text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Double jeopardy is a type of procedural defence in legal terminology.
Double jeopardy may also refer to:
Art and entertainment and media
Film
Double Jeopardy (1955 film), starring Rod Cameron
Double Jeopardy (1992 film), a TV movie starring Rachel Ward and Bruce Boxleitner
Double Jeopardy (1996 film), a TV movie starring Joe Penny, Teri Garr, Brittany Murphy, Shawn Hatosy, Rutanya Alda, and Karyn Dwyer
Double Jeopardy (1999 film), starring Tommy Lee Jones and Ashley Judd
Television
Double Jeopardy!, the second round of the TV game show Jeopardy!
"Double Jeopardy" (Highlander), an episode of the TV series Highlander: The Series
"Double Jeopardy" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the science-fiction series Stargate SG-1
"Double Jeopardy" (Beast Wars), an episode of the Beast Wars series
"Double Jeopardy" (CSI: Miami), an episode of the CSI: Miami series
"Double Jeopardy", an episode in season 2 of the TV series The Good Wife
Double Jeopardy (Lois & Clark episode), season 3 episode of Lois & Clark
Double Jeopardy (Haven), season 3 episode of Haven
Double Jeopardy (The Colbys), season 1 episode of The Colbys
Literature
Double Jeopardy (Hardy Boys)
Double Jeopardy (novel), by Fletcher Pratt
Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female (pamphlet), a 1969 pamphlet by Frances M. Beal
Music
Double Jeopardy (album), Akon album
In other uses
Double jeopardy (marketing), a statistical phenomenon in marketing
Double Jeopardy Clause, protections in the United States constitution
Double jeopardy or triple oppression, a theory about discrimination and oppression
See also
Multiple jeopardy, a theory about discrimination and oppression
Double (disambiguation)
Jeopardy (disambiguation) | wiki |
Nota per aver interpretato Heidi nell'omonimo film del 2015 con Bruno Ganz. Ha frequentato la scuola primaria di Coira, suo paese natale. Ha dichiarato di non voler continuare la carriera di attrice.
Note
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
The .45 Remington–Thompson was an experimental firearms cartridge designed by Remington Arms and Auto Ordnance for the Model 1923 Thompson submachine gun, a variant of the Model 1921 with a longer barrel, with the intent of increasing the power and range of the weapon. While some variants of the 1923 were produced, the rifle and round did not find commercial success.
References
Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Remington Arms cartridges | wiki |
A dud is an ammunition round or explosive that fails to fire or detonate, respectively.
Dud or Dudd may also refer to:
People
Dudd (died between 781 and 785), Bishop of Winchester
William Odell Dud Bascomb (1916–1972), American jazz trumpeter
Dudley Dud Beattie (1934–2016), Australian rugby league footballer
Edgar Dudley Dud Branom (1897–1980), American Major League Baseball infielder
Dudley DeGroot (1899–1970), American athlete and college and National Football League head coach
Dudd or Dud Dudley (1600–1684), English metallurgist, soldier, military engineer and munitions supplier
William Dudley Dud Lastrapes (born 1929), American businessman and politician - see List of mayors of Lafayette, Louisiana
Ernest Dud Lee (1899–1971), American backup Major League Baseball infielder
Dudley Dud Millard (1901–1954), Australian rugby league player
Dudley Perkins (motorcyclist) (1893–1978), American champion motorcycle hillclimb competitor and Harley-Davidson motorcycle dealer
Dudley Richards (1932–1961), American figure skater
Yuri Dud (born 1986), Russian sports editor
Fictional characters
Dud, played by Dudley Moore - see Pete and Dud
Dudley A. "Dud" Wash, one of The Darlings, recurring characters in the TV series The Andy Griffith Show
Dudd, in Glumpers, a Spanish animated TV series
Other uses
Duds, a 1920 American silent mystery film
Der Blindgänger, or The Dud, a 2004 short German film by Andreas Samland
Dud, a village in the commune of Târnova, Arad, Romania
dud, ISO 639-3 code for the Hun-Saare language of Nigeria
DUD, IATA code for Dunedin Airport, Dunedin, New Zealand
Slang for clothing
See also
Milk Duds, a candy
, a US Navy floating derrick
Dud Murra of Wadai (the lion of Murra), last independent ruler of the Wadai Empire (1901–1909)
Lists of people by nickname
Hypocorisms | wiki |
My Ghost Story is an American television series on the paranormal, which premiered on July 17, 2010, on the Biography Channel. The series features ghost stories told from a person's own supposed experience with the supernatural. Each episode features claims of encounters at reportedly haunted locations all over the United States, as well as a few locations in other countries. A spin-off series My Ghost Story Asia premiered on the Biography Channel (Asia) on 16 August 2012 featuring stories from Singapore and Malaysia. The fifth season started on October 5, 2012, on Fridays at 9/8 Central.
The sixth season which began on August 12, 2013, aired on the Biography Channel, the original broadcast channel, but halfway through the season the broadcast channel was changed to the Lifetime Movie Network (LMN).
Synopsis
Each episode is narrated by people who tell their own unique ghost stories and personal experiences of alleged paranormal activity and supposed encounters with the unexplained in a particular location. These individuals usually start off the show by saying "My ghost story began when..." They also show the viewers' visual evidence they claim to have captured on their homemade videos.
Each episode features reenactments, video clips, and interviews of people who claim to have experienced encounters with the supernatural. These stories also include some historical facts of the reportedly haunted locations.
Syndication
Note: The My Ghost Story series is based on the 2008 and 2009 specials My Ghost Story: Hauntings Revealed. New episodes formerly aired on the Biography Channel Saturday nights at 10pm EST. Season two premiered on April 9, 2011. Season three premiered on October 15, 2011. Season four premiered on April 21, 2012. My Ghost Story formerly aired on Lifetime/Lifetime Movie Network. As of 2019, My Ghost Story is currently airing rewreruns on FYI and on Travel Channel.
Warning: At the beginning of each episode a parental advisory warning is shown: "What you are about to see are haunted events encountered by real people. Some may find it disturbing."
Series overview
Specials
Episodes
Season 1 (2010)
Season 2 (2011)
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" style=background:#FFFFFF;"
|-
! style="background:purple;"|Ep. #
! style="background:purple;"|Episode Title
! style="background:purple;"|Original Airdate
|-
! 2.1 !! An Entity In Bed !!
|-
! Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Creepy Sleep" - (private residence), Pasadena, Maryland
"A Piercing Experience" - Tillie Pierce House Bed & Breakfast, (Maltilda's Mercantile) Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
"The Phantasmagorical Castle" - Nemacolin Castle, Brownsville, Pennsylvania
"Eternal Love Affair" - Myrtles Plantation, St. Francisville, Louisiana
"Hair-Raising Hospital of Horror" - Linda Vista Community Hospital, Los Angeles, California
"A Ghostly House Guest" - (private residence), Hattiesburg, Mississippi
|-
! Overview
|colspan="3"|
In the season opener: A woman feels the presence of a ghost in her own bed; the ghosts of two sisters haunts a Civil War-era house; a castle built on a Native American burial ground is haunted by the spirits of Indians; visitors capture an image of a murderous ghost; encounters at a bed and breakfast are reported by guests staying there; and a haunted abandoned hospital of horrors is experienced by a musician.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.2 !! A Haunted House !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Haunted Attraction" - Black Moon Manor (haunted house attraction), Greenfield, Indiana
"Destination Eternity" - Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 (crash site), Fairland, Indiana
"Anger At Iron Island" - Iron Island Museum, Buffalo, New York
"Spooky Speakeasy" - Gas Light Inn, Indianapolis, Indiana
"Secretary Scare" - Victorian house (real estate offices) (former funeral home), New Lenox, Illinois
"Ghost Boy and His Dog" - Andrew Woods House, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
A couple unknowingly buys a haunted house; a haunting of a bar in Indiana is captured on video; an EVP of a ghostly voice of a passenger that was killed in a plane crash is heard on a digital recorder; a dog meets a ghost boy; and a terrified secretary runs from her own office building that seems to be haunted.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.3 !! The Demon In The Mist !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"The Smoking Ghost" - St. Augustine Lighthouse, Saint Augustine, Florida
"Phantom Security Breach" - Anderson Municipal Business Center, Anderson, South Carolina
"Ghost in the Water" - (private residence), Irvine, California
"Bad Manored Demon" - (private residence), Manor, Texas
"Restless Restroom" - Hurricane Patty's Restaurant & Bar at Oyster Creek Marina, Saint Augustine, Florida
"House of 1,000 Spirits" - Victorian house (private residence), Hastings, Minnesota
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
A ghost breaches security at a government building; a pipe-smoking spirit haunts a lighthouse; a son killed in a car accident makes his presence known to his grieving mother; a demon attacks guests a house by leaving scratch marks on their bodies; diners encounter a strange force in a restaurant bathroom strong to make grown men cry; and a woman captures haunting photos and video of the ghosts in her own home.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.4 !! The Hand of Death !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Tale of a Crypt" - Evergreen Cemetery, Colorado Springs, Colorado
"Slaughter in the Basement" - Haunted Farmhouse (private residence), Fort Scott, Kansas
"Haunted Horse Farm" - Horse Farm (private residence), Salvisa, Kentucky
"Prosperous Spirits" - Prosperity School Bed & Breakfast, Joplin, Missouri
"Light Fright" - (private residence), Ocala, Florida
"Christmas Light Anomaly" - Early 19th-century house (private residence), St. Clairsville, Pennsylvania
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
A cemetery that's home to 80,000 dead souls becomes a "ghost magnet"; a family discovers that their new home is filled with strange sounds and whispered conversations; a woman comes face-to-face with a ghost at her farm and tries to capture her new ghostly friend on video; the spirits of children happily haunts an inn by playing pranks and giggling; and angry entities force a couple out of their home.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.5 !! The Dark Spirit !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"A Family's Inferno" - Palmyra Historical Museum, Palmyra, New York
"Beware of Wolfe Manor" - Wolfe Manor, Clovis, California
"The Mist Train" - Short Line Railroad Enginehouse, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
"Phantom of the Opera House" - Rohs Opera House, Cynthiana, Kentucky
"A Housewarming Surprise" - (private residence), Surprise, Arizona
"Hangman Haunting" - Jean Bonnet Tavern, Bedford, Pennsylvania
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
The ghostly antics of two young boys killed at Christmas time in 1964 is captured on video; the tortured souls of a sanitarium haunt a house; chilling photos and recordings document intense paranormal activity at a railroad near the site of the Battle of Gettysburg; a real "Phantom of the Opera" at an old opera house; and the ghost of a woman peers forever out a window in hopes that she will see her lover return for her.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.6 !! Life After Death !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Til Death Do Us Part" - (private residence), Boynton Beach, Florida
"A Family Drawn Together" - (private residence), Reno, Nevada
"Bloodcurdling Birdcage" - Birdcage Theater, Tombstone, Arizona
"Smiling Ghost" - Huguenot Cemetery, St. Augustine, Florida
"The Hauntings of Buggs Temple" - Creation Cafe and Euphoria Restaurant at Buggs Temple, Indianapolis, Indiana
"Spirited Bar Brawl" - Katie's Bar, Long Island, Smithtown, New York
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
A tourist who was knifed in the back by a violent ghost while on vacation; a dead wife jealousy haunts her husband and his new girlfriend; a woman snaps the picture of a smiling apparition; and a ghost named "Charlie" messes with the minds of employees at a bar.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.7 !! I Am Full of Madness !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Mirror, Mirror on the Chifferobe" - (private residence), Martinsville, Indiana
"Suicide Mansion" - Lemp Mansion, St. Louis, Missouri
"No Demons Allowed" - Snow Hill Country Club, New Vienna, Ohio
"The Grim Rapper" - (private residence), Norwich, Connecticut
"Supernatural Settlement" - Oregon Country Settlement, Rhododendron, Oregon
"Active Octagon" - Civil War Museum at Octagon Hall, Franklin, Kentucky
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
A family heirloom, an old chifferobe brings with it spiritual baggage and light orbs were captured; Shadowy figures was captured in a mansion where several people has committed suicide; The chandelier of a country club was caught on video swinging on its own and EVPs and orbs were captured; ghosts chase a man from his own home and a ghostly demonic figure was captured; Frightening spirits appear at a former Native American gravesite and a ghost cat were captured; the ghost of a little girl Elizabeth was spotted and her EVP was captured.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.8 !! The Presence !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Attack of the Bomb Factory" - Gulf Ordnance Factory, Prairie, Mississippi
"Mid Evil Castle" - Preston School of Industry ( Preston Castle), Ione, California
"Screams From The Cellar" - The Cellar Restaurant at Villa del Sol (former The Hotel California), Fullerton, California
"Kodi The Friendly Ghost" - Mount Calvary Cemetery, Mosquero, New Mexico
"Hexed From Beyond" - Tilley Bend Cemetery, Blue Ridge, Georgia
"School's Out Forever" - Farrar Schoolhouse, Farrar, Iowa
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
The curse of the witches in a cemetery, an old schoolhouse is haunted by the spirits of its former teachers and students; a man contemplating suicide is helped by a supernatural force; a strange ghost light is seen; and two women communicate with ghosts in a haunted castle.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.9 !! Simon Says Die !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Possession At The Palmer" - The Palmer House Hotel, Sauk Centre, Minnesota
"I.C.U. Ghosts" - Old South Pittsburg Hospital, South Pittsburg, Tennessee
"Simon Says Die" - The Bissman Building, Mansfield, Ohio
"Unluck Of The Irish" - Kells Irish Restaurant and Bar, Seattle, Washington
"Uneasy Underground" - Shanghai Tunnels, Portland, Oregon
"Phantom Farewell" - (private residence), Laguna Niguel, California
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
A terrifying seven-foot-tall shadow figure named "Mr. Black" haunts an abandoned hospital; a hotel is haunted by the spirit of a man whose head was severed by the freight elevator; a disfigured demon keeps terrorizes patrons at an Irish pub; tour guides reveal amazing photos of apparitions in a tunnel where many violent acts were committed; and a woman hears audio recordings of her dead parents.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|-
! 2.10 !! Things That Go Bump In The Night !!
|-
!Locations
|colspan="3"|
"Black Mass" - Trichome Health Consultanta (wellness-center office), Colorado Springs, Colorado
"Bishop of Brownella" - Brownella Cottage, Galion, Ohio
"Disturbance in the Jailhouse" - Freestone County Museum/Barbara & H. Neil Bass Wing (19th century jail), Fairfield, Texas
"Bedlam in Bellville" - (private residence), Bellville, Ohio
"Bumps in the Night" - Crescent Hotel, Eureka Springs, Arkansas
"Scratches in the Night" - 17 Hundred 90 Inn & Restaurant, Savannah, Georgia
|-
!Overview
|colspan="3"|
A woman smell cigar smokes and felt a presence touching her, and a black entity was recorded; a psychology PHD captured EVPs and photos from a home haunted by a Catholic bishop; light orbs, EVPs, photos and video of a light switch being manipulated are captured at a museum; video of light orbs, EVPs and photos are captured in a couple's dream home where a husband had murdered his wife; a family took a vacation in a haunted hotel and captured light orbs and a white figure, and paranormal encounters; and a haunting at Georgia inn where the spirit of a woman is seen roaming the halls.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:purple;"|
|}
Season 3 (2011)
Season 4 (2012)
Note: This season is subtitled My Ghost Story: Caught on Camera.
Season 5 (2012-2013)Note: This season is also subtitled My Ghost Story: Caught on Camera.
Season 6 (2013)Note: This season is also subtitled My Ghost Story: Caught on Camera'''.
See also
Ghost hunting
List of ghost films
List of reportedly haunted locations
Paranormal television
Similar TV programsA HauntingCelebrity Ghost StoriesGhost AdventuresGhost HuntersGhost Hunters InternationalGhost LabGhost Stories (2009 TV series)Haunted HistoryMost HauntedMost Terrifying Places in AmericaParanormal State''
References
External links
at Biography Channel
A&E (TV network) original programming
Paranormal television
English-language television shows | wiki |
Movistar Team may refer to:
Movistar Team (men's team), a professional cycling team that competes on the UCI World Tour
Movistar Team (women's team), a professional cycling team that competes on the UCI Women's World Tour
Movistar Team (Continental Team), a Colombian developmental cycling team that competes on UCI Continental circuits
Movistar Team Ecuador, an Ecuadorian developmental cycling team that competes on UCI Continental circuits | wiki |
Clinton Hall may refer to:
The third, fourth, or fifth home of the New York Mercantile Library, United States. (The fourth home was the former Astor Opera House from 1853 to 1890.)
