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Targhee may refer to:
Targhee National Forest, now the Caribou-Targhee National Forest a federally protected woodland in Idaho and Wyoming, United States
Targhee sheep, a domestic breed developed within and named for the forest
Grand Targhee Resort, a ski resort in Alta, Wyoming, within and named for the forest | wiki |
The Indian Wars (The Adventures of Buffalo Bill) – film del 1914 diretto da Vernon Day e Theodore Wharton
The Adventures of Buffalo Bill – film del 1914 con William F. Cody
The Adventures of Buffalo Bill – film del 1917 diretto da Charles A. King | wiki |
Bulbophyllum erythrostachyum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Robert Allen Rolfe em 1903.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1903
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Enoplognatha bobaiensis är en spindelart som beskrevs av Zhu 1998. Enoplognatha bobaiensis ingår i släktet Enoplognatha och familjen klotspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Klotspindlar
bobaiensis | wiki |
Tristar Air is een Egyptische luchtvaartmaatschappij met haar thuisbasis in Caïro.
Tristar Air is opgericht in 1998.
Vloot
De vloot van Tristar Air bestaat uit:(september 2011)
1 Airbus A300 B4(F)
Egyptische luchtvaartmaatschappij
Economie in Caïro | wiki |
Seald Sweet International is a citrus marketing company based out of Vero Beach, Florida, founded in 1909 as the Florida Citrus Exchange and currently owned by Greenyard USA, with which it merged in 1998.
Seald Sweet was founded in 1909 as The Florida Citrus Exchange, a grower-owned cooperative and Florida’s oldest and largest fresh citrus marketing company. In 1959, in celebration of the grower-owned cooperative's 50th anniversary, the Florida Citrus Exchange officially became Seald Sweet Growers, Inc.
References
Companies based in Florida | wiki |
The Chicago and North Western Railway Depot may refer to one of the following former and active train stations:
Chicago and Northwestern Railway Depot -- Glencoe, Illinois
Chicago and North Western Railroad Depot (Norwood Park, Chicago)
Chicago and Northwestern Depot (Sycamore, Illinois)
Chicago and Northwestern Depot (Wilmette, Illinois)
Chicago and North Western Passenger Depot, Wall Lake, Iowa
Chicago and North Western Railway Passenger Depot, Green Bay, Wisconsin
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Depot (Ironwood, Michigan)
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Depot (Fond du Lac, Wisconsin)
See also
Chicago and North Western Railway | wiki |
The Secret Woman is a Gothic romance and suspense novel written by English author Eleanor Hibbert under the pseudonym Victoria Holt. It was originally published in 1970 and is considered to be a bestseller. Set in 1887, it chronicles Anna Brett's scandalous romance with the married ship captain Redvers Stretton. As they sail across the South Seas, tensions build among Anna, Redvers, and everyone else on-board The Serene Lady, and a mystery involving murder, the destruction of ship called The Secret Woman, and a missing fortune of diamonds begins to unravel.
Plot summary
Anna Brett was born in India, due to her father being in the Indian Army, and when she was about eight years old her parents moved her to live in Langmouth, England with her Aunt Charlotte into what is referred to as the Queen's House. While in Langmouth, Anna was educated and began to learn the ways of Aunt Charlotte's antique business as she grew up.
On one autumn night, a sailor named Redvers Stretton comes to see Anna and their romantic interest in each other starts to grow. As Aunt Charlotte grows older and weaker, she hires a nurse, Chantel Loman, to look after her. Chantel seems to brighten up the normally dreary Queen's House and quickly becomes close friends with Anna. Then one morning, Chantel finds Charlotte dead from an opium tablet overdose. Because she would have benefited from Charlotte's death, people suspect Anna of killing her aunt, but Chantel successfully defends her and the death is declared a suicide. Chantel takes up a position at the nearby Castle Crediton, caring for Monique Stretton, the wife of Redvers that Anna had not previously known about. Anna discovers she inherited serious debts from Aunt Charlotte and decides to sell her antique furniture and rent out the Queen's House. During her time at the castle Chantel and Rex Crediton, Redvers’ half-brother, begin spending a lot of time together. She finds out that Rex and Monique are going to sail on Redvers’ ship The Serene Lady to Australia and Monique's home island of Coralle. Chantel helps get Anna hired as Red's son Edward's governess while they are away.
During the voyage, Edward gets drugged and Anna suspects someone onboard had been planning on throwing him overboard, but most of the passengers assume it was just a prank. Once the ship arrives on the island of Coralle, Red declares his love to Anna and gives her a letter asking for her to wait to be with him just before he departs.
There is an increasing sense of tension and doom during Anna and Chantel's two-month stay on the island; Monique grows more and more distraught and angry over the thought that Red doesn’t love her, and Anna finds out that Chantel had married Rex before they set sail. Upon The Serene Lady’s return, Chantel gives Anna a long letter explaining that she had been plotting to take over Castle Crediton and that she had in fact been responsible for Aunt Charlotte's death. In order for Chantel and Rex to inherit the castle and the family riches, both Red and Edward would have to be dead, so Chantel had drugged Edward on the ship in an attempt to kill him, but the plan failed. Then, on Coralle, Chantel had poisoned some coffee Monique was going to give Red in order to frame his wife for his murder, but Chantel accidentally drinks the coffee herself and dies.
Anna returns to England and continues to be Edward's governess until he begins attending school. She then returns to the Queen's House and one of her maids informs her that Monique died on the island of Coralle. Red returns to England so that he and Anna can finally begin their life together.
Characters
Anna Brett – narrator and protagonist in her late 20s; heiress to Charlotte Brett's antique business and governess to Redvers Stretton's son Edward
Charlotte Brett – Anna's spinster aunt; runs an antique business out of the Queen's House
Redvers Stretton – sailor; captain of The Secret Woman and The Serene Lady; Anna's love interest
Chantel Loman – Charlotte and Monique's nurse; Anna's closest friend
Rex Crediton – Redvers’ half-brother, heir to Lady Crediton's business and riches; Chantel's love interest
Monique Stretton – Redvers’ wife and Edward's mother; a native of the island of Coralle
Publication
The first edition of The Secret Woman was published in the UK by Collins and in the US by Doubleday & Company, Inc. in New York. Since its initial release several other versions of it have been made; the most recent publication was done by Sourcebooks Casablanca of Sourcebooks, Inc. in Naperville, Illinois in 2014.
Success
The Secret Woman is considered a bestseller of 1970, along with Erich Segal’s Love Story and John Fowles’ The French Lieutenant’s Woman.
The book's success was likely also bolstered by the success of Hibbert's previous novels such as Mistress of Mellyn and The Shivering Sands. The positive reception of these works eventually gave Hibbert the title of “Queen of Romantic Suspense” and driving the sales of Victoria Holt novels to over 56 million copies worldwide.
References
1970 British novels
British Gothic novels
British thriller novels
Works published anonymously
Fiction set in 1887
William Collins, Sons books | wiki |
The Washington Capitals are an American professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D.C. The Capitals play in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The team joined the NHL in 1974 as an expansion team and won their first Eastern Conference championship in 1998. The Capitals have played their home games at the Capital One Arena, formerly known as the MCI Center and Verizon Center, since 1997. The Capitals are owned by Ted Leonsis, and Brian MacLellan is their general manager.
There have been 18 head coaches for the Capitals franchise. The franchise's first head coach was Jim Anderson, who coached for less than a season. Bryan Murray is the franchise's all-time leader for the most regular-season games coached (672), the most regular-season game wins (343), the most regular-season points (769), the most playoff games coached (53), and the most playoff-game wins (24). Murray's brother, Terry, has also coached the Capitals, right after his brother Bryan. Roger Crozier, who only coached one game for the Capitals, is the franchise's all-time leader for the least regular-season game points (0). Ron Wilson won the Prince of Wales Trophy with the Capitals, but lost the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals against the Detroit Red Wings. Bryan Murray, Bruce Boudreau and Barry Trotz are the only Capitals coaches to have won the Jack Adams Award. None of the Capitals coaches have been elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder. Anderson, Danny Belisle, Gary Green, Crozier, Glen Hanlon, Dale Hunter and Adam Oates have spent their entire NHL head coaching careers with the Capitals.
Dale Hunter, who replaced Boudreau on November 28, 2011, resigned on May 14, 2012, citing personal reasons. Adam Oates was named the Capitals' 16th head coach on June 26, 2012. After having missed the playoffs for the second time in seven years, the Washington Capitals hired former Nashville Predators coach Barry Trotz on May 26, 2014. Trotz resigned as head coach in June 2018, after winning the Stanley Cup for the first time in the franchise's history. Later that same month, the team promoted Todd Reirden, a Capitals assistant coach since 2014, to the head coaching position.
Key
Coaches
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2021–22 NHL season.
Notes
A running total of the number of coaches of the Capitals. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once.
Since the start of the 2005–06 season, the NHL has instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five-minute overtime period instead of ending in a tie.
Each year is linked to an article about that particular NHL season.
References
General
Specific
Washington Capitals coaches
Washington Capitals head coaches
Head coaches | wiki |
Mental age is a concept related to intelligence. It looks at how a specific individual, at a specific age, performs intellectually, compared to average intellectual performance for that individual's actual chronological age (i.e. time elapsed since birth). The intellectual performance is based on performance in tests and live assessments by a psychologist. The score achieved by the individual is compared to the median average scores at various ages, and the mental age (x, say) is derived such that the individual's score equates to the average score at age x.
However, mental age depends on what kind of intelligence is measured. For instance, a child's intellectual age can be average for their actual age, but the same child's emotional intelligence can be immature for their physical age. Psychologists often remark that girls are more emotionally mature than boys at around the age of puberty. Also, a six-year-old child intellectually gifted can remain a three-year-old child in terms of emotional maturity. Mental age can be considered a controversial concept.
History
Early theories
During much of the 19th century, theories of intelligence focused on measuring the size of human skulls. Anthropologists well known for their attempts to correlate cranial size and capacity with intellectual potential were Samuel Morton and Paul Broca.
The modern theories of intelligence began to emerge along with experimental psychology. This is when much of psychology was moving from philosophical to more biology and medical science basis. In 1890, James Cattell published what some consider the first "mental test". Cattell was more focused on heredity rather than environment. This spurs much of the debate about the nature of intelligence.
Mental age was first defined by the French psychologist Alfred Binet, who introduced the intelligence test in 1905, with the assistance of Theodore Simon. Binet's experiments on French schoolchildren laid the framework for future experiments into the mind throughout the 20th century. He created an experiment that was designed as a test to be completed quickly and was taken by children of various ages. In general, of course older children performed better on these tests than younger ones. However, the younger children who had exceeded the average of their age group were said to have a higher "mental age", and those who performed below that average were deemed to have a lower "mental age". Binet's theories suggested that while mental age was a useful indicator, it was by no means fixed permanently, and individual growth or decline could be attributed to changes in teaching methods and experiences.
Henry Herbert Goddard was the first psychologist to bring Binet's test to the United States. He was one of the many psychologists in the 1910s who believed intelligence was a fixed quantity. While Binet believed this was not true, the majority of those in the USA believed it was hereditary.
Modern theories
The limitations of the Stanford-Binet caused David Wechsler to publish the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in
1955. These two tests were split into two different ones for children. The WAIS-IV is the known current publication of the test
for adults. The reason for this test was to score the individual and compare it to others of the same age
group rather than to score by chronological age and mental age. The fixed average is 100 and the normal range is between
85 and 115. This is a standard currently used and is used in the Stanford-Binet test as well.
Recent studies showed that mental age and biological age are connected.
Mental age and IQ
Modern intelligence tests, such as the current Stanford-Binet test, no longer compute the IQ using the above "ratio IQ" formula. Instead, the results of several different standardized tests are combined to derive a score. This score reflects how far the person's performance deviates from the average performance of others who are the same age, arbitrarily defined as an average score of 100. An individual's "deviation IQ" is then estimated, using a more complicated formula or table, from their score's percentile at their chronological age. But at least as recently as 2007, older tests using ratio IQs were sometimes still used for a child whose percentile was too high for this to be precise, or whose abilities may exceed a deviation IQ test's ceiling.
A child's IQ can be roughly estimated using the formula:
Controversy
Measures such as mental age and IQ have limitations. Binet did not believe these measures represented a single, permanent, and inborn level of intelligence. He stressed that intelligence overall is too broad to be represented by a single number. It is influenced by many factors such as the individual's background, and it changes over time.
Throughout much of the 20th century, many psychologists believed intelligence was fixed and hereditary while others believed other factors would affect intelligence.
After World War I, the concept of intelligence as fixed, hereditary, and unchangeable became the dominant theory within the experimental psychological community. By the mid-1930s, there was no longer agreement among researchers on whether or not intelligence was hereditary. There are still recurring debates about the influence of environment and heredity upon an individual's intelligence.
See also
IQ
Mature minor doctrine
References
Psychometrics
Intelligence
Cognition
Intellectual disability
Developmental psychology | wiki |
Peacocking is when a male uses ostentatious clothing and behavior to attract a female and to stand out from other competing males, with the intention to become more memorable and interesting. Peacocking is very common among men, and it can happen either consciously or subconsciously. Peacocking happens subconsciously especially when a desirable female suddenly comes into sight. Prevalence of peacocking strongly correlates with woman's level of attractiveness.
According to some feminist scholars men may tend to peacock because of the patriarchal ideas created by society. This hierarchy created between men and women and this idea of men competing for women's attention leads to peacocking.
References
External links
A Gentleman's Guide to Peacocking
Seduction | wiki |
Politically Incorrect is a late-night U.S. political talk show.
Politically Incorrect may also refer to:
Politically incorrect, someone or something which does not meet a standard of political correctness
Politically Incorrect (blog), a German political blog
/pol/ or Politically Incorrect, a discussion board on 4chan and 8chan
See also
Politically Correct (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Technical Achievement Award is one of three Scientific and Technical Awards given from time to time by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. (The other two awards are the Scientific and Engineering Award and the Academy Award of Merit.) The Technical Achievement Award is an honorary award that is given annually to those whose particular technical accomplishments have contributed to the progress of the motion picture industry. The award is a certificate, which describes the achievement and lists the names of those being honored for the particular contribution. These awards are usually given at a dinner ceremony held weeks prior to the Academy Awards broadcast and a brief excerpt is shown in the Oscars telecast.
Winners
See :Category:Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners.
References
External links
"Technical Achievement Award" – Description and photograph of this Academy Award on the official website of the Academy Awards (oscars.org). Lefthand menu links to these other related Honorary Awards; top menu includes links to home page and searchable Official Academy Award Database, with information about the winners of these awards and their official Academy Award citations.
Technical Achievement
American science and technology awards | wiki |
Numerical methods for differential equations may refer to:
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations, methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations
Numerical methods for partial differential equations, the branch of numerical analysis that studies the numerical solution of partial differential equations
See also
Differential equations
Numerical analysis#Differential equations | wiki |
Pennsylvania's 36th congressional district was one of Pennsylvania's districts of the United States House of Representatives.
Geography
District boundaries eventually set to cover parts of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
List of members representing the district
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
36
Former congressional districts of the United States
1923 establishments in Pennsylvania
1933 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Constituencies established in 1923
Constituencies disestablished in 1933 | wiki |
Steel City is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Brian Jun and starring John Heard, Tom Guiry and America Ferrera.
Cast
John Heard as Carl Lee
Tom Guiry as P.J. Lee
America Ferrera as Amy Barnes
Clayne Crawford as Ben Lee
Laurie Metcalf as Marianne Karn
Raymond J. Barry as Vic Lee
Reception
The film has an 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Time Out gave it four stars out of five. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film a B+.
References
External links
American drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
The red kite (Milvus milvus) is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. The species currently breeds in the Western Palearctic region of Europe and northwest Africa, though it formerly also occurred in northern Iran. It is resident in the milder parts of its range in western Europe and northwest Africa, but birds from northeastern and Central Europe winter further south and west, reaching south to Turkey. Vagrants have reached north to Finland and south to Israel, Libya and Gambia.
Taxonomy
The red kite was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Falco milvus. The word milvus was the Latin name for the bird. In 1799 the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède moved the species to the genus Milvus creating the tautonym.
Two subspecies are recognised:
M. m. milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe and northwest Africa to the Middle East
M. m. fasciicauda Hartert, 1914 – Cape Verde Islands
The subspecies M. m. fasciicauda is almost certainly extinct.
The genus Milvus contains two other species: the black kite (M. migrans) and the yellow-billed kite (M. aegyptius). The red kite has been known to successfully hybridize with the black kite in captivity where both species were kept together, and in the wild on the Cape Verde Islands and infrequently in other places. The red kites on the Cape Verde Islands are (or rather were) quite distinct in morphology, being somewhat intermediate with black kites. The question whether the Cape Verde kite should be considered a distinct species (Milvus fasciicauda) or a red kite subspecies has not been settled. A mitochondrial DNA study on museum specimens suggested that Cape Verde birds did not form a monophyletic lineage among or next to red kites. This interpretation is problematic: mtDNA analysis is susceptible to hybridization events, the evolutionary history of the Cape Verde population is not known, and the genetic relationship of red kites is confusing, with geographical proximity being no indicator of genetic relatedness and the overall genetic similarity high, perhaps indicating a relict species. Given the morphological distinctness of the Cape Verde birds and that the Cape Verde population was isolated from other populations of red kites, it cannot be conclusively resolved as to whether the Cape Verde population was not a distinct subspecies (as M. migrans fasciicauda) or even species that frequently absorbed stragglers from the migrating European populations into its gene pool. The Cape Verde population became effectively extinct since 2000, all surviving birds being hybrids with black kites.
The English word "kite" is from the Old English cyta which is of unknown origin. A kite is mentioned by Geoffrey Chaucer's in his Knight's Tale. The early fifteenth century Hengwrt manuscript contains the lines: "Ther cam a kyte, whil þt they were so wrothe That bar awey the boon bitwix hem bothe." The first recorded use of the word "kite" for a toy that is attached to a length of string and flown in the air dates from the seventeenth century.
Description
Red kites are long with a wingspan; males weigh , and females . It is an elegant bird, soaring on long wings held at a dihedral, and long forked tail, twisting as it changes direction. The body, upper tail and wing coverts are rufous. The white primary flight feathers contrast with the black wing tips and dark secondaries. Apart from the weight difference, the sexes are similar, but juveniles have a buff breast and belly. Its call is a thin piping sound, similar to but less mewling than the common buzzard. There is a rare white leucistic form accounting for approximately 1% of hatchlings in the Welsh population, but this variation confers a disadvantage in the survival stakes.
Differences between adults and juveniles
Adults differ from juveniles in a number of characteristics:
Adults are overall more deeply rufous, compared with the more washed out colour of juveniles;
Adults have black breast-streaks whereas on juveniles these are pale;
Juveniles have a less deeply forked tail, with a dark subterminal band;
Juveniles have pale tips to all of the greater-coverts (secondary and primary) on both the upper- and under-wings, forming a long narrow pale line; adults have pale fringes to upperwing secondary-coverts only.
These differences hold throughout most of the first year of a bird's life.
Behaviour
Breeding
Usually red kites first breed when they are two years old, although exceptionally they can successfully breed when they are only one year old. They are monogamous and the pair-bond in populations is probably maintained during the winter, particularly when the pair remain on their breeding territory. For migrant populations the fidelity to a particular nesting site means that the pair-bond is likely to be renewed each breeding season. The nest is normally placed in a fork of a large hardwood tree at a height of between above the ground. A pair will sometimes use a nest from the previous year and can occasionally occupy an old nest of the common buzzard. The nest is built by both sexes. The male brings dead twigs in length which are placed by the female. The nest is lined with grass and sometimes also with sheep's wool. Unlike the black kite, no greenery is added to the nest. Both sexes continue to add material to the nest during the incubation and nestling periods. Nests vary greatly in size and can become large when the same nest is occupied for several seasons.
The eggs are laid at three-day intervals. The clutch is usually between one and three eggs but four and even five eggs have occasionally been recorded. The eggs are non-glossy with a white ground and red-brown spots. The average size is with a calculated weight of . In Britain and central Europe, laying begins at the end of March but in the Mediterranean area laying begins in early March. The eggs are mainly incubated by the female, but the male will relieve her for short periods while she feeds. The male will also bring food for the female. Incubation starts as soon as the first egg is laid. Each egg hatches after 31 to 32 days but as they hatch asynchronously a clutch of three eggs requires 38 days of incubation. The chicks are cared for by both parents. The female them for the first 14 days while the male brings food to the nest which the female feeds to the chicks. Later both parents bring items of food which are placed in the nest to allow the chicks to feed themselves. The nestlings begin climbing onto branches around their nest from 45 days but they rarely before 48–50 days and sometimes not until they are 60–70 days of age. The young spend a further 15–20 days in the neighbourhood of the nest being fed by their parents. Only a single brood is raised each year but if the eggs are lost the female will relay.
The maximum age recorded is 25 years and 8 months for a ringed bird in Germany. The longevity record for Britain and Ireland is 23 years and 10 months for a bird found dead in Wales in 2012.
Food and feeding
The red kite's diet consists mainly of small mammals such as mice, voles, shrews, young hares and rabbits. It feeds on a wide variety of carrion including sheep carcasses and dead game birds. Live birds are also taken and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. Earthworms form an important part of the diet, especially in spring. In some parts of the United Kingdom, red kites are also deliberately fed in domestic gardens, explaining the presence of red kites in urban areas. Here, up to 5% of householders have provided supplementary food for red kites, with chicken the predominant meat provided.
As scavengers, red kites are particularly susceptible to poisoning. Illegal poison baits set for foxes or crows are indiscriminate and kill protected birds and other animals. There have also been a number of incidents of red kites and other raptors being targeted by wildlife criminals.
In the United Kingdom, there have been several unusual instances of red kites stealing food from people in a similar manner to gulls. One such occurrence took place in Marlow, Buckinghamshire (a town near a major reintroduction site for the species in the UK in the nearby village of Stokenchurch), in which Red Kites swooped down to steal sandwiches from people in one of the town's parks.
Distribution and status
Red kites inhabit broadleaf woodlands, valleys and wetland edges, to . They are native to the western Palearctic, with the European population of 19,000–25,000 pairs encompassing 95% of its global breeding range. It breeds from Spain and Portugal east into central Europe and Ukraine, north to southern Sweden, Latvia and the UK, and south to southern Italy. There is a population in northern Morocco. Northern birds move south in winter, mostly staying in the west of the breeding range, but also to eastern Turkey, northern Tunisia and Algeria. The three largest populations (in Germany, France and Spain, which together hold more than 75% of the global population) declined between 1990 and 2000, and overall the species declined by almost 20% over the ten years. The main threats to red kites are poisoning, through illegal direct poisoning and indirect poisoning from pesticides, particularly in the wintering ranges in France and Spain, and changes in agricultural practices causing a reduction in food resources. Other threats include electrocution, hunting and trapping, deforestation, egg-collection (on a local scale) and possibly competition with the generally more successful black kite M. migrans.
Continental Europe
German populations declined by 25%–30% between 1991 and 1997, but have remained stable since. The populations of the northern foothills of the Harz Mountains (the most densely populated part of its range) suffered an estimated 50% decline from 1991 to 2001. In Spain, the species showed an overall decline in breeding population of up to 43% for the period 1994 to 2001–02, and surveys of wintering birds in 2003–04 suggest a similarly large decline in core wintering areas. The Balearic Islands population has declined from 41 to 47 breeding pairs in 1993 to just 10 in 2003. In France, breeding populations have decreased in the northeast, but seem to be stable in southwest and central France and Corsica. Populations elsewhere are stable or undergoing increases. In Sweden, the species has increased from 30 to 50 pairs in the 1970s to 1,200 breeding pairs in 2003. In Switzerland, populations increased during the 1990s, and have stabilised. Red kites are decreasing in their strongholds of Spain, France and Germany, but are increasing in parts of northern Europe, such as Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, red kites were ubiquitous scavengers that lived on carrion and rubbish. Shakespeare's King Lear describes his daughter Goneril as a detested kite, and he wrote "when the kite builds, look to your lesser linen" in reference to them stealing washing hung out to dry in the nesting season. In the mid-15th century, King James II of Scotland decreed that they should be "killed wherever possible", but they remained protected in England and Wales for the next 100 years as they kept the streets free of carrion and rotting food. Under Tudor "vermin laws" many creatures were seen as competitors for the produce of the countryside and bounties were paid by the parish for their carcasses.
By the 20th century, the breeding population was restricted to a handful of pairs in South Wales, but recently the Welsh population has been supplemented by re-introductions in England and Scotland. In 2004, from 375 occupied territories identified, at least 216 pairs were thought to have hatched eggs and 200 pairs reared at least 286 young. In 1989, six Swedish birds were released at a site in north Scotland and four Swedish and one Welsh bird in Buckinghamshire. Altogether, 93 birds of Swedish and Spanish origin were released at each of the sites. In the second stage of reintroduction in 1995 and 1996, further birds were brought from Germany to populate areas of Dumfries and Galloway. Between 2004 and 2006, 94 birds were brought from the Chilterns and introduced into the Derwent Valley in north East England. In Northern Ireland, 80 birds from wild stock in Wales were released between 2008 and 2010, and the first successful breeding was recorded in 2010. The reintroductions in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty have been a success. Between 1989 and 1993, 90 birds were released there and by 2002, 139 pairs were breeding. They can commonly be seen taking advantage of thermals from the M40 motorway. Another successful reintroduction has been in Northamptonshire, which has become a stronghold for the red kite. Thirty Spanish birds were introduced into Rockingham Forest near Corby in 2000, and by 2010, the RSPB estimated that over 200 chicks had been reared from the initial release. So successful has the reintroduction been that 30 chicks have been transported from Rockingham Forest for release in Cumbria. From the Chilterns they have spread as far east as Essex and can be seen over Harlow. To the west they have recently (2021) spread along the M4 as far as the Cotswold Edge overlooking the Severn near Bristol.
A sighting of the first red kite in London for 150 years was reported in The Independent newspaper in January 2006 and in June of that year, the UK-based Northern Kites Project reported that kites had bred in the Derwent Valley in and around Rowlands Gill, Tyne and Wear for the first time since the re-introduction.
In 1999, the red kite was named 'Bird of the Century' by the British Trust for Ornithology. According to the Welsh Kite Trust, it has been voted "Wales's favourite bird".
In June 2010, the Forestry Commission North West England announced a three-year project to release 90 red kites in Grizedale Forest, Cumbria under a special licence issued by Natural England. The Grizedale programme was the ninth reintroduction of red kites into different regions of the UK and the final re-introduction phase in England.
The stated aims of the Grizedale project were:
To establish a viable population of red kites in Grizedale, South Cumbria by 2015.
To increase the rate of red kite expansion into North West England and link up with existing populations in Wales, Yorkshire, North East England and South West Scotland and so increase the chances of a continuous geographical range.
To develop community involvement and create educational opportunities arising from the project.
As of July 2011, non-breeding birds are regularly seen in all parts of Britain, and the number of breeding pairs is too large for the RSPB to continue to survey them on an annual basis.
Ireland
Red kites were extinct in Ireland by the middle nineteenth century, due to persecution, poisoning and woodland clearance. In May 2007, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government Dick Roche announced an agreement to bring at least 100 birds from Wales to restock the population as part of a 5-year programme in the Wicklow Mountains, similar to the earlier golden eagle reintroduction programme. On 19 July 2007, the first thirty red kites were released in County Wicklow. On 22 May 2010, 2 newly hatched red kite chicks were discovered in the Wicklow mountains, bringing the number of chicks hatched since reintroduction to 7.
Sweden
Sweden is one location where the red kite seems to be increasing, with around 2,000 pairs in 2009, some of which are overwintering and some flying south to the Mediterranean for the winter. They return around March–April. The red kite is the landscape bird of Scania, and the coat of arms of the municipality of Tomelilla. The kite is often seen along the roadsides and roaming the open colourful wheat and rapeseed fields of Scania.
Populations and trends by country
The following figures (mostly estimates) have been collated from various sources. They cover most of the countries in which red kites are believed to have bred.
Observation
One of the best places to see the red kite in Scandinavia is Scania in southern Sweden. It may be observed in one of its breeding locations such as the Kullaberg Nature Preserve near Mölle. In Switzerland, they are a common sight in all rural areas, excluding the Alps and its foothills.
Some of the best places to see them in the United Kingdom are Gigrin Farm near Rhayader, mid Wales, where hundreds are fed by the local farmer as a tourist attraction, a Red Kite Feeding Station at Llanddeusant in the Brecon Beacons, visited daily by over 50 birds, and the Bwlch Nant yr Arian forest visitor centre in Ceredigion where the rare leucistic variant can be seen. In the UK, the Oxfordshire part of the Chilterns has many red kites, especially near Henley-on-Thames and Watlington, where they were introduced on John Paul Getty's estate. Red Kites are also becoming common in Buckinghamshire, often being seen near Stokenchurch, where a population was released in the 1990s, and Flackwell Heath near High Wycombe. They can also be seen around Harewood near Leeds where they were re-introduced in 1999. In Ireland they can be best observed at Redcross, near Avoca, County Wicklow.
