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This is a list of countries by the number of millionaires by net worth (in United States dollars) based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by the Swiss bank Credit Suisse. According to estimates, in the middle of 2021 there were 56 million people worldwide whose assets exceeded one million dollars, of whom nearly 40% lived in the United States. The total net worth of all millionaires stood at around $158.261 trillion.
Regions by number and percentage of millionaires
Countries by number and percentage of millionaires
* indicates links to articles on the economy of the country or territory.
See also
Millionaire
List of countries by number of billionaires
List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent
References
millionaires | wiki |
The Call to Vengeance by Jude Watson is the sixteenth in a series of young reader novels called Jedi Apprentice. The series explores the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.
Plot
Qui-Gon Jinn is nearing the dark side of the Force . He's looking for vengeance and he has left alone his Padawan, forgetting everything except vengeance. Now Obi-Wan Kenobi is afraid about his master and he asks for help from Jedi Master Mace Windu and his close friend, Bant.
However, Qui-Gon's leads are solid, and the Jedi have a difficult time keeping him at bay. Eventually, Qui-Gon pins down the leader of the rogue faction. Although his revenge is almost complete, Qui-Gon backs down when he sees his apprentice, Obi-Wan, staring at him passively. Qui-Gon lays down his grief and accepts the fact that the rebels on New Apsolon must be tried and brought to justice, not slaughtered.
Peace is temporarily restored to New Apsolon, but Qui-Gon is still bitter over the death of his loved one, Tahl.
External links
Amazon.com Listing
Official CargoBay Listing
TheForce.net review
2001 British novels
2001 science fiction novels
Star Wars: Jedi Apprentice
Star Wars Legends novels
English novels | wiki |
General Morris may refer to:
Basil Morris (1888–1975), Australian Army major general
David Morris (United States Army officer) (fl. 1970s–2020s), U.S. Army major general
Edmund Finucane Morris (1792–1871), British Army general
Edwin Morris (British Army officer) (1889–1970), British Army general
John Ignatius Morris (1842–1902), Royal Marines lieutenant general
John W. Morris (1921–2013), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Shaun Morris (fl. 1980s–2020s), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
Staats Long Morris (1728–1800), British Army general
Thomas A. Morris (1811–1904), Indiana Militia brigadier general in service to the Union Army in the American Civil War
William H. H. Morris Jr. (1890–1971), U.S. Army lieutenant general
William H. Morris (1827–1900), Union Army brigadier general
See also
Maurizio Moris (1860–1944), Italian Aeronautical Services lieutenant general
Attorney General Morris (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Military ranks of Morocco are the military insignia used by the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces. Morocco shares a rank structure similar to that of France.
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
References
External links
Morocco
Military of Morocco
Morocco | wiki |
LOSP may refer to:
Lake Ontario State Parkway
Liero Open Source Project
Legion of Super-Pets | wiki |
The men's doubles Badminton event at the 2017 Summer Universiade was held from August 27 to 29 at the Taipei Gymnasium in Taipei, Taiwan.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
Results Bracket
Men's doubles | wiki |
The siege of Yodong Fortress may refer to:
Siege of Yodong Fortress (612), part of the Goguryeo–Sui War
Siege of Yodong Fortress (645), part of the Goguryeo–Tang War | wiki |
Robert Harling may refer to:
Robert Harling (knight) (died 1435), English soldier
Robert Harling (typographer) (1910-2008), British typographer
Robert Harling (writer) (born 1951), American writer | wiki |
The following list is a partial discography of production by Flori Mumajesi, an Albanian composer, producer, singer and songwriter, which includes music he produced and co-produced.
Selected production discography
Albanian–speaking Europe
Bulgaria
Greece
Serbia
Turkey
See also
Flori Mumajesi discography
Flori Mumajesi videography
References
Production discography
Production discographies
Discographies of Albanian artists | wiki |
Internal medicine or general internal medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases. Doctors specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in Commonwealth nations. Internists are medical specialists that are skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Internists care for hospitalized (inpatient) and ambulatory (outpatient) patients and may play a major role in teaching and research. Internists are qualified physicians with postgraduate training in internal medicine and should not be confused with "interns", a term for doctors in their first year of residency training.
Internal medicine and family medicine are often confused as equivalent in the United States and Commonwealth nations (see below).
Because internal medicine patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Internists often have subspecialty interests in diseases affecting particular organs or organ systems. The certification process along with the list of possible sub-specialties vary around the world.
Internal medicine is also a specialty within clinical pharmacy and veterinary medicine.
Etymology and historical development
The etymology of the term internal medicine in English is rooted in the German term from the 19th century. Internal medicine was initially characterized by determination of the underlying "internal" or pathological causes of symptoms and syndromes by use of laboratory investigations in addition to bedside clinical assessment of patients. In contrast, physicians in previous generations, such as the 17th-century physician Thomas Sydenham, who is known as the father of English medicine or "the English Hippocrates", had developed nosology (the study of diseases) via the clinical approach of diagnosis and management, by careful bedside study of the natural history of diseases and their treatment. Sydenham eschewed dissection of corpses and scrutiny of the internal workings of the body, for considering the internal mechanisms and causes of symptoms. It was thus subsequent to the 17th century that there was a rise in anatomical pathology and laboratory studies, with Giovanni Battista Morgagni, an Italian anatomist of the 18th century, being considered the father of anatomical pathology. Laboratory investigations became increasingly significant, with contribution of doctors including German physician and bacteriologist Robert Koch in the 19th century. The 19th century saw the rise of internal medicine that combined the clinical approach with use of investigations. Many early-20th-century American physicians studied medicine in Germany and brought this medical field to the United States. Thus, the name "internal medicine" was adopted in imitation of the existing German term.
Historically, some of the oldest traces of internal medicine can be traced from ancient India and ancient China. The earliest texts about internal medicine are the Ayurvedic anthologies of Charaka.
Role of internal medicine physicians
Internal medicine specialists, also known as general internal medicine specialists or general medicine physicians in Commonwealth countries, are specialist physicians trained to manage particularly complex or multisystem disease conditions that single-organ-disease specialists may not be trained to deal with. They may be asked to tackle undifferentiated presentations that cannot be easily fitted within the expertise of a single-organ specialty, such as dyspnea, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, confusion or change in conscious state. They may manage serious acute illnesses that affect multiple organ systems at the same time in a single patient, and they may manage multiple chronic diseases that a single patient may have.
Many internal medicine physicians decide to subspecialize in specific organ systems. General internal medicine specialists do not provide necessarily less expertise than single-organ specialists, rather, they are trained for a specific role of caring for patients with multiple simultaneous problems or complex comorbidities.
Perhaps because it is complex to explain treatment of diseases that are not localized to a single-organ, there has been confusion about the meaning of internal medicine and the role of an "internist". Although internists may act as primary care physicians, they are not "family physicians", "family practitioners", or "general practitioners", or "GPs", whose training is not solely concentrated on adults and may include surgery, obstetrics, and pediatrics. The American College of Physicians defines internists as "physicians who specialize in the prevention, detection and treatment of illnesses in adults". While there is overlap in the population served by both internal medicine and family medicine physicians, internists typically focus on adult care with an emphasis on diagnosis while family medicine incorporates holistic care for the entire family unit. Internists also receive significant training in many of the recognized sub-specialties of the profession (see below) and are trained in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Family medicine physicians receive education on a broad range of conditions and typically train in an outpatient setting with minimal experience in a hospital setting. The historical roots of internal medicine lie in the movement to incorporate scientific into medical practice in the 1800s. Family medicine grew from the primary care movement in the 1960s.
Professional education and training
The training and career pathways for internists vary considerably across the world.
Many programs require previous undergraduate education prior to medical school admission. This "pre-medical" education is typically four or five years in length. Graduate medical education programs vary in length by country. Medical education programs are tertiary-level courses, undertaken at a medical school attached to a university. In the United States, medical school consists of four years. Hence, gaining a basic medical education may typically take eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university.
Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before the licensure, or registration, is granted, typically one or two years. This period may be referred to as "internship", "conditional registration", or "foundation programme". Then, doctors may finally follow specialty training in internal medicine if they wish, typically being selected to training programs through competition. In North America, this period of postgraduate training is referred to as residency training, followed by an optional fellowship if the internist decides to train in a subspecialty.
In the United States and in most countries, residency training for internal medicine lasts three years and centers on secondary and tertiary levels of care. In Commonwealth countries trainees are often called senior house officers for four years after the completion of their medical degree (foundation and core years). After this period, they are able to advance to registrar grade when they undergo a compulsory subspecialty training (including acute internal medicine or a dual subspecialty including internal medicine). This latter stage of training is achieved through competition rather than just by yearly progress as the first years of postgraduate training.
Certification
In the United States, three organizations are responsible for the certification of trained internists (i.e., doctors who have completed an accredited residency training program) in terms of their knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are essential for excellent patient care: the American Board of Internal Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine and the Board of Certification in Internal Medicine. In the UK, the General Medical Council oversees licensing and certification of Internal Medicine physicians. The Royal Australasian College of Physicians confers fellowship to internists (and sub-specialists) in Australia. The Medical Council of Canada oversees licensing of internists in Canada.
Subspecialties
United States of America
In the United States, two organizations are responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field: the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine. Physicians (not only internists) who successfully pass board exams receive "board certified" status.
American Board of Internal Medicine
The following are the subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine.
Adolescent medicine
Adult congenital heart disease
Advanced heart failure and transplant cardiology
Allergy & immunology, concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and management of allergies, asthma and disorders of the immune system.
Cardiovascular disease, dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels*
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
Critical care medicine
Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones
Gastroenterology, concerned with the field of digestive diseases
Geriatric medicine
Hematology, concerned with blood, the blood-forming organs and its disorders.
Hospice & palliative medicine
Infectious disease, concerned with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite
Interventional cardiology
Medical oncology, dealing with the chemotherapeutic (chemical) and/or immunotherapeutic (immunological) treatment of cancer
Nephrology, dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney
Neurocritical care
Pulmonary disease, dealing with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
Rheumatology, devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases
Sleep medicine
Sports medicine
Transplant hepatology
American College of Osteopathic Internists
The American College of Osteopathic Internists recognizes the following subspecialties:
Allergy/immunology
Cardiology
Cardiac electrophysiology
Critical care medicine
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Geriatrics
Hematology/oncology
Interventional cardiology
Infectious diseases
Nephrology
Oncology
Palliative care medicine
Pulmonary Diseases
Pulmonary / critical care medicine
Pulmonology
Rheumatology
Sleep medicine
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the three medical Royal Colleges (the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow) are responsible for setting curricula and training programmes through the Joint Royal Colleges Postgraduate Training Board (JRCPTB), although the process is monitored and accredited by the independent General Medical Council (which also maintains the specialist register).
Doctors who have completed medical school spend two years in foundation training completing a basic postgraduate curriculum. After two years of Core Medical Training (CT1/CT2), or three years of Internal Medicine Training (IMT1/IMT2/IMT3) as of 2019, since and attaining the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, physicians commit to one of the medical specialties:
Acute internal medicine (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
Allergy
Audio vestibular medicine
Aviation and space medicine
Cardiology (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
Clinical genetics
Clinical neurophysiology
Clinical oncology
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
Dermatology
Endocrinology and diabetes mellitus
Gastroenterology (with possible subspecialty in hepatology)
General (internal) medicine (with possible subspecialty in metabolic medicine or stroke medicine)
Genito-urinary medicine
Geriatric medicine (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
Haematology
Immunology
Infectious diseases
Intensive care medicine
Medical microbiology
Medical oncology (clinical or radiation oncology falls under the Royal College of Radiologists, although entry is through CMT and MRCP is required)
Medical ophthalmology
Medical virology
Neurology (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
Nuclear medicine
Occupational medicine
Paediatric cardiology (the only pediatric subspecialty not under the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health)
Palliative medicine
Rehabilitation medicine (with possible subspecialty in stroke medicine)
Renal medicine
Respiratory medicine
Rheumatology
Sport and exercise medicine
Tropical medicine
Many training programmes provide dual accreditation with general (internal) medicine and are involved in the general care to hospitalised patients. These are acute medicine, cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, endocrinology and diabetes mellitus, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, renal medicine, respiratory medicine and often, rheumatology. The role of general medicine, after a period of decline, was reemphasised by the Royal College of Physicians of London report from the Future Hospital Commission (2013).
European Union
The European Board of Internal Medicine (EBIM) was formed as a collaborative effort between the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) - Internal Medicine Section and the European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) to provide guidance on standardizing training and practice of internal medicine throughout Europe. The EBIM published training requirements in 2016 for postgraduate education in internal medicine, and efforts to create a European Certificate of Internal Medicine (ECIM) to facilitate the free movement of medical professionals with the EU are currently underway.
The internal medicine specialist is recognized in every country in the European Union and typically requires five years of multi-disciplinary post-graduate education. The specialty of internal medicine is seen as providing care in a wide variety of conditions involving every organ system and is distinguished from family medicine in that the latter provides a broader model of care the includes both surgery and obstetrics in both adults and children.
Australia
Accreditation for medical education and training programs in Australia is provided by the Australian Medical Council (AMC) and the Medical Council of New Zealeand (MCNZ). The Medical Board of Australia (MBA) is the registering body for Australian doctors and provides information to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Medical graduates apply for provisional registration in order to complete intern training. Those completing an accredited internship program are then eligible to apply for general registration. Once the candidate completes the required basic and advanced post-graduate training and a written and clinical examination, the Royal Australasian College of Physicians confers designation Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (FRACP). Basic training consists of three years of full-time equivalent (FTE) training (including intern year) and advanced training consists of 3–4 years, depending on specialty. The fields of specialty practice are approved by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) and managed by the MBA. The following is a list of currently recognized specialist physicians.
Cardiology
Clinical genetics
Clinical pharmacology
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology and hepatology
General medicine
Geriatric medicine
Haemotology
Immunology and allergy
Infectious diseases
Medical oncology
Nephrology
Neurology
Nuclear medicine
Respiratory and sleep medicine
Rheumatology
Canada
After completing medical school, internists in Canada require an additional four years of training. Internists desiring to subspecialize are required to complete two additional years of training that may begin after the third year of internist training. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) is a national non-profit agency that oversees and accredits medical education in Canada. A full medical license in Internal Medicine in Canada requires a medical degree, a license from the Medical Council of Canada, completion of the required post-graduate education, and certification from the RCPSC. Any additional requirements from separate medical regulatory authorities in each province or territory is also required. Internists may practice in Canada as generalists in Internal Medicine or serve in one of seventeen subspecialty areas. Internists may work in many settings including outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, critical care units, and emergency departments. The currently recognized subspecialties include the following:
Critical care medicine
Cardiology
Infectious diseases
Neurology
Respiratory medicine
Rheumatology
Endocrinology and metabolism
Gastroenterology
General internal medicine
Geriatrics
Hematology
Medical oncology
Clinical allergy and immunology
Dermatology
Medical diagnosis and treatment
Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis and treatment with medication. The diagnostic process involves gathering data, generating one or more diagnostic hypotheses, and iteratively testing these potential diagnoses against dynamic disease profiles to determine the best course of action for the patient.
Gathering data
Data may be gathered directly from the patient in medical history-taking and physical examination. Previous medical records including laboratory findings, imaging, and clinical notes from other physicians is also an important source of information; however, it is vital to talk to and examine the patient to find out what the patient is currently experiencing to make an accurate diagnosis.
Internists often can perform and interpret diagnostic tests like EKGs and ultrasound imaging (Point-of-care Ultrasound – PoCUS).
Internists who pursue sub-specialties have additional diagnostic tools, including those listed below.
Cardiology: angioplasty, cardioversion, cardiac ablation, intra-aortic balloon pump
Critical care medicine: mechanical ventilation
Gastroenterology: endoscopy and ERCP
Nephrology: dialysis
Pulmonology: bronchoscopy
Other tests are ordered, and patients are also referred to specialists for further evaluation. The effectiveness and efficiency of the specialist referral process is an area of potential improvement.
Generating diagnostic hypotheses
Determining which pieces of information are most important to the next phase of the diagnostic process is of vital importance. It is during this stage that clinical bias like anchoring or premature closure may be introduced. Once key findings are determined, they are compared to profiles of possible diseases. These profiles include findings that are typically associated with the disease and are based on the likelihood that someone with the disease has a particular symptom. A list of potential diagnoses is termed the “differential diagnosis” for the patient and is typically ordered from most likely to least likely, with special attention given to those conditions that have dire consequences for the patient if they were missed. Epidemiology and endemic conditions are also considered in creating and evaluating the list of diagnoses.
The list is dynamic and changes as the physician obtains additional information that makes a condition more (“rule-in”) or less (“rule-out”) likely based on the disease profile. The list is used to determine what information will be acquired next, including which diagnostic test or imaging modality to order. The selection of tests is also based on the physician’s knowledge of the specificity and sensitivity of a particular test.
An important part of this process is knowledge of the various ways that a disease can present in a patient. This knowledge is gathered and shared to add to the database of disease profiles used by physicians. This is especially important in rare diseases.
Communication
Communication is a vital part of the diagnostic process. The Internist uses both synchronous and asynchronous communication with other members of the medical care team, including other internists, radiologists, specialists, and laboratory technicians. Tools to evaluate teamwork exist and have been employed in multiple settings.
Communication to the patient is also important to ensure there is informed consent and shared decision-making throughout the diagnostic process.
Treatment
Treatment modalities generally include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, depending on the primary diagnosis. Additional treatment options include referral to specialist care including physical therapy and rehabilitation. Treatment recommendations differ in the acute inpatient and outpatient settings. Continuity of care and long-term follow-up is crucial in successful patient outcomes.
Prevention and other services
Aside from diagnosing and treating acute conditions, the Internist may also assess disease risk and recommend preventive screening and intervention. Some of the tools available to the Internist include genetic evaluation.
Internists also routinely provide pre-operative medical evaluations including individualized assessment and communication of operative risk.
Training the next generation of internists is an important part of the profession. As mentioned above, post-graduate medical education is provided by licensed physicians as part of accredited education programs that are usually affiliated with teaching hospitals. Studies show that there are no differences in patient outcomes in teaching versus non-teaching facilities. Medical research is an important part of most post-graduate education programs, and many licensed physicians continue to be involved in research activities after completing post-graduate training.
Ethics
Inherent in any medical profession are legal and ethical considerations. Specific laws vary by jurisdiction and may or may not be congruent with ethical considerations. Thus, a strong ethical foundation is paramount to any medical profession. Medical ethics guidelines in the Western world typically follow four principles including beneficence, non-maleficence, patient autonomy, and justice. These principles underlie the patient-physician relationship and the obligation to put the welfare and interests of the patient above their own.
Patient-physician relationship
The relationship is built upon the physician obligations of competency, respect for the patient, and appropriate referrals while the patient requirements include decision-making and provides or withdraws consent for any treatment plan. Good communication is key to a strong relationship but has ethical considerations as well, including proper use of electronic communication and clear documentation.
