stool. The eighteenth-century euphemism was convenience; the term was further euphemised in the nineteenth century with the term night commode, which John Gloag suggested may have derived its significance from a "balance night stool" described in Thomas Sheraton's Cabinet Dictionary (London, 1803). Sheraton's design was "made to have the appearance of a small commode standing upon legs; when it is used the seat part presses down to a proper height by the hand, and afterwards it rises by means of lead weights, hung to the seat, by lines passing over pulleys at each end, all which are enclosed in a case." This appears to be the link between "commode" as an elegant article of French furniture, and "commode" as a prosaic invalid toilet. "Close stool," in turn, is itself a euphemism for toilet chair. One meaning of commode survived into the twentieth century to refer to the flush toilet; "toilet" itself originally euphemistic.
The French term for this item of furniture is a chaise percée ("pierced chair"), as it often takes the form of a chair with a seat which raises to show the opening to the pot; similar items were made specifically as a moveable bidet.
The French secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots, Claude Nau described her talking to the Countess of Huntly about their plans to escape from Holyroodhouse after the murder of David Rizzio, while she was sitting on her chaise percée.
Developments
A nineteenth century development is the thunderbox.
Cultural significance
The Groom of the Stool was a high-ranking courtier who assisted the monarch with the close stool.
See also
Commode
Potty chair
References
History of furniture
Chairs
Toilets | wiki |
Takayuki Suzui – regista giapponese
Shiho Suzui – personaggio del videogioco Persona 5 | wiki |
A sandwich bar is a restaurant or take-away food shop that primarily sells sandwiches. Some sandwich bars also offer other types of fare, such as soups, grilled foods. and meals. Notable sandwich bars include Subway and Arby's.
The term can also refer to a self-service area with foods for preparing sandwiches.
See also
Diner
References
Further reading
'Give Us More Music': Women, Musical Culture, and Work in Wartime Britain ... – David Allen Sheridan – Google Boeken. pp. 97-100.
External links
Restaurants by type | wiki |
A poker tournament is a tournament where players compete by playing poker. It can feature as few as two players playing on a single table (called a "heads-up" tournament), and as many as tens of thousands of players playing on thousands of tables. The winner of the tournament is usually the person who wins every poker chip in the game and the others are awarded places based on the time of their elimination. To facilitate this, in most tournaments, blinds rise over the duration of the tournament. Unlike in a ring game (or cash game), a player's chips in a tournament cannot be cashed out for money and serve only to determine the player's placing.
Buy-ins and prizes
To enter a typical tournament, a player pays a fixed buy-in and at the start of play is given a certain quantity of tournament poker chips. Commercial venues may also charge a separate fee, or withhold a small portion of the buy-in, as the cost of running the event. Tournament chips have only notional value; they have no cash value, and only the tournament chips, not cash, may be used during play. Typically, the amount of each entrant's starting tournament chips is an integer multiple of the buy-in. Some tournaments offer the option of a re-buy or buy-back; this gives players the option of purchasing more chips. In some cases, re-buys are conditional (for example, offered only to players low on or out of chips) but in others they are available to all players (called add-ons). Player with no chips remaining (and has exhausted or declined all re-buy options, if any are available) are eliminated from the tournament.
In most tournaments, the number of players at each table is kept even by moving players, either by switching one player or (as the field shrinks) taking an entire table out of play and distributing its players amongst the remaining tables. A few tournaments, called shoot-outs, do not do this; instead, the last player (sometimes the last two or more players) at a table moves on to a second or third round, akin to a single-elimination tournament found in other games.
The prizes for winning are usually derived from the buy-ins, though outside funds may be entered as well. For example, some invitational tournaments do not have buy-ins and fund their prize pools with sponsorship revenue and/or gate receipts from spectators. Tournaments without a buy-in are referred to as freerolls. A freeroll tournament is free to enter and usually the player is given one chance in the tournament. A variation on a freeroll tournament is called a "freebuy". In a freebuy event, a player can enter with a free entry, but if the player loses their chips during the registration period they are able to buy themselves back into the event.
Play continues, in most tournaments, until all but one player is eliminated, though in some tournament situations, especially informal ones, players have the option of ending by consensus.
Players are ranked in reverse chronological order — the last person in the game earns 1st place, the second-to-last earns 2nd, and so on. This ranking of players by elimination is unique amongst games, and also precludes the possibility of a tie for first place, since one player alone must have all the chips to end the tournament. (Ties are possible for all other places, though they are rare since the sole tiebreaker is the number of chips one has at the start of the hand in which one is eliminated, and hence two people would need to start a hand with exactly the same number of chips and both be eliminated on that same hand in order to tie with each other.)
Sometimes tournaments end by mutual consensus of the remaining players. For example, in a ten-person, $5 game, there may be two players remaining with $29 and $21, respectively, worth of chips. Rather than risk losing their winnings, as one of them would if the game were continued, these two players may be allowed to split the prize proportional to their in-game currency (or however they agree).
Certain tournaments, known as bounty tournaments, place a bounty on some or all of the players. If a player knocks an opponent out, the player earns the opponent's bounty. Individual bounties or total bounties collected by the end of a tournament may be used to award prizes. Bounties usually work in combination with a regular prize pool, where a small portion of each player's buy-in goes towards his or her bounty.
Other tournaments allow players to exchange some or all of their chips in the middle of a tournament for prize money, giving the chips cash value. Separate portions of each player's buy-in go towards a prize pool and a "cash out" pool. The cash out rate is typically fixed, and a time when players may not cash out (such as the final table) is usually established. The remaining cash out pool is either paid out to the remaining field or added to the regular prize pool.
Prizes are awarded to the winning players in one of two ways:
Fixed: Each placing corresponds to a certain payoff. For example, a ten-person, $20 buy-in tournament might award $100 to the first-place player, $60 for second-place, $40 for third, and nothing for lower places.
Proportional: Payouts are determined according to a percentage-based scale. The percentages are determined based upon the number of participants and will increase payout positions as participation increases. As a rule, roughly one player in ten will 'cash', or make a high enough place to earn money. These scales are very top-heavy, with the top three players usually winning more than the rest of the paid players combined.
Tournaments can be open or invitational. The World Series of Poker, whose Main Event (a $10,000 buy-in no limit Texas hold 'em tournament) is considered the most prestigious of all poker tournaments, is open.
Multi-table tournaments involve many players playing simultaneously at dozens or even hundreds of tables. Satellite tournaments to high-profile, expensive poker tournaments are the means of entering a major event without posting a significant sum of cash. These have significantly smaller buy-ins, usually on the order of one-tenth to one-fiftieth the main tournament's buy-in, and can be held at various venues and, more recently, on the Internet. Top players in this event, in lieu of a cash prize, are awarded seats to the main tourney, with the number of places dependent on participation. Chris Moneymaker, who won the 2003 World Series of Poker Main Event, was able to afford his seat by winning an Internet tournament with a $39 buy-in. Greg Raymer, 2004 World Series of Poker champion, acquired his seat via a $165 Internet tournament.
The opposite of a multi-table tournament is a single-table tournament, often abbreviated STT. A number of places (typically, two, six or nine) are allocated at a single table, and as soon as the required number of players has appeared, chips are distributed and the game starts. This method of starting single-table tournaments has caused them to be referred to as sit-and-go (SNG) tournaments, because when the required number of players "sit", the tournament "goes." Sit-and-go tournaments of more than one table are becoming more common, however, especially in Internet poker. A single-table tournament effectively behaves the same as the final table of a multi-table tournament, except that the players all begin with the same number of chips, and the betting usually starts much lower. Almost invariably, fixed payoffs are used.