See also
Shite-hawk
Beheading the Kite
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Friends of Red Kites - Details about the reintroduced kites in the Derwent Valley, Gateshead
BBC Wales Nature - Red Kite footage
BBC Report about this bird's redemption in UK culture from a hated shithawk to a beloved bird
The Welsh Kite Trust - includes UK breeding reports
About Red Kites - includes latest figures available in UK
Details Red Kites in the Chilterns - about the reintroduced kites in the Chilterns
Red Kites in Yorkshire
Red Kites in Berkshire (Berkshire Ornithological Club) - 2006/2007 Survey
Adult and juvenile Red Kite wing identification images (PDF; 5.6 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
red kite
Falconry
red kite
Birds described in 1758
Birds of prey of Africa
Birds of Cape Verde
Birds of prey of Europe
red kite | wiki |
The Bold Men is a 1965 documentary film directed by William Friedkin. It was the first of three documentaries Friedkin made for producer David Wolper.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
Friedkin, William, The Friedkin Connection, HarperCollins 2013
External links
The Bold Men at David L Wolper website
Films directed by William Friedkin
American documentary television films
1965 television films
1965 documentary films
1960s American films | wiki |
In mining, the face is the surface where the mining work is advancing. In surface mining it is commonly called pit face, in underground mining a common term is mine face.
Accordingly, face equipment is the mining equipment used immediately at the mine face used for removal and near-face transportation of the material: cutting machines, loaders, etc.
References
Mining terminology | wiki |
In American football, jammers are a specialized type of cornerback. Their task is to try to slow down gunners during punts by preventing them from getting a free release, giving punt returners more time to return punts. A jammer is typically played by a back-up for another position. The term "jammer" is seldom used.
References
American football positions | wiki |
A special rule of order is parliamentary procedure term for a rule adopted by the organization that relate to procedure or to the duties of officers within meetings.
Explanation and use
Special rules of order (with a few exceptions) supersede the rules in an adopted parliamentary authority such as Robert's Rules of Order. These rules continue in existence from one meeting to the next.
Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR)
Special rules can be adopted by a two-thirds vote with previous notice or a majority of the entire membership of the group. In conventions, a mixture of standing and special rules that are adopted at the start of the convention are called "convention standing rule" in RONR. These, when adopted as a "package" generally require a two-thirds vote.
The Standard Code (TSC)
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (TSC), refer to these types of rules as "standing rules", and do not require a simple majority vote without previous notice.
One of the most common types of these rules is the rule to set limits on the amount of time, or the number of times, a member may speak in debate or to prohibit some type of motion.
Related concepts
"Standing rules" in RONR adopted rules that do not relate to procedure.
Under TSC "special rules" as rules adopted just for one situation and do not have continuing existence.
References
"Parliamentary Authorities' Rule Shift Function," Parliamentary Journal, January 2005, pp. 3–11
Parliamentary procedure | wiki |
A feudal baron is a vassal holding a heritable fief called a barony, comprising a specific portion of land, granted by an overlord in return for allegiance and service. Following the end of European feudalism, feudal baronies have largely been superseded by baronies held as a rank of nobility, without any attachment to a fief. However, in Scotland, the feudal dignity of baron remains in existence, and may be bought and sold independently of the land to which it was formerly attached.
England
Historically, the feudal barons of England were the king's tenants-in-chief, that is to say men who held land by feudal tenure directly from the king as their sole overlord and were granted by him a legal jurisdiction (court baron) over their territory, the barony, comprising several manors. Such men, if not already noblemen, were ennobled by obtaining such tenure, and had thenceforth an obligation, upon summons by writ, to attend the king's peripatetic court, the earliest form of Parliament and the House of Lords. They thus formed the baronage, which later formed a large part of the peerage of England.
English feudal baronies (and all lesser forms of feudal tenure) were abolished by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660, but the titles/dignities remain. However, long before then the royal summons to attend parliament had been withheld from all but the most powerful feudal barons and had been extended to persons with lesser feudal tenures who had personal qualities fitting them to be royal councillors and thus peers. These latter were barons by writ.
The English feudal barony, or "barony by tenure", now has no legal existence except as an incorporeal hereditament title or dignity. It was the highest form of feudal land tenure, namely per baroniam (Latin for "by barony") under which the land-holder owed the now little understood service of "being one of the king's barons". It must be distinguished from the lesser barony, also feudal, which existed within a county palatine, such as the barony of Halton within the Palatinate of Chester. Such barons were merely tenants-in-chief of a prince, whose own overlord was the king. The duties and privileges owed by feudal barons cannot now be defined exactly but the main duty certainly was the provision of soldiers to the royal feudal army on demand by the king, and a further duty, which involved considerable expense and travel, clearly also a privilege, was the attendance at the king's feudal court, the precursor of Parliament. The principal benefit clearly was the revenue generated from rents and production within the demesne lands of the barony, and also the personal power and prestige derived from the feudal service of the tenants, the highest level of whom, lords of their own manors, became knights in the baron's retinue. The estate-in-land held by barony if containing a significant castle as its caput and if especially large, that is to say consisting of more than about 20 knight's fees (each loosely equivalent to a manor), was termed an "honour". Constituent manors of a barony were mostly subinfeudated by the baron to his own knights or followers, with a few retained tenantless as his demesne. Most English Feudal Barons were converted to baronies of writ or peerage according to the Abolition Act of 1660. The baronies not converted became baronies of free socage, a dignity title.
There exist today a very few cases of English families which, had it not been for the 1660 Act, would still be feudal barons of ancient creation. One such is the Berkeley family, which although its Earldom of Berkeley became extinct in 1942 and it recently lost its older peerage title Baron Berkeley to a female line, still possesses and resides (that is to say retains tenure) as county gentry at Berkeley Castle in 2014, the caput of the feudal barony of Berkeley granted by King Henry II (1154-1189) to its direct ancestor in the male line Robert FitzHarding (d.1171), whose son took the surname de Berkeley.
France
Under the Ancien Régime until the abolition of the feudal system in 1789, a French baron was any noble in possession of fief called a barony. As such, possession of the title and the land were in theory inextricably linked. Nevertheless, nobles without any fief of their own might assume the title of baron for themselves.
Under the imperial nobility of Napoleon and the recreated peerage of the Bourbon Restoration, French baronies returned. However, these new baronies were simply titles of nobility and not fiefdoms.
Ireland
Scotland
In contrast to the English equivalent, the Scottish feudal barony retains a dignity preserved by the "Abolition of Feudal Tenure, etc (Scotland) Act 2000". A feudal barony is the only title of dignity legally assignable and able to be legally alienated from the bloodline of its previous possessor. The heraldry and legal determination of ownership of Scottish baronies are governed by the court of the Lord Lyon.
See also
Baron
Barony (county division)
Notes
References
Feudalism in England
Feudalism in Scotland | wiki |
Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest (MHDSF) is a state forest located on Bear Creek Road (Tulare County Route 220), northeast of Springville in Tulare County, California. The protected land covers an area of with an elevation range between and . The forest is best known for its namesake giant sequoia grove, Mountain Home Grove, which is home to some of the largest giant sequoias in the world.
The forests of Mountain Home were used by local Native Americans in the summer to camp, hunt, and gather food. An interpretive exhibit at Sunset Point leads visitors through an archaeological site with evidence of occupation dating back 8,000 years.
European settlers first arrived in the Mountain Home area in the early 1860s. The local forestry industry boomed following the construction of the first sawmills. Sheep and other livestock were also brought to graze upon the many grassy meadows of the forest.
The forest was also a popular retreat for the people of Central Valley. Many small summer cabins were built and the forest saw about 600-700 annual visitors. In 1886, Andrew and Sarah Doty founded the small resort community of Mountain Home, drawing more visitors to the forest.
By the 1890s, the local forestry industry began to wane. In 1907, the Central California Redwood Company sold the largest tract of land to the Hume-Bennett Lumber Company. Shortly thereafter the Hume-Bennett Lumber Company declared bankruptcy and the land was once again up for sale. There were no takers and so the land lay commercially dormant and open to visitors without restriction.
In 1930, Donald Sutch bought the rights to log the forest deadfall of the land once owned by Hume-Bennett. Sutch worked the land until 1941, when efforts to sell the property began anew.
The Michigan Trust Company owned the property at the time. Jack Brattin, the company’s executive who handled the property, had determined the land was no longer commercially viable to log, so he offered all 4,800 acres for sale to the U.S. Forest Service - only to be turned down. Undeterred, Brattin decided to create a compelling reason for a public agency to buy it. He authorized Dude Sutch and two commercial lumber companies to start felling live sequoia trees. This caused public outcry and forced the U.S. Forest Service and the State of California to negotiate the purchase of the land. The Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West was especially outspoken about the need to preserve the giant sequoias of Mountain Home.
In 1946, the State of California purchased the land and established the Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest, the first California State Forest. It was also the first demonstration forest meant for scientific research and experimentation in sustainable forestry and the restoration of the local ecology.
See also
Balch Park
List of giant sequoia groves
Footnotes
External links
The Friends of Boggs Mountain
The California Department of Forestry: "statewide Demonstration Forests"
California state forests
Protected areas of Tulare County, California | wiki |
Tava lokam was one among the Seven Logas (Seven Upper Worlds) in Ayyavazhi mythology.
Ayyavazhi mythology | wiki |
Bubble Dizzy is an arcade style action video game developed by the Oliver Twins and published in November 1990 by Codemasters for the Amstrad, Spectrum, MS-DOS, Atari ST, Commodore 64 and Amiga.
Gameplay
The game involves Dizzy being forced to walk the plank of a pirate ship and from the sea bed use bubbles to float back to the surface and dry land. Like Dizzy Down the Rapids, this game derived from a mini-game found in The Fantastic Adventures of Dizzy.
External links
1990 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Codemasters games
Commodore 64 games
Dizzy (series)
DOS games
Video games scored by Matthew Simmonds
ZX Spectrum games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | wiki |
The bumblebee hummingbird (Selasphorus heloisa) is a species of hummingbird in tribe Mellisugini of subfamily Trochilinae, the "bee hummingbirds". It is endemic to Mexico, but has occurred as a vagrant in the United States.
Taxonomy and systematics
The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, and the Clements taxonomy place the bumblebee hummingbird in genus Selasphorus. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) places it in genus Atthis. The three worldwide taxonomic systems assign two subspecies, the nominate S. h. heloisa/A. h. heliosa and S. h. margarethae/A. h. margarethae.
Description
The bumblebee hummingbird is long and weighs ; it is one of the smallest hummingbirds. Both sexes of both subspecies have a short, straight, blackish bill and a small white spot behind the eye.
Males of the nominate subspecies have metallic bronze green to golden bronze upperparts. Their gorget is metallic magenta purple to bluish purple at its edges, and its longer hindward feathers flare out and back. The flanks are light reddish cinnamon with a bronze wash. The rest of the underparts are dull white to grayish white. The central pair of tail feathers are bronzy green with some reddish cinnamon at the base. The next pair are reddish cinnamon on their base half and black on the outer half, often with a bronzy green band between the colors. The rest of the tail feathers are reddish cinnamon at their base and black in the middle, often with a bronzy green band between the colors, and have a wide white tip. The nominate female also has metallic bronze green to golden green upperparts. The chin and throat are white with many metallic bronze spots. The flanks have more reddish cinnamon than the male's and the rest of the underparts are dull white to grayish white with a reddish cinnamon tinge on the undertail coverts. The tail has less and duller reddish cinnamon and more black than the male's, and the outer feathers' tips are more off-white than white.
Subspecies S. h. margarethae is smaller than the nominate. Males' plumage is similar to the nominate's. However, their gorget is dark amethyst violet, the underparts pure white rather than grayish white, and the flanks are light buff rather than reddish cinnamon. The female has smaller metallic spots on the throat, the flanks and undertail coverts are light buff rather than cinnamon, and the tail feather tips are pure white.
Distribution and habitat
The bumblebee hummingbird is found in both of Mexico's major mountain ranges. The nominate subspecies is found in northeast, central, and southern Mexico from Tamaulipas to Guerrero and Oaxaca. S. h. margarethae is found in northwestern and western Mexico from Sinaloa and Chihuahua to Jalisco. There is one record from the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona, U.S.A.
The species inhabits several montane landscapes including the interiors, edges, and clearings of semi-humid to humid pine-oak and evergreen forest, cloudforest, and humid scrublands. In elevation it ranges between .
Behavior
Movement
Though the bumblebee hummingbird is generally considered sedentary, there is evidence that it makes seasonal movements between pine-oak forest and cloudforest.
Feeding
The bumblebee hummingbird forages for nectar at a wide variety of flowering plants. It feeds at all levels of the vegetation but favors the low to middle heights. At flowers it typically hovers in a horizontal posture with the tail cocked up. It is dominated by larger hummingbirds, but its small size allows it to sometimes feed in their territories without confrontation. In addition to nectar, the species feeds on small arthropods.
Breeding
Male bumblebee hummingbirds make a courtship display by hovering in front of a female with the gorget spread and tail cocked up. They also make rhythmic vertical movements while still facing the female. Specimens in breeding condition have been collected between April and July and also in December. In contrast, Ortega-Álvarez et al. noted nesting activity from late January into early March during a study in Oaxaca. The nest was a cup made of moss and lichen with perhaps fibers from other sources as well. It was on a thin branch of an avocado tree (Persea americana) about above the ground. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known.
Vocal and non-vocal sounds
The bumblebee hummingbird's song has been described as "a high, thin, whining sss ssssssssis or seeuuuuu, drawn out and fading at end", and is sung from a perch. Its calls are "high chips, much like [those of other] Selasphorus." The male's wings make an insect-like buzz in flight; it is louder during the courtship display.
Status
The IUCN has assessed the bumblebee hummingbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is unknown it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. The Mexican government does not consider it to be threatened.
References
bumblebee hummingbird
Endemic birds of Mexico
Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental
Birds of the Sierra Madre Oriental
Birds of the Sierra Madre del Sur
Birds of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
bumblebee hummingbird
Taxa named by René Lesson
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Hummingbird species of North America
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | wiki |
The visorbearers are hummingbirds in the bitypic genus Augastes in the family Trochilidae.
The genus contains the following species:
References
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Florida State College may refer to:
Florida State College at Jacksonville, a state college in Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
Florida State University, previously known as Florida State College and Florida State College for Women | wiki |
This is a list of flags that are used exclusively in Cornwall, or by the Cornish people, a recognised national minority of the United Kingdom.
Flag
Royal standards
Peerage
Regional flags
Religious flags
Historical flags
Organisations
Ensigns
See also
List of flags of the United Kingdom
Notes
Cornwall
Flags | wiki |
Troxacitabine (brand name Troxatyl) is a nucleoside analogue with anticancer activity. Its use is being studied in patients with refractory lymphoproliferative diseases.
References
Experimental cancer drugs | wiki |
The Japanese barracuda (Sphyraena japonica) is a species of fish of the family Sphyraenidae, which can be found in West Pacific ocean near southern Japan as well as in the South China Sea.
References
Sphyraenidae
Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch
Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider
Fish described in 1801
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Fish of Japan | wiki |
Prince of Darkness är en CD-box med fyra skivor av Ozzy Osbourne som gavs ut 2005. Boxen innehåller sammanlagt 52 spår. Titeln syftar på Ozzy Osbournes smeknamn.
Album av Ozzy Osbourne
Brittiska samlingsboxalbum
Samlingsboxalbum 2005 | wiki |
A Letter of Understanding (LOU) is a formal text that sums up the terms of an undertakings of a contract which may have been negotiated up to this point only in spoken form or otherwise informally. It reviews the terms of an agreement for a service, a project or a deal and is often written as a step before a more detailed contract is issued.
The LOU may provide for example:
Detailed summary of the work to be performed
Tasks of the service provider and the receiver
Milestones for the work to be done
Work steps that have been accomplished already
References
Law and economics | wiki |
My Woman or my woman may refer to:
One's girlfriend or wife (German: Meine Frau)
Music and film
My Woman (album), a 2016 album by American singer-songwriter Angel Olsen
My Woman (film), a 1933 American drama romance film
"My Woman", a 1932 song by Lew Stone
"My Woman, My Woman, My Wife", a 1970 song by American country singer Marty Robbins
My Woman, My Woman, My Wife (album), a 1970 album by Dean Martin | wiki |
Stumpknocker may refer to:
One of various edible freshwater fish, especially the spotted sunfish or redspotted sunfish
Stump Knocker Pale Ale, produced by Swamp Head Brewery | wiki |
This is a list of elected officials serving the city of Los Angeles, California. It includes member of the Los Angeles City Council, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, California State Assembly, California State Senate, United States House of Representatives, and Los Angeles citywide officials.
City officers
City Council members
U.S. House of Representatives
California State Senate
California Assembly
County Officers
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
References
Los Angeles elected officials
Elected officials
Los Angeles | wiki |
Break the Rules may refer to:
Break the Rules (album), a 2000 album by Namie Amuro
"Break the Rules" (Charli XCX song)
"Break the Rules", a song by Simon Viklund and Phil Bardowell from Payday 2
"Break the Rules" (Status Quo song)
See also
"Break the Rules Tonite", a song by Kim Carnes | wiki |
Scarborough High School may refer to:
Canada
R. H. King Academy - Toronto, Ontario
United Kingdom
Scarborough High School for Boys (Scarborough, North Yorkshire) – now Graham School
Scarborough Girls' High School (Scarborough, North Yorkshire) – now Graham School
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough College
United States
Scarborough High School (Maine) - Scarborough, Maine
Scarborough High School (Texas) - Houston, Texas
See also
Scarborough Day School
Scarborough College | wiki |
Arnolds Park Amusement Park is a historic amusement park in Arnolds Park, Iowa. The park offers 23 rides on its site. Arnolds Park consists of a full-fledged amusement park plus Go-Karts and a River Cruise on the West Okoboji Lake. Today, it is surrounded by several landmarks. The park is home to Legend, An ACE Coaster Landmark. Legend, which carried its first riders in 1927, is believed to be the 13th oldest wooden roller coaster in the U.S. In 2012, the amusement park was selected as one of the fifteen best in the Midwest region by Midwest Living magazine.
Arnolds Park offers picnicking, a catering service, an arcade, and live entertainment including school bands, dance groups and magic shows.
The park uses an all-day ride and waterpark wristbands or pay-by-ride system. Admission to enter the park itself is free.
Rides and attractions
References
External links
Amusement parks in Iowa | wiki |
Heavy Petting ist die Bezeichnung für:
Heavy Petting (1989), US-amerikanischer Dokumentarfilm von Obie Benz und Joshua Waletzky
Heavy Petting (2007), US-amerikanischer Film von Marcel Sarmiento
Heavy Petting (Band), schottische Heavy-Metal-Band | wiki |
New York State, one of the fifty states of the United States of America, is home to more than 320 beer breweries, as well as numerous brewpubs and bars. Throughout the last decade, the consumption of craft beer has grown to be a part of the state's culture. The following is a partial list of breweries located in the state. The list includes not only breweries of beer but also of sake, such as Brooklyn Kura.
Breweries
Closed Breweries
A. Finck & Son's Brewery - Manhattan, New York City
Beverwyck Brewery – Albany
Central Brewing Company – Manhattan, New York City
Chelsea Craft Brewing Company – brewpub; opened in Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City in 1995; moved to the Bronx, New York City in 2016, but closed in 2017.
Consumers Brewing Company – Manhattan, New York City
Dobler Brewing Company – Albany
Ebling Brewing Company – The Bronx, New York City
Empire Brewing Company – Syracuse – bottles, brewpub, opened in 1994, close in 2019. Intellectual properties acquired by Ellicottville Brewing Company.
F. & M. Schaefer Brewing Company – Manhattan, New York City
Folksbier Brewery - Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn, New York City - Brooklyn, Kings - kegs, cans, taproom – opened 2014, closed October 2021
George Ehret Hell Gate Brewery – Manhattan, New York City
George Ringler and Company Brewery – Manhattan, New York City
Haffen Brewing Company – The Bronx, New York City
Hedrick Brewery – Albany
Henry Elias Brewing Company – Manhattan, New York City
Hinckel Brewery – Albany
Jacob Hoffman Brewing Company – Manhattan, New York City
Jacob Ruppert and Company Brewery – Manhattan, New York City
Joseph Doelgers Sons Brewery – Manhattan, New York City
Lion Brewery – Manhattan, New York City – In 1895, it was the sixth-largest brewery in the United States. Closed in 1944.
Mander’s Brewery – Elmira, NY 1856 - 1920
Nedloh Brewing Company – Bloomfield – bottles, taproom, opened in 2014, closed in 2017. Space is currently occupied by Other Half Brewing.
Peter Doelgers Brewery – Manhattan, New York City
Piels Beer – East New York, Brooklyn, New York City
Rheingold Beer – Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City
Stouthearted Brewing – Lansing – brewpub, opened in 2011, closed in 2016
West Utica Brewery – Utica
William Ulmer Brewery – Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City
Other beer companies
North American Breweries is based in Rochester and owns the Genesee Brewing Company, Pyramid Breweries, Magic Hat Brewing Company, and Portland Brewing Company. They are also the U.S. importer for the Labatt Brewing Company. North American Breweries is owned by Cerveceria Costa Rica, a subsidiary of Florida Ice and Farm Company.
See also
Beer in the United States
List of breweries in the United States
List of microbreweries
References
External links
New York State Brewers Association
New York
Lists of buildings and structures in New York (state) | wiki |
The 2020 Iditarod is the 48th iteration of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in Alaska. The race began on Saturday, March 7, 2020, in Anchorage, Alaska and was won by Thomas Waerner on March 18, in Nome. There was 58 mushers signed up to participate, including former champions and noted racers Robert Bundtzen, Martin Buser, Peter Kaiser, Lance Mackey, Nicolas Petit, Mitch Seavey, Joar Leifseth Ulsom, and Aliy Zirkle. The race started before Alaska's first coronavirus case on March 13, and after that incident, checkpoints were relocated or eliminated and gathering in Nome for the finish was discouraged.
References
External links
Official Musher List
Iditarod
2020 in sports in Alaska
Iditarod | wiki |
This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, or third place and the number of starters in the All Brandy Stakes, an American Thoroughbred Stakes race for fillies and mares three years old and up at one and one eighth miles (9 furlongs) run on turf at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland.
References
Thoroughbred Database, Stakes Races;
Laurel Park Racecourse | wiki |
Rhumb may refer to:
Rhumb line, a navigational path with a constant bearing
one of the 16 or 32 points of the compass (now rare)
a nautical unit of angular measure equal to of a circle or ° (now rare)
See also
RumB, an enzyme
Rhum (disambiguation)
Rhombus (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ruggles of Red Gap – film del 1918 diretto da Lawrence C. Windom
Ruggles of Red Gap – film del 1923 diretto da James Cruze
Il maggiordomo (Ruggles of Red Gap) – film del 1935 diretto da Leo McCarey | wiki |
Flappers were a subculture of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts (knee height was considered short during that period), bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes in public, driving automobiles, treating sex in a casual manner, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. As automobiles became available, flappers gained freedom of movement and privacy.
Flappers are icons of the Roaring Twenties, the social, political turbulence, and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of World War I, as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe. There was a reaction to this counterculture from more conservative people, who belonged mostly to older generations. They claimed that the flappers' dresses were 'near nakedness', and that flappers were 'flippant', 'reckless', and unintelligent.
While primarily associated with the United States, the "modern girl" archetype was a worldwide phenomenon that had other names depending on the country, such as joven moderna in Argentina or garçonne in France, although the American term "flapper" was the most widespread internationally.
Etymology
The slang term "flapper" may derive from an earlier use in northern England to mean "teenage girl", referring to one whose hair is not yet put up and whose plaited pigtail "flapped" on her back, or from an older word meaning "prostitute". The slang word "flap" was used for a young prostitute as early as 1631. By the 1890s, the word "flapper" was used in some localities as slang both for a very young prostitute, and, in a more general and less derogatory sense, of any lively mid-teenage girl.
The standard non-slang usage appeared in print as early as 1903 in England and 1904 in the United States, when novelist Desmond Coke used it in his college story of Oxford life, Sandford of Merton: "There's a stunning flapper". In 1907, English actor George Graves explained it to Americans as theatrical slang for acrobatic young female stage performers. The flapper was also known as a dancer, who danced like a bird—flapping her arms while doing the Charleston move. This move became quite a competitive dance during this era.
By 1908, newspapers as serious as The Times used the term, although with careful explanation: "A 'flapper', we may explain, is a young lady who has not yet been promoted to long frocks and the wearing of her hair 'up'". In April 1908, the fashion section of London's The Globe and Traveller contained a sketch entitled "The Dress of the Young Girl" with the following explanation: Americans, and those fortunate English folk whose money and status permit them to go in freely for slang terms ... call the subject of these lines the 'flapper.' The appropriateness of this term does not move me to such whole-hearted admiration of the amazing powers of enriching our language which the Americans modestly acknowledge they possess ..., [and] in fact, would scarcely merit the honour of a moment of my attention, but for the fact that I seek in vain for any other expression that is understood to signify that important young person, the maiden of some sixteen years. The sketch is of a girl in a frock with a long skirt, "which has the waistline quite high and semi-Empire, ... quite untrimmed, its plainness being relieved by a sash knotted carelessly around the skirt."
By November 1910, the word was popular enough for A. E. James to begin a series of stories in the London Magazine featuring the misadventures of a pretty fifteen-year-old girl and titled "Her Majesty the Flapper". By 1911, a newspaper review indicates the mischievous and flirtatious "flapper" was an established stage-type.
By 1912, the London theatrical impresario John Tiller, defining the word in an interview he gave to The New York Times, described a "flapper" as belonging to a slightly older age group, a girl who has "just come out". Tiller's use of the phrase "come out" means "to make a formal entry into 'society' on reaching womanhood". In polite society at the time, a teenage girl who had not come out would still be classed as a child. She would be expected to keep a low profile on social occasions and ought not to be the object of male attention. Although the word was still largely understood as referring to high-spirited teenagers, gradually in Britain it was being extended to describe any impetuous immature woman. By late 1914, the British magazine Vanity Fair was reporting that the Flapper was beginning to disappear in England, being replaced by the so-called "Little Creatures."
A Times article on the problem of finding jobs for women made unemployed by the return of the male workforce, following the end of World War One, was titled "The Flapper's Future". Under this influence, the meaning of the term changed somewhat, to apply to "independent, pleasure-seeking, khaki-crazy young women".
In his lecture in February 1920 on Britain's surplus of young women caused by the loss of young men in war, Dr. R. Murray-Leslie criticized "the social butterfly type... the frivolous, scantily-clad, jazzing flapper, irresponsible and undisciplined, to whom a dance, a new hat, or a man with a car, were of more importance than the fate of nations". In May of that year, Selznick Pictures released The Flapper, a silent comedy film starring Olive Thomas. It was the first film in the United States to portray the "flapper" lifestyle. By that time, the term had taken on the full meaning of the flapper generation style and attitudes
The use of the term coincided with a fashion among teenage girls in the United States in the early 1920s for wearing unbuckled galoshes, and a widespread false etymology held that they were called "flappers" because they flapped when they walked, as they wore their overshoes or galoshes unfastened, showing that they defied convention in a manner similar to the 21st century fad for untied shoelaces. Another suggestion to the origin of the term, in relation to fashion, comes from a 1920s fashion trend in which young women left their overcoat unbuttoned to allow it to flap back and forth as they walked, appearing more independent and freed from the tight, Victorian Era style clothing.
By the mid-1930s in Britain, although still occasionally used, the word "flapper" had become associated with the past. In 1936, a Times journalist grouped it with terms such as "blotto" as outdated slang: "[blotto] evokes a distant echo of glad rags and flappers ... It recalls a past which is not yet 'period'."
Influences
One cause of the change in young women's behavior was World War I, which ended in November 1918. The death of large numbers of young men in the war, and the Spanish flu pandemic which struck in 1918 killing between 20–40 million people, inspired in young people a feeling that life is short and could end at any moment. Therefore, young women wanted to spend their youth enjoying their life and freedom rather than just staying at home and waiting for a man to marry them.
Political changes were another cause of the flapper culture. World War I reduced the grip of the class system on both sides of the Atlantic, encouraging different classes to mingle and share their sense of freedom. Women finally won the right to vote in the United States on August 26, 1920. Women wanted to be men's social equals and were faced with the difficult realization of the larger goals of feminism: individuality, full political participation, economic independence, and 'sex rights'. They wanted to have freedoms like men and go smoking and drinking. In addition, many women had more opportunities in the workplace and had even taken traditionally male jobs such as doctors, lawyers, engineers and pilots. The rise of consumerism also promoted the ideals of "fulfilment and freedom", which encouraged women to think independently about their garments, careers, social activities.
Society changed quickly after World War I. For example, customs, technology, and manufacturing all moved quickly into the 20th century after the interruption of the war. The rise of the automobile was an important factor in flapper culture, as cars meant a woman could come and go as she pleased, travel to speakeasies and other entertainment venues, and use the large vehicles of the day for heavy petting or even sex. Also, the economic boom allowed more people the time and money to play golf and tennis and to take vacations, which required clothing adapted to these activities; the flapper's slender silhouette was very suitable for movement.
Evolution of the image
The first appearance of the flapper style in the United States came from the popular 1920 Frances Marion film The Flapper, starring Olive Thomas. Thomas starred in a similar role in 1917, though it was not until The Flapper that the term was used. In her final movies, she was seen as the flapper image. Other actresses, such as Clara Bow, Louise Brooks, Colleen Moore and Joan Crawford would soon build their careers on the same image, achieving great popularity.
In the United States, popular contempt for Prohibition was a factor in the rise of the flapper. With legal saloons and cabarets closed, back alley speakeasies became prolific and popular. This discrepancy between the law-abiding, religion-based temperance movement and the actual ubiquitous consumption of alcohol led to widespread disdain for authority. Flapper independence was also a response to the Gibson girls of the 1890s. Although that pre-war look does not resemble the flapper style, their independence may have led to the flapper wisecracking tenacity 30 years later.