Treatment and telemedicine
Providing treatment including prescribing medications based on remote information gathering without a proper established relationship is not accepted as good practice with few exceptions. These exceptions include cross-coverage within a practice and certain public health urgent or emergent issues.
The ethics of telemedicine including questions on its impact to diagnosis, physician-patient relationship, and continuity of care have been raised;, however, with appropriate use and specific guidelines, risks may be minimized and the benefits including increased access to care may be realized.
Financial issues and conflicts of interest
Ethical considerations in financial include accurate billing practices and clearly defined financial relationships. Physicians have both a professional duty and obligation under the justice principle to ensure that patients are provided the same care regardless of status or ability to pay. However, informal copayment forgiveness may have legal ramifications and the providing professional courtesy may have negatively impact care.
Physicians must disclose all possible conflicts of interest including financial relationships, investments, research and referral relationships, and any other instances that may subjugate or give the appearance of subjugating patient care to self-interest.
Other topics
Other foundational ethical considerations include privacy, confidentiality, accurate and complete medical records, electronic health records, disclosure, and informed decision-making and consent.
Electronic health records have been shown to improve patient care but have risks including data breaches and inappropriate and/or unauthorized disclosure of protected health information.
Withholding information from a patient is typically seen as unethical and in violation of a patient’s right to make informed decisions. However, in situations where a patient has requested not to be informed or to have the information provided to a second party or in an emergency situation in which the patient does not have decision-making capacity, withholding information may be appropriate.
See also
Royal Australasian College of Physicians
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
References
Further reading
External links
The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); American Board of Allergy & Immunology (ABAI)
International Society of Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
The American Board of Internal Medicine
Canadian Society of Internal Medicine
The American College of Osteopathic Internists
American College of Physicians
Hospital staff | wiki |
All Me – album di Toni Gonzaga del 2010
All Me – singolo di Drake del 2013 | wiki |
Draw
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.
References
Draw
Legends Men's Doubles | wiki |
Facial recognition or face recognition may refer to:
Face detection, often a step done before facial recognition
Face perception, the process by which the human brain understands and interprets the face
Pareidolia, which involves, in part, seeing images of faces in clouds and other scenes
Facial recognition system, an automated system with the ability to identify individuals by their facial characteristics | wiki |
Viscosity (commonly perceived as "thickness", or resistance to pouring) is the measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under either shear stress or extensional stress.
Viscosity can also refer to:
A cognitive dimension for the design of notations measuring resistance to change.
Viscosity (programming) - a concept in object oriented programming, which refers to the ease at which a developer can add design-preserving code to a system. | wiki |
Kathleen Kelly was a British stage and film actress of the 1930s.
Filmography
Once Bitten (1932)
Designing Women (1934)
Dangerous Ground (1934)
What Happened to Harkness? (1934)
Oh, What a Night (1935)
The Deputy Drummer (1935)
Lend Me Your Wife (1935)
Foreign Affaires (1935)
Mother, Don't Rush Me (1936)
Strange Cargo (1936)
The Avenging Hand (1936)
The Scarab Murder Case (1936)
Heart's Desire (1936)
The Dominant Sex (1937)
The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1937)
Who Killed John Savage? (1937)
The Live Wire (1937)
Little Miss Somebody (1937)
Bad Boy (1938)
The Mysterious Mr. Davis (1939)
References
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
External links
1912 births
Year of death unknown
British film actresses
British stage actresses | wiki |
A financial security system finances unknown future obligations. Such a system involves an arrangement between a provider, who agrees to pay the future obligations, often in return for payments from a person or institution who wish to avoid undesirable economic consequences of uncertain future obligations. Financial security systems include insurance products as well as retirement plans and warranties.
References
Actuarial science | wiki |
Spanish omelette or Spanish tortilla is a traditional dish from Spain. Celebrated as a national dish by Spaniards, it is an essential part of the Spanish cuisine. It is an omelette made with eggs and potatoes, optionally including onion. It is often served at room temperature as a tapa.
It is commonly known in Spanish-speaking countries as , , or .
History
The first reference to the tortilla in Spanish is found in a Navarrese document, as an anonymous "mousehole memorial" addressed to the court of Navarre in 1817. It explains the sparse conditions of Navarre's farmers in contrast with those in Pamplona (the capital) and la Ribera (in southern Navarre). After listing the sparse food eaten by highlanders, the next quote follows: "…two to three eggs in tortilla for 5 or 6 [people] as our women know how to make it big and thick with fewer eggs, mixing potatoes, breadcrumbs or whatever."
According to legend, during the siege of Bilbao, Carlist general Tomás de Zumalacárregui invented the "tortilla de patatas" as an easy, fast and nutritious dish to satisfy the scarcities of the Carlist army. Although it remains unknown whether this is true, it appears the tortilla started to spread during the early Carlist Wars.
Another tale is that the recipe was learnt by Spanish prisoners captured after the Battle of Montes Claros during the Portuguese Restoration War in 1665. After the Portuguese victory, more than 6,000 Spanish soldiers were kept in captivity for 3 years until the 1668 Treaty of Lisbon was signed. Upon their release, these prisoners brought part of the culture of Alentejo to Spain, including many recipes, which featured a potato egg pie that evolved into the modern version of "tortilla".
Nomenclature
The word tortilla, in European Spanish as well as in some variants of Latin American Spanish, means omelette. As such, a potato omelette is a tortilla de patatas or papas.
As the dish has gained international popularity, and perhaps to avoid being confused with the thin flatbread made out of wheat or maize popular in Mexico and Central America, the española or Spanish naming gained traction. As such, 'Spanish omelette' or 'Spanish tortilla' are its common names in English, while tortilla española is the formally accepted name even within the peninsula. In Spain, an omelette (made of beaten eggs fried with olive oil) is conversely known as tortilla francesa ().
Tortilla is the diminutive form of torta, meaning 'small pancake'.
Consumption and traditional recipe
The Spanish omelette is one of the most widely available dishes in Spain, also prepared in some Spanish-speaking countries.
The two main options are either with or without onion in it, with consumers almost always having a preference. The addition of onion is the cause of an unresolved dispute, pitting concebollistas (those advocating for the tortilla with onion) against sincebollistas (those considering the onion an attack against the dish's authenticity). It may be related to the tenderness of the local varieties of potato. The indication of whether a tortilla includes onion or not is expected from restaurateurs, and industrial producers market both options.
The most common procedure to cook a Spanish omelette is as follows:
The potatoes, ideally a starchy variety, are cut into thin slices or small dice.
They are then seasoned and sautéed in vegetable oil, traditionally olive oil, with sliced onions being added at this stage if used. These ingredients are stirred at a moderate temperature until they are soft but not brown.
The potatoes (and onions, if included) are then removed, drained, and mixed with whisked eggs.
This mixture is then returned to the pan and slowly cooked, turning the omelette to cook both sides.
Once the eggs are cooked on one side, a plate is placed over the mixture so the pan can be inverted.
The mixture is then slipped back into the pan to cook the other side.
The omelette may be eaten hot, at room temperature, or cold; it is commonly served as a tapa. As a tapa, it may be cut into bite-size pieces and served on cocktail sticks; a large tortilla can be cut into triangular portions (pincho de tortilla) to be eaten as a finger food.
Tortilla Day
Día de la Tortilla ("Tortilla Day") is a popular festivity celebrated in many towns in southern and western Spain. Its date varies depending on the town; however, it normally coincides with the Thursday before Lent, the first day of Carnival, also known as "Jueves Lardero" (Fat Thursday). Many towns in eastern Spain have a similar celebration on that day. Traditionally, the inhabitants of each town go to a nearby rural area where they spend the day among family members and friends, eating Spanish tortillas and other foods, and playing games.
See also
References
Bibliography
Bibliography
External links
Spanish cuisine
Egg dishes
Omelettes
Potato dishes
National dishes
Tapas
Food combinations | wiki |
USS Maine (SSBN-741) is a United States Navy ballistic missile submarine in commission since 1995. She is the fourth U.S. Navy ship authorized, and the third commissioned, to be named in honor of the state of Maine. She has the capability to carry 24 nuclear armed Trident ballistic missiles.
Construction and commissioning
The contract to build Maine was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of the General Dynamics Corporation, Groton, Connecticut, on 5 October 1988, and her keel was laid there on 3 July 1990. Maine was launched on 16 July 1994, delivered to the U.S. Navy on 23 June 1995, and commissioned on 29 July 1995 at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, on the shore of its namesake state.
Service history
Maine has been homeported at Naval Base Kitsap, Bangor, Washington since December 2005. Prior to this, she was homeported at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay from August 1995 until December 2005.
Maine in fiction
Maine plays a major role in Tom Clancy's novel The Sum of All Fears.
References
External links
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Ohio-class submarines
Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
1994 ships
Submarines of the United States | wiki |
Qualitative Social Work is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers six times a year in the field of social work. The journal's founding editors were Roy Ruckdeschel (Saint Louis University) and Ian Shaw (University of York). The current co-editors are Karen Staller (University of Michigan) and Lisa Morriss (Lancaster University). The journal has been in publication since 2002 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.
Scope
Qualitative Social Work is primarily aimed at those interested in qualitative research and evaluation and in qualitative approaches to practice. The journal provides a forum for debate on the nature of reflective inquiry and practice, emerging applications of critical realism in social work, the potential of social constructionist and narrative approaches to research and practice.
Abstracting and indexing
Qualitative Social Work is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:
Academic Search Premier
Academic Search Complete
Criminal Justice Abstracts
PsycINFO
Public Affairs Index
Social Care Online
Social Work Abstracts (Online)
SocINDEX with Full Text
SCOPUS
ZETOC
External links
References
Publishers Description
SAGE Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Social work
Qualitative research journals | wiki |
The Job may refer to:
In film and television:
The Job (2003 film), an action film starring Daryl Hannah
The Job (2009 film), a dark comedy starring Patrick Flueger
The Job, a 2005 short film featuring Marysia Kay
The Job (2001 TV series), an American comedy-drama starring Denis Leary
The Job (2013 TV series), a cancelled American reality competition show
"The Job" (The Office), an episode of The Office (U.S.)
The Job (2018 film), a short film starring Kalki Koechlin & produced by Kushal Srivastava
In literature:
The Job (novel), a 1917 novel by Sinclair Lewis
The Job (police newspaper), the official newspaper of London's Metropolitan Police Service
The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs, a 1969 book by Daniel Odier
The Job, a 1998 novel by Douglas Kennedy
See also
La Job, a Quebec adaptation of the British TV series The Office
Job (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Dundee Dell (originally known as the Dundee Delicatessen) is a restaurant bar in the Dundee area of Omaha, Nebraska. It is perhaps best known for its homemade fish and chips and collection of single malt Scotch whisky, credited to being one of the largest in the United States. It also carries an extensive beer selection, including some fourteen varieties on tap and several hundred in bottles.
The restaurant began as a delicatessen in a one-car garage near 50th Street and Dodge Street in 1920. In 1934, after being granted a liquor license, the deli opened as a restaurant and was renamed Dundee Dell. It was relocated at the intersection between 50th Street and Underwood Avenue in 2000. The place bills itself as a neighborhood pub, and has decorated its walls with memorabilia from various British and Irish beer and liquor companies, particularly Guinness.
The restaurant's parking lot and exterior is briefly featured in the 1999 film Election.
In July 2020, the restaurant owners announced its closure due to a lack of business from the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Culture in Omaha, Nebraska
References
External links
Index of scotch
Drinking establishments in Nebraska
History of Midtown Omaha, Nebraska
Restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska | wiki |
The New York Drama Critics Awards (formed 1943) are awarded through the composite opinion of a sample of New York Drama Critics to recognize Excellence in Broadway Theater. Awards are given each season for Best Performance by an Actor, Best Performance by an Actress, Best Male Performance in a Musical, Best Femme Performance in a Musical, Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, Most Promising Young Actor, Most Promising Young Actress, Best Directing Job, Best Scene-Designing Job, and Best Musical Score (further specified to Composer/Lyric Writer/Librettist). An award for Best Dance Director or Choreographer was added in the 1944–1945 season. Two new categories, most promising new playwright and best new director, were added for the 1946–1947 season.
1942-1943 season
1943–1944 season
1944-1945 season
1945-1946 season
1946-1947 season
1947-1948 season
References
American theater awards
Awards established in 1943
1943 establishments in New York City | wiki |
Battle of Lützen may refer to:
Battle of Lützen (1632), part of the Thirty Years' War
Battle of Lützen (1813), part of the War of the Sixth Coalition | wiki |
Box turtle species could refer to:
Species of the North America box turtles of the genus Terrapene
Species of the Asian box turtles of the genus Cuora. | wiki |
Mayweed is a common name for two different species of flowering plants and also a name commonly used for several genera of the tribe Anthemideae whose species are currently in a flux of renaming:
Species with the common name of mayweed:
Anthemis cotula
Anthemis arvensis
Oncosiphon suffruticosus
Genera commonly called mayweed:
Matricaria
Tripleurospermum | wiki |
Alexander Camaro
Chevrolet Camaro | wiki |
This is the discography of English singer Alfie Boe.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Video albums
Album appearances
Singles
References
Boe, Alfie | wiki |
Gerhard Hölzl (born 17 April 1952 in Regensburg) is a German former diver who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
1952 births
Living people
German male divers
Olympic divers of West Germany
Divers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Regensburg
20th-century German people | wiki |
Stadionul Steaua Roșie (, transliterare: Stadion Crvena Zvezda) este un stadion multi-funcțional din Belgrad, Serbia. În mare parte el e folosit pentru meciurile de fotbal și el este stadionul de casă al echipei Steaua Roșie Belgrad. Capacitatea stadionului e de 55.538 locuri, toate pe scaune. Stadionul mai e supranumit Marakana datorită asemănării sale cu celebrul stadion din Brazilia.
Referințe și note
Legături externe
FC Red Star Belgrade
Stadium pictures on Delije web site
Stadium Guide Article
360° Marakana Virtual tour
Fotbal în Serbia
Stadioane de fotbal din Serbia | wiki |
The following is a list of the international call prefixes of various countries that need to be dialled when placing an international telephone call. These prefixes are required when dialling from a landline. When calling from a GSM-compliant mobile phone (cell phone), only the symbol + before the country code may be used irrespective of where the telephone is used at that moment; the network operator provides the access codes automatically.
Countries by international prefix
Countries using optional carrier selection code
The following is a non-exhaustive list of countries that optionally allow for carrier selection in addition to using the standard prefix listed in the preceding section.
Historic international prefixes
The following are international call prefixes that were used in various countries sometime in the past but are no longer used.
See also
List of country calling codes (International telephone dialing codes)
List of mobile telephone prefixes by country
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
Public switched telephone network
Notes
References
External links
Standards and recommendations
Call Prefixes
Telephone numbers
Telecommunications lists | wiki |
Country Jam may refer to:
Country Jam USA, annual country music festival held in Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Country Jam (Colorado), annual country music festival held in Loma, Colorado | wiki |
Filmografia lui Willem Dafoe:
Film
Televiziune
Jocuri video
Referințe și note
Dafoe, W. | wiki |
Milk Day may be a reference to:
Harvard Milk Day, an unofficial celebration in Harvard, Illinois, USA
Harvey Milk Day, a celebration of the life of Harvey Milk, a murdered gay rights activist
World Milk Day, a United Nations organized day to celebrate the importance of milk
National Milk Day (India), an observance of Verghese Kurien's birthday by the Indian milk industry
See also
Martin Luther King Jr. Day, often written as MLK Day | wiki |
Tamara Arelis Angulo Cuero (born 11 February 1998) is an Ecuadorian footballer who plays as a centre back for Argentine club River Plate and the Ecuador women's national team.
References
1998 births
Living people
Women's association football central defenders
Ecuadorian women's footballers
Sportspeople from Guayaquil
Ecuador women's international footballers
C.S.D. Independiente del Valle footballers
21st-century Ecuadorian women | wiki |
This is the discography of British alternative rock band the Wonder Stuff.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Other albums
Video albums
EPs
Singles
References
Discographies of British artists
Rock music discographies | wiki |
A ridge vent is a type of vent installed at the peak of a sloped roof which allows warm, humid air to escape a building's attic. Ridge vents are most common on shingled residential buildings.
Ridge vents are also used in industrial warehouses to help release the hot air and help circulate comfortable air inside the building.
For ridge venting to be effective, soffit vents must be present, especially on residential applications. Most shingle manufacturers have ventilation calculators to help you calculate the right amount of ventilation to add to a home.
References
External links
Minimizing Water Intrusion Through Roof Vents in High-Wind Regions
Roofs | wiki |
"Shakespeare's Kingdom" is a poem written by Alfred Noyes and set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar. It was one of the songs (also known as the "Pageant of Empire") written to be performed in the Pageant of Empire at the British Empire Exhibition on 21 July 1924.
The song is about the English poet, William Shakespeare, describing his arrival in London.
References
Foreman, Lewis (ed.),"Oh, My Horses! Elgar and the Great War", Elgar Editions, Rickmansworth, 2001
Richards, Jeffrey "Imperialism and Music: Britain 1876-1953" (Manchester University Press, 2002)
External links
Poemhunter.com Shakespeare's Kingdom by Alfred Noyes
Digital Collections Shakespeare's Kingdom
Songs by Edward Elgar
1924 songs
Cultural depictions of William Shakespeare
London in fiction
World's fair music
British Empire Exhibition | wiki |
Withdrawal means "an act of taking out" and may refer to:
Anchoresis (withdrawal from the world for religious or ethical reasons)
Coitus interruptus (the withdrawal method)
Drug withdrawal
Social withdrawal
Taking of money from a bank
Water withdrawal
Withdrawal (military)
Withdrawal reflex
Withdrawal, Twista/Do or Die EP
"Withdrawals" (Tyler Farr song)
See also | wiki |
An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context. Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, emphasize their point of view or comment on a particular event.
Media trends
The traditional and most common outlet for political cartoonists is the pocket cartoon, which usually appears in the editorial page or the front news page of a newspaper, in the front news section of a newspaper. Editorial cartoons are not usually found in the dedicated comics section, although certain cartoons or comic strips have achieved crossover status.
Historically, these are quick, hand-drawn ink drawings, scanned and reproduced in black and white and published in print newspapers. The introduction of color came later, and more recently the use of digital drawing tools are a popular and efficient way to produce work quickly for newspaper deadlines.
Editorial cartoonists may reflect the political opinion expressed in the editorial page, or a newspaper in general, but they can also express opposing views, or opt for more populist humor that often reflects the conventional wisdom of the readers.
Historically, these artists have roots in ancient art forms, such as prehistoric cave paintings, or the hieroglyphs of Egypt, in terms of their role in informing society. Cartoonists in many ways take on the role of a court jester, who though employed by a king or other ruler, would often mimic and ridicule him and his regime in his performances, to entertain the court, or 'the common man'.
In recent years, the internet has become a popular means for distributing this kind of short format media, humor, and minority political opinions, leading to a large growth in the popularity of online and alternative editorial cartoons.