A tournament series may consist of either single-table or multi-table tournaments. In a tournament series, multiple tournaments are played in which prizes are awarded. However, a series leaderboard or standings system is often used and additional prizes, drawn from the individual tournament buy-ins, are awarded to those who perform best overall in the series. Major poker tournaments such as the World Poker Tour and World Series of Poker, use standings to determine a player of the year.
Playing format
The most common playing format for poker tournaments is the "freezeout" format. All players still playing in a tournament constitute a dynamic pool. Whenever a player loses all his chips and gets eliminated, his table shrinks. To combat the constant shrinking of tables and avoid having tables play with varying numbers of players, players are moved between tables, with unnecessary tables getting closed as the tournament progresses. In the end, all remaining players are seated on just one table, known as the "final table". Most sit and go tournaments are freezeouts.
In some tournaments, known as "rebuy tournaments", players have the ability to re-buy into the game in case they lost all their chips and avoid elimination for a specific period of time (usually ranging from one to two hours). After this so-called "rebuy period", the play resumes as in a standard freezeout tournament and eliminated players do not have the option of returning to the game any more. Rebuy tournaments often allow players to rebuy even if they have not lost all their chips, in which case the rebuy amount is simply added to their stack. A player is not allowed to rebuy in-game if he has too many chips (usually the amount of the starting stack or half of it). At the end of the rebuy period remaining players are typically given the option to purchase an "add-on", an additional amount of chips, which is usually similar to the starting stack.
Another playing format is the "shootout" tournament. A shootout tournament divides play in rounds. In a standard shootout tournament, 2-10 players sit on each table and the table roster remains the same until everyone but one player is eliminated. The table winners progress to the final table where the tournament winner is determined. In a shootout tournament players are usually awarded places in tiers based on how many rounds they lasted and in which place they were eliminated. Shootouts can include multiple rounds (triple, quadruple or quintuple shootout) or feature several players from each table progressing (usually up to three). Shootouts are also a common format for large heads-up multi-table tournaments, although these may feature double or triple elimination instead of the standard single knockout method.
A recent innovation is the "mix-max" or "mixed max" tournament, in which the table sizes vary during the course of the event. A typical example is the mix-max event held at the 2012 World Series of Poker, in which the first day of play was nine-handed, the second day six-handed, and the rest of the tournament heads-up. This effectively made it a hybrid freezeout–shootout tournament, with freezeout play at larger tables and shootout play in the heads-up phase.
Betting format
Betting in tournaments can take one of three forms:
In a structured (fixed limit) betting system, bets and raises are restricted to specific amounts, though these amounts typically increase throughout the tournament. For example, for a seven-card stud tournament with the stakes at 10/20, raises would be $10 in the first three rounds of betting, and $20 in the latter rounds.
Semi-structured betting provides ranges for allowed raises. Usually, in this format, one may not raise less than a previous player has raised. For example, if one player raises $20, it would be illegal for another player to raise an additional $5. Pot limit is a semi-structured format in which raises cannot exceed the current size of the pot. Spread limit is a semi-structured format in which bets (and subsequent raises) must be between a minimum and maximum amount.
Unstructured betting, usually called no limit. While blinds, antes, or bring-ins are fixed, players are free to bet as much as they wish, even early in a round of betting. To bet all of one's chips (risking one's tournament life, in the event of losing the hand) is to go all-in. In no-limit tournaments, players will sometimes take this risk even early in the betting; for example, in some no-limit Texas Hold 'Em tournaments, it is not uncommon for players to bet "all-in" before the flop.
The betting structure is one of the most defining elements of the game; even if other aspects are equivalent, a fixed-limit version and its no-limit counterpart are considered to be very different games, because the strategies and play styles are very different. For instance, it is much easier to bluff in a no-limit game, which allows aggressive betting, than in a fixed-limit game. No-limit games also vary widely according to the proclivities of the players; an informal, emergent, betting structure is developed by the players' personal strategies and personalities.
The stakes of each round, as well as blinds, bring-ins, and antes as appropriate per game, typically escalate according either to the time elapsed or the number of hands played.
Variants of poker
While some tournaments offer a mix of games, like H.O.R.S.E. events which combine hold'em, Omaha, Razz, stud, stud eight or better, and dealer's choice events, at which one may choose from a similar menu of games, most tournaments feature one form of stud or community card poker, such as seven-card stud, seven card high-low stud, Omaha hold 'em or Texas hold 'em. Both Omaha and Texas hold 'em tournaments are commonly offered in fixed-limit and pot limit, and no-limit Texas hold 'em tournaments are very common (no-limit Omaha is almost nonexistent in tournament play).
Tournament venues
Informal tournaments can be organized by a group of friends. Casinos, cardrooms, and online gambling sites may offer tournaments. The venue will post tournament schedules on its website or in its poker room.
However, these are not the only venues. Poker cruises offer tournaments at sea. Hosts of larger poker tournaments will often hold the event in the convention center of a casino; for example, the 2022 World Series of Poker was in the convention centers of both Bally's Las Vegas and Paris Las Vegas.
Major tournaments
The largest and most well-known tournament in the USA is the World Series of Poker, held in Las Vegas. The World Series was on ESPN from 1987 to 2020 before CBS Sports became the domestic television partner for 2021 and beyond. Since 2007, PokerGO has been partnered with the WSOP to provide live streams and on-demand content.
In the 1980s the Super Bowl of Poker was the second largest and most prestigious tournament.
The 2005 World Series of Poker was the first held outside of Binion's Horseshoe Casino, though the final few days of the main event were held in the legendary Benny's Bullpen. Later tournaments have been held at one of the Harrah's Entertainment and later Caesars Entertainment properties; the Rio served as the venue from 2005-2021.
The largest and most well-known tournament in Europe is the European Poker Tour, which was founded in 2004 by John Duthie and is now the largest poker tour in the world by both total players and prize pool. The World Series of Poker Europe began in 2007 in London, moved in 2011 to Cannes, and moved again in 2013 to the Paris region.
The largest and most well-known tournament in Asia is the Asia Pacific Poker Tour Macau event.
The largest and most well-known tournament in Latin America is the Latin American Poker Tour Argentina event.
The Crown Australian Poker Championship, also known as the Aussie Millions, is the largest tournament in the Pacific region. WSOP owner Caesars Entertainment and Aussie Millions host Crown Melbourne teamed up to launch the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific, which held its first edition in 2013.
In addition to these events, there are other major tournaments throughout the year. The World Poker Tour is held at different venues worldwide and broadcasts a series of open tournaments throughout the U.S. and Caribbean with buy-ins from $5,000 to $25,000, as well as European events with a €10,000 buy-in. Some of these events are stand alone tournaments like the Caribbean Poker Adventure, but most are held in conjunction with a tournament series being held at the host casino, like the Commerce Casino's LA Poker Classic, the Grand Sierra's World Poker Challenge and the Bicycle Casino's Legends of Poker. A North American Poker Tour was launched in 2010.
Atlantic City hosts The United States Poker Championship at the Trump Taj Mahal casino, which has been broadcast by ESPN in recent years.
The main live poker tournament in Africa is the All Africa Poker Tournament hosted by the Piggs Peak Casino in Piggs Peak, Swaziland.