Clinton Hall (Ithaca, New York), a historic commercial building in Ithaca, New York, United States.
Clinton J. Hall (1926-1984), American lawyer and politician
Architectural disambiguation pages | wiki |
Graticule may refer to:
An oscilloscope graticule scale
The reticle pattern in an optical instrument
Graticule (cartography), a grid of lines on a map
See also
Grid (disambiguation) | wiki |
Homebrew computer may refer to:
Homebuilt computer
Homebrew Computer Club | wiki |
Shepherd's pie, cottage pie, or in its French version hachis Parmentier is a savoury dish of cooked minced meat topped with mashed potato and baked. The meat used may be either previously cooked or freshly minced. The usual meats are beef or lamb. The two English terms have been used interchangeably since they came into use in the late 18th and the 19th century, although some writers insist that a shepherd's pie should contain lamb or mutton, and a cottage pie, beef.
History
Cottage pie
The term was in use by 1791. Parson Woodforde mentions "Cottage-Pye" in his diary entry for 29 August 1791, and several times thereafter. He records that the meat was veal but he does not say what the topping was. The dish was known in its present form, though not under the same name, in the early 19th century: in 1806 Maria Rundell published a recipe for "Sanders", consisting of the same ingredients as cottage or shepherd's pie: minced beef or mutton, with onion and gravy, topped with mashed potato and baked.
In 20th-century and later use the term cottage pie has widely, but not exclusively, been used for a dish of chopped or minced beef with a mashed potato topping. The beef may be fresh or previously cooked; the latter was at one time more usual. Well into the 20th century the absence of refrigeration made it expedient in many domestic kitchens to store cooked meat rather than raw. In the 1940s the chef Louis Diat recalled of his childhood days, "when housewives bought their Sunday meat they selected pieces large enough to make into leftover dishes for several days". Modern recipes for cottage pie typically use fresh beef.
Shepherd's pie
A recipe for shepherd's pie published in Edinburgh in 1849 in The Practice of Cookery and Pastry specifies cooked meat of any kind, sliced rather than minced, covered with mashed potato and baked. In the 1850s the term was also used for a Scottish dish that contained a mutton and diced potato filling inside a pastry crust. Neither shepherd's pie nor cottage pie was mentioned in the original edition of Mrs Beeton's Household Management in 1861.
More recently "shepherd's pie" has generally been used for a potato-topped dish of minced lamb. According to the Oxford Companion to Food, "In keeping with the name, the meat should be mutton or lamb; and it is usually cooked meat left over from a roast". As with beef, it was commonplace in the days before refrigeration to cook a Sunday joint to last in various guises throughout the week. Dorothy Hartley quotes an old verse, "Vicarage mutton", showing not only the uses to which the joint was put, but also the interchangeability of the terms "shepherd's" and "cottage" pie:
Hot on Sunday,
Cold on Monday,
Hashed on Tuesday,
Minced on Wednesday,
Curried Thursday,
Broth on Friday,
Cottage pie Saturday.
Hachis Parmentier
The dish is named after Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, who popularised the potato in French cuisine in the late 18th century. It is documented from the late 19th century. It is usually made with chopped or minced lamb or beef; in either case it may be made with either fresh or left-over cooked meat. (The modern English term "hash" derives from the French "hachis", meaning food "finely chopped".)
In some recipes a layer of sauté potatoes is put in the cooking dish before the meat filling and mashed potato topping are added. A more elaborate version by Auguste Escoffier, named Hachis de boeuf à Parmentier, consists of baked potatoes, the contents of which are removed, mixed with freshly-cooked diced beef, returned to the potato shells. and covered with sauce lyonnaise.
Variations
There are no universally agreed ingredients for any of the three dishes. The 24 recipes cited in the table show the varieties of titles and ingredients recommended by cooks and food writers from Australia, Britain, Canada, France and the US.
Similar dishes
Fillings for other pies with a mashed potato topping are numerous, and include artichoke hearts and red peppers; black pudding; chicken and spinach; chorizo; curried chicken; duck; rabbit; salmon; salt cod; turkey and ham; and flaked white fish with shrimps, in a white sauce.
Other pies with non-pastry toppings include:
See also
Antoine-Augustin Parmentier
British cuisine
English cuisine
French cuisine
Irish cuisine
List of English dishes
List of French dishes
List of Irish dishes
List of pies, tarts and flans
List of potato dishes
Moussaka
Pâté aux pommes de terre
Pâté chinois
Welsh cuisine
Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Sources
British pies
Australian pies
New Zealand pies
Potato dishes
Savoury pies
Meat and potatoes dishes
Ground meat
Irish meat dishes
British meat dishes
French meat dishes | wiki |
The Calanshio Sand Sea (Sarīr Kalanshiyū ar Ramlī al Kabīr) is a sand desert region located in the Libyan Desert, of the Kufra District in Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. It has a surface of approximately 62,000 km². The erg extends from Jaghbub and Jalo in the north to Kufra in the south, a distance of 500km.
The erg lies parallel to the Egyptian Sand Sea and is contiguous with it at their northern ends. They contain dunes up to 110m in height: these lie in a roughly north-south direction and were created by the wind.
The Calanshio Sand Sea is the site of the missing World War II B-24 Liberator Lady Be Good. The wreck was discovered north of Kufra 15 years after it was reported missing in 1943. The crew bailed out believing they were over the sea, when their plane ran out of fuel, and they became lost. When they landed in the Libyan Desert they could feel a northwesterly breeze. Thinking they were near the Mediterranean, they headed into the wind hoping it would lead them to safety. However, they were more than inland from the Mediterranean, and slowly died from dehydration after covering with minimal water in a place so dry even the desert Bedouins refuse to enter.
See also
Libyan Desert
Ribiana Sand Sea
Idehan Murzuq
Idehan Ubari
References
External links
"Body and wallets lie among 200-foot dunes" ("Lady Be Good in the Calanshio Sand Sea)
Dunes of Libya
Deserts of Libya
Sahara
Kufra District
Cyrenaica
Landforms of Libya
Ergs of Africa | wiki |
The Rabyanah Sand Sea, Rabyanah, is a sand desert region in the southeastern sector of Libya with a surface of approximately 65,000 km2.
Geography
The area of the Rabyanah Sand Sea is in the western part of the Libyan Desert in the Kufra District of the Cyrenaica region. It is named after the oasis town of Rabyanah located towards its eastern end.
Together with the Calanshio Sand Sea and the Great Sand Sea, the Rabyanah Sand Sea is part of the greater Libyan Desert.
See also
Libyan Desert
Calanshio Sand Sea
Great Sand Sea
References
Cyrenaica
Deserts of Libya
Dunes of Libya
Ergs of Africa
Kufra District
Landforms of Libya
Sahara | wiki |
The Graff Pink is a rare 24.78 carat pink diamond, once owned by American celebrity jeweller Harry Winston. The diamond, mounted in a ring, was sold by Sotheby's auctioneers in Geneva, Switzerland on 16 November 2010. Before its sale, the stone was expected to enter the list of the top ten most expensive diamonds in the world; on selling for US $46 million (£29 million) it became the most expensive single jewel ever sold at auction at that time.
The diamond
The gem is classified by the Gemological Institute of America as "fancy intense pink"—a high colour rating for pink diamonds—and has been assessed as Diamond type IIa, placing it in the top two per cent of the world's diamonds.
The early history of the diamond is not clear. It was sold in the 1950s by American celebrity jeweller Harry Winston to a private collector, who owned it up until 2010, when it was sold at auction. Despite its rarity, the diamond was unnamed for all this time. The diamond is emerald cut with rounded corners, and is mounted on a platinum ring with two flanking shield-shaped diamonds.
2010 auction
The pre-sale estimate for the diamond was US $27 million to US $38 million (£17 million to £24 million). The diamond was shown around the world prior to the auction in Geneva. It sold for US $46 million (£29 million), making it the most expensive single jewel ever sold at auction at the time. It was bought by diamond dealer Laurence Graff, of Graff Diamonds, who named it the Graff Pink.
See also
List of diamonds
Darya-ye Noor
Pink Star (diamond)
References
External links
Daily Telegraph article
Individual diamonds
Pink diamonds | wiki |
Family division may refer to:
High Court of Justice#Family Division, the Family Division of Her Majesty's High Court of Justice in England
Divorce
Annulment
Division of property
Alimony
Parental responsibility (access and custody)
Dysfunctional family
See also
Family
Family law | wiki |
The following is a list of all team-to-team transactions that have occurred in the National Hockey League (NHL) during the 1952–53 NHL season. It lists which team each player has been traded to and for which player(s) or other consideration(s), if applicable.
Transactions
References
Transactions
National Hockey League transactions | wiki |
The 1928 Boston Red Sox season was the 28th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished last in the eight-team American League (AL) with a record of 57 wins and 96 losses, games behind the New York Yankees, who went on to win the 1928 World Series.
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Opening Day lineup
Notable transactions
April 25, 1928: Hal Wiltse was traded by the Red Sox to the St. Louis Browns for Wally Gerber.
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Farm system
Source:
References
External links
1928 Boston Red Sox team page at Baseball Reference
1928 Boston Red Sox season at baseball-almanac.com
Boston Red Sox seasons
Boston Red Sox
Boston Red Sox
1920s in Boston | wiki |
This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, third or fourth place and earned a purse check along with the number of starters in the Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing run at 1-3/16 mile on dirt for three-year-olds at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland.
A † designates a Triple Crown Winner.
A ‡ designates a Filly.
Note: D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses.
References
External links
Preakness Stakes website
Preakness Stakes
ESPN.com Attending the Preakness (includes future dates)
Pimlico Race Course
Preakness Stakes
Lists of horse racing results | wiki |
Salih Basheer (Arabic: صالح بشير, born January 1, 1995, in Omdurman, Sudan) is a Sudanese Documentary photographer. During his studies of Geography at Cairo University, Egypt, he started as a self-taught photographer and subsequently studied Photojournalism at the Danish School of Media and Journalism in Aarhus, Denmark.
Since 2018, he has been awarded several grants and prizes for photography, and his photo stories have been exhibited in Ethiopia, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and the United Arab Emirates. His 2023 publication 22 Days in Between is the first photo-book ever to be authored by a Sudanese photographer.
Biography and artistic career
After finishing secondary school in Sudan, Basheer moved to Cairo in 2013 and received his Bachelor's degree in Geography from Cairo University in 2017. During his studies in Egypt, he started as a self-taught photographer and after his graduation, began to work on his first long-term project titled Sweet Taste Of Sugarcane. This documentary photo story about the harsh conditions of students in a khalwa, a Sudanese religious school, was shown at the international Addis Foto Fest in 2018.
His next project, called The Home Seekers, was supported by the Arab Fund for Arts and Culture (AFAC) in 2019. In this, Basheer recorded the lives of other Sudanese refugees in Cairo, who are living in exile and thus are "look[ing] inward in search for a 'home', looking for a better life and education". This visual story was exhibited in October 2021 at the Diffusion Festival in Cardiff, Wales and the same year in France as part of the group exhibition "Mon ami n'est pas d'ici" at the Institut du Monde Arabe's exhibition space in Tourcoing, as well as at the festival "Les Rencontres à l'échelle" in Marseille.
In 2020, Basheer started a diploma course in photojournalism at the Danish school of media and journalism (DMJX) in Aarhus and was awarded a scholarship by The VII Foundation. In addition, he obtained the Shahidul Alam Grant for the development of independent photojournalism by the Danish School of Media and Journalism.
Reception
In 2021, Basheer received the W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund student grant for his narrative project 22 Days in Between, remembering the loss of his parents and the challenges of settling into a new home with his grandmother. According to the fund, "This project is Salih’s visual process of learning more about his parents and himself and serves as a method of healing from the trauma of losing his parents. Salih says that having a camera in his hand gave him the courage and comfort level to ask questions about his parents and their deaths." For the same visual story, Basheer was awarded the Everyday Projects Grant, where only two winners were selected among more than 450 applications. In 2022, he received another grant from AFAC through their visual arts program for 22 Days in Between. Among some 75 artistic projects representing contemporary African art, his photographs were selected for the 2022 African Photography Encounters in Bamako, Mali.
In June 2022, the British Journal of Photography presented Basheer as one of 15 upcoming photographers to watch. Having been selected from nearly 500 nominations, their work shows "where photography is heading". As a photojournalist, Basheer has published his pictures from Sudan in TIME magazine, The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN World, Al Jazeera and other international news media.
In January 2023, Basheer published 22 Days in Between, the first ever photo-book by a Sudanese photographer, that evokes his early childhood and memories of his parents, who died within the period of 22 days, when Basheer was only 3 years old. An article in the British Journal of Photography described this photo-book as an "introspective narrative [...] explored through various formats: personal writing, self-portraits, archive images, and drawings that Basheer drew recently but from the perspective of a child – to uphold the idea that he is still a kid longing to bond with his parents." In his review in The Washington Post, Kenneth Dickerman said:
Publications
22 Days in Between: Photographs from Sudan, Copenhagen: Disko Bay, 2023. .
Grants and awards
2021, W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund Student Grant
2021, Everyday Projects Grant
2019, Arab Documentary Photography Program, Magnum Foundation & the Prince Claus Fund
2022, AFAC Visual Arts Program
2022, Tasweer, The Sheikh Saoud Al Thani Awards
2022, Counter Histories initiative grant, Magnum Foundation
2022, Contemporary African Photography Prize, CAP Prize Shortlist
Group exhibitions
2018, Addis Foto Fest, group exhibition, fifth edition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2019, Slideshow Fest, the Odesa Photo Days Festival, Odesa, Ukraine.
2019, Vantage Point Sharjah 7, Sharjah Art Foundation art spaces Al Mureijah Square Gallery 1 & 2, Sharjah, UAE.
2019, Arab Street, Vol II, Gulf Photo Plus, Dubai, UAE.
2019, Invisible Borders, slide show presentation 12th Bamako Photography Encounters, Bamako, Mali.
2020, All What I Want is Life, Gulf Photo Plus, Dubai, UAE.
2020, Connecting views: 16 talents from the APJD, Africa Museum, Berg en Dal, the Netherlands.
2021, World Press Photo Exhibition in Oldenburg, Germany.
2021, Through the lens of - Photographers from the African Photojournalism Database (APJD), Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
2021, More than a Number, Diffusion Photo Festival, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
2021, Mon ami n'est pas d'ici, Les Rencontres à l'échelle, Marseille, France.
2021, Mon ami n'est pas d'ici, Institut du Monde Arabe-Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France.
2022, 13th edition of African Photography Encounter, Bamako, Mali.
See also
Photography in Sudan
References
External links
French magazine Afrique In Visu interviewing Salih Basheer (in French)
Salih Basheer on artsy.net
1995 births
People from Omdurman
Sudanese photographers
Sudanese artists
Living people
21st-century Sudanese artists | wiki |
Sundown, Queensland may refer to:
Sundown, Queensland (Southern Downs Region), a locality on the Darling Downs
Sundown, Queensland (Cassowary Coast Region), a locality on the north-east coast | wiki |
Breslow may refer to:
Bruce Breslow (born 1956), American businessman and politician
Craig Breslow (born 1980), American Major League Baseball pitcher
Jan Breslow (born 1943), American physician and medical researcher
Lester Breslow (1915–2012), American physician and public health specialist
Lou Breslow (1900–1987), American screenwriter and film director
Marc Breslow (1925–2015), American television director
Norman Breslow (1941–2015), American statistician and medical researcher
Ronald Breslow (1931–2017), American chemist
See also
Breslow's depth, prognostic factor in melanoma of the skin | wiki |
The X tax is an approach to taxation, suggested in the United States, that can be described as a standard European-style
credit-invoice value added tax (VAT), except that wages are deducted by businesses and taxed at progressive rates to workers. Businesses are taxed on gross receipts and individuals taxed on wages, with neither businesses or individuals paying tax on financial transactions or financial instruments. The plan was created by Princeton University economist and New York University School of Law professor David F. Bradford.
Bradford states the X tax could alleviate the complexities and avoidance issues plaguing the existing U.S. system, and argues that "the government should exempt from taxation all dividends, interest, and other income from savings. That way, people will be treated equally by the tax system, whether they choose to spend now or save to increase their future spending power."
