text stringlengths 16 352k | source stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
The Mehlis Report may refer to:
Mehlis report, United Nations' investigation into the 2005 assassination of Lebanon former prime minister Rafik al-Hariri
The Mehlis Report (book), Labanese novel about the report | wiki |
Podocarpus sylvestris is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in New Caledonia.
References
sylvestris
Least concern plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Podocarpus subtropicalis is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in China.
References
subtropicalis
Data deficient plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Plants described in 1985
Taxa named by David John de Laubenfels | wiki |
A medical education manager is someone who is appointed by a committee of deaneries and trusts in a department of a medical college. A medical education manager generally has a medical degree and a medical specialty, and is a staff physician. Their job is to determine the curriculum for training of the other students or physicians in that department.
"Medical education manager" may also refer to a position in some pharmaceutical companies (e.g. Johnson & Johnson in British Columbia, Canada) which requires health science, life science, business, or other science degrees. It also may be called Medical Education Specialist, Healthcare Communications Specialist, or Continuing Medical Education Specialist. The job is generally to leverage the information of the health care professionals regarding the new studies about the produced medications.
References
Education and training occupations
Health care occupations | wiki |
The Religious Society of Free Quakers, originally called "The Religious Society of Friends, by some styled the Free Quakers," was established on February 20, 1781 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. More commonly known as Free Quakers, the Society was founded by members of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, who had been expelled for failure to adhere to the Peace Testimony during the American Revolutionary War. Many of its early members were prominent Quakers involved in the American Revolution before the society was established.
Notable Free Quakers at the early meetings included Samuel Wetherill, who served as clerk and preacher; Timothy Matlack and his brother White Matlack; William Crispin; Colonel Clement Biddle and his brother Owen Biddle; Benjamin Say; Christopher Marshall; Joseph Warner; and Peter Thompson. Other notable Free Quakers include Lydia Darragh and Betsy Ross.
Following the end of the American Revolutionary War, the number of Free Quakers began to dwindle as some members died and others were either accepted back into the Society of Friends or by other religious institutions. The final meeting of the Free Quakers was held in 1836. There is a small group of Free Quakers in Indiana who continue the tradition of the Five Principles (Inner Light, peace, simplicity, justice, stewardship) and the Five Freedoms (from creeds, from clergy, from public worship, from organized membership, from evangelization). Today, the descendants of the original Free Quakers hold an annual meeting of the Religious Society of Free Quakers at the Free Quaker Meetinghouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
See also
Universal Friends, included many ex-Quakers sympathetic to the revolution with whom Free Quakers worked
References
John H. Morgan, “The Free Quakers: Reaffirming the Legacy of Conscience and Liberty (The Spiritual Journey of a Solitary People), Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, Vol. XI, #32, pp. 288–305, Summer, 2012.
External links
The Religious Society of Free Quakers
Quaker organizations based in the United States
Christian denominations founded in the United States
History of Philadelphia
Organizations established in 1785 | wiki |
Nikón (i. e. 3. század) görög komédiaköltő
Nikón (i. e. 2. század) görög pedagógus
Nikón (2. század) görög építész | wiki |
The National Hedgelaying Society is the only British charity devoted to the art of hedgelaying and the restoration and creation of hedgerows. The society runs hedgelaying competitions and exhibitions in the UK, and an optional accreditation scheme for hedgelayers. Charles III is a patron of the organization, and in December 2021 he presented awards on behalf of the society at Highgrove estate.
References
External links
Official website
Fences
Organisations based in the United Kingdom | wiki |
Windows NT este o familie de sisteme de operare produsă de Microsoft, prima versiune a căruia a fost lansată în iulie 1993.
Lansări
Cerințe hardware minime
Note
Legături externe
.
.
și. | wiki |
The prime minister of Luxembourg (; ; ) is the head of government of Luxembourg. The prime minister leads the executive branch, chairs the Cabinet and appoints its ministers.
Since 1989, the title of Prime Minister has been an official one, although the head of the government had been unofficially known by that name for some time. Between 1857 and 1989, the prime minister was styled the President of the Government, with the exception of the 25-day premiership of Mathias Mongenast. Before 1857, the prime minister was the President of the Council. In addition to these titles, the prime minister uses the title Minister of State, although this is usually relegated to a secondary title.
This is a list of prime ministers and governments since the post was founded, in 1848. In larger font are the dates of the prime ministers entering and leaving office. The smaller dates, during the respective premierships, are those of the prime ministers' governments. Luxembourg has a collegial governmental system; often, the government will present its resignation, only for the successor government to include many, if not most, of the previous ministers serving under the same prime minister. Each of the smaller dates reflects a change in the government without a change of prime minister.
Era of independents (1848–1918)
From the promulgation of the first constitution, in 1848, until the early twentieth century, Luxembourgish politics was dominated by independent politicians and statesmen. The prerogative powers of the grand duke remained undiluted, and, as such, the monarch actively chose and personally appointed the prime minister. As a result, the prime minister was often a moderate, without any strong affiliation to either of the two major ideological factions in the Chamber of Deputies: the secularist liberals and the Catholic conservatives.
In the early twentieth century, the emergence of socialism as a third force in Luxembourgish politics ended the dominance of independents, and further politicised the government of the country. This did not affect the prime minister's position until 1915, when the long-serving Paul Eyschen died in office. His death created a struggle for power between the main factions, leading to the establishment of the formalised party system.
Prime ministers from 1848 to 1890
The Kingdom of the Netherlands shared the same monarchs with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890. The Grand Duchy has had its own monarchs since 1890.
Prime ministers from 1890 to 1918
Party system (1918–present)
In 1918, towards the end of World War I, a new Chamber of Deputies was elected with the explicit ambition of reviewing the constitution. To this end, formalised parties were formed by the main political blocs, so as to increase their bargaining power in the negotiations. The revisions to the constitution introduced universal suffrage and compulsory voting, adopted proportional representation, and limited the sovereignty of the monarch.
Since the foundation of the party system, only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has not included members of more than one party. Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter their ideology; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world. Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in the Chamber of Deputies.
During the occupation of Luxembourg by Nazi Germany in World War II, Luxembourg was governed by a Nazi Party official, Gustav Simon. Pierre Dupong continued to lead the government in exile in the United Kingdom until the liberation of Luxembourg in December 1944, whereupon the constitutional Luxembourg government returned to the Grand Duchy. Thus, although Luxembourg was formally annexed on 30 August 1942, the prime minister of the government in exile, Pierre Dupong, is assumed to have remained prime minister throughout.
Prime ministers since 1918
Political Party:
See also
List of monarchs of Luxembourg
Lists of office-holders
List of presidents of the Council of State of Luxembourg
References
Specific
Bibliography
External links
Website of the Prime Minister of Luxembourg
Website of the Luxembourg Government
Prime Ministers
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
1848 establishments in Luxembourg | wiki |
The following is a list of episodes for the NBC crime drama series Third Watch. The series premiered on September 26, 1999, and the final episode aired on May 6, 2005. A total of 132 episodes were produced over six seasons.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1999–2000)
Season 2 (2000–01)
Season 3 (2001–02)
Season 4 (2002–03)
Season 5 (2003–04)
Season 6 (2004–05)
References
External links
Lists of American crime television series episodes | wiki |
This is a list of breweries in South Carolina, a U.S. state. Some of these microbreweries also operate brewpubs, serving food as well as beer. On June 2, 2014, Governor Nikki Haley signed the "Stone Bill" which allowed production breweries to serve food, and eradicated consumption restrictions which previously limited patrons to 48 ounces per customer.
As of 2019, there are 46 breweries operating across the state. Palmetto Brewery is the oldest and largest in the state.
See also
Beer in the United States
List of breweries in the United States
List of microbreweries
References
South Carolina
Breweries | wiki |
Beër (Hebreeuws: בּאר) is een Bijbelse stad, die waarschijnlijk gelegen heeft ten westen van Hebron. In de fabel van Jotam, in het Bijbelboek Richteren (9:21) wordt naar deze stad verwezen. Beër betekent waterput of bron. Ook in het Bijbelboek Numeri (21:16) komt een Beër voor, gelegen in de woestijn Sinaï.
Plaats in de Hebreeuwse Bijbel | wiki |
XUI may refer to:
X User Interface, a VMS Graphical user interface by DEC
XOS (operating system), formerly XUI
Xui (crater), on Mars
XUI, Standard Carrier Alpha Code for Xpress United Inc.
See also
Xiu, a Chinese e-commerce company
Xiu Xiu (disambiguation) | wiki |
Francis Mostyn may refer to:
Francis Mostyn (archbishop of Cardiff) (1860–1939), Roman Catholic prelate
Francis Mostyn (Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District) (1800–1847), Roman Catholic prelate | wiki |
Girl on Fire este un cântec de Alicia Keys lansat pe 4 septembrie 2012. Este interpretat în colaborare cu Nicki Minaj pentru varianta Inferno. A fost hit în România.
Discuri single de Alicia Keys
Cântece R&B
Cântece din 2012 | wiki |
General Floyd may refer to:
John B. Floyd (1806–1863), Confederate States Army brigadier general
William Floyd (1734–1821), Suffolk County Militia major general in the American Revolutionary War
Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet (1748–1818), British Army general
See also
DeLancey Floyd-Jones (1826–1902), U.S. Army brigadier general | wiki |
Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo è un film muto del 1926 diretto da Robert N. Bradbury (con il nome Robert North Bradbury).
Trama
Produzione
Il film fu prodotto dalla Sunset Productions.
Distribuzione
Distribuito dalla Aywon Film, il film - conosciuto anche con il nome With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo - uscì nelle sale cinematografiche USA il 1º agosto 1926.
Note
Collegamenti esterni
Film biografici
Film storici
Film western | wiki |
A supplemental nursing system (SNS), also known as a lactation aid, is a device that consists of a container and a capillary tube. It is used to provide additional nutrients to a baby whose mother has low milk supply. During breastfeeding, the end of the tube is placed alongside the mother's nipple so that both the tube and the breast are in the infant's mouth.
The SNS container can be filled with pumped breastmilk, donor milk, or with infant formula.
The tubing is usually attached with removable tape. When the newborn infant suckles on the breast, the infant is nourished both by fluid from the capillary tube and by the mother's breastmilk from the nipple. The mother's milk supply is stimulated by the infant suckling, and in most cases the use of the SNS can be discontinued in a few days or weeks when the mother's milk supply has risen to meet the infant's needs. Mothers usually obtain SNS supplies from a lactation consultant.
Images
References
External links
Information on SNS for adoptive mothers (Retrieved 2010-07-08)
How to use a supplemental nursing system (Retrieved 2010-07-08)
Infant feeding
Breastfeeding | wiki |
Christmas flood may refer to:
Christmas Flood of 1717 in the Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia
Christmas flood of 1964 in western North America | wiki |
Logical Family: A Memoir is a 2017 memoir by author Armistead Maupin. In the book, Maupin recounts growing up as a young conservative in the Southeastern United States and becoming a gay writer in San Francisco, California.
References
2017 non-fiction books
American memoirs
Works by Armistead Maupin
HarperCollins books | wiki |
The robust skink (Oligosoma alani, formerly Cyclodina alani) is a large, rare species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to New Zealand.
Geographic range
O. alani was once widespread throughout the North Island but has been wiped out in most parts of its former range by predation from several species of introduced rats. It now occurs naturally only on six small islands off the north-eastern coast of the North Island.
Etymology
The specific epithet, alani, was given by the describer Joan Robb in honour of her nephew, Alan Robb.
Behaviour and habitat
The robust skink is strongly nocturnal and lives under rocks, or in seabird burrows, tree stumps, and fallen logs. It prefers well vegetated areas with plenty of leaf litter and tolerates coastal areas as long as there is dense vegetation cover. Studies of the robust skink show that it is unusually vulnerable to losing water through its skin, which may explain its preference for damp environments such as crevices, bird burrows, rotting logs, and closely matted vegetation.
Reproduction
O. alani is viviparous.
References
Further reading
Hardy GS (1977). "The New Zealand Scincidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia); a taxonomic and zoogeographic study". New Zealand Journal of Zoology 4 (3): 221–325. (Cyclodina alani, new combination, p. 270).
Hoskins AJ, Hare KM, Miller KA, Schumann N, Chapple DG (2017). "Repeatability, locomotor performance and trade-offs between performance traits in two lizard species, Oligosoma alani and O. smithi ". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 122 (4): 850–859.
Robb J (1970). "A new skink of the genus Leiolopisma from New Zealand". Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Serie C) 73: 228–229. (Leiolopisma alani, new species).
Reptiles of New Zealand
Oligosoma
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Reptiles described in 1970
Taxa named by Joan Robb
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Endemic reptiles of New Zealand | wiki |
Khanom khai (, ), also known as khanom bulu (, ), is a Thai dessert. It is a popular Thai snack because of the size and its palatable taste. Khanom means 'dessert' and khai means 'egg'. Khanom khai is made from egg, sugar and flour. It is crispy on the outside and soft on the inside. The taste of the dessert is similar to cake, whereas its texture is rougher because of the different types of flour and the different proportion of ingredients. Traditional khanom khai has the scent of egg after baking in charcoal stove.
The origin of khanom khai in Thailand has not been proved, yet. However, it is thought to be first well known in Southern area since the dessert is sometimes called "khanom khai of Phuket" (Phuket is a province in Southern Thailand). In addition, the word bulu derives from Malayu. It is also said that "the dessert has the very first origin in Malaysia but the exact time is unknown. Then, it was inherited to the next generation until now."
Khanom khai has now spread and been eaten widely all over Thailand since it is easy to eat and costs inexpensive price. Khanom Khai is also popular in religious festivals both Buddhism and Islam; for example, in Buddhism's Sat Thai and Islam's Hari Raya festival (History of Traditional Khanom Khai, 2013). Some Thai-Chinese people also serve khanom khai in their wedding day because it is believed to be a fortune dessert. The rising of the dessert after baking implies the rise of married life. It means to bless the couple to have a happy and flourish life together after the marriage.
See also
List of egg dishes
References
Thai desserts and snacks | wiki |
Dye destruction or dye bleach is a photographic printing process, in which dyes embedded in the paper are bleached (destroyed) in processing. Because the dyes are fully formed in the paper prior to processing, they may be formulated with few constraints, compared to the complex dye couplers that must react in chromogenic processing. This method has allowed the use of richly colored, highly stable dyes.
It is a reversal process, meaning that it is used in printing transparencies (diapositives).
Ilfochrome (originally Cibachrome) is currently the only widely available dye destruction process, and is known for its intense colors and archival qualities.
Older dye destruction processes included Utocolor (early 1900s) and Gasparcolor (1930s). Plastic base supports have a "high gloss surface sheen".
References
Photographic processes | wiki |
In clothing for men, a dickey (also dickie and dicky, and tuxedo front in the U.S.) is a type of shirtfront that is worn with black tie (tuxedo) and with white tie evening clothes. The dickey is usually attached to the shirt collar and then tucked into the waistcoat or cummerbund. Some dickey designs have a trouser-button tab, meant to secure the dickey-bottom to the waistband of the trousers, and so prevent the dickey from becoming untucked.