The National Heads-Up Poker Championship is 64 players compete in heads-up matches single elimination style to determine a winner. It is one of the most prestigious heads up poker tournaments and it is the first tournament produced by a television network.
The internet poker revolution has sparked online poker tournaments and series that have become larger than many live tournaments. The World Championship of Online Poker (WCOOP) and the Full Tilt Online Poker Series (FTOPS) are two of the biggest online poker tournament series, with tournament prizes surpassing the million-dollar mark.
In 2022, after 17 years at the Rio, the World Series of Poker moved to Bally's and Paris.
See also
Tournament director
Sit and go
List of largest poker tournaments in history (by prize pool)
References
External links
Poker tournament strategy essays
Types of Poker Tournaments
Poker gameplay and terminology | wiki |
Gametocytogenesis is the creation of gametocytes by mitotic division of gametogonia. Males and females of a species that reproduces sexually have different forms of gametocytogenesis:
spermatocytogenesis (male)
oocytogenesis (female) | wiki |
Super Mario Bros. 2 is a platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was first released in North America in October 1988, and in the PAL region in 1989.
After the smash hit Super Mario Bros. in 1985, Nintendo quickly released a minor adaptation of the original with advanced difficulty titled Super Mario Bros. 2, for its mature market in Japan in 1986. However, Nintendo of America found this sequel too similar to its predecessor, and its difficulty too frustrating, for the nascent American market. This prompted a second Super Mario Bros. sequel based on Nintendo's 1987 Family Computer Disk System game which had been based on a prototype platforming game and released as an advergame for Fuji Television's Yume Kōjō '87 media technology expo. The characters, enemies, and themes in Doki Doki Panic have the mascots and theme of the festival, and were adapted into the Super Mario theme to make a second Super Mario Bros. sequel.
Super Mario Bros. 2 was a resounding success, becoming the fifth-best-selling game on the NES, and was critically well-received for its design aspects and for differentiating the Mario series. It was re-released in Japan for the Famicom as (1992), and has been remade twice, first included in the Super Mario All-Stars (1993) collection for the Super NES, and as Super Mario Advance (2001) for the Game Boy Advance. It is included as part of the Nintendo Switch Online service.
Gameplay
Super Mario Bros. 2 is a 2D side-scrolling platform game. The objective is to navigate the player's character through the dream world Subcon and defeat the main antagonist Wart. Before each stage, the player chooses one of four protagonists: Mario, Luigi, Toad, and Princess Toadstool. All four characters can run, jump, and climb ladders or vines, but each character possesses a unique strength that causes them to be controlled differently. For example, Luigi can jump the highest; Princess Toadstool can float; Toad's strength allows him to pick up items quickly; and Mario represents the best balance between jumping and strength. Unlike Super Mario Bros., this game has no multiplayer functionality, and no time limit. The original only scrolls from left to right, but this game can also scroll vertically in some areas. Unlike other Mario games, the characters cannot defeat enemies by jumping on them, but can stand on, pick up and throw most enemies at each other to defeat them. Other objects that can be thrown at enemies include vegetables pulled from the ground and mushroom blocks.
The game consists of 20 different levels across the seven worlds comprising Subcon. Each world has three levels, except World 7, which has two. Each world has a particular theme that dictates the obstacles and enemies encountered in its levels, such as desert areas with dangerous quicksand and snowy areas with slippery surfaces. Levels contain multiple sections or rooms that are connected via doors or ladders. Some rooms are accessible by entering certain jars. Magic potions found in each level are used to temporarily access "Sub-space", a reflected, unscrollable area where the player can collect coins and Mushrooms that increase the character's maximum health. In addition, certain jars, when entered in Sub-space, will warp the player to the later worlds, skipping levels altogether. Other items available include cherries, which are collected in order to acquire a Star; and the POW Block, which can be used to quickly destroy all the enemies visible on the screen. The player must defeat a boss enemy at the end of each of the first six worlds, then defeat Wart himself at the end of World 7 to complete the game.
The player starts Super Mario Bros. 2 with three lives, one of which is lost each time the player's character loses all health from enemy or hazard damage or when the character falls off the screen. The player can replenish health by collecting floating hearts that appear upon defeating a certain number of enemies. The player will receive a Game Over upon losing the last life, though the player may continue up to twice in one game. Extra lives may be obtained by collecting hidden 1-Up Mushrooms or by using the coins collected from Sub-space to play the Bonus Chance minigame between the levels.
Plot
Mario has a dream of a staircase leading to a mysterious door to a mysterious place. A voice identifies the world as the dreamland of Subcon, and asks for Mario's help in defeating the villainous frog named Wart, a tyrant who has cursed Subcon and its people. Mario suddenly awakes and decides to tell Luigi, Toad, and Princess Toadstool, who all report experiencing the same dream. The group goes on a picnic, but discovers a cave with a long staircase. Through a door at the top, they are transported to Subcon, revealing their dreams to have been real. After defeating Wart, the people of Subcon are freed and everyone celebrates. Mario suddenly awakes in his bed, unsure if these events were a dream. He soon goes back to sleep.
Development
Background and conception
Nintendo originally released a different game called Super Mario Bros. 2 on Japan's Family Computer Disk System in 1986 (later released as Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels for Super NES as part of Super Mario All-Stars). Its engine is an enhanced Super Mario Bros., with the same gameplay and more complex level designs, character features, and weather features. Some of the advanced level content had been culled from Vs. Super Mario Bros., a 1986 coin-operated arcade version of the original Super Mario Bros. for NES. All of these factors combined to yield an incremental game design with significantly higher difficulty.
Also that year, the young subsidiary Nintendo of America was just beginning its launch of the new Nintendo Entertainment System and its flagship game, Super Mario Bros. This international adaptation of the Famicom platform had been deliberately rebranded in the wake of the American video game crash of 1983, a regional market recession which had not directly affected the mature Japanese market. Nintendo of America did not want the increasingly popular Mario series to be too difficult to a recovering, transfiguring, and expanding market — nor to be stylistically outdated by the time the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2 could be eventually converted to the NES's cartridge format, localized, and mass-produced for America. Utilizing its regional autonomy to avoid risking the franchise's popularity in this nascent market, Nintendo of America declined the Japanese sequel's localization to America and instead requested a newer and more player-friendly Super Mario Bros. sequel for release outside Japan.
Doki Doki Panic
An early prototype with vertical scrolling was developed by Kensuke Tanabe, designed by a team led by Shigeru Miyamoto, and programmed by Nintendo's frequent partner, SRD. The first prototype's gameplay emphasizes vertically scrolling levels with two-player cooperative action: lifting, carrying, and throwing each other; lifting, carrying, throwing, stacking, and climbing objects; and incrementally scrolling the screen upward when reaching the top. Dissatisfied so far, Miyamoto then added the traditional horizontal scrolling, saying to "make something a little bit more Mario-like", and saying "Maybe we need to change this up ... As long as it's fun, anything goes". However, the prototype software was too complex for Famicom hardware at the time, and the gameplay was still considered lacking, especially in single-player mode.
Unwilling to compromise on gameplay, Tanabe suspended development of the prototype until eventually receiving instruction to use the Yume Kōjō festival mascots in a game. He recalls, "I remember being pulled over to Fuji Television one day, being handed a sheet with game characters on it and being told, 'I want you to make a game with this'." Tanabe re-implemented that prototype's elements in his new game, and released the advergame-themed Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic for the Family Computer Disk System in Japan on July 10, 1987.