See also
FairTax
Income tax in the United States
Taxation in the United States
Tax reform
Notes
External links
Bradford's Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research
Tax reform in the United States | wiki |
Nickel–aluminium alloy may refer to:
Y alloy, series of aluminium alloys with addition of nickel developed during WWI;
Hiduminium, series of aluminium alloys with addition of nickel developed before WWII;
Nickel aluminide, alloys containing much more nickel than the previous ones. | wiki |
Hustler TV may refer to
Hustler TV (US), an American semi-hardcore pornographic pay-per-view television service
Hustler TV Canada, a Canadian hardcore pornographic pay-TV service
Hustler TV (Europe), a European hardcore pornographic pay-TV service
See also
Blue Hustler, a related European softcore erotic pay-TV service
Hustler HD (also known as Hustler HD 3D), a related European 3DTV and HDTV hardcore erotic pay-TV service
Hustler (disambiguation) | wiki |
This is a list of the known varieties of snakes in South Carolina
Nonvenomous
Florida Water Snake.
Venomous
South Carolina
Snakes | wiki |
Dacrydium nidulum is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in Fiji, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.
Grows in moist locations, tree to 26m.
References
Plant of PNG Search page
nidulum
Least concern plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by David John de Laubenfels | wiki |
Since 1977, female jockeys have been allowed in the Grand National horse race following the passing of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. A total of 19 female jockeys have entered the Grand National since then. Charlotte Brew on her horse, Barony Fort, was the first woman to compete in the race, in 1977. In 1982 Geraldine Rees became the first woman to complete the course. She rode Cheers to eighth place. That time, Brew returned with her horse Martinstown; this was the first Grand National with two female jockeys entering.
In 1988, female participation was at an all-time high, as three women entered for the first time. Penny Ffitch-Heyes, Venetia Williams and Gee Armytage all started the race. None of their horses made the finish. In 2005, after an absence of 11 years, there was once again a woman entering the Grand National. Carrie Ford finished in fifth, then the joint-best performance by a woman. She shared the record with Rosemary Henderson, the last female jockey to start the race.
In 2012, the first female jockey to finish in the top three was Katie Walsh on Seabass. Nina Carberry and Katie Walsh both started six Grand Nationals, a joint record for a woman. In 2021, Rachael Blackmore, riding Minella Times, became the first female jockey to win the race.
Female jockeys
References
External links
Grand National
Lists of women by occupation | wiki |
Lists of mobile computers
By product type
Comparison of tablet computers
Comparison of smartphones
Comparison of e-readers
Lists that include currently available products
List of open-source mobile phones
List of iOS and iPadOS devices
Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones
Microsoft Surface tablets
Mobile computers running Android:
List of BlackBerry products
List of Google products
List of Huawei phones
Comparison of HTC devices
List of LG mobile phones
Motorola Moto
List of Nokia products
Samsung Galaxy phones and tablets
List of Sony Ericsson products
Lists without any current products
Comparison of Firefox OS devices
Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones
List of Google Play edition devices
List of Palm OS devices
List of Pocket PC Devices
Comparison of Symbian devices
List of Windows Phone 8.1 devices
List of Windows Phone 8 devices
List of Windows Phone 7 devices
List of Windows Mobile devices | wiki |
Joseph Heywood may refer to:
Joseph L. Heywood (1815–1910), local leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and founder of Nephi, Utah
Joseph Lee Heywood (1837–1876), acting cashier at the First National Bank of Northfield, Minnesota, when the James-Younger Gang attempted to rob the bank
Joseph Heywood, American author of the novel The Berkut | wiki |
An optical trackpad is an input device based on an optical sensor, which detects the displacement of a finger that is moving on top of it. The sensor is used typically in smartphones, where it replaces the D-pad, and in ultra-portable or ultra-mobile PCs, where it replaces touchpads, pointing sticks or trackballs as pointing device.
The main advantages over a D-pad are:
It can track movements in 360 degrees and with varying speeds.
It uses space efficiently, without the need for small buttons that are difficult to press.
Next to browsing through menus, it can drive a mouse cursor in point&click interfaces.
In comparison with touchpads, it detects actual skin displacement, instead of displacement of the center of the area being touched, and more similar to pointing sticks or compact trackballs by using experience, but with less physical feedback.
References
Pointing_devices | wiki |
Info Institute of Engineering (IIE) is a private engineering educational Institute, located in Kovilpalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The college is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)] and is affiliated with Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore. The college was established in 2007. The institute has signed MoUs with local industries for job training.
Departments
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Information Technology
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department of Management Studies
Department of Computer Applications
Department of Science & Humanities
Courses offered
Under Graduate Programmes:
B.E. – Civil Engineering
B.E. – Computer Science & Engineering
B.E. – Electronics & Communication Engineering
B.E. – Electrical & Electronics Engineering
B.Tech. –Information Technology
B.E. – Mechanical Engineering
Post Graduate Programmes:
MCA – Master of Computer Applications
MBA – Master of Business Administration
M.E. - Computer Science & Engineering
M.E. - VLSI Design
M.E. - Power Electronics & Drives
M.E. - Communication Systems
Research Programmes:
Ph.D. - Computer Science & Engineering
Ph.D. - Electronics & Communication Engineering
References
External links
Convocation 2012 coverage in local Tamil newspapers
Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Coimbatore district
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu | wiki |
Contraction may refer to:
Linguistics
Contraction (grammar), a shortened word
Poetic contraction, omission of letters for poetic reasons
Elision, omission of sounds
Syncope (phonology), omission of sounds in a word
Synalepha, merged syllables
Synaeresis, combined vowels
Crasis, merged vowels or diphthongs
Mathematics and logic
Contraction (operator theory), in operator theory, state of a bounded operator between normed vector spaces after suitable scaling
Contraction hierarchies, in applied mathematics, a technique to speed up shortest-path routing
Contraction mapping, a type of function on a metric space
Edge contraction or vertex contraction, graph operations used in graph theory
Tensor contraction, an operation on one or more tensors that arises from the natural pairing of a finite-dimensional vector space and its dual
Left contraction and right contraction of multivectors in a geometric algebra, extensions of the inner product
One of the rules of conditional independence, in probability
Contraction (logic), a structural rule in proof theory
Medicine
Muscle contraction, the physiological condition of a muscle which generates tension (traction) at its origin and insertion
Uterine contraction, contraction of the uterus, such as during childbirth
Contractility, the intrinsic ability of the heart/myocardium to contract
Wound contraction, a stage in wound healing
Other uses
Contraction (economics), a general slowdown in economic activity; the opposite of economic expansion
Contraction (physics), change in the volume of matter in response to a change in temperature
Lanthanide contraction, the decrease in size of the ionic radius of lanthanide elements with their growing atomic number
Contracted (film), a 2013 horror thriller film by Eric England and its sequel Contracted: Phase II (2015) which directed by Josh Forbes
See also
Contract (disambiguation)
Contraction principle (disambiguation) | wiki |
41 of the 50 states have an intermediate appellate court, and nine (Delaware, Maine, Montana, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia and Wyoming) do not.
Some of the states that do have intermediate appellate courts have more than one, such as Alabama, which has one intermediate appellate court for civil matters and another for criminal, and Pennsylvania, with a Superior Court and a Commonwealth Court which are both appellate courts but with different subject-matter jurisdictions.
Of the states with intermediate appellate courts, some have many divisions with varying degrees of independence from each other.
State intermediate appellate courts
References
External links
List
Appellate Courts, intermediate | wiki |
Powrót do raju – album zespołu Piersi (1995)
Powrót do raju – amerykański film (1998)
Powrót do raju – australijski serial (2008) | wiki |
ADB-4en-PINACA is a cannabinoid designer drug that has been found as an ingredient in some synthetic cannabis products, first appearing in early 2021. It is a reasonably potent cannabinoid agonist in vitro but has not been so widely sold as related compounds such as ADB-PINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA.
See also
5F-ADB-PINACA
ADB-BINACA
ADB-CHMINACA
ADB-FUBINACA
ADB-HEXINACA
References
Cannabinoids
Designer drugs
Indazolecarboxamides
Tert-butyl compounds | wiki |
All-New X-Men est un comic book de l'univers X-Men publié depuis par Marvel Comics.
Notes et références
Comic book
Série de bande dessinée X-Men | wiki |
Echo Mountain may refer to:
Echo Mountain, a mountain in California
Echo Mountain (Colorado), a mountain summit in Colorado
Echo Mountain (ski area), a ski area in Colorado
Echo Mountain (album), an album by K's Choice
Echo Mountain Recording, a professional recording studio in Asheville, NC
See also
Ekho Mountain
Echo Peak (disambiguation) | wiki |
Triple Tiara can refer to:
American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing, for three-year-old fillies in New York state
Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing, for three-year-old fillies in Canada
Papal Tiara or triple tiara, used 1143–1963
See also
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, three-race series from many countries | wiki |
FIVB World Championship may refer to
FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship
FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship | wiki |
A data element name is a name given to a data element in, for example, a data dictionary or metadata registry. In a formal data dictionary, there is often a requirement that no two data elements may have the same name, to allow the data element name to become an identifier, though some data dictionaries may provide ways to qualify the name in some way, for example by the application system or other context in which it occurs.
In a database driven data dictionary, the fully qualified data element name may become the primary key, or an alternate key, of a Data Elements table of the data dictionary.
The data element name typically conforms to ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registry naming conventions and has at least three parts:
Object, Property and Representation term.
Many standards require the use of Upper camel case to differentiate the components of a data element name. This is the standard used by ebXML, GJXDM and NIEM.
Example of ISO/IEC 11179 name in XML
Users frequently encounter ISO/IEC 11179 when they are exposed to XML Data Element names that have a multi-part Camel Case format:
Object [Qualifier] Property RepresentationTerm
The specification also includes normative documentation in appendices.
For example, the XML element for a person's given (first) name would be expressed as:
John
Where Person is the Object=Person, Property=Given and Representation term="Name". In this case the optional qualifier is not used, in spite of being implicit in the data element name. This requires knowledge based on data element name, rather than use of structured data.
See also
Data dictionary
Data element
Data element definition
ISO/IEC 11179
Representation term
Semantic spectrum
ISO/IEC 11179
Metadata
Metadata registry | wiki |
The ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships are an international event in canoeing organized by the International Canoe Federation. The World Championships have taken place every year in non-Summer Olympic years since 2002. From 1949 to 1999, they had taken place in odd-numbered years. The 2001 championships were scheduled to take place in Ducktown, Tennessee (East of Chattanooga) from 20 to 23 September, but were canceled in the wake of the September 11 attacks.
Men race in single kayaks (K1) and single canoes (C1) both individually and in teams. Women race in K1 both individually and in teams and since the 2010 championships also in C1 individually. A team event was scheduled for those championships, but it was canceled because of weather conditions. The first women's C1 team event took place at the 2011 world championships, but no medals were awarded. The first medals in this event were awarded in 2013.
The men's C2 event was removed from the World Championships before the 2018 edition. The mixed C2 event was reinstated in 2017 after a 36-year hiatus. The extreme K1 events for men and women were first introduced in 2017.
Summary
Lists of medalists
List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in men's canoe
List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in men's kayak
List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in mixed canoe
List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in women's canoe
List of ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships medalists in women's kayak
Most successful paddlers
Top 10 male and female paddlers with the best medal record including the team events are listed below. Boldface denotes active paddlers and the highest number of medals per type, as of the 2022 championships.
Men
Women
Most successful paddlers in individual events
Top 10 male and female paddlers with the best medal record excluding the team events are listed below. Boldface denotes active paddlers and the highest number of medals per type. As of the 2022 championships.
Men
Women
Medal table
As of the 2022 Championships.
Russian athletes competed under the flag of the Russian Canoe Federation at the 2021 World Championships.
See also
Canoe slalom
Canoe Slalom World Cup
ICF World Junior and U23 Canoe Slalom Championships
ICF Canoe Slalom World Rankings
ICF Canoe Marathon World Championship
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
Canoeing at the Summer Olympics
References
Recurring sporting events established in 1949
Canoe slalom
Slalom | wiki |
Mohanthal is a traditional Indian confectionery item that can be described as a gram flour fudge. It is common in the Rajasthan and Gujarat regions. Mohanthal is made from besan, ghee, and sugar and can be combined with many other ingredients, such as spices and nuts. As with other sweets from the Indian subcontinent it is commonly consumed at religious festivals such as Diwali or as prasad, an offering at a temple or shrine.
References
Gujarati cuisine
Indian desserts
Rajasthani desserts | wiki |
More Light may refer to:
More Light Presbyterians, an American religious movement
More Light (J Mascis + The Fog album), 2000
More Light (Primal Scream album), 2013
See also
"Mehr Licht!" (German, 'More light!'), the supposed last words of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Mehr Licht!, an Albanian literary and cultural magazine | wiki |
Vapor polishing is a method of polishing plastics to reduce the surface roughness or improve clarity. Typically, a component is exposed to a chemical vapor causing the surface to flow thereby improving the surface finish. This method of polishing is frequently used to return clear materials to an optical quality finish after machining. Vapor polishing works well in the internal features of components.
Feature size changes of the plastic component generally do not occur. Post stress relieving is usually required as vapor polishing sets up surface stresses that can cause crazing.
Plastics that respond well to vapor polishing are polycarbonate, acrylic, polysulfone, PEI, and ABS.
The technique is also being used to improve the surface of objects created with 3D printing techniques. As the printer deposits layer upon layer of material to build the object, the surface is often not entirely smooth. The smoothness of the surface can be greatly increased by vapor polishing.
Notes
Materials science | wiki |
Druid Order may refer to:
Present day druidic orders as described in Neo-druidry
The historical meaning of the word Druid
A group called The Druid Order | wiki |
A dribble glass is a drinking glass that has holes hidden in its etched design.
The purpose of a dribble glass is for pranks. When a person tilts the glass to take a drink from this glass, they will end up spilling the liquid on their clothing as the drink trickles through the holes.
In Ancient Greece, sculptors created vases that featured a small rectangular hole in the foot of the vase. These so-called "dirty trick vases" are the earliest known example of the dribble glass.
See also
Fuddling cup
List of practical joke topics
Puzzle jug
Pythagorean cup
References
Further reading
Practical joke devices
Drinkware | wiki |
El término El cliente puede referirse a:
El cliente: filme estadounidense de 1994.
El cliente: filme iraní de 2016 | wiki |
Parte a seriei AFI's 100 Years, AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals este o listă cu cele mai bune filme musicaluri din cinematografia americană. Lista a fost prezentată de Institutul American de FilmS la Hollywood Bowl la 3 sept. 2006. Spre deosebire de alte liste AFI, aceasta include doar 25 de filme câștigătoare și nu a fost prezentată în cadrul unei emisiuni speciale de televiziune.
Lista
Legături externe
AFI's 100 Years of Musicals
List of the 180 nominated musicals.
List of the 25 winning musicals.
Liste de filme
Institutul American de Film | wiki |
Betty L. Mullis is a retired USAF command pilot born in Kansas. She is now a civilian airline pilot. Joining the USAF in 1972, she had a 33-year service career in the USAF, before she retired in 2005. During her service, she was awarded the Legion of Merit and the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal and achieved the rank of Major-General.
Military career
Mullis began her career in the Arkansas Air National Guard (ANG), where she was one of the first women in there to earn her wings. In 1988, she transitioned to the Air Force Reserve. In 1993, Mullis took command of a flying squadron and became the first woman in the Air Force Reserve to do so. She became the first woman in the US Air Force to command a flying wing in 1996. Mullis went on to become the first female command pilot in the US Air Force to reach the rank of Brigadier-General in 2000 and attained Major-General in 2002.
Awards
According to the US Air Force, she has been awarded the following decorations:
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
Air Medal
Aerial Achievement Medal
Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster
Air Force Achievement Medal
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with "V" device and four oak leaf clusters
Combat Readiness Medal with four oak leaf clusters
National Defense Service Medal with bronze star
Southwest Asia Service Medal with two bronze stars
Armed Forces Service Medal
Air Force Longevity Award with silver oak leaf clusters
Armed Forces Reserve Medal
Small Arms Marksmanship Ribbon with bronze star
Air Force Training Ribbon
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Kansas
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal | wiki |
A Detergent is a surfactant with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
Detergent may also refer to:
Biological detergent, a laundry detergent that contains enzymes
Laundry detergent, a cleaning agent for laundry
The Detergents, a 1960s musical group | wiki |
Patriot Games is a 1987 novel by Tom Clancy.
Patriot Game(s) may also refer to:
"Patriot Games" (The Simpsons), a 2016 episode of The Simpsons
"Patriot Games" (Family Guy), a 2006 episode of Family Guy
"Patriot Games" (Modern Family), a 2015 episode of the television sitcom Modern Family
Patriot Games (film), a 1992 film adaptation of Tom Clancy's book that stars Harrison Ford
"The Patriot Game", an Irish ballad with a melody from the traditional tune "The Merry Month of May"
Traverse City Patriot Game, an annual high school football game in Traverse City, Michigan | wiki |
Picea wilsonii is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It is found only in China.