Originally called the detachable bosom, the dickey shirtfront, made of rigid plastic, was the fashion in shirts in the late 19th century; the dickey also was one of the first successful, commercial applications of celluloid. Like the detachable shirt collar, the dickey (a bosom-front for a dress shirt) was invented as a separate accessory for the shirt, which thus could be washed, starched, and pressed more readily than could be laundered if the dickey were an integral part of the shirt.
Among dandies, the use of a dickey is considered bad style in the wearing of traditional modes of black tie and white tie evening dress. Etymologically, the word "dickey" is from Cockney rhyming slang, wherein dicky dirt denotes a shirt. In 1850s Britain, office workers wore business suits, yet their low wages disallowed a work week's supply of laundered shirts, so they adopted the dickey as a practical extension of the sartorial life of a dress shirt at work.
Types
Celluloid (hard plastic)
Celluloid dickeys were popular for their waterproof and stain-resistant properties. Unlike traditional cloth shirt-fronts, they remained sleek, bright white, and did not wilt or wrinkle. Celluloid dickeys simulated the look of a formal shirt bib for day and evening wear. They were designed in a variety of patents, such as: rounded, flat-end, no restraints, a restraint tab at the end of the bib or side straps that tied at the wearer's back. For this reason, they were popular with entertainers, musicians, and other performers. Nevertheless, they were frequently maligned and spoofed for their stiffness, un-manageability, and tendency to pop out of place. "The flapping dickey", a famous Vaudeville cliché, involves a dickey which has been intentionally rigged to flap in a comical fashion. For example, in the Long-Haired Hare Looney Tunes cartoon, orchestra conductor Bugs Bunny conducts an arrogant opera singer and makes him hold a note so long that his dickey snaps out of his waistcoat and rolls up to his throat.
Cardboard
Cardboard dickeys were worn in theater and service professions to save money from using linen formal shirts for uniforms. Examples of professions that used cardboard dickeys include waiters, hotel managers, doormen, bellboys, limo drivers, and servants.
Cloth
Cloth dickeys simulate many different styles. Some often-seen examples include dress shirt front and collar, formal frilled shirt front (popular in the mid-seventies with powder blue tuxedos), and most commonly in modern times, false turtleneck sweater fronts. Cloth dickeys are also often used in marching band uniforms.
Hard plastic dickeys have long since gone out of manufacture and fashion, but cloth turtleneck-style dickeys are still sometimes seen.
Women’s wear
The dickey, traditionally worn by men, made the transition to women's wear around 1943. While women may have worn dickeys before this time, ads in Vogue New York can be seen promoting dickeys in the February 1943 issue. Dickeys were said to “enliven your new suit or rejuvenate your old”. Women's dickeys were made from cotton or rayon and embellished with embroidery, lace, jabots, and ruffles. They were priced between $2 and $3 at the time.
Patterns for women's dickeys can also be found dating to 1944, with Butterick's patterns providing eight variations on the dickey. While dickeys have gone in and out of style over time, they have made a resurgence in the fashion world, with the most recent one starting in 2015.
Contemporary fashion
Recently, dickeys have been rising in popularity. In 2011, dickeys and menswear-inspired lingerie became popular as a break from minimalist and restrictive fashion at the time. At the same time, detachable collars and dickeys were showing up on the runway as Peter Pan collars. In 2013, the materials used for dickies was expanding from knits and cotton, to leather and silk. The 2014 fall winter season saw the dickey return as a winter accessory used to keep the neck warm. By 2015, contemporary designers, like Michael Kors, adopted the dickey in his resort line. In an interview with InStyle Magazine, Kors said the dickey was a way to add versatility to a look, without adding bulk.
The rise of the dickey in pop culture has also encouraged the rise in popularity. For example, on the TV series The Big Bang Theory, a Dickey is worn by the character Howard Wolowitz, as well as in Dinner for Schmucks, where the character Therman Murch (played by Zach Galifianakis) wore an orange turtleneck dickey. Cousin Eddie (played by Randy Quaid) in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation wore a dark-green turtleneck dickey underneath an ivory sweater. The character Liz Lemon wore a "sweater" type dickey on the opening episode of season 6 on the TV series 30 Rock. The character Kent was wearing a dickey in the end scenes of the movie Real Genius.
A form of a dickey, often called a rabat or stock, is still commonplace in the attire of some Christian clergy. It is worn either over a clerical shirt or another shirt and under a jacket.
Cultural dress
The dickey is not just a facet of men's wear clothing, it is also used in certain types of cultural dress.
Armenia
Historically, Armenian dress consisted of layers, a result of the variability of the weather, with short and hot summers and long and cold winters. Layers could be switched out easily when changes in the weather occurred. One component of this layering was a dicky style shirt that was heavily embroidered to cover the chest if the woman's outer dress was low cut.
Greece
It is traditional for Greek widows to wear black to signify their mourning. Historically, widows in certain regions of Greece, specifically Peloponnese and Euboea, "wore a plain white chemise and an unembroidered sigouni with a black dickey, black headscarf and black apron."
Sámi People (Northern Europe, Western Russia)
Both men and women of the Sámi culture, particularly in the central and southern parts of the Sámi region, wear dickeys under certain tunic styles. The tunics often have a V-neck opening that the dicky is worn under. The dickeys are usually rectangular and are made from wool. Traditionally, women wear red wool while men wear blue. The dickey is usually decorated with reindeer skin around the edges and metallic thread and glass beads in the center. The purpose is for the dickey to be the focal point of the outfit.
See also
Chemisette
References
History of clothing (Western fashion)
Formal wear
Tops (clothing)
Shirts | wiki |
Series 7 may refer to:
The seventh season of any of many shows or series; see and
Series 7 exam, officially the General Securities Representative Exam, the most comprehensive financial securities exam offered by the FINRA
Series 7: The Contenders, a movie made in 2001. This film is also commonly referred to as Series 7
Series 7 or Series VII, a size of Photographic Filter used on cameras and other optical devices
Series 7, often used to describe the BMW 7 Series of automobiles
Series 7 olinsky sable-hair brushes from Winsor & Newton
Psion Series 7, a notebook computer from Psion
Series of seven
See also
700 series (disambiguation)
System 7 (disambiguation) | wiki |
American Regiment may refer to:
King's Royal Rifle Corps, British regiment known as the "American Regiment" when originally formed in North America
3rd Infantry Regiment, US Army regiment first organized as the 1st American Regiment | wiki |
Bulbophyllum odoratum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Carl Ludwig Blume e John Lindley em 1830.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1830
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Seismicity is a measure encompassing earthquake occurrences, mechanisms, and magnitude at a given geographical location. As such, it summarizes a region's seismic activity. The term was coined by Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter in 1941. Seismicity is studied by geophysicists.
Calculation of seismicity
Seismicity is quantitatively computed. Generally, the region under study is divided in equally sized areas defined by latitude and longitude, and the Earth's interior is divided into various depth intervals on account of Earth's layering: Up to depth, , and > .
The usual formula to calculate seismicity is:
where
: is the energy of a single seismic event (i.e., earthquake);
: interval of latitude;
: interval of longitude
: interval of the hypocenter;
: interval of the time of the seismic event.
The result is seismicity as energy per cubic unit.
See also
Moment magnitude scale
Plate tectonics
Seismology
Wadati–Benioff zone
References
Seismology measurement
1940s neologisms | wiki |
Chakri may refer to:
People
Chakri (composer) (1974–2014), Tollywood music director
Chakri Toleti, Indian American screenwriter, director, actor, and visual effects coordinator
Other uses
Chakri (noble title), a historical Thai noble title for the king's chief minister
Chakri dynasty, the royal house of Thailand
The Gujarati name for murukku, an Indian snack
Chakri or charkha, Indian name for the spinning wheel used for making khadi cloth
A small chakram, a throwing weapon
Chakri or Chakri, a village in Jhelum, Pakistan
Chakri is an alternative name for the Indian snack Chakli | wiki |
INNA-051 is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Ena Respiratory.
References
Clinical trials
Australian COVID-19 vaccines
Viral vector vaccines | wiki |
Type 61 AAA guns may refer to:
Type 61 25mm AAA guns
Type 61 30mm AAA guns | wiki |
Oberlin (Kansas)
Oberlin (Louisiana)
Oberlin (Ohio)
Oberlin College, een onderwijsinstituut in Ohio | wiki |
A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual cell, a multicellular organism, or a community of interacting populations. They usually specialize in a particular branch (e.g., molecular biology, zoology, and evolutionary biology) of biology and have a specific research focus (e.g., studying malaria or cancer).
Biologists who are involved in basic research have the aim of advancing knowledge about the natural world. They conduct their research using the scientific method, which is an empirical method for testing hypotheses. Their discoveries may have applications for some specific purpose such as in biotechnology, which has the goal of developing medically useful products for humans.
In modern times, most biologists have one or more academic degrees such as a bachelor's degree plus an advanced degree like a master's degree or a doctorate. Like other scientists, biologists can be found working in different sectors of the economy such as in academia, nonprofits, private industry, or government.
History
Francesco Redi, the founder of biology, is recognized to be one of the greatest biologists of all time. Robert Hooke, an English natural philosopher, coined the term cell, suggesting plant structure's resemblance to honeycomb cells.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection, which was described in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species, which was published in 1859. In it, Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes of descent with accumulated modification leading to divergence over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Separately, Gregor Mendel formulated in the principles of inheritance in 1866, which became the basis of modern genetics.
In 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick described the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms, building on the work of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, suggested that the structure of DNA was a double helix.
Ian Wilmut led a research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly.
Education
An undergraduate degree in biology typically requires coursework in molecular and cellular biology, development, ecology, genetics, microbiology, anatomy, physiology, botany, and zoology. Additional requirements may include physics, chemistry (general, organic, and biochemistry), calculus, and statistics.
Students who aspire to a research-oriented career usually pursue a graduate degree such as a master’s or a doctorate (e.g., PhD) whereby they would receive training from a research head based on an apprenticeship model that has been in existence since the 1800s. Students in these graduate programs often receive specialized training in a particular subdiscipline of biology.
Research
Biologists who work in basic research formulate theories and devise experiments to advance human knowledge on life including topics such as evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, neuroscience and cell biology.
Biologists typically conduct laboratory experiments involving animals, plants, microorganisms or biomolecules. However, a small part of biological research also occurs outside the laboratory and may involve natural observation rather than experimentation. For example, a botanist may investigate the plant species present in a particular environment, while an ecologist might study how a forest area recovers after a fire.
Biologists who work in applied research use instead the accomplishments gained by basic research to further knowledge in particular fields or applications. For example, this applied research may be used to develop new pharmaceutical drugs, treatments and medical diagnostic tests. Biological scientists conducting applied research and product development in private industry may be required to describe their research plans or results to non-scientists who are in a position to veto or approve their ideas. These scientists must consider the business effects of their work.
Swift advances in knowledge of genetics and organic molecules spurred growth in the field of biotechnology, transforming the industries in which biological scientists work. Biological scientists can now manipulate the genetic material of animals and plants, attempting to make organisms (including humans) more productive or resistant to disease. Basic and applied research on biotechnological processes, such as recombining DNA, has led to the production of important substances, including human insulin and growth hormone. Many other substances not previously available in large quantities are now produced by biotechnological means. Some of these substances are useful in treating diseases.
Those working on various genome (chromosomes with their associated genes) projects isolate genes and determine their function. This work continues to lead to the discovery of genes associated with specific diseases and inherited health risks, such as sickle cell anemia. Advances in biotechnology have created research opportunities in almost all areas of biology, with commercial applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.
Specializations
Most biological scientists specialize in the study of a certain type of organism or in a specific activity, although recent advances have blurred some traditional classifications.
Geneticists study genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.
Neuroscientists study the nervous system.
Developmental biologists study the process of development and growth of organisms
Biochemists study the chemical composition of living things. They analyze the complex chemical combinations and reactions involved in metabolism, reproduction, and growth.
Molecular biologists study the biological activity between biomolecules.
Microbiologists investigate the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, or fungi.
Physiologists study life functions of plants and animals, in the whole organism and at the cellular or molecular level, under normal and abnormal conditions. Physiologists often specialize in functions such as growth, reproduction, photosynthesis, respiration, or movement, or in the physiology of a certain area or system of the organism.
Biophysicists use experimental methods traditionally employed in physics to answer biological questions .
Computational biologists apply the techniques of computer science, applied mathematics and statistics to address biological problems. The main focus lies on developing mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques. By these means it addresses scientific research topics with their theoretical and experimental questions without a laboratory.
Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and wildlife—their origin, behavior, diseases, and life processes. Some experiment with live animals in controlled or natural surroundings, while others dissect dead animals to study their structure. Zoologists and wildlife biologists also may collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of current and potential uses of land and water areas. Zoologists usually are identified by the animal group they study. For example, ornithologists study birds, mammalogists study mammals, herpetologists study reptiles and amphibians, ichthyologists study fish, cnidariologists study jellyfishes and entomologists study insects.
Botanists study plants and their environments. Some study all aspects of plant life, including algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants; others specialize in areas such as identification and classification of plants, the structure and function of plant parts, the biochemistry of plant processes, the causes and cures of plant diseases, the interaction of plants with other organisms and the environment, the geological record of plants and their evolution. Mycologists study fungi, such as yeasts, mold and mushrooms, which are a separate kingdom from plants.
Aquatic biologists study micro-organisms, plants, and animals living in water. Marine biologists study salt water organisms, and limnologists study fresh water organisms. Much of the work of marine biology centers on molecular biology, the study of the biochemical processes that take place inside living cells. Marine biology is a branch of oceanography, which is the study of the biological, chemical, geological, and physical characteristics of oceans and the ocean floor. (See the Handbook statements on environmental scientists and hydrologists and on geoscientists.)
Ecologists investigate the relationships among organisms and between organisms and their environments, examining the effects of population size, pollutants, rainfall, temperature, and altitude. Using knowledge of various scientific disciplines, ecologists may collect, study, and report data on the quality of air, food, soil, and water.
Evolutionary biologists investigate the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth, starting from a single common ancestor. These processes include natural selection, common descent, and speciation.
Employment
Biologists typically work regular hours but longer hours are not uncommon. Researchers may be required to work odd hours in laboratories or other locations (especially while in the field), depending on the nature of their research.
Many biologists depend on grant money to fund their research. They may be under pressure to meet deadlines and to conform to rigid grant-writing specifications when preparing proposals to seek new or extended funding.
Marine biologists encounter a variety of working conditions. Some work in laboratories; others work on research ships, and those who work underwater must practice safe diving while working around sharp coral reefs and hazardous marine life. Although some marine biologists obtain their specimens from the sea, many still spend a good deal of their time in laboratories and offices, conducting tests, running experiments, recording results, and compiling data.
Biologists are not usually exposed to unsafe or unhealthy conditions. Those who work with dangerous organisms or toxic substances in the laboratory must follow strict safety procedures to avoid contamination. Many biological scientists, such as botanists, ecologists, and zoologists, conduct field studies that involve strenuous physical activity and primitive living conditions. Biological scientists in the field may work in warm or cold climates, in all kinds of weather.
Honors and awards
The highest honor awarded to biologists is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Another significant award is the Crafoord Prize in Biosciences; established in 1980.