The rise of comics journalism online, which combines the longer comic strip format as a means to relay a story in more depth, is very effective in a vertical web format. As visual journalists, they can tell a story in a visual way, with words and images.
Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, it can be understood across many languages and countries. A strong tradition of editorial cartooning can be found throughout the world, in all political environments, including Cuba, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Iran, France, Denmark, Canada and the United States.
In the United States, there are more than a hundred published editorial cartoonists, from both sides of the Republican-Democrat divide.
In India, the most common and popular form of political commentary is the pocket cartoon. R. K. Laxman, Sudhir Dar, Mario Miranda, E. P. Unny, Shekhar Gurera, Ajit Ninan are some of the popular editorial cartoonists, through their daily pocket cartoons.
A political cartoonist's aim is often to encourage debate; they can also fuel controversy. Their work can expose corrupt or abusive regimes, governments or political groups, and therefore often put themselves and their publishers at risk.
In 2005, Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard received numerous death threats and was attacked in his home by man with an axe .
In 2015, the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdos offices were attacked by two Islamist gunmen in reaction to publishing cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. Twelve employees were killed, including staff cartoonists Charb, Cabu, Honoré, Tignous and Wolinski.
Awards
The Cartoonists Rights Network International awards the annual Courage in Editorial Cartooning Award to political cartoonists who show bravery and risk their own safety to publish their work. In 2015, this accolade was awarded to Atena Farghadani of Iran, who was jailed for more than 12 years for publishing a cartoon of Iran's parliament with heads of various animals.
There is a Pulitzer Prize awarded every year for America's top editorial cartoonist — as decided by a panel of senior media industry professionals and media academics (see Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning). Other major awards given each year to editorial cartoonists include the Sigma Delta Chi Award from the Society of Professional Journalists, the Thomas Nast Award from the Overseas Press Club, and the Herblock Prize.
Organizations
Association of American Editorial Cartoonists, (AAEC) : The largest organization of political cartoonists, have over 300 members worldwide.
National Cartoonists Society : welcomes editorial cartoonists in the United States.
Cartoonists Rights Network International : It helps cartoonists who are exiled, jailed or in danger of persecution.
Indian Institute of Cartoonists, (IIC) : The only organisation in India dedicated to the art of cartooning and regularly exhibit cartoons of various cartoonists
Books
There are several North American books that have collected together the majority of cartoonists being published at the time. Attack of the Political Cartoonists, written by J. P. Trostle, was published in 2004 and includes profiles of 150 mainstream American and Canadian cartoonists. Attack was an effort to update the 1962 tome Today's Cartoon, by New Orleans States-Item cartoonist John Chase, which included most of the editorial cartoonists working in the U.S. at the height of the Cold War. The 3-volume Attitude series includes some of the political cartoonists who have appeared in alternative newspapers and online — see Attitude: The New Subversive Cartoonists.
There are also a number of North American annual collections published each year, including Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year from Pelican Publishing, Best Political Cartoons of the Year from Daryl Cagle, and Portfolio, which showcases the best Canadian cartoons of the year.
See also
List of editorial cartoonists
Indian Institute of Cartoonists
Center for the Study of Political Graphics
Animated political cartoons
Graphics
References
External links
Cartoons Magazine
Cartoonists Rights Network International
Association of American Editorial Cartoonists
The Nib - an American online publisher of political cartoons and comic journalism | wiki |
Philip Currie (dyplomata)
Philip J. Currie | wiki |
The Baltimore Colts were a National Football League franchise from 1953 until 1984, when they relocated to Indianapolis.
Baltimore Colts may also refer to:
Baltimore Colts (1947–1950), a franchise in the All-America Football Conference (1947–1949) and National Football League (1950) that disbanded after the 1950 season
Indianapolis Colts, the current incarnation of the former Baltimore Colts (1953–1983) franchise
Baltimore Stallions, earlier the Baltimore CFL Colts, a Canadian Football League team based in Baltimore from 1994 to 1995
See also
History of the Indianapolis Colts
Baltimore Ravens, Baltimore's current NFL team | wiki |
Robert B. Dickey
Robert Dickey (baseballista) | wiki |
BR Standard Class 3 may refer to:
BR Standard Class 3 2-6-0
BR Standard Class 3 2-6-2T | wiki |
David Kaye may refer to:
David Kaye (voice actor) (born 1964), Canadian-American voice actor
David A. Kaye, actor who played Jesse Waingrow in the film 3000 Miles to Graceland
David Kaye (footballer) (born 1959), English footballer
David Kaye (magician), known professionally as "Silly Billy"
David Kaye (academic), UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Opinion
See also
David Kay (1941 – 2022), appointed to look for Iraq's stockpile of weapons of mass destruction following the U.S. invasion | wiki |
Tealeaf willow or tea-leaved willow is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Salix phylicifolia, native to northern Europe and northwestern Asia
Salix planifolia, native to northern and western North America
Salix pulchra, native to northern North America and northeastern Asia | wiki |
A squid is a type of marine cephalopod with ten limbs.
Squid or squids may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Squid (band), a post-punk band from Brighton, England
Squid (DC Comics), a fictional character from DC Comics
Squid (Marvel Comics), a villain from Marvel Comics
Squid, a fictional character (villain) from Universal Soldier: The Return
"Squid" (song), by Paul McCartney from Flaming Pie
SQUID, a fictional form of virtual reality unit in the film Strange Days
Squids (video game)
Squid (game), children's game in Korea
Squid Game, Korean television show
Other uses
SQUID (cryptocurrency), cryptocurrency scam based on Squid Game
Squid (software), a proxy server and web cache
Squid (weapon), an anti-submarine weapon
SQUID, a superconducting loop used to make sensitive measurements of magnetic fields
Squid as food, squid prepared as food
See also
Giant squid (disambiguation) | wiki |
Iván Pozo (born 26 August 1979, Vigo, Spain) is a retired Spanish professional boxer. Pozo is a former EBU European Flyweight champion and former WBO Inter-Continental Flyweight champion. He currently fights at bantamweight and defended his WBC Mundo Hispano title by defeating Adonis Rivas by unanimous decision on March 4, 2011.
References
1979 births
Flyweight boxers
Living people
Spanish male boxers
20th-century Spanish people
21st-century Spanish people | wiki |
Rodney McCray may refer to:
Rodney McCray (basketball), basketball player who played in the NBA for several teams
Rodney McCray (baseball), baseball player best known for crashing through the outfield wall of Civic Stadium in Portland, Oregon | wiki |
Black Hand Sandstone is a multistory, crossbedded, coarse-grained conglomeratic sandstone within the Cuyahoga Formation in Ohio.
Further reading
Sandstone in the United States | wiki |
Extracellular phototropic digestion is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food ie diffusion, transport, osmotrophy or phagocytosis. Since digestion occurs outside the cell, it is said to be extracellular. It takes place either in the lumen of the digestive system, in a gastric cavity or other digestive organ, or completely outside the body. During extracellular digestion, food is broken down outside the cell either mechanically or with acid
by special molecules called enzymes. Then the newly broken down nutrients can be absorbed by the cells nearby. Humans use extracellular digestion when they eat. Their teeth grind the food up, enzymes and acid in the stomach liquefy it, and additional enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into parts their cells can use.
Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens and chordates, including vertebrates.
In fungi
Fungi are heterotrophic organisms. Heterotrophic nutrition means that fungi utilize extracellular sources of organic energy, organic material or organic matter, for their maintenance, growth and reproduction. Energy is derived from the breakdown of the chemical bond between carbon and either carbon or other components of compounds such as a phosphate ion. The extracellular sources of energy may be simple sugars, polypeptides or more complex carbohydrate.
Fungi can only absorb small molecules through their walls. For fungi to gain their energy needs, they find and absorb organic molecules appropriate to their needs, either immediately or following some form of enzyme diminution outside the thallus. The small molecules are then absorbed, used directly or reconstituted (transformed) into organic molecules within the cell.
When a skeletonized leaf is seen in the litter, it is because recalcitrant materials remain and digestion is continuing. The fungi that utilize a variety of energy sources usually absorb the simplest compounds first, then the more complex. For instance, the formation of cellulose is repressed by high concentrations of glucose in the cytoplasm. On depletion of primary sources of glucose, enzymes to degrade more complex molecules such as cellulose and starch, are then released. Thus soluble sugars and amino acids are removed first from a leaf released from a tree. Starch is then broken down and absorbed. Subsequently, pectin and cellulose are digested. Finally, waxes are degraded and lignin oxidized. The staggering of energy acquisition results in the efficient utilization of available energy.
Detection of digestive enzymes in fungi
The regulation of nutrient acquisition appears to be controlled by general phenomena. Only a small group of enzymes, mostly hydrolases, can be detected in the culture filtrate of well-fed fungi. This suggests that specific inducers control the manufacture and release of enzymes for degradation. The most common complex carbohydrate available in the environment is cellulose. In the absence of glucose, detection of cellulose, for instance, induces the expression of celluloses. As a consequence, fungi specifically target the breakdown of the cellulose in their environment, and do not waste energy on the unnecessary formation of enzymes for degradation of molecules that may not be present. Fungi have an efficient process to gain energy.
Because of the huge range of potential food sources, fungi have evolved enzymes suitable for the environments in which they are usually found. The range of enzymes, though wide in many species, is not sufficient for survival in all environments. Fungi require other competitive attributes to ensure continued survival.
The opposite is also true. Some fungi have highly specific metabolic capabilities which enable occupation of specific habitats, utilizing molecules which are unavailable to other fungi. Further, utilization of a common and abundant substrate has led many fungi to evolve a range of highly specific degradative enzymes. Among the fungi are species that are generalist in their nutrient requirements, some that have specific nutrient requirements, and many that are in between.
Excretion of digestive enzymes
Enzymes are manufactured close to the hyphal tip. Some are packaged in vesicles associated with the Golgi and then delivered to the hyphal tip. The contents are released at the tip. Some enzymes are actively excreted through the plasma membrane, where they diffuse through or act in the cell wall. Note that the enzymes released from the hyphal tip require an aqueous environment for release and subsequent degradative activity.
Absorption of digested products
The molecules absorbed through the plasma membrane tend to be smaller than 5,000 Da, so only simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and other small molecules can be taken up following digestion. The molecules are taken up in solution. In some cases, the molecules are processed by enzymes located within the cell wall. For instance, sucrose inverters have been localized in walls of yeasts. Glucose appears to be the sugar preferred by most fungi. Uptake of other sugars is repressed when glucose is available. Similarly, ammonium, glutamine and asparagine regulate the uptake of nitrogen compounds, and cysteine of sulphur compounds.
Joint intracellular and extracellular digestion in cnidarians
Joint intracellular and extracellular digestion In hydra and other cnidarians, the food is caught by the tentacles and ingested through the mouth into the single large digestive cavity, the gastrovascular cavity. Enzymes are secreted from the cells bordering this cavity and poured on the food for extracellular digestion. Small particles of the partially digested food are engulfed into the vacuoles of the digestive cells for intracellular digestion. Any undigested and un-absorbed food is finally thrown out of the mouth.
Invert digestive systems are bags and tubes
Single-celled organisms as well as sponges digest their food intracellularly. Other multi-cellular organisms digest their food extracellularly, within a digestive cavity. In this case the digestive enzymes are released into a cavity that is continuous with the animal's external environment. In cnidarians and in flatworms such as planarians, the digestive cavity, called a gastrovascular cavity, has only one opening that serves as both mouth and anus. There is no specialization within this type of digestive system because every cell is exposed to all stages of food digestion.
Specializing occurs when the digestive tract or alimentary canal has a separate mouth and anus so that transport of food is one-way. The most primitive digestive tract is seen in nematodes (phylum Nematode), where it is simply a tubular gut lined by an epithelial membrane. Earthworms (phylum Annelids) have a digestive tract specialized in different regions for the ingestion, storage, fragmentation, digestion and absorption of food. All more complex animal groups, including all vertebrates, show similar specializations.
The ingested food may be stored in a specialized region of the digestive tract or subjected to physical fragmentation. This fragmentation may occur through the chewing action of teeth (in the mouth of many vertebrates) or the grinding action of pebbles (in the gizzard of earthworms and birds).
Chemical digestion then occurs, breaking down the larger food molecules of polysaccharides and disaccharides, fats, and proteins into their smallest sub-units.
Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis reactions that liberate the sub unit molecules—primarily monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids—from the food. These products of chemical digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut into the blood, in a process known as absorption. Any molecules in the food that are not absorbed cannot be used by the animal. These waste products are excreted, or defecated from the anus.
Extracellular digestion in other animals
Annelids
The echiuran gut is long and highly convoluted, and there is no gut in pogonophoran adults. Among other annelids, the gut is linear and unsegmented, with a mouth opening on the peristomium and an anus opening at the posterior end of the animal (pygidium). Food is moved through the gut by cilia and/or by muscular contractions. Digestion is primarily extracellular, although some species show an intracellular component as well.
Arthropods
The arthropod digestive system is divisible into three areas: the fore gut, mid gut, and hind gut. All free-living species exhibit a distinct and separate mouth and anus, and in all species, food must be moved through the digestive tract by muscular activity rather than cilia activity since the lumen of the fore gut and hind gut is lined with cuticle. Digestion is generally extracellular. Nutrients are distributed to the tissues through the hemal system.
Molluscs
Most molluscs have a complete digestive system with a separate mouth and anus. The mouth leads into a short esophagus which leads to a stomach. Associated with the stomach are one or more digestive glands or digestive caeca. Digestive enzymes are secreted into the lumen of these glands. Additional extracellular digestion takes place in the stomach. In cephalopods, digestion is entirely extracellular. In the most other mollusks, the terminal stages of digestion are completed intracellularly, within the tissue of the digestive glands. The absorbed nutrients enter the circulatory system for distribution throughout the body or are stored in the digestive glands for later use. Undigested waste pass through an intestine and out through the anus. Other aspects of food collection and processing have already been discussed where appropriate for each group.
Humans
The initial components of the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth and the pharynx, which is the common passage of the oral and nasal cavities. The pharynx leads to the esophagus, a muscular tube that delivers food to the stomach, where some preliminary digestion occurs; here, the digestion is extracellular.
From the stomach, food passes to the small intestine, where a battery of digestive enzymes continue the digestive process. The products of digestion are absorbed across the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream. What remains is emptied into the large intestine, where some of the remaining water and minerals are absorbed; here the digestion is intracellular.
See also
Saprotrophic nutrition
References
Eating behaviors | wiki |
The death of Caesar refers to the assassination of Roman dictator Julius Caesar in 44 BCE.
Death of Caesar or Death of Julius Caesar may also refer to:
Deaths of Caesars (Roman emperors), see List of Roman emperors
Death of Caesar
The Death of Caesar may also refer to:
The Death of Caesar (Gérôme), an 1867 painting by the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme
The death of Caesar (Jackson), an 1865 painting by British artist Frederick Hamilton Jackson
The death of Caesar (Janssens), a 17th/18th-century painting by Flemish artist Victor Honoré Janssens
The Death of Caesar (Klinger), a painting by Max Klinger
Death of Julius Caesar
The Death of Julius Caesar may refer to:
The Death of Julius Caesar (Camuccini), an 1806 painting by Vincenzo Camuccini
See also
Assassination of Julius Caesar (disambiguation)
La morte di Cesare, an 18th-century opera in three acts by Francesco Bianchi
Julius Caesar (disambiguation)
Caesar (disambiguation) | wiki |
A marking gauge, also known as a scratch gauge, is used in woodworking and metalworking to mark out lines for cutting or other operations. The purpose of the gauge is to scribe a line parallel to a reference edge or surface. It is used in joinery and sheetmetal operations.
The gauge consists of a beam, a headstock, and a scribing or marking implement, typically a pin, knife, pen or wheel. The headstock slides along the beam, and is locked in place by various means: a locking screw, cam lever, or a wedge. The marking implement is fixed to one end of the beam.
Types
The marking implement is chosen depending upon the operation to be performed. Some marking gauges have the capability to allow a number of implements to be fitted, others do not; and a woodworker will often have a number of different types. A steel pin is used when scribing with the grain. A steel knife is used when scribing across the grain. The pen or pencil is used when the woodworker does not wish the surface to be marred. Generally speaking, the pin and knife yield more accurate marking than do the pen or pencil. It is also used to mark parallel lines to the face side and edge side.
Variations
The style of gauge which uses a knife instead of a pin is often described as a cutting gauge. This tool is sometimes used to slightly "mark" the wood before a cut to prevent tearout later when doing the main cut with for example a circular saw.
Other variations include a panel gauge which has a longer beam and larger headstock for scribing lines that are further from the reference edge. A mortise gauge has two pins that can be adjusted relative to each other at the end of the beam. This gauge is used to scribe two lines simultaneously and is most commonly used to lay out mortise and tenon joinery.
References
Metalworking measuring instruments
Woodworking measuring instruments | wiki |
Beta Centauri is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is officially called Hadar (). The Bayer designation of Beta Centauri is Latinised from β Centauri, and abbreviated Beta Cen or β Cen. The system's combined apparent visual magnitude of 0.61 makes it the second-brightest object in Centaurus and the eleventh brightest star in the night sky. According to parallax measurements from the astrometric Hipparcos satellite, the distance to this system is about .
Nomenclature
β Centauri (Latinised to Beta Centauri) is the star system's Bayer designation.
It bore the traditional names Hadar and Agena. Hadar comes from the Arabic حضار (the root's meaning is "to be present" or "on the ground" or "settled, civilized area"), while the name Agena is thought to be derived from the Latin genua, meaning "knees", from the star's position on the left knee of the centaur depicted in the constellation Centaurus. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Hadar for the star β Centauri Aa on 21 August 2016 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.
The Chinese name for the star is 马腹一 (Mandarin: mǎ fù yī, "the First Star of the Horse's Abdomen").
The Boorong people indigenous to what is now northwestern Victoria, Australia named it Bermbermgle (together with α Centauri), two brothers who were noted for their courage and destructiveness, and who spear and kill Tchingal, "The Emu" (Coalsack Nebula). The Wotjobaluk people name the two brothers Bram-bram-bult.
Visibility
Beta Centauri is one of the brightest stars in the sky at magnitude 0.61. Its brightness varies by a few hundredths of a magnitude, too small to be noticeable to the naked eye. Because of its spectral type and the detection of pulsations, the Aa component has been classified as a β Cephei variable.
Beta Centauri is well known in the Southern Hemisphere as the inner of the two "Pointers" to the constellation Crux, popularly known as the Southern Cross. A line made from the other pointer, Alpha Centauri, through Beta Centauri leads to within a few degrees of Gacrux, the star at the north end of the cross. Using Gacrux, a navigator can draw a line with Acrux at the south end to effectively determine south.
Stellar system
The Beta Centauri system is made up of three stars: Beta Centauri Aa, Beta Centauri Ab, and Beta Centauri B. All the spectral lines detected are consistent with a B1-type star, with only the line profiles varying, so it is thought that all three stars have the same spectral type.