References
wilsonii
Least concern plants
Picea wilsonii
Picea wilsonii
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
The American daily newspaper The New York Times publishes multiple weekly list ranking the best selling books in the United States. The lists are split in three genres—fiction, nonfiction and children's books. Both the fiction and nonfiction lists are further split into multiple lists.
Fiction
The following list ranks the best selling fiction books, in the combined print and e-books category.
For the third year, the most frequent weekly best seller of the year was Where the Crawdads Sing by Delia Owens with 12 weeks at the top of the list, followed closely by It Ends with Us by Colleen Hoover with 11 weeks at the top of the list. Colleen Hoover was also the most frequent weekly best selling author with 19 weeks at the top of the list.
Nonfiction
The following list ranks the best selling nonfiction books, in the combined print and e-books category.
See also
Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 2020s
References
2022
.
New York Times best sellers
New York Times best sellers
New York Times best sellers | wiki |
The black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris), also known as the black-browed mollymawk, is a large seabird of the albatross family Diomedeidae; it is the most widespread and common member of its family.
Taxonomy
Mollymawks are albatrosses in the family Diomedeidae and order Procellariiformes, which also includes shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. These birds share certain identifying features. They have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as being an energy-rich food source for chicks and also for the adults during their long flights. The albatross also has a salt gland above the nasal passage which helps to remove salt from the ocean water that they imbibe. The gland excretes a high saline solution through the bird's nose.
In 1998, Robertson and Nunn published their view that the Campbell albatross (Thalassarche impavida), should be split from this species (T. melanophris). Over the course of the next few years, others agreed, including BirdLife International in 2000, and Brooke in 2004. James Clements did not adopt the split, the ACAP has not yet adopted the split, and the SACC recognizes the need for a proposal.
The black-browed albatross was first described as Diomedea melanophris by Coenraad Jacob Temminck, in 1828, based on a specimen from the Cape of Good Hope.
Etymology
The origin of the name melanophris comes from two Greek words melas or melanos, meaning "black", and ophris, meaning "eyebrow", referring to dark feathering around the eyes.
Description
The black-browed albatross is a medium-sized albatross, at long with a wingspan and an average weight of . It can have a natural lifespan of over 70 years. It has a dark grey saddle and upperwings that contrast with the white rump, and underparts. The underwing is predominantly white with broad, irregular, black margins. It has a dark eyebrow and a yellow-orange bill with a darker reddish-orange tip. Juveniles have dark horn-colored bills with dark tips, and a grey head and collar. They also have dark underwings. The features that distinguish it from other mollymawks (except the closely related Campbell albatross) are the dark eyestripe which gives it its name, a broad black edging to the white underside of its wings, white head and orange bill, tipped darker orange. The Campbell albatross is very similar but with a pale eye. Immature birds are similar to grey-headed albatrosses but the latter have wholly dark bills and more complete dark head markings.
Range and habitat
The black-browed albatross is circumpolar in the southern oceans, and it breeds on 12 islands throughout that range. In the Atlantic Ocean, it breeds on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and the Cape Horn Islands. In the Pacific Ocean it breeds on Islas Ildefonso, Diego de Almagro, Islas Evangelistas, Campbell Island, Antipodes Islands, Snares Islands, and Macquarie Island. In the Indian Ocean it breeds on the Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Heard Island, and McDonald Island.
There are an estimated 1,220,000 birds alive with 600,853 breeding pairs, as estimated by a 2005 count. Of these birds, 402,571 breed in the Falklands, 72,102 breed on South Georgia Island, 120,171 breed on the Chilean islands of Islas Ildefonso, Diego de Almagro, Islas Evangelistas, and Islas Diego Ramírez. 600 pairs breed on Heard Island, Finally, the remaining 5,409 pairs breed on the remaining islands. This particular species of albatross prefers to forage over shelf and shelf-break areas. Falkland Island birds winter near the Patagonian Shelf, and birds from South Georgia forage in South African waters, using the Benguela Current, and the Chilean birds forage over the Patagonian Shelf, the Chilean Shelf, and even make it as far as New Zealand. It is the most likely albatross to be found in the North Atlantic due to a northerly migratory tendency. There have been 20 possible sightings in the Continental United States.
Behaviour
Colonies are very noisy as they bray to mark their territory, and also cackle harshly. They use their fanned tail in courting displays.
Feeding
The black-browed albatross feeds on fish, squid, crustaceans, carrion, and fishery discards. This species has been observed stealing food from other species.
Reproduction
This species normally nests on steep slopes covered with tussock grass and sometimes on cliffs; however, on the Falklands it nests on flat grassland on the coast. They are an annual breeder laying one egg from between 20 September and 1 November, although the Falklands, Crozet, and Kerguelen breeders lay about three weeks earlier. Incubation is done by both sexes and lasts 68 to 71 days. After hatching, the chicks take 120 to 130 days to fledge. Juveniles will return to the colony after two to three years but only to practice courtship rituals, as they start breeding around the 10th year.
Conservation
Until 2013, the IUCN classified this species as endangered due to a drastic reduction in population. Bird Island near South Georgia Island had a 4% per year loss of nesting pairs, and the Kerguelen Island population had a 17% reduction from 1979 to 1995. Diego Ramírez decreased in the 1980s but has rebounded recently, and the Falklands had a surge in the 1980s probably due to abundant fish waste from trawlers; however, recent censuses have shown drastic reduction in the majority of the nesting sites there. There has been a 67% decline in the population over 64 years.
Increased longline fishing in the southern oceans, especially around the Patagonian Shelf and around South Georgia has been attributed as a major cause of the decline of this bird, The black-browed albatross has been found to be the most common bird killed by fisheries. Trawl fishing, especially around the Patagonian Shelf and near South Africa, is also a large cause of deaths.
Conservation efforts underway start with this species being placed on Convention on Migratory Species Appendix II, and Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels Annex 1. It is being monitored on half of the islands, and most of the breeding sites are reserves. Heard Island, McDonald Island, Macquarie Island, and the New Zealand islands are World Heritage Sites. An initial Chilean census has also been completed.
Vagrancy
Although this is a rare occurrence, on several occasions a black-browed albatross has summered in Scottish gannet colonies (Bass Rock, Hermaness and now Sula Sgeir) for a number of years. Ornithologists believe that it was the same bird, known as Albert, who lives in north Scotland. It is believed that the bird was blown off course into the North Atlantic in 1967. A similar incident took place in the gannet colony in the Faroe Islands island of Mykines, where a black-browed albatross lived among the gannets for over 30 years. This incident is the reason why an albatross is referred to as a "gannet king" (Faroese: súlukongur) in Faroese. In July 2013 the first recorded sighting of a black-browed albatross in the Bahamas was made from the Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation's research vessel, off Sandy Point, Abaco. For four consecutive years from 2014 on, a bird - probably the same individual named Albert - has been sighted over Heligoland, and on the east coast of England.
Footnotes
References
Alsop, III, Fred J. Smithsonian Birds of North America. Dorling Kindersley
External links
Black-browed albatross divi deep. Current Biology, read 24 jan 2022.
BirdLife Species Factsheet.
BTO BirdFacts – Black-browed albatross
ARKive – Images and movies of the black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris)
Black-browed albatross - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
black-browed albatross
Birds of Southern Africa
Birds of South America
Birds of Western Australia
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Victoria (Australia)
Birds of Tasmania
Birds of New Zealand
Birds of the Falkland Islands
Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
Birds of the Indian Ocean
Birds of subantarctic islands
Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Endangered fauna of Australia
black-browed albatross
black-browed albatross | wiki |
In computer software testing, a test assertion is an expression which encapsulates some testable logic specified about a target under test. The expression is formally presented as an assertion, along with some form of identifier, to help testers and engineers ensure that tests of the target relate properly and clearly to the corresponding specified statements about the target.
Usually the logic for each test assertion is limited to one single aspect specified. A test assertion may include prerequisites which must be true for the test assertion to be valid.
See also
Test driven
Conformance testing
References
Green, Stephen D. (Editor) et al. (2012) "Test Assertions Guidelines Committee Note 1.0" OASIS-open.org
Durand, Jacques et al. (2009) "Test Assertions on steroids for XML artifacts." In Proceedings of Balisage: The Markup Conference 2009. Balisage Series on Markup Technologies, vol. 3 (2009)
External links
, W3C 'Test Assertion Guide' (Editor's Draft)
, Unisoft's 'Glossary of Testing Terms' includes a definition for 'test assertion'
, OASIS-open.org has a technical committee producing open, royalty-free specifications for a test assertions model and markup language
Software testing | wiki |
Schmidt's theorem may refer to:
Krull–Schmidt theorem
Wolfgang M. Schmidt's subspace theorem | wiki |
"Elevator Love Letter" is the nineteenth episode of the fifth season of the American television medical drama, Grey's Anatomy and the show's 97th episode overall. Written by Stacy McKee and directed by Edward Ornelas, the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on March 26, 2009. It was viewed by 15.81 million people and garnered a 5.5/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. Sandra Oh received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal of Cristina Yang in this episode.
In this episode, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) proposes to the show's title character Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) while Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) undergoes surgery for cancer with Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) feeling guilty for her condition. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) deals with the PTSD of her boyfriend and fellow surgeon Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). The episode received favorable reviews with critics calling it a payoff for Meredith and Derek fans.
The storyline involving Izzie's embryos is picked up again in the season 12 episode, "I Choose You" and subsequently concludes on the season 16 episode, "Leave A Light On".
Plot
Cristina and Owen are finally spending nights with each other, relaxing by watching videos of surgeries. Cristina falls asleep, so Owen turns the TV off and shuts off the lights. He dozes off, and the peppy, happy music stops, replaced by whooshing sounds of the overhead ceiling fan turning in slow motion. The screen goes dark and the next thing we know, Owen is choking Cristina. She struggles but can't free herself. Callie walks through the door to see if everything OK, and stops him.
At work, Cristina is wearing a turtleneck to cover up her neck bruises. Meredith doesn't want Cristina to cover for Owen because neither of them are okay. George is upset that Izzie didn't tell him about her illness. He doesn't want to think about it, so he asks Callie if he can be on her service that day in order to avoid thinking about her. Bailey greets the residents before they go into Izzie's room. She reminds them all that Izzie needs them to be friends and not doctors now. Izzie knits and reminds them that they have other patients and tells them to go save lives.
Derek asks Alex, as Izzie's boyfriend, if he has any questions before her brain surgery today but he doesn't say much. Later, Richard awkwardly asks Alex whether he wants to produce a sperm sample because they are harvesting Izzie's eggs prior to radiation to which he immediately agrees. Mark's patient is an aging woman unlikely to make it through the day. But her nephews and niece are anxious to catch flights and can't be bothered to stick around until she dies.
Owen and Derek go to the roof of the hospital to receive a head trauma patient who was helicoptered in. The sound of the helicopter makes Owen freeze up for a moment until Derek snaps him out of it. Outside the hospital, Derek reminds Owen that PTSD is a real injury that produces real physiological changes, but it can also be healed.
Meredith tries to walk into an empty elevator, but Richard stands in front of the door, blocking her way, until that elevator closes and the other one opens. Derek is in the elevator! He has plastered the walls of the elevator with MRI scans of all of the successful surgeries they have had together. He points out certain surgeries, like the first one they scrubbed in on together, or the one when he first realized she would become a great surgeon, and the one he just performed on Izzie for which Meredith believed in him. He tells her that she doesn't freeze. She's seen the worst and has been through the worst, but that is how she has the strength to help everyone through their times of hardship. Her dark and twistiness is a virtue, not a flaw. He doesn't get down on one knee. He doesn't ask any questions. He simply says that he loves her and wants to spend the rest of his life with her. Meredith kisses him.
Reception
The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on March 26, 2009. The initial airing in the United States was viewed by 15.326 million people and garnered a Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic.
PopSugar called the episode classic Grey's, ""People are better than no people" is such a classic Grey's line, and I loved the old woman who just wouldn't die." and added , "Also love Karev delivering his cup to the Chief in the middle of lunch." The site also liked Derek's proposal saying, "It's not the proposal I was expecting from Derek, but I actually like it better than a room full of roses and candles.", also praising Chandra Wilson's character adding, "Bailey rocks my world, especially with her new-new hairstyle."
Alan Sepinwall lauded the episode saying, "Okay, the series is on a real roll right now. I can't really forgive the ghost sex or the interns starring in their own David Cronenberg movie, but if the rest of the season is as good as the last few episodes have been, I can at least try to forget that stuff." He also lauded Kevin McKidd and Sandra Oh saying, "Seeing her flail around, or some sort of insane look on his face, would have made the scene feel over-the-top and cheesy; And after being stuck on the sideline for too much of this season, McKidd and Oh are killing right now." About the proposal he gave a positive review as well saying, "I thought Derek's proposal -- and Meredith's behavior in response to his earlier attempts -- was very grown-up and sweet, and reflected a relationship that's grown to be about more than the stupid will-they-or-won't-they drama. And the moment when Derek finally came out of his stupor and started telling off the oncologist was well-played by Patrick Dempsey, who's been doing some nice work."
Justin Chambers also received praise from Sepinwall, "Every time I watch Justin Chambers get a showcase episode like this, I think about how lucky he is -- and we are -- that the Cold Case producers decided to can him after a few episodes, which allowed him to land this more demanding, high-profile gig."
BuddyTV lauded the proposal scene saying, "Squeee! OMG. I usually don't gush over grand romantic gestures or anything because I have a stone-cold heart, but this is quite possibly the most perfect proposal ever." Cinema Blend also gave largely positive review, "What an incredibly emotionally heavy episode! This really could have been a season finale, it was so packed with emotion, conflict, and resolution." also liked the proposal, "After realizing that Meredith wasn't saying no because she didn't want to be with him, but rather because she wanted a proposal for the right reasons and the right way. He gives her a speech about each of them, and then ties it up by pointing out when he realized certain things, culminating in when he knew he couldn't live without her and wants to spend the rest of his life with her. It was a great speech and proposal, and Meredith finally says yes."
Wired added the episode in its must watch list stating, " If you did happen to endure the Meredith/McDreamy roller coaster of Season 4, this episode is your payoff. Also, former army surgeon Owen’s PTSD causes him to choke Cristina while she sleeps."
References
External links
Grey's Anatomy (season 5) episodes
2009 American television episodes | wiki |
This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Province of Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
|}
See also
Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China
References
Shaanxi | wiki |
Ramen is a Japanese dish of noodles in broth.
Ramen may also refer to:
Instant noodle, sometimes described as ramen.
Lake Rämen, a lake in Dalarna, Sweden
R'amen, a word used at the end of prayers in parody religion Pastafarianism
Ramen, fictional characters in The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant by Stephen R. Donaldson
See also
Raman (disambiguation)
Rahman (name) | wiki |
Breath carbon monoxide is the level of carbon monoxide in a person's exhalation. It can be measured in a breath carbon monoxide test, generally by using a carbon monoxide breath monitor (breath CO monitor), such as for motivation and education for smoking cessation and also as a clinical aid in assessing carbon monoxide poisoning. The breath carbon monoxide level has been shown to have a close relationship with the level of CO in the blood known as carboxyhaemoglobin (%COHb) or "blood CO". This correlation allows for the level of CO in the blood to be indirectly measured through a breath sample.
Breath CO monitor
CO monitors measure carbon monoxide in parts per million (ppm) in breath. These monitors have become increasingly popular given that they allow for noninvasive testing and are inexpensive to use.
Breath CO monitors function based on the detection of carbon monoxide gas with an electrochemical gas sensor. Monitors typically incorporate an LCD display that provides a concentration level in a numeric format and/or colored indicators that correspond to various concentration ranges. Some device models also incorporate sound warnings when a pre-programmed concentration limit is exceeded.
The various models of CO monitors currently available on the market vary widely in terms of accuracy, functionality, and price. Monitors have been designed to fit the variety of applications that exist for Breath CO monitoring.
Uses
Smoking cessation
As an aid to smoking cessation, a breath CO monitor can be used as a validational, motivational and educational tool. It has been referred to as the stethoscope of tobacco treatment. Breath CO monitoring provides an easy and low cost method of ascertaining smoking status without relying on a patient's self-report alone to determine whether or not they smoke. Self-reported smoking status has been shown to be unreliable, and a CO monitor replaces this.
The British National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) stipulates that a non-smoker is identified by a reading of less than 10ppm CO. Recent NICE guidelines for pregnant smokers have been published stipulating a level of 7ppm as the identification of a non-smoker.