Writers in the United States such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Anita Loos and illustrators such as Russell Patterson, John Held, Jr., Ethel Hays and Faith Burrows popularized the flapper look and lifestyle through their works, and flappers came to be seen as attractive, reckless, and independent. Among those who criticized the flapper craze was writer-critic Dorothy Parker, who penned "Flappers: A Hate Song" to poke fun at the fad. The secretary of labor denounced the "flippancy of the cigarette smoking, cocktail-drinking flapper". A Harvard psychologist reported that flappers had "the lowest degree of intelligence" and constituted "a hopeless problem for educators".
Another writer, Lynne Frame, said in her book that a large number of scientists and health professionals have analyzed and reviewed the degree of femininity of flappers' appearance and behavior, given the "boyishness" of the flapper look and behavior. Some gynecologists gave the opinion that women were less "marriageable" if they were less "feminine", as the husband would be unhappy in his marriage. In Frame's book, she also wrote that the appearance of flappers, like the short hair and short dress, distracted attention from feminine curves to the legs and body. These attributes were not only a fashion trend but also the expression of a blurring of gender roles.
The Gibson Girl
The Gibson Girl was one of the origins of the flapper. The invention of Charles Dana Gibson, the Gibson Girl changed the fashion, patterns, and lifestyles of the 1920s; these were much more progressive than the traditions of women's styles in the past. Before the Gibson Girl movement, women's voices as a group were infrequently heard. While some may see the Gibson Girl as just a fashion statement, it was much more broadly influential than that. "She depicted the modern woman, known popularly as the 'new woman', at a time when more women gained independence, began to work outside the home, and sought the right to vote and other rights." Gibson's illustrations showed feminist women of all kinds who worried more about themselves than about pleasing the men in their lives. It was the first time a woman could actually concentrate on her own dreams and goals. The Gibson Girl also exemplified the importance of intelligence and learning rather than catering to men's needs.
According to a website on Kate Chopin, "The Gibson Girl influenced society in the early 1900s much like Barbie influenced society of the late 1900s. The Gibson Girl crossed many societal lines opening the way for women to participate in things they had never done before. She, like Barbie, portrayed women as strong individuals who could play sports while maintaining perfectly coiffed hair and dress. She was criticized by many, much like Barbie, for creating an unrealistic ideal of what women should look like: perfect proportions and long flowing hair. Despite the criticism she was a trend setter, a model for women in both dress and action, just like Barbie."
The fashion of the Gibson Girl allowed women a much more active lifestyle than previously, in both work and recreation. "Skirts were long and flared, and dresses were tailored with high necks and close-fitting sleeves. The style was considered masculine, and this was sometimes emphasized by wearing a necktie. Though women still wore the restrictive undergarments known as corsets, a new health corset came into style that was said to be better for the spine than earlier corsets. An S-shaped figure became trendy, with a large bust and large hips, separated by a tiny, corseted waist. These styles [were] worn with confidence and poise by modern women. ... She might be pictured at a desk in a tailored shirtwaist or at a tennis party in an informal sports dress. She wore her long hair upswept in an elaborate mass of curls, perhaps topped by a simple straw hat. Though she was capable and independent, the Gibson girl was always beautiful and elegant." According to the Library of Congress, "Gibson's meticulous depiction of their hats accentuates the Gibson Girls' stylish attire and visually reinforces the impression of height, leading the eye to the mountains. ... Gibson shows off the classic Gibson Girl as a figure who embraced outdoor physical activities."
The Gibson Girl was uniquely American compared to European standards of style. She was an ideal: youthful, feminist, strong and a truly modern woman. Gibson emphasized that any women can be represented as a Gibson Girl, both those in the middle and the upper class. Minnie Clark, known as "the original Gibson Girl", was a model for Gibson and could portray any type of women needed for his illustration. Gibson drew with characteristic grace women of all races and classes so that any woman could feel that they, too, could be a graceful Gibson girl.
Magazines
In 1922, a small-circulation magazine – The Flapper, located in Chicago – celebrated the flapper's appeal. On the opening page of its first issue, it proudly declared flappers' break with traditional values. Also, flappers defended them by contrasting themselves with earlier generations of women whom they called "clinging vines". They mocked the confining fashions and demure passivity of older women and reveled in their own freedom. They did not even acknowledge that the previous generation of female activists had made the flappers' freedom possible.
In 1923, the flapper magazine Experience included an article on police reform, possibly indicating a concern for societal issues.
In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Girl"—the flapper. She was young and fashionable, financially independent, and was an eager consumer of the latest fashions. The magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones.
Behavior
Although many young women in the 1920s saw flappers as the symbol of a brighter future, some also questioned the flappers' more extreme behavior. Therefore, in 1923, the magazine began asking for true stories from its readers for a new column called "Confessions of a Flapper". Some of these were lighthearted stories of girls getting the better of those who underestimated them, but others described girls betraying their own standards of behavior in order to live up to the image of flappers. There were several examples: a newlywed confessed to having cheated on her husband, a college student described being told by a boyfriend that she was not "the marrying kind" because of the sexual liberties she had permitted him, and a minister's daughter recounted the humiliation of being caught in the lie of pretending she was older and more sophisticated than she was. Many readers thought that flappers had gone too far in their quest for adventure. One 23-year-old "ex-vamp" declared: "In my opinion, the average flappers from 15 to 19 were brainless, inconsiderate of others, and easy to get into serious trouble."
So, among the readers of The Flapper, parts of them were celebrated for flappers' spirit and appropriation of male privilege, while parts of them acknowledged the dangers of emulating flappers too faithfully, with some even confessing to violating their own codes of ethics so as to live up to all the hype.
American banks and "flapper" employees
According to a report in 1922, some banks across the United States started to regulate the dress and deportment of young female employees who were considered to be "flappers". It began with a complaint of a mother in New Jersey who felt dissatisfied because her son did business only with a young female employee, whom she considered illegally attractive. The incident was duly reported to the officials of the bank, and rules adopted regarding requirements in dress for female employees. Those rules included that the dress should not have a pattern, it should be bought from a specific store, it must be worn in either black, blue or brown, its sleeves must not be shortened above the elbow, and its hem must not be worn higher than 12 inches from the ground. After that, the anti-flapper code soon spread to the Federal Reserve, where female employees were firmly told that there was no time for them to beautify themselves during office hours.
Image of youth
The flapper stands as one of the more enduring images of youth and new women in the 20th century and is viewed by modern-day Americans as something of a cultural heroine. However, back in the 1920s, many Americans regarded flappers as threatening to conventional society, representing a new moral order. Although most of them were the daughters of the middle class, they flouted middle-class values. Lots of women in the United States were drawn to the idea of being a flapper. There were rival organizations of flappers – the National Flapper Flock and the Royal Order of the Flapper. Flappers shrugged off their chaperones, danced suggestively, and openly flirted with boys. "Flappers prized style over substance, novelty over tradition, and pleasure over virtue." Ruth Gillettes, a 1920s singer, had a song titled "Oh Say! Can I See You Tonight?" which expresses the new behavior of girls in the 1920s. Before the 1920s, for a woman to call a man to suggest a date would be impossible. However, in the 1920s, many girls seemed to play a leading role in relationships, actively asking boys out or even coming to their homes.
Flappers' behavior was considered outlandish at the time and redefined women's roles. In the English media, they were stereotyped as pleasure-loving, reckless and prone to defying convention by initiating sexual relationships. Some have suggested that the flapper concept as a stage of life particular to young women was imported to England from Germany, where it originated "as a sexual reaction against the over-fed, under-exercised monumental woman, and as a compromise between pederasty and normal sex". In Germany, teenage girls were called "Backfisch", which meant a young fish not yet big enough to be sold in the market. Although the concept of "Backfisch" was known in England by the late 1880s, the term was understood to mean a very demure social type unlike the flapper, who was typically rebellious and defiant of convention. The evolving image of flappers was of independent young women who went by night to jazz clubs such as those in Harlem, which were viewed as erotic and dangerous, where they danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes and dated freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They were active, sporting, rode bicycles, drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of Prohibition. With time, came the development of dance styles such as the Charleston, the Shimmy, the Bunny Hug, and the Black Bottom, which were considered shocking, but were a symbolic badge of the flapper's rejection of traditional standards.
Overturning of Victorian roles
Flappers also began working outside the home and challenging women's traditional societal roles and the monolithic historical idea of women being powerless throughout social history.
They were considered a significant challenge to traditional Victorian gender roles, devotion to plain-living, hard work and religion. Increasingly, women discarded old, rigid ideas about roles and embraced consumerism and personal choice, and were often described in terms of representing a "culture war" of old versus new. Flappers also advocated voting and women's rights.
In this manner, flappers were a result of larger social changes – women were able to vote in the United States in 1920, and religious society had been rocked by the Scopes trial.
For all the concern about women stepping out of their traditional roles, however, many flappers were not engaged in politics. In fact, older suffragettes, who fought for the right for women to vote, viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win. Dorothy Dunbar Bromley, a noted liberal writer at the time, summed up this dichotomy by describing flappers as "truly modern", "New Style" feminists who "admit that a full life calls for marriage and children" and also "are moved by an inescapable inner compulsion to be individuals in their own right".
Petting parties
"Petting" ("making out" or foreplay) became more common than in the Victorian era, for example, with the rise in popularity of "petting parties". At these parties, promiscuity became more commonplace, breaking from the traditions of monogamy or courtship with their expectations of eventual marriage. This was typical on college campuses, where young people "spent a great deal of unsupervised time in mixed company".
Carolyn Van Wyck wrote a column for Photoplay, an upmarket magazine that featured articles on pop culture, advice on fashion, and even articles on helping readers channel their inner celebrity. In March 1926, an anonymous young woman wrote in describing petting as a problem, explaining, "The boys all seem to do it and don't seem to come back if you don't do it also. We girls are at our wits' end to know what to do. ... I'm sure that I don't want to marry anyone who is too slow to want to pet. But I want to discover what is right. Please help me." Van Wyck sympathized with the problem the writer faced and added, "It seems to me much better to be known as a flat tire and keep romance in one's mind than to be called a hot date and have fear in one's heart."
In the 1950s, Life magazine depicted petting parties as "that famed and shocking institution of the '20s", and, commenting on the 'Kinsey Report', said that they have been "very much with us ever since". In the Kinsey Report of 1950, there was an indicated increase in premarital intercourse for the generation of the 1920s. Kinsey found that of women born before 1900, 14 percent acknowledged premarital sex before the age of 25, while those born after 1900 were two and a half times more likely (36 percent) to have premarital intercourse and experience an orgasm.
Slang
Flappers were associated with the use of a number of slang words, including "junk", "necker", "heavy petting", and "necking parties", although these words existed before the 1920s. Flappers also used the word "jazz" in the sense of anything exciting or fun. Their language sometimes reflected their feelings about dating, marriage and drinking habits: "I have to see a man about a dog" at this period often meant going to buy whiskey, and a "handcuff" or "manacle" was an engagement or wedding ring. Moreover, flappers invented slang terms like "hush money", which meant the allowance from a father or "dropping the pilot", which meant getting a divorce. Also reflective of their preoccupations were phrases to express approval, such as "That's so Jake" (okay), "She/he's the bee's knees" (a superb person), "Cake-eater" (a ladies' man), and the popular "the cat's meow" (anything wonderful).
There were two more slang terms that reflected flappers' behaviors or lifestyles, which were "treating" and "charity girls". "Treating" was a culture or habit mainly for the working-class flappers. Although they earned money from work, they still wanted to earn some more for them to live. Women were willingly invited to dance, for drinks, for entrances up to jewelry and clothing. For the "return service", women granted any kind of erotic or sexual interaction from flirting to sexual intercourse. However, this practice was easily mistaken for prostitution. So, some people would call them "charity girls" to differentiate them from prostitutes, as the girls claimed that they did not accept money in their sexual encounters with men.
Appearance
In addition to their irreverent behavior, flappers were known for their style, which largely emerged as a result of French fashions, especially those pioneered by Coco Chanel, the effect on dress of the rapid spread of American jazz, and the popularization of dancing that accompanied it. Called garçonne in French ("boy" with a feminine suffix), flapper style made girls look young and boyish: short hair, flattened breasts, and straight waists accentuated it. By at least 1913, the association between slim adolescence and a certain characteristic look became fixed in the public's mind. Lillian Nordica, commenting on New York fashions that year, referred to
At this early date, it seems that the style associated with a flapper already included the boyish physique and close-fitting hat, but a hobble skirt rather than one with a high hemline.
Although the appearance typically associated now with flappers (straight waists, short hair and a hemline above the knee) did not fully emerge until 1926, there was an early association in the public mind between unconventional appearance, outrageous behavior, and the word "flapper". A report in The Times of a 1915 Christmas entertainment for troops stationed in France described a soldier in drag burlesquing feminine flirtatiousness while wearing "short skirts, a hat of Parisian type and flapper-like hair".
Despite the scandal flappers generated, their look became fashionable in a toned-down form among respectable older women. Significantly, the flappers removed the corset from female fashion, raised skirt and gown hemlines, and popularized short hair for women. Among actresses closely identified with the style were Tallulah Bankhead, Olive Borden, Clara Bow, Louise Brooks, Joan Crawford, Bebe Daniels, Billie Dove, Leatrice Joy, Helen Kane, Laura La Plante, Dorothy Mackaill, Colleen Moore, Norma Shearer, Norma Talmadge, Olive Thomas, and Alice White.
Beginning in the early 1920s, flappers began appearing in newspaper comic strips; Blondie Boopadoop and Fritzi Ritz – later depicted more domestically, as the wife of Dagwood Bumstead and aunt of Nancy, respectively – were introduced as flappers.
Apparel
Flapper dresses were straight and loose, leaving the arms bare (sometimes no straps at all) and dropping the waistline to the hips. Silk or rayon stockings were held up by garters. Skirts rose to just below the knee by 1927, allowing flashes of leg to be seen when a girl danced or walked through a breeze, although the way they danced made any long loose skirt flap up to show their legs. To enhance the view, some flappers applied rouge to their knees. Popular dress styles included the robe de style. High heels also came into vogue at the time, reaching 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) high. Favored shoe styles were Mary Janes and T-straps in classic black, gold, silver, or nude shades.
Lingerie
Flappers did away with corsets and pantaloons in favor of "step-in" panties. Without the old restrictive corsets, flappers wore simple bust bodices to restrain their chest when dancing. They also wore new, softer and suppler corsets that reached to their hips, smoothing the whole frame, giving women a straight up and down appearance as opposed to the old corsets that slenderized the waist and accented the hips and bust.
The lack of curves of a corset promoted a boyish look. Adding an even more boyish look, the Symington Side Lacer was invented and became a popular essential as an everyday bra. This type of bra was made to pull in the back to flatten the chest. Other women envied flappers for their flat chests and bought the Symington Side Lacer to enhance the same look; large breasts were commonly regarded as a trait of unsophistication. Hence, flat chests became appealing to women, although flappers were the most common to wear such bras.
Hair and accessories
Boyish cuts were in vogue and released the weight of the tradition of women being required to grow their hair long, through popular cuts such as the bob cut, Eton crop, and shingle bob. Finger waving was used as a means of styling. Hats were still required wear, and popular styles included the newsboy cap and cloche hat.
Jewelry usually consisted of art deco pieces, especially many layers of beaded necklaces. Pins, rings, and brooches came into style. Horn-rimmed glasses were also popular.
Cosmetics
As far back as the 1890s, French actress Polaire pioneered a look which included short, disheveled hair, emphatic mouth and huge eyes heavily outlined in kohl. The evolving flapper look required "heavy makeup" in comparison to what had previously been acceptable outside of professional usage in the theater. With the invention of the metal lipstick container as well as compact mirrors, bee-stung lips came into vogue. Dark eyes, especially kohl-rimmed, were the style. Blush came into vogue now that it was no longer a messy application process. Women shaped their eyebrows needle-thin and penciled them in dark, emulating such actresses as Clara Bow.
Originally, pale skin was considered most attractive. However, tanned skin became increasingly popular after Coco Chanel showed off a tan after a holiday – it suggested a life of leisure, without the onerous need to work. Women wanted to look fit, sporty, and, above all, healthy.
Semiotics of the flapper
Being liberated from restrictive dress, from laces that interfered with breathing, and from hoops that needed managing suggested liberation of another sort. The new-found freedom to breathe and walk encouraged movement out of the house, and the flapper took full advantage. The flapper was an extreme manifestation of changes in the lifestyles of American women made visible through dress.
Changes in fashion were interpreted as signs of deeper changes in the American feminine ideal. The short skirt and bobbed hair were likely to be used as a symbol of emancipation. Signs of the moral revolution consisted of premarital sex, birth control, drinking, and contempt for older values. Before the War, a lady did not set foot in a saloon; after the War, a woman, though no more "a lady", entered a speakeasy as casually as she would go into a railroad station. Women had started swearing and smoking publicly, using contraceptives, raising their skirts above the knee and rolling their hose below it. Women were now competing with men in the business world and obtaining financial independence and, therefore, other kinds of independence from men.
The New Woman was pushing the boundaries of gender roles, representing sexual and economic freedom. She cut her hair short and took to loose-fitting clothing and low cut dresses. No longer restrained by a tight waist and long trailing skirts, the modern woman of the 1920s was an independent thinker, who no longer followed the conventions of those before her. The flapper was an example of the prevailing conceptions of women and their roles during the Roaring 1920s. The flappers' ideal was motion with characteristics of intensity, energy, and volatility. She refused the traditional moral code. Modesty, chastity, morality, and traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity were seemingly ignored. The flapper was making an appeal to authority and was being attached to the impending "demoralization" of the country.
The Victorian American conception of sexuality and other roles of men and women in society and to one another were being challenged. Modern clothing was lighter and more flexible, better suiting the modern woman such as the flapper who wanted to engage in active sport. Women were now becoming more assertive and less willing to keep the home fires burning. The flappers' costume was seen as sexual and raised deeper questions of the behavior and values it symbolized.
End of the flapper era
The flapper lifestyle and look disappeared and the roaring '20s era of glitz and glamour came to an end in America after the Wall Street Crash of 1929
Unable to afford the latest trends and lifestyle, the once-vibrant flapper women returned to their dropped hemlines, and the flapper dress disappeared. A sudden serious tone washed over the public with the appearance of the Great Depression. The high-spirited attitude and hedonism were less acceptable during the economic hardships of the 1930s. When hemlines began to rise again, numerous states took action, making laws that restricted women to wear skirts with hemlines no shorter than three inches (7.5 centimeters) above the ankle. The ever-popular bobbed haircut was the cause for some women being fired from their jobs.
Transitioning into the 1930s was no easy task. Campaigns such as the "Make Do and Mend" slogan were becoming prevalent to ensure there was no overconsumption throughout society.
Fabric choices were among the many items to be cut back during this poverty-stricken time. Artificial fabrics were used instead of elegant fabrics such as silk, which were so popular in the early 1900s. No longer were party dresses adorned with decorative embellishments or made brightly colored. Instead, women headed to work to take over roles of men at war. The physically demanding jobs called for the creation and social acceptance of women's pants in society.
See also
Betty Boop
Hawksian woman
Generation gap
Interbellum Generation
Jazz Age
Lost Generation
Modern girl
Thoroughly Modern Millie, 1962 film and 2002 stage musical
1929 United Kingdom general election, "the flapper election"
Youth Culture
Zelda Fitzgerald
References
Informational notes
Citations
Bibliography
Abra, Allison. (September 2016) "Going to the palais: a social and cultural history of dancing and dance halls in Britain, 1918–1960." Contemporary British History 30#3 pp. 432–433.
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Dumenil, Lynn (1995) The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s. New York: Hill and Wang.
Fass, Paula S. (2007) The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s. 2007.
Gourley, Kathleen (2007) Flappers and the New American Woman: Perceptions of Women from 1918 Through the 1920s (Images and or of Women in the Twentieth Century).
Hudovernik, Robert (2006) Jazz Age Beauties: The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston.
Latham, Angela J. (2000) Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s.
Lauber, Ellie (2000) Fashions of the Roaring '20s.
Sagert, Kelly Boyer. Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2010.
Further reading
Mackrell, Judith (2014) Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation. Clerkenwell, London, England: Pan MacMillan (Diana Cooper, Nancy Cunard, Tallulah Bankhead, Zelda Fitzgerald, Josephine Baker, Tamara de Lempicka)
External links
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Slang
1920s fashion
Fashion aesthetics
Gender equality
1920s slang
Slang terms for women
Stereotypes of women
Subcultures | wiki |
Z. insignis may refer to:
Zenia insignis, a plant species found in China and Vietnam
Zenkerella insignis, the Cameroon scaly-tail or flightless scaly-tailed squirrel, a rodent species found in Cameroon, Central African Republic and Gabon | wiki |
Peggy Johnson may refer to:
Peggy Johnson, CEO of Magic Leap
Peggy Johnson (murder victim), a formerly unidentified murder victim
Peggy Johnson, wife of Jim Bean
Peggy Johnson, wife of Barry Goldwater
Peggy Johnson, wife of Lee Iacocca
Peggy Johnson, fictional character in The Spirit of '76 (1917 film)
Peggy Johnson (bishop) on List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
See also
Margaret Johnson (disambiguation) | wiki |
Father–Daughter Day (sometimes called National Father–Daughter Day) is a holiday recognized annually on the second Sunday of October in the United States, honoring the relationship between a father and a daughter. Unlike Mother's Day and Father's Day, it is not federally recognized.
History
The U.S. holiday was originally conceived by Smokey Robinson to honor his relationship with his only daughter. In human development the relationship between fathers and sons overshadows the bond with daughters. This holiday promotes the development of young women through their father.
Robinson stated: “There are many different kinds of families today, and we know that all parental relationships are important to the healthy development of children, but the father/daughter bond is unique and one that is near to my heart. The father/daughter relationship shapes a young woman’s perspective of men and what to expect from them. I believe that female empowerment begins in the home and fathers must set a healthy example through their personal actions and interactions.”
Celebration
Examples of commemoration during Father–Daughter Day can be both commercial or intangible. Nonmaterial examples of observances during this day include embracing one another with hugs, spending quality time together, and honoring their presence in your life.
In September 2017, Rockabye Baby! Music released a lullaby version of Smokey Robinson's "My Girl" to support the holiday. In October 2017, greeting card company American Greetings announced their plan to release a line of eCards with Smokey Robinson to celebrate the launch of Father-Daughter Day.
See also
American Greetings
References
October observances
Family member holidays
Public holidays in the United States
2017 establishments in the United States
Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)
Sunday observances
Fatherhood
American culture | wiki |
Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova est un jeu vidéo de rythme sorti en 2006 aux arcades, et en 2007 sur PlayStation 2.
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Tapis de danse
Dance Dance Revolution
Liens externes
Site officiel
Jeu vidéo de danse
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2007
Jeu PlayStation 2
Jeu vidéo d'arcade
Jeu Konami
Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
Jeu Taito F3 Package System
Dance Dance Revolution | wiki |
Poor Relations is a 1919 comedy novel by the British writer Compton Mackenzie. In contrast to the grimmer Sylvia and Michael published the same year, the story was a light-hearted comedy about the ups-and-downs of playwright.
It was followed by a sequel April Fools in 1930.
References
Further reading
David Joseph Dooley. Compton Mackenzie. Twayne Publishers, 1974.
1919 British novels
Novels by Compton Mackenzie | wiki |
The golden-tailed sapphire (Chrysuronia oenone) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
Taxonomy and systematics
The golden-tailed sapphire was formerly placed in the genus Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Amazilia was polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the golden-tailed sapphire was moved by most taxonomic systems to Chrysuronia. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains it in Amazilia.
The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) recognizes two subspecies of golden-tailed sapphire, the nominate C. o. oenone and C. o. josephinae. The Clements taxonomy and HBW add a third, C. o. alleni, that the IOC includes within josephinae.
Description
The golden-tailed sapphire is long. Males weigh and females . Both sexes of all subspecies have a slightly curved bill with a black maxilla and a black-tipped red mandible.
Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a violet-blue head and throat. Their back is bright green that transitions through bronze-green to bright coppery coverts and a copper-bronze tail. Their breast is glittering green, their belly bronze-green, and underneath their tail, their coverts are bronze with whitish edges.
Adult females have a blue crown, a green back, and copper-bronze coverts and tail. Their undersides are mostly whitish, with blue-green flecks on the sides of the throat and neck, green on the sides and chest, bronze-green flanks, and underneath their tail, they have bronze coverts. Juvenile males have a dull green crown, a dusky gray throat, and a dull green chest; early adult feathers on the head and throat are a purer, less violet, blue than the adult's. Juvenile females' throat speckles are duller and more bronze-coloured than the adults'.
Subspecies C. o. josephinae and C. o. alleni when treated separately have some differences from the nominate and from each other. Males of the former have a mostly green throat and a green rump that contrasts with the coppery coverts. C. o. alleni has an entirely green throat and little blue on the cheeks and its rump is coppery.
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of golden-tailed sapphire is the most widely distributed. It is found in the Serranía del Perijá that straddles the Colombia/Venezuela border, further east in western and northern Venezuela, and south through east central Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and extreme western Brazil into extreme northeastern Peru. C. o. josephinae sensu stricto is found in most of the rest of eastern Peru. C. o. alleni is found in northern Bolivia.
The golden-tailed sapphire inhabits semi-open landscapes like the edges and gaps in humid forest, mature secondary forest, gallery forest, shady cacao and coffee plantations, and gardens. In Colombia and Venezuela it ranges in elevation from sea level to and in Ecuador between .
Behavior
Movement
The golden-tailed sapphire apparently moves locally according to the availability of flowering plants but details are lacking.
Feeding
The golden-tailed sapphire forages for nectar at a variety of flowering shrubs (e.g. Aphelandra) and trees (e.g. Erythrina and Inga). Males tend to forage in the canopy, sometimes gathering in "quarrelsome assemblages", while females forage more by trap-lining in the forest, visiting a circuit of flowering plants. In addition to nectar, it feeds on arthropods by hawking from a perch or by gleaning from foliage.
Breeding
The golden-tailed sapphire's breeding season varies geographically. It spans at least June to November in eastern Colombia but is January through April in western Brazil. Males usually gather in groups of five to 10 at leks to display to females but sometimes display alone. The nest is cup-shaped and has green moss on the outside for camouflage. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for about 14 days and fledging occurs about 28 days after hatch.
Vocalization
The golden-tailed sapphire's song is variable, described as "a repeated rhythmic phrase, often starting with a burry note, followed by several very squeaky or scratchy notes, and ending with repeated chips." It also makes calls described as "a drawn-out metallic trill and shorter chipping notes."
Status
The IUCN has assessed the golden-tailed sapphire as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range, and though its population size is unknown it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered locally common to common in Colombia and Venezuela but relatively rare in the Amazonian lowlands further south.
References
golden-tailed sapphire
Hummingbird species of South America
Birds of Colombia
Birds of the Venezuelan Andes
Birds of the Venezuelan Coastal Range
Birds of the Ecuadorian Amazon
Birds of the Peruvian Amazon
Birds of the Bolivian Amazon
golden-tailed sapphire
Taxa named by René Lesson
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | wiki |
Colton High School is a public high school in Colton, Oregon, United States.
Colton High School is a small, rural high school tucked into the foothills of the Cascades in Western Oregon. They currently employ 13 teachers who are serving approximately 200 students. In 2010 the school was selected as a Model School by the International Center for Leadership in Education after a 5 year collaboration, data collection, and on-site direction from the Successful Practices Network. CHS students generally perform at or above the state averages on testing typically maintaining around a 90% graduation rate.
References
High schools in Clackamas County, Oregon
Public high schools in Oregon | wiki |
This is a list of the events held by Japanese mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion Smackgirl.
Events
Remix
Smackgirl
Smackgirl-F
Grappling events
Notes
References
External links
Smackgirl events at Sherdog
Japan sport-related lists
Mixed martial arts events lists
Women's sport-related lists
Women's mixed martial arts | wiki |
Large Standing Woman I () is a bronze sculpture created by Alberto Giacometti in 1960.
The outdoor sculpture is installed in the Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, located in Houston, Texas.
See also
1960 in art
List of public art in Houston
References
1960 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Texas
Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden
Sculptures by Alberto Giacometti
Sculptures of women in Texas | wiki |
Youra may refer to:
Youra (singer) (born 1993), a South Korean singer-songwriter
Islet of Youra (or Gioura), a small Greek island | wiki |
Grass is greener, grass is always greener, or the grass is always greener on the other side may refer to:
The Grass is Greener (play), 1956 comedy written by Hugh Williams and Margaret Williams
The Grass Is Greener, 1960 comedy film directed by Stanley Donen and starring Cary Grant
The Grass Is Greener (album), album by Colosseum, released in April 1970
The Grass Is Always Greener, 2006 album by Barbara Morgenstern
The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener (album), 1968 album by Petula Clark
"The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener", 1967 single by Petula Clark
"The Grass is Always Greener", episode 24 of The Brady Bunch
"Beddy Bye/The Grass is Greener", episode 33 of The Fairly OddParents | wiki |
A bittering agent is a flavoring agent added to a food or beverage to impart a bitter taste, possibly in addition to other effects. While many substances are bitter to a greater or lesser degree, a few substances are used specifically for their bitterness, especially to balance other flavors, such as sweetness. Notable beverage examples include caffeine, found naturally in tea and coffee and added to many soft drinks, hops in beer, and quinine in tonic water.
Food examples include bitter melon, which may be mixed into a stir fry or soup for its bitter flavor.