In 1935, Joan Voûte identified Beta Centauri B, giving it the identifier VOU 31. The companion is separated from the primary by 1.3 seconds of arc, and has remained so since the discovery, although the position angle has changed six degrees since. Beta Centauri B is a B1 dwarf with an apparent magnitude of 4.
In 1967, Beta Centauri's observed variation in radial velocity suggested that Beta Centauri A is a binary star. This was confirmed in 1999. It consists of a pair of stars, β Centauri Aa and β Centauri Ab, of similar mass that orbit each other over a period of 357 days with a large eccentricity of about 0.8245.
The pair were calculated to be separated by a mean distance of roughly 4 astronomical units (based on a distance to the system of 161 parsecs) in 2005.
Both Aa and Ab apparently have a stellar classification of B1 III, with the luminosity class of III indicating giant stars that are evolving away from the main sequence. Component Aa rotates much more rapidly than Ab, causing its spectral lines to be broader, and so the two components can be distinguished in the spectrum. Component Ab, the slow-rotating star, has a strong magnetic field although no detected abundance peculiarities in its spectrum. Multiple pulsations modes have been detected in component Aa, some of which correspond to brightness variations, so this star is considered to be variable. The detected pulsation modes correspond to those for both β Cephei variables and slowly pulsating B stars. Similar pulsations have not been detected in component Ab, but it is possible that it is also a variable star.
Aa is 12.02 ± 0.13 times as massive as the Sun, while Ab is 10.58 ± 0.18 times as massive.
References
Centauri, Beta
Beta Cephei variables
B-type giants
Centaurus (constellation)
122451
068702
Spectroscopic binaries
Triple star systems
Hadar
5267
Durchmusterung objects | wiki |
Alien Brain may refer to:
Teenage Zombies: Invasion of the Alien Brain Thingys!, a video game
Alien Brain from Outer Space, episode 4 of Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles
"Mr. Alien Brain Vs. The Skinwalkers", an album by Psychic TV
The antagonist in X-COM: UFO Defense | wiki |
Turn Back Time may refer to:
"Turn Back Time" (Aqua song), 1998
"Turn Back Time" (Sub Focus song), 2013
Turn Back Time (TV series), a 2006 British television series
Turn Back Time – The High Street, a 2010 British documentary series
See also
"If I Could Turn Back Time", a 1989 song by Cher
"Turn Back the Hands of Time", a 1970 song by Tyrone Davis
"If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time", a 1999 song by R. Kelly | wiki |
Sugaring is a food preservation technique.
Sugaring may also refer to:
Sugaring (epilation), a method of hair removal
The process of collection and production of maple syrup
A slang term for sugar dating | wiki |
Howl most often refers to:
Howling, an animal vocalization in many canine species
Howl (poem), a 1956 poem by Allen Ginsberg
Howl may also refer to:
Film
The Howl, a 1970 Italian film
Howl (2010 film), a 2010 American arthouse biopic film
Howl (2015 film), a 2015 independent British horror film
Literature
Howl and Other Poems, the collection of poetry containing "Howl"
Howl (magazine), published by the Hunt Saboteurs Association in Britain
Wizard Howl, fictional character in the 1986 novel Howl's Moving Castle by Diana Wynne Jones
Music
Howl (Black Rebel Motorcycle Club album), 2005
Howl (Rival Consoles album), 2015
Howl (EP), a 2008 EP by American metal band Howl
"Howl" (song), a song by Beware of Darkness
Howl, a 2012 EP by Beware of Darkness
"Howl", 2009 song by Florence and the Machine from the album Lungs
"Howl", a track from The Gaslight Anthem's 2012 album, Handwritten
"Howl", 2016 song by Biffy Clyro from the album Ellipsis
"Howl", song by Blood Red Shoes from the album Get Tragic
Bands
Howl (Norwegian band), Norwegian rock band
Howl (American band), American metal band
Howl, former name of Australian punk band Hunting Grounds
See also
Howling (disambiguation) | wiki |
Elaeocarpus obtusus is a species of flowering plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is native to Southeast Asia.
References
obtusus
Flora of Malesia
Flora of Thailand
Flora of Vietnam
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume
Plants described in 1823 | wiki |
The noble savage is a literary stock character who embodies the concept of the indigene, outsider, wild human, or "other" who has not been "corrupted by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness.
Noble Savage may also refer to:
Noble Savage (album), 1985 album by American heavy metal band Virgin Steele
Noble Savage (film), 2018 Israeli drama film
The Noble Savage (magazine), American literary magazine, 1960–1962
The Noble Savage: Allegory of Freedom, 1990 book by Stelio Cro
The Noble Savage: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1754–1762, 1991 biography by Maurice Cranston, second volume of three | wiki |
Chinese ophthalmology () is part of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Diseases of the eyes are treated with Chinese herbs, acupuncture/moxibustion, tuina, Chinese dietary therapy as well as qigong and taijiquan.
Inscriptions on oracle bones and tortoise shells from the Shang and Yin dynasties (16th century to 1066 BCE) already contain indications of eye diseases and of their treatment in China.
The work Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea (, yínhǎi jīngwēi) has had wide influence on the Chinese ophthalmology until today. It was likely written by Sun Simiao and published at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (1271−1368).
A notable aspect of Chinese ophthalmology is the "five wheels" (, wǔlún) and "eight boundaries" (, bākuò). They characterise certain anatomical segments of the eyes and correspond to certain zang-fu organs. From changes of the five wheels and eight boundaries, diseases and the necessary therapy may be deduced.
In modern Chinese ophthalmology, in China as well as in Western countries, diagnostic methods of Western medicine (such as the slit lamp) are combined with the diagnostic methods of Chinese medicine (such as pulse diagnosis and tongue diagnosis). Then, a disease pattern is stated based on the theories of Chinese medicine.
Amongst others, the acupuncture points BL-1 (jingming , "Bright Eyes") and ST-1 (chengqi , "Container of Tears") are said to have a special relationship to eye diseases.
Chinese herbs such as Chrysanthemi flos (, júhuā) have a special relationship with the eyes.
Throughout history, a number of qigong exercises for the better nourishing of the eyes have developed. They are said to prevent defective vision such as shortsightedness and are recommended in cases of eye fatigue (so-called "eye qigong"). These exercises are regularly practised in Chinese schools.
In TCM, eye qigong and tuina are considered to be important additional therapies for consolidation of the therapy results following acupuncture in shortsightedness.
References
Further reading
Agnes Fatrai, Stefan Uhrig (eds.): Chinese Ophthalmology – Acupuncture, Herbal Therapy, Dietary Therapy, Tuina and Qigong. Tipani-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2015, .
Kovacs J, Unschuld P U: Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea (The Yin-hai jing-wei). University of California Press, Berkeley 1998, .
Li Zhuanke et al.: New Traditional Chinese Ophthalmology (Xinbian zhongyi yanke xue). People's Military Medical Publishing House, Beijing 1997, .
Guan Guohua et al.: Diagnostics and Treatment in Chinese Ophthalmology (Zhongyi yanke zhenliao xue). Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, Shanghai 2002, .
Xiao Guoshi et al.: Clinical Handbook of Chinese Ophthalmology (Zhongyi yanke linchuang shouce). People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing 1996, .
Ophthalmology
Traditional Chinese medicine | wiki |
The 2022 Boston Marathon was a marathon race held in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 18, 2022. It was the 124th official running of the race (excludes no race in 2020, and the ekiden of 1918). The field was limited to 30,000 runners.
Background
The marathon returned to its traditional Patriots' Day schedule for the first time since 2019. All participants were required to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19.
Lawrence Cherono and Benson Kipruto, both from Kenya, were among the elite runners expected to compete.
On April 6, race organizers announced that runners residing in Russia or Belarus would not be allowed to participate, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. That decision subsequently drew criticism from an editorial in The Boston Globe.
Results
The elite men's and women's races were won by Kenyans Evans Chebet and Peres Jepchirchir, respectively. Wheelchair races were won by Daniel Romanchuk of the US (men) and Manuela Schär of Switzerland (women). Wheelchair racer Marcel Hug withdrew hours before the race started, for an unknown reason.
Olympic bronze medalist Molly Seidel, who had a hip impingement, dropped out of the race at around due to a hip injury. This was the first time she ran in the Boston Marathon.
Men
Women
Wheelchair men
Wheelchair women
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
Race program
Boston Marathon
Boston Marathon
Boston Marathon
Boston Marathon
Boston Marathon
Marathon | wiki |
Jim Crooker (January 22, 1926 – August 7, 2006) was an amateur golfer who held the record for playing in more Bob Hope Classics than any other golf player, amateur or pro. Crooker entered the first Classic in 1960 and would go on to enter for a record 46 consecutive years until January 19, 2018 when broken by Vic LoBue.
References
External links
Palm Springs Desert Sun article on Jim Crooker
American male golfers
Amateur golfers
1926 births
2006 deaths | wiki |
Buy a Bullet is a 2016 thriller short story written by Gregg Hurwitz. It forms a part of the "Orphan X Thrillers" series by the author. Being a short story it was published as an electronic book.
The follow-up books in the series are "The Nowhere Man" (Released in January 2017) and "Hellbent" (released in January 2018).
References
External links
2016 short stories
Thriller short stories
2016 American novels
Books by Gregg Hurwitz
Minotaur Books books | wiki |
Check washing is the process of erasing details from checks to allow them to be rewritten, usually for criminal purposes such as fraudulent withdrawal from the victim's bank account.
Various steps can be taken by the writer of the check to reduce the possibility of falling victim to check washing. These include mailing checks by placing them in secured mailboxes, using secure ink dispensed from a gel, rollerball, or fountain pen, filling in all lines on the check, and careful scrutiny of bank statements.
The actual process of washing a check is relatively simple and can be accomplished with basic solvents. The actual solvent is largely irrelevant — more importantly, the polarity of the solvent must match the polarity of the dye in the ink. For example, an ink that is mostly made of a polar dye would require a polar solvent (e.g. acetone or isopropanol). Both nail polish remover (acetone) and rubbing alcohol (isopropanol) are able to pull most common inks away from paper in minutes. Similarly, a non-polar dye would require a non-polar solvent (e.g. toluene or a similar hydrocarbon).
See also
Bank fraud
Cheque fraud
Identity theft
References
Fraud
Washing | wiki |
A rook piercing is a perforation of the antihelix of the ear for the purpose of wearing jewelry. It is located just above the tragus on the ridge between the inner and outer conch with the piercing passing from the underside to the top of this ridge, differing from many ear piercings that essentially span between a "front" and "back" surface. Erik Dakota, a well known professional piercer and the individual responsible for originating and popularizing the rook piercing, is said to have named this modification after a shortened version of his first name. The piercing was first named in issue #4 of the magazine Body Play and Modern Primitives Quarterly (published by Fakir Musafar) around 1992 alongside the first printed reference to the industrial piercing, then termed "industrial ear project".
Procedure
The procedure is done similarly to other piercings of the cartilage of the ear. Clamps may be used but it is usually done freehand. Once the area is cleaned, the piercer and the client will agree on placement, although because of its location it can be difficult to see exactly where the entrance and exit holes will be. Generally, the piercer will advise the client on the best location. The entrance and exit holes are marked, and a hollow needle is pushed through. Many professional piercers will use either a 14g or 16g needle by default, although it is possible to use even larger gauges. The jewelry is then inserted, and the piercing complete.
Pain is very subjective and it is difficult to ascertain how much the initial piercing will hurt to a given person. Some people experience pain comparable to that of an average cartilage piercing to the helix or tragus, and others have described it as one of the most painful piercings they've ever received, either in the ear or their whole body. However, pain thresholds differ between individuals, so what may be painful to one person may be a slight tickle to someone else.
Healing and aftercare
The rook piercing is also cared for much like any other ear cartilage piercing. Salt soaks (warm water (optimally sterilized by boiling) mixed with a small amount of sea salt) are recommended twice a day for the first month or two. These soaks will soften any dried lymph, clean the piercing as well as the jewellery, partially sterilize the area due to the salt, and alleviate swelling and soreness. The warm water also encourages blood flow to the area aiding in the healing process. Washing the area once a day gently with liquid soap and warm water will decrease the chances of infection. Ideally, an antimicrobial soap should be used, but for most people a fragrance-free and dye-free liquid antibacterial soap will suffice. One must be careful not to over-wash the area as this can lead to drying the area out. Alcohol and peroxide should also not be used for the same reason. Antibacterial and antimicrobial ointments (such as Neosporin) should never be used as they seal off the wound from receiving any air. One should avoid touching the area as much as possible, and if necessary, wash their hands beforehand. Care should be taken when changing shirts so that the jewellery isn't tugged as well as when using a telephone as the receiver may spread germs to the wound and the pressure can delay healing. Otherwise, for most people, the area is tucked into the ear more so than most other cartilage piercings and is less susceptible to incidental bumps and knocks.
Soreness is likely to persist for the first couple of months with the worst occurring during the first week or two. Jewellery should not be changed until at least eight weeks after the procedure. Primary healing will usually conclude within six months with full, secondary healing of the fistula complete in 12 to 18 months. Much of the cartilage in the ear receives comparatively little blood flow accounting for the increased healing time and persistent soreness.
Jewelry
Any type of body modification jewelry can be worn in the piercing with the most common being CBRs (captive bead ring) and curved barbells. Many piercers recommend that a curved barbell is worn initially. The curved barbell has less curvature than a CBR, thus reducing strain on the healing fistula and leading to a healthier piercing and shorter healing times. People often choose relatively small diameter rings and shorter barbells owing to the confined space of the piercing. Oftentimes individuals will need assistance in removing and especially inserting jewelry due to the small area and difficulty in seeing and reaching the piercing coupled with the complexity of screwing on small parts without stripping the jewelry and/or securing the ball in a CBR.
Complications
Generally, the rook piercing presents the same set of complications and risks as other cartilage piercings in the ear, although its concealed nature makes it less prone to accidental snags than other piercings. However, not everyone has suitable anatomy for a viable, long-term rook piercing. Someone with a poorly defined ridge in this area is encouraged not to have this procedure done. An experienced piercer will be able to accurately assess whether or not the client's ear is suited for a rook piercing and will likely refuse to perform the modification on someone with an inadequate ridge.
Some individuals have complained about persistent soreness in the area spanning a year or more, migration, and in some cases even rejection. While some of these issues can arise from improper aftercare and careless handling, many times they are the result of improper placement or poorly suited anatomy. Depending on the size and thickness of one's antihelix in this area, the increased curvature of a CBR (as opposed to a curved barbell) can put undue strain on the healing fistula which can prolong soreness and promote migration. Rejection will only occur in the most extreme of circumstances, usually because of poor placement (too shallow or oddly angled hole) or extreme trauma inflicted on the piercing especially during healing. In general, a person with decent health and proper hygiene is unlikely to experience any complications or pain outside of the normal healing process.
It is also important to refrain from attempting to stretch this area, at least without talking to an experienced piercer beforehand and following their advice. Cartilage normally will not stretch significantly although smaller gauge stretchings may be possible for some people.
References
External links
BME Encyclopedia Entry
Ear piercing | wiki |
Distorsomina is een geslacht van weekdieren uit de klasse van de Gastropoda (slakken).
Soort
Distorsomina pusilla (Pease, 1861)
Cymatiidae | wiki |
Undercarriage is the part of a moving vehicle that is underneath the main body of the vehicle. The term originally applied to this part of a horse-drawn carriage, and usage has since broadened to include:
The landing gear of an aircraft.
The chassis of an automobile.
The tractor treads of a tractor or tank.
The underframe of a locomotive
The undercarriage assembly of a train car or locomotive, known as a bogie, incorporating the train wheel sets, suspension, brakes and, in powered units, the traction motors
See also
Bicycle frame
Container chassis
Locomotive bed
Locomotive frame
Motorcycle frame | wiki |
Jeffrey Marshall "Jeff" Foxworthy (născut la 6 decembrie, 1958) este un actor american de film și TV.
Legături externe
Nașteri în 1958
Actori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Americani în viață
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea | wiki |
Piper capense is a species of pepper in the genus Piper. A relative of black pepper (Piper Nigrum), its berries are used as a spice called African long pepper, Ethiopian long pepper, or timiz.
References
capense | wiki |
Sterculia oblonga, the yellow sterculia, is a commercial timber tree in the family Malvaceae. It is native to the tropical rainforests of Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
oblonga
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Trees of Africa
Vulnerable plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
An accounting period, in bookkeeping, is the period with reference to which management accounts and financial statements are prepared.
In management accounting the accounting period varies widely and is determined by management. Monthly accounting periods are common.
In financial accounting the accounting period is determined by regulation and is usually 12 months. The beginning of the accounting period differs according to jurisdiction. For example, one entity may follow the calendar year, January to December, while another may follow April to March as the accounting period.
The International Financial Reporting Standards allow a period of 52 weeks as an accounting period instead of 12 months. This method is known as the 4-4-5 calendar in British and Commonwealth usage and the 52–53-week fiscal year in the United States. In the United States the method is permitted by generally accepted accounting principles, as well as by US Internal Revenue Code Regulation 1.441-2 (IRS Publication 538).
In some of the ERP tools there are more than 12 accounting periods in a financial year. They put one accounting period as "Year Open" period where all the carried over balances from last financial year are cleared and one period as "Year Close" where all the transactions for closed for the same financial year. Older systems sometimes called these periods "Month 0" and "Month 13".
52–53-week fiscal year
The 52–53-week fiscal year (or 4–4–5 calendar) is used by companies that desire that their fiscal year always end on the same day of the week. Any day of the week may be used, and Saturday and Sunday are common because the business may more easily be closed for counting inventory and other end-of-year accounting activities. There are two methods in use:
Last Saturday of the month at fiscal year end
Under this method the company's fiscal year is defined as the final Saturday (or other day selected) in the fiscal year end month. For example, if the fiscal year end month is August, the company's year end could fall on any date from August 25 to August 31. Currently it would end on the following days:
2006-08-26 2006 August 26
2007-08-25 2007 August 25
2008-08-30 2008 August 30 (leap year)
2009-08-29 2009 August 29
2010-08-28 2010 August 28
2011-08-27 2011 August 27
2012-08-25 2012 August 25 (leap year)
2013-08-31 2013 August 31
2014-08-30 2014 August 30
2015-08-29 2015 August 29
2016-08-27 2016 August 27 (leap year)
2017-08-26 2017 August 26
2018-08-25 2018 August 25
2019-08-31 2019 August 31
The end of the fiscal year would move one day earlier on the calendar each year (two days in leap years) until it would otherwise reach the date seven days before the end of the month (August 24 in this case). At that point it resets to the end of the month (August 31) and the fiscal year has 53 weeks instead of 52. In this example the fiscal years ending in 2008, 2013, and 2019 have 53 weeks.