The title is derived from "doki doki", a Japanese onomatopoeia for the sound of a quickly beating heart. The title and character concept were inspired by a license cooperation between Nintendo and Fuji Television to promote the broadcaster's Yume Kōjō '87 event, which showcased several of its latest TV shows and consumer products. The Yume Kōjō festival's mascots became the game's protagonists: a family consisting of the boy Imajin, his girlfriend Lina, and his parents Mama and Papa. The rest of the game's characters, including the main villain named Mamu, were created by Nintendo for the project. Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic takes place within a book with an Arabian setting. All four characters are optionally playable, though the game is not fully completed until the player clears all levels using each protagonist.
Conversion to Super Mario Bros. 2
Nintendo of America's Gail Tilden recalls that president Minoru Arakawa's request to convert the thematically unrelated Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic into a Mario sequel was "odd" at first but not unusual for Nintendo, which had already converted a canceled Popeye prototype into Donkey Kong and reconceived that into Donkey Kong Jr. and Donkey Kong 3. Summarizing Tanabe's recollections within a 2011 interview, Wired said "Although the initial concept for the game had been scrapped, the development of that original two-player cooperative prototype inspired all the innovative gameplay of Super Mario Bros. 2".
For the international conversion into Super Mario Bros. 2, many graphical changes were made to the look, animation, and identity of the scenery and characters. The R&D4 staff modified the character likenesses of Mario, Luigi, Princess Toadstool, and Toad, building them over their respective counterpart models of Imajin, Mama, Lina, and Papa. This marked the first time that Mario and Luigi had noticeably different heights, and Miyamoto originated the scuttling animation of Luigi's legs, to justify the enhanced jumping ability seen in the corresponding Mama character. Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic needed only a few alterations for its conversion into the Mario series because its gameplay elements were already so heavily rooted in it: Starman for invincibility, the sound effects of coins and jumps, POW blocks, warp zones, and a soundtrack by Super Mario Bros. composer Koji Kondo. To reduce the game's overall difficulty, the designers made minor technical changes. They opted not to retain Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panics ultimate requirement to complete each level using each protagonist; therefore, this new Super Mario Bros. 2 can be completed in only one pass by any combination of characters. In the tradition of the Mario series, they added the ability to run by holding the B button.
Super Mario Bros. 2 was first released in North America in October 1988, coincidentally the same month as Super Mario Bros. 3 in Japan which would be delayed another two years internationally. In PAL regions, the game released the following year. It was such a commercial success and its contributions so substantial over Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic, that it was eventually re-released in Japan in 1992 with the title Super Mario USA. Likewise, Nintendo later re-released the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2 in America in the form of Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels, a part of the 1993 re-release compilation Super Mario All-Stars on the Super NES. Nintendo has continued to re-release both games, each with the official sequel title of Super Mario Bros. 2 in their respective regions.
Re-releases
Super Mario All-Stars
In 1993, Nintendo released an enhanced Super Nintendo Entertainment System compilation titled Super Mario All-Stars. It includes the Super Mario Bros. games released for the Famicom/NES. The version of Super Mario Bros. 2 included in the compilation has modernized graphics and sound to match the Super NES's 16-bit capabilities, as well as minor alterations in some collision mechanics. It is possible to change the character after losing a single life, while the original version allows changing it only after completing a level or when the player loses all their lives and chooses "Continue", making the game more forgiving when choosing a character not adept at some specific level. The player begins with five lives instead of three, and the slot game gains an additional bonus: if the player obtains three sevens, the player wins 10 lives which is something that was not featured in the original NES version of the game. However, the game has a 99-life limit.
BS Super Mario USA Power Challenge
In March–April 1996, Nintendo's partnership with the St.GIGA satellite radio station released an ura or gaiden version of the game for the Satellaview system, titled . Like all Satellaview games, it was released episodically in a number of weekly volumes, only in Japan, and only in this format.
It features 16-bit audiovisual enhancements to the 8-bit original in the fashion of Super Mario All-Stars, plus "SoundLink" narration (radio drama-style streaming voice data intended to guide players through the game and give helpful hints and advice) and broadcast CD-quality music. Due to the nature of SoundLink broadcasts, these games were only broadcast to players between 6:00 and 7:00 PM on broadcast dates, at which times players could download the game from the Events Plaza on the BS-X application cartridge. A single rerun of the broadcasts was conducted in the same weekly format from June 3, 1996, to June 29, 1996, at 5:00 to 6:00 PM. The BS-X download location for the rerun changed to Bagupotamia Temple.
While the underlying gameplay itself is largely similar, new and arranged content has been added. For instance, the BS version newly featured a score counter. Furthermore, at the beginning of the game, Mario is the only playable character. Later in the game, time-dependent events occur triggering, among other things, the possibility of using other characters. Another feature unique to the game is the inclusion of gold Mario statues (ten in total for each chapter) that are hidden in various locations (including Sub-Space). Collection of the statues in-game grants the player an extra life and refills the life meter. After clearing a level, the player could press "Select" to see some statistics such as the number of statues, coins, cherries, and mushrooms collected, as well as displaying which bosses had been defeated.
As a 4-volume broadcast, each week bore a different subtitle. These are the names of the volumes:
Super Mario Advance
On March 21, 2001, Super Mario Bros. 2 received another release, based on the All-Stars remake, as part of Super Mario Advance, which also contains a remake of Mario Bros. Super Mario Advance was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 2, and was a launch title for the Game Boy Advance. The Super Mario Advance version of Super Mario Bros. 2 includes several new features such the addition of the enemy Robirdo, a robotic Birdo, replacing Mouser as the boss of World 3; the addition of the Yoshi Challenge, in which players may revisit stages to search for Yoshi Eggs; and a new point-scoring system, similar to that used in the aforementioned BS Super Mario USA Power Challenge. Graphical and audio enhancements appear in the form of enlarged sprites, multiple hit combos, digital voice acting, and such minor stylistic and aesthetic changes as an altered default health-meter level, boss-order, backgrounds, the size of hearts, Princess Toadstool being renamed to the now-standard "Princess Peach", and the inclusion of a chime to announce Stars. The game was released for the Wii U Virtual Console on July 16, 2014, in Japan and later in North America on November 6, 2014.
Super Mario Advance received a "Gold" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom.
Reception
Upon release, Super Mario Bros. 2 was the top-selling video game in the United States for fourteen consecutive months, from October 1988 through late 1988, into 1989 through spring and summer, to November 1989. By early 1990, copies were sold in the United States, eventually totaling million copies worldwide, making it the fourth highest-selling game ever released on the Nintendo Entertainment System. Although only the fourth highest-selling NES game overall, it is the best-selling standalone NES game which was never a pack-in game.
Super Mario Bros. 2 received positive reviews from critics. Nintendo Power listed it as the eighth best Nintendo Entertainment System video game, mentioning that regardless of its predecessor not being in the Super Mario franchise, it was distinguished on its own merits and its unique takes on the franchise's signature format. GamesRadar ranked it the 6th best NES game ever made. The staff complimented it and other third-generation games for being a greater improvement than sequels around 2012, which they thought had seen only small improvements. Entertainment Weekly picked the game as the #6 greatest game available in 1991, saying: "The second and still the best of the Super Mario franchise". In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked the All-Stars edition as the 14th best console video game of all time, calling the level designs "unlike anything you've seen before" and highly praising the boss challenges. In the Pak Source edition of Nintendo Power, which rated all NES games released in North America from October 1985 to March 1990, Super Mario Bros. 2 was among the only three games (aside Metroid and Mega Man 2) to receive the maximum score of 5 in at least one of the categories evaluated, which was not awarded to either Super Mario Bros. nor Super Mario Bros. 3. It was awarded the score of 5 for both "Challenge" and "Theme Fun".