These devices are also useful on pregnant smokers. Recent clinical studies have also found that there is a direct link between the level of CO on an expectant mother's breath and the level of CO in her unborn child's blood. This is known as "Fetal carboxyhaemoglobin" (%FCOHb). This level has also been found to be on average 1.8 times higher in the baby than in the mother. This relationship is also used in some more advanced CO monitors in order to educate on the dangers of smoking whilst pregnant.
CO poisoning
CO breath monitors are used by the emergency services to help identify patients who are suspected of having CO poisoning. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas which is therefore very difficult to detect. CO poisoning can occur in many situations where incomplete combustion is present, with the most common causes being house fires or faulty gas appliances. Although CO poisoning is rare, the British Health Protection Agency has produced an algorithm to help with the diagnosis of CO poisoning and what to do in the event of diagnosis. The use of breath monitoring on the scene of suspected exposure can allow the patient to receive treatment more rapidly and improve their odds of survival.
See also
CO-oximeter
References
Medical testing equipment
Carbon monoxide | wiki |
Sportsvue was a regional sports network operating in Wisconsin. The premium cable channel showed telecasts of sporting events, principally those involving the Milwaukee Brewers and Milwaukee Bucks. Sportsvue operated from April 3, 1984 to February 2, 1985, closing in the middle of the Bucks season due to the losses incurred in its brief period of operation and inability to attract a sufficient subscriber base. Within days of Sportsvue's closure, the Bucks were put up for sale.
History
Pre-launch
In 1981, the Bucks and Brewers announced plans to launch a cable sports channel known as the Wisconsin All-Sports Network as a complement to the games carried by broadcast TV stations; the network would also carry collegiate sports events and would have launched as soon as 1983.
Plans for WASN were rolled into a larger and more ambitious effort of Group W Satellite Communications, known as "The Sports Network", in 1983. TSN (no relation to the Canadian network of the same name that launched in 1984) was to incorporate WASN, as well as Pro-Am Sports System in Detroit, Sportsvision in Chicago, Sonics Superchannel in the Pacific Northwest, and a new channel in the mid-Atlantic region (which Group W wound up launching as Home Team Sports in the spring of 1984). However, in October, Group W dropped its sports network plans, which had already delayed the channel from fall 1983 to a spring 1984 debut.
Becoming Sportsvue
The cable channel changed its name to Sportsvue in January 1984; at the same time, it announced a launch date of April 3. The network would carry the season opener between the Brewers and the Oakland Athletics—part of a slate of 67 baseball contests—as well as a Bucks game two days later; in addition, the network trumpeted that it lined up 40 Wisconsin Badgers hockey and basketball games (football telecasts were not an immediate possibility due to a then-pending Supreme Court case and the team being on probation for the 1984 season), 10 Marquette University athletic events (primarily basketball), and National Hockey League coverage. (No final deal had been worked out with the University of Wisconsin by July, and negotiations continued into September.)
Sportsvue was a financial venture of importance to both the Brewers and Bucks, who were strapped for cash and played in a small market; the clubs hoped that Sportsvue revenues would help the teams remain competitive. Jim Fitzgerald, who owned the Bucks, warned in January 1984 that, if the channel were not successful, there was a chance he could sell the franchise.
Distribution and subscriber problems
Cable distribution was sometimes hit-or-miss around the state, and by far unconsolidated, unlike the current-day situation where Spectrum has a near-monopoly in Wisconsin. For those who subscribed to participating cable systems around the state, the service cost $8 to $9 a month. Some systems, such as Group W Cable in La Crosse (which ultimately changed its mind) and Teltron in Wausau and Stevens Point, did not add Sportsvue typically because the costs were too expensive or their systems required technical rebuilding to have the channel capacity needed to add the new service; Teltron had capacity for just two premium channels, space already taken up by HBO and Cinemax. Customers of the cable system in Madison needed new converter boxes to be able to subscribe. Other systems that would have been crucial to the company's success, such as RVS in Waukesha County and the system in Racine, did not pick up Sportsvue because they objected to its revenue split. One critical distribution shortfall did not even have to do with a specific cable system. The city of Milwaukee was not wired for cable at the time, prompting Sportsvue to consider alternate distribution methods, including the TVQ pay microwave system and SelecTV (itself struggling as part of a primetime/late night split on WCGV-TV), to reach customers there; Milwaukee was not projected to be cabled until 1986.
The network expected 50,000 subscribers after a year of operation, and it signed up 15,000 in its first month, but from there, subscription figures flatlined. As time went on, low uptake rates prompted additional cable providers that had been considering carriage of Sportsvue to hold off, like Warner Amex in Neenah. In other areas, such as Eau Claire (served by Wisconsin CATV and with split allegiances with the closer rival Minnesota Twins) interest was lower than the cable company needed to see to make money on the necessary investment; a Wisconsin CATV official warned that due to the number of subscribers Sportsvue needed to break even, "we don't know if that channel is going to make it". Officials attributed Sportsvue's stagnating uptake to the poor performance of the Brewers. The stagnation continued into December, when the service still had just 16,000 subscribers.
Closure
A month into 1985, the bottom fell out for Sportsvue. Its president, Joe O'Neill, stepped down from the position on January 15 but remained on as legal counsel, while the network announced on January 24 that it would axe a third of its staff. Four days later, further measures were announced in a bid to shore up the network's finances; the network would cut in half the number of live events it broadcast and raise its rates to cable companies. Not even these increasingly drastic changes were enough. On February 2, Sportsvue announced that it would cease operations after that night's Bucks game against the Portland Trail Blazers, citing the low subscriber count. The channel had lost $2 million in its 10 months of operation; Bucks owner Fitzgerald said the team had "taken a bath" on its investment in cable sports.
In appraising the reasons for its closure, Phil Rosenthal of The Capital Times cited the Brewers' poor performance in 1984; the inability to reach potential subscribers in uncabled Milwaukee; poor supplemental programming and its part-time operation; and the failure of the Group W venture.
Impact of closure
In the wake of the closure of Sportsvue, Bucks management said that the team would have to take a "hard look at the future" and Fitzgerald noted that other cities were already showing interest in buying the franchise. He then officially announced that he was putting the Bucks up for sale on February 5, just three days after the network folded. Grocery store magnate Herb Kohl bought the Bucks a month later, keeping them in Milwaukee. In a lawsuit later in the year over the 1979 privatization of the club, Fitzgerald claimed that he had not thought of selling the club until Sportsvue failed.
Brewers owner Bud Selig blamed larger-market teams and the 'territory invasion' hastened by superstations for the failure of Sportsvue. Specifically, WGN-TV and its Chicago Cubs coverage was seen throughout Wisconsin on a much more consistent basis as United Video uplinked that Chicago station to providers across the state. The Cubs' success in the 1984 season only hampered matters further.
A more immediate change was that the local stations that carried Brewers and Bucks games, and which had seen their inventories drop with Sportsvue, gained the opportunity to telecast additional games. WLRE in the Green Bay market added 16 more Brewers games that were offered by the club after the network's closure, along with six additional Bucks games in the remainder of the NBA season.
Group W again would attempt to launch a sports network in the state in 1996 with the Wisconsin Sports Network, a joint venture with Warner Cable, which had a reduced schedule of 35 Brewers games and was offered as a basic cable offering. The part-time network launched just as Westinghouse was merging with the CBS Corporation; in 1997, Wisconsin Sports Network was folded into the Midwest Sports Channel, which was co-owned with WCCO-TV in Minneapolis. A Wisconsin feed of MSC launched on April 1, 1998; this service continues to operate today as Bally Sports Wisconsin.
References
Defunct local cable stations in the United States
Sports television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1984
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1985
1984 establishments in Wisconsin
1985 disestablishments in Wisconsin
Defunct mass media in Wisconsin | wiki |
Statistics of Football League First Division in the 1960–61 season.
Overview
Tottenham Hotspur won the First Division title for the second time in the club's history, eight points clear of second-placed Sheffield Wednesday. This remains their last league title.
Newcastle United and Preston North End were relegated, to be replaced by Ipswich Town and Sheffield United who finished first and second in the Second Division that season.
League standings
Results
Top scorers
References
RSSSF
Football League First Division seasons
Eng
1960–61 Football League
1960–61 in English football leagues
lt:Anglijos futbolo varžybos 1960–1961 m.
hu:1960–1961-es angol labdarúgó-bajnokság (első osztály)
ru:Футбольная лига Англии 1960-1961 | wiki |
The Chilean Council of State was a body set up by the junta of General Augusto Pinochet to produce a constitution in order to legitimise military rule. The constitution which it produced was approved in a 1980 plebiscite.
The President of the Council of State was former President Jorge Alessandri.
See also
Politics of Chile
Constitution of Chile
Government of Chile | wiki |
Statistics of Football League First Division in the 1962-63 season.
Overview
Everton won the First Division title for the sixth time in the club's history that season. They made sure of the title on May 11, after a 4-1 win over Fulham at Goodison Park. Leyton Orient were relegated on 4 May after a 3-1 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday. Manchester City joined them on the final weekend of the season, losing 6-1 at West Ham United, which saved Birmingham City, who won 3-2 at home against Leicester City.
League standings
Results
Top scorers
References
RSSSF
External links
wildstat.com
Football League First Division seasons
Eng
1962–63 Football League
1962–63 in English football leagues | wiki |
There are 190 schools that hold the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business's (AACSB) Accounting Accreditation. The AACSB accredits business schools by evaluating critical areas of each school to ensure that it provides top-quality education, and schools can apply for the accounting accreditation, which focuses on the schools' accounting programs, in addition to business accreditation.
Accreditation is gained and maintained via a peer-review system, and schools are assessed in the context of their respective missions rather than against a fixed standard. To apply for accounting accreditation, a school is required either to already hold the business accreditation, or to apply for both the business and accounting accreditations at the same time.
The initial accounting accreditation process starts with the submission of an eligibility application, and includes self-evaluations and peer reviews. The business school and the accounting academic unit are evaluated on their alignment with the AACSB's accreditation standards; under the standard for accounting accreditation, an accounting academic unit is evaluated based on its mission, intellectual contributions, and financial strategies for achieving its mission. For example, one of the bases of evaluation is whether the academic unit has produced intellectual contributions that have affected accounting, business and management "in ways that are consistent with the mission, expected outcomes, and strategies of the unit". Subsequently, the accounting accreditation is extended via 5-year review cycles.
As of 2013, the AACSB estimated that 5% of all business programs internationally, and most top business programs in the United States, held AACSB accreditation. AACSB accreditation is seen as a standard requirement in graduate business education, and universities are more likely to accept transfer credit earned from accredited schools; it has been called "the hallmark of excellence in business education".
Schools
See also
Regional accreditation
Triple accreditation
References
!
Accounting education | wiki |
Super Mario World TV Show was een anime die te zien was van 1991 tot 1993.
Rolverdeling
Mario: Walker Boone
Luigi: Tony Rosato
Princess Toadstool: Tracey Moore
Toad (Nintendo) (Rode Toad) en Kamek (Magikoopa): John Stocker
Bowser: Harvey Atkin
Lemmy Koopa (Hip) en Iggy Koopa (Hop): Tara Charendoff
Ludwig von Koopa (Kooky): Michael Stark
Wendy O. Koopa (Kootie): Pauline Gillis (in de film Tabitha St. Germain)
Morton Koopa Junior (Big Mouth): Dan Hennessey (in de film Gordon Masten)
Larry Koopa (Cheatsy): James Rankin
Roy Koopa (Bully): Gordon Masten (in de film Dan Hennessey)
Yoshi: Andrew Sabiston
Amerikaanse animatieserie
Mario | wiki |
Wolf hunting with dogs is a method of wolf hunting which relies on the use of hunting dogs. While any dog, especially a hound used for hunting wolves may be loosely termed a "wolfhound", several dog breeds have been specifically bred for the purpose, some of which, such as the Irish Wolfhound, have the word in their breed name.
Reaction
Accounts as to how wolves react to being attacked by dogs vary, though John James Audubon wrote that young wolves generally show submissive behaviour, while older wolves fight savagely. As wolves are not as fast as smaller canids such as coyotes, they typically run to a low place and wait for the dogs to come over from the top and fight them. Theodore Roosevelt stressed the danger cornered wolves can pose to a pack of dogs in his Hunting the Grisly and Other Sketches:
The fighting styles of wolves and dogs differ significantly; while dogs typically limit themselves to attacking the head, neck and shoulder, wolves will attack the extremities of their opponents.
Irish Wolfhounds
In Ireland, Irish wolfhounds were bred as far back as 3 BC.
After the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Oliver Cromwell imposed a ban on the exportation of Irish wolfhounds in order to tackle wolves.
France
According to the Encyclopédie, wolf hunting squads in France typically consisted of 25-30 good sized dogs, usually grey in color with red around the eyes and jowls. The main pack would be supplemented with six or eight large sighthounds and a few dogues. Wolf hunting sighthounds were usually separated into three categories; lévriers d'estric, lévriers compagnons (or lévriers de flanc) and lévriers de tête. It was preferable to have two teams of each kind, with each team consisting of 2-3 dogs. It is specified that one can never have enough bloodhounds in a wolf hunt, as the wolf is the most challenging quarry for the hounds to track, due to its light tread leaving scant debris, and thus very little scent. This was not so serious a problem in winter, when the tracks were easier to detect in the snow. Each bloodhound group would be used alternatively throughout the hunt, in order to allow the previous team to recuperate. Because of the wolf's feeble scent, a wolf hunt would have to begin by motivating the bloodhounds with repeated caresses and the recitation in old French; "va outre ribaut hau mon valet; hau lo lo lo lo, velleci, velleci aller mon petit". It was preferable that the area of the hunt contained no stronger smelling animals which could distract the dogs, or that the dogs themselves were entirely specialised in hunting wolves. Once the scent had been found, the hunters would give a further recitation in order to motivate the dogs; "qu'est-ce là mon valet, hau l'ami après, vellici il dit vrai". The scent was usually found at a crossroad, where the wolf would scratch the earth or leave a scent mark. The two teams of lévriers d'estric would be placed at separate points on the borders of the forest, where the wolf was expected to run to. The lévriers compagnons would be concealed on either side of the path, while the lévriers de tête, which were the largest and most aggressive, would initiate the chase once the wolf was sighted. The lévriers de tête would chase the wolf through the path and funnel it toward the other waiting lévrier teams. Once the wolf was apprehended, the dogs would be pulled back, and the hunters would place a wooden stick between the wolf's jaws in order to stop it injuring them or the dogs. The hunt master would then quickly dispatch the wolf by stabbing it between the shoulder blades with a dagger.<ref name="diderot">"Chasse du Loup", L'Encyclopédie, Diderot et d'Alembert, 1751-1780</ref>
Russian Wolf hunting and the Borzoi
Wolves were hunted in both Czarist and Soviet Russia with borzoi by landowners and Cossacks. Covers were drawn by sending mounted men through a wood with a number of dogs of various breeds, including deerhounds, staghounds and Siberian wolfhounds, as well as smaller greyhounds and foxhounds, as they made more noise than borzoi. A beater, holding up to six dogs by leash, would enter a wooded area where wolves would have been previously sighted. Other hunters on horseback would select a place in the open where the wolf or wolves may break. Each hunter held one or two borzois, which would be slipped the moment the wolf takes flight. Once the beater sighted a wolf, he would shout "Loup! Loup! Loup!" and slip the dogs. The idea was to trap the wolf between the pursuing dogs and the hunters on horseback outside the wood. The borzois would pursue the wolf along with the horsemen and yapping curs. Once the wolf was caught by the borzois, the foremost rider would dismount and quickly dispatch the wolf with a knife. Occasionally, wolves are captured alive in order to better train borzoi pups.
Afghan Hunting with Afghan Hounds
The Afghan Royal Family and the Pashtun tribes would hunt Wolves using the ancient Afghan Hound, also known as Tazi. The Afghan Hound has a very thick, long and versatile coat. A pack of wolves would scatter in fear once they were aware of being hunted by the Afghan Hound. The Afghan's coat not only protects them from teeth, claws and harsh temperatures but also strike fear in large animals such as wolves because the long hair on the hounds, combined with high winds, cause the hounds to appear extremely large. The Tazi runs at speeds of 40 miles per hour.
Kazakhstani wolf hunting
Unlike Russian wolf hunts with hounds, which occur usually in the summer period when wolves have less protective fur and the terrain is more favourable for the hounds to give chase, Kazakhstani wolf hunts with hounds depend on favourable snow conditions. The hunts take place either in the steppes regions of the country, or in semi-deserts. The hunters track wolves on horseback, with their dogs in sleds. Once a wolf is spotted, the dogs are released from the sled, and give chase.