Saturday nearest the end of month
Under this method the company's fiscal year is defined as the Saturday (or other day selected) that falls closest to the last day of the fiscal year end month. For example, if the fiscal year end month is August, the company's year end could fall on any date from August 28 to September 3. Currently it would end on the following days:
2006-09-02 2006 September 2
2007-09-01 2007 September 1
2008-08-30 2008 August 30 (leap year)
2009-08-29 2009 August 29
2010-08-28 2010 August 28
2011-09-03 2011 September 3
2012-09-01 2012 September 1 (leap year)
2013-08-31 2013 August 31
2014-08-30 2014 August 30
2015-08-29 2015 August 29
2016-09-03 2016 September 3 (leap year)
2017-09-02 2017 September 2
2018-09-01 2018 September 1
2019-08-31 2019 August 31
The end of the fiscal year would move one day earlier on the calendar each year (two days in leap years) until it would otherwise reach the date four days before the end of the month (August 27 in this case). At that point the first Saturday in the following month (September 3 in this case) becomes the date closest to the end of August and it resets to that date and the fiscal year has 53 weeks instead of 52. In this example the fiscal years ending in 2011 and 2016 have 53 weeks.
The 52–53 week method is permitted by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, by US Internal Revenue Code Regulation 1.441-2 (IRS Publication 538)., as well as the International Financial Reporting Standards.
References
period
Accounting terminology
Specific calendars | wiki |
Rumstick may refer to:
Ezra Rumstick
Rumstick (card game), English name for the game of Romestecq | wiki |
Cheeky may refer to:
Cheeky (film) or Trasgredire, a 2000 sex comedy directed by Tinto Brass
Cheeky Watson (born 1954), South African rugby union player
Cheeky Weekly, a defunct British comics magazine
Cheeky, Australian hip hop artist in the group Downsyde
"Cheeky", a 2002 song by Bruce Boniface
Cheeky, a style of bikini underwear or swimsuit
Cheeky Records, a British record label founded by Rollo Armstrong
See also
Cheekye, British Columbia, Canada, an unincorporated locality
Cheek (disambiguation) | wiki |
Sport
Mark Hunter – canottiere britannico
Musica
Mark Hunter – musicista statunitense | wiki |
Le Grand Combat est un film réalisé par Bernard Roland (1942) ;
Le Grand Combat est une histoire de la série de bande dessinée Lucky Luke (1952) ;
Le Grand Combat est une histoire de la série de bande dessinée Tif et Tondu (1967) ;
Le Grand Combat est un épisode de la série télévisée Battlestar Galactica (2006) ;
Le Grand Combat est un court-métrage réalisé par Jean-Nicolas Rivat (2012) ; | wiki |
Les œufs fossiles sont des restes fossilisés d'œufs déposés par d'anciens animaux.
Voir aussi
Notes et références
Fossile
Fossile | wiki |
Garion is a fictional character.
Garion may also refer to:
Garion (artist)
Garion Hall | wiki |
The Newfoundland wolf (Canis lupus beothucus) was a subspecies of grey wolf that was native to Newfoundland. As a food source, the species would prey and rely on the Newfoundland Caribou. During the autumn and early winter, some wolves would turn white while others remained dark enough to look black.
Description
It was described as being a medium-sized, slender-skulled wolf with a white pelt, though melanists also occurred. In comparison to its mainland relatives it bears a striking difference in its internal accessory cusp angles allowing for distinction between subspecies. The last specimen was reportedly killed in 1911.
Taxonomy
This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005). In 1912, Gerrit S. Miller Jr have concluded that in North America, specifically west of the Mississippi River and Hudson Bay, and north of the Platte and Columbia rivers, there are three types of wolves: timber-wolf, plains-wolf, and tundra-wolf.
Recent sightings
In 2019 a wolf was shot in Newfoundland after being confused for a coyote. DNA evidence found it, and a second wolf found on Newfoundland to be a Labrador wolf, which are often seen in neighbouring Labrador but rare on Newfoundland.
See also
Labrador wolf
References
Further reading
Canines
Wolf
Mammal extinctions since 1500
Extinct mammals of North America
Extinct animals of Canada
Subspecies of Canis lupus
Mammals described in 1937
Taxa named by Glover Morrill Allen | wiki |
Melhania latibracteolata is a plant in the family Malvaceae, native to East Africa.
Description
Melhania latibracteolata grows as a suffrutex (subshrub) up to tall. The elliptic to ovate leaves are tomentose and measure up to long. Inflorescences are two to five-flowered, on a stalk measuring up to long. The flowers have pale yellow petals.
Distribution and habitat
Melhania latibracteolata is native to Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia. It is known from fewer than 10 sites. Its habitat is in Acacia-Commiphora bushlands at altitudes of about .
References
latibracteolata
Flora of Ethiopia
Flora of Kenya
Flora of Somalia
Plants described in 2007 | wiki |
In color theory, a color scheme is the choice of colors used in various artistic and design contexts. For example, the "Achromatic" use of a white background with black text is an example of a basic and commonly default color scheme in web design.
Color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create an aesthetic feeling when used together will commonly accompany each other in color schemes. A basic color scheme will use two colors that look appealing together. More advanced color schemes involve several related colors in "Analogous" combination, for example, text with such colors as red, yellow, and orange arranged together on a black background in a magazine article. The addition of light blue creates an "Accented Analogous" color scheme.
Use of the phrase color scheme may also and commonly does refer to choice and use of colors used outside typical aesthetic media and context, although may still be used for purely aesthetic effect as well as for purely practical reasons. This most typically refers to color patterns and designs as seen on vehicles, particularly those used in the military when concerning color patterns and designs used for identification of friend or foe, identification of specific military units, or as camouflage. In hotel room designs, the relationship between preferences of color schemes and gender was detected. Male guests tend to prefer masculine color schemes, while female guests favor feminine color schemes.
A color scheme in marketing is referred to as a trade dress and can sometimes be protected by trademark or trade dress laws, as is the pink color of Owens Corning fiberglass.
Color schemes are often described in terms of logical combinations of colors on a color wheel. Different types of schemes, like monochromatic or complementary, are used.
Types
Monochromatic
Monochromatic colors are all the colors (tints, tones, and shades) of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue, and extended using its shades, tones and tints (that is, a hue modified by the addition of black, gray (black + white) and white. As a result, the energy is more subtle and peaceful due to a lack of contrast of hue.
Complementary
For the mixing of colored light, Newton's color wheel is often used to describe complementary colors, which are colors that cancel each other's hue to produce an achromatic (white, gray or black) light mixture. Newton offered as a conjecture that colors exactly opposite one another on the hue circle cancel out each other's hue; this concept was demonstrated more thoroughly in the 19th century.
A key assumption in Newton's hue circle was that the "fiery" or maximum saturated hues are located on the outer circumference of the circle, while achromatic white is at the center. Then the saturation of the mixture of two spectral hues was predicted by the straight line between them; the mixture of three colors was predicted by the "center of gravity" or centroid of three triangle points, and so on.
Split-complementary
The split-complementary (also called compound harmony) color scheme is a three-color combination consisting of base color and two colors that are 150 degrees and 210 degrees apart from the base color. The split-complementary color scheme has the same sharp visual contrast as the complementary color scheme but has less pressure.
Achromatic
Any color that lacks strong chromatic content is said to be unsaturated, achromatic, or near neutral. Pure achromatic colors include black, white, all grays and beiges; near neutrals include browns, tans, pastels, and darker colors. Near neutrals can be of any hue or lightness.
Neutrals are obtained by mixing pure colors with white, black or gray, or by mixing two complementary colors. In color theory, neutral colors are colors easily modified by adjacent more saturated colors and they appear to take on the hue complementary to the saturated color. Next to a bright red couch, a gray wall will appear distinctly greenish.
Black and white have long been known to combine well with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent saturation or brightness of colors paired with it, and white shows off all hues to equal effect.
Analogous
Analogous color schemes (also called dominance harmony) are groups of colors that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel, with one being the dominant color, which tends to be a primary or secondary color, and two on either side complementing, which tend to be tertiary.
The term analogous refers to having an analogy or corresponding to something in particular. An analogous color scheme creates a rich, monochromatic look. It is best used with either warm or cool colors, creating a look that has a certain temperature as well as proper color harmony. While this is true, the scheme also lacks contrast and is less vibrant than complementary schemes.
Red, reddish-orange, orange, yellow-orange is one example of a set of analogous colors.
Accented analogous
An accented analogous complementary scheme utilizes related hues lying adjacent on the color wheel with a hue directly opposite to these. This direct complement becomes the accent color, used to create a dominant color grouping of three similar colors accented with the direct complement (or the near complement) of one of them. The complementary accent color creates an interesting contrast against the dominant color grouping. This scheme is frequently used to put a warm accent color with a cool analogous color palette, or a cool accent color with a warm palette.
Triadic
The triadic color scheme is a three-color combination consisting of base color and two colors that are 120 degrees and 240 degrees apart from the base color. Triadic color schemes tend to be quite vibrant. Even when using pale or unsaturated versions of hues, it offers a higher degree of contrast while also retaining the color harmony. This scheme is trendy among artists because it provides sharp visual contrast while maintaining balance, and color richness. The triadic scheme is not as contrasting as the complementary scheme, but it is easier to accomplish balance and harmony with these colors.
Tetradic
The tetradic (also called double complementary) color scheme is considered the richest because it uses four colors arranged into two complementary color pairs. This scheme is hard to harmonize and requires a color to dominate or subdue the colors; if all four colors are used in equal amounts, the color scheme may look unbalanced.
Rectangle (tetradic)
The rectangle color scheme is a four-color combination consisting of a base color and three colors that are 60 degrees, 180 degrees, and 240 degrees apart from the base color. Rectangle color schemes work best when one color is dominant.
Square (tetradic)
The square color scheme is a four-color combination consisting of a base color and three colors that are 90 degrees apart from the base color. Square color schemes are rich in color and offer variations.
Polychromatic
The term polychromatic means having several colors.
It is used to describe light that exhibits more than one color, which also means that it contains radiation of more than one wavelength. The study of polychromatic is particularly useful in the production of diffraction gratings.
In maps and data visualization
Thematic maps, charts, data science, spreadsheets, and other tools use graphical means to visualize quantitative data. Color is often used as one of these graphical tools, due to its aesthetic appeal, its intuitive contrast (i.e., people can instantly differentiate a large number of colors), and its multidimensional richness, which allows variations in color to carry a great deal of meaning.
A variety of color schemes for representing quantitative variation have been developed by cartographers to represent quantitative variable ranges intuitively, especially for choropleth maps. These have generally been adopted for other forms of visualization as well, such as the heat map. These can be categorised into different classes of color schemes to represent specific sets of data more intuitively:
Sequential schemes use color value to represent quantitative or ordinal values. It is commonly assumed that the darkest shade intuitively represents the largest value, but on a dark background, a light shade may be more intuitive because it contrasts more. Two subtypes exist, depending on how hue may also be used:
Monochrome schemes use tints of a single hue or shades of gray. Studies have shown that while humans are capable of seeing hundreds of shades of most colors, they can only distinguish 5–8 for practical use (i.e., matching shade on the map to the corresponding shade in the legend).
Part-spectral schemes use a range of hues in addition to value, generally incorporating a partial segment of the color wheel, such as a light yellow to dark green, or a light orange to a dark red. The advantage of this approach is that the hue differences add contrast, enabling users to distinguish a larger number of distinct colors, up to 12–15.
Divergent schemes use two sequential schemes (monochrome or part spectral), sharing a common (usually the lightest) color in the center and the darkest at the two ends. Their primary use is to emphasize (by the principles of visual hierarchy) the extreme values at both the high and low ends.
Spectral schemes use a large segment or even the full range of hue to represent the range of quantitative values, with no variation in value. This can be difficult to interpret with most data because hues do not naturally look like "more" or "less" than other hues. It can be useful, however, for representing cyclical variables, which can map directly onto a color wheel, such as the terrain aspect, wind direction, or seasonality.
Bivariate or trivariate schemes use two or three orthogonal monochrome sequential schemes to represent separate (but usually related) variables, with the various blended colors representing different combinations of values. This scheme tends to work best when the hues for each axis are primary colors: RGB on a black background, CMY on a white background, so that the mixed colors are as clear as possible. When crafted well, and with advantageous geography (in which the variables tend to have broadly consistent patterns), these color schemes are very effective at visualizing correlations and other patterns between the variables. In other situations, they can produce a seemingly random confusion of color.
Cyclic schemes use colors gradients that have neither a beginning nor an end. They are useful to display periodic data sets like angular data or data from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry, which is used to display Earth's surface displacement. The cyclic color schemes are divergent color schemes with matching ends.
For the above classes of color schemes, there are different types to represent a given set of data more clearly:
Continuous: Color schemes that have a smooth color gradient. Continuous color schemes are intended to display sets of continuous, ordered data points and can represent both small and large data variations. Continuous color schemes generally use more than a hundred individual color values. A continuous color map is also the most versatile type, and the other types (discrete and categorical) can be constructed from it.
Discrete: Color schemes that feature only a certain subset of all color values of a continuous color schemes, that are clearly distinguishable from each other. Color schemes in discrete form are intended to visualise a set or range of discrete data points, but are also often used with continuous datasets. Discrete color schemes are used with ordered data.
Categorical: Color schemes that contain multiple unordered unique color values. They are intended to color multiple individual data points or entire graphs to make them distinguishable from each other. Categorical color schemes can be applied to almost any type of graph, whether this is a scatter plot with multiple points, a line plot with multiple lines, a bar plot with multiple bars, or other types of graphs.
Overall, there are two fundamentally different categories of color schemes: the scientifically derived color schemes and the unscientific color schemes. Unscientific color schemes, like the common rainbow color scheme, have no uniform color gradient as seen by the human eye and are not accessible for color-vision deficient and color-blind readers. Scientifically-derived color schemes (or scientific color maps) represent a uniform color gradient that can easily be ordered from one end to the other and contain colors that can be differentiated also by color-vision deficient readers. Scientific color map is a relatively new term, but its properties have been proposed as best practice over several decades.
While unscientific color schemes are widely available in a myriad of color combinations, scientifically-derived color schemes have become more widely available only during the last century. Cynthia Brewer performed a number of experiments on various color schemes for data visualization in maps, especially working with those with color blindness. Eventually, this work led to a palette of several dozen color schemes designed to be reproducible on multiple devices and usable by the color-vision-impaired, which was collected into an interactive tool known as ColorBrewer in 2002. This palette quickly gained wide acceptance due to its reliable usability by non-experts, and has become a standard built into GIS and mapping software and other visualization tools.
Other pre-made scientific color schemes that are distributed directly to users, but also frequently built into common visualisation toolboxes are:
MPL (Matplotlib) color maps developed by Stéfan van der Walt and Nathaniel Smith.
Cividis color map developed by Jamie R. Nuñez and colleagues.
CMOcean color maps developed by Kristen M. Thyng and colleagues.
CET color maps developed by Peter Kovesi.
Scientific color maps developed by Fabio Crameri.
Color universal design
It is also recommended to use monochromatic color for Color Universal Design (CUD). An image with enough contrast ratio monochromatic color also compatible with people who have color blindness.
Difference (confuse)
Same (high contrast)
See also
Color gradient
Light-on-dark color scheme
Color tool
Monochromatic color
Complementary color
Analogous colors
Achromatic colors
Palette (computing)
Palette (painting)
References
External links
Introduction to Color Theory (Color Schemes)
ColorHexa.com - web-based color tool that supports several color schemes
iColorpalette.com - web-based color tool offers create own color schemes
Scientific colour maps - Knowledge resource for scientifically-derived, perceptual uniform and color-vision-deficiency friendly color schemes
Color | wiki |
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (also known by the abbreviations UPPP and UP3) is a surgical procedure or sleep surgery used to remove tissue and/or remodel tissue in the throat. This could be because of sleep issues. Tissues which may typically be removed include:
The tonsils
The adenoids
Tissues which may typically be remodeled include:
The uvula (see uvulotomy)
The soft palate
The pharynx
Procedure
UPPP involves removal of the tonsils, the posterior surface of the soft palate, and the uvula. The uvula is then folded toward the soft palate and sutured together as demonstrated in the figures. In the US, UPPP is the most commonly performed procedure for obstructive sleep apnea with approximately 33,000 procedures performed per year. The surgery is more successful in patients who are not obese, and there is a limited role in morbidly obese (>40 kg/m2) individuals.
Procedural details
Standard procedure
UPPP is typically administered to patients with obstructive sleep apnea in isolation. It is administered as a stand-alone procedure in the hope that the tissue which obstructs the patient's airway is localized in the back of the throat. The rationale is that, by removing the tissue, the patient's airway will be wider and breathing will become easier.
Role in the "Stanford Protocol" operation
UPPP is also offered to sleep apnea patients who opt for a more comprehensive surgical procedure known as the "Stanford Protocol", first attempted by Doctors Nelson Powell and Robert Riley of Stanford University. The Stanford Protocol consists of two phases. The first involves surgery of the soft tissue (tonsillectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) and the second involves skeletal surgeries (maxillomandibular advancement). First, Phase 1 or soft tissue surgery is performed and after re-testing with a new sleep study, if there is residual sleep apnea, then Phase 2 surgery would consist of jaw surgery. The goal is to improve the airway and thereby treat (or possibly cure) sleep apnea. It has been found that obstructive sleep apnea usually involves multiple sites where tissue obstructs the airway; the base of the tongue is often involved. The Protocol successively addresses these multiple sites of obstruction. Note that genioglossus advancement can be performed either during Phase 1 or Phase 2 surgeries.
Phase 2 involves maxillomandibular advancement, a surgery which moves the jaw top (maxilla) and bottom (mandible) forward. The tongue muscle is anchored to the chin, and translation of the mandible forward pulls the tongue forward as well. If the procedure achieves the desired results, when the patient sleeps and the tongue relaxes, it will no longer be able to block the airway. Success is much better for Phase 2 than for Phase 1 – approximately 90 percent benefit from the second phase, and the success of the Stanford Protocol Operation therefore is due in large part to this second phase.
There is debate among surgeons as to the role of Phase 1 surgery. In 2002, an Atlanta-based surgical team, led by Dr. Jeffrey Prinsell, published results which have approximated those of the Stanford team when UPPP was not included in their mix of surgeries.
Success
Effectiveness in isolation
When UPPP has been administered in isolation, the results are variable. As explained above, sleep apnea is often caused by multiple co-existing obstructions at various locations of the airway such as the nasal cavity, and particularly the base of the tongue. The contributing factors in the variability of success include the pre-surgical size of the tonsils, palate, uvula and tongue base. Also, patients who are morbidly obese (body mass index >40 kg/m2) are significantly less likely to have success from this surgery.
Effectiveness of "The Stanford Protocol" operation
Over one thousand people have undergone The Stanford Protocol operation and received follow-up sleep study testing. 60 to 70 percent of patients have been entirely cured. In approximately ninety percent of patients, a significant improvement can be expected.