Potent bittering agents may also be added to dangerous products as aversive agents to make them foul tasting, so as to prevent accidental poisoning. Examples including anti-freeze, household cleaning products and pesticides such as slug pellets. In general dangerous products with bright colours, which may be appealing to children, often contain agents such as denatonium. However, the efficacy of using bittering agents for this purpose is not conclusive.
Beer
Prior to the introduction of hops, many other bitter herbs and flowers were used as bittering agents in beer, in a mixture called gruit, which could include dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound (the German name for horehound means "mountain hops"), ground ivy, and heather. Also bog myrtle.
More recently, some Chinese and Okinawan beer uses bitter melon as a bittering agent.
Other substances
Various other substances are used, including:
Aloin
Gesho, used in Tej, Ethiopian honey wine
Other uses
Other prominent uses of bittering agents include:
Bitters – used as digestifs or flavorings
Dandelion and burdock – traditional British soft drink
References
Food additives | wiki |
A suicide pact is an agreed plan between two or more individuals to commit suicide.
Suicide Pact also may refer to:
Titled works
Albums:
Suicide Pact – You First (1999), by band Therapy?
Suicide Pact (2012), by JJAMZ
Track title in the album The Mountain Will Fall (2016) of DJ Shadow
South Korean film A Blood Pledge (2009), AKA Suicide Pact
Other uses
"Suicide pact", metaphor (in slogan "The Constitution is not a suicide pact") for legal claims construed as willfully at odds with all established theories of U.S. constitutional law | wiki |
The Mevlevi Order is a Sufi order founded by the followers of Rumi below.
Mevlevi may also refer to:
Mevlevi or Rumi (1207–1273), Persian poet and mystic
Mevlevi, or Sufi whirling, a ritual associated with the Order | wiki |
North Peninsula State Park is a Florida State Park, located north of Ormond-By-The-Sea and east of the Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park, off A1A.
Images
External links
North Peninsula State Park at Florida State Parks
State parks of Florida
Parks in Volusia County, Florida
Protected areas established in 1984 | wiki |
Copenhagen Convention can mean:
Copenhagen Convention of 1857 governing transit passage through the Danish straits, whereby a group of shipping nations bought out the Sound Dues in the Øresund
A bidding convention used in bridge; see Copenhagen convention (bridge)
Copenhagen Accord, a document adopted at United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009
See also
Treaty of Copenhagen (disambiguation)
Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)
Treaty of Copenhagen (1441) | wiki |
Looking is the act of intentionally focusing visual perception on someone or something, for the purpose of obtaining information, and possibly to convey interest or another sentiment. A large number of troponyms exist to describe variations of looking at things, with prominent examples including the verbs "stare, gaze, gape, gawp, gawk, goggle, glare, glimpse, glance, peek, peep, peer, squint, leer, gloat, and ogle". Additional terms with nuanced meanings include viewing, watching, eyeing, observing, beholding, and scanning. Looking is both a physical act of directing the focus of the eyes, and a psychological act of interpreting what is seen and choosing whether to continue looking at it, or to look elsewhere. Where more than one person is involved, looking may lead to eye contact between those doing the looking, which raises further implications for the relationship established through that act.
Looking versus seeing
"Looking" and "seeing" are traditionally contrasted in a number of ways, although their usage often overlaps. Looking can be characterized as "the action precedent to seeing". Any kind of looking or viewing actually implies "seeing" certain things within the range of view, while not "seeing" others, because they are unimportant at the moment. Thus, things that are within the range of view, but which are unimportant to the viewer, may be treated by the brain as if they are transparent, by being looked over, past, and around. The distinction between "looking" and "seeing" has been compared to the distinction between hearing and listening, with one being a rote activity and the other requiring a conscious and thoughtful effort to understand what is being seen or heard. Because of the breadth and flexibility of both words, different authors may reverse the relationship in contrasting them, with one suggesting that a person can "look at" something without truly "seeing" it, while another might suggest that a person might be "seeing" something, but not truly "look at" it. Both arrangements suggest that the person is directing their vision towards the thing, but failing to give sufficient attention to notice specific characteristics or implications of what is in the visual field.
Looking in intense, pronounced, or prolonged ways
A number of troponyms exist to illustrate kinds of looking that are either intentionally or unconsciously done in intense, pronounced, or prolonged ways.
"Staring" is an intense form of looking in which the eyes of the person looking remain fixed on the subject for an extended period, and is generally considered rude. "Gazing" has historically implied intensity, but not aggressiveness, and may imply "wonder, fascination, awe, or admiration". In the twentieth century, however, sociologists began to use the term to suggest a power relationship between the person who is gazing and the subject of the gaze, with the former exercising an ability to define the latter. By contrast, glaring does suggest aggressiveness and confrontation. "Eyeing" implies looking at something with some feeling involved, such as desire or wariness.
"Observing" implies looking at a specific object or area for a prolonged period specifically for purposes of observation, with the purpose of looking specifically being to obtain information about the thing being observed without necessarily either judging it or interfering with it. "Watching" implies a similar prolonged focus, but can also imply looking at something in a distracted or absentminded manner, such as watching television.
"Gaping" and "gawking" also indicate prolonged acts of looking, but suggest that the person doing the looking is so mentally distracted by the subject being observed that they become unaware of their own conduct. At the extreme, rubbernecking is the physical act of craning one's neck, performed in order to get a better view, and has been described as a human trait that is associated with morbid curiosity. "Ogling" is an "impertinent" form of staring "often in a way that indicates improper interest". Another synonym, "leering", is often used to imply sexual harassment.
Looking in quick, subtle, or hidden ways
A number of troponyms exist to illustrate kinds of looking that are either intentionally or unconsciously done in a quick, subtle, or hidden way.
"Glancing" and "glimpsing" are terms that imply looking at things in a subtle way, or seeing things very briefly before they move out of the range of vision. Although the two are often confused, a glance is more commonly a quick movement of the eye, whereas a glimpse is more often a result of the object being watched quickly moving out of sight. "Scanning" suggests quickly looking over an area "to get a general impression", accomplished "by rapidly noting one point after another". Glance appeared as a word prior to 1450, from Old French glacer or glacier, a reference to the quick movement of slipping on ice, and was first recorded as appearing with its current meaning in 1582. Glimpse appeared as a noun with its current meaning in 1580, from Middle English glimsen, and as a verb in 1779, although it was originally associated with seeing bright or shiny things. Playwright Eugene O'Neill was fond of using glance as a stage direction.
"Peeking" and "peeping" suggest looking at something that one is not supposed to be looking at, and doing so in a way that is intended to hide the fact that the person doing the peeking or peeping is looking. There is "an illegitimacy associated with peeping". An aspect of the story of Lady Godiva is Peeping Tom — a tailor who spied on Godiva as she rode naked through her town to protest taxation — and subsequently was punished. Peeping "is in close relation to 'Peeking' — one peeps typically at sexual matters and 'peeks' when one wants surreptitiously to know what something is without being seen".
See also
Watching-eye effect
References
Observation
Vision
Visual perception | wiki |
The vinylcyclopropane rearrangement or vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement is a ring expansion reaction, converting a vinyl-substituted cyclopropane ring into a cyclopentene ring.
Intense experimental as well as computational investigations have revealed that mechanistically, the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement can be thought of as either a diradical-mediated two-step and/or orbital-symmetry-controlled pericyclic process. The amount by which each of the two mechanisms is operative is highly dependent on the substrate.
Due to its ability to form cyclopentene rings the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement has served several times as a key reaction in complex natural product synthesis.
Origins and history
In 1959, a young research chemist with Humble Oil and Refining (Esso, now Exxon) named Norman P. Neureiter was instructed to find new uses for the excess butadiene produced from one of the refinery processes. Discussions about carbene chemistry with one of the company's most respectable consultants at the time, William von Eggers Doering, then a professor at Yale, led the young Ph.D. graduate from Northwestern University to follow a recent procedure combining both, carbenes and butadiene.
In particular the procedure described the reaction of 1,3-butadiene with carbenes generated from the action of base on chloroform or bromoform, which had been studied previously by Doering. Neureiter then took the resulting 1,1-dichloro-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane and under pyrolysis conditions (above 400 °C) discovered a rearrangement to 4,4-dichlorocyclopentene which today is considered to be the first thermal vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement in history.
The corresponding all-carbon version of the reaction was independently reported by Emanuel Vogel and Overberger & Borchert just one year after the Neureiter publication appeared.
Doering, although interacting with Humble Oil and Refining - and therefore also with Neureiter - as a consultant, in a 1963 publication stated the following : "Credit for discovery that vinylcyclopropane rearranges to cyclopentene is due to Overberger and Borchert, and Vogel et al., who appear to have developed several examples of the rearrangement independently."
The development of further vinylcyclopropane rearrangement variants didn't take long as demonstrated by Atkinson & Rees in 1967, Lwowski in 1968. and Paladini & Chuche in 1971.
It is remarkable that the classical vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was discovered after two of its heteroatom variants had already been reported for almost 30 years and 12 years, respectively. Although it is believed that the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement must have occurred during Nikolay Demyanov's preparation of vinylcyclopropane by Hofmann elimination at elevated temperatures in 1922, the cyclopropylimine-pyrroline rearrangement by Cloke in 1929 and Wilson's cyclopropylcarbaldehyde-2,3-dihydrofuran rearrangement in 1947 are really the only examples of vinylcyclopropane-like rearrangements.
This last reaction type is also known as the Cloke–Wilson Rearrangement
Mechanism
The mechanistic discussion on whether the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement proceeds through a diradical-mediated two-step or a fully concerted orbital-symmetry-controlled mechanism has been going on for more than half a century. Kinetic data together with the secondary kinetic isotope effects observed at the vinyl terminus of the vinylcyclopropane suggest a concerted mechanism whereas product distribution indicates a stepwise-diradical mechanism.
In the 1960s, shortly after the rearrangement was discovered, it was established that the activation energy for the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement is around 50 kcal/mol. The kinetic data obtained for this rearrangement were consistent with a concerted mechanism where cleavage of the cyclopropyl carbon-carbon bond was rate-limiting. Albeit a concerted mechanism seemed likely it was shortly recognized that the activation energy to break the carbon-carbon bond in unsubstituted cyclopropane was with 63 kcal/mol exactly 13 kcal/mol higher in energy than the parent activation energy, a difference remarkably similar to the resonance energy of the allyl radical. Immediately people started to appreciate the possibility for a diradical intermediate arising from homolytic cleavage of the weak C1-C2-cyclopropane bond under thermal conditions.
The discussion on whether the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement proceeds via a fully concerted or a two-step, non-concerted mechanism was given further careful consideration when Woodward and Hoffmann used the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement to exemplify [1,3]-sigmatropic concerted alkyl shifts in 1969. They hypothesized that if a concerted mechanism was operative the consequences of orbital-symmetry controlled factors would only allow the formation of certain products. According to their analysis of a vinylcyclopropane substituted with three R groups the
antarafacial [1,3]-shift of bond 1,2 to C-5, with retention at C-2, leading to the ar cyclopentene and the suprafacial [1,3]-shift of bond 1,2 to C-5, with inversion at C-2, leading to cyclopentene si are symmetry allowed whereas the suprafacial [1,3]-shift of bond 1,2 to C-5, with retention at C-2, leading to cyclopentene sr and the antarafacial [1,3]-shift of bond 1,2 to C-5, with inversion at C-2, leading to the ai cyclopentene are symmetry-forbidden. It is important to note that Woodward and Hoffmann based their analysis solely on the principles of the conservation of orbital symmetry theory without however making any mechanistic or stereochemical prediction.
The attention directed towards the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement by Woodward and Hoffmann as a representative example for [1,3]-carbon shifts clearly enhanced the interest in this reaction. Furthermore, their analysis revealed potential experiments that would allow to distinguish between a concerted or stepwise mechanism. The stereochemical consequences of a concerted reaction pathway on the reaction outcome suggested an experiment where one would correlate the obtained reaction stereochemistry with the predicted reaction stereochemistry for a model substrate. Observing the formation of ai- and sr-cyclopentene products would support the notion that a stepwise, non-concerted mechanism is operative whereas their absence would point towards a fully concerted mechanism. As it turned out finding an appropriate substituted model substrate to study the stereochemical outcome of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was much more challenging than initially thought since side reaction such as the homodienyl [1,5]-hydrogen shifts and more so thermal stereomutations tend to scramble stereochemical distinctions much faster than rearrangements lead to the cyclopentene products.
Even though deconvolution of the complex kinetic scenarios underlying these rearrangements was difficult there have been several studies reported where exact and explicit deconvolutions of kinetic and stereochemical raw data to account for the stereochemical contributions arising from competitive stereomutations was possible.
Thereby rate constants for all four stereochemically distinct pathways of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement could be determined.
The data clearly indicated that the mechanistic preferences of the rearrangements are system dependent. Whereas trans-vinylcyclopropanes tend to form more of the symmetry-allowed ar- and si-cyclopentenes supportive of a concerted mechanism, the cis-vinylcyclopropanes preferentially yield the symmetry-forbidden ai- and sr- products suggesting a more stepwise, diradical mechanism. The influence of substituent effects on the reaction stereochemistry also becomes apparent from the data. Substituents with increased radical stabilizing ability not only lower the rearrangements activation energy but also reclosure of the initially formed diradical species becomes slower relative to the rate of cyclopentene formation resulting in an overall more concerted mechanism with less stereomutation (e.g. entry 6 & 7). In all cases though all the four products were formed indicating that both orbital-symmetry controlled pericyclic, as well as diradical-mediated two-step mechanisms are operative either way. The data is consistent with the formation of biradical species on a relatively flat potential energy surface allowing for restricted conformational flexibility before the products are formed. The amount of conformational flexibility and therefore conformational evolution accessible to the diradical species before forming product depends on the constitution of the potential energy surface.
This notion is also supported by computational work. One transition state with a high diradicaloid character was found. Following the potential energy surface of the lowest energy path of the reaction it was found that a very shallow regime allows the diradical species to undergo conformational changes and stereoisomerization reactions with minor energetic consequences. Furthermore, it was shown that substituents can favor stereoselective pathways by destabilizing species that allow stereochemical scrambling.
Methodology development
Arguably the biggest drawback of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement as a synthetic method is its intrinsically high activation barrier resulting in very high reaction temperatures (500-600 °C). Not only do these high temperatures allow side reactions with similar activation energies, such as homodienyl-[1,5]-hydrogen shifts, to occur but also do they significantly limit the functional groups tolerated in the substrates. It was well recognized by the chemical community that in order for this reaction to become a useful synthetic method, hopefully applicable in complex natural product settings at some point, some reaction development had to be done.
Some of the earliest attempts to improve the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement as a synthetic method came from the Corey group in 1972. They found that the reaction temperature could be lowered drastically when the cyclopropane ring contained a dithiane group. Even though the dithiane-substituted vinylcyclopropane substrates required two synthetic steps starting from the corresponding 1,3-dienes the method proved itself successful for the synthesis of a variety of substituted cyclopentenes. The immediate rearrangement products could be easily converted to the corresponding cyclopentenones.
Only a year later Simpson and co-workers demonstrated that also simple methoxy-substituted vinylcyclopropanes show significantly faster reaction rates allowing the rearrangement to take place at 220 °C.
A big improvement came in the mid-1970s from Barry M. Trost's group. It was found that siloxyvinylcyclopropanes as well as the analogous sulfinylvinylcyclopropanes could be used as substrates to build annulated cyclopentene structures. Albeit these reactions still required reaction temperatures above 300 °C they were able to make useful products arising from the annulation of cyclopentene to a present ring system.
Paquette demonstrated that vinylcyclopropane rearrangements can also be mediated photochemically. In a particularly intriguing example he was able to show that vinylcyclopropanes embedded within a cyclooctane core can be converted to the corresponding [5-5]-fused ring systems.
Further reaction improvement came when Hudlicky and Brown proved that vinylcyclopropane rearrangements are amenable to transition metal catalysts. Using a Rh(I) acetate catalyst they were able to promote rearrangements from room temperature to 80 °C.
Analogous to the rate acceleration observed in the anionic-oxy-Cope rearrangement Danheiser reported a very similar effect for vinylcyclopropane substrates bearing [alkoxy] substituents.
Another intriguing result was reported by Larsen in 1988. He was able to promote vinylcyclopropane rearrangements with substrates such as the one shown in the reaction below at temperatures as low as -78 °C. The substrates were generated in situ upon ringcontracting thiocarbonyl Diels-Alder adducts under basic conditions. This methodology allowed the formation of numerous highly functionalized cyclopentenes in a stereoselective manner.
Another low temperature vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was obtained by the Hudlicky group. The scope of this particular methodology is impressively broad and allows the formation of various [5-5]- as well as [5-6]-carbon scaffolds.
Use in total synthesis
Five-membered carbon rings are ubiquitous structural motifs in natural products. In contrast to the larger, fully "consonant" cyclohexane scaffold cyclopentanes and their derivatives are "dissonant" according to the Lapworth-Evans model of alternating polarities. The dissonance in polarity clearly limits the ways by which cyclopentanes can be disconnected which becomes evident in the decreased number of general methods available for making five-membered rings versus the corresponding six-membered rings. Especially the fact that there is no Diels-Alder-equivalent for the synthesis of five-membered rings has been bothering synthetic chemists for many decades. Consequentially, after the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was discovered around 1960 it didn't take long for the synthetic community to realize the potential inherent to form cyclopentenes by means of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement. As the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement progressed as a methodology and the reaction conditions improved during the 1970s, first total syntheses making use of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement started to appear around 1980. Key figures to apply this reaction in total synthesis were Barry M. Trost, Elias J. Corey, Thomas Hudlicky, Leo A. Paquette,
Trost's synthesis of aphidicolin (1979)
In 1979 Trost reported the synthesis of Aphidicolin using methodology around the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement developed in their own laboratory . In one of their key steps they were able to convert a late stage siloxyvinylcyclopropane into a cyclopentene that contained the [6-6-5]-fused carbon skeleton found within the natural product. They were able to convert the rearranged product into the natural product by further manipulations.
Piers' synthesis of zizaene (1979)
Piers' synthesis of zizaene is another early example for the application of a vinylcyclopropane rearrangement as a key disconnection.
Hudlicky's synthesis of hirstuene (1980) and isocomene (1984)
Hudlicky has been one of the key figures in pushing the vinylcyclopropane rearrangements forwards as a method and has used in multiple times in complex natural product synthesis. A particularly elegant piece of work is the chemistry developed to access both, linear as well as angular triquinanes starting from similar precursors. He has been able to apply this strategy to hirsutene and isocomene
Paquette's synthesis of alpha-Vetispirene (1982)
Paquette used a vinylcyclopropane rearrangement to build the spirocyclic natural product alpha-Vetispirene in 1982.
Corey's synthesis of Antheridiogen-An (1985)
Elias J. Corey has contributed heavily to the development of the vinylcyclopropane rearrangement as a synthetic method. In 1985, Corey and his student, Andrew G. Myers, published an impressive synthesis of Antheridiogen-An using a Lewis-acid mediated late-stage vinylcyclopropane rearrangement.
Njardarson's synthesis of biotin (2007)
More recently a copper-catalyzed heteroatom-vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was used to form the tetrahydrothiophene core of biotin and the thiophene unit of Plavix respectively.
Majetich's's synthesis of salviasperanol (2008)
In 2008, an acid-mediated vinylcyclopropane rearrangement was used to synthesize the natural product salviasperanol.
See also
Skattebøl rearrangement
Di-π-methane rearrangement
References
Rearrangement reactions
Cyclopropanes | wiki |
Parrots are birds found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions.
Parrot may also refer to:
Businesses
Parrot SA, a French company which produces wireless products and drones
Parrot Corporation, a British floppy disk manufacturer
Parrot Records, American record label, a division of London Records
Parrot Records (blues label), American Chicago-based record label
Parrot Speed Fastener Company, original name of Swingline, a manufacturer of staplers and hole punches
Computing
Parrot virtual machine, an interpreter currently being developed for Perl 6 and other dynamic programming languages
Parrot assembly language, an assembly language used to program the virtual machine
Parrot Security OS, a penetration-testing operating system
People
Parrot (surname)
Parrot Chaak, ruler of La Mar, an ancient Maya settlement
Other uses
Parrot, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
Parrot (crater), a lunar impact crater
CZAW Parrot, a Czech light-sport aircraft
UP Parrots, a former name of the UP Fighting Maroons, the varsity teams of the University of the Philippines
Parrot, a title character of Parrot and Olivier in America, a 2009 novel by Peter Carey
See also
Parrot Cay, an island in the Turks and Caicos Islands
Parrott (disambiguation)
Parott, a type of bread in Kashmiri cuisine
Parrotbill, an Old World passerine bird of the family Paradoxornithidae
Parrotfish, a Perciformes marine fish of the family Scaridae, and two other fish, the blood parrot and the parrot cichlid | wiki |
The Lambda Literary Award for LGBT Graphic Novel is an annual literary award, presented by the Lambda Literary Foundation, to a graphic novel with LGBT themes. As the award is presented based on themes in the work, not the sexuality or gender of the writer, non-LGBT individuals may be nominated for or win the award.
The award is presented to "[b]ook-length works of fiction or non-fiction that use a combination of words and sequential art to convey a narrative ..., including novels, graphic memoirs and short story or comics collections by the same author/team."
Lambda Literary is one of few organizations that has recognized comics and graphic novels since the 1980s. From 2014 to 2019, the award was named the Lambda Literary Award for LGBT Graphic Novel but in 2020, it changed to the Lambda Literary Award for Comics.
Winners and nominees
References
Graphic Novel
Awards established in 2014
English-language literary awards
Lists of LGBT-related award winners and nominees
LGBT-related graphic novels | wiki |
The zebra jumping spider (Salticus scenicus) is a common jumping spider of the Northern Hemisphere. Their common name refers to their vivid black-and-white colouration, whilst their scientific name derives from Salticus from the Latin for “dancing”, in reference to their agility, and the Greek scenicus, translating to “theatrical” or “of a decorative place,” in reference to the flashy, zebra-like coloration of the species.
Description
Female zebra spiders are 5–9 mm long, while males are 5–6 mm. Male zebra spiders have distinctly larger chelicerae than females. Spiders in the family Salticidae have especially enlarged anterior median eyes (AME), though the anterior and posterior lateral eyes (ALE, PLE) are also large when compared to the very small posterior median eyes (PME). In total there are eight eyes, with the very large anterior median eyes primarily responsible for its excellent binocular vision. These small spiders are black with white hairs that form stripes.
Distribution and Habitat
Zebra spiders are widespread across Europe, North America, and North Asia, where they are found throughout the Holarctic.
This species is naturally associated with open habitats such as rock faces, shingle beaches and occasionally the trunks of trees. Due to their preference for open, vertical habitats they are often found living in proximity to humans in urban habitat such as on garden fences and the walls of buildings. Spiders have also been known to enter houses, where they can often be found living in the corner of windowsills.
Behaviour
Diet
Zebra spiders tend to hunt smaller spiders and other arthropods. They have been observed feeding on mosquitos that are almost twice their length. They have also been observed taking on prey items up to 3 times the length of the spider, such as some of the smaller species of moth.
Like other jumping spiders, these spiders use their large front eyes to locate and stalk their prey. They move slowly towards their prey until they are close enough to pounce on top of their victim, and their hunting behaviour has been described as cat-like. Using their acute eyesight, they are able to accurately judge the distances they need to jump.
Hunting
They orient towards prey detected by their lateral eyes whenever the angle subtended by such prey exceeds 5.5°. The velocity of the prey is not involved in the determination of reactive distance, but only moving objects elicit orientation. The probability that orientation is followed by stalking is a function of both prey size and velocity. The zebra spider's stalk velocity declines progressively as it nears its (stationary) prey.
Before jumping, they glue a silk thread to the surface that they are jumping from so that if they miss the target, they can climb up the thread and try again - However, they may 'abseil' with a silk thread if they wish to descend from a height safely, for instance they have been documented 'abseiling' from ceilings. They ignore unappetising insects such as ants.
There are no extensor muscles at the 'hinge joints' of the spider leg; joint extension in the legs is controlled by haemocoelic blood pressure. The most significant evidence that this extension is due to hydraulic forces is that the leg spines become erect during the jump, a result of increased body pressure which can be demonstrated on many spiders. The zebra spider's jump is almost entirely due to the sudden straightening of the fourth pair of legs. The mean jumping velocity is estimated to be between .
Reproduction
This species breeds during the spring and summer months. When a male and female spider meet, the male will conduct a courtship dance. The dance involves waving their front legs, pedipalps and moving their abdomen up and down. During the courtship dance males use their striped markings to signal that they wish to mate with the female. The courting ritual relies heavily on eyesight. The better the dance the more likely the female will want to mate. Males must be careful when approaching a female as they can risk being attacked or even mistaken as a prey species. If the female is impressed with the male's dance she will allow the male to approach. The female will crouch and allow the male to climb on top of her. Male spiders use a pair of leg-like appendages called pedipalps to transfer sperm to the female during the mating process. Females will stay with their egg sacs and will guard the young after they hatch. After the spiderlings have had their second moult they will leave the mother and fend for themselves.
Taxonomic history
Salticus scenicus was one of the spiders included in Carl Alexander Clerck's 1757 work Svenska Spindlar / Aranei Suecici, the starting point for spider names in zoological nomenclature. Clerck originally called the species Araneus scenicus, and Carl Linnaeus, in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae named it Aranea scenica; the specific epithet means "actor". Since then a number of synonyms have been published:
Araneus scenicus
Aranea scenica
Aranea albo-fasciata
Aranea fulvata
Attus scenicus
Attus candefactus
Epiblemum faustum
Attus scenicoides
Calliethera histrionica
Calliethera scenica
Calliethera aulica
Salticus albovittatus
Attus histrionicus
Callithera alpina
Callietherus histrionicus
Epiblemum histrionicum
Salticus histrionicus
Epiblemum scenicum
Calliethera goberti
Calliethera albovittata
References
External links
Salticidae
Spiders of Europe
Spiders of Asia
Spiders of North America
Holarctic spiders | wiki |
L'ordre social est un concept fondamental en sociologie. Selon le dictionnaire Merriam-Webster, l'ordre social désigne la totalité des interrelations humaines dans une société ou une partie de celle-ci.
Définition
De façon vulgarisée, l'ordre social fait référence à comment diverses composantes sociales s'aide l'un l'autre et maintiennent un . Ces composantes peuvent inclure :
structure sociale ;
Institution sociale ;
relation sociale ;
interaction sociale ;
comportement social ;
ainsi que des éléments culturels comme les normes sociales, les valeurs et les croyances.
Notes et références
Liens externes
Concept sociologique | wiki |
Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of heart and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side of heart). These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy.
Anatomically, the valves are part of the dense connective tissue of the heart known as the cardiac skeleton and are responsible for the regulation of blood flow through the heart and great vessels. Valve failure or dysfunction can result in diminished heart functionality, though the particular consequences are dependent on the type and severity of valvular disease. Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical valve repair or valve replacement.
Classification
Stenosis and insufficiency/regurgitation represent the dominant functional and anatomic consequences associated with valvular heart disease. Irrespective of disease process, alterations to the valve occur that produce one or a combination of these conditions. Insufficiency and regurgitation are synonymous terms that describe an inability of the valve to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the valve fail to join (coapt) correctly. Stenosis is characterized by a narrowing of the valvular orifice that prevents adequate outflow of blood. Stenosis can also result in insufficiency if thickening of the annulus or leaflets results in inappropriate leaf closure.
Aortic and mitral valve disorders
Aortic and mitral valve disorders are left heart diseases that are more prevalent than diseases of the pulmonary or tricuspid valve in the right heart due to the higher pressures in the left heart.
Stenosis of the aortic valve is characterized by a thickening of the valvular annulus or leaflets that limits the ability of blood to be ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta. Stenosis is typically the result of valvular calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed bicuspid aortic valve. This defect is characterized by the presence of only two valve leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies.
Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the valve leaflets to appropriately close at the end systole, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or idiopathic. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. Processes that lead to aortic insufficiency usually involve dilation of the valve annulus, thus displacing the valve leaflets, which are anchored in the annulus.
Mitral stenosis is caused largely by rheumatic heart disease, though is rarely the result of calcification. In some cases, vegetations form on the mitral leaflets as a result of endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart tissue. Mitral stenosis is uncommon and not as age-dependent as other types of valvular disease.
Mitral insufficiency can be caused by dilation of the left heart, often a consequence of heart failure. In these cases, the left ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and causes displacement of the attached papillary muscles, which control the mitral.
Pulmonary and tricuspid valve disorders
Pulmonary and tricuspid valve diseases are right heart diseases. Pulmonary valve diseases are the least common heart valve disease in adults.
Pulmonary valve stenosis is often the result of congenital malformations and is observed in isolation or as part of a larger pathologic process, as in Tetralogy of Fallot, Noonan syndrome, and congenital rubella syndrome. Unless the degree of stenosis is severe, individuals with pulmonary stenosis usually have excellent outcomes and better treatment options. Often patients do not require intervention until later in adulthood as a consequence of calcification that occurs with aging.
Pulmonary valve insufficiency occurs commonly in healthy individuals to a very mild extent and does not require intervention. More appreciable insufficiency is typically the result of damage to the valve due to cardiac catheterization, intra-aortic balloon pump insertion, or other surgical manipulations. Additionally, insufficiency may be the result of carcinoid syndrome, inflammatory processes such a rheumatoid disease or endocarditis, or congenital malformations. It may also be secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension.