See also
Biology
Glossary of biology
List of biologists
Lists of biologists by author abbreviation
References
U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook
Science occupations
sl:Biolog | wiki |
MigVax-101 is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oravax Medical.
References
Clinical trials
Israeli COVID-19 vaccines
Virus-like particle vaccines | wiki |
Oligosoma infrapunctatum, the speckled skink, is a species of skink in the family Scincidae. It is endemic to New Zealand.
The speckled skink is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification System as being in 'gradual decline'. However, evidence indicates that this classification refers to a complex of closely related species, and the actual O. infrapunctatum may be highly endangered or even extinct.
Distribution
Oligosoma infrapunctatum is a widespread but patchily distributed skink with a distribution spanning the North Island from the Bay of Plenty south, and the South Island in the Marlborough Sounds, Nelson and Westland regions. It occurs in open forest, scrubland and tussock grassland from sea level to the subalpine zone, on boulder beaches in the Westland region of the South Island and occasionally in farmland and other modified habitats.
Biogeography
Recent genetic studies showed deep genetic divisions within O. infrapunctatum indicating that it is probably a complex of cryptic species which diverged in the Pliocene. A recent paper showed that Oligosoma infrapunctatum could be extinct, and that the widespread species in the Oligosoma infrapunctatum group should be called Oligosoma newmani
References
infrapunctatum
Reptiles of New Zealand
Reptiles described in 1887
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Máel Dúin may refer to:
the protagonist of The Voyage of Máel Dúin (Old Irish: Immram Maele Dúin).
Máel Dúin mac Áedo Bennán (died c.661), king of Iarmuman (West Munster)
Máel Dúin mac Conaill (died c.668), king in Dál Riata
Máel Dúin mac Máele Fithrich (died 681), king of Ailech
Máel Dúin mac Fergusa (died 785), king of Lagore
Máel Dúin mac Áedo Alláin (died 788), king of Ailech
Máel Dúin mac Áedo (died 796), perhaps king of Munster
Máel Dúin (bishop of the Scots) (died 1055), bishop of Cennrígmonaid, modern St Andrews, Scotland | wiki |
The Bounce Festival is a music and arts festival in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, in Plumas County, California. Presented by The Bounce, LLC and Fresh Bakin', the two entities host a variety of music and special events year round in the Lake Tahoe, Sacramento, and Reno, NV area.
The Bounce and Fresh Bakin' producers aim to create community while blurring the lines between musical genres. Highlights include integrated Installation Art, Live Painting by local and international artists, a movement and wellness village with workshops and yoga, a variety of craft and food vendors, and a river.
History
The Big Bounce debuted in Belden, CA in 2009 with headliners Bassnectar and Fort Knox Five. Event producers formulated The Bounce, LLC in 2011 and created The Bounce Festival with Fresh Bakin'. The event remained in Belden until they expanded the event to a larger private Plumas County location in 2013.
See also
List of music festivals in the United States
List of electronic music festivals
References
External links
Music festivals established in 2009
Music festivals in California
Electronic music festivals in the United States
2009 establishments in California
Plumas County, California | wiki |
In general, an assistance dog, known as a service dog in the United States, is a dog trained to aid or assist an individual with a disability. Many are trained by an assistance dog organization, or by their handler, often with the help of a professional trainer.
Service dogs are to not be confused with Emotional Support Animals, as Emotional Support Animals are not protected under the ADA laws and typically have little to no training in comparison to a service dog
Terminology
'Assistance dog' is the internationally established term for a dog that provides assistance to a disabled person, and is task-trained to help mitigate the handler's disability. Assistance Dogs International, an international network of assistance dog providers across the globe, notes that there is some variability of terminology in different states, particularly within the United States. They are working to establish consistent global terminology, and note that 'assistance dog' is the term adopted by organizations who train and provide assistance dogs, and the disabled people who partner with assistance dogs.
Distinctive features
For a dog to be considered an assistance dog, they must meet the following criteria:
The dog's partner must be disabled and meet the legal definition of disability in the specific country or region.
The dog must be specifically trained to mitigate the partner's disability in some way, e.g. opening doors, detecting high blood sugar or allergens and notifying of such, alerting to a ringing phone, leading those who are visually or mobility impaired.
The dog must be trained to a high level not to be a nuisance in public, to be safe with members of the public and well-behaved, as well as being healthy and not posing a hygiene threat.
Some assistance dogs wear harnesses that signify such in bold letters, but this is not required by law.
Assistance dogs in America are not required by the ADA law to have an ID card or be registered.
Individual countries and regions will have specific laws and regulations, with these international criteria having broad recognition across the globe.
Training process
Assistance dogs have traditionally been trained by charities and other organizations who then partner a disabled person with a trained dog when the dog has completed its training program at approximately the age of 2. Increasingly, more disabled people are self-training their own assistance dogs, whereby the disabled person selects their own dog (often referred to as a 'prospect') and the dog is trained by the disabled person who also becomes their eventual handler.
There is great variability between the length and type of training that any future assistance dog receives; however, all assistance dog candidates will go through certain stages.
Selection
Assistance dog candidates are generally selected with care for appropriate health, temperament and characteristics. Large established organizations such as The Guide Dogs for the Blind select and maintain their own breeding stock to ensure healthy pups with desirable traits. Someone may carefully select prospect puppies from reputable breeders, or they may choose to commence training with a dog who was already part of the family. The reality TV show Rescue Dog to Super Dog featured the process of carefully selecting rescue dogs from shelters to train as assistance dogs.
Socialization
The first period of a puppy prospect's life is normally spent in socialization rather than formal training. Large formal organizations often use puppy foster parents during the pups first year and the pup grows up in a normal family environment surrounded by the sights, sounds and smells of the type of environment they will later work in, learning to be clean and toilet trained, confident and happy. Owner Trainers raise their pups themselves, so the dog lives with the same person who will later be their handler, but will also focus on giving the puppy confidence, play experiences and socialisation in the environments they will later work in.
Task training
Once a puppy is old enough they will commence their specialist training which will include training in work and/or tasks. It is these tasks which will make them distinct and specialised assistance dogs. In the US, an assistance dog handler may be asked if they have a disability, and what tasks the dog does to mitigate that disability as the only two legal questions to ascertain that a dog is indeed an assistance dog. The tasks that an assistance dog prospect will learn depend on the disabilities that their current or future handler has and there is therefore almost no limit on the types of tasks a dog can be trained to. These may vary from picking up dropped items and taking laundry out of a washing machine to interrupting self-harming behaviors to providing deep pressure therapy for an autistic person.
Obedience and public access
At the same time as learning their unique tasks to support their handler, an assistance dog candidate also learns how to be well behaved, polite and to present acceptably in public. Large organizations who train assistance dogs will use their own in house training processes. Owner trainers may also approach this in a variety of ways. Many owner-trainer support groups recommend following established dog obedience schemes such as the Kennel Club Bronze, Silver and Gold obedience training programme to gain a high and dependable recognized standard of obedience and behavior followed by the Public Access Test. Public Access tests evaluate a dog's ability to behave appropriately in public,and in places not normally deemed pet friendly where a person may enter with an assistance dog,such as a supermarket or restaurant.
Classification
In the United States, assistance dogs fall into two broad categories: service dogs and facility dogs. Service dogs are defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act as dogs that are individually trained to do work or perform tasks for people with disabilities. State and local governments, businesses, and nonprofit organizations that serve the public generally must allow service animals to accompany people with disabilities in all areas of the facility where the public is normally allowed to go. Facility dogs are used by working professionals to aid multiple people.
Common examples of assistance dogs include:
Guide dogs assist the blind and the visually impaired.
Hearing dogs, or signal dogs, help the deaf and hard of hearing.
Mobility assistance dogs
Medical response dogs
Seizure response dogs
Psychiatric service dogs
Autism Assistance dogs
Common examples of facility dogs include:
Courthouse facility dogs are typically handled by professionals working in the legal system. They are often used to assist crime victims, witnesses, and others during the investigation and prosecution of crimes as well as other legal proceedings.
Facility dogs in educational settings are usually handled by special education teachers to facilitate interaction with the students.
Facility dogs in healthcare environments are typically handled by physical therapists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals to facilitate recovery and symptom management for patients.
Similarities and differences between facility dogs and therapy dogs
Because both may aid people in similar settings such as healthcare environments, facility dogs are often mistakenly called therapy dogs; however, there are several important distinctions between them. Facility dogs are trained by accredited assistance dog organizations and therapy dogs are trained by their owners. Facility dogs may be handled by a wide variety of working professionals, while therapy dogs must be handled by their owners.
Facility dogs are trained by canine professionals or by their owner for a period of 18 to 24 months, and must pass very rigorous tests before graduating from an assistance dog organization. In contrast, registration for therapy dogs by a therapy dog organization does not require enrollment in obedience classes or therapy dog classes, meaning that therapy dogs often undergo a much less rigorous training process. Furthermore, the tests that therapy dogs must pass are less complicated and challenging than those taken by facility dogs.
A person with either a therapy dog or a facility dog must have permission from the facilities they visit before they can enter with their animal. They do not have the right to demand access to places where pets are not generally permitted, or to have fees associated with their pets waived.
See also
Dogs for Good (in the UK)
Hearing Dogs for Deaf People (in the UK)
Hounds for Heroes
References
External links
Delta Society's National Service Animal Resource Center
Assistance dog
Dog roles | wiki |
"Down and Out" is a song by American rapper Cam'ron, released as the fifth and final single from his fourth studio album Purple Haze (2004). It features guest appearances from singer Syleena Johnson and rapper Kanye West. Though West received the sole producer credit for the track, he acknowledged that the beat was primarily produced by Brian "All Day" Miller.
Charts
Radio and release history
References
2004 songs
2005 singles
Cam'ron songs
Kanye West songs
Songs written by Kanye West
Song recordings produced by Kanye West
Roc-A-Fella Records singles
Songs written by Cam'ron
Syleena Johnson songs | wiki |
Al-Shifa may refer to:
The Book of Healing by Avicenna
Al-Shifa bi Ta'rif Huquq al-Mustafa by Qadi Iyad | wiki |
Image differencing is an image processing technique used to determine changes between images. The difference between two images is calculated by finding the difference between each pixel in each image, and generating an image based on the result. For this technique to work, the two images must first be aligned so that corresponding points coincide, and their photometric values must be made compatible, either by careful calibration, or by post-processing (using color mapping). The complexity of the pre-processing needed before differencing varies with the type of image.
Image differencing techniques are commonly used in astronomy to locate objects that fluctuate in brightness or move against the star field.
The Hutchinson metric can be used to "measure of the discrepancy between two images for use in fractal image processing".
See also
Blink comparator
Difference matte
Image stabilization
Sources and notes
External links
Sussex Computer Vision webpage: Use of motion information in computer vision
Image processing | wiki |
The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a large breed of dog belonging to the retriever, gundog, and sporting breed groups. The breed was developed in the United States Chesapeake Bay area during the 19th century. Historically used by local market hunters to retrieve waterfowl, pull fishing nets, and rescue fishermen, it is today primarily a family pet and hunting companion, known for a bright and happy disposition; courage; willingness to work; alertness; intelligence; love of water; and hunting capabilities. The Chesapeake is a medium- to large-sized dog similar in appearance to the Labrador Retriever, but with a wavy coat.
Appearance
Distinctive features include eyes that are very clear, of yellowish or amber hue, hindquarters as high or a trifle higher than the shoulders, and a double-coat that tends to wave on shoulders, neck, back, and loins. The waterproof coat feels slightly oily and is often associated with a slight musky odor. Three basic colors are generally seen in the breed: brown, which includes all shades from a light to a deep dark brown; sedge, which varies from a reddish yellow through a bright red to chestnut shades; and deadgrass in all its shades, varying from a faded tan to a dull straw color. The breed standard states that white may also appear but it must be limited to the breast, belly, toes, or back of the feet. The head is round and broad with a medium stop and muzzle. The lips are thin, and the ears are small and of medium leather. The forelegs should be straight with good bone. The hindquarters are especially strong and the toes webbed since excellent swimming ability is important for the Chesapeake. This breed is also known for its large and powerful chest, used to break apart ice when diving into cold water while duck hunting.
Coat
The coat of the Chesapeake Bay Retriever is given the most consideration of any trait listed on the Positive Scale of Points in the Breed Standard. However the AKC Standard also reads "The question of coat and general type of balance takes precedence over any scoring table which could be drawn up. The Chesapeake should be well proportioned, an animal with a good coat and well balanced in other points being preferable to one excelling in some but weak in others." The hair on the face and legs should be very short and straight with a tendency to wave, never curl, on the shoulders, neck, back, and loins only and nowhere over 1.5 inches long. Moderate feathering on the rear of the hindquarters and tail is permissible although not longer than 1.75 inches long.The texture of the thick double-coat is important in protecting the dog from cold water and icy conditions. The oil in the harsh outer coat and woolly undercoat resists water, keeping the dog dry and warm. Maintenance of the coat is minimal and mainly consists of brushing with a short-tooth brush once a week. It is difficult to get a Chesapeake Bay Retriever thoroughly wet, but they should be bathed every 3–4 months using a suitably mild shampoo, then dried thoroughly. Brushing or bathing more often can ruin the texture since it strips the protective oil from the coat and may even remove the undercoat. The color of the coat must be similar to the working surroundings. Any color of brown, sedge or deadgrass is acceptable and one color is not preferred over another. The American Chesapeake Club includes a discussion on color:
Three basic colors are generally seen in the breed: Brown which includes all shades from a light cocoa (a silvered brown) to a deep bittersweet chocolate color; sedge which varies from a reddish yellow through a bright red to chestnut shades; deadgrass which takes in all shades of deadgrass, varying from a faded tan to a dull straw color. Historic records show that some of the deadgrass shades can be very light, almost white in appearance, while darker deadgrass colors can include diluted shades of brown called ash, that appear as either gray or taupe. The almost white and ash/taupe/gray shades are not commonly seen, but are acceptable.
The difference between a sedge and a deadgrass is that the deadgrass shades contain no significant amount of red, while the sedge shades do have red. Coat and texture also play a factor in the perception of color. The self-color pattern is preferred by the standard (One color with or without lighter and darker shadings of the same color). You will see dogs with varying degrees of other markings such as: masking on top of the skull, striping effect of light & dark through the body and on legs, distinct & indistinct saddle markings, agouti coloring and tan points. All are acceptable, they are just not preferred.
A white spot on the breast (not extending above the sternum), belly, toes or back of the feet is permissible, but the smaller the spot the better. White beyond these areas and black anywhere on the body is not allowed in the breed standard.
Temperament
The quintessential Chesapeake Bay Retriever has a bright and happy disposition, intelligence, quiet good sense, and an affectionate protective nature. Some can be quite vocal when happy, and some will 'smile' by baring their front teeth in a peculiar grin; this is not a threat, but a sign of joy or submissiveness.
Chesapeake Bay Retrievers can make excellent family dogs when socialized properly. Some Chesapeakes are assertive and willful and may be reserved with strangers, but others are passive and outgoing with people.