North America
In North America wolf hunting with hounds was done in the context of pest control rather than sport. George Armstrong Custer enjoyed wolf coursing with dogs, and favoured large greyhounds and Staghound. Of the latter, he took a pair of large, white, shaggy animals which he would turn loose against wolves in the Sioux sacred Black Hills. In his book Hunting the Grisly and Other Sketches, Theodore Roosevelt wrote that greyhound crossbreeds were a favourite of his, and wrote that exclusively purebred greyhounds were unnecessary, sometimes to the point of uselessness in a wolf hunt. Some bulldog blood in the dogs was considered helpful, though not essential. Roosevelt wrote that many ranchmen of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana in the final decade of the 19th century managed to breed greyhound or deerhound packs capable of killing wolves unassisted, if numbering in three or more. These greyhounds were usually thirty inches at the shoulder and weighed 90 lbs. These American greyhounds apparently outclassed imported Russian borzois in hunting wolves. Wolf hunting with dogs became a specialised pursuit in the 1920s, with well trained and pedigreed dogs being used. Several wolfhounds were killed in wolf hunts in the warden sponsored Wisconsin Conservation Department of the 1930s. These losses induced the state to begin a dog insurance policy in order to reimburse wolf hunters. Wolf hunting with dogs is now legal only in Wisconsin in the US as of 2013.
Training
Dogs are normally fearful of wolves. Both James Rennie and Theodore Roosevelt wrote how even dogs which enthusiastically confront bears and large cats will hesitate to approach wolves.The Menageries: Quadrupeds, Described and Drawn from Living Subjects by James Rennie, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain). Contributor Charles Knight, William Clowes, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, Oliver & Boyd, published by Charles Knight, 1829 According to the Encyclopédie, dogs used in a wolf hunt are typically veteran animals, as younger hunting dogs would be intimidated by the wolf's scent. However, dogs can be taught to overcome their fear if habituated to it at an early age. As pups, Russian wolfhounds are sometimes introduced to captured live wolves, and are trained to grab them behind the ears in order to avoid being injured by the wolf's teeth. A similar practice was recorded in the United States by John James Audubon, who wrote how wolves caught in a pit trap would be hamstrung and given to a dog pack in order to condition the dogs into losing their fear.
Dogs typically do not readily eat wolf curée (entrails). The Encyclopédie'' specifies that the curée had to be prepared in a special way in order for the dogs to accept it. The carcass would be skinned, gutted and decapitated, with the entrails placed in an oven. After roasting, the entrails would be mixed with breadcrumbs and placed in a cauldron of boiling water. In winter, they would then be mixed with 3-4 lbs of fat, while in summer, two or three bucketloads of milk and flour was applied. After soaking, the entrails would be placed on a sheet of cloth and taken to the dogs whilst still warm.
See also
Wolf-baiting
Jackal coursing
References
External links
Hound Sanctuary
Dogs | wiki |
Hong Hwa-ri (21 de febrero de 2005) es una actriz infantil surcoreana.
Filmografía
Cine
Serie de televisión
Premios y nominaciones
Referencias
Enlaces externos
Actrices de cine de Corea del Sur
Actrices de televisión de Corea del Sur
Actrices infantiles de Corea del Sur | wiki |
The Boston Internet Exchange is an Internet exchange point in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The Boston IX is owned and operated by Markley Group, hosted in Markley's One Summer Street, Boston datacenter and their Prince Avenue, Lowell datacenter.
The domain bostonix.net was registered by Patrick Gilmore in 2010 and was donated to the exchange. In 2012 the Boston IX went online with the Free Software Foundation as its first participant.
The exchange point supports IPv4 and IPv6 unicast peering, as well as private virtual network interconnects.
Some consider the Boston IX to be the successor of the now defunct Boston MXP started by MAI.net and Vincent Bono. Initially in 2007, Barton Bruce from Global NAPs and TowardEX Technologies had planned to replace the aging Boston MXP due to Global NAPs closing down its business.
See also
Internet Exchange Point
List of Internet exchange points
References
External links
Official Boston Internet Exchange website
profile on PeeringDB
Partnering carriers
Infrastructure in Boston
Internet exchange points in the United States
Network access
Telecommunications in the United States
Communications in Massachusetts | wiki |
Haploporus may refer to:
Haploporus (flatworm), a flatworm genus in the family Haploporidae
Haploporus (fungus), a fungus genus in the family Polyporaceae | wiki |
Dead Run may refer to:
Dead run, running downwind when sailing
Dead Run (novel), a 2005 novel by P. J. Tracy
Dead Run (film), a 1967 American-German-French-Italian film
"Dead Run" (The Twilight Zone), an episode from the 1985 television series The Twilight Zone | wiki |
Podocarpus chinensis is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in China, Japan, and Myanmar.
Etymology
Podocarpus is derived from Greek, meaning ‘stalked fruit’. It was named in reference to the fleshy fruit stalks of some species.
Chinensis means ‘from China’, and is a cognate of ‘sinensis’.
References
chinensis
Least concern plants
Flora of China
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
The term Canyon Dam may refer to the following:
Dams
Canyon Dam (Sri Lanka), a dam in Sri Lanka.
Canyon Dam (California), a dam in the U.S. State of California.
Canyon Dam (Texas), a dam in the U.S. State of Texas.
Places
Canyondam, California, a community in the U.S. State of California. | wiki |
Virginia Miller may refer to:
Virginia Miller (athlete) (born 1979), American heptathlete
Virginia L. Miller, American microbiologist
Virginia M. Miller, American surgeon | wiki |
Cisco Kid kan syfta på:
The Cisco Kid – en amerikansk fiktiv westernhjälte och kvinnokarl, se Frisco Kid
Cisco Kid – en typ av wobbler | wiki |
Makra may refer to:
Makra, the Sanskrit name for crocodile is also a vyuha in the Indian epic Mahabarta
Makra, Greece, an island in Greece
Makra Peak, a mountain peak in Pakistan | wiki |
A ball camera or camera ball is a spherical camera, one version of which has been designed to be thrown into the air to take panoramic pictures from a height or in an inaccessible or dangerous location. Several models of "throwable ball cameras" have been developed in the 2010s. In 2017 a floating version of the ball camera was designed for use in zero-gravity environments, such as in the International Space Station, and was dubbed the Int ball, or JEM Internal Ball Camera
See also
Panono
Int-Ball
References
Cameras by type
Panoramic cameras | wiki |
The Wall That Heals is a 1997 documentary film about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial narrated by Louis Gossett Jr.
External links
Documentary films about the Vietnam War
Documentary films about veterans
1997 films
1997 documentary films
Canadian documentary films
American documentary films
1990s English-language films
Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
1990s American films
1990s Canadian films | wiki |
Egg pie is a sweet Filipino pie with an egg custard filling and a characteristic toasty brown top made from egg whites. It is made with flour, sugar, milk, butter, and eggs. Calamansi juice or zest may also be added. It is a type of custard pie. Egg pies are commonly sold in bakeries in the Philippines.
See also
Custard pie
Egg tart
Buko pie
Yema (candy)
References
Philippine pastries | wiki |
Process management may refer to:
Business process management
Business Process Management Journal
Dynamic business process management
International Conference on Business Process Management
Social business process management
Management process
Manufacturing process management
Process-based management
Process management (computing)
Distributed operating system#Process management
Process management (Project Management)
Process safety management
Value process management
See also
Information Processing and Management | wiki |
N-Ethylhexylone is a recreational designer drug from the substituted cathinone family, with stimulant effects. It was first identified in Poland in August 2019. It is illegal in Taiwan since July 2020, where it had been sold mixed with plant material under the name 彩虹菸 ("Rainbow Tobacco" or "Rainbow Smoke").
See also
3F-NEH
4F-PHP
5-Methylethylone
Ethylone
Eutylone
Ephylone
Isohexylone
MDPV
MDPHP
N-Ethylhexedrone
N-Ethylheptylone
References
Cathinones
Designer drugs
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors | wiki |
Pan de coco, literally "coconut bread" in Spanish, is a dense, cake-like bread from the Garifuna people of the Caribbean coast located in Honduras. It's dough features coconut milk as its main ingredient, and typically does not incorporate eggs or milk. Despite its coconut content, the bread is not sweet and is often served with savory foods, like stews and soups. Many variations of Pan de Coco can be found in various other Latin American countries.
See also
Honduran cuisine
Latin American Cuisine
References
Sweet breads
Breads
Foods containing coconut | wiki |
A pyropress is a lubrication pump used in diesel generators during the startup process. The pyropress lubricates the diesel generators before the startup process can be completed. Once a diesel generator has fully started and is operational, the pyropress is shut down automatically.
Operation
The pyropress is composed of two segments. The first is a pneumatic motor and the second is a hydraulic pump. The pneumatic pump powers the hydraulic pump by means of element coupling between the pump shafts. The hydraulic pump portion of the pyropress is a screw pump.
References
Diesel engine technology | wiki |
Reengineering can refer to:
Troubleshooting
Business process reengineering
Reengineering (software)
ar:هندرة | wiki |
Hero of Our Time () is a 1966 Soviet drama film directed by Stanislav Rostotsky.
Plot
The film is an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Mikhail Lermontov.
Cast
Vladimir Ivashov as Pechorin (voiced by Vyacheslav Tikhonov)
Aleksey Chernov as Maksim Maksimovich
Silvia Berova as Bela
Svetlana Svetlichnaya as Undine
Aleksandr Orlov as Young Officer
Nikolay Burlyaev as Blind man
Sofiya Pilyavskaya as Old Woman
Stanislav Khitrov as Pechorin's Servant
Boris Savchenko as Yanko
Critical response
Film critic Mikhail Bleiman in Iskusstvo Kino observed:
On the screen, there are simply illustrations for individual episodes of the novel, sometimes simplified, sometimes cinematically embellished. We did not see dramas of a strong character in an insignificant time.
References
External links
1966 films
1960s Russian-language films
Soviet drama films
1966 drama films
Gorky Film Studio films
Mikhail Lermontov
Films based on Russian novels
Films directed by Stanislav Rostotsky | wiki |
Aeroporto di Washington Dulles – a 40 km a ovest del Central Business District di Washington D.C.
Aeroporto di Washington-Ronald Reagan – a 5 km a sud del distretto commerciale centrale di Washington D.C.
Aeroporto di Baltimora-Washington – a 16 km a sud da Baltimora e a 48 km da Washington | wiki |
A catchphrase is a phrase or expression that is popularized, usually through repeated use.
Catch phrase or catchphrase may also refer to:
Catch Phrase (game), a word guessing party game by Hasbro
Catch Phrase (U.S. game show)
Burgo's Catch Phrase, an Australian version of the above
Catchphrase (British game show), a long-running British game show based on the original American show listed above
"Catch Phrase", a song by Neil Innes from the album Taking Off | wiki |
Pain is an aversive sensation and feeling associated with actual, or potential, tissue damage. It is widely accepted by a broad spectrum of scientists and philosophers that non-human animals can perceive pain, including pain in amphibians.
Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state. Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in non-human animals cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods, but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often inferred on the basis of likely presence of phenomenal consciousness which is deduced from comparative brain physiology as well as physical and behavioural reactions.
Amphibians, particularly anurans, fulfill several physiological and behavioural criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals may experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements.
Pain in amphibians has societal implications including their exposure to pollutants, (preparation for) cuisine (e.g. frog legs) and amphibians used in scientific research.
Several scientists and scientific groups have expressed the belief that amphibians can feel pain, however, this remains somewhat controversial due to differences in brain structure and the nervous system compared with other vertebrates.
Background
The possibility that amphibians and other non-human animals may experience pain has a long history. Initially, pain in non-human animals was based around theoretical and philosophical argument, but more recently has turned to scientific investigation.
Philosophy
The idea that non-human animals might not feel pain goes back to the 17th-century French philosopher, René Descartes, who argued that animals do not experience pain and suffering because they lack consciousness. In 1789, the British philosopher and social reformist, Jeremy Bentham, addressed in his book An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation the issue of our treatment of animals with the following often quoted words: "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"
Peter Singer, a bioethicist and author of Animal Liberation published in 1975, suggested that consciousness is not necessarily the key issue: just because animals have smaller brains, or are ‘less conscious’, this does not mean that they are not capable of feeling pain.
Bernard Rollin, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, writes that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain.<ref name=Rollin117>{{cite book|author=Rollin, B.|year=1989|title=The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science|publisher=Oxford University Press, pp. xii, 117-118, cited in Carbone 2004, p. 150}}</ref> In his interactions with scientists and other veterinarians, Rollin was regularly asked to "prove" that animals are conscious, and to provide "scientifically acceptable" grounds for claiming that they feel pain.
Continuing into the 1990s, discussions were further developed on the roles that philosophy and science had in understanding animal cognition and mentality. In subsequent years, it was argued there was strong support for the suggestion that some animals (most likely amniotes) have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings and that the view animals feel pain differently to higher primates is now a minority view.
Scientific investigation
In the 20th- and 21st-century, there were many scientific investigations of pain in non-human animals.
Mammals
At the turn of the century, studies were published showing that arthritic rats self-select analgesic opiates.
In 2014, the veterinary Journal of Small Animal Practice published an article on the recognition of pain which started "The ability to experience pain is universally shared by all mammals...", and in 2015, it was reported in the science journal Pain that several mammalian species (rat, mouse, rabbit, cat and horse) adopt a facial expression in response to a noxious stimulus that is consistent with the expression of pain.
Birds
At the same time as the investigations using arthritic rats, studies were published showing that birds with gait abnormalities self-select for a diet that contains carprofen, an analgesic. In 2005, it was written "Avian pain is likely analogous to pain experienced by most mammals" and in 2014, "...it is accepted that birds perceive and respond to noxious stimuli and that birds feel pain."
Reptiles
Veterinary articles have been published stating reptiles experience pain in a way analogous to mammals, and that analgesics are effective in this class of vertebrates.
Fish
Several scientists or scientific groups have made statements indicating they believe fish can experience pain. For example, in 2004, Chandroo et al. wrote "Anatomical, pharmacological and behavioural data suggest that affective states of pain, fear and stress are likely to be experienced by fish in similar ways as in tetrapods". In 2009, the European Food Safety Authority published a document stating scientific opinion on the welfare of fish. The document contains many sections indicating that the scientific panel believe fish can experience pain, for example, "Fish that are simply immobilized or paralysed [before euthanasia] would experience pain and suffering..." In 2015, Brown wrote "A review of the evidence for pain perception strongly suggests that fish experience pain in a manner similar to the rest of the vertebrates."
Argument by analogy
In 2012 the American philosopher Gary Varner reviewed the research literature on pain in animals. His findings are summarised in the following table.
Notes
Arguing by analogy, Varner claims that any animal which exhibits the properties listed in the table could be said to experience pain. On that basis, he concludes that all vertebrates, including amphibians, probably experience pain, but invertebrates apart from cephalopods probably do not experience pain.
Experiencing pain
Although there are numerous definitions of pain, almost all involve two key components.
First, nociception is required. This is the ability to detect noxious stimuli which evoke a reflex response that rapidly moves the entire animal, or the affected part of its body, away from the source of the stimulus. The concept of nociception does not imply any adverse, subjective "feeling" – it is a reflex action. An example would be the rapid withdrawal of a finger that has touched something hot – the withdrawal occurs before any sensation of pain is actually experienced.
The second component is the experience of "pain" itself, or suffering – the internal, emotional interpretation of the nociceptive experience. This is when the withdrawn finger begins to hurt, moments after the withdrawal. Pain is therefore a private, emotional experience. Pain cannot be directly measured in other animals; responses to putatively painful stimuli can be measured, but not the experience itself. To address this problem when assessing the capacity of other species to experience pain, argument-by-analogy is used. This is based on the principle that if an animal responds to a stimulus in a similar way, it is likely to have had an analogous experience.
Nociception
Nociception usually involves the transmission of a signal along a chain of nerve fibers from the site of a noxious stimulus at the periphery to the spinal cord and brain. This process evokes a reflex arc response generated at the spinal cord and not involving the brain, such as flinching or withdrawal of a limb. Nociception is found, in one form or another, across all major animal taxa. Nociception can be observed using modern imaging techniques; and a physiological and behavioral response to nociception can be detected.
Emotional pain
Sometimes a distinction is made between "physical pain" and "emotional" or "psychological pain". Emotional pain is the pain experienced in the absence of physical trauma, e.g. the pain experienced after the loss of a loved one, or the break-up of a relationship. It has been argued that only primates can feel "emotional pain", because they are the only animals that have a neocortex – a part of the brain's cortex considered to be the "thinking area". However, research has provided evidence that monkeys, dogs, cats and birds can show signs of emotional pain and display behaviours associated with depression during painful experience, i.e. lack of motivation, lethargy, anorexia, unresponsiveness to other animals.