Multilevel approach
In the recent years, many surgeons have tried to address the multiple levels of obstruction by performing multiple procedures on the same surgical day, called the "multi-level approach". Typical surgeries in a multi-level approach may include:
Nasal-level surgeries
turbinoplasty, septoplasty, septorhinoplasty
Soft palate-level surgeries
uvulectomy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, tonsillectomy
Hypopharyngeal-level surgeries
hyoid suspension
tongue suspension
tongue base reduction
genioglossus advancement
UPPP with tonsillectomy improves postoperative results of obstructive sleep apnea depending on tonsil size. The success rate increases with increasing tonsil size. This approach improves postoperative results in well-selected patients.
Laser-assisted uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Risks
One of the risks is that by cutting the tissues, excess scar tissue can "tighten" the airway and make it even smaller than it was before UPPP.
After surgery, complications may include these:
Sleepiness and sleep apnea related to post-surgery medication
Swelling, infection and bleeding
A sore throat and/or difficulty swallowing
Drainage of secretions into the nose and a nasal quality to the voice. English language speech does not seem to be affected by this surgery.
Narrowing of the airway in the nose and throat (hence constricting breathing) snoring and even iatrogenically caused sleep apnea.
Patients who have had the uvula removed will become unable to correctly pronounce uvular consonants, found in French, German, Hebrew, and others.
Long term complications with pain, feeling sick and lesser sleep quality than before the LAUP.
In 2008, Labra, et al., from Mexico, published a variation of UP3, by adding a uvulopalatal flap, in order to avoid such complications, with a good rate of success.
References
Further reading
WebMDHealth. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for snoring Retrieved August 26, 2005.
Royal College of Surgeons Audit Symposium March 8th 2002 Retrieved April 22, 2006.
University of Maryland Medical Center Patient Education – UPPP Retrieved May 1, 2006.
The Vancouver Sleep and Breathing Centre May 30, 2006 Risks associated with LAUP surgeries
Sleep surgery
Palate surgery | wiki |
The International Congress Calendar is a calendar of events organized by non-profit international organizations, mainly those organizations which are included in the Yearbook of International Organizations. It has been published since 1960 by the Union of International Associations (UIA) and includes over 425,000 meetings. Over 15,000 new meetings are included every year.
It is one of the most comprehensive sources of information on future international meetings organized or sponsored by international organizations. All information is provided, or confirmed, by the organizations themselves.
The Calendar is published in print and online.
References
International Congress Calendar (official page)
See also
Yearbook of International Organizations
Union of International Associations
Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential
Anthony Judge
Calendars | wiki |
The University of Engineering and Technology, New Campus, also known as UET New Campus (formerly UET KSK Campus) is an extension of University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (UET Lahore) located near the Kala Shah Kaku in Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan. It was inaugurated in 2006 by then President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf.
Departments
The campus has the following academic departments:
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composites Materials Engineering
Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering
Department of Computer Sciences
Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities
Department of Software Engineering
Department of Environmental Science
Degree programs
The campus offers the following degree programs:
B.Sc Biomedical Engineering
B.Sc Mechanical Engineering
B.Sc Electrical Engineering
B.Sc Chemical Engineering
B.Sc Computer Sciences
B.Sc Mechanical Engineering Technology
B.Sc Electrical Engineering Technology
B.Sc Chemical Engineering Technology
M.Sc Thermo-fluid Engineering
B.Sc Software Engineering
B.Sc Environmental Science
Centre for Energy Research and Development
The Centre for Energy Research and Development (CERAD) is an organized research unit at New Campus, aimed at coordinating and promoting energy research, education and solutions to energy issues of Pakistan. It was inaugurated by then chief minister of the Punjab Shehbaz Sharif on 9 February 2013. The center offers following degree programs:
MSc Energy Engineering
MPhil Energy Sciences
PhD Energy Engineering
PhD Energy Sciences
See also
UET Faisalabad Campus
Rachna College of Engineering and Technology, Gujranwala
External links
UET New Campus Official Website
UET Lahore Campus Official Website
Centre for Energy Research and Development
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore | wiki |
Vézac (Cantal)
Vézac (Dordonha) | wiki |
A fish steak, alternatively known as a fish cutlet, is a cut of fish which is cut perpendicular to the spine and can either include the bones or be boneless. Fish steaks can be contrasted with fish fillets, which are cut parallel to either side of the spine and do not include the larger bones. In contrast to other vertebrate animals, over 85% of the fish body is made up of consumable muscle.
Fish steaks can be made with the skin on or off, and are generally made from fish larger than . Fish steaks from particularly large fish can be sectioned so they are boneless. It takes less time to make a fish steak than a fillet, because steaks are often bone in and skin on. Cutting through the backbone with a knife can be difficult, so it is preferable to use a butchers saw to make fish steaks. Larger fish, such as tuna, swordfish, salmon, cod and mahi-mahi, are often cut into steaks.
Fish steaks can be grilled, pan-fried, broiled or baked. While beef steak takes time to cook and can be tough, fish cooks rapidly, is tender, and tends to fall apart. Fish steaks are less likely to fall apart than fish fillets. Unlike beef steak, fish steaks are often baked in a sauce.
See also
Beefsteak
List of steak dishes
Notes
References
Green, Aliza (2010) The Fishmonger's Apprentice: The Expert's Guide to Selecting, Preparing, and Cooking a World of Seafood, Taught by the Masters pp.78–83, Quarry Books. .
Fish dishes
Steak | wiki |
Team Xtreme may refer to:
Team Xtreme, a professional wrestling tag team better known as The Hardy Boyz
Team Xtreme Racing (NASCAR), a stock car team that operated from 2009–2015
Team Xtreme Racing (IndyCar), an open-wheel racing team that operated from 1999–2001
A collection of lads from Shropshire prone to throwing themselves down hills ( active 2002 to present ) | wiki |
List of Washington Senators seasons may refer to:
List of Minnesota Twins seasons, which includes the seasons of the original Washington Senators (1901–1960) before they moved to Minnesota for the 1961 season
List of Texas Rangers seasons, which includes the seasons of the expansion Washington Senators (1961–1971) before they moved to Texas for the 1972 season | wiki |
The Schwarzschild radius or the gravitational radius is a physical parameter in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations that corresponds to the radius defining the event horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole. It is a characteristic radius associated with any quantity of mass. The Schwarzschild radius was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916.
The Schwarzschild radius is given as
where G is the gravitational constant, M is the object mass, and c is the speed of light.
History
In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild obtained the exact solution to Einstein's field equations for the gravitational field outside a non-rotating, spherically symmetric body with mass (see Schwarzschild metric). The solution contained terms of the form and , which become singular at and respectively. The has come to be known as the Schwarzschild radius. The physical significance of these singularities was debated for decades. It was found that the one at is a coordinate singularity, meaning that it is an artifact of the particular system of coordinates that was used; while the one at is a spacetime singularity and cannot be removed. The Schwarzschild radius is nonetheless a physically relevant quantity, as noted above and below.
This expression had previously been calculated, using Newtonian mechanics, as the radius of a spherically symmetric body at which the escape velocity was equal to the speed of light. It had been identified in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace.
Parameters
The Schwarzschild radius of an object is proportional to its mass. Accordingly, the Sun has a Schwarzschild radius of approximately , whereas Earth's is only about and the Moon's is about . The observable universe's mass has a Schwarzschild radius of approximately 13.7 billion light-years.
Derivation
Black hole classification by Schwarzschild radius
Any object whose radius is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is called a black hole. The surface at the Schwarzschild radius acts as an event horizon in a non-rotating body (a rotating black hole operates slightly differently). Neither light nor particles can escape through this surface from the region inside, hence the name "black hole".
Black holes can be classified based on their Schwarzschild radius, or equivalently, by their density, where density is defined as mass of a black hole divided by the volume of its Schwarzschild sphere. As the Schwarzschild radius is linearly related to mass, while the enclosed volume corresponds to the third power of the radius, small black holes are therefore much more dense than large ones. The volume enclosed in the event horizon of the most massive black holes has an average density lower than main sequence stars.
Supermassive black hole
A supermassive black hole (SMBH) is the largest type of black hole, though there are few official criteria on how such an object is considered so, on the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of solar masses. (Supermassive black holes up to 21 billion have been detected, such as NGC 4889.) Unlike stellar mass black holes, supermassive black holes have comparatively low average densities. (Note that a (non-rotating) black hole is a spherical region in space that surrounds the singularity at its center; it is not the singularity itself.) With that in mind, the average density of a supermassive black hole can be less than the density of water.
The Schwarzschild radius of a body is proportional to its mass and therefore to its volume, assuming that the body has a constant mass-density. In contrast, the physical radius of the body is proportional to the cube root of its volume. Therefore, as the body accumulates matter at a given fixed density (in this example, 997 kg/m3, the density of water), its Schwarzschild radius will increase more quickly than its physical radius. When a body of this density has grown to around 136 million solar masses (_, its physical radius would be overtaken by its Schwarzschild radius, and thus it would form a supermassive black hole.
It is thought that supermassive black holes like these do not form immediately from the singular collapse of a cluster of stars. Instead they may begin life as smaller, stellar-sized black holes and grow larger by the accretion of matter, or even of other black holes.
The Schwarzschild radius of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center of the Milky Way is approximately 12 million kilometres. Its mass is about .
Stellar black hole
Stellar black holes have much greater average densities than supermassive black holes. If one accumulates matter at nuclear density (the density of the nucleus of an atom, about 1018 kg/m3; neutron stars also reach this density), such an accumulation would fall within its own Schwarzschild radius at about and thus would be a stellar black hole.
Micro black hole
A small mass has an extremely small Schwarzschild radius. A mass similar to Mount Everest has a Schwarzschild radius much smaller than a nanometre. Its average density at that size would be so high that no known mechanism could form such extremely compact objects. Such black holes might possibly be formed in an early stage of the evolution of the universe, just after the Big Bang, when densities were extremely high. Therefore, these hypothetical miniature black holes are called primordial black holes.
Other uses
In gravitational time dilation
Gravitational time dilation near a large, slowly rotating, nearly spherical body, such as the Earth or Sun can be reasonably approximated as follows:
where:
is the elapsed time for an observer at radial coordinate r within the gravitational field;
is the elapsed time for an observer distant from the massive object (and therefore outside of the gravitational field);
is the radial coordinate of the observer (which is analogous to the classical distance from the center of the object);
is the Schwarzschild radius.
Compton wavelength intersection
The Schwarzschild radius () and the Compton wavelength () corresponding to a given mass are similar when the mass is around one Planck mass (), when both are of the same order as the Planck length ().
Calculating the maximum volume and radius possible given a density before a black hole forms
The Schwarzschild radius equation can be manipulated to yield an expression that gives the largest possible radius from an input density that doesn't form a black hole. Taking the input density as ,
For example, the density of water is . This means the largest amount of water you can have without forming a black hole would have a radius of 400 920 754 km (about 2.67 AU).
See also
Black hole, a general survey
Chandrasekhar limit, a second requirement for black hole formation
John Michell
Classification of black holes by type:
Static or Schwarzschild black hole
Rotating or Kerr black hole
Charged black hole or Newman black hole and Kerr–Newman black hole
A classification of black holes by mass:
Micro black hole and extra-dimensional black hole
Planck length
Primordial black hole, a hypothetical leftover of the Big Bang
Stellar black hole, which could either be a static black hole or a rotating black hole
Supermassive black hole, which could also either be a static black hole or a rotating black hole
Visible universe, if its density is the critical density, as a hypothetical black hole
Virtual black hole
Notes
References
Black holes
1916 in science | wiki |
Night (also described as nighttime, unconventionally spelled as "nite") is the period of ambient darkness from sunset to sunrise during each 24-hour day, when the Sun is below the horizon. The exact time when night begins and ends depends on the location and varies throughout the year, based on factors such as season and latitude.
The word can be used in a different sense as the time between bedtime and morning. In common communication, it is a farewell (sometimes lengthened to "good night"), mainly when someone is going to sleep or leaving.
Astronomical night is the period between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn when the Sun is between 18 and 90 degrees below the horizon and does not illuminate the sky. As seen from latitudes between about 48.56° and 65.73° north or south of the equator, complete darkness does not occur around the summer solstice because, although the Sun sets, it is never more than 18° below the horizon at lower culmination, −90° Sun angles occur at the Tropic of Cancer on the December solstice and Tropic of Capricorn on the June solstice, and at the equator on equinoxes. And as seen from latitudes greater than 72° north or south of the equator, complete darkness does not occur in both equinoxes because, although the Sun sets, it is never more than 18° below the horizon.
The opposite of night is day (or "daytime", to distinguish it from "day" referring to a 24-hour period). Twilight is the period of night after sunset or before sunrise when the Sun still illuminates the sky when it is below the horizon. At any given time, one side of Earth is bathed in sunlight (the daytime), while the other side is in darkness caused by Earth blocking the sunlight. The central part of the shadow is called the umbra, where the night is darkest.
Natural illumination at night is still provided by a combination of moonlight, planetary light, starlight, zodiacal light, gegenschein, and airglow. In some circumstances, aurorae, lightning, and bioluminescence can provide some illumination. The glow provided by artificial lighting is sometimes referred to as light pollution because it can interfere with observational astronomy and ecosystems.
Duration and geography
On Earth, an average night is shorter than daytime due to two factors. Firstly, the Sun's apparent disk is not a point, but has an angular diameter of about 32 arcminutes (32'). Secondly, the atmosphere refracts sunlight so that some of it reaches the ground when the Sun is below the horizon by about 34'. The combination of these two factors means that light reaches the ground when the center of the solar disk is below the horizon by about 50'. Without these effects, daytime and night would be the same length on both equinoxes, the moments when the Sun appears to contact the celestial equator. On the equinoxes, daytime actually lasts almost 14 minutes longer than night does at the equator, and even longer towards the poles.
The summer and winter solstices mark the shortest and longest nights, respectively. The closer a location is to either the North Pole or the South Pole, the wider the range of variation in the night's duration. Although daytime and night nearly equalize in length on the equinoxes, the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly at high latitudes than at low latitudes before and after an equinox. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark experiences shorter nights in June than India. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica sees longer nights in June than Chile. Both hemispheres experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer).
In the region within either polar circle, the variation in daylight hours is so extreme that part of summer sees a period without night intervening between consecutive days, while part of winter sees a period without daytime intervening between consecutive nights.
Beyond Earth
The phenomenon of day and night is due to the rotation of a celestial body about its axis, creating an illusion of the sun rising and setting. Different bodies spin at very different rates, some much faster than Earth and others extremely slowly, leading to very long days and nights. The planet Venus rotates once every 224.7 days – by far the slowest rotation period of any of the major planets. In contrast, the gas giant Jupiter's sidereal day is only 9 hours and 56 minutes. The length of a planet's orbital period determines the length of its day-night cycle as well - Venus has a rotation period of 224.7 days, but a day-night cycle just 116.75 days long due to its retrograde rotation and orbital motion around the Sun. Mercury has the longest day-night cycle as a result of its 3:2 resonance between its orbital period and rotation period - this resonance gives it a day-night cycle that is 176 days long. A planet may experience large temperature variations between day and night, such as Mercury, the planet closest to the sun. This is one consideration in terms of planetary habitability or the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
Effects on life
Biological
The disappearance of sunlight, the primary energy source for life on Earth, has dramatic effects on the morphology, physiology and behavior of almost every organism. Some animals sleep during the night, while other nocturnal animals, including moths and crickets, are active during this time. The effects of day and night are not seen in the animal kingdom aloneplants have also evolved adaptations to cope best with the lack of sunlight during this time. For example, crassulacean acid metabolism is a unique type of carbon fixation which allows some photosynthetic plants to store carbon dioxide in their tissues as organic acids during the night, which can then be used during the day to synthesize carbohydrates. This allows them to keep their stomata closed during the daytime, preventing transpiration of water when it is precious.
Social
The first constant electric light was demonstrated in 1835. As artificial lighting has improved, especially after the Industrial Revolution, nighttime activity has increased and become a significant part of the economy in most places. Many establishments, such as nightclubs, bars, convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, gas stations, distribution facilities, and police stations now operate 24 hours a day or stay open as late as 1 or 2 a.m. Even without artificial light, moonlight sometimes makes it possible to travel or work outdoors at night.
Nightlife is a collective term for entertainment that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It includes pubs, bars, nightclubs, parties, live music, concerts, cabarets, theatre, cinemas, and shows. These venues often require a cover charge for admission. Nightlife entertainment is often more adult-oriented than daytime entertainment.
Cultural and psychological
Night is often associated with danger and evil, because of the psychological connection of night's all-encompassing darkness to the fear of the unknown and darkness's hindrance of a major sensory system (the sense of sight). Nighttime is naturally associated with vulnerability and danger for human physical survival. Criminals, animals, and other potential dangers can be concealed by darkness. Midnight has a particular importance in human imagination and culture.
Upper Paleolithic art was found to show (by André Leroi-Gourhan) a pattern of choices where the portrayal of animals that were experienced as dangerous were located at a distance from the entrance of a cave dwelling at a number of different cave locations.
The belief in magic often includes the idea that magic and magicians are more powerful at night. Séances of spiritualism are usually conducted closer to midnight. Similarly, mythical and folkloric creatures such as vampires, ghosts and werewolves are described as more active at night. In almost all cultures, legendary stories warn of the night's dangers.
The cultural significance of the night in Islam differs from that in Western culture. The Quran was revealed during the Night of Power, the most significant night according to Islam. Muhammad made his famous journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and then to heaven in the night. Another prophet, Abraham, came to realize the supreme being in charge of the universe at night.
People who prefer nocturnal activity are called night owls.
See also
Earth's shadow
Night aviation regulations in the US
Night sky
Nocturne
Olbers' paradox
Further reading
Culture
References
External links
Darkness
Night
Parts of a day
Time in astronomy | wiki |
The Big Crunch is a hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the expansion of the universe eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach zero, an event potentially followed by a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang. The vast majority of evidence indicates that this hypothesis is not correct. Instead, astronomical observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating rather than being slowed by gravity, suggesting that the universe is far more likely to end in heat death.
The theory dates back to 1922, with Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann creating a set of equations showing that the end of the universe depends on its density. It could either expand or contract rather than stay stable. With enough matter, gravity could stop the universe's expansion and eventually reverse it. This reversal would result in the universe collapsing on itself, not too dissimilar to a black hole.
The outcome of the universe can be seen by seeing which force will beat out the other; one is the explosive force from the Big Bang, and the other is gravity. If gravity overcomes the force of the Big Bang, then the Big Crunch will start, reversing the Big Bang. However if this doesn't happen, heat death is the most likely scenario. While astronomers know that the universe is expanding, they're not quite sure how large the force of expansion actually is.
The ending of the Big Crunch would get filled with radiation from stars and high-energy particles; when this is condensed and blueshifted to higher energy, it would be intense enough to ignite the surface of stars before they collide. In the final moments, the universe would be one large fireball with a temperature of infinity, and at the absolute end, time, nor space would remain.
Overview
The Big Crunch scenario hypothesized that the density of matter throughout the universe is sufficiently high that gravitational attraction will overcome the expansion which began with the Big Bang. The FLRW cosmology can predict whether the expansion will eventually stop based on the average energy density, Hubble parameter, and cosmological constant. If the metric expansion stopped, then contraction will inevitably follow, accelerating as time passes and finishing the universe in a kind of gravitational collapse,
turning the universe into a black hole.