Training
thumb|right|A Chesapeake Bay Retriever competing in agilityThe Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a versatile breed competing in field trials, hunt tests, conformation, obedience, agility and tracking, yet remains true to its roots as a hunting dog of great stamina and ability. The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is an intelligent breed and learns at a high speed. Historically considered stubborn and difficult to train, many trainers thought this breed required more physical discipline than other retriever breeds. Some trainers now recommend that the Chesapeake Bay Retriever owner use consistent, daily obedience training with play time before and after to keep the dog wanting to work with little or no physical discipline required.
Health
The breed is subject to a number of hereditary diseases. These include, but are not limited to:
Exercise-induced collapse
Hip dysplasia
Progressive retinal atrophy
Type 3 von Willebrand disease
Cataract
Regional Alopecia in both sexes
A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85). A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 don't live past 5 years.
History
Chesapeake Bay Retrievers trace their history to two pups who were rescued from a foundering ship in Maryland in 1807. The male "Sailor" and female "Canton" were described as Newfoundland dogs, but were more accurately Lesser Newfoundland or St. John's water dogs. These two lived in different parts of the bay area and there is no record of a litter being produced together. They were bred with area dogs, with more consideration given to ability than to breed, to create the beginnings of the Chesapeake Bay Retriever breed. There are few records of the breeds of these early dogs, but spaniels and hounds were included. Dogs from both Chesapeake Bay shores were recognized as one of three types of Chesapeake Bay Ducking Dog in 1877. In 1918 a single type, called the Chesapeake Bay Retriever, was recognized by the American Kennel Club, and there have been few changes to the breed standard since then.
George Law, who rescued the pups, wrote this account in 1845 which appears on the website of the American Chesapeake Bay Retriever Club:
In the fall of 1807 I was on board of the ship Canton'', belonging to my uncle, the late Hugh Thompson, of Baltimore, when we fell in, at sea, near the termination of a very heavy equinoctial gale, with an English brig in a sinking condition, and took off the crew. The brig was loaded with codfish, and was bound to Pole, in England, from Newfoundland. I boarded her, in command of a boat from the Canton, which was sent to take off the English crew, the brig's own boats having been all swept away, and her crew in a state of intoxication. I found onboard of her two Newfoundland pups, male and female, which I saved, and subsequently, on our landing the English crew at Norfolk, our own destination being Baltimore, I purchased these two pups of the English captain for a guinea apiece. Being bound again to sea, I gave the dog pup, which was called Sailor, to Mr. John Mercer, of West River; and the slut pup, which was called Canton, to Doctor James Stewart, of Sparrow's Point. The history which the English captain gave me of these pups was, that the owner of his brig was extensively engaged in the Newfoundland trade, and had directed his correspondent to select and send him a pair of pups of the most approved Newfoundland breed, but of different families, and that the pair I purchased of him were selected under this order. The dog was of a dingy red colour; and the slut black. They were not large; their hair was short, but very thick-coated; they had dew claws. Both attained great reputation as water-dogs. They were most sagacious in every thing, particularly so in all duties connected with duck-shooting. Governor Lloyd exchanged a Merino ram for the dog, at the time of the Merino fever, when such rams were selling for many hundred dollars, and took him over to his estate on the eastern shore of Maryland, where his progeny were well known for many years after; and may still be known there, and on the western shore, as the Sailor breed. The slut remained at Sparrows Point till her death, and her progeny were and are still well known, through Patapsco Neck, on the Gunpowder, and up the bay, amongst the duck-shooters, as unsurpassed for their purposes. I have heard both Doctor Stewart and Mr. Mercer relate most extraordinary instances of the sagacity and performance of both dog and slut, and would refer you to their friends for such particulars as I am unable, at this distance of time, to recollect with sufficient accuracy to repeat.
Mercer is said to have described Sailor:
... he was of fine size and figure-lofty in his carriage, and built for strength and activity; remarkably muscular and broad across the hips and breast; head large, but not out of proportion; muzzle rather longer than is common with that race of dogs; his colour a dingy red, with some white on the face and breast; his coat short and smooth, but uncommonly thick, and more like a coarse fur than hair; tail full, with long hair, and always carried very high. His eyes were very peculiar: they were so light as to have almost an unnatural appearance, something resembling what is termed a wail eye, in a horse; and it is remarkable, that in a visit which I made to the Eastern Shore, nearly twenty years after he was sent there, in a sloop which had been sent expressly for him, to West River, by Governor Lloyd, I saw many of his descendants who were marked with this peculiarity.
In 1964, it was declared the official dog of Maryland. It is the mascot of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Members of the breed were owned by General George Armstrong Custer, President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator John McCain, and actors Paul Walker and Tom Felton.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
References
External links
Pedigree Databases
The Chesapeake Bay Retriever Pedigree Database
ChessieInfo Network - Health, Titling and Pedigree database
FCI breeds
Maryland culture
Dog breeds originating in the United States
Gundogs
Retrievers | wiki |
In genetics, a non-paternity event (also known as misattributed paternity, not parent expected, or NPE) is the situation in which someone who is presumed to be an individual's father is not in fact the biological father. This presumption of NPE is a subset of a misattributed parentage experience (MPE) which may be on the part of the individual, the parents, or the attending midwife, physician or nurse. An MPE may result from sperm donation, undisclosed adoption, heteropaternal superfecundation, promiscuity, paternity fraud, or sexual assault, as well as medical mistakes, for example, mixups during procedures such as in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination. Where there is uncertainty, the most reliable technique for establishing paternity is genetic testing; however, there is still a risk of error due to the potential for gene mutations or scoring errors.
Overall, the incidence of misattributed parentage experiences ranges from about 0.4% to 5.9%, though it may be higher in certain populations. The discovery of previously unsuspected or undisclosed non-paternity may have both social and medical consequences. Non-paternity that is due to a previously undisclosed extra-marital relationship often has serious consequences for a marital relationship. Non-paternity is medically relevant when interpreting the results and utility of genetic screening for hereditary illnesses.
Definitions and uses
The term nonpaternity event was first used in 2000 in a study of the surname "Skyes" and the Y-chromosome haplotype to denote if non-Skyes males had been introduced into the family line. Bellis et al. (2005) stated that misattributed paternity "occurs when a child is believed to have been fathered by the husband (or partner) but is actually the child of another man." Non-paternity events are also sometimes referred to as misattributed paternity, paternal discrepancy or false paternity. Although it is sometimes referred to as paternity fraud, that suggests that the misattribution was deliberate, rather than accidental. In a scientific review of non-paternity studies since the 1950s, Bellis et al. (2005) stated that knowingly covering up an accidental pregnancy that resulted from infidelity is often assumed to be the reason for non-paternity but that there are many other reasons: "for example, where sex with the long term partner has not produced children a woman might seek conception elsewhere." They said other reasons might be undisclosed adoptions, accidental misattribution resulting from multiple relationships in close succession as well as medical mistakes, such as mixups during procedures such as in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination.
In genetic genealogy, the term non-paternity is often used in a wider context to indicate a break in the link between the Y-chromosome and the surname. Such a breakage may occur because of formal or informal adoption, premarital or extramarital intercourse or rape; a woman raising a grandchild as her own to cover for her unwed daughter's pregnancy or when individuals use a different surname than their biological father, such as their mother's maiden name, a stepfather's name, the use of aliases or a legal name change. Example: Volkonsky.
Testing for non-paternity
The most reliable test for paternity is genetic testing, also known as DNA testing. Requirements for consent and counseling vary by country. However, genetic testing is based on probabilities and is not always definitive. Jones et al. (2010) said, "Characteristics of the markers and the fact that they are analyzed by fallible humans can result in inconsistencies that present problems for parentage analysis." False negatives may occur due to low-quality samples, gene mutations, or genotyping errors (when a genotype is misread or inaccurately scored). There is a higher probability of accuracy when DNA from both parents can be tested. The accuracy increases even more when DNA from a sibling is available.
Rates of non-paternity
Typical births
It is difficult to accurately estimate the incidence of misattributed paternity, and there have been large discrepancies in the research published on the topic. Often, data on non-paternity rates are reported tangentially to the primary goal of research without sufficient detail, and very few studies involve randomized samples. As such, it is not possible to make valid generalizations based on a large portion of the available literature. Bellis et al. (2005) found that between 1950 and 2004, the rates of misattributed paternity published in scientific journals ranged from 0.8% to 30% with a median of 3.7%. According to a study published in the Lancet, "High rates have been quoted, but are often unsupported by any published evidence or based on unrepresentative population samples."
Turi King and Mark Jobling of the Department of Genetics at University of Leicester called the commonly cited 30% rate of non-paternity an "urban myth." According to King and Jobling, the figure is really around 2%. They also stated that misattributed paternity is often impacted by cultural and socioeconomic factors and that it occurs more frequently among unmarried couples. The sociologist Michael Gilding concluded that inflated figures have been circulated by the media, the paternity testing industry, fathers' rights activists and evolutionary psychologists. He traced many of those overestimates back to a 1972 conference at which non-paternity rates as high as 30% were discussed. Gilding states that those data show only the incidence of non-paternity in which disputed parentage was the reason for paternity testing. In situations that disputed parentage was the reason for the paternity testing, there were higher levels with an incidence of 17% to 33% (median of 26.9%). Most at risk of parental discrepancy were those born to younger parents, to unmarried couples and those of lower socio-economic status or from certain ethnic and cultural groups.
Atypical multiple births
Rarely, genetic testing has revealed children from multiple births to have different fathers, which is known as "heteropaternal superfecundation." One study estimated that the incidence of bipaternal twins born to white women in the United States is around one pair in 400. Another study found the prevalence to be approximately one pair in 13,000 cases.
See also
Cuckoldry
Cicisbeo
Issue (genealogy)
Legitimacy (family law)
Children of the plantation
References
Genealogy
Genetic genealogy
Kinship and descent
Child support
Fathers' rights
Family law
Paternity
Reproductive rights | wiki |
Ellen Smith est un nom pouvant désigner:
(1861-1933), femme politique canadienne de Colombie-Britannique
, activiste et suffragette britannique
Voir aussi
, ballade américaine
Smith, Ellen | wiki |
Dragon Quest and Final Fantasy in Itadaki Street Portable est un jeu vidéo de type party game sorti au Japon en 2006 sur PlayStation Portable, développé par Think Garage et édité par Square Enix. Il fait partie des séries Dragon Quest et Final Fantasy.
Accueil
Notes et références
Jeu PlayStation Portable
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2006
Jeu vidéo inspiré des jeux de société
Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
Final Fantasy
Spin-off de Final Fantasy
2006 en fantasy | wiki |
Fatoot () is a group of Yemeni dishes based on shredded bread.
References
Yemeni cuisine | wiki |
A solenoid brake is an electrically controlled brake. The brake is turned on and off by an electrical solenoid. Typically a spring engages the brake when unpowered, and the solenoid releases it when powered.
These are used along with a mechanical brake to manage the load on a cargo winch. They're also used in electric wheel chairs, hoists, printers, photocopiers, etc.
Brakes | wiki |
A meme pool is the sum total of all memes (transmittable units of cultural ideas, practices, symbols) present in a given human population. The term is analogous to gene pool. The meme pool is in essence the matrix of the whole of the culture of a population. Because the memes of instruction of production of material culture are included, then the entire culture, including material culture and interactions between individuals is determined by information held within the meme pool. The state of a meme pool determines what sort of memes will be reproductive, and in this way it may be thought of as the meme-logical environment.
Examples of meme pools may include large Internet communities such as imageboards, online forums, and wikis. More tangibly, large shopping malls, schools, and other social institutions may be included in the definition of a meme pool.
The term was coined by Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene.
References
Pool | wiki |
Split screen may refer to:
Split screen (computing), dividing graphics into adjacent parts
Split screen (video production), the visible division of the screen
Split Screen (TV series), 1997–2001
Split-Screen Level, a bug in the video game Pac-Man at Level 256
Split screen, a focusing screen in a system camera
Splitscreen, or Volkswagen Type 2, a light commercial vehicle 1950–1967
See also
Multi-screen (disambiguation)
Dual Screen (disambiguation)
bg:Split screen
de:Split Screen
fr:Split screen | wiki |
Următoarea este o listă a episoadelor a serialului Austin & Ally, difuzat pe Disney Channel.
Tabelul episoadelor
Lista episoadelor
Sezonul 1 (2011-12)
Sezonul 2 (2012-13)
Sezonul 3 (2013-14)
Sezonul 4 (2015-16)
Note
Austin & Ally
Disney Channel | wiki |
The Merced Bears were a minor league baseball team in the Class C California League in 1941. Bears is also the name of the athletic teams of Merced High School.
External links
Baseball Reference
Baseball teams established in 1941
Baseball teams disestablished in 1941
Defunct California League teams
Professional baseball teams in California
Defunct baseball teams in California
1941 establishments in California
1941 disestablishments in California
Merced, California | wiki |
The northern harrier (Circus hudsonius), also known as the marsh hawk or ring-tailed hawk, is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the northern hemisphere in Canada and the northernmost USA.
The northern harrier migrates to more southerly areas in winter, with breeding birds in more northern areas moving to the southernmost USA, Mexico, and Central America. In milder regions in the southern US, they may be present all year, but the higher ground is largely deserted in winter. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes.
The northern harrier was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the Eurasian hen harrier.
Taxonomy
In 1750 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the northern harrier in the third volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The Ring-tail'd Hawk". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a bird collected near the Hudson Bay in Canada and brought to London by James Isham. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he placed the northern harrier with the falcons and eagles in the genus Falco. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Falco hudsonius and cited Edwards' work. The northern harrier is now placed in the genus Circus that was introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. The genus name Circus is derived from the Ancient Greek kirkos, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (kirkos, "circle"). The specific epithet hudsonius is from "Hudson Bay", the type locality. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
The northern harrier was formerly considered to be conspecific with the hen harrier.
Description
The northern harrier is long with a wingspan. It resembles other harriers in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing , with an average of , and females weighing , with an average of . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is and the tarsus is . It is relatively long-winged and long-tailed, having the longest wing and tail relative to its body size of any raptor occurring in North America.
According to genetic analysis, some taxonomists have split the northern harrier from the hen harrier. It breeds in North America, and its closest relative is the Cinereous Harrier (C. cinereus). The male's plumage is darker grey than that of the hen harrier, and the female is also darker and more rufous. The adult male is sometimes nicknamed the "Grey Ghost", because of his striking plumage and spectral aura.
The female gives a whistled piih-eh when receiving food from the male, and her alarm call is chit-it-it-it-it-et-it. The male calls chek-chek-chek, with a more bouncing chuk-uk-uk-uk during his display flight.
Behaviour
This medium-sized raptor breeds on moorland, bogs, prairies, farmland coastal prairies, marshes, grasslands, swamps and other assorted open areas. A male will maintain a territory averaging , though male territories have ranged from .
These are one of the few raptorial birds known to practice polygyny – one male mates with several females. Up to five females have been known to mate with one male in a season. The nest is built on the ground or on a mound of dirt or vegetation. Nests are made of sticks and are lined inside with grass and leaves. Four to eight (exceptionally 2 to 10) whitish eggs are laid. The eggs measure approximately . The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 31 to 32 days. When incubating eggs, the female sits on the nest while the male hunts and brings food to her and the chicks. The male will help feed chicks after they hatch, but does not usually watch them for a greater period of time than around 5 minutes. The male usually passes off food to the female, which she then feeds to the young, although later the female will capture food and simply drop into the nest for her nestlings to eat. The chicks fledge at around 36 days old, though breeding maturity is not reached until 2 years in females and 3 years in males.