Tricuspid valve stenosis without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically lipomas or myxomas), or hypereosinophilic syndromes.
Minor tricuspid insufficiency is common in healthy individuals. In more severe cases it is a consequence of dilation of the right ventricle, leading to displacement of the papillary muscles which control the valve's ability to close. Dilation of the right ventricle occurs secondary to ventricular septal defects, right to left shunting of blood, eisenmenger syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and pulmonary stenosis. Tricuspid insufficiency may also be the result of congenital defects of the tricuspid valve, such as Ebstein's anomaly.
Signs and symptoms
Aortic stenosis
Symptoms of aortic stenosis may include heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion (most frequent symptom), orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, angina pectoris, and syncope, usually exertional.
Medical signs of aortic stenosis include pulsus parvus et tardus, that is, diminished and delayed carotid pulse, fourth heart sound, decreased A2 sound, sustained apex beat, precordial thrill. Auscultation may reveal a systolic murmur of a harsh crescendo-decrescendo type, heard in 2nd right intercostal space and radiating to the carotid arteries.
Aortic regurgitation
Patients with aortic regurgitation may experience heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, and angina pectoris. In acute cases patients may experience cyanosis and circulatory shock.
Medical signs of aortic regurgitation include increased pulse pressure by increased systolic and decreased diastolic blood pressure, but these findings may not be significant if acute. The patient may have a diastolic decrescendo murmur best heard at left sternal border, water hammer pulse, Austin Flint murmur, and a displaced apex beat down and to the left. A third heart sound may be present
Mitral stenosis
Patients with mitral stenosis may present with heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, hemoptysis, thromboembolism, or ascites and edema (if right-sided heart failure develops). Symptoms of mitral stenosis increase with exercise and pregnancy
On auscultation of a patient with mitral stenosis, typically the most prominent sign is a loud S1. Another finding is an opening snap followed by a low-pitched diastolic rumble with presystolic accentuation. The opening snap follows closer to the S2 heart tone with worsening stenosis. The murmur is heard best with the bell of the stethoscope lying on the left side and its duration increases with worsening disease. Advanced disease may present with signs of right-sided heart failure such as parasternal heave, jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, ascites and/or pulmonary hypertension (presenting with a loud P2). Signs increase with exercise and pregnancy.
Mitral regurgitation
Patients with mitral regurgitation may present with heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, palpitations, or pulmonary edema.
On auscultation of a patient with mitral stenosis, there may be a holosystolic murmur at the apex, radiating to the back or clavicular area, a third heart sound, and a loud, palpable P2, heard best when lying on the left side. Patients also commonly have atrial fibrillation. Patients may have a laterally displaced apex beat, often with heave In acute cases, the murmur and tachycardia may be only distinctive signs.
Tricuspid regurgitation
Patients with tricuspid regurgitation may experience symptoms of right-sided heart failure, such as ascites, hepatomegaly, edema and jugular venous distension.
Signs of tricuspid regurgitation include pulsatile liver, prominent V waves and rapid y descents in jugular venous pressure. Auscultatory findings include inspiratory third heart sound at left lower sternal border (LLSB) and a blowing holosystolic murmur at LLSB, intensifying with inspiration, and decreasing with expiration and Valsalva maneuver. Patients may have a parasternal heave along LLSB. Atrial fibrillation is usually present in patients with tricuspid regurgitation
Causes
Calcific disease
Calcification of the leaflets of the aortic valve is a common with increasing age, but the mechanism is likely to be more related to increased lipoprotein deposits and inflammation than the "wear and tear" of advance age. Aortic stenosis due to calcification of tricuspid aortic valve with age comprises >50% of the disease. Aortic stenosis due to calcification of a bicuspid aortic valve comprises about 30-40% of the disease. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipoproteinemia and uremia may speed up the process of valvular calcification.
Dysplasia
Heart valve dysplasia is an error in the development of any of the heart valves, and a common cause of congenital heart defects in humans as well as animals; tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect with four abnormalities, one of which is stenosis of the pulmonary valve. Ebstein's anomaly is an abnormality of the tricuspid valve, and its presence can lead to tricuspid valve regurgitation. A bicuspid aortic valve is an aortic valve with only 2 cusps as opposed to the normal 3. It is present in about 0.5% to 2% of the general population and causes increased calcification due to higher turbulent flow through the valve.
Connective tissue disorders
Marfan's Syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that can lead to chronic aortic or mitral regurgitation. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disorder in formation of type I collagen and can also lead to chronic aortic regurgitation.
Inflammatory disorders
Inflammation of the heart valves due to any cause is called valvular endocarditis; this is usually due to bacterial infection but may also be due to cancer (marantic endocarditis), certain autoimmune conditions (Libman-Sacks endocarditis, seen in systemic lupus erythematosus) and hypereosinophilic syndrome (Loeffler endocarditis). Endocarditis of the valves can lead to regurgitation through that valve, which is seen in the tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves. Certain medications have been associated with valvular heart disease, most prominently ergotamine derivatives pergolide and cabergoline.
Valvular heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever, which frequently manifests with carditis and valvulitis, is a late sequela of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection in the throat, often lagging the initial infection by weeks to months. Cardiac involvement is dependent on the cross-reaction of antibodies directed against M proteins produced by bacteria with human proteins present in the myocardium or endocardium (although acute rheumatic fever may present as pancarditis with additional involvement of the pericardium). This results in generalized inflammation in the heart, producing acute erosions and vegetations with fibrin deposition in the mitral valve that may be followed by chronic changes over years to decades, including shortening of the chordae tendinae and thickening or fusion of the mitral leaflets, leading to a severely compromised "buttonhole" or "fish mouth" valve.
In 70% of cases rheumatic heart disease involves only the mitral valve, while 25% of cases involve both the aortic and mitral valves. Involvement of other heart valves without damage to the mitral is exceedingly rare. Mitral stenosis is almost always caused by rheumatic heart disease. Less than 10% of aortic stenosis is caused by rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic fever can also cause chronic mitral and aortic regurgitation.
While developed countries once had a significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, medical advances and improved social conditions have dramatically reduced their incidence. Many developing countries, as well as indigenous populations within developed countries, still carry a significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and there has been a resurgence in efforts to eradicate the diseases in these populations. Among persons who have experienced rheumatic fever, long-term intramuscular antibiotic therapy is used as secondary prophylaxis against additional streptococcal infections, which can contribute to progression of rheumatic heart disease. In people with severe valvular disease, however, short-term risks of cardiovascular compromise after intramuscular injections may outweigh the benefits, and oral therapy may be considered instead of IM injections in this subset of patients.
Diseases of the aortic root can cause chronic aortic regurgitation. These diseases include syphilitic aortitis, Behçet's disease, and reactive arthritis.
Heart disease
Tricuspid regurgitation is usually secondary to right ventricular dilation which may be due to left ventricular failure (the most common cause), right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, or cor pulmonale Other causes of tricuspid regurgitation include carcinoid syndrome and myxomatous degeneration.
Diagnosis
Aortic stenosis
Patients with aortic stenosis can have chest X-ray findings showing dilation of the ascending aorta, but they may also have a completely normal chest X-ray. Direct visualization of calcifications on chest X-ray is uncommon. Other findings include dilation of the left ventricle. ECG typically shows left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with severe stenosis, but it may also show signs of left heart strain. Echocardiography is the diagnostic gold standard, which shows left ventricular hypertrophy, leaflet calcification, and abnormal leaflet closure.
Aortic regurgitation
Chest X-ray is not as sensitive as other tests, but it may show aortic root dilation (especially in causes involving the aortic root) and apex displacement. An ECG may show left ventricular hypertrophy and signs of left heart strain. Left axis deviation can be a sign of advanced disease. An echocardiogram can be helpful in determining the root cause of the disease, as it will clearly show aortic root dilation or dissection if it exists. Typically the pump function of the heart during systole is normal, but an echocardiogram will show flow reversal during diastole. This disease is classified using regurgitant fraction (RF), or the amount of volume that flows back through the valve divided by the total forward flow through the valve during systole. Severe disease has an RF of >50%, while progressive aortic regurgitation has an RF of 30–49%.
Mitral stenosis
Chest x-ray in mitral stenosis will typically show an enlarged left atrium, and may show dilation of the pulmonary veins. ECG can show left atrial enlargement, due to increased pressures in the left atrium. Echocardiography is helpful in determining the severity of the disease by estimating the pulmonary artery systolic pressure. This test can also show leaflet calcification and the pressure gradient over the mitral valve. Severe mitral stenosis is defined as a mitral valve area <1.5 cm2. Progressive mitral stenosis has a normal valve area but will have increased flow velocity across the mitral valve.
Mitral regurgitation
Chest x-ray in mitral regurgitation can show an enlarged left atrium, as well as pulmonary venous congestion. It may also show valvular calcifications specifically in combined mitral regurgitation and stenosis due to rheumatic heart disease. ECG typically shows left atrial enlargement, but can also show right atrial enlargement if the disease is severe enough to cause pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is useful in visualizing the regurgitant flow and calculating the RF. It can also be used to determine the degree of calcification, and the function and closure of the valve leaflets. Severe disease has an RF of >50%, while progressive mitral regurgitation has an RF of <50%.
Treatment
Some of the most common treatments of valvular heart disease are avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, antibiotics, antithrombotic medications such as aspirin, anticoagulants, balloon dilation, and water pills.
In some cases, surgery may be necessary.
Aortic stenosis
Treatment of aortic stenosis is not necessary in asymptomatic patients, unless the stenosis is classified as severe based on valve hemodynamics. Both asymptomatic severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis are treated with aortic valve replacement (AVR) surgery. Trans-catheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) is an alternative to AVR and is recommended in high risk patients who may not be suitable for surgical AVR. Any angina is treated with short-acting nitrovasodilators, beta-blockers and/or calcium blockers. Any hypertension is treated aggressively, but caution must be taken in administering beta-blockers. Any heart failure is treated with digoxin, diuretics, nitrovasodilators and, if not contraindicated, cautious inpatient administration of ACE inhibitors. Moderate stenosis is monitored with echocardiography every 1–2 years, possibly with supplementary cardiac stress test. Severe stenosis should be monitored with echocardiography every 3–6 months.
Aortic regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation is treated with aortic valve replacement, which is recommended in patients with symptomatic severe aortic regurgitation. Aortic valve replacement is also recommended in patients that are asymptomatic but have chronic severe aortic regurgitation and left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 50%. Hypertension is treated in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, with the anti-hypersensives of choice being calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs. Also, endocarditis prophylaxis is indicated before dental, gastrointestinal or genitourinary procedures. Mild to moderate aortic regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography and a cardiac stress test once every 1–2 years. In severe moderate/severe cases, patients should be followed with echocardiography and cardiac stress test and/or isotope perfusion imaging every 3–6 months.
Mitral stenosis
For patients with symptomatic severe mitral stenosis, percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) is recommended. If this procedure fails, then it may be necessary to undergo mitral valve surgery, which may involve valve replacement, repair, or commisurotomy. Anticoagulation is recommended for patients that have mitral stenosis in the setting of atrial fibrillation or a previous embolic event. No therapy is required for asymptomatic patients. Diuretics may be used to treat pulmonary congestion or edema.
Mitral regurgitation
Surgery is recommended for chronic severe mitral regurgitation in symptomatic patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of greater than 30%, and asymptomatic patients with LVEF of 30-60% or left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) > 40%. Surgical repair of the leaflets is preferred to mitral valve replacement as long as the repair is feasible. Mitral regurgitation may be treated medically with vasodilators, diuretics, digoxin, antiarrhythmics, and chronic anticoagulation. Mild to moderate mitral regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography and cardiac stress test every 1–3 years. Severe mitral regurgitation should be followed with echocardiography every 3–6 months.
Epidemiology
In the United States, about 2.5% of the population has moderate to severe valvular heart disease. The prevalence of these diseases increase with age, and 75 year-olds in the United States have a prevalence of about 13%. In industrially underdeveloped regions, rheumatic disease is the most common cause of valve diseases, and it can cause up to 65% of the valve disorders seen in these regions.
Aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis is typically the result of aging, occurring in 12.4% of the population over 75 years of age, and represents the most common cause of outflow obstruction in the left ventricle. Bicuspid aortic valves are found in up to 1% of the population, making it one of the most common cardiac abnormalities.
Aortic regurgitation
The prevalence of aortic regurgitation also increases with age. Moderate to severe disease has a prevalence of 13% in patients between the ages of 55 and 86. This valve disease is primarily caused by aortic root dilation, but infective endocarditis has been an increased risk factor. It has been found to be the cause of aortic regurgitation in up to 25% of surgical cases.
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is caused almost exclusively by rheumatic heart disease, and has a prevalence of about 0.1% in the United States. Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy.
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation is significantly associated with normal aging, rising in prevalence with age. It is estimated to be present in over 9% of people over 75.
Special populations
Pregnancy
The evaluation of individuals with valvular heart disease who are or wish to become pregnant is a difficult issue. Issues that have to be addressed include the risks during pregnancy to the mother and the developing fetus by the presence of maternal valvular heart disease as a pre-existing disease in pregnancy.
Normal physiological changes during pregnancy require, on average, a 50% increase in circulating blood volume that is accompanied by an increase in cardiac output that usually peaks between the midportion of the second and third trimesters. The increased cardiac output is due to an increase in the stroke volume, and a small increase in heart rate, averaging 10 to 20 beats per minute. Additionally uterine circulation and endogenous hormones cause systemic vascular resistance to decrease and a disproportionately lowering of diastolic blood pressure causes a wide pulse pressure. Inferior vena caval
obstruction from a gravid uterus in the supine position can result in an abrupt decrease in cardiac preload, which leads to hypotension with weakness and lightheadedness. During labor and delivery cardiac output increases more in part due to the associated anxiety and pain, as well as due to uterine contractions which will cause an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Valvular heart lesions associated with high maternal and fetal risk during pregnancy include:
Severe aortic stenosis with or without symptoms
Aortic regurgitation with NYHA functional class III-IV symptoms
Mitral stenosis with NYHA functional class II-IV symptoms
Mitral regurgitation with NYHA functional class III-IV symptoms
Aortic and/or mitral valve disease resulting in severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary pressure greater than 75% of systemic pressures)
Aortic and/or mitral valve disease with severe LV dysfunction (EF less than 0.40)
Mechanical prosthetic valve requiring anticoagulation
Marfan syndrome with or without aortic regurgitation
In individuals who require an artificial heart valve, consideration must be made for deterioration of the valve over time (for bioprosthetic valves) versus the risks of blood clotting in pregnancy with mechanical valves with the resultant need of drugs in pregnancy in the form of anticoagulation.
References | wiki |
General Cowan may refer to:
David Tennant Cowan (1896–1983), British Indian Army major general
James Cowan (British Army officer) (born 1964), British Army major general
Samuel Cowan (born 1941), British Army general
See also
John Cowans (1862–1921), British Army general
Benjamin R. Cowen (1831–1908), Union Army brevet brigadier general | wiki |
General Crittenden may refer to:
George B. Crittenden (1812–1880), Confederate States Army major general
Thomas Leonidas Crittenden (1819–1893), Union Army major general
Thomas Turpin Crittenden (1825–1905), Union Army brigadier general | wiki |
Green Lake is a lake in the South Cariboo region of British Columbia, Canada, located east of 70 Mile House. The lake is a popular recreational residential area frequented by owners from the Lower Mainland. Several locations around the lake are part of Green Lake Provincial Park.
See also
Interlakes
Cariboo Plateau
References
BCGNIS listing "Green Lake (lake)"
Lakes of the Cariboo
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Lillooet Land District | wiki |
Redwall Friend & Foe was published in 2000 as an accessory to the Redwall series by Brian Jacques.
Summary
This guide features art by Chris Baker and contains descriptions of Redwall heroes and villains. It also features a pull-out poster and a number of questions to test the reader's knowledge of the series.
Heroes
The heroes featured in the guide are:
Martin the Warrior
Luke the Warrior
Sunflash the Mace
Mariel Gullwhacker
Joseph the Bellmaker
Urthstripe the Strong
Matthias
Mattimeo
Grath Longfletch
Tamello De Fformelo Tussock (Tammo)
Dannflor Reguba
Villains
The villains featured in the guide are:
Badrang the Tyrant
Tsarmina Greeneyes
Vilu Daskar
Swartt Sixclaw
Gabool the Wild
Urgan Nagru
Ferahgo the Assassin
Cluny the Scourge
Slagar the Cruel
Ublaz Mad-Eyes
Damug Warfang
Mokkan
References
Redwall books
2000 children's books | wiki |
Escitalopram, sold under the brand names Lexapro and Cipralex, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Escitalopram is mainly used to treat major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. It is taken by mouth, available commercially as an oxalate salt exclusively.
Common side effects include trouble sleeping, nausea, sexual problems, and feeling tired. More serious side effects may include suicidal thoughts in people up to the age of 24 years. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. Escitalopram is the (S)-enantiomer of citalopram (which exists as a racemate), hence the name es-citalopram.
Escitalopram was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002. Escitalopram is rarely replaced by twice the dose of citalopram, though escitalopram is safer and more effective. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the fifteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 30million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Escitalopram has FDA approval for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and adults, and generalized anxiety disorder in adults. In European countries and the United Kingdom, it is approved for depression (MDD) and anxiety disorders; these include: general anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. In Australia it is approved for major depressive disorder.
Depression
Escitalopram is among the most effective and well-tolerated antidepressants for the short-term (acute) treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. It is also the safest one to give to children and adolescents.
Controversy existed regarding the effectiveness of escitalopram compared with its predecessor, citalopram. The importance of this issue followed from the greater cost of escitalopram relative to the generic mixture of isomers of citalopram, prior to the expiration of the escitalopram patent in 2012, which led to charges of evergreening. Accordingly, this issue has been examined in at least 10 different systematic reviews and meta analyses. , reviews had concluded (with caveats in some cases) that escitalopram is modestly superior to citalopram in efficacy and tolerability.
Anxiety disorders
Escitalopram appears to be effective in treating general anxiety disorder, with relapse on escitalopram at 20% rather than placebo at 50%, which translates to a number needed to treat of 3.33. Escitalopram appears effective in treating social anxiety disorder as well.
Other
Escitalopram is effective in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, whether taken continuously or in the luteal phase only. There are no good data available for escitalopram as treatment for seasonal affective disorder or insomnia disorder as of 2021.
Side effects
Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual function, causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, and anorgasmia.
There is also evidence that SSRIs may cause an increase in suicidal ideation. An analysis conducted by the FDA found a statistically insignificant 1.5 to 2.4-fold (depending on the statistical technique used) increase of suicidality among the adults treated with escitalopram for psychiatric indications. The authors of a related study note the general problem with statistical approaches: due to the rarity of suicidal events in clinical trials, it is hard to draw firm conclusions with a sample smaller than two million patients.
Citalopram and escitalopram are associated with dose-dependent QT interval prolongation and should not be used in those with congenital long QT syndrome or known pre-existing QT interval prolongation, or in combination with other medicines that prolong the QT interval. ECG measurements should be considered for patients with cardiac disease, and electrolyte disturbances should be corrected before starting treatment. In December 2011, the UK implemented new restrictions on the maximum daily doses at 20 mg for adults and 10 mg for those older than 65 years or with liver impairment. There are concerns of higher rates of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes compared with other SSRIs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada did not similarly order restrictions on escitalopram dosage, only on its predecessor citalopram.
Very common effects
Very common effects (>10% incidence) include:
Headache (24%)
Nausea (18%)
Ejaculation disorder (9–14%)
Somnolence (4–13%)
Insomnia (7–12%)
Common (1–10% incidence)
Common effects (1–10% incidence) include:
Abnormal dreams
Anisocoria
Anorgasmia
Anxiety
Arthralgia (joint pain)
Constipation
Decreased or increased appetite
Diarrhea
Dilated Pupils
Dizziness
Dry mouth
Excessive sweating
Fatigue
Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
Insomnia
Libido changes
Myalgia (muscular aches and pains)
Paraesthesia (abnormal skin sensation)
Pyrexia (fever)
Restlessness
Sinusitis (nasal congestion)
Somnolence (sleepiness)
Tremor
Vomiting
Yawning
Psychomotor effects
The most common effect is fatigue or somnolence, particularly in older adults, although patients with pre-existing daytime sleepiness and fatigue may experience paradoxical improvement of these symptoms.
Escitalopram has not been shown to affect serial reaction time, logical reasoning, serial subtraction, multitask, or Mackworth Clock task performance.
Discontinuation symptoms
Escitalopram discontinuation, particularly abruptly, may cause certain withdrawal symptoms such as "electric shock" sensations, colloquially called "brain shivers" or "brain zaps" by those affected. Frequent symptoms in one study were dizziness (44%), muscle tension (44%), chills (44%), confusion or trouble concentrating (40%), amnesia (28%), and crying (28%). Very slow tapering was recommended. There have been spontaneous reports of discontinuation of Lexapro and other SSRIs and SNRIs, especially when abrupt, leading to dysphoric mood, irritability, agitation, anxiety, headache, lethargy, emotional lability, insomnia, and hypomania. Other symptoms such as panic attacks, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), mania, worsening of depression, and suicidal ideation can emerge when the dose is adjusted down.
Sexual dysfunction
Some people experience persistent sexual side effects after they stop taking SSRIs. This is known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD). Common symptoms include genital anesthesia, erectile dysfunction, anhedonia, decreased libido, premature ejaculation, vaginal lubrication issues, and nipple insensitivity in women. Rates are unknown, and there is no established treatment.
Pregnancy
Antidepressant exposure (including escitalopram) is associated with shorter duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points). Antidepressant exposure is not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. There is a tentative association of SSRI use during pregnancy with heart problems in the baby. The advantages of their use during pregnancy may thus outweigh the possible negative effects on the baby.
Overdose
Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects, such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Therapeutic blood levels of escitalopram are usually in the range of 20–80 μg/L but may reach 80–200 μg/L in the elderly, patients with hepatic dysfunction, those who are poor CYP2C19 metabolizers or following acute overdose. Monitoring of the drug in plasma or serum is generally accomplished using chromatographic methods. Chiral techniques are available to distinguish escitalopram from its racemate, citalopram.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Escitalopram increases intrasynaptic levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. Over time, this leads to a downregulation of pre-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors, which is associated with an improvement in passive stress tolerance, and delayed downstream increase in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which may contribute to a reduction in negative affective biases.
Of the SSRIs currently available, escitalopram has the highest selectivity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) compared to the norepinephrine transporter (NET), making the side-effect profile relatively mild in comparison to less-selective SSRIs.
Escitalopram is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and hence P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as verapamil and quinidine may improve its blood brain barrier penetrability. In a preclinical study in rats combining escitalopram with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, its antidepressant-like effects were enhanced.
Interactions
Escitalopram, similarly to other SSRIs, may increase bleed risk with NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid), antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and garlic supplements due to escitalopram's inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation via blocking serotonin transporters on platelets. Escitalopram inhibits CYP2D6, and hence may increase plasma levels of a number of CYP2D6 substrates such as aripiprazole, risperidone, tramadol, codeine, etc. As escitalopram is only a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, analgesia from tramadol may not be affected. Escitalopram should be taken with caution when using St. John's wort, ginseng, dextromethorphan (DXM), linezolid, tramadol, and other serotonergic drugs due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. Exposure to escitalopram is increased moderately, by about 50%, when it is taken with omeprazole. The authors of this study suggested that this increase is unlikely to be of clinical concern.
Bupropion has been found to significantly increase citalopram plasma concentration and systemic exposure; the interaction with escitalopram had not been studied, but some monographs warned of the potential interaction.
Escitalopram can also prolong the QT interval, and hence it is not recommended in patients that are concurrently on other medications that also have the ability to prolong the QT interval. These drugs include antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, some antihistamines (astemizole, mizolastine), macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, some 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (except palonosetron), and some antiretrovirals (ritonavir, saquinavir, lopinavir). As an SSRI, escitalopram should generally not be given concurrently with MAOIs.
Chemistry
Escitalopram is the (S)-enantiomer (left-handed version) of the racemate citalopram, which is responsible for its name: escitalopram. The (R)-enantiomer (R-citalopram, the right-handed version) is not thought to have useful effects for treating depression.
History
Escitalopram was developed in close cooperation between Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories. Its development was initiated in the summer of 1997, and the resulting new drug application was submitted to the U.S. FDA in March 2001. The short time (3.5 years) it took to develop escitalopram can be attributed to the previous extensive experience of Lundbeck and Forest with citalopram, which has similar pharmacology.
The FDA issued the approval of escitalopram for major depression in August 2002 and for generalized anxiety disorder in December 2003. On 23 May 2006, the FDA approved a generic version of escitalopram by Teva. On 14 July of that year, however, the U.S. District Court of Delaware decided in favor of Lundbeck regarding the patent infringement dispute and ruled the patent on escitalopram valid.
In 2006, Forest Laboratories was granted an 828-day (2 years and 3 months) extension on its US patent for escitalopram. This pushed the patent expiration date from 7 December 2009, to 14 September 2011. Together with the 6-month pediatric exclusivity, the final expiration date was 14 March 2012.
Society and culture
Allegations of illegal marketing
In 2004, separate civil suits alleging illegal marketing of citalopram and escitalopram for use by children and teenagers by Forest were initiated by two whistleblowers: a physician named Joseph Piacentile and a Forest salesman named Christopher Gobble. In February 2009, the suits were joined. Eleven states and the District of Columbia filed notices of intent to intervene as plaintiffs in the action.
The suits alleged that Forest illegally engaged in off-label promotion of Lexapro for use in children; hid the results of a study showing lack of effectiveness in children; paid kickbacks to physicians to induce them to prescribe Lexapro to children; and conducted so-called "seeding studies" that were, in reality, marketing efforts to promote the drug's use by doctors. Forest denied the allegations but ultimately agreed to settle with the plaintiffs for over $313 million.
Brand names
Escitalopram is sold under many brand names worldwide such as Cipralex, Lexapro, Lexam, Mozarin, Aciprex, Depralin, Ecytara, Elicea, Nexpram, Nexito, Nescital, Szetalo, Pramatis,Betesda and Rexipra.
References
External links
AbbVie brands
Antidepressants
CYP2D6 inhibitors
Dimethylamino compounds
Enantiopure drugs
Fluoroarenes
Isobenzofurans
Nitriles
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Sigma agonists
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate | wiki |
Goethalsia may refer to:
Goethalsia (bird), a formerly recognized genus of birds in the family Trochilidae
Goethalsia (plant), a genus of plants in the family Malvaceae | wiki |
Gaping may refer to:
Staring, the action of looking intently at something or someone
Gaping (animal behavior), wide opening of the mouth for purposes such as threatening or courtship
See also
Abeyance, from Old French abeance meaning "gaping"
Gaping Gill, a natural cave in North Yorkshire, England
Gape, in bird anatomy, the interior of the open mouth
Gaper Day, a local tradition in North American ski resort towns
Gapes (disambiguation) | wiki |
Canada-United States Union may refer to either of the following proposals:
Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States
North American Union | wiki |
Wood processing is an engineering discipline in the wood industry comprising the production of forest products, such as pulp and paper, construction materials, and tall oil. Paper engineering is a subfield of wood processing.
The major wood product categories are: sawn timber, wood-based panels, wood chips, paper and paper products and miscellaneous others including poles and railway sleepers.
Forest product processing technologies have undergone extraordinary advances in some of the above categories. Improvements have been achieved in recovery rates, durability and protection, greater utilization of NTFPs such as various grain stalks and bamboo, and the development of new products such as reconstituted wood-panels. Progress has not been homogenous in all the forest product utilization categories. Although there is little information available on the subjects of technology acquisition, adaptation and innovation for the forest-based industrial sector, it is clear that sawmilling has been far less affected by the spread of innovations than the manufacturing of panel products.
Wood processing produces additives for further processing of timber, wood chips, cellulose and other prefabricated material.
See also
Engineered wood
Wood product
Wood flooring
References
Wood | wiki |
Piątek (ang. Friday) – film z 1995 roku
Friday – ścieżka dźwiękowa z filmu Piątek
Friday – album Christine Milton
Friday – singel Daniela Bedingfielda
Friday – singel Rebecki Black
Friday – singel Ritona i Nightcrawlers | wiki |
The Living Matrix (Also Known As:Az élő mátrix) is a 2009 documentary film directed by Greg Becker. The film features Adam Dreamhealer, Arielle Essex, Peter Fraser, Bruce Lipton, Lynne McTaggart, Marilyn Schlitz and Edgar D. Mitchell.
References
External links
German documentary films
American documentary films
Greek documentary films
Dutch documentary films
2009 films
2009 documentary films
2000s English-language films
Edgar Mitchell
2000s American films
2000s German films | wiki |
The artillery loop is a knot with a loop on the bight for non-critical purposes. The artillery loop must have the loop loaded or it will slip and contract easily. It is an inferior knot to the alpine butterfly knot, possibly dangerously so, in that it can be yanked out of shape and turn into a running knot or noose.
Budworth states that this knot is often described as being best suited to take a load on only one of the ends, but reliable information on which end is difficult to find.
Tying the knot
Usage
The name harness loop derives from the fact that the knot was used when assisting horses on difficult terrain. Similarly, the name artillery loop or artilleryman's hitch derives from the fact that it was used when hauling field artillery into position.