Experimental evidence in the late 1990s and early 2000s (namely the observation of distant supernovas as standard candles; and the well-resolved mapping of the cosmic microwave background) led to the conclusion that the expansion of the universe is not getting slowed by gravity but is instead accelerating. The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics got awarded to researchers who contributed to making this discovery.
The Big Crunch theory also leads into another theory known as the Big Bounce, a theory in which after the big crunch destroys the universe, it does a sort of bounce, causing another big bang. This could potentially repeat forever in a phenomenon known as a Cyclic universe.
History
Richard Bentley, a churchman, and a scholar, in preparation for a lecture on Newton's theories and the rejection of atheism, sent a letter out to Sir Isaac Newton, "If we're in a finite universe and all stars attract each other together, would they not all collapse to a singular point, and if we're in an infinite universe with infinite stars, would infinite forces in every direction not affect all of those stars?" This question is known as Bentley's paradox, a proto-theory of the Big Crunch. Although, it is now known that stars move around and aren't static.
Einstein's cosmological constant
Albert Einstein favored a completely unchanging model of the universe. He collaborated in 1917 with Dutch astronomer Willem de Sitter to help demonstrate that the theory of general relativity would work with a static model; Willem demonstrated that his equations could describe a very simple universe. Finding no problems initially, scientists adapted the model to describe the universe. However, they ran into a different form of Bentley's paradox.
The theory of general relativity also described the universe as restless, contradicting information he found. Einstein realized that for a static universe to exist—which was observed at the time—an anti-gravity would be needed to counter the gravity contracting the universe together. Adding an extra force that would ruin the equations in the theory of relativity. In the end, the cosmological constant, the name for the anti-gravity force, was added to the theory of relativity.
Discovery of Hubble's law
Edwin Hubble working in the Mount Wilson Observatory took measurements of the distances of galaxies and paired them with Vesto Silpher and Milton Humason's measurements of redshifts associated with said galaxies. He discovered a rough proportionality between the redshift of an object and its distance. Hubble plotted a trend line from 46 galaxies, studying and obtaining the Hubble Constant, which he deduced to be 500 km/s/Mpc, nearly seven times than what it is considered today, but still giving the proof that the universe was expanding and was not a static object.
Abandonment of the cosmological constant
After publishing Hubble's discovery, Einstein completely abandoned the cosmological constant. In their simplest form, the equations generated a model of the universe that expanded or contracted. Contradicting what was observed, hence the creation of the cosmological constant. After the confirmation that the universe was expanding, Einstein called his assumption that the universe was static his "biggest mistake." In 1931, Einstein visited Hubble to thank him for "providing the basis of modern cosmology."
After this discovery, Einstein's and Newton's models of a contracting, yet static universe, were dropped for the model expanding universe model.
Cyclic universes
A theory called "Big Bounce" proposes that the universe could collapse to the state where it began and then initiate another Big Bang, so in this way, the universe would last forever but would pass through phases of expansion (Big Bang) and contraction (Big Crunch). This means that there may be a universe in a state of constant Big Bangs and Big Crunches.
Cyclic universes were briefly considered by Albert Einstein in 1931. He theorized that there was a universe before the Big Bang, which ended in a Big Crunch, which could create a Big Bang as a reaction. Our universe could be in a cycle of expansion and contraction, a cycle possibly going on infinitely.
Ekpyrotic model
There are more modern theories of Cyclic universes as well. The Ekpyrotic theory, formed by Paul Steinhardt, states that the Big Bang could have been caused by two parallel orbifold planes, referred to as branes colliding in a higher-dimensional space. The four dimension universe lies on one of the branes. The collision corresponds to the Big Crunch, then a Big Bang. The matter and radiation around us today are quantum fluctuations from before the branes. After several billion years, the universe has reached its modern state, and it will start contracting in another several billion years. Dark Energy corresponds to the force between the branes, allowing for problems, like the flatness and monopole in the previous theories get fixed. The cycles can also go infinitely into the past and the future, and an attractor allows for a complete history of the universe.
This fixes the problem of the earlier model of the universe going into heat death from entropy buildup. The new model avoids this with a net expansion after every cycle, stopping entropy buildup. However, there are still some flaws in this model. The basis of the theory, branes, are still not understood completely by string theorist, and the possibility that the scale invariant spectrum could be destroyed from the big crunch. While cosmic inflation and the general character of the forces—or the collision of the branes in the Ekpyrotic model—required to make vacuum fluctuations is known. A candidate from particle physics is missing.
Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) model
Physicist Roger Penrose advanced a general relativity-based theory called the conformal cyclic cosmology in which the universe expands until all the matter decays and is turned to light. Since nothing in the universe would have any time or distance scale associated with it, it becomes identical with the Big Bang (resulting in a type of Big Crunch which becomes the next Big Bang, thus starting the next cycle). Penrose and Gurzadyan suggested that signatures of conformal cyclic cosmology could potentially be found in the cosmic microwave background; as of 2020, these have not been detected.
There are also some flaws with this theory as well, skeptics pointed out that in order to match up an infinitely large universe to an infinitely small universe, that all particles must lose their mass when the universe gets old. However, Penrose presented evidence of CCC in the form of rings that had uniform temperature in the CMB, the idea being that these rings would be the signature in our aeon—An aeon being the current cycle of the universe that we're in—was caused by spherical gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes from our previous aeon.
Loop quantum cosmology (LQC)
Loop quantum cosmology is a model of the universe that proposes a "quantum-bridge" between expanding and contracting universes. In this model quantum geometry creates a brand new force negligible at low space-time curvature. However, rising very rapidly in the Planck regime, overwhelming classical gravity which resolves singularities of general relativity. Once the singularities are resolved the conceptual paradigm of cosmology changes, forcing one to revisit the standard issues—such as the horizon problem—from a new perspective.
Due to quantum geometry, the Big Bang is replaced by the Big Bounce with no assumptions or any fine tuning. An important feature of the theory being the space-time description of the underlying quantum evolution. The approach of effective dynamics have been used extensively in loop quantum cosmology to describe physics at the Planck-scale and also the beginning of the universe. Numerical simulations have confirmed the validity of effective dynamics, which provides a good approximation of the full loop quantum dynamics. It has been shown when states have very large quantum fluctuations at late times, meaning they do not lead to macroscopic universes as described by general relativity, but the effective dynamics departs from quantum dynamics near bounce and the later universe. In this case, the effective dynamics will overestimate the density at bounce, but it will still capture qualitative aspects extremely well.
Empirical scenarios from physical theories
If a form of quintessence driven by a scalar field evolving down a monotonically decreasing potential that passes sufficiently below zero is the (main) explanation of dark energy and current data (in particular observational constraints on dark energy) is true as well, the accelerating expansion of the Universe would inverse to contraction within the cosmic near-future of the next 100 million years. According to an Andrei-Ijjas-Steinhardt study, the scenario fits "naturally with cyclic cosmologies and recent conjectures about quantum gravity". The study suggests that the slow contraction phase would "endure for a period of order 1 billion y before the universe transitions to a new phase of expansion".
Effects
Paul Davies considered a scenario in which the Big Crunch happens about 100 billion years from the present. In his model, the contracting universe would evolve roughly like the expanding phase in reverse. First, galaxy clusters, and then galaxies, would merge, and the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) would begin to rise as CMB photons get blueshifted. Stars would eventually become so close together that they begin to collide with each other. Once the CMB becomes hotter than M-type stars (about 500,000 years before the Big Crunch in Davies' model), they would no longer be able to radiate away their heat and would cook themselves until they evaporate; this continues for successively hotter stars until O-type stars boil away about 100,000 years before the Big Crunch. In the last minutes, the temperature of the universe would be so great that atoms and atomic nuclei would break up and get sucked up into already coalescing black holes. At the time of the Big Crunch, all the matter in the universe would be crushed into an infinitely hot, infinitely dense singularity similar to the Big Bang. The Big Crunch may be followed by another Big Bang, creating a new universe.
See also
References
Physical cosmology
Ultimate fate of the universe | wiki |
The 1921 World Fencing Championships were held in Paris, France.
Medal summary
Men's events
References
1921 in French sport
F
Fencing
World Fencing Championships
1921 in Paris | wiki |
The eighth edition of the bi-annual UNCAF Nations Cup was held in Guatemala, from February 19 to 27, 2005. All matches were played at the Estadio Mateo Flores in Guatemala City. The four semifinalists qualified for 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Squads
For a complete list of all participating squads see UNCAF Nations Cup 2005 squads
Venue
First round
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Semifinals
Third place match
Final
Awards
Goalscorers
6 goals
Wilmer Velásquez
5 goals
Milton Núñez
4 goals
Juan Carlos Plata
3 goals
Edwin Villatoro
Whayne Wilson
2 goals
Roy Myrie
Hernán Sandoval
1 goal
Erick Scott
Géiner Segura
Douglas Sequeira
Dennis Alas
Gonzalo Romero
Milton Bustos
Juan Vílchez
Juan Ramón Solís
External links
RSSSF Archive
2005 in Central American football
2005
2005
2004–05 in Salvadoran football
2004–05 in Costa Rican football
2004–05 in Honduran football
2004–05 in Guatemalan football
2004–05 in Nicaraguan football
2004–05 in Panamanian football
2004–05 in Belizean football | wiki |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2048 was unanimously adopted on 18 May 2012.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2001 to 2100
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
2048
2012 in Guinea-Bissau
2048
May 2012 events | wiki |
The French Union () was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system, colloquially known as the "French Empire" (). It was the formal end of the "indigenous" () status of French subjects in colonial areas.
Composition
The French Union had five components:
Metropolitan France, which included French Algeria.
'Old' colonies, notably those of the French West Indies in the Caribbean that became overseas departments in 1946: Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion.
'New' colonies, renamed overseas territories: Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, French Sudan, Upper Volta, Congo, Gabon, Ubangi-Shari, Chad, Comoros, French India, Madagascar, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, French Somaliland.
Associated states: Protectorates of French Indochina. It had been expected that other protectorates would become part of the French Union, but the rulers of French Morocco and French Tunisia refused to become members and never belonged.
United Nations Trust Territories, such as French Cameroons and French Togoland, successors of the League of Nations mandates.
History
The French Union was established by the French constitution of 27 October 1946 (Fourth Republic). Under it, it was said that there were no French colonies, but that metropolitan France, the overseas departments, and the overseas territories combined to create a single French Union, or just one France.
The goal of this union was "assimilation of the overseas territories into a greater France, inhabited by French citizens, and blessed by French culture". Whereas the British colonial system had local colonial governments which would eventually evolve into separate national governments; France wanted to create a single government under a single French state.
This French Union had a President, a High Council and an Assembly. The President was the President of the Republic. The Assembly of the Union had membership from the Council of the Republic, from the National Assembly and from regional assemblies of the overseas territories and departments but ultimately had no power. The High Council ultimately met only three times, first in 1951. The Assembly was the only actually functioning institution that could manage legislation within the overseas territories.
In reality, the colonial areas had representation but all power remained in the French Parliament and thus was centralized. The colonies had local assemblies but these had only limited local power. Instead, various natives of the overseas territories in metropolitan France grew into a group of elites, known as .
On 31 January 1956, in response to the Algerian War, the system changed, abandoning assimilation in favor of autonomy, allowing territories to develop their own local government and to eventually gain their independence. This would not succeed however and in 1958 the French Union was replaced by the French Community by Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic wherein France was now a federation of states with their own self-government.
Contemporary views on the French Union
The limited democratic reforms and increased investment in the French colonies brought about by the formation of the French Union did receive some support from African leaders at the time. For instance, Félix Houphouet-Boigny, at the time a member of the French National Assembly, was very supportive of France’s investment in Cote d’Ivoire through the Central Fund for France Overseas, which disbursed over 600Bn Francs to French colonies. He was also supportive of the greater democratic freedoms that were granted to Africans within the Union, such as new elected territorial assemblies.
Leopold Senghor was similarly supportive of the French Union, and after visiting Cote d’Ivoire in 1952, believed that cooperation between France and its colony was mutually beneficial and that such French assistance should be “extended…to all the territories of the Federation”.
Yet more support for the French Union came from French Togoland, now Togo, where in June 1955 the locally elected Territorial Assembly voted unanimously on a motion to remain within France’s sphere of influence.
On the other hand, there did exist popular resistance to the French Union. According to Louisa Rice, the increase in the number of African students being educated in France following the Union’s formation resulted in a realisation among them of the contradiction between the colonial narrative of equality and reality, thus heightening resistance to its supposedly egalitarian institutions. A concrete example of this resistance occurred on Bastille Day 1952, when a group of West African students returning home by ship were excluded from celebrations due to them travelling in third class. The students argued that they were discriminated against because of their race, yet the ship’s captain viewed these allegations with surprise, thinking that their exclusion was merely due to the ship’s “interior order which had nothing to do with racist theories”. This example is a microcosm of differing contemporary opinions of the French Union. On the one hand there is a view that all citizens of the Union, be they French or African, are equal and are treated as such. On the other, that it was institutionally exclusionary towards Africans, and that despite ostensible changes, the French Union was merely a continuation of colonialism under a new guise.
Furthermore, there was a view among French officials that the French Union constituted an important part of a wider European economic and political project, that is, the European Economic Community (EEC). Indeed, according to Peo Hansen and Stefan Jonsson, at the genesis of the EEC, the integration of Africa into the economic bloc was an important strategic goal for its architects and supporters.
One of these supporters, French Foreign Minister Christian Pineau, said in 1957 that the continued development of Africa by Europe would turn the continent into “an essential factor in world politics”, and the alleviation of poverty would help to ward off communist influence. Here we can see that the French Union was viewed by the French government as a useful tool to both consolidate European economic integration and fight the Cold War.
The model of the EEC was also used by African leaders to justify their countries’ continued membership of the French Union. For instance, Houphouet-Boigny wrote in 1957 that by “relinquish[ing] a part of their sovereignty”, European countries would bring about “a more fully elaborated form of civilization which is more advantageous for their peoples” that goes beyond backward nationalism. Senghor echoes this view, arguing that “it would be pointless to cultivate particularism in Africa”, and that instead there should be a goal to remove borders entirely, forming a large economic/political bloc. Here we can see a view that greater integration into economic and political blocs, such as the French Union and the EEC, was viewed by both French officials and some African leaders as progressive, forward thinking, and within their interests to do so.
Withdrawals from the French Union
Cambodia withdrew on 25 September 1955.
South Vietnam withdrew on 9 December 1955.
Laos withdrew on 11 May 1957 by amending its constitution.
Youth Council
The Youth Council of the French Union (, abbreviated CJUF) was a coordinating body of youth organizations in the French Union. CJUF was founded in 1950. The organization had its headquarters in Paris and held annual congresses.
Aftermath of the French Union and the French Community
In 1958, the French Fourth Republic was replaced by a new Fifth Republic, characterised by a stronger presidential system, led by President Charles De Gaulle. A constitutional referendum was held on 28 September 1958 , in order to replace the French Union, as part of a wider referendum across the French Union (and France itself) on whether to adopt the new French Constitution; if accepted, colonies would become part of the new French Community; if rejected, the territory would be granted independence.
All major political parties in each respective country apart from two in Guinea and Niger, supported a yes vote in the 1958 constitutional referendum, seeking a looser form of autonomy rather than the system of close relations dominated by French influence.
The referendum proposal was overwhelmingly approved by upward of 90% of the population in most but not all of the territories. Even in Niger, where the main organised political force opposed the replacing of the French Union with the French Community, the new constitution was supported by a clear majority. However in Guinea, where the leading political activists preferred immediate and complete independence, the results showed that more than 95% of voters voted against the constitution, with a turnout of 85.5%.
In response to the result in Guinea, French officials destroyed furniture, lightbulbs and windows. Any crockery, medical equipment or documents that could not be carried were also destroyed and over 3,000 French civil servants and army health officials left the country. This only reinforced anti colonial sentiment inside of Guinea, and Toure would continue to urge other African nations to declare independence.
The former west and central African colonies after the passage of the referendum formed a short-lived organisation in 1959 called the Union of Central African Republics, replacing the bloc of French Equatorial Africa that existed as a subsection of the French Union and became part of the new French Community.
Within metropolitan France itself, most political parties supported the proposed changes to the constitution, most significantly those of ascendant Charles De Gaulle as well as the majority of the SFIO. Notable opposing forces were the French Communist Party as well as a smaller section of socialists that included the future President of France, Francois Mitterrand. Opposition to the changes were split between those who wanted complete independence for the African former colonies, mainly those on the French left and then those who opposed any change to the existing system of the French union at all, mostly positioned on the right.
De Gaulle successfully argued that his position on creating a French Community as opposed to the continuance of the French Union, as a sensible and moderate compromise. However, the new French Community did not last long, with most African states leaving the organisation by 1962, preferring complete independence. The French Constitution was changed to remove any mention of the French Community in the 1990s. The Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie is based on promotion of the French language, and includes states and parts of states which were not part of the French Union in 1946 or 1958, or in some cases never French colonies or protectorates.
See also
CEFEO
Decolonization
First Indochina War
Françafrique
French colonial empire
French Community
References
Further reading
Cooper, Frederick. "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation." Critical Inquiry (2014) 40#4 pp: 466–478. in JSTOR
Simpson, Alfred William Brian. Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford University Press, 2004).
Smith, Tony. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization." Comparative Studies in Society and History (1978) 20#1 pp: 70-102. online
Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58." Journal of Contemporary History (1974): 217–247. in JSTOR
French colonial empire
Overseas France
Defunct organizations based in France
Former international organizations
French West Africa
French Equatorial Africa
French Indochina
French India
French Togoland
States and territories established in 1946
States and territories disestablished in 1958
1946 establishments in France
1958 disestablishments in France
1946 establishments in the French colonial empire
1958 disestablishments in the French colonial empire | wiki |
V300 or V-300 may refer to:
Cadillac Gage (Textron) LAV-300, a six-wheeled armoured fighting vehicle
The missiles fired by the Soviet SA-1 Guild surface-to-air missile system | wiki |
The Jack Russell Terrier is a small terrier that has its origins in fox hunting in England. It is principally white-bodied and smooth, rough or broken-coated and can be any colour.
Small tan and white terriers that technically belong to other breeds are sometimes known erroneously as "Jack Russells". Each breed has different physical characteristics according to the standards of their national breed clubs; size and proportions are often used to tell them apart. Some authorities recognize a similar but separate breed as the Russell Terrier – a shorter-legged, stockier dog, with a range of . However, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) regards the Russell terrier as a sub-type of Jack Russell terrier. Jack Russells are also frequently confused with the Parson Russell Terrier. Technically, the Parson Russell is usually larger and officially limited to a middle range, with a standard size of , whereas the Jack Russell is a broader type, with a size range of .