Hunting behavior
This is a typical harrier, which hunts on long wings held in a shallow V in its low flight during which the bird closely hugs the contours of the land below it. Northern or hen harriers hunt primarily small mammals, as do most harriers. Preferred prey species can include voles, cotton rats and ground squirrels. Up to 95% of the diet comprises small mammals. However, birds are hunted with some regularity as well, especially by males. Preferred avian prey include passerines of open country (i.e. sparrows, larks, pipits), small shorebirds and the young of waterfowl and galliforms. Supplementing the diet occasionally are amphibians (especially frogs), reptiles and insects (especially orthopterans). The species has been observed to hunt bats if these are available. Larger prey, such as rabbits and adult ducks are taken sometimes and harriers have been known to subdue these by drowning them in water. Harriers hunt by surprising prey while flying low to the ground in open areas, as they drift low over fields and moors. The harriers circle an area several times listening and looking for prey. Harriers use hearing regularly to find prey, as they have exceptionally good hearing for diurnal raptors, this being the function of their owl-like facial disc. This harrier tends to be a very vocal bird while it glides over its hunting ground.
Mortality and competition
Little information is available on longevity in northern harriers. The longest lived known bird is 16 years and 5 months. However, adults rarely live more than 8 years. Early mortality mainly results from predation. Predators of eggs and nestlings include raccoons, skunks, badgers, foxes, crows and ravens, dogs and owls. Fledglings are also predated regularly, especially by great horned owls. Both parents attack potential predators with alarm calls and striking with talons. Short-eared owls are natural competitors of this species that favor the same prey and habitat, as well as having a similarly broad distribution. Occasionally, both harriers and short-eared owls will harass each other until the victim drops its prey and it can be stolen, a practice known as kleptoparasitism. Most commonly, the harriers are the aggressors pirating prey from owls.
Status
This species has a large range, and there is evidence of a population decline, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). It is therefore classified as "least concern".
Relationship with humans
Some Native American tribes believe that seeing a hawk on your wedding day is a sign of a long, happy marriage. Unlike many raptors, hen or northern harriers have historically been favorably regarded by farmers because they eat mice that damage crops and predators of quail eggs. Harriers are sometimes called "good hawks" because they pose no threat to poultry as some hawks do. Heavy pesticide use in the 1970s and 1980s caused a decline in harrier populations.
References
External links
Northern Harrier Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
northern harrier
Birds of prey of North America
Birds of the Dominican Republic
northern harrier
northern harrier | wiki |
The Raunt was a former Long Island Rail Road station on the Rockaway Beach Branch. It had no address and no station house, because it was meant strictly as a dropping-off point for fishermen using a small island in Jamaica Bay. The station was located west of signal station "ER" (presumably #96), and near the WU Tower. It was named for the channel on the south side of the island where it stood.
History
The Raunt station opened in 1888 by the New York and Rockaway Beach Railway. It had a wooden pedestrian bridge between the two sheltered platforms, and was electrified on July 26, 1905. The Jamaica Bay Trestle was prone to fires, but The Raunt was the source of a May 7–8, 1950 fire that broke out between here and Broad Channel, destroyed the bridge over Jamaica Bay and thus doomed the entire line. Service on the Rockaway Beach Branch west of Hammels continued only via the Far Rockaway Branch, until October 3, 1955, when the branch was abandoned west of Far Rockaway itself, along with the entire Rockaway Beach Branch south of Ozone Park.
Both branches were sold to the New York City Transit Authority, which replaced the Rockaway Beach Branch, and the Queens half of the Far Rockaway Branch with the IND Rockaway Line. The Broad Channel station was replaced in 1956 as a New York City Subway station, but the small community at The Raunt was ordered demolished by New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses and became part of the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge.
References
External links
Arrt's Arrchives
Electrification of Rockaway Beach Branch from Ozone Park to Hammel's Wye
The Raunt Image
Former site of The Raunt station (Road and Rail Pictures)
Raunt, The
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1888
Railway stations closed in 1950
Raunt, The
1888 establishments in New York (state)
1950 disestablishments in New York (state) | wiki |
Sedgwickian is an adjective that may refer to:
Adam Sedgwick (1785–1873), one of the founders of modern geology
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (1950–2009), an American academic scholar in the fields of gender studies, queer theory, and critical theory | wiki |
In United States law, the ordinary course of business (OCB) covers the usual transactions, customs and practices of a certain business and of a certain firm. This term is used particularly to judge the validity of certain transactions. It is used in several different sections of the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States.
Section 1-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code defines a "Buyer in the ordinary course of business" by a four-part test:
a person that buys goods in good faith,
without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods [e.g. a security interest],
and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind.
A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices.
[emphasis added]
American legal terminology
Business law | wiki |
The table lists various objects and units by the order of magnitude of their volume.
Sub-microscopic
Microscopic
Human measures
Terrestrial
Astronomical
References
Volume | wiki |
Several different minor league baseball teams played in the city of Oakland, California in the California League (and its alternate names) starting in 1879 until 1915. From that point, the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League took over as the main team in Oakland.
External links
Baseball Reference
Baseball teams established in 1879
Baseball teams disestablished in 1915
Professional baseball teams in California
Sports teams in Oakland, California
Defunct California League teams
Defunct California State League teams
Defunct Pacific Coast League teams
Defunct New California League teams
Defunct Central California League teams
Defunct San Francisco City League teams
Defunct California Winter League teams
Defunct California Players League teams
Defunct baseball teams in California
1879 establishments in California
1915 disestablishments in California | wiki |
District 6 is a district north of the old town in the Swiss city of Zürich.
The district comprises the quarters Unterstrass and Oberstrass. Both entities were formerly municipalities of their own, but were incorporated into Zürich in 1893.
District 6 of Zürich
6 | wiki |
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the fundamental governing document of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the 50 individual state governments that make up the United States of America. As a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779, John Adams was the document's principal author. Voters approved the document on June 15, 1780. It became effective on October 25, 1780, and is among the oldest functioning written constitutions in continuous effect in the world. Only the Constitution of San Marino and the Magna Carta have sections still in force that are older. It was also the first constitution anywhere to be created by a convention called for that purpose rather than by a legislative body.
The Massachusetts Constitution was written last of the original states' first constitutions. Rather than taking the form of a list of provisions, it was organized into a structure of chapters, sections and articles. It served as a model for the Constitution of the United States of America, drafted seven years later, which used a similar structure. It also influenced later revisions of many other state constitutions. The Massachusetts Constitution has four parts: a preamble, a declaration of rights, a description of the framework of government, and articles of amendment.
It has been amended 121 times, most recently in 2022.
History
In the spring of 1775, Adams took the position that each state should call a special convention to write a constitution and then submit it to a popular vote. He told the Continental Congress that:
The legislative body of Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts General Court, instead drafted its own version of a constitution and submitted it to the voters, who rejected it in 1778. That version did not provide for the separation of powers, nor did it include a statement of individual rights. The General Court then organized the election of delegates from each town to participate in a convention that would draft a constitution and submit their work to a popular vote with the understanding that its adoption would require approval by two-thirds of the voters. The constitutional convention met in Cambridge in September 1779.
The convention sat from September 1 to October 30, 1779. Its 312 members chose a committee of thirty members to prepare a new constitution and declaration of rights. That committee asked Adams to draft a declaration of rights. It appointed a subcommittee of James Bowdoin, Samuel Adams, and John Adams to draft the constitution and that trio delegated the drafting to John Adams alone. He later wrote that he constituted a "sub-sub committee of one". An article on religion was referred to members of the clergy, which resulted in a form of religious establishment entirely unlike that later adopted at the federal level. Adams advocated for an end to that establishment when revisions to the constitution were considered in 1820 and his views were adopted in 1832.
Adams's draft declaration of rights read in part: "All men are born equally free and independent..." Before being adopted by the constitutional convention it was revised to read: "All men are born free and equal..." At the insistence of Adams, the document referred to the state as a "commonwealth."
Male voters 21 years or older ratified the constitution and declaration of rights at the convention on June 15, 1780, and it became effective on October 25, 1780.
Preamble
The preamble of the constitution provided a model that was drawn on when the United States Constitution was composed a few years later, including some phrases near the end. It reads:
Declaration of Rights
"Part the First: A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" consists of thirty articles. The first states:
This article was the subject of a landmark case in 1781 before a Massachusetts court sitting in Great Barrington, Brom and Bett v. Ashley. Elizabeth Freeman (whose slave name was "Bett"), a black slave owned by Colonel John Ashley, sued for her freedom based on this article. The jury agreed that slavery was inconsistent with the Massachusetts Constitution and awarded Freeman £5 in damages and her freedom. A few years later, Quock Walker, a black slave, sued his master for false imprisonment; the jury found for Walker and awarded him damages of £50. His master was then subject to criminal prosecution for assault and battery against Walker and was found guilty by a jury, which imposed a fine of 40/- (£2). In this manner, slavery lost any legal protection in Massachusetts, making it a tortious act under the law, effectively abolishing it within the Commonwealth.
In 1976 by amendment Article CVI, this article was amended to change the word "men" to "people". That amendment also added an additional sentence: “Equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of sex, race, color, creed or national origin.”
This article was also the basis for the 2003 Supreme Judicial Court's ruling in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health required the Commonwealth to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples on an equal basis with different-sex couples.
The next several Articles within the "Part the First" in the original 1780 Constitution of Massachusetts called upon the people of the Commonwealth as being their "right as well as the duty of all men" (Article II) to a strong religious conviction and belief.
Article III continued by noting that "the happiness of a people" and "preservation of civil government" is explicitly tied to religion and morality. This article established the possibility of "town religions" by allowing the state legislature, though Massachusetts cannot declare or recognize a state religion, to require towns to pay for the upkeep of a Protestant church out of local tax funds, with the town to determine by majority vote the denomination it would support as its parish church.
From 1780 to 1824 these democratically selected parish churches were considered the only churches with full legal rights, as "voluntary" churches ran against the Federalist ideal of a commonwealth. Until 1822 all residents of a town were required to belong to the parish church. In that year they were allowed to attend a neighboring town's church instead, and in 1824 full religious freedom was granted. However, the parishes remained beneficiaries of local taxes and were unable to expel dissident parishioners, since as residents they were members of the parish until they declared otherwise. Soon both dissident churches and the majority Congregational Church increasingly recognized that this system was contrary to the voluntary nature of religious worship. This section of the constitution was amended by bipartisan consensus in 1834 at the same time that several blue laws were repealed.
Frame of Government
Part II, Chapter I, Section I
The opening of the "Part the Second" lays down the official name of the State of Massachusetts.
The first three articles in Chapter I, Section I,of the Massachusetts Constitution establishes the three primary branches of government; an executive, a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary. The design of this system, unique at the time, was created to ensure the proper separation of power between the different entities. The framers of the state constitution intended by this means to prevent the abuse of power by any one branch.
Removal – impeachment
Massachusetts allows impeachment of government officials through the Legislature. They can also disqualify convicted officials from ever holding any place within the commonwealth.
Articles of Amendment
There are 121 Articles of Amendment that have been added to the Massachusetts Constitution. The most recent one places a 4% marginal tax on income over $1,000,000 and was approved by a vote of 52% to 48% in 2022.
The amendment process is governed by the 48th Article of Amendment to the Constitution, which establishes an indirect initiative process that requires action by the state legislature, followed by a referendum.
For an amendment to be placed before the voters as a referendum, a state constitutional convention, a joint meeting of both houses of the legislature sitting as one body, in each of two successive two-year legislative sessions, must provide the required number of votes, which varies according to how the proposed amendment comes before the convention.
If it is a legislative amendment proposed by a legislator, the threshold is 50% of the members. If it is an initiative amendment put forward by petition, the threshold is 25% of the members. In both cases, the calculation of the votes is based on the number of seats in the constitutional convention, not the members present or seated.
The number of certified signatures required on the petitions is 3% of the total vote cast for all candidates for governor (excluding blanks) at the immediately preceding state election.<ref>Massachusetts Legislature: Article XLVIII, accessed July 5, 2013</ref>
Constitutional conventions
The state has held four constitutional conventions of elected delegates (as opposed to those that are special sessions of the legislature):
Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779–1780, drew up the original document
Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1820–1821, submitted a number of articles to a popular vote, resulting in the adoption of the first nine amendments and the rejection of a number of other proposals
Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853
Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1917–1918
See also
Mayflower Compact (1620)
Massachusetts Charter
Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company
Initiative petition, the Bay State's specific legal term for a public method for Massachusetts residents to affect Constitutional law, for example, Proposition 2½
Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641)
Instrument of Government (1653)
Law of Massachusetts
State constitution (United States)
Unenrolled voter: within Massachusetts, one who is registered to vote, but with no'' declared party affiliation.
References
External links
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Full Text)
Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1780 printed edition, appending an address given by convention president James Bowdoin
1779 documents
1779 in Massachusetts
1780 establishments in Massachusetts
1780 in law
Constitution
Constitition
Constitution
Constitution
Massachusetts | wiki |
Elmer Fjot (en: Elmer Fudd) er en meget fjollet figur skabt af Warner Brothers. Man kan kende ham, på hans meget usædvanlige måde at grine på. Han blev skabt i starten af Snurre Snups karriere, sandsynligvis udelukkende fordi Snurre skulle have nogen at fornærme. Han optræder næsten altid som kaninjæger, ved lejlighed dog også som andejæger, hvor det så er Daffy And, der generer ham.
Elmer Fjots danske stemme indtales af Lasse Lunderskov.
Tegneseriefigurer
WarnerMedia | wiki |
Callipepla is a genus of birds in the New World quail family, Odontophoridae. They are sometimes referred to as crested quails.
Species
References
External links
Bird genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Colinus is a genus of birds in the New World quail family, Odontophoridae. Members of the genus are commonly known as bobwhites.
Species
Extant species
Fossil species
†Colinus eatoni
†Colinus suilium Brodkorb 1959
†Colinus hibbardi Wetmore 1944
References
External links
Bird genera
Taxa named by Georg August Goldfuss
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Kia Corporation, commonly known as Kia (stylized as KИ, , ; formerly known as Kyungsung Precision Industry and Kia Motors Corporation), is a South Korean multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It is South Korea's second largest automobile manufacturer, after its parent company, Hyundai Motor Company, with sales of over 2.8 million vehicles in 2019. the Kia Corporation is minority owned by Hyundai, which holds a 33.88% stake valued at just over US$6 billion. Kia in turn is a minority owner of more than twenty Hyundai subsidiaries ranging from 4.9% up to 45.37%, totaling more than US$8.3 billion.
Etymology
According to the company, the name "Kia" derives from the Sino-Korean characters (, 'to arise') and (, which stands for 亞細亞, meaning 'Asia'); it is roughly translated as "Rising from (East) Asia".