The re-release as Super Mario Advance in 2001 received generally positive reviews, garnering an aggregate score of 84/100 on Metacritic. One reviewer concluded "all nostalgia and historical influence aside, Super Mario Bros. 2 is still a game worth playing on the merits of its gameplay alone", and that "the only reason you may not want to pick it up is if ... you already own it in another form." However, GameSpot thought that Super Mario Bros. 3 or Super Mario World would have been a better choice for a launch game considering their respective popularity; both games were eventually also remade as part of the Super Mario Advance series. Conversely, IGN praised the choice, calling it "one of the most polished and creative platformers of the era". The game was named one of the best NES games ever by IGN, saying that the game offers greater diversity in graphics and gameplay than the original, making it a great bridge game between the other NES Mario games. ScrewAttack named Wart's battle theme in a list of the top ten best 8-Bit Final Boss Themes. Game Informer placed the game 30th on their top 100 video games of all time in 2001. In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine ranked the game 27th on a list of greatest Nintendo games.
Next Generation reviewed the Game Boy Advance version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "This classic probably shouldn't have been brought back. It's well translated but hasn't aged gracefully."
Legacy
Many elements in Super Mario Bros. 2 have endured in subsequent sequels and in related franchise. The ability to lift and toss enemies and objects—a defining feature of its earliest prototype—has become part of the permanent repertoire of the Super Mario franchise, appearing in numerous subsequent Super Mario games. The Wii U game Super Mario 3D World features the same playable characters with the same basic physical abilities from Super Mario Bros. 2.
The New Super Mario Bros. series also includes elements and ideas originally proposed for the prototype of this game. The simultaneous multi-player elements originally prototyped, were finally realized in New Super Mario Bros. Wii, where up to four players can play competitively or cooperatively. This gameplay incorporates the competitive elements from the original Mario Bros., with the platforming of Super Mario Bros. Vertical scrolling multiplayer levels are frequent in this game and also the other games in the series that followed after the Wii release.
Many characters and features of Super Mario Bros. 2 have been assimilated into the greater Mario universe, such as Birdo, Pokey, Bob-omb, and Shy Guy. This is the first game in which Princess Toadstool and Toad are playable characters. Princess Toadstool established a floating jump and stars in later Mario games such as Super Princess Peach. Toad stars in later Mario games like Wario's Woods, New Super Mario Bros. Wii, and Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker. In Super Mario Bros. 2, Luigi became distinguished from Mario's form, especially his tall stature and scuttle jump. The Super Smash Bros. series gained many direct homages to this game. The 1989 cartoon television show The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! is based on characters, settings, and music from Super Mario Bros. 2.
Notes
References
External links
1988 video games
Advergames
Famicom Disk System games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo arcade games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Switch Online games
PlayChoice-10 games
Satellaview games
Side-scrolling platform games
Single-player video games
Bros. 2
Video games about dreams
Video game remakes
Video game sequels
Video games scored by Koji Kondo
Video games based on Arabian mythology
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games produced by Shigeru Miyamoto
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
Virtual Console games for Wii
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Video games with title protagonists | wiki |
Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary may refer to:
Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary (cult), a cult founded in 2002 on Réunion
Sorrowful and Immaculate Heart of Mary, a devotion of the Seven Sorrows of Mary | wiki |
Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used in veterinary medicine.
References
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics
Cyclopropanes
Veterinary drugs
Carboxylic acids | wiki |
A fidget toy is typically a small object used for pleasant but purposeless activity with the hands (manual fidgeting or stimming). Some users believe these toys help them tolerate anxiety, frustration, agitation, boredom, and excitement. They are also commonly used by those with sensory difficulties.
Fidget objects such as worry beads have long existed, but the types and popularity have dramatically increased since the fad for fidget spinners in 2017.
See also
Fidget Cube
Stress ball
Pop it (toy)
Infinity Cube
Fingears Magnetic Rings
References
Novelty items
Physical activity and dexterity toys
Sensory toys | wiki |
Honda Dream may refer to any of the following Honda motorcycles:
D-Type (1949), Honda's first complete motorcycle
C71, C76, C72, C77 Dream (1960–1967)
Dream CB250 (1968–1969)
Super Cub EX5 Dream (1986–), a.k.a. Honda Astrea, or Dream 110i (2011– )
AC15 or Dream 50 (1997–1998)
Dream Yuga (2012– )
Honda Dream C125 (2000–) Cambodia, Burma
Dream | wiki |
Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea. It is an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones such as Mona, Culebra, and Vieques. The capital and most populous city is San Juan. Its official languages are Spanish and English, though Spanish predominates. The commonwealth's population is approximately 3.4 million.
Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
See also
List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico
List of hotels in Puerto Rico
List of newspapers in Puerto Rico
References
Puerto Rico | wiki |
Shift-by-wire is the system on an automatic transmission in which the transmission modes are engaged/changed in an automobile through electronic controls without any mechanical linkage between the gear shifting lever and the transmission. The transmission shifting was traditionally accomplished by mechanical links through a lever mounted on the steering column or a gear shifter near the center console.
This eliminates routing space required for housing the mechanical linkages between the shifter and the transmission and provides effortless shifting through the press of a button or through knobs. The elimination of this linkage removes any shift effort from the driver’s gear selection.
Safety recalls related to shift-by-wire systems
There have been safety issues identified with production vehicles implementing the shift by wire systems which have led to recalls. The major hazards associated with this type of systems are vehicle not achieving park state and vehicle moving in the wrong direction (drive vs reverse).
See also
Drive by wire
Park by wire
References
Automotive electronics
Vehicle safety technologies
Automotive transmission technologies | wiki |
The New York Business Corporation Law is the primary corporation statute in the State of New York. It is an influential model in U.S. corporate law. It is chapter 4 of the Consolidated Laws of New York, originally enacted as chapter 567 of the Laws of 1890.
See also
United States corporate law
Delaware General Corporation Law
UK company law
Notes
References
External links
New York Business Corporation Law (NYBCL)
United States corporate law
New York (state) law | wiki |
Barry Posner may refer to:
Barry Posner (physician) (born 1937), Canadian physician and research scientist
Barry Posner (academic) (born 1949), American leadership academic
Posner, Barry Lionel (born 1965), Healthcare Consultant | wiki |
Orbifloxacin (brand name Orbax) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic which is approved for use in dogs, marketed by Schering-Plough Animal Health.