See also
Harness bend
List of knots
Notes and references
External links
Artillery Loop | wiki |
In the Philippines, Amihan refers to the season dominated by the trade winds, which are experienced in the Philippines as a cool northeast wind. It is characterized by moderate temperatures, little or no rainfall in the central and western part of Luzon and Visayas, and a prevailing wind from the east. On the east coast of Luzon it brings drizzling rainfall and squalls. The effect on Mindanao is relatively less than in the northern part of the country.
As a rule of thumb, the Philippines' amihan weather pattern begins sometime in November or December and ends sometime in May or June. There may, however, be wide variations from year to year.
Throughout the rest of the year, the Philippines experiences the west or southwest wind; south west monsoon, which in turn is referred to as the Habagat. The habagat season is characterized by hot and humid weather, frequent heavy rainfall, and a prevailing wind from the western parts.
The main indicator of the switch between the amihan and habagat seasonal patterns is the switch in wind direction. In most years this transition is abrupt and occurs overnight. In some years there is a period of perhaps a week or two where the wind will switch between amihan and habagat patterns several times before settling into the pattern for the new season to come.
In culture
Amihan (mythology) is a bird in the Philippine mythology. According to the Tagalog folklore, Amihan is the first creature to inhabit the universe, along with the gods called Bathala and Aman Sinaya. In the legend Amihan is described as a bird that saves the first human beings, Malakas and Maganda, from a bamboo plant.
See also
Amis people
References
Winds | wiki |
Shutdown est une commande dans un système permettant l’extinction de la machine à partir du terminal :
shutdown sous UNIX.
shutdown sous Windows.
Notes et références
Commande informatique | wiki |
Second Lake may refer to:
Second Lake (New York), part of the Fulton Chain of Lakes
Second Lake (Bisby Lakes, New York)
Second Lake, Nova Scotia
Second Lake, second of four lakes in the Nanaimo Lakes chain | wiki |
Reboot est une commande permettant de redémarrer le système.
Syntaxe
Sous un système UNIX, la syntaxe est la suivante:
reboot [option]...
La syntaxe est identique avec halt et poweroff
Commande Unix | wiki |
Possibilities is a 2005 jazz album by Herbie Hancock.
Possibilities may also refer to:
Possibilities (King Never album), a 2010 album by American rock band King Never
The Possibilities, Athens, Georgia rock band
"Possibilities", 1982 TV episode of Knots Landing (season 3, episode 12)
"Possibilities", 2004 TV episode of Mutant X (season 3, episode 11)
"Possibilities", a song by Weezer from their 2002 album Maladroit
The Possibilities (Preacher), an episode of the television series Preacher
See also
Possibility (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of eggplant cultivars:
Lao eggplant
Easter white eggplant
Indian eggplant
Santana eggplant
White eggplant - :commons:Category:White eggplant
Tango eggplant
Eggplant-related fruits
Notes
List
Eggplant | wiki |
Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopics, or stereo imaging) is a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. The word stereoscopy derives . Any stereoscopic image is called a stereogram. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair of stereo images which could be viewed using a stereoscope.
Most stereoscopic methods present a pair of two-dimensional images to the viewer. The left image is presented to the left eye and the right image is presented to the right eye. When viewed, the human brain perceives the images as a single 3D view, giving the viewer the perception of 3D depth. However, the 3D effect lacks proper focal depth, which gives rise to the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict.
Stereoscopy is distinguished from other types of 3D displays that display an image in three full dimensions, allowing the observer to increase information about the 3-dimensional objects being displayed by head and eye movements.
Background
Stereoscopy creates the illusion of three-dimensional depth from a pair of two-dimensional images. Human vision, including the perception of depth, is a complex process, which only begins with the acquisition of visual information taken in through the eyes; much processing ensues within the brain, as it strives to make sense of the raw information. One of the functions that occur within the brain as it interprets what the eyes see is assessing the relative distances of objects from the viewer, and the depth dimension of those objects. The cues that the brain uses to gauge relative distances and depth in a perceived scene include:
Vergence
Accommodation
Stereopsis
Occlusion - The overlapping of one object by another
Subtended visual angle of an object of known size
Linear perspective (convergence of parallel edges)
Vertical position (objects closer to the horizon in the scene tend to be perceived as farther away)
Haze or contrast, saturation, and color, greater distance generally being associated with greater haze, desaturation, and a shift toward blue
Change in size of textured pattern detail
(All but the first two of the above cues exist in traditional two-dimensional images, such as paintings, photographs, and television.)
Stereoscopy is the production of the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image by the presentation of a slightly different image to each eye, which adds the first of these cues (stereopsis). The two images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of depth. Because all points in the image produced by stereoscopy focus at the same plane regardless of their depth in the original scene, the second cue, focus, is not duplicated and therefore the illusion of depth is incomplete. There are also mainly two effects of stereoscopy that are unnatural for human vision: (1) the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of or behind the display or screen and the real origin of that light; and (2) possible crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation in some methods of stereoscopy.
Although the term "3D" is ubiquitously used, the presentation of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying an image in three full dimensions. The most notable difference is that, in the case of "3D" displays, the observer's head and eye movement do not change the information received about the 3-dimensional objects being viewed. Holographic displays and volumetric display do not have this limitation. Just as it is not possible to recreate a full 3-dimensional sound field with just two stereophonic speakers, it is an overstatement to call dual 2D images "3D". The accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common misnomer "3D", which has been entrenched by many decades of unquestioned misuse. Although most stereoscopic displays do not qualify as real 3D display, all real 3D displays are also stereoscopic displays because they meet the lower criteria also.
Most 3D displays use this stereoscopic method to convey images. It was first invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838,
and improved by Sir David Brewster who made the first portable 3D viewing device.
Wheatstone originally used his stereoscope (a rather bulky device) with drawings because photography was not yet available, yet his original paper seems to foresee the development of a realistic imaging method:
For the purposes of illustration I have employed only outline figures, for had either shading or colouring been introduced it might be supposed that the effect was wholly or in part due to these circumstances, whereas by leaving them out of consideration no room is left to doubt that the entire effect of relief is owing to the simultaneous perception of the two monocular projections, one on each retina. But if it be required to obtain the most faithful resemblances of real objects, shadowing and colouring may properly be employed to heighten the effects. Careful attention would enable an artist to draw and paint the two component pictures, so as to present to the mind of the observer, in the resultant perception, perfect identity with the object represented. Flowers, crystals, busts, vases, instruments of various kinds, &c., might thus be represented so as not to be distinguished by sight from the real objects themselves.
Stereoscopy is used in photogrammetry and also for entertainment through the production of stereograms. Stereoscopy is useful in viewing images rendered from large multi-dimensional data sets such as are produced by experimental data. Modern industrial three-dimensional photography may use 3D scanners to detect and record three-dimensional information. The three-dimensional depth information can be reconstructed from two images using a computer by correlating the pixels in the left and right images. Solving the Correspondence problem in the field of Computer Vision aims to create meaningful depth information from two images.
Visual requirements
Anatomically, there are 3 levels of binocular vision required to view stereo images:
Simultaneous perception
Fusion (binocular 'single' vision)
Stereopsis
These functions develop in early childhood. Some people who have strabismus disrupt the development of stereopsis, however orthoptics treatment can be used to improve binocular vision. A person's stereoacuity determines the minimum image disparity they can perceive as depth. It is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3D images, due to a variety of medical conditions. According to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from depth perception based on stereo disparity. This nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of stereo to them.
Stereoscopic viewing may be artificially created by the viewer's brain, as demonstrated with the Van Hare Effect, where the brain perceives stereo images even when the paired photographs are identical. This "false dimensionality" results from the developed stereoacuity in the brain, allowing the viewer to fill in depth information even when few if any 3D cues are actually available in the paired images.
Side-by-side
Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3D illusion starting from a pair of 2D images, a stereogram. The easiest way to enhance depth perception in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with two different images, representing two perspectives of the same object, with a minor deviation equal or nearly equal to the perspectives that both eyes naturally receive in binocular vision.
To avoid eyestrain and distortion, each of the two 2D images should be presented to the viewer so that any object at infinite distance is perceived by the eye as being straight ahead, the viewer's eyes being neither crossed nor diverging. When the picture contains no object at infinite distance, such as a horizon or a cloud, the pictures should be spaced correspondingly closer together.
The advantages of side-by-side viewers is the lack of diminution of brightness, allowing the presentation of images at very high resolution and in full spectrum color, simplicity in creation, and little or no additional image processing is required. Under some circumstances, such as when a pair of images is presented for freeviewing, no device or additional optical equipment is needed.
The principal disadvantage of side-by-side viewers is that large image displays are not practical and resolution is limited by the lesser of the display medium or human eye. This is because as the dimensions of an image are increased, either the viewing apparatus or viewer themselves must move proportionately further away from it in order to view it comfortably. Moving closer to an image in order to see more detail would only be possible with viewing equipment that adjusted to the difference.
Freeviewing
Freeviewing is viewing a side-by-side image pair without using a viewing device.
Two methods are available to freeview:
The parallel viewing method uses an image pair with the left-eye image on the left and the right-eye image on the right. The fused three-dimensional image appears larger and more distant than the two actual images, making it possible to convincingly simulate a life-size scene. The viewer attempts to look through the images with the eyes substantially parallel, as if looking at the actual scene. This can be difficult with normal vision because eye focus and binocular convergence are habitually coordinated. One approach to decoupling the two functions is to view the image pair extremely close up with completely relaxed eyes, making no attempt to focus clearly but simply achieving comfortable stereoscopic fusion of the two blurry images by the "look-through" approach, and only then exerting the effort to focus them more clearly, increasing the viewing distance as necessary. Regardless of the approach used or the image medium, for comfortable viewing and stereoscopic accuracy the size and spacing of the images should be such that the corresponding points of very distant objects in the scene are separated by the same distance as the viewer's eyes, but not more; the average interocular distance is about 63 mm. Viewing much more widely separated images is possible, but because the eyes never diverge in normal use it usually requires some previous training and tends to cause eye strain.
The cross-eyed viewing method swaps the left and right eye images so that they will be correctly seen cross-eyed, the left eye viewing the image on the right and vice versa. The fused three-dimensional image appears to be smaller and closer than the actual images, so that large objects and scenes appear miniaturized. This method is usually easier for freeviewing novices. As an aid to fusion, a fingertip can be placed just below the division between the two images, then slowly brought straight toward the viewer's eyes, keeping the eyes directed at the fingertip; at a certain distance, a fused three-dimensional image should seem to be hovering just above the finger. Alternatively, a piece of paper with a small opening cut into it can be used in a similar manner; when correctly positioned between the image pair and the viewer's eyes, it will seem to frame a small three-dimensional image.
Prismatic, self-masking glasses are now being used by some cross-eyed-view advocates. These reduce the degree of convergence required and allow large images to be displayed. However, any viewing aid that uses prisms, mirrors or lenses to assist fusion or focus is simply a type of stereoscope, excluded by the customary definition of freeviewing.
Stereoscopically fusing two separate images without the aid of mirrors or prisms while simultaneously keeping them in sharp focus without the aid of suitable viewing lenses inevitably requires an unnatural combination of eye vergence and accommodation. Simple freeviewing therefore cannot accurately reproduce the physiological depth cues of the real-world viewing experience. Different individuals may experience differing degrees of ease and comfort in achieving fusion and good focus, as well as differing tendencies to eye fatigue or strain.
Autostereogram
An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the visual illusion of a three-dimensional (3D) scene within the human brain from an external two-dimensional image. In order to perceive 3D shapes in these autostereograms, one must overcome the normally automatic coordination between focusing and vergence.
Stereoscope and stereographic cards
The stereoscope is essentially an instrument in which two photographs of the same object, taken from slightly different angles, are simultaneously presented, one to each eye. A simple stereoscope is limited in the size of the image that may be used. A more complex stereoscope uses a pair of horizontal periscope-like devices, allowing the use of larger images that can present more detailed information in a wider field of view. One can buy historical stereoscopes such as Holmes stereoscopes as antiques.
Transparency viewers
Some stereoscopes are designed for viewing transparent photographs on film or glass, known as transparencies or diapositives and commonly called slides. Some of the earliest stereoscope views, issued in the 1850s, were on glass. In the early 20th century, 45x107 mm and 6x13 cm glass slides were common formats for amateur stereo photography, especially in Europe. In later years, several film-based formats were in use. The best-known formats for commercially issued stereo views on film are Tru-Vue, introduced in 1931, and View-Master, introduced in 1939 and still in production. For amateur stereo slides, the Stereo Realist format, introduced in 1947, is by far the most common.
Head-mounted displays
The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two small LCD or OLED displays with magnifying lenses, one for each eye. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or games, but it can also be used to create a virtual display. Head-mounted displays may also be coupled with head-tracking devices, allowing the user to "look around" the virtual world by moving their head, eliminating the need for a separate controller. Performing this update quickly enough to avoid inducing nausea in the user requires a great amount of computer image processing. If six axis position sensing (direction and position) is used then wearer may move about within the limitations of the equipment used. Owing to rapid advancements in computer graphics and the continuing miniaturization of video and other equipment these devices are beginning to become available at more reasonable cost.
Head-mounted or wearable glasses may be used to view a see-through image imposed upon the real world view, creating what is called augmented reality. This is done by reflecting the video images through partially reflective mirrors. The real world view is seen through the mirrors' reflective surface. Experimental systems have been used for gaming, where virtual opponents may peek from real windows as a player moves about. This type of system is expected to have wide application in the maintenance of complex systems, as it can give a technician what is effectively "x-ray vision" by combining computer graphics rendering of hidden elements with the technician's natural vision. Additionally, technical data and schematic diagrams may be delivered to this same equipment, eliminating the need to obtain and carry bulky paper documents.
Augmented stereoscopic vision is also expected to have applications in surgery, as it allows the combination of radiographic data (CAT scans and MRI imaging) with the surgeon's vision.
Virtual retinal displays
A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display (RSD) or retinal projector (RP), not to be confused with a "Retina Display", is a display technology that draws a raster image (like a television picture) directly onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. For true stereoscopy, each eye must be provided with its own discrete display. To produce a virtual display that occupies a usefully large visual angle but does not involve the use of relatively large lenses or mirrors, the light source must be very close to the eye. A contact lens incorporating one or more semiconductor light sources is the form most commonly proposed. As of 2013, the inclusion of suitable light-beam-scanning means in a contact lens is still very problematic, as is the alternative of embedding a reasonably transparent array of hundreds of thousands (or millions, for HD resolution) of accurately aligned sources of collimated light.
3D viewers
There are two categories of 3D viewer technology, active and passive. Active viewers have electronics which interact with a display. Passive viewers filter constant streams of binocular input to the appropriate eye.
Active
Shutter systems
A shutter system works by openly presenting the image intended for the left eye while blocking the right eye's view, then presenting the right-eye image while blocking the left eye, and repeating this so rapidly that the interruptions do not interfere with the perceived fusion of the two images into a single 3D image. It generally uses liquid crystal shutter glasses. Each eye's glass contains a liquid crystal layer which has the property of becoming dark when voltage is applied, being otherwise transparent. The glasses are controlled by a timing signal that allows the glasses to alternately darken over one eye, and then the other, in synchronization with the refresh rate of the screen. The main drawback of active shutters is that most 3D videos and movies were shot with simultaneous left and right views, so that it introduces a "time parallax" for anything side-moving: for instance, someone walking at 3.4 mph will be seen 20% too close or 25% too remote in the most current case of a 2x60 Hz projection.
Passive
Polarization systems
To present stereoscopic pictures, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through polarizing filters or presented on a display with polarized filters. For projection, a silver screen is used so that polarization is preserved. On most passive displays every other row of pixels is polarized for one eye or the other. This method is also known as being interlaced. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which also contain a pair of opposite polarizing filters. As each filter only passes light which is similarly polarized and blocks the opposite polarized light, each eye only sees one of the images, and the effect is achieved.
Interference filter systems
This technique uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a full color 3D image. It is also known as spectral comb filtering or wavelength multiplex visualization or super-anaglyph. Dolby 3D uses this principle. The Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system has also used an improved version of this technology
In June 2012 the Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing ″challenging global economic and 3D market conditions″.
Color anaglyph systems
Anaglyph 3D is the name given to the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved by means of encoding each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically opposite) colors, typically red and cyan. Red-cyan filters can be used because our vision processing systems use red and cyan comparisons, as well as blue and yellow, to determine the color and contours of objects. Anaglyph 3D images contain two differently filtered colored images, one for each eye. When viewed through the "color-coded" "anaglyph glasses", each of the two images reaches one eye, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The visual cortex of the brain fuses this into perception of a three dimensional scene or composition.
Chromadepth system
The ChromaDepth procedure of American Paper Optics is based on the fact that with a prism, colors are separated by varying degrees. The ChromaDepth eyeglasses contain special view foils, which consist of microscopically small prisms. This causes the image to be translated a certain amount that depends on its color. If one uses a prism foil now with one eye but not on the other eye, then the two seen pictures – depending upon color – are more or less widely separated. The brain produces the spatial impression from this difference. The advantage of this technology consists above all of the fact that one can regard ChromaDepth pictures also without eyeglasses (thus two-dimensional) problem-free (unlike with two-color anaglyph). However the colors are only limitedly selectable, since they contain the depth information of the picture. If one changes the color of an object, then its observed distance will also be changed.
Pulfrich method
The Pulfrich effect is based on the phenomenon of the human eye processing images more slowly when there is less light, as when looking through a dark lens. Because the Pulfrich effect depends on motion in a particular direction to instigate the illusion of depth, it is not useful as a general stereoscopic technique. For example, it cannot be used to show a stationary object apparently extending into or out of the screen; similarly, objects moving vertically will not be seen as moving in depth. Incidental movement of objects will create spurious artifacts, and these incidental effects will be seen as artificial depth not related to actual depth in the scene.
Over/under format
Stereoscopic viewing is achieved by placing an image pair one above one another. Special viewers are made for over/under format that tilt the right eyesight slightly up and the left eyesight slightly down. The most common one with mirrors is the View Magic. Another with prismatic glasses is the KMQ viewer. A recent usage of this technique is the openKMQ project.
Other display methods without viewers
Autostereoscopy
Autostereoscopic display technologies use optical components in the display, rather than worn by the user, to enable each eye to see a different image. Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D". The optics split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes, so the display viewing geometry requires limited head positions that will achieve the stereoscopic effect. Automultiscopic displays provide multiple views of the same scene, rather than just two. Each view is visible from a different range of positions in front of the display. This allows the viewer to move left-right in front of the display and see the correct view from any position. The technology includes two broad classes of displays: those that use head-tracking to ensure that each of the viewer's two eyes sees a different image on the screen, and those that display multiple views so that the display does not need to know where the viewers' eyes are directed. Examples of autostereoscopic displays technology include lenticular lens, parallax barrier, volumetric display, holography and light field displays.
Holography
Laser holography, in its original "pure" form of the photographic transmission hologram, is the only technology yet created which can reproduce an object or scene with such complete realism that the reproduction is visually indistinguishable from the original, given the original lighting conditions. It creates a light field identical to that which emanated from the original scene, with parallax about all axes and a very wide viewing angle. The eye differentially focuses objects at different distances and subject detail is preserved down to the microscopic level. The effect is exactly like looking through a window. Unfortunately, this "pure" form requires the subject to be laser-lit and completely motionless—to within a minor fraction of the wavelength of light—during the photographic exposure, and laser light must be used to properly view the results. Most people have never seen a laser-lit transmission hologram. The types of holograms commonly encountered have seriously compromised image quality so that ordinary white light can be used for viewing, and non-holographic intermediate imaging processes are almost always resorted to, as an alternative to using powerful and hazardous pulsed lasers, when living subjects are photographed.
Although the original photographic processes have proven impractical for general use, the combination of computer-generated holograms (CGH) and optoelectronic holographic displays, both under development for many years, has the potential to transform the half-century-old pipe dream of holographic 3D television into a reality; so far, however, the large amount of calculation required to generate just one detailed hologram, and the huge bandwidth required to transmit a stream of them, have confined this technology to the research laboratory.
In 2013, a Silicon Valley company, LEIA Inc, started manufacturing holographic displays well suited for mobile devices (watches, smartphones or tablets) using a multi-directional backlight and allowing a wide full-parallax angle view to see 3D content without the need of glasses.
Volumetric displays
Volumetric displays use some physical mechanism to display points of light within a volume. Such displays use voxels instead of pixels. Volumetric displays include multiplanar displays, which have multiple display planes stacked up, and rotating panel displays, where a rotating panel sweeps out a volume.
Other technologies have been developed to project light dots in the air above a device. An infrared laser is focused on the destination in space, generating a small bubble of plasma which emits visible light.
Integral imaging
Integral imaging is a technique for producing 3D displays which are both autostereoscopic and multiscopic, meaning that the 3D image is viewed without the use of special glasses and different aspects are seen when it is viewed from positions that differ either horizontally or vertically. This is achieved by using an array of microlenses (akin to a lenticular lens, but an X–Y or "fly's eye" array in which each lenslet typically forms its own image of the scene without assistance from a larger objective lens) or pinholes to capture and display the scene as a 4D light field, producing stereoscopic images that exhibit realistic alterations of parallax and perspective when the viewer moves left, right, up, down, closer, or farther away.
Integral imaging may not technically be a type of autostereoscopy, as autostereoscopy still refers to the generation of two images.
Wiggle stereoscopy
Wiggle stereoscopy is an image display technique achieved by quickly alternating display of left and right sides of a stereogram. Found in animated GIF format on the web, online examples are visible in the New-York Public Library stereogram collection. The technique is also known as "Piku-Piku".
Stereo photography techniques
For general-purpose stereo photography, where the goal is to duplicate natural human vision and give a visual impression as close as possible to actually being there, the correct baseline (distance between where the right and left images are taken) would be the same as the distance between the eyes. When images taken with such a baseline are viewed using a viewing method that duplicates the conditions under which the picture is taken, then the result would be an image much the same as that which would be seen at the site the photo was taken. This could be described as "ortho stereo."
However, there are situations in which it might be desirable to use a longer or shorter baseline. The factors to consider include the viewing method to be used and the goal in taking the picture. The concept of baseline also applies to other branches of stereography, such as stereo drawings and computer generated stereo images, but it involves the point of view chosen rather than actual physical separation of cameras or lenses.
Stereo window
The concept of the stereo window is always important, since the window is the stereoscopic image of the external boundaries of left and right views constituting the stereoscopic image. If any object, which is cut off by lateral sides of the window, is placed in front of it, an effect results that is unnatural and is undesirable, this is called a "window violation". This can best be understood by returning to the analogy of an actual physical window. Therefore, there is a contradiction between two different depth cues: some elements of the image are hidden by the window, so that the window appears as closer than these elements, and the same elements of the image appear as closer than the window. So that the stereo window must always be adjusted to avoid window violations.
Some objects can be seen in front of the window, as far as they don't reach the lateral sides of the window. But these objects can not be seen as too close, since there is always a limit of the parallax range for comfortable viewing.
If a scene is viewed through a window the entire scene would normally be behind the window, if the scene is distant, it would be some distance behind the window, if it is nearby, it would appear to be just beyond the window. An object smaller than the window itself could even go through the window and appear partially or completely in front of it. The same applies to a part of a larger object that is smaller than the window. The goal of setting the stereo window is to duplicate this effect.
Therefore, the location of the window versus the whole of the image must be adjusted so that most of the image is seen beyond the window. In the case of viewing on a 3D TV set, it is easier to place the window in front of the image, and to let the window in the plane of the screen.
On the contrary, in the case of projection on a much larger screen, it is much better to set the window in front of the screen (it is called "floating window"), for instance so that it is viewed about two meters away by the viewers sit in the first row. Therefore, these people will normally see the background of the image at the infinite. Of course the viewers seated beyond will see the window more remote, but if the image is made in normal conditions, so that the first row viewers see this background at the infinite, the other viewers, seated behind, will also see this background at the infinite, since the parallax of this background is equal to the average human interocular.
The entire scene, including the window, can be moved backwards or forwards in depth, by horizontally sliding the left and right eye views relative to each other. Moving either or both images away from the center will bring the whole scene away from the viewer, whereas moving either or both images toward the center will move the whole scene toward the viewer. This is possible, for instance, if two projectors are used for this projection.
In stereo photography window adjustments is accomplished by shifting/cropping the images, in other forms of stereoscopy such as drawings and computer generated images the window is built into the design of the images as they are generated.
The images can be cropped creatively to create a stereo window that is not necessarily rectangular or lying on a flat plane perpendicular to the viewer's line of sight. The edges of the stereo frame can be straight or curved and, when viewed in 3D, can flow toward or away from the viewer and through the scene. These designed stereo frames can help emphasize certain elements in the stereo image or can be an artistic component of the stereo image.
Uses
While stereoscopic images have typically been used for amusement, including stereographic cards, 3D films, 3D television, stereoscopic video games, printings using anaglyph and pictures, posters and books of autostereograms, there are also other uses of this technology.
Art
Salvador Dalí created some impressive stereograms in his exploration in a variety of optical illusions. Other stereo artists include Zoe Beloff, Christopher Schneberger, Rebecca Hackemann, William Kentridge, and Jim Naughten. Red-and-cyan anaglyph stereoscopic images have also been painted by hand.
Education
In the 19th century, it was realized that stereoscopic images provided an opportunity for people to experience places and things far away, and many tour sets were produced, and books were published allowing people to learn about geography, science, history, and other subjects. Such uses continued till the mid-20th century, with the Keystone View Company producing cards into the 1960s.
Space exploration
The Mars Exploration Rovers, launched by NASA in 2003 to explore the surface of Mars, are equipped with unique cameras that allow researchers to view stereoscopic images of the surface of Mars.
The two cameras that make up each rover's Pancam are situated 1.5m above the ground surface, and are separated by 30 cm, with 1 degree of toe-in. This allows the image pairs to be made into scientifically useful stereoscopic images, which can be viewed as stereograms, anaglyphs, or processed into 3D computer images.
The ability to create realistic 3D images from a pair of cameras at roughly human-height gives researchers increased insight as to the nature of the landscapes being viewed. In environments without hazy atmospheres or familiar landmarks, humans rely on stereoscopic clues to judge distance. Single camera viewpoints are therefore more difficult to interpret. Multiple camera stereoscopic systems like the Pancam address this problem with unmanned space exploration.
Clinical uses
Stereogram cards and vectographs are used by optometrists, ophthalmologists, orthoptists and vision therapists in the diagnosis and treatment of binocular vision and accommodative disorders.
Mathematical, scientific and engineering uses
Stereopair photographs provided a way for 3-dimensional (3D) visualisations of aerial photographs; since about 2000, 3D aerial views are mainly based on digital stereo imaging technologies. One issue related to stereo images is the amount of disk space needed to save such files. Indeed, a stereo image usually requires twice as much space as a normal image. Recently, computer vision scientists tried to find techniques to attack the visual redundancy of stereopairs with the aim to define compressed version of stereopair files. Cartographers generate today stereopairs using computer programs in order to visualise topography in three dimensions. Computerised stereo visualisation applies stereo matching programs.
In biology and chemistry, complex molecular structures are often rendered in stereopairs. The same technique can also be applied to any mathematical (or scientific, or engineering) parameter that is a function of two variables, although in these cases it is more common for a three-dimensional effect to be created using a 'distorted' mesh or shading (as if from a distant light source).
See also
Cloud stereoscopy
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Scott B. Steinman, Barbara A. Steinman and Ralph Philip Garzia. (2000). Foundations of Binocular Vision: A Clinical perspective. McGraw-Hill Medical.
External links
Archival collections
Guide to the Edward R. Frank Stereograph Collection. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
Niagara Falls Stereo Cards RG 541 Brock University Library Digital Repository
Other
Durham Visualization Laboratory stereoscopic imaging methods and software tools
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Stereocard Collection
Stereographic Views of Louisville and Beyond, 1850s–1930 from the University of Louisville Libraries
American University in Cairo Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library Underwood & Underwood Egypt Stereoviews Collection
Views of California and the West, ca. 1867–1903, The Bancroft Library
Museum exhibition on the history of stereographs and stereoscopes (1850–1930)
Two stereoscopic selfies from 1890
3D imaging
Binocular rivalry | wiki |
The following is a list of characters appearing in the animated television series, The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. The series itself is based on the fictional comic book superhero team the Avengers published by Marvel Comics.
Avengers
Avengers (Main)
New Avengers
Supporting
Avengers Support Crew
S.H.I.E.L.D.
Other supporting
Villains
Masters of Evil
HYDRA
Other villains
References
Lists of Marvel Comics animated series characters
Lists of Avengers (comics) characters
Lists of characters in American television animation
Characters | wiki |
"Broken Heart" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on November 29, 2015.
In this episode, Hook challenges Mr. Gold to a sword fight on the Jolly Roger, while Emma Swan and Henry get the memories of the past six weeks back. In Camelot, Hook casts the Dark Curse.
Plot
Opening sequence
The Jolly Roger is featured in the forest.
Event chronology
The Camelot flashbacks take place after "The Bear King". The Enchanted Forest flashbacks and the Storybrooke events take place after "Birth".
In the Enchanted Forest and Camelot
In the Vault of the Dark One, the Darkness enters Hook, making him remember all of the darkest moments of his life, including the time when Rumplestiltskin killed Milah and took his hand, when Rumplestiltskin took his heart as part of a (failed) plan to absorb Emma into Merlin's hat, and when Emma became the Dark One. This causes him to scream in agony, before he emerges outside of the Vault from dark energy, as the newest Dark One. Like Emma, he is greeted by a manifestation of Rumplestiltskin, who offers Hook a chance to seek revenge on the living Rumplestiltskin, but Hook is reluctant to take up the challenge, knowing what the manifestation is, and not wanting to give in to the darkness.