Physical pain
The nerve impulses of the nociception response may be conducted to the brain thereby registering the location, intensity, quality and unpleasantness of the stimulus. This subjective component of pain involves conscious awareness of both the sensation and the unpleasantness (the aversive, negative affect). The brain processes underlying conscious awareness of the unpleasantness (suffering), are not well understood.
There have been several published lists of criteria for establishing whether non-human animals experience pain, e.g. Some criteria that may indicate the potential of another species, including amphibians, to feel pain include:
Has a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors
Has opioid receptors and shows reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics
Physiological changes to noxious stimuli
Displays protective motor reactions that might include reduced use of an affected area such as limping, rubbing, holding or autotomy
Shows avoidance learning
Shows trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements
High cognitive ability and sentience
Adaptive value
The adaptive value of nociception is obvious; an organism detecting a noxious stimulus immediately withdraws the limb, appendage or entire body from the noxious stimulus and thereby avoids further (potential) injury. However, a characteristic of pain (in mammals at least) is that pain can result in hyperalgesia (a heightened sensitivity to noxious stimuli) and allodynia (a heightened sensitivity to non-noxious stimuli). When this heightened sensitisation occurs, the adaptive value is less clear. First, the pain arising from the heightened sensitisation can be disproportionate to the actual tissue damage caused. Second, the heightened sensitisation may also become chronic, persisting well beyond the tissues healing. This can mean that rather than the actual tissue damage causing pain, it is the pain due to the heightened sensitisation that becomes the concern. This means the sensitisation process is sometimes termed maladaptive. It is often suggested hyperalgesia and allodynia assist organisms to protect themselves during healing, but experimental evidence to support this has been lacking.
In 2014, the adaptive value of sensitisation due to injury was tested using the predatory interactions between longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) and black sea bass (Centropristis striata) which are natural predators of this squid. If injured squid are targeted by a bass, they began their defensive behaviours sooner (indicated by greater alert distances and longer flight initiation distances) than uninjured squid. If anaesthetic (1% ethanol and MgCl2) is administered prior to the injury, this prevents the sensitisation and blocks the behavioural effect. The authors claim this study is the first experimental evidence to support the argument that nociceptive sensitisation is actually an adaptive response to injuries.
Research findings
Nervous system
Receptors
Frogs have nociceptors in the superficial and deep layers of the skin that transduce mechanical and
chemical noxious stimuli. Furthermore, frogs possess neural pathways that support processing and perception of noxious stimuli. Although organization is less well structured compared with mammals, it is now commonly accepted that amphibians possess neuro-anatomical pathways conductive of a complete nociceptive experience.
Nerve fibres
Early electrophysiological studies in frogs report that noxious mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli excite primary afferent fibres with slowly conducting axons.
There are two types of nerve fibre relevant to pain in amphibians. Group C nerve fibres are a type of sensory nerve fibre which lack a myelin sheath and have a small diameter, meaning they have a low nerve conduction velocity. The suffering associated with burns, toothaches, or crushing injury are caused by C fibre activity. A-delta fibres are another type of sensory nerve fibre, however, these are myelinated and therefore transmit impulses faster than non-myelinated C fibres. A-delta fibres carry cold, pressure and some pain signals, and are associated with acute pain that results in "pulling away" from noxious stimuli.
The skin of frogs contains both Group C fibres and A-delta fibres.
Brain
All vertebrate species have a common brain archetype divided into the telencephalon and diencephalon (collectively referred to as forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). Nervous connections to the telencephalon indicate that frogs may be able to perceive pain.
In 2002, James Rose, from the University of Wyoming, published reviews arguing that fish cannot feel pain because they lack a neocortex in the brain. If the presence of a large, considerably developed neocortex is required for experiencing pain, as Rose suggests, this theory would eliminate birds, amphibians, other non-mammalian animals, and even some mammals from having the capacity to experience pain. Other researchers do not believe that animal consciousness requires a neocortex, but can arise from homologous subcortical brain networks. Animal behaviouralist Temple Grandin argues that fish (and therefore, presumably, amphibians) could still have consciousness without a neocortex because "different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions."
Opioid system and effects of analgesics
By spinal administration of a range of opioid agonists, it has been demonstrated that frogs have mu (μ)-, delta (δ) and kappa (κ)-opioid binding sites. The kappa sub-types κ1 and κ2 are present in the brains of edible frogs (Rana esculenta). In evolutionary terms, this means the opioid receptor sub-types are already present in amphibians, although the differences between these are less pronounced than in mammals. Sequence comparisons show that the amphibian opioid receptors are highly conserved (70-84% similar to mammals) and are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) areas apparently involved in pain experience.
When treating amphibians, veterinary practice frequently uses the same analgesics and anesthetics used for mammals. These chemicals act on the nociceptive pathways, blocking signals to the brain where emotional responses to the signals are further processed by certain parts of the brain found in amniotes ("higher vertebrates").
Effects of morphine and other opioids
The relative analgesic potency of 11 opioid agents (μ-opioid receptor agonists – fentanyl, levorphanol, methadone, morphine, meperidine and codeine; the partial μ agonist – buprenorphine; and the κ-opioid receptor agonists – nalorphine, bremazocine, U50488 and CI-977) in the Northern grass frog produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting analgesia which persists for at least four hours. The relative analgesic potency of μ-opioids in amphibians was correlated with the relative analgesic potency of these same agents recorded in on the mouse writhing and hot plate tests. Other opioid analgesics are effective in amphibians, for example, butorphanol.
Alfaxalone–butorphanol and alfaxalone–morphine combinations are comparable in terms of onset and duration of anaesthesia in Oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis).
When an isolated peptide termed "frog's nociception-related peptide" (fNRP) is injected into newts, it increases the latency for newts to flick their tails in response to a hot-beam. The effect is blocked by simultaneous injection of naloxone, thereby indicating evidence for the interaction of fNRP and opioid steps in the analgesia pathways of newts.
Effects of opioid antagonists
Naloxone and naltrexone are both μ-opioid receptor antagonists which, in mammals, negate the analgesic effects of opioids. Morphine analgesia in frogs is blocked by both naloxone and naltrexone, indicating that the effect is mediated at least partially by opioid receptors.
Effects of other analgesics
Direct intraspinal injection of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, and the α-adrenergic agents dexmedetomidine and clonidine, produce a dose-dependent elevation of pain thresholds in the Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). This analgesia occurs without accompanying motor or sedative effects.
A range of non-opioid drugs administered through the dorsal lymph sac of Northern leopard frogs has demonstrable analgesic effects, established by using the acetic acid test. Chlorpromazine and haloperidol (antipsychotics), chlordiazepoxide (a benzodiazepine) and diphenhydramine (a histamine antagonist) produced moderate to strong analgesic effects, whereas indomethacin and ketorolac (NSAIDs), and pentobarbital (a barbiturate) produced weaker analgesic effects.
Physiological changes
In multiple animal studies, it has been shown that stress causes increases in glucocorticoid levels). Frogs release corticosteroids in response to many environmental factors and this pattern of release is often species-specific within Amphibia More specifically, increased stocking density and hypoxia cause changes in cortisol (one of the glucocorticoids) and white blood cells in American bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) indicative of stress.
Analgesia in amphibians can be measured using heart rate and respiratory rate.
Protective motor responses
Amphibians exhibit classic wiping and withdrawal protective motor responses to noxious chemical, heat and mechanical stimuli.
Acetic acid (a strong irritant) applied to the hindlimb of frogs elicits vigorous wiping of the exposed skin; both pH and osmolarity may contribute to the nociception produced. This response is used in a standard test for analgesic effects in frogs, commonly termed the "acetic acid test". In this procedure, dilutions of the acid are placed drop-wise on the dorsum of the frog's thigh until the frog wipes the affected area.
Newts flick their tails in response to it being irradiated by a hot beam, in a very similar manner to that observed in rodents being used in the tail flick test.
The threshold to Von Frey hairs and response to nociceptive withdrawal can be used to measure the effectiveness of analgesia.
Avoidance learning
Early studies showed that African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) learn to avoid electric shocks in an aquatic shuttle-box test and similarly, cane toads (Bufo marinus) learn to avoid electric shocks in a T-maze. Furthermore, American bullfrogs (Rana catesbiana) learn to inhibit their high-priority, biologically adaptive righting reflex to avoid electric shock; after training, they remain passively on their backs rather than exhibiting the normal short-latency, righting response.Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a chytrid fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians; frogs learn to avoid the fungus after just one exposure.
Trade-offs in motivation
A painful experience may change the motivation for normal behavioural responses. American bullfrogs learn to inhibit their high-priority, biologically adaptive righting reflex to avoid electric shock. After repeated exposure, they remain passively on their backs rather than exhibiting the normal, short-latency, righting response, thereby showing a trade-off in motivation.
Cognitive ability and sentience
It has been argued that although a high cognitive capacity may indicate a greater likelihood of experiencing pain, it also gives these animals a greater ability to deal with this, leaving animals with a lower cognitive ability a greater problem in coping with pain.
Habituation
Habituation is one of the simplest forms of animal learning. It has been stated there are no qualitative or quantitative differences between vertebrate species in this form of learning indicating there is no difference between mammals and amphibians in this process.
Associative learning
Newts are capable of associative learning. They are able to associate chemical signals from a novel predator with another chemical stimulus when the second stimulus is the skin extract of another newt.
Numeracy
At least some amphibians are capable of numeracy. When offered live fruit flies (Drosophila virilis), salamanders choose the larger of 1 vs 2 and 2 vs 3. Frogs are able to distinguish between low numbers (1 vs 2, 2 vs 3, but not 3 vs 4) and large numbers (3 vs 6, 4 vs 8, but not 4 vs 6) of prey. This is irrespective of other characteristics, i.e. surface area, volume, weight and movement, although discrimination among large numbers may be based on surface area.
Spatial orientation
The Rocky Mountain toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii) and Gulf Coast toad (Bufo valliceps) are able to discriminate between left and right positions in a T-maze.
Both the terrestrial toad Rhinella arenarum and the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) can learn to orient in an open space using visual cues to get to a reward. Furthermore, they prefer using cues close to the reward. This shows a learning phenomenon previously recorded in other taxa including mammals, birds, fish and invertebrates. It has been suggested that male dart frogs of the species Allobates femoralis use spatial learning for way-finding in their local area; they are able to find their way back to their territory when displaced several hundred metres, so long as they are displaced in their local area.
Social learning
Wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles use social learning to acquire information about predators; the ratio of tutors to observers, but not group size, influences the intensity of learned predator recognition. Wood frog tadpoles also exhibit local enhancement in their social learning, however, spotted salamander larvae do not; this difference in social learning could be largely due to differences in aquatic ecology between tadpoles and salamander larvae.
Criteria for pain perception
Scientists have also proposed that in conjunction with argument-by-analogy, criteria of physiology or behavioural responses can be used to assess the possibility of non-human animals perceiving pain. The following is a table of criteria suggested by Sneddon et al.Scientific statements
Several scientists have made statements indicating they believe amphibians can experience pain. For example, -
After examining the morphology of the nervous system of vertebrates, Somme concluded "...most four-legged vertebrates have some state of consciousness..."
Gentz, in a paper on the surgery of amphibians, writes "Postoperative recommendations include ...analgesia" and "Hypothermia is also unacceptable as a sedation technique for painful procedures".
Veterinary articles have been published stating amphibians experience pain in a way analogous to mammals, and that analgesics are effective in control of this class of vertebrates. Shine et al., wrote that most animal ethics committees and the wider community believe that amphibians can feel pain.
Some scientists have been a little more guarded about the experience of amphibians, for example, Michaels et al.'' wrote that the identification of pain pathways shared between amphibians and other amniotes suggests an ability to experience pain, even if in a different and more restricted sense than in amniote taxa.
Societal implications
Societal implications of pain in amphibians include acute and chronic exposure to pollutants, cuisine and scientific research (e.g. genetic-modification may have detrimental effects on welfare, deliberately-imposed adverse physical, physiological and behavioural states, toe-clipping or other methods of invasive marking and handling procedures which may cause injury).
Culinary
It has been claimed that frogs killed for eating are "...sliced through the belly while they are still fully conscious and they can take up to an hour to die."
Legislation
In the UK, the legislation protecting animals during scientific research, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, protects amphibians from the moment they become capable of independent feeding. The legislation protecting animals in most other circumstances in the UK is the Animal Welfare Act 2006, which states that in the Act, animal means a vertebrate other than man", thereby including amphibians.
The 1974 Norwegian Animal Rights Law states it relates to mammals, birds, frogs, salamanders, reptiles, fish, and crustaceans.
In the US, the legislation protecting animals during scientific research is the Animal Welfare Act. This Act excludes protection of "cold-blooded" animals, thereby excluding amphibians from protection.
See also
Animal cognition
Animal consciousness
Animal cruelty
Ethics of eating meat
Ethics of uncertain sentience
Moral status of animals in the ancient world
Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
Sentience
N-Acylethanolamine
References
Amphibians
Amphibians | wiki |
Small Dead Animals (SDA) is a Canadian blog, focusing largely on politics (Canadian, U.S., British and international) from a conservative perspective. Saskatchewan-based blogger Kate McMillan founded the blog and remains its primary contributor.
The main page of Small Dead Animals carries this message:
Why this blog?Until this moment I have been forced to listen while media and politicians alike have told me "what Canadians think". In all that time they never once asked.
This is just the voice of an ordinary Canadian yelling back at the radio - "You don't speak for me."
Small Dead Animals was voted Best Canadian Blog in the Weblog Awards for 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.
In 2008, SDA was narrowly voted Best Conservative Blog in North America over Ace of Spades HQ.
Defamation
In 2008, human rights lawyer Richard Warman sued McMillan, Ezra Levant, Kathy Shaidle and the National Post over links to comments criticizing him at a Canadian internet forum, freedominion.ca. The National Post settled with Warman soon after the suit was launched and, in June 2015, Shaidle, Levant and McMillan all settled in exchange for undisclosed amounts and the issuance of public retractions and apologies. McMillan posted the following apology on her blog:
Memorable phrases
The Libranos
McMillan coined the phrase "The Libranos" (a play on "liberal" and "Sopranos") to refer to the Liberal Party of Canada in light of the sponsorship scandal.
A year later, a photograph of two Conservative MPs with a poster-sized version of a Western Standard cover based on her concept
sparked a national controversy when Joe Volpe likened the MPs to Ku Klux Klan members.
Coverage in media
Small Dead Animals has received some press coverage from the Toronto Sun, including:
Publishing a letter from a soldier's widow after he died in a training exercise and the media became intrusive during and before the funeral.
Commenting negatively on Alberta Progressive Conservative premier Ralph Klein's slide to the left.
Criticizing a no-jail sentence for Paul Coffin, who was involved in the sponsorship scandal.
Noting Celine Dion's choice of pronouns when discussing Hurricane Katrina on Larry King Live.
McMillan and some other Canadian bloggers provided commentary on the 2006 Canadian elections to the CBC
and BBC News.
SDA and McMillan have been mentioned on the floor of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.
References
External links
Small Dead Animals weblog
Canadian political websites
Canadian bloggers
Conservative media in Canada | wiki |
Pan de siosa, also called pan de leche, is a Filipino pull-apart bread originating from the Visayas Islands of the Philippines. They characteristically have a very soft texture and are baked stuck together. They can be eaten plain with savory meat or soup dishes, or as a dessert brushed with a generous amount of butter and sprinkled with sugar and grated cheese (similar to the Filipino ensaymada). In Bacolod, they can also uniquely be toasted on a skewer and brushed with oil, margarine, or banana ketchup; and then eaten paired with inihaw dishes.
See also
Pastel de Camiguin
Pan de sal
Pan de monja
Pan de coco
References
Breads
Yeast breads
Southeast Asian breads
Philippine breads
Visayan cuisine | wiki |
Platte County School District may refer to:
Platte County School District Number 1
Platte County School District Number 2
Platte County School District Number 3 | wiki |
Hecatomb is an out-of-print collectible card game created by Wizards of the Coast. The base set of 144 cards was released on August 18, 2005 at the annual Gen Con Indy. The game is unique in its use of five-sided, stackable cards made of durable plastic as opposed to conventional paperboard. The original concept for the game is credited to Paul Barclay, Brandon Bozzi, Mike Elliott, Aaron Forsythe, and Robert Gutschera.