History
Origins and early expansion
Kia was founded on June 9, 1944, as Kyungsung Precision Industry, a manufacturer of steel tubing and bicycle parts, eventually producing Korea's first domestic bicycle, the Samchully, in 1951. In 1952, Kyungsung Precision Industry changed its name to Kia Industries, and later built Honda-licensed small motorcycles (starting in 1957) and Mazda-licensed trucks (1962) and cars (1974). The company opened its first integrated automotive assembly plant in 1973, the Sohari Plant. Kia built the small Mazda-based Brisa range of cars until 1981, when production came to an end after the new military dictator Chun Doo-hwan enforced industry consolidation. This forced Kia to give up passenger cars and focus entirely on light trucks. Kia assembled a few hundred more cars in 1982 and 1983, after the ban had taken effect, but no passenger cars were built in 1984 and 1985.
Prior to the forced 1981 shutdown, Kia had rounded out its passenger car lineup with two other foreign models assembled under license: the Fiat 132 and the Peugeot 604. The import of these knock-down kits was permitted as long as Kia exported five cars for every single Fiat or Peugeot brought in (Hyundai had to meet the same requirement).
Starting in 1986 (when only 26 cars were manufactured, followed by over 95,000 the next year), Kia rejoined the automobile industry in partnership with Ford. Kia produced several Mazda-derived vehicles for both domestic sales in South Korea and for export into other countries - where they were positioned at the budget end of the market. These models included the Kia Pride, based on the Mazda 121 and the Avella, which were sold in North America and Australasia as the Ford Festiva and Ford Aspire. In 1992, Kia Motors America was incorporated in the United States. The first Kia-branded vehicles in the United States were sold from four dealerships in Portland, Oregon, in 1992. Since then, Kia methodically expanded one region at a time. Dealers in 1994 sold the Sephia and a few years later the United States segment expanded their line with the Sportage. Over one hundred Kia dealerships existed across thirty states by 1995, selling a record 24,740 automobiles.
Hyundai Motor Company takeover
Kia declared bankruptcy in 1997, during the Asian financial crisis, and in 1998 reached an agreement with Hyundai Motor Company to diversify by exchanging ownership between the two companies. Hyundai Motor Company acquired 51% of the company, outbidding Ford Motor Company, which had owned an interest in Kia Motors since 1986. After subsequent divestments, Hyundai Motor Company owns about one third of Kia Motor Corporation. While Hyundai Motor Company remains Kia's largest stakeholder, Kia Motor Company also retains ownership in some 22 Hyundai Motor Company subsidiaries. Since 2005, Kia has focused on the European market and has identified design as its "core future growth engine" – leading to the hiring of Peter Schreyer in 2006 as chief design officer and his subsequent creation of a new corporate grille known as the 'Tiger Nose'. In October 2006, Kia Motors America broke ground for Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point, Georgia, representing a US$1 billion investment for the company. Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia opened in February 2010, after Kia recorded its 15th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share. In August 2014, the company received international attention when Pope Francis of the Catholic Church rode in one of their compact cars, the Kia Soul, during a five-day visit to South Korea. The Kia Soul drew bigger attention than two other vehicles used by the Pope, their Kia Carnival and Hyundai's Santa Fe, because it appeared in the high-profile welcoming ceremony of his arrival at the Seoul Airport on August 14. In 2016, Kia Motors model reliability was ranked first in the United States by J.D. Power and Associates, becoming the first non-luxury automaker since 1989 to top that list.
Kia started using an angular "KIA" wordmark logo in early 2021. The logo uses an "I" and an oblique "A" without a crossbar immediately next to each other, which some consumers have misread as the stylized "KИ" as "KN".
Board of Directors
As of January 2021:
Chung Eui-sun, Chairman of Hyundai Motor Group
Song Ho-sung, President and CEO of Kia Corporation
Jun-Young Choi, Executive Vice President of Kia Corporation
Woo-Jeong Joo, Executive Vice President & CFO of Kia Corporation
Sang-Koo Nam, Professor of Business Administration at Gachon University
Chol-Su Han, Advisor at Yoon & Yang Law Firm
Duk-Joong Kim, Advisor at Yoon & Yang Law Firm
Dong-One Kim, Professor of Business School at Korea University
Wha-Sun Jho, full-time member of the policy department of the Korea Academy of Science and Technology and Professor of Political Science and Diplomacy at Yonsei University
Affiliates and subsidiaries
Hyundai Motor Company
, the Hyundai Motor Company owns a 33.88% stake in Kia Motors. Likewise, as of December 31, 2015, Kia Motors is a part owner of 22 Hyundai companies. Its ownership percentages range from 4.9% to 45.37%.
Kia America
Kia America, Inc. was incorporated in California on October 21, 1992, and became the American sales, marketing, and distribution arm of Kia Corporation. KMA is based in Irvine, California, and currently offers a complete line of vehicles through more than 755 dealers throughout the United States. The first two models that were introduced to the U.S. market in 1993 were KIA Sephia and Kia Sportage 4x4. In the United States, sales began in late 1993 for the 1994 model year. The two models most recently introduced to the U.S. market have both been highly awarded during the short time since their launch: the 2018 Stinger performance sedan gained recognition with J.D. Power's inaugural Engineering Award for Highest Rated All-New Vehicle as well as Business Insider's Car of the Year Award, then the 2020 Telluride made its mark several times over by winning major awards from review organizations like Kelley Blue Book, MotorTrend, Hispanic Motor Press (www.hispanicmotorpress.org) also awarded the Telluride as the best SUV for 2020, and most recently Edmunds.
As a brand, KMA has continued to improve over the years as well; in 2013, Kia Motors America recorded its 18th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share, and for the past five consecutive years (2015-2019) it has been recognized by J.D. Power as the highest ranked mass market brand in initial quality.
In November 2009, Kia started production at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant, Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia, in West Point. Though the Kia Sorento crossover vehicle was the only model to be assembled there at first, the facility has since expanded its production lines to include the Kia Optima mid-size sedan, now sold as the K5, in 2011 and the just-launched Kia Telluride crossover SUV in January 2019. As of September 2019, the location has successfully built over 3 million units of these three models altogether, and shortly after celebrated another milestone by reaching its 10th year of production in November 2019. Currently, the facility has a production capacity of 340,000 vehicles per year (largely dedicated to the Telluride and Sorento crossover SUVs) and is responsible for distributing them to hundreds of dealerships in the US and Canada, as well as fulfilling shipments across North America and even overseas.
Kia Canada
Kia Canada was formed in 1999 as a subsidiary of Kia Motors Corporation serving the Canadian market. It is headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, where it employs approximately 180 people. Kia Canada is best known for its mid-market lineup of sport utility vehicles and crossovers, which are midway in size between SUVs and ordinary sedans, and increasingly for its electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. In 2021, Kia Canada introduced a new logo and slogan, "Movement that inspires". As of 2021, Kia Canada sold nearly 80,000 vehicles a year.
Kia Central & South America Corp.
Kia Central & South America Corp. is an incorporated division of Kia Corporation in charge of sales and marketing in 43 countries across Central and South America (including Brazil), and the Caribbean. The regional headquarters is located in Miami, Florida (US).
Kia Europe
Kia Europe is the European sales and marketing division of Kia Corporation. It has been selling cars in Europe since the first half of 1991.
In 2007, KME moved from its previous location at Hauptstrasse 185, Eschborn (near Frankfurt), to a new purpose-built facility adjacent to the Messe, in Frankfurt city centre.
When Kia launched in Europe during 1991, it initially sold only the Pride supermini – a rebadged version of the late 1980s Mazda 121. It initially proved popular with buyers. By the end of 1991, Kia had sold nearly 1,800 Prides in the United Kingdom. The first full year, 1992, saw that figure double, and, in 1993, it increased again to nearly 5,500 units. However, sales fell towards the end of the decade, and the end of production was finally announced in May 2000, with its successor – the Rio – not going on sale for another year.
From 1995 to 1999, Kia produced left- and right-hand drive versions of the first generation Sportage SUV at the Karmann factory in Osnabrück, Germany. These have been popular across Europe, but, since 2002, Kia has gained more sales in this market thanks to the launch of the larger Sorento. From 1999 until production of the model ceased in 2003, all Sportage production reverted to South Korea.
The European range also expanded in the spring of 1994 when Kia began importing the larger Mentor, a range of medium-sized hatchbacks and sedans which were marketed as inexpensive and well-equipped alternatives to the likes of the Ford Escort and the Vauxhall/Opel Astra.
A facelift in 1999 saw the Mentor name retained for the saloon (sedan), but the hatchback was renamed Shuma. These models remained on sale until 2004, when the newer Cerato was launched and gave Kia one of its first serious competitors against mainstream brands. The Clarus saloon and Sedona MPV were also launched onto the UK market during 1999, helping Kia begin its rise in popularity.
Despite Kia's range increasing from one car as late as 1993, to three cars by the end of 1995, British sales actually decreased in that period, from nearly 5,500 in 1993 to less than 4,000 the following year. In 1998, Kia's future in Britain was thrown into serious doubt when it sold less than 3,000 of its whole range – the worst in any full year on the British market. Kia did not enter Europe's large family car market until the launch of its Clarus four-door sedan in 1999 – a year behind schedule due to the financial difficulties that Kia was facing before it was taken over by Hyundai. This car was similar in size to the Ford Mondeo and the Opel/Vauxhall Vectra, but, on its launch, was actually less expensive to buy than the smaller Focus and the Astra. It had a spacious interior, large boot, competitive asking price, and high equipment levels, but it had little more appeal to sway buyers away from established European brands like Ford, Vauxhall/Opel and Peugeot.
Its successor, the Magentis, launched in 2001, was still nowhere near as popular as Kia might have hoped it would be, although with a sub-£14,000 asking price it offered the cheapest V6-engined car in the UK, by which time it was rare enough for a six-cylinder car to be priced at less than £20,000.
Kia entered the MPV market in 1999 with the Sedona. On its launch, it was the lowest-priced, full-size people carrier on sale in the United Kingdom. With the range expanded by 1999, sales for that year reached almost 6,400 – more than double the previous year's total. That annual sales figure had almost been matched in 2000 by the end of May, reflecting Kia's growing popularity with British buyers. By 2009, Kia was firmly established as a popular brand in Britain, when sales broke the 50,000 barrier for the first time and the brand now had a share of more than 2% in the new car market. The Picanto was the most popular single model with nearly 17,000 sales.
In late 2006, Kia opened its first own plant in Europe at a cost of approximately EUR 1.7 billion in Žilina, Slovakia, in the village of Teplička nad Váhom, after construction between October 2004 and December 2005. It has since produced over 2.5 million units of the Kia Cee'd, Kia Sportage and Kia Venga, as well as seven types of engines. In 2016, 339,500 cars and 612,915 engines were manufactured. The area of the plant is 166 ha and Mobis Slovakia, the largest supplier, is situated right on the carmaker's premises. As of December 31, 2016, 3,625 employees worked in the facility, while their average age was 35. The relatively low number of employees working in three shifts is related to a high degree of automation as well as high integration with Mobis Slovakia. In 2016, Kia Motors Slovakia recorded revenue of EUR 5.56 billion. Although the European car market knew significant difficulties, Kia announced increased sales in 2013.
Kia Mexico
The company has built a $1 billion manufacturing plant in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo León, which produces 300,000 cars a year. Details of the factory, built in the city of Pesquería, were revealed in a joint press conference given by Kia CEO Hyoung-Keun Lee and the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico City on August 28, 2014. The plant was expected to be completed in the first half of 2016. This factory is involved in controversies because it was built on unevenly purchased land, and the construction agreement was made with advantage conditions and out of the local dispositions to Kia.
Kia India
The company has entered the Indian market in July 2019 with their 'Made for India' SUV- SP2 Concept now announced as the global mid-sized SUV Kia Seltos. N. Chandrababu Naidu is lauded to have signed an MOU for the government of Andhra Pradesh which came to be one of the biggest FDI's with a total investment of Rs.12,900 crore. The company has built a production facility on a Greenfield land in Anantpur district, Andhra Pradesh near Penukonda. The annual production capacity is 300,000 units. Kia has appointed Kookhyun Shim as MD & CEO for its Indian arm. In his new role, Shim will be responsible for leading the carmaker's expansion in the Indian market. Shim will play a leading role in ensuring KI's projected timeline and schedule of operations is achieved. He also oversaw the construction of Kia's first manufacturing facility in India, to help strengthen the company's position in the fifth largest global automotive market. Kia has committed investments to the tune of $1.1 billion to develop operations in India including investing in a network of over 250 customer touch-points that include service, sales and spares establishments.
On 31 July 2020, Kia crossed 100,000 car sales in India becoming the fastest car manufacturer to do so.
Kia Lucky Motors Pakistan
Kia Lucky Motors (KLM) is a joint venture in Pakistan between Kia Motors and Lucky Cement. Kia Lucky Motors Pakistan began selling cars in 2018 when they launched their All New Grand Carnival in Pakistan. In quarter 4 2019, Kia Pakistan introduced two new locally manufactured products known as Kia Sportage and Kia Picanto.
Kia Defense
Kia Motors has specialized in the production of military vehicles with variants and other transportation equipment and by supplying them as a sole maker of military vehicles designated by the South Korean Government since 1976, when Kia Heavy Industry Co. Ltd. (now known as Hyundai Wia) was established. Kia is currently designing a Kaiser Jeep M715-type vehicle named the KM450 for the South Korean Army on license from the U.S. Government. Kia is also the owner of the former ex-Asia Motors factory in Gwangju.
Models
Sales figures
Facilities
Design emphasis
Beginning in 2006 Kia identified design as its "core future growth engine" – leading to the 2006 hiring of Peter Schreyer and to the 2005 hiring Tom Kearns as Chief Design Officer. Schreyer had previously worked at Audi (designing the Audi TT) and Volkswagen and had won the Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kearns had previously worked at Cadillac as Chief Design Officer and was responsible for influencing Cadillac's direction of hard angles and sharp lines within their design. Schreyer has since been central to a complete restyling of Kia's line-up, overseeing design activities at Kia's design centers in Frankfurt, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and the Namyang Design Center in South Korea. With the Kee concept vehicle, shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2007, Kia introduced a new corporate grille to create a recognizable 'face' for the brand. Known as the Tiger Nose, Schreyer indicated he wanted "a powerful visual signal, a seal, an identifier. The front of a car needs this recognition, this expression. A car needs a face and I think the new Kia face is strong and distinctive. Visibility is vital and that face should immediately allow you to identify a Kia even from a distance." Schreyer described how the Kia Tiger Nose came to be as he explained, "I was just working on the car and just thinking about different possibilities, and suddenly I found it." Commenting on the new signature grille in 2009: "From now on, we'll have it on all our cars". Kia has since featured the Tiger Nose on all of their vehicles, ranging from the compact Kia Soul, on to the edgy new design of the Kia Optima, and to the larger SUV, the Kia Telluride. Kia cars won Road & Travel Magazine's International Car of the Year award in 2013, 2014 and 2015.
Controversies
In late 2012, Kia Motors was forced to admit error in inflating its United States Environmental Protection Agency mileage claims and had to reduce its fuel economy claims in the U.S. by about 3 percent across the board and to offer compensation to previous vehicle buyers.