David, Mary Margaret, Merlin, and the others search for Hook near the Vault of the Dark One, but they are too late, as Hook is no longer there. David expresses his frustration at being thwarted when they were so close to wiping out the Darkness, but Mary Margaret reminds him that they would have chosen to save their loved ones in any situation, which Emma did. Merlin tells them that this was the darkest possible future he saw for Emma, and that now, their fight to destroy the Darkness had become much more difficult. Merlin sends Lancelot to find his mother, the Lady of the Lake, as she can help them defeat the Darkness. Merlin heads back to the diner, while the others continue their search for Emma and Hook around the restaurant.
When Hook says that the manifestation is lying, that there's no way to go back to Storybrooke, the manifestation taunts him by saying that he could use the Dark Curse to return. When Hook says that he would never use Emma's heart to enact the Curse, the manifestation says that for Dark Ones, "there is always a loophole." Suddenly, Emma appears as the other Dark One, to convince Hook that they can work together to stop the Darkness by bonding together in love, and their kiss causes the manifestation of Rumplestiltskin to disappear. Later that night, Hook feels the "pull" of Excalibur towards the Dagger of the Dark One, despite Emma's claim that Excalibur had disappeared. When he calls Emma back, she admits that she has Excalibur, because Hook told her that he couldn't resist the darkness, making Hook furious with her lack of trust in him. Hook tells her that he had always trusted her, and that he was the one who told Emma's parents that she had to decide on her own not to crush Merida's heart in the past, before disappearing. Later on, Emma is forced to summon him with the Excalibur fragment later, just to have a conversation, angering him even more by the fact that she had used Excalibur to "force" him to come. She gives him Excalibur so that he can be in control of himself and they share a kiss.
Emma and Hook arrive at Granny's Diner together, with both of them telling a concerned David and Mary Margaret that they were fine, despite Emma's change in appearance, and with Hook adding that he "didn't look like a Crocodile just yet." The others tell them that they can finally continue their quest to destroy the Darkness, with Hook volunteering to get Merlin from the Diner. As Merlin was finishing the message that would be later be received in Storybrooke, Hook appears and locks the doors, revealing that he planned to cast another Dark Curse in order to get his revenge on Gold. Merlin says that this is impossible, since he would have to crush the heart of "the thing they love most" to enact it, and Hook would never kill Emma. Hook then takes Merlin's heart, and the manifestation of Rumplestiltskin morphs into one of Nimue, who appears to see Hook crush the heart. Just then, Emma enters, devastated to find out that Hook has tricked her. Hook says that he had always planned to get his revenge on Gold, and adds that no one will ever control him again, before sending Excalibur back into the Stone to ensure this. When Emma asks Nimue why she was helping Hook, Nimue reveals that Hook had made a deal with her: the Darkness would ensure Hook vengeance on Gold while Hook in turn would help the Darkness snuff out the Light, which devastates Emma. Nimue goes on to explain that when Hook crushes Merlin's heart, it also counts as her crushing his heart, since she is "in all the Dark Ones," which will allow Hook's Curse to work. Emma tries desperately to convince Hook to stop, telling him that he doesn't need revenge, and that his happy ending was with her. She warns Hook that if he crushes Merlin's heart, he will destroy his happy ending. However, Hook states that it was her "lovesick puppy dog" "Killian Jones" who had fallen in love with her, claiming that his former self was killed when she "turned him into a Dark One." Then, he suddenly crushes Merlin's heart in his hand, to enact the Curse. When Merlin dies, Emma tells Merlin that she was sorry, before dissolving his body and telling him to rest in peace. Unable to stop the Curse, a heartbroken Emma knocks Hook out, before using a dreamcatcher to erase Hook's memories, to prevent him from remembering why he cast the Curse. Then, at the behest of the manifestation of Rumplestiltskin, Emma brings her parents, Henry, Regina, Robin, Belle, their friends and Zelena (whom she reinstalled the magic-inhibiting cuff on) back to Granny's Diner in an unconscious state, before using the dreamcatcher to erase all of their memories, and to add a forgetting spell to the Curse, to keep Hook from ever finding out that he was a Dark One. Meanwhile, in Camelot, Arthur is shocked to find Excalibur's fragment returned to the Stone, and Guinevere points out the cloud of the Curse, which Arthur describes as "extremely dark magic." Then, Merida (who was riding her way back to Camelot to fight Arthur), Arthur, and Guinevere look on as the purple cloud of the Dark Curse engulfs Camelot and part of the Enchanted Forest.
In Storybrooke
At Emma's home, Hook, now endowed with the Dark One's powers, starts to embrace his new life in darkness, as Zelena watches in delight in front of an immobile Emma. Upset over what she did to him, Hook takes the dreamcatcher to erase Emma's memories of the events in Camelot, while Zelena places the anti-magic cuffs on her. Mary Margaret, David, Henry and Regina arrive to find Emma unconscious on a couch, and powerless. When she awakens, she tells them about Hook's becoming a Dark One. They reason that they can simply use the dreamcatchers to regain their memories and find out what Hook's plans are, but Hook had taken all of the dreamcatchers. At the pawn shop, Hook shows up to challenge Gold to a battle on the Jolly Roger, so that he can finally get his revenge, giving Gold a cutlass to use for the battle, while Hook wields Excalibur. As Gold and Belle alert the others about Hook's challenge, they debate about whether they should leave the cuffs on Emma, and with Henry's distrust of Emma, they agree to leave her at the house with the cuffs, as they devise a plan to stop Hook.
Zelena heads to the hospital to find her child but finds only Regina, telling her that the child is Robin's and that their feud has to end. However, she allows Zelena to meet with Robin and the baby back at David and Mary Margaret's loft; she tells Zelena that she hopes that her love for her child will change her, the same way it did for her because of her love for Henry. Vowing that they will never be a family, Robin tells Zelena he will allow her to visit the child, as long either he or Regina are present. Zelena then has her first real bonding moment with her new baby.
Regina asks Merida to keep an eye on Emma, only to have Hook appear in front of the archer and knock her out. When Emma asks Hook what he plans on doing, he replies by saying that since he was now the Dark One, he was a "free man" and now sought revenge on Mr. Gold. He says that he is no longer bound by love or by Emma as "a distraction" from his true goal. He tells her that each time Emma is in trouble, she pushes away all of her loved ones, including Hook, because she thinks that she can solve all of her problems on her own, and that this trait will keep her as an "orphan" forever. He goes on to tell her that she didn't need any villains to destroy her happiness, because she was already good at doing that to herself. When Emma asks Hook why he's telling her that, Hook says that he's doing it because he wants to hurt her like how she hurt him, before vanishing. However, Hook's appearance had given Emma enough time to escape, to warn Gold and ask him to succeed in distracting Hook during their upcoming duel, so that she can retrieve the dreamcatchers.
Emma then teams up with Henry to form "Operation Cobra: Part II." Henry offers to create a locator spell, using a magic potion from Gold's pawn shop. On board the Jolly Roger, Hook and Gold begin their battle, with Hook using magic to repair Gold's crippled leg to give him "a fair fight." Despite Gold's efforts, Hook backs Gold into a corner and draws blood with his hook, saying that he will enjoy the final blow. This gives Henry and Emma enough time to find the dreamcatchers, which happen to be located inside the clock tower, only for them to discover that they are protected by a spell. Henry decides to trust Emma again, and uses a magic potion to remove her cuffs, which allows her to remove the dreamcatchers from Hook's protection spell. Back on the ship, Gold is able to take control of the fight, when the manifestation of Rumplestiltskin distracts Hook by telling him to kill the actual Mr. Gold, who seizes the opportunity to drop a weight on Hook and seize Excalibur. When Hook recovers from the impact, Gold decides to let Hook live forever, with the memory of being beaten by Gold. Hook says that his victory was only temporary, and disappears. When Gold meets Belle at the well, she informs Gold she wants to "step back" in their relationship. She tells him that she spent too many years trying to mend Gold's heart and now, she wants to protect her own heart, leaving a heartbroken Rumplestiltskin at the well. As Emma and Henry distribute the dreamcatchers to everyone and restores their memories, Emma has a realization as she learns that Hook intentionally lost the duel to Gold, so that he could get a drop of Gold's blood. It turns out that Hook planned to use the blood at the pond, for a spell that opens a portal into the Underworld. Hook opens the portal and summons all of the previous Dark Ones (minus Rumplestiltskin), led by Nimue, to aid him in destroying light magic.
Production
Rachel Shelley, who appeared as Milah in the episode "The Crocodile", is shown in a flashback scene.
Reception
The episode received generally positive reviews from critics.
In a review from Rickey.org, Nick Roman said, "All in all, while “Broken Heart” had its shortcomings, I thought it was a fun episode for Once Upon a Time. Everyone has their memories back, and we’re right at the point the season started. So, presumably, we won't be getting any more flashbacks. Rather, the story will move forward, hopefully, and show us just how the Darkness and the Light will clash. Knowing Once Upon a Time, there will probably be some sort of compromise, but I think it'd be bold if the show snuffed out one or the other, just to show us what a world without Light, or a world without plot-driving evil, looks like."
Andrea Towers of Entertainment Weekly notes in her assessment of the review: "We’ve got one more week until the winter finale of Once Upon a Time, and we’re finally getting some answers to what happened in Camelot all those weeks ago. Namely: We have memories! Finally! Which is good because those memories are definitely going to come in handy with what currently is threatening Storybrooke..."
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN said of the episode, "This week's Once won the day in the small moments. Years of fleshing out characters and their relationships paid off in scenes like the one with Henry and Emma reconciling and Regina bringing Zelena over for a visit with her daughter. We got to see Belle stand up for herself, and we saw the biggest threat of them all introduced. But as far as Emma and Hook are concerned, the story fell short. Hook's fall was too rushed and sort of undermined Emma's turn to the dark side." Ratcliffe gave the episode a 7.7 rating out of 10.
Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.5 out of 5.
References
External links
2015 American television episodes
Once Upon a Time (season 5) episodes | wiki |
"Swan Song" is the eleventh episode and midseason finale of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on December 6, 2015.
In this episode, Hook and the Dark Ones try to take over Storybrooke, but in the end, Hook is redeemed, and dies. Also, in the end, Emma, her parents, Regina, Robin, Henry, and Mr. Gold go to the Underworld to bring back Hook. In flashbacks, Hook is reunited with his father.
Plot
Opening sequence
The cloaked forms of 11 resurrected Dark Ones are featured in the forest.
Event chronology
The Enchanted Forest flashbacks with young Killian take place years before "The Brothers Jones" and the Enchanted Forest flashback with Hook and the Evil Queen take place during "Queen of Hearts", before Hook leaves for Wonderland. The Storybrooke events take place after "Broken Heart" and before "Devil's Due". The final scene where everyone leaves for the Underworld, takes place after the scene where Mr. Gold says goodbye to Belle in "Souls of the Departed".
In the Characters' Past
On board the Jolly Roger, a young Killian is consoled by his father, Brennan, who promised his son that he would become the person that he was meant to be, only to suddenly abandon him and his brother, as he sold his sons into servitude, because Brennan was a wanted man and the ship was stolen. Years later in The Enchanted Forest, Regina recruits Hook to kill Cora, and takes Hook to a tavern, where she requires Hook to kill his father, who is now the tavern's owner. After the tavern closes, Hook confronts Brennan, who explains that his attempt to flee the law failed and was put under a sleeping curse as punishment; Brennan fell in love with the sound of his nurse's voice and she with him, allowing a kiss to wake him. They married, but she died soon after having their son, who was named after Liam, to honor his memory. Believing that Brennan has changed, Hook has to make it look like he had his father killed, so he can help his father and Liam escape. When Hook follows Brennan back to his home, he watches him with Liam, and witnesses his father tell Liam the same things he told Hook when he was little, which makes Hook very enraged, thinking that his father lied about having changed. When Brennan goes outside to meet Hook, he takes back his offer, and despite Brennan's insistence that he had changed, Hook kills Brennan, making Hook the person he is now. As Brennan dies, however, he tells Hook that it's never too late to change, to become a better man.
In Storybrooke
Hook, remembers the last time he saw his father, when Gold arrives to confront him but Hook is steadfast in carrying out his plan. Meanwhile, Emma is determined to stop Hook and everyone follows her and tells the others to split up. Regina and Robin then run into Zelena, who vows to get custody of her daughter, only to be confronted by a group of Dark Ones who then place a mark on Emma's family and friends in a similar fashion. Gold explains to Emma that it is the Mark of Charon, who navigates the ferry to the Underworld. The Dark Ones plan to sacrifice the souls of the marked living, who will replace them in Hell. Then, the 21 resurrected Dark Ones march through Storybrooke, led by Nimue, to prepare for their final battle.
Regina confronts Hook at the docks to remind him about what happened back in the Enchanted Forest, but Hook chokes her, saying times have changed. At Granny’s, Mary Margaret, David, and Henry choose to spend their last hours alive, while Emma reveals her plan to Regina that she wants to sacrifice herself of the darkness inside. Gold then hands over Excalibur to Emma and arranges for Belle to escape town and live her life. Regina and Robin then confront Zelena again ready to take full custody of her and Robin's baby and everything Regina owns once they both die with the others. However Robin tells Zelena that their daughter deserves her best chance with Regina also stating that it's not with her, so she uses Merlin's Wand to conjure up a magic tornado to send Zelena to Oz, with Zelena vowing to return. Emma prepares her plan to confront Hook, who appears at her house, but he has the upper hand after he transforms into Henry, fooling her into handing over Excalibur, which leaves her defenseless.
The 21 past Dark Ones, led by Nimue, bring the residents to the lake that will take them to the Underworld, and act as a barrier to keep them from escaping. Hook appears to help Nimue carry out the plan as Emma is left to watch. Regina then reminds Hook that he is unable to destroy Emma's family because he has changed as a person, and urges him to choose what kind of person he wants to be. Emma attempts to stop the Dark Ones from sacrificing her family, but Nimue starts choking Emma, despite being unable to kill her, to keep her from interfering. As Hook watches, he realizes the truth behind what Regina said, and uses Excalibur to absorb all of the darkness from Nimue and the Dark Ones into himself, which also traps all of the past Dark Ones inside Excalibur. Hook then asks Emma to kill him to destroy the Darkness, in order to allow him to die as a hero. A sad, crying Emma goes through with his wishes and impales Hook with Excalibur, which kills all of the previous Dark Ones. As Hook dies, his neck wound from Excalibur returns, and Emma is transformed back into her normal self, with Excalibur disintegrating afterwards.
The next day, Belle returns to Gold and forgives him. However, after Emma hears the whispers of the dagger, she meets with Gold, who reveals the truth to Emma, about him using a magic potion to turn Excalibur into a conduit, so that when Emma killed all of the Dark Ones, their magic was transferred into Gold, allowing Gold to reclaim his life as the Dark One, and creating a new Dagger in the process, with a reversed color scheme of a black blade with silver engravings. (Excalibur was still tethered to the Darkness, so when Gold became the Dark One again, the Dagger reappeared.) He adds that he is more powerful than ever before, since he now wields the combined power of every Dark One that ever lived including her. Emma is very cross about this and tells him that she now has leverage over Gold, threatening to tell Belle at any moment the truth about her husband. In exchange for Emma keeping the secret, Gold agrees to help her enter the Underworld to rescue Hook. At the lake, Emma is joined by Gold, Regina, Mary Margaret, David, Robin, and Henry, as they approach the ferry to descend into the Underworld.
Reception
The episode received positive reviews with many critics praising both O'Donoghue and Morrison's performances. The fan reception was rather negative through especially with the development of Rumple.
In a review from Rickey.org, Nick Roman said, "With Disney owning Star Wars now, it was only a matter of time until we saw elements of that universe incorporated into Once Upon a Time. The winter finale incorporated a climax that was straight out of Return of the Jedi, and it was remarkably powerful in its application. But make no mistake: while “Swan Song” is an undoubtedly emotional hour of television, it’s also incredibly frustrating in how it restores the status quo. The more things change, the more they stay the same."
Andrea Towers of Entertainment Weekly notes in her assessment of the review: "From Camelot to Neverland, the show has never quite been able to sustain itself when it’s simply Storybrooke, as much as some of the better stories have been rooted there. So it’s not a shock to find out that, after tonight, we’re probably going to be spending some time in the Underworld next month. We already know we’re meeting Hercules and Megara; given tonight’s events, does that also mean we’re meeting Hades? The bigger (and more interesting) question at stake is the fact that now that we’re in the Underworld, how many previously dead characters are going to get a chance to return? We’ve already had confirmations of past-dead characters like Cruella and Cora, though both of those characters are supposedly strictly for the show’s 100th episode. Regardless, moving to the Underworld opens up a host of options for 5B in terms of characters and plot, and I’m curious to see what those options are."
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN said of the episode, "The twists in Emma's and Hook's paths carried the episode. Death is an amorphous concept in Once Upon a Time, but whatever ends up happening with Hook, his sacrifice had an impact. The scene between him and Emma was painful to watch; both O'Donoghue and Morrison brought so much emotion to Hook and Emma's goodbye. The fact that Emma wielded the sword should mean interesting twists for her development too." Ratcliffe gave the episode a 7.9 rating out of 10.
Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the episode an excellent review, giving it a B. In her recap, she points out: "It was a fun half-season, one of the series’ best, and one it will be tough for OUaT to top, even with a fun spring break in Hades."
Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.6 out of 5.
References
External links
2015 American television episodes
Once Upon a Time (season 5) episodes | wiki |
Kim of Queens is a Lifetime reality TV show about a pageant coach, 1991 Miss Georgia winner Kim Gravel, which follows Gravel, her mother Jo, and her younger sister Allisyn as they train young girls for beauty pageants. It premiered on January 1, 2014.
The show is produced by Relativity Television and Bogner Entertainment for Lifetime TV. Its executive producers are Tom Forman, Brad Bishop, Bryan O’Donnell, Colleen Conway Grogan, Mary Donahue, and Eli Lehrer.
Plot
Kim Gravel — a former self-proclaimed 'ugly duckling' who was crowned Miss Georgia at the age of 19 — is a pageant coach. The series follows Gravel as she, along with her mother and sister, tries to find prospective pageant participants.
Cast
Kim Gravel: Owner of the Pageant Place and previous Miss Georgia.
Allisyn Hardee Lambes: Kim's sister and an employee at the Pageant Place.
Jo Hardee: Kim's mother and an employee at the Pageant Place.
Deborah Tyra: Hannah's mother, whom Kim constantly calls an older barbie doll and says is just trying to make Hannah a mini her. She is good at her makeup and hair but she is not crafty. She is also known as Debbie or Deb and was previously a model.
Angie: Marah's mother, who adopted Marah and is very open about how she will do anything it takes to make her daughter happy and doesn't care what it takes. She is a dance teacher and prides herself in Marah's ability to clog.
Lee: Anslee's mom, older than the other moms. She says that her daughter "isn't spoiled, but well loved." She often asks Kim for help when Anslee isn't confident about herself. (season 1)
Kelly Wingate: Addison's single mother, who brought her daughter to Kim because she "wanted to see the girly girl".
Eunice: Rayven's mother.
Hannah Stark: A gymnast and regular at the Pageant Place.
Marah Collins: A dancer and previous regular at the Pageant Place.
Anslee: A previous regular at the Pageant Place.
Addison Wingate: A regular at the Pageant Place.
Rayven Bailey: A singer and new regular at the Pageant Place in season 2.
Adia: A singer and newcomer to the Pageant Place in season 2.
Alexis: An aspiring model and newcomer to the Pageant Place in season 1.
Production
Filming
In November 2014, Kim Gravel wrote on her blog: "Every day we filmed I would ask God to please in spite of all the difficulties, power struggles, egos, head trips, cast changes, exhaustion, in-fighting, control freaks and breakdowns that there would be BREAKTHROUGHS."
Cancellation
The series was cancelled during its second season due to disappointing ratings. On the cancellation, Gravel commented "I will have to be honest when the last episode did not air I was heartbroken, a bit bitter and down right pissed."
Reception
Molly Eichel of The A.V. Club wrote that Kim was charismatic but the girls and their mothers fell flat in front of the camera.
See also
Dance Moms
Toddlers & Tiaras
Notes
2010s American reality television series
2014 American television series debuts
Lifetime (TV network) original programming
2015 American television series endings | wiki |
My Scene Goes Hollywood: The Movie is a 2005 American animated romantic comedy film based on Mattel's line of My Scene dolls. It features Barbie and American singer and actress Lindsay Lohan, who plays herself. It is the third feature with the My Scene characters, and the only one that was full-length. The film was directed by Eric Fogel. Although the title of the film suggests a trip to Hollywood, California, the entire plot takes place in New York City, where all the My Scene characters live. It was released by Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Miramax Family label.
Plot
The My Scene girls are attending high school in Manhattan when they find out there's a new teen spy movie called "Spy Society" being filmed there, starring Lindsay Lohan (who plays Laural St. Clair, the lead character) and fictional character Ryan Ridley (who plays Lohan's love interest in the movie). While the girls, Barbie, Chelsea, Madison, Nolee and Delancey, go to watch the movie being filmed, they get the idea to sneak onto the set by pretending to be extras.
While working as extras for the movie, the girls quickly learn that there's a lot of work that goes into making a movie, such as getting to the set early in the morning, doing hours and hours of takes on a scene and Chelsea keeps getting terrible roles such as sweat girl, trash girl and even being forced to clean up after the horses that are being used in the movie. The girls imagine themselves becoming best friends with Lindsay Lohan, who turns out to be nice and down-to-earth (and who they do end up becoming friends with).
When one of the actresses gets hurt on their way to the set and is unable to play her part, Madison's called in to take her place. The actress she's replacing plays the movie's lead female villain, although the character only has five speaking lines.
After a while, the fame starts going to Madison's head. She begins thinking that she and Ryan are dating as they always go out together and the tabloids refer to her as "Ryan's Mystery Girl." When Madison gets invited to a party with Ryan and Lindsay, her friends show up to surprise her. However, Madison is very rude to them, pretending that she doesn’t know them. She starts acting and dressing like a diva, and avoids her lifelong friends. This causes her friends to become mad at her and start avoiding Madison as well.
When the shooting is about to wrap in New York, Madison asks Ryan how they will handle their relationship. Ryan's surprised to hear her say this and admits that he doesn't see Madison as his girlfriend, leaving Madison heartbroken at the realization that Ryan was never going to feel the same way about her as she did about him. Lindsay witnesses this and goes to tell the other girls about it—but they are still mad at Madison for how she treated them and don't seem to care, feeling that she deserves it. Upset, Lindsay briefly lectures the girls about the importance of friendship, pointing out that despite everything that's happened between them and Madison, she needs them now more than ever. Hearing this, the girls get over their anger towards Madison and go to her apartment, where they all apologize to each other and make amends.
In the end, six months later, the girls all go to the red carpet premiere of the movie, where they meet up with Lindsay. After Ryan arrives at the premiere, he tries getting Madison and Lindsay's attention but they ignore him and go to watch the movie with their friends.
Cast
Kelly Sheridan as Barbie
Kathleen Barr as Madison (named Westley in Europe)
Tegan Moss as Nolee
Meghan Black as Delancey
Nicole Bouma as Chelsea
Brenda Crichlow as Audra
Mark Hildreth as Sutton
Alessandro Juliani as River
Terry Klassen as Jim
Shane Meier as Ellis
Kirby Morrow as Hudson
Samuel Vincent as Ryan
Ashleigh Ball as Kenzie
Lindsay Lohan as Herself
Harvey Weinstein as Himself
Aden Hakimi as Paparazzi (uncredited)
Soundtrack
There is no album made for the songs played in the movie.
Lucky - Leslie Mills
I Feel Like L.A. - Leslie Mills
Find the Fun - Leslie Mills
Playground (Instrumental)
Find the Fun (Instrumental)
Starlight - Leslie Mills
Lucky (Reprise)
Playground - Andrea Remanda
Reception
My Scene Goes Hollywood: The Movie earned negative reviews.
Lacey Worrell of DVDTalk gave the movie a negative review, writing that "The plot of this movie is paper-thin, made even more nauseating by frequent mention of teen queen and guest voiceover artist Lindsay Lohan, who at this point in her career is overexposed at best, her drama-fueled personal life having overshadowed her acting talents. Revolving around the cliché of friends-forever, it's nothing you that hasn't already been done many, many times by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. And the acting is just as wooden. The message also appears to be that, regardless of skin color or ethnic background, everyone can be just as vacuous as Barbie!" She ended the review saying "Not all entertainment aimed at children needs to be educational, because let's face it, adults seek escape through entertainment all the time. But the entire presentation of this DVD is vapid and unrealistic; it goes beyond superficial and into the inane. How about a little substance with the style next time?".
References
External links
2005 direct-to-video films
Barbie films
Animated films set in New York City
Direct-to-video animated films
2000s American animated films
American direct-to-video films
Buena Vista Home Entertainment direct-to-video films
2005 animated films
Miramax animated films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Eric Fogel | wiki |
Patellar tendinitis, also known as jumper's knee, is an overuse injury of the tendon that straightens the knee. Symptoms include pain in the front of the knee. Typically the pain and tenderness is at the lower part of the kneecap, though the upper part may also be affected. Generally there is no pain when the person is at rest. Complications may include patellar tendon rupture.
Risk factors include being involved in athletics and being overweight. It is particularly common in athletes who are involved in jumping sports such as basketball and volleyball. The underlying mechanism involves small tears in the tendon connecting the kneecap with the shinbone. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and examination. Other conditions that can appear similar include infrapatellar bursitis, chondromalacia patella and patellofemoral syndrome.
Treatment often involves resting the knee and physical therapy. Evidence for treatments, including rest, however is poor. Recovery can take between months and persist over years. It is relatively common with about 14% of athletes currently affected; however research reflects that more than half of athletes with this injury end their careers as a result. Males are more commonly affected than females. The term "jumper's knee" was coined in 1973.
Signs and symptoms
People report anterior knee pain, often with an aching quality. The symptom onset is insidious. Rarely is a discrete injury described. Usually, the problem is below the kneecap but it may also be above. Jumper's knee can be classified into 1 of 4 stages, as follows:
Stage 1 – Pain only after activity, without functional impairment
Stage 2 – Pain during and after activity, although the person is still able to perform satisfactorily in his or her sport
Stage 3 – Prolonged pain during and after activity, with increasing difficulty in performing at a satisfactory level
Stage 4 – Complete tendon tear requiring surgical repair
It begins as inflammation in the patellar tendon where it attaches to the patella and may progress by tearing or degenerating the tendon. People present with an ache over the patella tendon. Most people are between 10 and 16 years old. Magnetic resonance imaging can reveal edema (increased T2 signal intensity) in the proximal aspect of the patellar tendon.
Causes
It is an overuse injury from repetitive overloading of the extensor mechanism of the knee. The microtears exceed the body's healing mechanism unless the activity is stopped.
Among the risk factors for patellar tendonitis are low ankle dorsiflexion, weak gluteal muscles, and muscle tightness, particularly in the calves, quadriceps muscle, and hamstrings.
It may be associated with stiff ankle movement and ankle sprains.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and a physical examination. Ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging may help clarify how severe the problem is.
Treatment
Evidence for treatment is poor. In the early stages rest, ice, compression, and elevation may be tried. Tentative evidence supports exercises involving eccentric muscle contractions of the quadriceps on a decline board. Specific exercises and stretches to strengthen the muscles and tendons may be recommended, e.g. cycling or swimming. Use of a strap for jumper's knee and suspension inlays for shoes may also reduce the problems. Corticosteroid injections and NSAIDs are generally recommended.
Procedures
Dry needling, sclerosing injections, platelet-rich plasma, extracorporeal shock wave treatment, and heat therapy have been tried.
Surgery
Surgery may be tried if other measures fail. This may involve removal of myxoid degeneration in the tendon. This is reserved for people with severe pain for 6–12 months despite conservative measures. Novel treatment modalities targeting the abnormal blood vessel growth which occurs in the condition are currently being investigated. Knee operations in most cases have no better effects than exercise programs.
Epidemiology
It is relatively common with about 14% of athletes currently affected. Males are more commonly affected than females.
References
External links
Overuse injuries
Soft tissue disorders
Patella
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate | wiki |
Direct-to-TV may refer to:
Dedicated console, a video game console with built-in games
Television film, a feature-length film produced for release on a television network | wiki |
K-series engine may refer to:
Rover K-series engine
Honda K engine
Mazda K engine
Toyota K engine
Chrysler 2.2 & 2.5 engine, sometimes referred to as the Chrysler K engine, after the Chrysler K platform | wiki |
Dysbiosis (also called dysbacteriosis) is characterized by a disruption to the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota, changes in their functional composition and metabolic activities, or a shift in their local distribution. For example, a part of the human microbiota such as the skin flora, gut flora, or vaginal flora, can become deranged, with normally dominating species underrepresented and normally outcompeted or contained species increasing to fill the void. Dysbiosis is most commonly reported as a condition in the gastrointestinal tract.
Typical microbial colonies found on or in the body are benign or beneficial. These appropriately sized microbial colonies carry out a series of helpful and necessary functions, such as aiding in digestion. They also help protect the body from infiltration by pathogenic microbes. These beneficial microbial colonies compete with each other for space and resources. However, when this balance is disturbed, these colonies exhibit a decreased ability to check each other's growth, which can then lead to overgrowth of one or more of the disturbed colonies which may further damage some of the other smaller beneficial ones in a vicious cycle. As more beneficial colonies are damaged, making the imbalance more pronounced, more overgrowth issues occur because the damaged colonies are less able to check the growth of the overgrowing ones. If this goes unchecked long enough, a pervasive and chronic imbalance between colonies will set in, which ultimately minimizes the beneficial nature of these colonies as a whole.