See also
Quinolone
References
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics
Cyclopropanes
Dog medications
1,4-di-hydro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids | wiki |
SPDT may refer to:
Single pole, double throw, a simple type of changeover electrical switch
Single Point Diamond Turning, a type of mechanical machining using diamond-tipped cutting elements
SCSI Pass-Through Direct, (SPTD) is a proprietary device driver and application programming interface (API) | wiki |
The following is a list of episodes for the Disney Channel Original Series, Even Stevens. The series ran from June 17, 2000, to June 2, 2003 with 65 episodes produced spanning 3 seasons.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2000-01)
Season 2 (2001-02)
Season 3 (2002-03)
TV film (2003)
External links
Lists of American sitcom episodes
Lists of American children's television series episodes
Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes | wiki |
A gametid is a complementary gamete to the gamete that gives rise to a zygote after conception. During meiosis, four gametes, or haploid cells, are the products of diploid cell division. Two gametes, one egg and one sperm, unite during conception, yielding a zygote. For each gamete that makes a zygote, there is a complementary gamete, or gametid. There are gametids for both egg and sperm gametes. Another word for a gametid is a nontransmitted gamete. These gametids come from the same primary gametocyte that yields the gamete that fuses to form the zygote. Gametids do not always develop into mature gametes. A common example of a gametid that does not develop into a mature gamete is a polar body. Gametogenesis is the process by which mature gametes are produced. In sequential order, gametes develop from primary gametocytes, to secondary gametocytes, to gametids, and then finally to gametes.
References
Germ cells | wiki |
Disneyland is the original Disney theme park in Anaheim, California.
Disneyland may also refer to:
Properties of The Walt Disney Company
Theme parks
Tokyo Disneyland
Disneyland Park (Paris), formerly "Euro Disneyland"
Hong Kong Disneyland
Shanghai Disneyland
Resort complexes
Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California
Disneyland Paris, formerly "Euro Disney Resort" and "Disneyland Resort Paris"
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Media
Disneyland, the title of the Walt Disney anthology television series from 1954 to 1958
Disneyland: The First 50 Magical Years, a film presentation on the history of Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California
Other uses
Disneyland, a 1965 novel by Stanisław Dygat, basis for the film Jowita (1967)
"Disneyland with the Death Penalty", a 1993 magazine article by William Gibson about Singapore
"Dizz Knee Land", a song by the rock group dada
"Disneyland", a solo song in the Broadway musical Smile
"Disneyland", a song by Five For Fighting on the album The Battle for Everything
"Disneyland" (Modern Family), an episode of the third season of the American comedy television series Modern Family
"2 Weeks In Dizkneeland", a song by Nuno Bettencourt on the album Schizophonic
Disneyland Dream, a home movie documentary made in the 1950s
Hamtramck Disneyland, a tourist destination in Hamtramck, Michigan, United States
See also
Disneyland Hotel (disambiguation)
Dreamland in Nara, Japan
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Magic Kingdom
Shanghai Disney Resort
Tokyo Disney Resort
Walt Disney World | wiki |
Hypnotist or The Hypnotist may refer to:
Hypnotist, a person who practices hypnosis
The Hypnotist, the alternative title of the 1927 American film London After Midnight
The Hypnotist, the American home video title for the 1999 Japanese film Saimin
"The Hypnotist", a song by Erra from their 2016 album Drift
The Hypnotist (1940 film), a 1940 Mexican comedy mystery film
The Hypnotist (1957 film), a British thriller film
The Hypnotist (2012 film), a 2012 Swedish film
The Hypnotist (novel), a crime novel published under the name Lars Kepler | wiki |
A defeat device is any motor vehicle hardware, software, or design that interferes with or disables emissions controls under real-world driving conditions, even if the vehicle passes formal emissions testing. The term appears in the US Clean Air Act and European Union regulations, to describe anything that prevents an emissions control system from working, and applies as well to power plants or other air pollution sources, as to automobiles.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has taken numerous enforcement actions against car makers and other companies that have used or installed defeat devices, whether deliberately, or through error or negligence. Aftermarket parts or software, such as modified exhausts or chip tuning products and services, are considered defeat devices if they inhibit or bypass a vehicle's emissions controls.
Timeline
1970s
In 1973 the Big 3 Detroit automakers, Chrysler, Ford Motor Company and General Motors, along with import brand Toyota, were ordered by the EPA to stop using ambient temperature switches which disabled pollution controls at low temperatures. The automakers agreed to cease using the ambient temperature switches in the way the EPA said was in violation of the Clean Air Act, while insisting that the switches were not 'defeat devices' intended to evade rules. The auto companies said the devices improved engine efficiency and actually reduced pollution. The EPA order affected 2 million 1973 model year cars slated for production, but did not require a recall of cars already on the road.
Also in 1973, Volkswagen agreed to a settlement with the EPA, in which they admitted no wrongdoing and paid a $120,000 fine, for failing to disclose the existence of two temperature sensing switches that affected emissions function. In their 1974 model year application to the EPA, VW disclosed the presence of the switches and the EPA rejected them, so they were removed.
1990s
In 1995, General Motors was ordered to recall 470,000 model year 1991 through 1995 Cadillacs and pay an $11 million fine for programming the car's electronic control unit (ECU) to enrich the fuel mixture any time the car's air conditioning or cabin heat was operating, since the EPA tests are conducted with those systems turned off. The richer fuel mixture was needed to address an engine stalling problem, resulting in emissions of up to 10 grams per mile of carbon monoxide (CO), nearly three times the limit of 3.4 g/mi. While the EPA and Justice Department contended that GM intentionally violated emissions standards, GM said that was "a matter of interpretation." Besides the fine, the second largest Clean Air Act penalty to date in 1995, GM had to spend up to $34 million for anti-pollution programs and recall 470,000 Cadillac 4.9 liter Eldorados, Fleetwoods, DeVilles, and Sevilles. The largest civil penalty under the Clean Air Act was $11.1 million paid by Louisiana-Pacific lumber and paper company.
In 1996, Honda reached an agreement with the EPA to extend the warranties and offer free services for 1.6 million 1995 Civics and 1996–1997 model year Acuras, Accords, Civics, Preludes, and Odysseys, because Honda had disabled an engine misfire monitoring device that would have otherwise directed drivers to seek repairs. Honda was required to spend a total of $254 million on the warranties, service, pollution reduction projects, and $12.6 million in civil penalties.
Also in 1996, Ford reached a consent decree to spend $7.9 million to address a defeat device on 60,000 1997 model year Econoline vans which used a "sophisticated electronic control strategy designed to enhance fuel economy", disabling NOx emissions controls while the vans were driven at highway speeds, a circumstance not occurring during lab testing to verify emissions control compliance.
In 1998, the EPA announced fines totaling $83.4 million against seven diesel engine manufacturers, the largest fine to date, which evaded testing by shutting down emissions controls during highway driving while appearing to comply with lab testing. The seven, Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Mack Trucks, Navistar International, Renault Trucks, and Volvo Trucks, also agreed to spend more than $1 billion to correct the problem. The trucks used engine ECU software to engage pollution controls during the 20-minute lab tests to verify compliance with the Clean Air Act, but then disable the emissions controls during normal highway cruising, emitting up to three times the maximum allowed NOx pollution.
2000s
In 2000 the German motorcycle magazine Motorrad reported about a defeat device delivered with the BMW F 650 GS. BMW responded by issuing an improved injection as of 2001 and calling back the models from the previous year.
2010s
In late 2015, the EPA discovered that software used in millions of Volkswagen Group turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engines included features intended to produce misleading results during laboratory emissions testing.
On 10 October 2015, Consumer Reports tested a 2015 Jetta TDI and a 2011 Jetta Sportwagen TDI in what they presumed was the special emissions testing, or cheat mode. The acceleration time of the 2011 Jetta increased from 9.9 to 10.5 seconds, and the 2015 car's time went from 9.1 to 9.2 seconds. The fuel economy of the 2011 car decreased from and the 2015 car's fuel economy decreased from . Consumer Reportss Director of Auto Testing said that while the added fuel costs, "may not be dramatic, these cars may no longer stand out among many very efficient competitors." The method the magazine used to engage cheat mode while driving required making assumptions about the ECU's operations. Because disabling electronic stability control is a necessary step for running a car on a dynamometer, the magazine assumed that this would put the car in cheat mode. In order to keep the electronic stability control from reactivating while driving, they disconnected the cars' rear wheel speed sensors, simulating the inputs the ECU receives while the car is on a stationary test rig, even though it was being driven on the road. Besides front and rear wheel speeds, the EPA had said that steering wheel movement, barometric pressure and duration of engine operation were factors in triggering cheat mode.