Nuevo León plant
Since 2014, Kia Motors has been involved in controversies in Mexico due to alleged irregularities in the construction of one of its manufacturing plants, located in the municipality of Pesquería, Nuevo León. The construction of the plant was done in an irregularly purchased land agreement between Kia Motors Mexico and the State of Nuevo León, then headed by Rodrigo Medina de la Cruz, was signed with unfairly advantageous conditions, such as bigger tax incentives than those allowed by Mexican law (tax exemptions for 20 years when the standard is 5), extended to the Mexican providers of Kia. A copy of the full agreement was published in Facebook by current Nuevo León governor, Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, as part of a prosecution case against Medina and he declared that the signed agreement with his predecessor would be cancelled. A new agreement was then reached with Rodriguez's administration in June 2016. Former governor Medina de la Cruz and 30 other officials of the former state administration were investigated by an anti-corruption prosecutor for alleged embezzlement, improper exercise of public functions and damage to Nuevo León State assets. Medina was then taken into custody on January 26, 2017, in relation to this case and others in which he is involved.
Sponsorship
Kia Motors sponsors the following sports teams, events, venues, and athletes:
Venues
Kia Arena
Kia Forum
Kia Oval
Sports associations
League of Legends European Championship (LEC)
FIFA
UEFA
Liga ACB
National Basketball Association (NBA)
Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)
Sports events
Archery World Cup
Asian Games
Australian Open (tennis tournament)
Copa América
FIBA Asia Championship
FIFA World Cup
Kia Classic (LPGA)
Kia Lotos Race
Kia Super League (cricket)
Korea Speed Festival
UEFA Europa League
Universiade
X Games
X Games Asia
Sports teams
A.C. Monza (Italian association football team)
Atlanta Falcons
Atlético Madrid (Spanish professional football club, from 2005 to 2011)
B-SAD (Portugal association football team)
Bengaluru FC (Indian professional Football Club, from 2018 to 2020)
Boston United FC (English Football Club)
Brisbane Broncos (National Rugby League)
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs (National Rugby League)
DWG KIA (South Korean professional esports organization)
England women's cricket team
FC Hansa Rostock (German association football team, from 1999 to 2002)
FC Steaua București (Romanian association football team)
Greater Western Sydney Giants (Australian Football League)
Kia Forte (Shakey's V-League)
Kia Picanto (Philippine Basketball Association)
Kia Speed Skating Academy
Kia Tigers (Korean Baseball Team in Gwangju, South Korea)
Philippines national football team
Qormi FC (Maltese association football team)
Rogue (European professional esports organization)
Slovakia national football team
South Korea national speed skating team
Surrey County Cricket Club
Udinese Calcio (Italian association football team, from 2004 to 2006)
Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic
Athletes
Ryan Ford (MMA fighter)
Fernando González (Chilean tennis player – 2004 & 2008 Olympic medalist)
Badr Hari (Moroccan kickboxer)
LeBron James (Global brand ambassador)
Blake Griffin (NBA basketball player)
Lee Sang-hwa (Speed skater)
Yulia Lipnitskaya (Russian figure skater)
Aliya Mustafina and Viktoria Komova (both Russian artistic gymnasts)
Rafael Nadal (Global brand ambassador)
Manny Pacquiao (Filipino boxer)
Adelina Sotnikova (Russian figure skater)
Michelle Wie (Official golf ambassador & spokesperson – KMA)
Dylan Alcott (Australian tennis player)
Eric Keogh (Kia Race Series winner 2 years in a row)
Actors
Pierce Brosnan
Laurence Fishburne
Christopher Walken
Tiger Shroff
Musicians
Blackpink
Chase Bryant
Hyolyn
Matthew Koma
MisterWives
Weezer
Music events
Live at The chapel (Australian music concert)
Vans Warped Tour
YouTube Music Awards (2013)
Melon Music Awards (2019)
Charity events
We Can Be Heroes (joint-venture between Kia and DC Comics);
Entertainment
Inside the NBA
Tobot
X-Men
Slogans
(2000–2006)
(2006–2021)
(2019–2021, United States)
(2021–present, Worldwide)
See also
List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities
Automotive industry in South Korea
Hyundai Motor Group
Kia EcoDynamics
Economy of South Korea
References
External links
(Local)
Kia Military Vehicles official site
Kia Motors
Car manufacturers of South Korea
Bus manufacturers of South Korea
Truck manufacturers of South Korea
Defence companies of South Korea
Hyundai Motor Group
Multinational companies headquartered in South Korea
Manufacturing companies based in Seoul
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1944
1944 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire
Companies listed on the Korea Exchange
South Korean brands
Car brands
Motor vehicle engine manufacturers
Engine manufacturers of South Korea | wiki |
The anatomy of bird legs and feet is diverse, encompassing many accommodations to perform a wide variety of functions.
Most birds are classified as digitigrade animals, meaning they walk on their toes rather than the entire foot. Some of the lower bones of the foot (the distals and most of the metatarsal) are fused to form the tarsometatarsus – a third segment of the leg, specific to birds. The upper bones of the foot (proximals), in turn, are fused with the tibia to form the tibiotarsus, as over time the centralia disappeared. The fibula also reduced.
The legs are attached to a strong assembly consisting of the pelvic girdle extensively fused with the uniform spinal bone (also specific to birds) called the synsacrum, built from some of the fused bones.
Hindlimbs
Birds are generally digitigrade animals (toe-walkers), which affects the structure of their leg skeleton. They use only their hindlimbs to walk (bipedalism). Their forelimbs evolved to become wings. Most bones of the avian foot (excluding toes) are fused together or with other bones, having changed their function over time.
Tarsometatarsus
Some lower bones of the foot are fused to form the tarsometatarsus – a third segment of the leg specific to birds. It consists of merged distals and metatarsals II, III and IV. Metatarsus I remains separated as a base of the first toe. The tarsometatarsus is the extended foot area, which gives the leg extra lever length.
Tibiotarsus
The foot's upper bones (proximals) are fused with the tibia to form the tibiotarsus, while the centralia are absent. The anterior (frontal) side of the dorsal end of the tibiotarsus (at the knee) contains a protruding enlargement called the cnemial crest.
Patella
At the knee above the cnemial crest is the patella (kneecap). Some species do not have patellas, sometimes only a cnemial crest. In grebes both a normal patella and an extension of the cnemial crest are found.
Fibula
The fibula is reduced and adheres extensively to the tibia, usually reaching two-thirds of its length. Only penguins have full-length fibulae.
Knee and ankle – confusions
The bird knee joint between the femur and tibia (or rather tibiotarsus) points forwards, but is hidden within the feathers. The backward-pointing "heel" (ankle) that is easily visible is a joint between the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus. The joint inside the tarsus occurs also in some reptiles. It is worth noting here that the name "thick knee" of the members of the family Burhinidae is a misnomer because their heels are large.
The chicks in the orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes have ankles covered by a patch of tough skins with tubercles known as the heel-pad. They use the heel-pad to shuffle inside the nest cavities or holes.
Toes and unfused metatarsals
Most birds have four toes, typically three facing forward and one pointing backward. In a typical perching bird, they consist respectively of 3,4, 5 and 2 phalanges. Some birds, like the sanderling, have only the forward-facing toes; these are called tridactyl feet while the ostrich have only two toes (didactyl feet). The first digit, called the hallux, is homologous to the human big toe.
The claws are located on the extreme phalanx of each toe. They consist of a horny keratinous podotheca, or sheath, and are not part of the skeleton.
The bird foot also contains one or two metatarsals not fused in the tarsometatarsus.
Pelvic girdle and synsacrum
The legs are attached to a very strong, lightweight assembly consisting of the pelvic girdle extensively fused with the uniform spinal bone called the synsacrum, which is specific to birds. The synsacrum is built from the lumbar fused with the sacral, some of the first sections of the caudal, and sometimes the last one or two sections of the thoracic vertebrae, depending on species (birds have altogether between 10 and 22 vertebrae). Except for those of ostriches and rheas, pubic bones do not connect to each other, easing egg-laying.
Rigidity and reduction of mass
Fusions of individual bones into strong, rigid structures are characteristic.
Most major bird bones are extensively pneumatized. They contain many air pockets connected to the pulmonary air sacs of the respiratory system. Their spongy interior makes them strong relative to their mass. The number of pneumatic bones depends on the species; pneumaticity is slight or absent in diving birds. For example, in the long-tailed duck, the leg and wing bones are not pneumatic, in contrast with some of the other bones, while loons and puffins have even more massive skeletons with no aired bones. The flightless ostrich and emu have pneumatic femurs, and so far this is the only known pneumatic bone in these birds except for the ostrich's cervical vertebrae.
Fusions (leading to rigidity) and pneumatic bones (leading to reduced mass) are some of the many adaptations of birds for flight.
Plantigrade locomotion
Most birds, except loons and grebes, are digitigrade, not plantigrade. Also, chicks in the nest can use the entire foot (toes and tarsometatarsus) with the heel on the ground.
Loons tend to walk this way because their legs and pelvis are highly specialized for swimming. They have a narrow pelvis, which moves the attachment point of the femur to the rear, and their tibiotarsus is much longer than the femur. This shifts the feet (toes) behind the center of mass of the loon body. They walk usually by pushing themselves on their breasts; larger loons cannot take off from land. This position, however, is highly suitable for swimming because their feet are located at the rear like the propeller on a motorboat.
Grebes and many other waterfowl have shorter femur and a more or less narrow pelvis, too, which gives the impression that their legs are attached to the rear as in loons.
Functions
Because avian forelimbs are wings, many forelimb functions are performed by the bill and hindlimbs. It has been proposed that the hindlimbs are important in flight as accelerators when taking-off. Some leg and foot functions, including conventional ones and those specific to birds, are:
Locomotion
Walking, running (ostriches, grouse, wild turkeys) hopping, climbing (woodpeckers, nuthatches, treecreepers)
Swimming and steering underwater (ducks, grebes, loons)
Perching (as on a branch) or clinging
Carrying (like ospreys holding fish)
Flight-related
Serving probably as the primary take-off accelerator. In the common vampire bat, by contrast, the required force is generated by the wing.
Absorbing the shock of landing on a perch and on the water, becoming "water skis"
Feeding and related
Catching and killing prey in raptors (hawks, owls)
Holding (used like hands in parrots) and pulling apart food (with help from the bill)
Scratching the ground in search of food
Double scratch: hopping forward and then backward using both feet to scratch (often towhees, sparrows, juncos)
One-footed scratch (grouse, quails, wild turkeys, domestic chicken)
Reproduction and related
Cradling and turning eggs during incubation. Birds lacking a brood patch incubate the eggs with their feet – grasping one or even two of them (gannets, boobies) or keeping them on the top surfaces of their feet (penguins under a pouch of belly skin, murres).
Courtship (sage grouse), including aerial courtship (bald eagles)
Building nests (with help from the bill)
Preening and cleaning. Sometimes birds use a special claw (for example, barn owls have a so-called "feather comb"). Some herons and nightjars use the claw for cleaning the head.
Heat loss regulation (herons, gulls, giant petrels, storks, New World vultures, ducks, geese)
Toe arrangements
Typical toe arrangements in birds are:
Anisodactyl: three toes in front (2, 3, 4), and one in back (1); in nearly all songbirds and most other perching birds.
Zygodactyl: two toes in front (2, 3) and two in back (1, 4) – the outermost front toe (4) is reversed. The zygodactyl arrangement is a case of convergence, because it evolved in birds in different ways nine times.
In many perching birds – most woodpeckers and their allies, ospreys, owls, cuckoos, most parrots, mousebirds, some swifts and cuckoo rollers.
Woodpeckers, when climbing, can rotate the outer rear digit (4) to the side in an ectropodactyl arrangement. Black-backed woodpeckers, Eurasian three-toed woodpeckers and American three-toed woodpeckers have three toes – the inner rear (1) is missing and the outer rear (4) points always backward and never rotates.
Owls, ospreys and turacos can rotate the outer toe (4) back and forth.
Heterodactyl: two toes in front (3, 4) and two in back (2, 1) – the inner front toe (2) is reversed; heterodactyl arrangement only exists in trogons.
Syndactyl: three toes in front (2, 3, 4), one in back (1); the inner and middle (2, 3) are joined for much of their length. Common in Coraciiformes, including kingfishers and hornbills.
Pamprodactyl: two inner toes in front (2, 3), the two outer (1, 4) can rotate freely forward and backward. In mousebirds and some swifts. Some swifts move all four digits forward to use them as hooks to hang.
The most common arrangement is the anisodactyl foot, and second among perching birds is the zygodactyl arrangement.
Claws
All birds have claws at the end of the toes. The claws are typically curved and the radius of curvature tends to be greater as the bird is larger although they tend to be straighter in large ground dwelling birds such as ratites. Some species (including nightjars, herons, frigatebirds, owls and pratincoles) have comb-like serrations on the claw of the middle toe that may aid in scratch preening.
Webbing and lobation
Palmations and lobes enable swimming or help walking on loose ground such as mud. The webbed or palmated feet of birds can be categorized into several types:
Palmate: only the anterior digits (2–4) are joined by webbing. Found in ducks, geese and swans, gulls and terns, and other aquatic birds (auks, flamingos, fulmars, jaegers, loons, petrels, shearwaters and skimmers). Diving ducks also have a lobed hind toe (1), and gulls, terns and allies have a reduced hind toe.
Totipalmate: all four digits (1–4) are joined by webbing. Found in gannets and boobies, pelicans, cormorants, anhingas and frigatebirds. Some gannets have brightly colored feet used in display.
Semipalmate: a small web between the anterior digits (2–4). Found in some plovers (Eurasian dotterels) and sandpipers (semipalmated sandpipers, stilt sandpipers, upland sandpipers, greater yellowlegs and willet), avocet, herons (only two toes), all grouse, and some domesticated breeds of chicken. Plovers and lapwings have a vestigial hind toe (1), and sandpipers and their allies have a reduced and raised hind toe barely touching the ground. The sanderling is the only sandpiper having 3 toes (tridactyl foot).
Lobate: the anterior digits (2–4) are edged with lobes of skin. Lobes expand or contract when a bird swims. In grebes, coots, phalaropes, finfoots and some palmate-footed ducks on the hallux (1). Grebes have more webbing between the toes than coots and phalaropes.
The palmate foot is most common.
Thermal regulation
Some birds like gulls, herons, ducks or geese can regulate their temperature through their feet.
The arteries and veins intertwine in the legs, so heat can be transferred from arteries back to veins before reaching the feet. Such a mechanism is called countercurrent exchange. Gulls can open a shunt between these vessels, turning back the bloodstream above the foot, and constrict the vessels in the foot. This reduces heat loss by more than 90 percent. In gulls, the temperature of the base of the leg is 32 °C (89 °F), while that of the foot may be close to 0 °C (32 °F).
However, for cooling, this heat-exchange network can be bypassed and blood-flow through the foot significantly increased (giant petrels). Some birds also excrete onto their feet, increasing heat loss via evaporation (storks, New World vultures).