Potential causes of dysbiosis
Any disruption of the body’s microbiota is able to lead to dysbiosis. Dysbiosis in the gut happens when the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract become unbalanced. There are many causes for dysbiosis in the gut. Some reasons include, but are not limited to:
Dietary changes
Antibiotics that affect your gut flora
Psychological and Physical Stress (weakens immune system)
Chemical consumption (Example: lingering pesticides on unwashed fruit)
Drinking two or more alcoholic beverages per day
Poor dental hygiene (allows bacteria to grow out of balance in your mouth)
Unprotected sex (exposure to harmful bacteria)
Use of radiation, chemotherapy, antiviral drugs, radioactive isotopes, and hormone therapy
Presence of intestinal helminths (human parasites)
Uncontrolled rectal cleansing with enemas
Inflammatory process in the intestine
Chronic and acute infections (HIV, Hepatitis C & B, herpes, etc.)
Gut/intestinal dysbiosis
Bacteria in the human gut’s intestines are the most diverse in the human body and play a vital role in human health. In the gastrointestinal tract, dysbiosis manifests particularly during small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), commonly caused by a decrease in the passage of food and waste through the gastrointestinal tract following surgery or other pre-existing conditions. SIBO is characterized by symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, discomfort after eating, and malnutrition. Similarly, dysbiosis manifests during small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) caused by excessive population levels of fungi in a bowel. SIFO can be characterized by GI symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea) in those previously immunocompromised. The consumer’s dietary habits can be one of the most influential factors on the gut’s microbiota. Diets high in carbohydrates and refined sugars are common links to dysbiosis in the gut, whereas those rich in fruits, vegetables, and fish oils are considered more favorable to the gut due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Many diseases, such as IBD, Type 2 Diabetes, Crohn's, and even allergies, are suggested to be due, in part, to an alteration in the microbiome of the gut.
Oral dysbiosis
The mouth is frequently exposed to novel microbes from the environment, and this can lead to microbial disturbances in the mouth as well as in the stomach and intestines. Hygiene and nutritional variation are imperative in preventing oral diseases such as gingivitis, tooth decay, and cavities, which are linked to altered microbial communities in the oral cavity. Oral pathogens can affect multiple microbiota compartments of the body and alter systemic processes, such as immunological alterations or digestion issues. Smoking, drinking, oral intercourse, and advanced age are all associated with oral dysbiosis.
Skin dysbiosis
There are a number of types of microorganisms that reside in and on the human skin, collectively known as the skin flora. Normal healthy microbial communities may have some positive effects. Altered microbial composition and diversity (dysbiosis), may play a role in some non-infectious skin conditions such as acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea. In more extreme cases, such as cellulitis, a pathogenic bacteria can infect the skin, the most common being Streptococci species and Staphylococcus aureus.
Vaginal dysbiosis
The vagina contains a microbiome (vaginal flora) that can become disturbed and result in conditions such as bacterial vaginosis. Alterations in vaginal flora can also affect vaginal health in reproduction, as well as one's risk of acquiring and the subsequent severity of sexually transmitted infections.
Role of antibiotics in promoting dysbiosis
Dysbiosis can occur during many stages of life and can be triggered by many different sources. Antibiotics, for example, are often a significant contributor to disruptions in microbiomes. This occurs because not all microbes will be affected by the antibiotic in the same way, and so it can change the balance of different types of microbes as well as changing the total number of microbes. Antibiotic usage during young childhood development can lead to adverse gut issues (dysbiosis) in adulthood. The gut microbiome is altered from antibiotics and is linked to future gut disease, i.e., IBD, ulcerative colitis, obesity, etc. The intestinal immune system is directly influenced by the gut microbiome and can be hard to recover if damaged through antibiotics. The use of minocycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis.
Effects
Gut dysbiosis has been linked to the pathogenesis of both intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders. Dysbiosis may affect intestinal disorders include IBD, IBS, and coeliac disease, as well as extra-intestinal conditions including allergies, asthma, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and obesity.
Gut dysbiosis can also be a factor in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases due to the link between age-related dysbiosis and inflammation. Inflammation is a common factor for a wide variety of age-related pathologies, including neurological diseases. By correcting the dysbiosis in elderly patients, it may be possible to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysbiosis may contribute to the cause or development of neurological conditions, including autism, pain, depression, anxiety, and stroke. Dysbiosis contributing to neurological conditions is due to interactions with the gut-brain axis allowing the gut microbiome to influence neural development, cognition, and behavior. There has also been evidence that the gut microbiota composition can be altered due to changes in behavior, and changing the microbiome can also cause depressive-like behaviors.
Microbial colonies also excrete many different types of waste byproducts. Using different waste removal mechanisms, under normal circumstances the body effectively manages these byproducts with little or no trouble. Unfortunately, oversized and inappropriately large colonies, due to their increased numbers, excrete increased amounts of these byproducts. As the amount of microbial byproducts increases, the higher waste byproducts levels can overburden the body's waste removal mechanisms.
A human’s microbiome can change because of inflammatory processes, such as cell-mediated inflammation and host-mediated inflammation, or a ‘driver’ bacteria causing/aggravating inflammation. This change allows the microbial community to become more susceptible to pathogens. Once the pathogens are established successfully, they contribute to dysbiosis and produce genotoxins and other potential cancer-causing microbial metabolites. The evolution of pathogens is another possible effect of dysbiosis, contributing to a potential increase in cancer risk.
Gut dysbiosis can affect the cardiovascular system “via signaling molecules and bioactive metabolites. This could cause diseases through neuro-entero-endocrine hormones that can lead to heart failure and other conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes.
Associated illnesses
Cross-regulation occurs between the host and the gut microbiota in healthy people, resulting in a homeostatic equilibrium of bacteria that keeps the gastrointestinal tract healthy and free of potentially pathogenic bacteria. There are three significant categories of dysbiosis: loss of beneficial organisms, excessive growth of potentially harmful microorganisms, and loss of overall microbial diversity. Disruptions in the microbiome can allow outside factors or even pathogenic members of the microbiome to take hold in the gut environment. Dysbiosis has been reported to be associated with illnesses, such as multiple chemical sensitivity, periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, obesity, cancer, bacterial vaginosis, and colitis.
Inflammatory bowel disease
There is no single or well understood microbial cause of IBD, but three major pathogens have been associated with IBD: Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), and Clostridium difficile. There is no evidence that these pathogens are the culprit of IBD. Rather than the “one-microbe-one disease” hypothesis, it is thought that IBD is caused by an imbalance of commensal microflora associated with more complex interactions between the host and the entire intestinal microbiota.
Obesity
Obesity is a metabolic condition in which the body retains an unhealthy amount of fat. Similar to IBD, a specific microbiota appears to be linked to the development of obesity. There is a notable reduction in microbial diversity in obese individuals. Research in humans and animals shows an association of obesity with altered ratios between Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; as Bacteriodetes decreases, Firmicutes increases. This ratio has been linked to body weight and fat accumulation, indicating that obese people have a higher disproportionate ratio of these bacteria.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a carbohydrate metabolism disorder characterized by insufficient insulin output or utilization, which is needed for the body to turn sugars and starches into energy. The prevalence of DM in the United States is about 29.1 million, with about 1.7 million new diagnoses annually. The two forms of diabetes are Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 DM is also known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that affects the beta cells in the pancreas, causing insulin production to be impaired. It is most often diagnosed in children and young adults. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, also known as Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), is a type of diabetes that affects adults and is characterized by insulin resistance, which occurs when tissue sensitivity insulin is reduced, causing the body to ignore the insulin released. Research has shown dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota may contribute to both forms of diabetes. Dysbiosis related to type 1 DM is characterized by a decline in mucin-degrading bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella, and an increase in Bacteroidetes and Clostridium.
Cancer
Sustained periods of dysbiosis lead to extended amounts of stress and inflammation in the gut microbiome, which can in turn promote the production of carcinogenic metabolites. Intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). According to the American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In CRC patients, a general dysbiosis pattern has been discovered, including a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria and an increase in the proportion of several potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Clostridioides difficile
C. difficile is an opportunistic bacteria that commonly infects patients following a disruption in the microbiome, such as treatment with antibiotics. Infection can lead to several different symptoms including watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain. Severe or chronic infections of C. difficile can lead to inflammation of the colon, a condition known as colitis.
Periodontitis
Periodontitis is an oral infection that can damage the bones supporting teeth and lead to tooth loss. One of the major risk factors for periodontitis is the disruption of the oral microbiome such that there is an accumulation of pathogenic bacteria. Studies show that the oral microbiota changes as periodontitis progress, shifting from gram-positive aerobes to gram-negative anaerobes. Oral dysbiosis is likely to evolve, shifting the symbiotic host-microbe relationship to a pathogenic one. During this time, the host's oral health deteriorates, eventually leading to clinical disease.
Acne vulgaris
The use of minocycline in acne vulgaris has been associated with skin and gut dysbiosis.
Cardiovascular disease
Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota may accelerate the progression of cardiovascular disease. Dietary habits, high stress, intestinal infections and use of antibiotics can cause an imbalance in the species and quantity of microorgansims in the adult intestine. Gut dysbiosis may lead to inflammation and metabolic disorders that promote the development of cardiovascular disease.
Treatments
Antibiotics
Because of the complex interactions in the microbiome, not much data exists on the efficacy of using antibiotics to treat dysbiosis. However, the broad-spectrum antibiotic rifaximin has been shown to have a favorable response in several of the ailments associated with dysbiosis, including irritable bowel syndrome.
While most antibiotics alter the gut microbiota for the duration of the treatment, some cause long-lasting changes. However, repeated exposure to antibiotics can also cause the opposite of the intended effect and destabilize the gut microbiome, resulting in promoting “outgrowth of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria” (see antibiotic misuse) thus aggravating gut dysbiosis.
Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT)
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is an experimental treatment that has resolved 80-90 percent of dysbiosis-related infections caused by recurrent C. difficile infections that do not respond to antibiotics in randomized, controlled clinical trials. A patient's colon is transplanted during FMT with a fecal preparation from a carefully screened, healthy stool donor. FMT is thought to work by repopulating the patient's microbiome with various microorganisms that compete with C. difficile for space.
FMTs use the same line of reasoning as probiotics; to recreate a healthy balance of microbiota in the microbiome by inserting beneficial microbes into the environment. FMT accomplishes this by taking a donation of fecal matter from a healthy individual, diluted, strained and introduced to a diseased patient. FMTs are currently used to treat patients with Clostridium difficile infections, who have proved resistant to other therapies.; however, this is considered an investigational therapy at present with risks that have not been fully defined. FMT is also being investigated for use in psychiatric disorders. Because the process is not sterile and contaminations can pass from donor to patient, there is a push to isolate key microbiota and culture them independently.
Probiotics
The World Health Organization defines probiotics as "live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host". The benefit of using probiotics to treat dysbiosis related diseases lies in its ability to treat the underlying cause of said diseases. Some benefits include their ability to suppress inflammation in the microbiome and disrupt colonization by pathogens.
Excessive use of antibiotics, IBD, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and many more ailments are related to interruptions in the microbiome(dysbiosis), especially in the human gut. Probiotics can promote healthier microbial function by introducing or reintroducing helpful bacteria to strengthen the weaknesses presented in a dysbiotic microbiome. It is essential to recognize that such circumstances are beneficial bacteria that occur more frequently than harmful ones. Probiotics can be utilized in aiding existing conditions and preventing such diseases by instituting anti-inflammatory properties and improving immune cell function.
The human gut contains a wide diversity of bacteria and can easily be disrupted through diet, medicinal usage, diseases, and many others. Probiotics have proven influential in returning the intestinal microbiota to homeostatic balance and improve intestinal health.
Probiotics contain anti-inflammatory properties that assist in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases due to microbial dysbiosis. More research is needed to understand better the many benefits probiotics can offer for multiple forms of dysbiosis. Lactobacillus is the most researched single strain of probiotic bacteria. It is sold to consumers for gut health either as a single strain or part of a multi-strain formulation. To date, the most clinically researched multi-strain probiotic with over 70 human clinical trials since the 1990s for various forms of dysbiosis is the De Simone Formulation. The formulation was first sold and researched under the brand name VSL#3 until 2016 when the makers of VSL#3 changed their formulation. Since 2016, the original formulation known as the De Simone Formulation is sold under various regional brand names including Visbiome in the United States and Canada plus Vivomixx in Europe. Studies since 2016 reference the probiotic either by its formulation name (De Simone Formulation) or regional brand name.
See also
Gut flora
Human microbiome
List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
Microbiome
Notes and references
External links
Intestinal dysbiosis
Symptoms and signs | wiki |
Roller coasters are amusement rides developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. Early iterations during the 16th and 17th centuries, which were popular in Russia, were wooden sleds that took riders down large slides made from ice. The first roller coasters that attached a train to a wooden track appeared in France in the early 1800s. Although wooden roller coasters are still being produced, steel roller coasters, introduced in the mid-20th-century, became more common and can be found on every continent except Antarctica.
Amusement parks often compete to build the tallest, fastest, and longest rides to attract thrill seekers and boost overall park attendance. Ranked by height, speed, length, and number of inversions, roller coasters often became the focal point for competing parks. Computer-simulated models led to new innovations that produced more intense thrills while improving quality and durability. The debut of Magnum XL-200 in 1989 at Cedar Point introduced the first complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed , marking a pivot point in the industry. The new era, sometimes referred to as the Coaster Wars, saw increasing competition as parks sought to be the latest to break world records, with some only lasting a year or less.
The pace of competition eventually slowed, however. Record holder Kingda Ka, the tallest coaster in the world at , has held onto its record since 2005. Other notable coasters include Formula Rossa, the world's fastest, which reaches a top speed of , Steel Dragon 2000, the world's longest, measuring , and The Smiler which features fourteen inversions.
Key
Height rankings
Tallest steel roller coasters
Longest steel roller coaster drops
Tallest wooden roller coasters
Longest wooden roller coaster drops
Gallery
Speed rankings
Fastest steel roller coasters
Fastest wooden roller coasters
Gallery
Length rankings
Longest steel roller coasters
Longest wooden roller coasters
Gallery
Inversion rankings
This listing contains all types of roller coaster inversions.
Steel roller coasters
Wooden roller coasters
Notes
References
External links
Roller coaster census at the Roller Coaster DataBase
Top 100 roller coasters on CoasterBuzz
Amusement rides lists
Lists of buildings and structures | wiki |
A monocular is a compact refracting telescope used to magnify images of distant objects, typically using an optical prism to ensure an erect image, instead of using relay lenses like most telescopic sights. The volume and weight of a monocular are typically less than half of a pair of binoculars with similar optical properties, making it more portable and also less expensive. This is because binoculars are essentially a pair of monoculars packed together — one for each eye. As a result, monoculars only produce two-dimensional images, while binoculars can use two parallaxed images (each for one eye) to produce binocular vision, which allows stereopsis and depth perception.
Monoculars are ideally suited to those application where three-dimensional perception is not needed, or where compactness and low weight are important (e.g. hiking). Monoculars are also sometimes preferred where difficulties occur using both eyes through binoculars due to significant eyesight variation (e.g. strabismus, anisometropia or astigmatism) or unilateral visual impairment (due to amblyopia, cataract or corneal ulceration).
Conventional refracting telescopes that use relay lenses has a straight optical path that is relatively long; as a result, monoculars normally use Porro or roof prisms to "fold up" the optical path, which makes it much shorter and compact (see the entry on binoculars for details). However, monoculars also tend to have lower magnification factors than telescopes of the same objective size, and typically lack the capacity of variable magnification.
Visually impaired people may use monoculars to see objects at distances at which people with normal vision do not have difficulty, e.g., to read text on a chalkboard or projection screen. Applications for viewing more distant objects include natural history, hunting, marine and military. Compact monoculars are also used in art galleries and museums to obtain a closer view of exhibits.
When high magnification, a bright image, and good resolution of distant images are required, a relatively larger instrument is preferred (i.e. a telescope), often mounted on a tripod. A smaller pocket-sized "pocket scope" (i.e. a typical monocular) can be used for less stringent applications. These comments are quantified below.
Whereas there is a huge range of binoculars on the world market, monoculars are less widely available and with a limited choice in the top quality bracket, with some traditionally very high quality optical manufacturers not offering monoculars at all. Today, most monoculars are manufactured in Japan, China, Russia and Germany, with China offering more product variety than most. Prices range widely, from the highest specification designs listed at over £300 down to "budget" offerings at under £10. (As at February 2016).
Monocular sizes
As with binoculars and telescopes, monoculars are primarily defined by two parameters: magnification and objective lens diameter, for example, 8×30 where 8 is the magnification and 30 is the objective lens diameter in mm (this is the lens furthest from the eye). An 8× magnification makes the distant object appear to be 8 times larger at the eye. Contemporary monoculars are typically compact and most normally within a range of 4× magnification to 10×, although specialized units outside these limits are available. Variable magnification or zoom is sometimes provided, but has drawbacks and is not normally found on the top quality monoculars. Objective lens diameter is typically in the range 20mm to 42mm. Care is needed in interpreting some monocular specifications where numerical values are applied loosely and inaccurately—e.g. "39×95", which on a small cheap monocular is more likely to refer to the physical dimensions than the optical parameters. (This is covered in more detail in the section "Interpreting product specifications" below.)
As with binoculars, possibly the most common and popular magnification for most purposes is 8×. This represents a usable magnification in many circumstances and is reasonably easy to hold steady without a tripod or monopod. At this magnification, the field of view is relatively wide, making it easier to locate and follow distant objects. For viewing at longer distances, 10× or 12× is preferable if the user is able to hold the monocular steady. However, increasing magnification will compromise the field of view and the relative brightness of the object. These and other considerations are major factors influencing the choice of magnification and objective lens diameter. Although very high numerical magnification sounds impressive on paper, in reality, for a pocket monocular it is rarely a good choice because of the very narrow field of view, poor image brightness and great difficulty in keeping the image still when hand holding. Most serious users will eventually come to realise why 8× or 10× are so popular, as they represent possibly the best compromise and are the magnifications most commonly adopted in the very highest quality field monoculars (and binoculars).
Where a monocular ends and a telescope starts is debatable but a telescope is normally used for high magnifications (>20×) and with correspondingly larger objective lens diameter (e.g. 60–90mm). A telescope will be significantly heavier, more bulky, and much more expensive, than a monocular and, due to the high magnifications, will normally need a tripod, reflecting telescopes used for astronomy, typically, have inverted images. Most popular monocular sizes mimic popular binoculars – e.g. 7×25, 8×20, 8×30, 8×42, 10×42.
Design
Much of the basic design considerations and related parameters are the same as for binoculars, and are covered in that entry, but some expanded comments have been added where appropriate:
Prism type – porro or roof
Lens & prism coating (the quality of coating can significantly affect light transmission and image brightness, and in the highest specifications is proportionally more expensive)
Exit pupil
Exit pupil is defined as the diameter of the objective lens divided by the magnification and expressed in mm. (e.g. an 8×40 will give an exit pupil diameter of 5mm). For a given situation, the greater the exit pupil, the better the light transmission into the eye. Hence, a large objective lens with a low magnification will give good light admission, which is especially important in deteriorating light conditions. The classic 7×50 marine binocular or monocular is ideally suited to low light conditions with its relatively large exit pupil diameter of 7.1mm and a realistic magnification which is practical on a moving boat. However, the exit pupil should be considered in relationship with the human eye pupil diameter. If the exit pupil of the chosen instrument is greater than the human eye pupil, then there will be no benefit, as the eye will be the limiting factor in light admission. In effect, the extra light-gathering potential is wasted. This is a consideration as one ages because human eye pupil dilation range diminishes with age, as shown as an approximate guide in the table below.
Twilight factor (related to magnification and objective lens diameter and is a guide to the ability to see detail at low light conditions and does not necessarily indicate brightness)
Transmittance (the % of light transmitted through the monocular, indicating brightness and will be over 90% in quality instruments)
Field of view (important in being able to see a wide panorama and not appearing to be looking down a tunnel).
Field of view (FOV) and magnification are related; FOV increases with decreasing magnification and vice versa. This applies to monoculars, binoculars, and telescopes. However, this relationship also depends on optical design and manufacture, which can cause some variation. The following chart shows the FOV/magnification relationship based on best-in-class data, taken both from tests and manufacturers' specifications. Contrary to some belief, it is a myth that binoculars offer a wider field of view than monoculars. For a given specification and manufacturer offering, both monocular or binocular options of the same model, the field of view is exactly the same, whether monocular or binocular.
Water/fog proofing
General construction – material (metal, plastic), types of body coating
Armoured body protection (to resist knocks and damage in the field)
Lens protection/covers (some are integrated, some loose)
Eye relief
Eye relief is a particularly important (but often overlooked) parameter for spectacle wearers, if the full field of view is to be visible. Although magnification, objective lens diameter, and field of viewn(either in degrees or m @1000m) are often shown on the body of the monocular, eye relief virtually never is (except, perhaps, to say "long eye relief" or "LER"). Early optics tended to have short eye relief, (sub-10mm) but more contemporary designs are much better. At least 15mm is desirable—ideally near 20mm—for spectacle wearers. (See table of eye reliefs below noting the best in class, Opticron 5×30 at 25mm and Opticron 8×42 DBA, at 21mm). Eye relief can seriously compromise the field of view if too short, so even if an optic has a good field of view specification, without an accompanying long eye relief, the benefit of the wide view will not be obtained (again, only applying to spectacle wearers). The eye lens diameter can greatly facilitate good eye relief. The photograph below shows a comparison between two 8× monoculars. The one on the left, typical of a 1980s-design, features a relatively small eyepiece lens diameter (11mm) and eye relief (<10mm). The one on the right is from 2016, featuring a comparatively larger eyepiece diameter (24mm) and eye relief (~15mm). This large eyepiece lens not only helps eye relief, but also helps to create a wider field of view.
Two additional aspects which are particularly relevant in the context of monoculars are the following:
Focusing mechanism
A significant difference between binoculars and monoculars is in the focusing system. Today, binoculars almost universally use a central wheel focusing system, operating on both sides simultaneously. Some large observation binoculars, as well as some older designs, feature individual focusing on each eyepiece. Monoculars, however, employ a variety of different focusing systems, all with pros and cons. These include the following:
A large knurled focusing ring around the body of the monocular
A small focusing ring, close to the eyepiece
A small external focusing wheel, alongside and/or above the monocular
A small focusing lever
A sliding focus button
A toggle focus mechanism on top of the monocular
A large knurled ring surrounding the objective lens
"Dual focus," where there are two focusing rings.
The most common type is the focusing ring around the body. This retains the compactness of the unit, but requires two hands to operate and does not give particularly fast focusing. In some units, the ring can be stiff to operate.
The small ring near the eyepiece also usually needs two hands to operate, and, in some designs, can interfere with the twist-up eye cup. Being small, it can, also be less convenient to operate, especially whilst wearing gloves. The degree of twist, from closest focus to infinity, varies between manufacturers. Some use a very small twist (about a quarter of a turn), whereas others use a full turn or more. The small degree of twist gives a very fast focus, but can be overly sensitive, and, in some designs, be too stiff to use with one hand. A full turn is a practical compromise.
A focusing wheel tends not to be used on top quality monoculars (with the exception of the Bushnell 10×42HD Legend), but is particularly popular on budget offerings from China. Although it makes the monocular more bulky, it does give very convenient focusing with one hand (via one finger) and is particularly fast and smooth, which is necessary in circumstances where quick, accurate changes of focus are important (e.g. bird watching, in a wood).
A focusing lever is not common, but is used, for example, on the Opticron Trailfinder. This mechanism provides very quick focusing while retaining compactness, but can be stiff and overly sensitive to use, and again, ideally needs two hands.
Minox and some others use a slider button, rather than a lever, on low magnification, ultra-compact designs. This slider button is pushed side to side, which is also fast, but sensitive.
Toggle focus is very rarely used (e.g. Carson Bandit 8×25). It provides a one-handed focus mechanism in a relatively large toggle, making it quick and easy to operate "in the field" with gloves, but can be over-sensitive and difficult to fine tune.
The knurled ring around the objective lens appears to be a unique feature of the Minox 8×25 Macroscope and claims to provide quick focusing.
Some low-budget entry-level monoculars from China claim "dual focusing", which means focusing by means of twisting either the main body of the monocular and/or the smaller ring near the eyepiece (referred to as the dioptre adjustment on binoculars). Why dual focusing is felt necessary on a monocular is questionable, but could be for marketing reasons; there is no real technical benefit to such a system, which is never found on the top-quality monoculars from manufacturers like Opticron, Leica, and Zeiss.
Zoom or variable magnification
As with binoculars, zoom magnification is sometimes available, but is virtually unknown in the best quality units (both binoculars and monoculars) as the optical quality and field of view are seriously compromised. Although zoom systems are widely and successfully used on cameras for observation optics, zoom systems with any credibility are reserved for top quality spotting scopes and come with a very high price tag. Zoom monoculars are available from some "budget" manufacturers, which sound impressive on paper, but often have extreme and unrealistic magnification ranges, as well as an extremely narrow field of view.
Some examples of current monoculars by specification
(Prices are typical UK selling prices as at Feb 2016)
Interpreting product specifications
As mentioned previously, product specifications can sometimes be misleading, confusing or incorrect values stated. Such inaccuracies are more commonly found on budget items but have also sometimes been seen from some brand leaders. For those not experienced in interpreting such specifications, it is always wise to try out the item before buying wherever possible. Some of the descriptors needing particular care with include:
Basic size (e.g. 8×30). As mentioned earlier, examples are sometimes seen where product physical dimensions or some other arbitrary figures are stated instead of magnification and objective lens diameter. This is very misleading and does not properly describe the product. Examples seen include a "40×60" in a compact monocular, where the objective lens diameter was actually 40mm (and the magnification was certainly not 40×). Another, described as "35×95", was actually a 20×40. Also, in a few cases, the overall diameter of the case surrounding the objective lens is used, rather than the lens itself, thus making it seem the objective lens is bigger than it truly is. Magnifications can also be exaggerated, an example of a claimed 16× in reality being closer to an 8x, with the number "16" probably referring to the eyepiece lens diameter. In this case, the claimed "16×52" was in reality an "8×42". Care is needed with such misleading and exaggerated specifications, more likely to be found on some very low budget items.
"Day-night vision" or sometimes just "night vision" is another misleading descriptor commonly seen in the specification of low-end, budget monoculars as it gives the impression the item is a night-vision instrument, effective in darkness, when it clearly is not. True night vision monoculars (or "image intensifiers", as typically used in military applications for example) use an electrical power source for light enhancement and are substantially more expensive and bulky than a comparable normal monocular.
Zoom is sometimes stated where there is no zoom facility. Zoom means a variable magnification facility, as often seen on cameras, for example. The term "zoom" or misleading phrases like "power zoom" or "mega zoom" are used incorrectly when referring to a single magnification optic. Zoom values will always be two numbers separated by a hyphen (e.g. 8-20) and then followed by the objective lens diameter (e.g. 8-20×50). As mentioned elsewhere in this entry, a true zoom facility can be seen on some budget monoculars but with very significant optical limitations.
Field of view (fov) specification. This parameter is sometimes stated incorrectly (over-stated) and needs interpreting with care when buying an instrument without first field-testing. It is normally expressed in degrees, m@1000m or ft@1000yds. An approximate conversion from degrees to m@1000m is to multiply degrees by 17.5 which can be used as a check if both values are stated. The author has carried out fov tests on several monoculars and the results shown in the table below. Generally, the manufacturer's stated figure is accurate within a few percentages but two were considerably over-stated, one in particular (9×30) by 30%. When reviewing a claimed fov value, reference can be made to the fov/magnification relationship in Design, above. This relationship represents best-in-class and so anything substantially exceeding a fov value from this plot, for a given magnification, should be treated with caution, especially in budget offerings.
Specialist monoculars
Some monoculars satisfy specialist requirements and include:
Built-in compass
Compact, folding monocular
Night vision system (requiring a power source and usually having low magnification)
Rangefinder/graticule
Gallery scope (low magnification, wide field of view for use in museums and galleries)
Microscope conversion & ultra-close focus
Built-in image stabiliser
See also
History of the telescope
List of telescope types
Monocle
Schmidt-Pechan prism
Spotting scope
Telescope
References
External links
Technical details about monoculars in German
Optical telescopes
Hiking equipment
Assistive technology
Binoculars | wiki |
Cram (stylised as CRAM!) was an Australian game show hosted by Peter Helliar, which premiered on Network Ten on 2 November 2017 until 14 December 2017.
The premiere was negatively received by viewers, with ratings dwindling as the season progressed and the show rating outside of the top 20 shows of the day for the season finale.
On 9 November 2017, Channel Ten announced at their yearly upfronts event that the show would return for a second season in 2018, after only one episode of the first season had aired. However, a second season never materialised.
The first season did not secure a spot in the top 100 watched free-to-air shows in 2017.
Format
The format pits two teams of comedians and celebrities tested on their memories across general knowledge categories. Each category will be introduced with a “cram”: a brief video on any subject. The team that recalls the most facts is the winner. The teams are captained by comedian Dilruk Jayasinha and actress Virginia Gay.
Episodes
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Network 10 original programming
2010s Australian game shows
Australian comedy television series
2017 Australian television series debuts
2017 Australian television series endings
English-language television shows | wiki |
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