Jack Russells are an energetic breed that rely on a high level of exercise and stimulation. They are relatively free from any serious health complaints. Originating from dogs bred and used by the Rev. John Russell in the early 19th century, from whom the breed takes its name, the Jack Russell has similar origins to the modern Fox Terrier. It has gone through several changes over the years, corresponding to different use and breed standards set by kennel clubs. Recognition by kennel clubs for the Jack Russell breed has been opposed by the breed's parent societies – which resulted in the breeding and recognition of the Parson Russell terrier. Jack Russells have appeared many times in film, television, and print – with several historical dogs of note.
History
Sporting parson
The small white fox-working terriers we know today were first bred by the Reverend John Russell, a parson and hunting enthusiast born in 1795, and they can trace their origin to the now extinct English white terrier. Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog, and so in 1819 during his last year of university at Exeter College, Oxford, he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a local milkman in the nearby small hamlet of Elsfield or Marston. Trump epitomised his ideal Fox Terrier, which, at the time, was a term used for any terrier which was used to bolt foxes out of their burrows. Her colouring was described as "...white, with just a patch of dark tan over each eye and ear; whilst a similar dot, not larger than a penny piece, marks the root of the tail." Davies, a friend of Russell's, wrote: "Trump was such an animal as Russell had only seen in his dreams". She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground. By the 1850s, these dogs were recognised as a distinct breed.
An important attribute in this dog was a tempered aggressiveness that would provide the necessary drive to pursue and bolt the fox, without resulting in physical harm to the quarry and effectively ending the chase, which was considered unsporting. Russell was said to have prided himself that his terriers never tasted blood. This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for those qualities, and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today can be proved to be descendants from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883.
The Fox terrier and Jack Russell terrier type dogs of today are all descended from dogs of that period. However, documented pedigrees earlier than 1862 have not been found. Several records remain of documented breeding by John Russell between the 1860s and 1880s. The Fox Terrier Club was formed in 1875 with Russell as one of the founder members; its breed standard was aspiration, and not a description of how the breed appeared then. By the start of the 20th century, the Fox Terrier had altered more towards the modern breed, but in some parts of the country the old style of John Russell's terriers remained, and it is from those dogs that the modern Jack Russell type has descended.
Many breeds can claim heritage to the early Fox Terrier of this period, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier, and Tenterfield Terrier.
After John Russell
Following Russell's death, the only people who made serious efforts to continue those strains were two men, one in Chislehurst with the surname of East, and another in Cornwall named Archer. East, at one point, had several couples, all of which were descended from one of Russell's dogs. The type aimed for were not as big as the show Fox Terrier and were usually less than .
Arthur Blake Heinemann created the first breed standard and, in 1894, he founded the Devon and Somerset Badger Club, the aims of which were to promote badger digging rather than fox hunting, and the breeding of terriers suitable for this purpose. Terriers were acquired from Nicholas Snow of Oare, and they were likely descended from Russell's original dogs, as Russell would probably have hunted at some point with Snow's hunting club and is likely to have provided at least some of their original terriers. By the turn of the 20th century, Russell's name had become associated with this breed of dog.
The club was later renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club. Badger digging required a different type of dog than fox hunting, and it is likely that Bull Terrier stock was introduced to strengthen the breed, which may have caused the creation of a shorter legged variety of Jack Russell terrier that started to appear around this period. At the same time that a split was appearing between show and working Fox terriers, a further split was occurring between two different types of white terrier, both carrying Jack Russell's name. Heinemann was invited to judge classes for working terriers at Crufts with an aim to bring working terriers back into the show ring and influence those that disregard working qualities in dogs. These classes were continued for several years by various judges, but Charles Cruft dropped the attempt as the classes were never heavily competed. Following Heinemann's death in 1930, the kennel and leadership of the club passed to Annie Harris, but the club itself folded shortly before World War II.
Post-World War II
Following World War II, the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs. Further crossbreeding occurred, with Welsh Corgis, Chihuahuas, and other smaller breeds of terrier. The offspring of these crosses became known as "Puddin' Dogs", "Shortie Jacks", or "Russell Terriers".
The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America (JRTCA) was formed in 1976 by Ailsa Crawford, one of the first Jack Russell terrier breeders in the United States. Size ranges for dogs were kept broad, with the ability of working dogs awarded higher than those in conformation shows. An open registry was maintained, with restricted line breeding. Registration for the club is made at adulthood for Jack Russells, rather than at birth, to ensure the breed's qualities remain, given the open registry.
Several breed clubs appeared in the United Kingdom during the 1970s to promote the breed, including the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB) and the South East Jack Russell Terrier Club (SEJRTC). The JRTCGB promoted the range of sizes that remain in its standards today, whereas the SEJRTC set a minimum height for dogs at . While the JRTCGB sought to ensure that the breed's working ability remained through non-recognition with other breed registries, the SEJRTC activity sought recognition with the UK Kennel club. In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (PJRTCGB) was resurrected to seek Kennel Club recognition for the breed. Although the application was initially rejected, a new standard was created for the PJRTCGB based on the standard of the SEJRTC, and under that standard the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1990 as the Parson Jack Russell terrier. Jack was dropped from the official name in 1999, and the recognised name of the breed became the Parson Russell Terrier.
In the late 1990s, the American Kennel Club explored the possibility of recognising the Jack Russell Terrier. This move was opposed by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America as they did not want the breed to lose its essential working characteristics. The Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association formed and petitioned the AKC; the breed's admission was granted in 2001. Under the AKC-recognised standard, the size of the breed was narrowed from the previous club's standard, and the name of the AKC-recognised Jack Russell Terrier was changed to Parson Russell Terrier, with the Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association renamed to the Parson Russell Terrier Association of America.
The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) and the New Zealand Kennel Club (NZCK) are some of national kennel associations that register both the Jack Russell terrier and the Parson Russell terrier; however, the size requirements for the Jack Russell terrier under both those standards would classify a dog as a Russell terrier in the United States. In 2009, there were 1073 Jack Russells registered with the ANKC, compared to 18 for the Parson Russell terrier. Other modern breeds are often mistaken for modern Jack Russell terriers, including their cousin the Parson Russell terrier, the Tenterfield terrier, and the Rat Terrier. Several other modern breeds exist that descended from the early Fox Terrier breed, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier, and Tenterfield Terrier.
Description
Due to their working nature, Jack Russell terriers remain much as they were some 200 years ago. They are sturdy, tough, and tenacious, measuring between at the withers, and weigh . The body length must be in proportion to the height, and the dog should present a compact, balanced image. Predominantly white in coloration (more than 51%) with black and/or brown and/or tan markings, they exhibit either a smooth, rough or a combination of both which is known as a broken coat. A broken-coated dog may have longer hair on the tail or face than that which is seen on a smooth-coated dog. The skin can sometimes show a pattern of small black or brown spots, referred to as "ticking" that do not carry through to the outer coat. All coat types should be dense double coats that are neither silky (in the case of smooth coats) nor woolly (in the case of rough coats).
The head should be of moderate width at the ears, narrowing to the eyes, and slightly flat between the ears. There should be a defined but not overpronounced stop at the end of the muzzle where it meets the head, and a black nose. The jaw should be powerful and well boned with a scissor bite and straight teeth. The eyes are almond shaped and dark coloured and should be full of life and intelligence. Small V-shaped ears of moderate thickness are carried forward on the head. When the dog is alert, the tip of the V should not extend past the outer corner of the eyes. The tail is set high and in the past was docked to approximately in order to provide a sufficient hand-hold for gripping the terrier.
The Jack Russell should always appear balanced and alert. As it is primarily a working terrier, its most important physical characteristic is its chest size, which must not be so large that it prevents the dog from entering and working in burrows. The red fox is the traditional quarry of the Jack Russell terrier, so the working Jack Russell must be small enough to pursue it. Red foxes vary in size, but across the world, they average from in weight and have an average chest size of at the widest part.
Differences from related breeds
The Jack Russell terrier and Parson Russell Terrier breeds are similar, sharing a common origin, but have several marked differences – the most notable being the range of acceptable heights. Other differences in the Parson Russell can include a longer head and larger chest as well as overall a larger body size. The height of a Parson Russell at the withers according to the breed standard is which places it within the range of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America's standard size for a Jack Russell of . However, the Parson Russell is a conformation show standard whereas the Jack Russell standard is a more general working standard.
The Russell Terrier, which is also sometimes called the English Jack Russell terrier or the Short Jack Russell terrier is a generally smaller related breed. Both the breed standards of the American Russell Terrier Club and the English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance states that at the withers it should be an ideal height of . Although sometimes called the English or Irish Jack Russell terrier, this is not the recognised height of Jack Russells in the United Kingdom. According to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain's breed standard, it is the same size as the standard for Jack Russells in the United States, . Compared to the Parson Russell Terrier, the Russell Terrier should always be longer than tall at the withers, whereas the Parson Russell's points should be of equal distance. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard for the Jack Russell terrier has this smaller size listed as a requirement. Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted in Devon for more than 30 years, the same area that John Russell himself hunted, notes that, "I can state categorically that if given the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under worker, if it was available, over a one."
Temperament
Jack Russells are first and foremost a working terrier. Originally bred to bolt foxes from their dens during hunts, they are used on numerous ground-dwelling quarry such as groundhog, badger, otter, and red and grey fox. The working JRT is required to locate quarry in the earth, and then either bolt it or hold it in place until they are dug to. To accomplish this, the dog will not bark but will expect attention to the quarry continuously. Because the preservation of this working ability is of highest importance to most registered JRTCA/JRTCGB breeders, Jack Russells tend to be extremely intelligent, athletic, fearless, and vocal dogs. It is not uncommon for these dogs to become moody or destructive if not properly stimulated and exercised, as they have a tendency to bore easily and will often create their own fun when left alone to entertain themselves, leading to the semi-affectionate nickname among suburban pet dogs of "Jack Russell Terrorist".
Their high energy and drive make these dogs ideally suited to a number of different dog sports such as flyball or agility. Obedience classes are also recommended to potential owners, as Jack Russells can be stubborn at times and aggressive towards other animals and humans if not properly socialized. Despite their small size, these dogs are not recommended for the condominium or apartment dweller unless the owner is ready to take on the daunting task of providing the dog with the necessary amount of exercise and stimulation. They have a tremendous amount of energy for their size, a fact which can sometimes lead to trouble involving larger animals. They may seem never to tire and will still be energetic after their owner has called it a day. While socialised members of the breed are friendly towards children, they will not tolerate abuse even if it is unintentional.
Health
The breed has a reputation for being healthy with a long lifespan. Breeders have protected the gene pool, and direct in-line breeding has been prevented. Jack Russells can live from 13 to 16 years given proper care. However, certain lines have been noted for having specific health concerns and, therefore, could occur in any line or generation because of recessive genes. These issues can include hereditary cataracts, ectopia lentis, congenital deafness, patellar luxation, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, and von Willebrand disease.
Being a hunt-driven dog, the Jack Russell will usually pursue most creatures that it encounters. This includes the skunk, and the breed is prone to skunk toxic shock syndrome. The chemical in the skunk spray is absorbed by the dog and causes the red blood cells to undergo haemolysis, which can occasionally lead to fatal anaemia and kidney failure. If sprayed underground, it can also cause chemical burning of the cornea. Treatments are available to flush the toxin out of the dog's system.
Eye disorders
Lens luxation, also known as ectopia lentis is the most common hereditary disorder in Jack Russell terriers. Even so, this condition is not a common occurrence in the breed. Most frequently appearing in dogs between the ages of 3 and 8 years old, it is where the lens in one or both eyes becomes displaced. There are two types, posterior luxation (where the lens slips to the back of the eye) and anterior luxation (where the lens slips forward). Posterior luxation is the less severe of the two types, as the eye can appear normal although the dog's eyesight will be affected. In anterior luxation, the lens can slip forward and rub against the cornea, damaging it. Anterior luxation also has a high probability of causing glaucoma which can lead to partial or complete blindness. Treatment is available and may include both medical and surgical options. Secondary lens luxation is caused by trauma to the eye and is not hereditary. The condition appears in a number of terrier breeds as well as the Border collie, Brittany and Cardigan Welsh corgi.
Cataracts can affect any breed of dog and is the same condition as seen in humans. Here the lens of the eye hardens and is characterised by cloudiness in the eye. Cataracts will blur the dog's vision and can lead to permanent blindness if left untreated. While considered mainly a hereditary disease, it can also be caused by diabetes, old age, radiation, eye injury or exposure to high temperatures.
Musculoskeletal conditions
Patellar luxation, also known as luxating patella, is a hereditary disorder affecting the knees. It is where the kneecap slips off the groove on which it normally sits. The effects can be temporary with the dog running while holding its hind leg in the air before running on it again once the kneecap slipped back into place as if nothing has happened. Dogs can have a problem with both rear knees, and complications can include arthritis or torn knee ligaments. Severe cases can require surgery. Some are prone to dislocation of the kneecaps, inherited eye diseases, deafness and Legg Perthes—a disease of the hip joints of small dog breeds. Prone to mast cell tumors. Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also called Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head, is where the ball section of the femur in the hip joint deteriorates following interruption of the blood flow and is the same condition as in humans. In dogs, this causes lameness of the hind-legs, the thigh muscles to atrophy and pain in the joint. It usually occurs between 6–12 months of age and has been documented in a variety of other terrier breeds including the Border terrier, Lakeland terrier, and Wheaten terrier.
Well-known Jack Russell terriers
Nipper was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type. He was the inspiration for the painting Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph, later renamed His Master's Voice. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including The Gramophone Company, EMI, the Victor Talking Machine Company, and RCA. Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for HMV in the UK and Europe.
A Jack Russell named Bothie made history in 1982 as part of the Transglobe Expedition. Owned by explorers Ranulph and Ginny Fiennes, he became the first dog to travel to both the North and South Poles. This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population. Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton actually made the trip to the north pole by powered sledges before signalling to the base camp that they had arrived. To celebrate their achievement, a plane was sent out to take the two men champagne, along with Bothie.
On 29 April 2007, a Jack Russell named George saved five children at a carnival in New Zealand from an attack by two pit bulls. He was reported to have charged at them and held them at bay long enough for the children to get away. Killed by the pit bulls, he was posthumously awarded the PDSA Gold Medal in 2009, the animal equivalent of the George Cross. A statue has been erected in Manaia, New Zealand, in his memory. A former US Marine also donated to George's owner a Purple Heart award he had received for service in Vietnam.
In 2019, Boris Johnson and his partner Carrie Symonds took a Jack Russell cross from an animal rescue charity in Wales. The dog's name is Dilyn and he became a famous dog at a polling station in the general election.
During the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a 2-year old Jack Russell named Patron has been working with the State Emergency Service of Ukraine to sniff out Russian explosives. As of April 20, 2022, the Ukrainian Government announced that he had located nearly 90 explosives.
On screen and in literature
In the UK, one of the more recognisable canine stars was restaurateur and chef Rick Stein's irrepressible terrier Chalky, who frequently upstaged his owner on his various cookery series. He had his own line of merchandise, including plushes, tea towels, art prints, art paw prints and two real ales – Chalky's Bite and Chalky's Bark, which won gold in the Quality Drink Awards 2009. Chalky was given a BBC obituary when he died in 2007.
Moose and his son Enzo played the role of Eddie on the long-running American TV sitcom Frasier. Eddie belonged to lead character Frasier's father Martin Crane, and constantly "stole the show" with his deadpan antics, receiving more fan mail than any other Frasier character. Moose and Enzo also starred as Skip in the 2000 film My Dog Skip.
Soccer was a Jack Russell who became the star of the American TV series Wishbone, which aired from 1995 to 2001. In the 2009 movie Hotel for Dogs, Friday, one of the main characters is a Jack Russell, played by the dog actor Cosmo. Cosmo went on to appear in the films Paul Blart: Mall Cop and Beginners.
Uggie (2002–2015) was an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and in the films Water for Elephants and The Artist, both in 2011. In the same year, based on interest following The Artist, the "Consider Uggie" campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an Academy Award. In 2012, Uggie was named Nintendo's first-ever spokesdog.
Sykes (est. 2001 - 2019) was a dog actor from Clifton, Oxfordshire, England. He was best known in the UK for his appearance as "Harvey" in Thinkbox's three television commercials, and, under his real name in five seasons of Midsomer Murders. He also appeared in several Hollywood blockbusters, as well as in a UK TV movie, several series and miniseries. He retired in 2016 after a long career on the big and small screen. Sykes was also a champion agility competitor.
A clever, almost human like Jack Russel Terrier, named Jack, played a central role in the 1980s TV adventure series Tales of the Gold Monkey.
K.K. Slider is a Jack Russell who is a main character in the Animal Crossing series developed by Nintendo. K.K. is a musician who performs to the townsfolk. He has appeared in every Animal Crossing game to date since the original Animal Crossing game in 2001 to Animal Crossing: New Horizons in 2020.
Crossbreeds
The planned-mating crossbreed of a Jack Russell terrier and a Beagle is called a Jackabee. Jackabees are believed to have first been bred in the United States. They typically have a muscular body with patches and a long tail. The breed brings together the hunting terrier with the scenthound.
See also
Fox hunting
Working terriers
Footnotes
References
External links
Dog breeds originating in England
FCI breeds
Terriers | wiki |
Solar power in Washington expanded to over 27 MW in 2013, largely due to a 30% federal tax credit, and declining installation costs. Washington also pays a feed-in tariff of up to $5,000/year of 15 cents/kWh, which is increased by a factor of 2.4 if the panels are made in the state and by an additional 1.2 if the inverters are made in state. By 2021, Washington has almost 300 MW of solar power.
Statistics
The average insolation is approximately 19% higher in Spokane than in Seattle.
Installed capacity
Utility-scale generation
See also
Wind power in Washington (state)
Solar power in the United States
Renewable energy in the United States
References
External links
Incentives and policies
Energy in Washington (state)
Washington | wiki |
Fred the Caveman (French-language title Fred des Cavernes) is an animated series about the misadventures of the titular caveman. The show was produced by Antefilms and Tube Studios, and consists of a single season of 13 episodes, or 39 shorts of about 7 minutes each.
It was first shown on Teletoon in Canada on September 2, 2002, with the final episode airing on November 1, 2002. In France, it aired on Télétoon and M6, with the former channel being involved in production as early as 1999.
References
Teletoon original programming
2002 Canadian television series debuts
2002 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian animated television series
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
2002 French television series debuts
2002 French television series endings
2000s French animated television series
French children's animated comedy television series
Television series about cavemen | wiki |
General Walters may refer to:
Glenn M. Walters (born 1957), U.S. Marine Corps four-star general
Tome H. Walters Jr. (fl. 1960s–2000s), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
Vernon A. Walters (1917–2002), U.S. Army lieutenant general | wiki |
General Watts may refer to:
Herbert Watts (1858–1934), British Army lieutenant general
John Watts (British Army officer) (1930–2003), British Army lieutenant general
Ronald L. Watts (born 1934), U.S. Army lieutenant general
See also
Angus Watt (fl. 1970s-2000s), Canadian Forces lieutenant general
Redmond Watt (born 1950), British Army general | wiki |
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