Sets
The game was available for purchase in comic and hobby game oriented stores across the United States and internationally (but only in English), its 144-card set sold in starter sets of 40 random cards (MSRP $12.99) and booster packs of 13 additional cards (MSRP $4.99).
The first expansion, Last Hallow's Eve, was released on October 28, 2005, adding another 144 cards to the game. The expected theme of the expansion was the superstitions and myths about Halloween, but it turned out to be more of the same themes from the base set.
The second expansion, Blanket of Lies, came out on February 24, 2006 and added 72 cards. Its theme is that of extraterrestrial invasion. This was the last Hecatomb expansion released.
On May 24, 2006, Hecatomb was discontinued. One of the game's designers has unofficially cited the rising cost of oil (used in the manufacture of the plastic cards) as part of the reason for the discontinuation.
Objective
In the game, each player takes the role of a powerful person called an endbringer whose goal is to destroy the world by using creatures called abominations to reap the souls of others until he has enough power to bring about the apocalypse. Other endbringers have the same goal, and the players battle for the right to bring about armageddon. The player who ends the world gains power and moves on to another world to repeat the process.
Mechanics
Hecatomb shares a number of mechanics with Magic: The Gathering, including the concept of "tapping" mana cards to play other cards of the same color from, and the way attacking and blocking works (with unblocked attacks moving the attacker closer to victory).
The key new game mechanic in Hecatomb is the way abominations are constructed. Abominations are made up of from one to five minion cards, with the minions being stacked on top of each other. Each new minion is rotated as it is played onto an existing abomination. Because of the way the cards are constructed, with five sides and four transparent edges, the cards underneath can continue to be seen, and hence an abomination is a combination of all of their strengths and powers. Bonuses or special effects can be triggered when a minion of the correct color is played on top of the stack (based on the exposed trigger color of the minion which was previously on top).
When abominations fight each other, damage is dealt from the top to the bottom of the minion stack. It is thus possible to have an abomination be reduced in size without being completely killed by having its upper minions destroyed. This adds additional strategy considerations when building up abominations, as one can somewhat protect weaker minions by placing stronger minions above them.
Another mechanic which differs from Magic: The Gathering is the way in which any card can be played as a mana card, alleviating the need to have a certain percentage of cards which do nothing more than power other cards. This mechanic is also used in the Call of Cthulhu Collectible Card Game.
Card types
Hecatomb features four different types of cards:
Minions - The hideous creatures of the game. Minions are stacked to form abominations, which are then used to reap souls or defend against enemy reaping attempts.
Fates - Occurrences. Fates represent curses, tricks, or other events. Fates have a one-time effect, after which they are discarded.
Relics - Objects which have strange magical or technological powers. Relics have a continuing effect on the game world and stay in play until destroyed.
Gods - Powerful deities from beyond, summoned to assist friendly forces or hinder the opposition. Gods typically have both a one-time effect and a continuous effect. Gods remain in play until destroyed, or until replaced with another god.
Additionally, all cards have a doom type associated with them, represented both by card color and a small icon. The dooms are: Corruption, Deceit, Destruction, and Greed.
Card sources
The cards in Hecatomb draw from a variety of sources from ancient myth to the stories of H. P. Lovecraft, though some are generic creations of the designers of the game. Many cards are of the Lovecraftian ("Outsiders") and Aztec myth ("Aztecals") varieties.
References
Further reading
External links
DCI - Hecatomb DCI Floor Rules
Ryan Miller chat transcripts
Card games introduced in 2005
Collectible card games
Wizards of the Coast games
Mike Elliott (game designer) games
Jonathan Tweet games | wiki |
Pemmican (also pemican in older sources) is a mixture of tallow, dried meat, and sometimes dried berries. A calorie-rich food, it can be used as a key component in prepared meals or eaten raw. Historically, it was an important part of indigenous cuisine in certain parts of North America and it is still prepared today. The word comes from the Cree word (), which is derived from the word (), "fat, grease". The Lakota (or Sioux) word is , originally meaning "grease derived from marrow bones", with the creating a noun, and referring to small pieces that adhere to something. It was invented by the Indigenous peoples of North America.
Pemmican was widely adopted as a high-energy food by Europeans involved in the fur trade and later by Arctic and Antarctic explorers, such as Captain Robert Bartlett, Ernest Shackleton, Richard E. Byrd, Fridtjof Nansen, Robert Falcon Scott, George W. DeLong, and Roald Amundsen.
Ingredients
Traditionally, the specific ingredients used for pemmican were usually whatever was available. The dried meat is often in the form of large game meat such as bison, deer, elk, or moose, but the use of fish such as salmon, and smaller game such as duck, is not uncommon. The meats used in contemporary pemmican also include beef. Dried fruit, such as cranberries and saskatoon berries (Cree ) sometimes are added. Blueberries, cherries, chokeberries, and currants are also used, but in some regions, these fruits are used almost exclusively in ceremonial and wedding pemmican. The additional use of sugar was noted in the journals of European fur traders. These ingredients are mixed together with rendered animal fat (tallow).
Among the Lakota and Dakota nations, there is also a corn (or pemmican) that does not contain dried meat. This is made from toasted cornmeal, animal fat, fruit, and sugar.
Traditional preparation
Traditionally, pemmican was prepared from the lean meat of large game such as bison, elk, deer, or moose. The meat was cut in thin slices and dried, either over a slow fire or in the hot sun until it was hard and brittle. Approximately of meat are required to make of dried meat suitable for pemmican. This thin brittle meat is known in Cree as and colloquially in North American English, as "dry meat". The was then spread across a tanned animal hide pinned to the ground, where it was beaten with flails or ground between two large stones till it turned into very small pieces, almost powder-like in its consistency. The pounded meat was mixed with melted fat in an approximate 1:1 ratio by weight. Typically, the melted fat would be suet that has been rendered into tallow. In some cases, dried fruits, such as blueberries, chokecherries, cranberries, or saskatoon berries, were pounded into powder and then added to the meat-fat mixture. The resulting mixture was then packed into rawhide bags for storage where it would cool, and then harden into pemmican.
Today, some people store their pemmican in glass jars or tin boxes. Since there is no "official" recipe for pemmican, the shelf life may vary depending on ingredients and storage conditions. At room temperature, pemmican can generally last from one to five years, but there are anecdotal stories of pemmican stored in cool cellars being safely consumed after a decade or more.
A bag of bison pemmican weighing approximately was called a (French for "bull") by the Métis of Red River. These bags of ( "bulls"), when mixed with fat from the udder, were known as , when mixed with bone marrow, as , and when mixed with berries, as . It generally took the meat of one bison to fill a .
Serving
In his notes of 1874, North-West Mounted Police Sergeant Major Sam Steele recorded three ways of serving pemmican: raw, boiled in a stew called "rubaboo", or fried, known in the West as a "rechaud":
History
As bone grease is an essential ingredient in pemmican, archaeologists consider evidence of its manufacture a strong indicator of pemmican making. There is widespread archaeological evidence (bone fragments and boiling pits) for bone grease production on the Great Plains by AD 1, but it likely developed much earlier. However, calcified bone fragments from Paleo-Indian times do not offer that clear evidence, due to lack of boiling pits and other possible usages.
It has also been suggested that pemmican may have come through the Bering Strait crossing 40–60 centuries ago. The first written account of pemmican is considered to be Francisco Vázquez de Coronado records from 1541, of the Querechos and Teyas, traversing the region later called the Texas Panhandle, who sundried and minced bison meat and then would make a stew of it and bison fat. The first written English usage is attributed to James Isham, who in 1743 wrote that "pimmegan" was a mixture of finely pounded dried meat, fat and cranberries.
The voyageurs of the North American fur trade had no time to live off the land during the short season when the lakes and rivers were free of ice. They had to carry all of their food with them if the distance traveled was too great to be resupplied along the way. A north canoe () with six men and 25 standard packs required about four packs of food per . Montreal-based canoemen could be supplied by sea or with locally grown food. Their main food was dried peas or beans, sea biscuit, and salt pork. (Western canoemen called their Montreal-based fellows or "pork-eaters".) In the Great Lakes, some maize and wild rice could be obtained locally. By the time trade reached the Lake Winnipeg area, the pemmican trade was developed.
Trading people of mixed ancestry and becoming known as the Métis would go southwest onto the prairie in Red River carts, slaughter bison, convert it into pemmican, and carry it north to trade from settlements they would make adjacent to North West Company posts. For these people on the edge of the prairie, the pemmican trade was as important a source of trade goods as was the beaver trade for the Indigenous peoples farther north. This trade was a major factor in the emergence of the new and distinct Métis society. Packs of pemmican would be shipped north and stored at the major fur posts: Fort Alexander, Cumberland House, Île-à-la-Crosse, Fort Garry, Norway House, and Edmonton House.
So important was pemmican that, in 1814, governor Miles Macdonell started the Pemmican War with the Métis when he passed the short-lived Pemmican Proclamation, which forbade the export of pemmican from the Red River Colony.
Alexander Mackenzie relied on pemmican on his 1793 expedition from the Canadas to the Pacific.
North Pole explorer Robert Peary used pemmican on all three of his expeditions, from 1886 to 1909, for both his men and his dogs. In his 1917 book, Secrets of Polar Travel, he devoted several pages to the food, stating, "Too much cannot be said of the importance of pemmican to a polar expedition. It is an absolute . Without it a sledge-party cannot compact its supplies within a limit of weight to make a serious polar journey successful."
British polar expeditions fed a type of pemmican to their dogs as "sledging rations". Called "Bovril pemmican" or simply "dog pemmican", it was a beef product consisting, by volume, of protein and fat (i.e., a 2:1 ratio of protein to fat), without carbohydrate. It was later ascertained that although the dogs survived on it, this was not a nutritious and healthy diet for them, being too high in protein. Members of Ernest Shackleton's 1914–1916 expedition to the Antarctic resorted to eating dog pemmican when they were stranded on ice during the antarctic summer.
During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), British troops were given an iron ration made of of pemmican and 4 ounces of chocolate and sugar. The pemmican would keep in perfect condition for decades. It was considered much superior to biltong, a form of cured game meats commonly used in Africa. This iron ration was prepared in two small tins (soldered together) that were fastened inside the belts of the soldiers. It was the last ration used and it was used only as a last resort—when ordered by the commanding officer. A man could march on this for 36 hours before he began to drop from hunger.
While serving as chief of scouts for the British Army in South Africa, American adventurer Frederick Russell Burnham required pemmican to be carried by every scout.
Pemmican, likely condensed meat bars, was used as a ration for French troops fighting in Morocco in the 1920s.
A 1945 scientific study of pemmican criticized using it exclusively as a survival food because of the low levels of certain vitamins.
A study was later done by the U.S. military in January 1969, entitled Arctic Survival Rations, III. The Evaluation of Pemmican Under Winter Field Conditions. The study found that during a cycle of two starvation periods the subjects could stave off starvation for the first cycle of testing with only 1000 calories worth of pemmican.
Contemporary uses
Today, people in many indigenous communities across North America continue to make pemmican for personal, community, and ceremonial consumption. Some contemporary pemmican recipes incorporate ingredients that have been introduced to the Americas in the past 500 years, including beef. There are also indigenous-owned companies, such as Tanka Bar, based on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, that produce pemmican or foods based on traditional pemmican recipes, for commercial distribution.
See also
, also called "butter mochi" (), a similarly nutritious substance used by Matagi hunters in northern Japan
Alaskan ice cream
Food drying
Forcemeat
Jerky
Viande fumée
Mincemeat
Nutraloaf
Smoked fish
Smoked meat
Tolkusha
Pastirma
Notes
References
External links
Métis Nation in the pemmican trade
Experiments in traditional pemmican preparation
How to make pemmican
How to Make a 5,000-Year-Old Energy Bar
Arctic Survival Rations, III. The Evaluation of Pemmican Under Winter Field Conditions
Cree language
Native American cuisine
Dried meat
Indigenous cuisine in Canada
Traditional meat processing
Métis culture
Fur trade
Indigenous culture of the Great Plains
Historical foods in American cuisine | wiki |
Поповец (Бугарска)
Поповец (Хрватска)
Види још
Попоец | wiki |
Service fraternity may refer to any fraternal public service organization, such as the Kiwanis or Rotary International. In Canada and the United States, the term fraternal organization is more common as "fraternity" in everyday usage refers to fraternal student societies.
In the context of the North American student fraternity and sorority system, service fraternities and service sororities comprise a type of organization whose primary purpose is community service. Members of these organizations are not restricted from joining other types of fraternities. This may be contrasted with professional fraternities, whose primary purpose is to promote the interests of a particular profession, and general or social fraternities, whose primary purposes are generally aimed towards some other aspect, such as the development of character, friendship, leadership, or literary ability.
Some general fraternities and their chapters, especially members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council, emphasize the service aspects of their activities; however classification as a strictly service organization has legal meaning in regard to Title IX. Service fraternities, like professional fraternities and honor societies must be open to members of both genders since they do not have an exemption from Title IX similar to the one given in section (A)(6)(a) for social fraternities and sororities.
Collegiate service fraternities and sororities
Notes
Non-collegiate service fraternities and sororities
Notes
See also
Fraternity
List of general fraternities
List of social fraternities and sororities
References
Fraternities and sororities
Lists of student societies
Service organizations based in the United States | wiki |
Kelly Jones (n. 31 de marzo de 1964 en Fort Gordon, Georgia, Estados Unidos) es un exjugador de tenis de los Estados Unidos que llegó a ser N.º1 del mundo en dobles.
Finales de Grand Slam
Finalista Dobles (2)
Enlaces externos
Perfil ATP (en inglés)
Tenistas masculinos de Estados Unidos
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Los Ángeles 1984 | wiki |
Hopeatoffee (Finnish for "silver toffee") is a Finnish brand of candy bar, originally launched by Hellas, with a salty liquorice and toffee flavour. Production of Hopeatoffee started in the 1970s, and the candy was a new innovation at the time, as salty liquorice had not been combined with toffee before.
Hopeatoffee was later produced by Leaf International, which produced it until 2009. Because of great demand, Cloetta started producing the candy again in autumn 2013. Hopeatoffee was originally produced as candy bars, but it has later also been produced in candy bags. Nowadays Hopeatoffee is produced in Italy.
The Finnish Salty Liquorice Association awarded Hopeatoffee the Salmiakki Finlandia prize in 2008 as the best salty liquorice product of the year.
References
Finnish confectionery | wiki |
Youth Brigade – gruppo musicale hardcore punk di Washington
Youth Brigade – gruppo musicale hardcore punk di Los Angeles | wiki |
The following are lists of devices categorized as types of telescopes or devices associated with telescopes. They are broken into major classifications with many variations due to professional, amateur, and commercial sub-types. Telescopes can be classified by optical design or mechanical design/construction. Telescopes can also be classified by where they are placed, such as space telescopes. One major determining factor is type of light, or particle being observed including devices referred to as "telescopes" that do not form an image or use optics. Some telescopes are classified by the task they perform; for example Solar telescopes are all designs that look at the Sun, Dobsonian telescopes are designed to be low cost and portable, Aerial telescopes overcame the optical shortcomings of 17th-century objective lenses, etc.
List of optical telescope types
Optical telescopes can be classified by three primary optical designs (refractor, reflector, or catadioptric), by sub-designs of these types, by how they are constructed, or by the task they perform. They all have their different advantages and disadvantages and they are used in different areas of professional and amateur astronomy.
List of telescope types working outside the optical spectrum
Atmospheric Cherenkov telescope used to detect gamma rays
Infrared telescope
Radio telescope
Submillimeter telescope
Ultraviolet telescope (see also Ultraviolet astronomy)
X-ray telescope (see also X-ray astronomy)
Wolter telescope
List of broad spectrum telescopes
Fast Fourier Transform Telescope
List of telescope mounts types
Optical and other types of telescopes are mounted on different types of mounts.
Fixed mount
Transit mount
Zenith mount
Altazimuth mount
Alt-alt (altitude-altitude) mount
Equatorial mount
Equatorial platform
Poncet Platform
Open fork mount
German equatorial mount
English mount (Polar frame mount)
Modified English mount
Barn door tracker (Scotch mount)
Springfield mount
Hexapod mount
Infinite-axis telescope
See also
Lists of telescopes
List of largest infrared telescopes
List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
Misc
History of the telescope
Astronomical imaging
Telescope types | wiki |
The Fudge Family may refer to two works by the Irish-born writer Thomas Moore.
The Fudge Family in Paris (1818)
The Fudge Family in England (1835) | wiki |
Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Vaxart.
References
Clinical trials
American COVID-19 vaccines
Viral vector vaccines | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.