Fiat Chrysler produced over 100,000 model year 2014 through 2016 Ram 1500 and Jeep Grand Cherokee vehicles for sale in the United States with EcoDiesel engines in which the US EPA and the California Air Resources Board alleged had a defeat device.
Notes
References
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Corporate crime
Emissions reduction
Environmental controversies | wiki |
NHLPA may refer to:
National Hockey League Players' Association, a players' union
National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000
NHLPA Hockey '93, a video game released by Electronic Arts for the Genesis and Super NES video game platforms in 1992 | wiki |
Symphonic black metal is a subgenre of black metal that emerged in the 1990s and incorporates symphonic and orchestral elements. Notable symphonic black metal bands include Cradle Of Filth, Dimmu Borgir, Emperor, and Carach Angren.
History
The first extreme metal bands incorporating orchestral elements into their music were Bulldozer on their album Neurodeliri (1988), Master's Hammer on Ritual (1991) and The Jilemnice Occultist (1993) and Sigh on their debut Scorn Defeat (1993).
The style on Emperor's In the Nightside Eclipse (1994) had a pioneering influence though and was the main inspiration for many keyboard-based black metal bands following after. Troll's Drep de kristne (1995) and Arcturus' Aspera Hiems Symfonia (1996) are other notable early works of symphonic black metal, before the genre was commercialised by the international success of bands like Dimmu Borgir and Bal Sagoth.
Characteristics
Symphonic black metal is a style of black metal that incorporates symphonic and orchestral elements. This may include the usage of keyboards to conjure up "pseudo-orchestral" soundscapes with default presets (e.g. strings, choirs, piano, organs, and pads), or full orchestral arrangements. Bands may feature solo instruments such as violins in addition to keyboards and/or orchestral arrangements. Vocals can be "clean" or operatic in style, and song structures are more defined or are inspired by symphonies, and follow a typical riff-based approach. Many of the characteristics of traditional black metal are retained, such as shrieks, fast tempos, high treble and tremolo-picked electric guitars. The overall sound and themes can be considered wider than traditional black metal, many groups of symphonic black metal use themes such as vampirism (Theatres des Vampires, Cradle of Filth), occultism and the paranormal (Carach Angren). Political themes are more neglected by them as in other black metal subgenres.
See also
List of symphonic black metal bands
References
Black metal subgenres
British rock music genres
Heavy metal genres
Norwegian styles of music | wiki |
Ternate is a language of northern Maluku, eastern Indonesia. It is spoken by the , who inhabit the island of Ternate and some other areas of the archipelago, including the western coast of Halmahera, Hiri, Obi, Kayoa, and the Bacan Islands. Historically, it served as the primary language of the Sultanate of Ternate, famous for its role in the spice trade. It has established itself as a lingua franca of the North Maluku province. A North Halmahera language, it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the Austronesian language family.
This language should be distinguished from Ternate Malay (North Moluccan Malay), a local Malay-based creole which it has heavily influenced. Ternate serves as the first language of ethnic Ternateans, mainly in the rural areas, while Ternate Malay is nowadays used as a means of interethnic and trade communication, particularly in the urban part of the island. More recently, there has been a language shift from Ternate towards Malay. It can be assumed that its role as a lingua franca has greatly waned. While the Ternate people are scattered all over eastern Indonesia, it is not known how many expatriate Ternateans still speak the language. In Indonesian, it is generally known as bahasa Ternate; however, the term bahasa Ternate asli is sometimes used to distinguish it from Ternate Malay.
Ternate influence is present in many languages of eastern Indonesia, reaching the languages of central and northern Sulawesi. The language has been influential as a source of lexical and grammatical borrowing for North Moluccan Malay, the local variant of Malay, which has given rise to other eastern Indonesian offshoots of Malay, such as Manado Malay.
Written records
The Ternate language was recorded with the Arabic script since the 15th century, while the Latin alphabet is used in modern writing. Ternate and Tidore are notable for being the only indigenous non-Austronesian languages of the region to have established literary traditions prior to first European contact. Other languages of the North Halmahera region, which were not written down until the arrival of Christian missionaries, have received significant lexical influence from Ternate.
Classification
Ternate is a member of the North Halmahera language family, which is classified by some as part of a larger West Papuan family, a proposed linking of the North Halmahera languages with the Papuan languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula. It is most closely related to the Tidore language, which is native to the southern neighboring island. The distinction between Ternate and Tidore appears to be based on sociopolitical factors rather than linguistic differences. While many authors have described these varieties as separate languages, some classifications identify them as dialects of a single language, collectively termed as either "Ternate" or "Ternate-Tidore".
Phonology
Ternate, like other North Halmahera languages, is not a tonal language.
Consonants
Vowels
References
Languages of Indonesia
North Halmahera languages | wiki |
Risultati
I test match
Gli altri incontri
Note | wiki |
A flaming sword is a sword which is glowing with a flame which is produced by some supernatural power. Flaming swords have existed in legends and myths for thousands of years.
Abrahamic sources
According to the Bible, a flaming sword ( lahat chereb or literally "flame of the whirling sword" lahaṭ haḥereb hammithappeket) was entrusted to the cherubim by God to guard the gates of Paradise after Adam and Eve were banished (Genesis 3:24). Scholars have variously interpreted the sword as a weapon of the cherubim, as lightning, as a metaphor, as an independent divine being, or even as a figurative description of bladed chariot wheels.
In Kabbalah, the flaming sword represents the order which the sefirot were created in, also known as “the path of the flaming sword.”
Eastern Orthodox tradition says that after Jesus was crucified and resurrected, the flaming sword was removed from the Garden of Eden, making it possible for humanity to re-enter Paradise.
Dumah is an angel mentioned in Rabbinical literature and popular in Yiddish folklore. Isaac Bashevis Singer's Short Friday (1964), a collection of stories, mentions Dumah as a "thousand-eyed angel of death, armed with a flaming sword". The sword is otherwise associated with various angels, such as the archangel Uriel, Camael or Jophiel.
Gnosticism
The ancient Gnostic codex On the Origin of the World predicts that the kings under the archons will be drunken from the flaming sword during the end times.
Germanic mythology
In Norse mythology, the weapon wielded by the giant Surtr is referred to as a "flaming sword" () by Snorri Sturluson in Gylfaginning 4, of the Prose Edda. Snorri immediately afterwards quotes a stanza from his poetic source, (Völuspá 52), where it is stated that Surt has fire with him, and that his sword shines with the "sun of the gods of the slain". However, it has been argued that the poem might be stressing the fiery glare of Surtr himself more than the sword. The relevant kenning from the quoted poem, svigi lævi ("destruction of twigs"), is usually interpreted to mean "fire". However, Henrik Schück interpreted the kenning as referring to a sword, emending the phrase to svigi læva to identify it with the sword Lævateinn in Fjölsvinnsmál. Snorri paraphrases the strophe of the poem a second time in Gylfaginning 51, merely saying: "Surt rides first, and before him and after him is burning fire",, afterwards requoting more extensively around the same strophe (Völuspá 48–56). The possibility that this sword imagery was inspired by Christian writings have been speculated.
Celtic legend
According to the Welsh triads, the Dyrnwyn ('White-Hilt'), one of the Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain, is said to be a powerful sword belonging to Rhydderch Hael, one of the Three Generous Men of Britain. When drawn by a worthy or well-born man, the entire blade would blaze with fire. Rhydderch was never reluctant to hand the weapon to anyone, hence his nickname; Hael (the Generous), but as soon as the recipients learned of its peculiar properties, they always rejected the sword.
Hindu and Buddhist (Dharmic) sources
The deity Acala (known as Fudō Myōō in Japan) is depicted in Buddhist art holding a sword which may or may not be flaming and sometimes described only generically as a or as a , as the pommel of the sword is shaped like a talon-like .
In Hinduism, Kalki (Sanskrit: कल्कि) also called Kalkin or karki, is the prophesied tenth and final incarnation of Hindu God Vishnu to end the Kali Yuga, one of the four periods in the endless cycle of existence (Krita) in Vaishnavism cosmology. The end of Kali Yuga states this will usher in the new epoch of Satya Yuga in the cycle of existence, until the MahaPralaya (the Great Dissolution of the Universe).
Kalki is described in the Puranas as the avatar who rejuvenates existence by ending the darkest and destructive period to remove adharma and ushering in the Satya Yuga, while riding a white horse with a fiery sword. The description and details of Kalki are different among various Puranas.
See also
Flame-bladed sword
Flaming sword (effect)
Lightsaber
Magic sword
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Fire in religion
Mythological swords
Garden of Eden | wiki |
The Oceanic-class ocean liner was an iron-hulled ocean liner class operated by White Star Line. It is the first modern ocean liner class and the fastest ship class from 1872–1875 until the completion of Germanic.
Ships in class
SS Oceanic
SS Atlantic
SS Baltic
SS Republic
SS Adriatic
SS Celtic
References
Ships of the White Star Line
Ocean liner classes
Ships built in Belfast
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
The Oceanic Class ocean liners were the first liners built for the White Star Line. They often consisted of A Single propeller, single Funnel and relied mainly on sailpower | wiki |
An insert nut provides a threaded socket for a wooden workpiece, similar to a wall anchor. Insert nuts are inserted into a pre-drilled hole by one of two means: screw in and hammer in. In both cases, the external protrusions bite into the wood, preventing the nut from either turning or pulling out.
They are threaded internally and externally, the former provides stability for the bolt and the latter provides grip to the object. This also allows the bolt to be easily replaced.
Insert nuts are advantageous over barrel nuts and T-nuts, because they can be installed from one side of the workpiece.
Screw-in type
Screw-in insert nuts have an external thread and hex head and are screwed in with a Flat Blade Screwdriver or an Allen wrench. The screw-in insert nuts come in various sizes and take different screw sizes. For example, an M6 insert nut will take an M6 bolt, a "1/4-20" insert nut will take a 1/4-20 inch bolt., etc The pre-drilled hole must be as deep as the length of the insert nut plus any portion of the bolt that may be screwed past the end of the nut in the work piece.
Hammer-in type
Hammer-in insert nuts, also known as knock-in nuts, are lined with barbs and are hammered in. They are often made of steel, brass or nylon. They are designed to work in wood and particle board.
Sizing
References
Notes
See also
Threaded insert
Nut
Rivet nut
Screw
Screw thread
Bibliography
.
Nuts (hardware) | wiki |
Misfire: Inside the Downfall of the NRA is a nonfiction book by NPR journalist Tim Mak, released Nov 2, 2021. It covers the NRA during the leadership of Wayne LaPierre. The author began writing about the NRA after observing the actions of the Russian agent Maria Butina.
Critical Reception
Reviews have been positive. The New Republic called the book a "revealing and lively" look at a "gaudy saga." The Guardian says the book is a "bullseye" if "depressing" in some parts.
References
2021 non-fiction books
National Rifle Association
Books about politics of the United States
E. P. Dutton books | wiki |
Bicycle trials may refer to:
Individual time trials
Mountain bike trials
Track time trials | wiki |
The administrative divisions of Alaska are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of Alaska.
Boroughs
Section 3 of Article X of the Constitution of Alaska divides the state, at the first level, into organized and unorganized boroughs. These boroughs are functionally equivalent to counties found in most other states.
Areas of Alaska which are not within the boundaries of an organized borough are, by default, part of a single unorganized borough. However, beginning with the 1970 census, the United States Census Bureau, in cooperation with the state, divided this borough into multiple named census areas in order to facilitate the taking of the United States Census.
Cities
Section 7 of Article X of the Constitution of Alaska divides the state, at the second level, into incorporated cities, which must be located entirely within the boundaries of a single borough.
Classification of municipalities
Municipalities in Alaska are divided into two groups: home rule municipalities and general law municipalities. Home rule municipalities are chartered and have all legislative powers not otherwise prohibited to them. General law municipalities, on the other hand, are not chartered and have only those legislative powers explicitly given to them.
General law municipalities are divided into five classes: first-, second-, and third-class boroughs, and first- and second-class cities. Each class has specific requirements for existence and potential incorporation or reclassification.
The organization, incorporation, merger, consolidation, reclassification, and dissolution of municipalities is overseen by the Local Boundary Commission.
References
External links
Alaska Constitution, Article X: Local Government
Alaska Administrative Code, Section 3, Chapter 110: Municipal Boundary Changes
Alaska Statutes, Title 29: Municipal Government
Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development – Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Local Boundary Commission | wiki |
This is a non-exhaustive list of mountains of the Appalachians.
References
See also
List of mountains in Maryland
List of mountains in Massachusetts
List of mountains of New Hampshire
List of mountains in North Carolina
List of mountains of Vermont
List of mountains in Virginia
Appalachians
Appalachians | wiki |
Make My Move is the second studio album by Canadian country music singer-songwriter Jason Blaine. The album was released by Koch on May 20, 2008.
Track listing
Chart performance
Singles
External links
Jason Blaine – "Make My Move"
2008 albums
Jason Blaine albums
E1 Music albums | wiki |
Anthony Omar Cuff (born September 24, 1984) is a former American football running back. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Delaware.
Omar Cuff was on the practice squads of Cleveland Browns, Kansas City Chiefs, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots.
External links
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football Bio
New England Patriots bio
Further reading
1984 births
Living people
Players of American football from Maryland
American football running backs
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football players
Tennessee Titans players
Cleveland Browns players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
New England Patriots players | wiki |
Turkey in Asia or Asiatic Turkey usually refers to the extensive West Asian territories of the former Ottoman Empire.
It may also refer to:
Anatolia, or Asia Minor, the Asiatic peninsula of modern Turkey
Former Ottoman holdings in the region extending towards South West Asia, e.g. Arabia
See also
Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
Administrative divisions of Turkey
East Thrace
Rumelia (Turkey in Europe) | wiki |
General Haig may refer to:
Alexander Haig (1924–2010), first U.S. Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan
Brodie Haig (1886–1957), British Indian Army general
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (1861–1928), commander of the British Expeditionary Force during much of the First World War | wiki |
Moove may refer to:
A flavored milk product by Lion Dairy & Drinks
A virtual world social software product on the List of social software
See also
Move (disambiguation) | wiki |
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