See also
Bird anatomy
Dactyly
Synsacrum
Tarsometatarsus
Tibiotarsus
References
Bird anatomy
Lower limb anatomy | wiki |
I Don’t Believe You (singel Pink)
I Don’t Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met) | wiki |
A therapeutic vaccine is a vaccine which is administered after a disease or infection has already occurred. A therapeutic vaccine works by activating the immune system of a patient to fight an infection. A therapeutic vaccine differs from a prophylactic vaccine in that prophylactic vaccines are administered to individuals as a precautionary measure to avoid the infection or disease while therapeutic vaccines are administered after the individual is already affected by the disease or infection.
A therapeutic vaccine fights an existing infection in the body rather than immunizing the body for protection against future diseases and infections.
Therapeutic vaccines are mostly used against viral infections. Patients affected with chronic viral infections are administered with therapeutic vaccines, as their immune system is not able to produce enough efficient antibodies.
Provenge, developed by Dendreon, was the first therapeutic vaccine approved by the FDA in 2010. This therapeutic vaccine helped in treating prostate cancer where patients' own white blood cells (WBCs) were taken and treated with drug (vaccine) to train them to differentiate and fight cancer cells.
Functionality
Therapeutic vaccines are a new form of vaccines that are mostly being used for viral infections and various types of cancers. A therapeutic vaccine helps an immune system to recognise a foreign agent such as cancerous cells or a virus. The specific type of therapeutic vaccines include antigen vaccines. In case of antigen vaccines, the body is introduced to a foreign agent to activate the immune system so that it recognizes the agent when later encountered.
Types
There are two types of therapeutic vaccines:
Autologous vaccines
Autologous means 'derived from oneself' – an autologous vaccine is a personalized vaccine which is made from an individual's own cells which could be either cancer cells or immune system cells.
Allogeneic vaccines
Allo means 'other'. Allogeneic vaccines are primarily cancer vaccines which are made from a different individual's cancer cells which are grown in a lab.
How therapeutic vaccines differ from prophylactic vaccines
The concept of therapeutic vaccines is different. When a person hears the word vaccine, the thought of prevention against a certain disease comes to mind. However, therapeutic vaccines are a method of treatment. Like any other vaccine, the immune system is regulated against a specific type of target. The main goal is to enhance the immune system activity. This type of vaccine can be employed for the treatment of various type of diseases and viral infections. Efforts are being made to develop vaccines against various fatal diseases such as HIV, cancer, dengue fever, cholera, Diphtheria, etc.
Therapeutic vaccines against HIV
HIV has no vaccine up until now, but therapeutic vaccines could be the breakthrough for HIV. Such vaccines would enhance affected patients immune systems to fight the disease. Many researchers are trying to develop and test therapeutic HIV vaccines in order to slow the HIV progression to AIDS. People affected with HIV normally have HIV at undetectable level, which is detected by use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). If therapeutic vaccines for HIV work out, many lives will be saved. Many clinical trials are being conducted for HIV therapeutic vaccines, such as those conducted by AIDSinfo, summaries for their trials are available at their website.
Therapeutic vaccine against cancer
Cancer is the major cause of deaths in the recent era. Cancer types and stages have enhanced with time and so has efforts to treat cancer. Currently, there are about 369 cancer vaccine studies ongoing all around the world.
There are three cancer therapeutic vaccines which are approved by USA Food and Drug Administration, as following;
Provenge is Sipuleucel-T, a dendritic cell based vaccine for prostate cancer. Bacillus Calmettle-Guerin (TheraCys) is a live attenuated vaccine which makes use of Mycobacterium bovis strain for bladder invasive cancer. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC or Imlygic) is a vaccine for advanced oncolytic melanoma
References
Cancer vaccines | wiki |
A headlamp, headlight, or head torch (UK) is a light source affixed to the head typically for outdoor activities at night or in dark conditions such as caving, orienteering, hiking, skiing, backpacking, camping, mountaineering or mountain biking. Headlamps may also be used in adventure races. Headlamps are often used by workers in underground mining, search and rescue, surgeons, and by other workers who need hands-free directed lighting.
Description
Headlamps are usually powered by three or four AA or AAA batteries, or rechargeable batteries. Systems with heavier batteries (4xAA or more) are usually designed so that the light emitter is positioned near the front of the head, with the battery compartment at the rear of the head. The headlamp is strapped to the head or helmet with an elasticized strap. Some headlamps have a separate battery pack connected by a cable, to be carried on a belt or in a pocket.
Headlamps may be held in place by a single band around the head or (particularly heavier ones) have an additional band over the top of the head.
Incandescent bulbs were used in headlamps until the introduction of white LEDs of sufficient brightness, with much lower power consumption and lifespan. Power LEDs rated at 1 watt or more displaced incandescent bulbs in many models of headlamps. To avoid damage to electronic parts, a heatsink is usually required for headlamps that use LEDs that dissipate more than 1W. To regulate power fed to the LEDs, DC-DC converters are often used, sometimes controlled by microprocessors. This allows the LED(s) to maintain constant brightness until battery voltage becomes too low to operate the lamp, and allows selectable brightness. Following the introduction of LEDs for headlamps, sometimes combinations of LED and halogen lamps were used, allowing the user to select between the types for various tasks.
History
Carbide lamps were developed around 1900, and continued to be used after the introduction of battery lamps, which initially had poor battery life. Battery-powered headlamps with incandescent bulbs were used until the advent of LED lamps with much higher efficiency and consequently longer battery life.
Thomas Edison developed electric cap lamps for miners in 1914; by 1915, certain cap lamps were approved by the United States Bureau of Mines for safe use where there may be inflammable gas as in coal mines. These included features such as spring-loaded contacts to automatically disconnect broken bulbs. These lamps consisted of an incandescent lamp with a reflector, and a belt-mounted wet-cell storage battery sized to power the lamp for the entire working shift. After 12 hours a 1917-era miner's lamp produced less than one candlepower and about 2 to 5 total lumens. This pattern became popular for similar lamps. Head lamps approved for use in coal mines are designed not to allow an internal spark to ignite flammable gas surrounding the headlamp.
Functions
While a head torch has the function of fitting on a person's head, being capable of being switched on and off, and illumination in front, there are many variations for different purposes. They include:
Being waterproof
Variable light level, and flashing
Motion sensor to allow switching on and off by waving a hand with no need to operate a switch
Optional red light mode to preserve night vision
Both rechargeable and disposable batteries supported, to be able to provide light after the rechargeable battery is discharged
Beam may be narrow (spot), broad (flood), or focussable
Lamp angle may be adjusted between forward to downward
Maximum brightness may range from adequate for close work (e.g., 50 lumens), to very bright
See also
Carbide lamp
Flashlight
Headlamp
Safety lamp
Wheat lamp
References
Lighting | wiki |
Dendrortyx is a bird genus in the family Odontophoridae. It contains the following species:
Bearded wood partridge (Dendrortyx barbatus)
Buffy-crowned wood partridge (Dendrortyx leucophrys)
Long-tailed wood partridge (Dendrortyx macroura)
References
Bird genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
There are several places with the name Ilfracombe:
Ilfracombe, a small coastal town on the North Devon coast in the South West region of the United Kingdom
Ilfracombe, Queensland, a town in the outback of Queensland, Australia
Ilfracombe, KwaZulu-Natal, a coastal rural village on the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
an earlier name for the township of Beauty Point, Tasmania, Australia | wiki |
Sate klatak is a unique goat or mutton satay dish, originally from Pleret District, Bantul Regency in Yogyakarta. In Javanese, the act of roasting satay in an open fire is called "klathak".
This satay is quite different from other variants of satay, in that it uses mainly salt and a pinch of pepper as its main marinating seasoning. The skewers used to grill or roast the satay are made from iron, unlike other satays which use bamboo skewers. The iron skewers act as heat conductors and help the meat cook evenly from the inside.
The satay is usually served with gulai (curry soup). The gulai is richly spiced, sometimes cooked with lamb bone, and boiled using a small fire for approx. 30 minutes.
See also
Indonesian cuisine
Javanese cuisine
Satay
Sate kambing
References
Satay
Indonesian cuisine
Javanese cuisine
Meat dishes
Goat dishes | wiki |
The League of Gentlemen is a 1960 British heist action comedy film directed by Basil Dearden and starring Jack Hawkins, Nigel Patrick, Roger Livesey and Richard Attenborough. It is based on the 1958 novel The League of Gentlemen by John Boland and adapted by Bryan Forbes, who also starred in the film.
Plot
A manhole opens at night in an empty street and out climbs Lieutenant-Colonel Norman Hyde (Jack Hawkins) in a dinner suit. He gets into a Rolls-Royce and drives home. There, he prepares seven envelopes, each containing an American crime paperback called The Golden Fleece, halves of ten £5-notes and an unsigned invitation from “Co-operative Removals Limited” to lunch at the Cafe Royal.
The envelopes are sent to former army officers, each in desperate or humiliating circumstances. When they all turn up looking for the other halves of the £5-notes which are handed out, Hyde asks their opinion of the novel which is about a robbery. They show little enthusiasm but Hyde then reveals each person's misdemeanours.
Hyde has no criminal record but holds a grudge for being made redundant by the army after a long career. He intends to rob a bank using the team's skills, with equal shares of £100,000 or more for each man.
The gang meet under the guise of an amateur dramatic society rehearsing Journey’s End to discuss the plan before moving into Hyde’s house and living a military regimen of duties and fines for being out of line. Hyde knows that a million pounds in used notes is regularly delivered to a City of London bank and has details of the delivery.
They raid an army training camp in Dorset for arms and supplies. Hyde, Mycroft, Porthill and Race distract soldiers by posing as senior officers on an unscheduled food inspection. The others steal weapons while posing as telephone repairmen, speaking in Irish accents to divert suspicion to the IRA. Hyde has explained the reasoning behind this ruse by stating the one nationality to whom the British will never give the benefit of the doubt is the Irish.
The gang rent a warehouse to prepare. Race steals vehicles including cars and a lorry which are fitted with false number plates. They are disturbed by a passing policeman who offers to keep an eye on their premises as he patrols. In Hyde’s basement, the gang trains with maps and models. On the eve of the operation, Hyde destroys the plans and recalls his former military glory.
The robbery is bloodless and precise. Using smoke bombs, Sterling submachine guns, and radio jamming equipment, the gang raids the bank, near St Paul’s. The money is seized without serious injury and the robbers escape. At Hyde’s house, celebrations are interrupted by the unexpected arrival of Hyde’s old friend, Brigadier “Bunny” Warren (Robert Coote), who drunkenly recalls the old days. One by one the members leave carrying suitcases filled with notes. Then the telephone rings; Hyde is told that police and soldiers surround the house.
Leading the police is Superintendent Wheatlock (Ronald Leigh-Hunt) from whom Hyde learns the flaw in his plan. A small boy outside the bank had been collecting car registration (licence plate) numbers, a common hobby at the time. The police, discovering the number, found it had been noted by the policeman who visited the warehouse. The policeman had also noted the number of Hyde's own car. Thus a link was established between the robbery and Hyde.
Hyde is escorted to a police van in which the rest are "all present and correct", each having been captured as he left the house.
Cast
Jack Hawkins as Lieutenant-Colonel Norman Hyde
Nigel Patrick as Major Peter Race
Roger Livesey as Captain "Padre" Mycroft
Richard Attenborough as Lieutenant Edward Lexy
Bryan Forbes as Captain Martin Porthill
Kieron Moore as Captain Stevens
Terence Alexander as Major Rupert Rutland-Smith
Norman Bird as Captain Frank Weaver
Robert Coote as Brigadier "Bunny" Warren
Melissa Stribling as Peggy
Nanette Newman as Elizabeth Rutland-Smith
Lydia Sherwood as Hilda
Doris Hare as Molly Weaver
David Lodge as C.S.M.
Patrick Wymark as Wylie
Gerald Harper as Captain Saunders
Brian Murray as Private "Chunky" Grogan
Terence Edmond as Young PC (uncredited)
Nigel Green as Kissing Man (uncredited)
Patrick Jordan as Sergeant (uncredited)
Dinsdale Landen as Young man in gym (uncredited)
Ronald Leigh-Hunt as Police Superintendent (uncredited)
Oliver Reed as Chorus Boy (uncredited)
Norman Rossington as Staff Sergeant Hall (uncredited)
Bruce Seton as AA Patrolman (uncredited)
Michael Corcoran as Blackmailer (uncredited)
Production
Allied Film Makers was a short-lived production company founded by Dearden, actors Hawkins, Forbes and Attenborough, and producer Michael Relph. Forbes contributed many of the company's scripts. Dearden had previously directed The Blue Lamp.
The portrait of Hyde's wife (he comments "I regret to say the bitch is still going strong") is a close copy of a portrait of Deborah Kerr which was used in The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp in which Roger Livesey (The League'''s "Padre" Mycroft) also starred.
Forbes points out in his commentary on the DVD that in most films of the time Hyde's wife would be described as dead and not dismissed in such a manner. A scene in the script following the dinner party has Hyde, followed by Race, visiting a teenage girl at school—her photo is also on his desk. It is implied that she is his daughter. A scene which did not make the film has Weaver the teetotaler reaching for the brandy after Hyde has left the dinner. Lexy reminds him he shouldn't but Weaver drinks anyway.
In the original script, Race addressed others as "old dear".
Cary Grant was offered the part of Hyde but turned it down.
Queens Gate Place Mews, SW7, was used as the filming location for Edward Lexy's (Richard Attenborough's) garage.
The magazines in Mycroft’s suitcase at the beginning of the film were borrowed from the set of Peeping Tom that was being filmed at the same time at Pinewood.
Actor Oliver Reed had his first talk on role as a camp chorus boy ref https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Reed_filmography
Reception
Box office
The film was successful, being the sixth most popular movie at the UK box office in 1960. By 1971, it had earned a profit of £250,000 Over 20 years later, Bryan Forbes estimated the profit as between £300,000 and £400,000.
Critical
"Neatly written and expertly played," wrote The New York Times in its 1961 review, "a devilishly inventive and amusing screen play by Mr. Forbes...directed crisply and spinningly by Basil Dearden"; while more recently The Daily Telegraph called it "a masterpiece of British cinema"; Dennis Schwartz noted "a fine example of old-fashioned English humor: droll and civil"; and Time Out, "A terrific caper movie...with typically excellent character playing from a lovable set of old lags."The League of Gentlemen was mentioned in the film The Wrong Arm of the Law (1963) as one of the films that “Pearly Gates” (Peter Sellers) was going to show his gang of crooks as a part of his training programme.
Home media
The film was included, along with three other Dearden films, as part of the box set Basil Dearden’s London Underground by the Criterion Collection.
In 2006, a restored version of the film was released as a special edition DVD in the UK. The extras include a South Bank Show documentary on Attenborough and a PDF version of Forbes' original script. An audio commentary for the film was provided by Forbes and his wife Nanette Newman who features in the film as Major Rutland-Smith's wife.
Cultural legacy
The book and film inspired both Alan Moore's comic series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen and its spin-off film as well as the British comedy troupe The League of Gentlemen''.
References
External links
1960 films
1960s crime comedy films
1960s heist films
British crime comedy films
British heist films
1960s English-language films
Films about bank robbery
Films about veterans
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Basil Dearden
Films set in London
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
1960 comedy films
British Lion Films films
1960s British films
Cultural depictions of Metropolitan Police officers | wiki |
The men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 20 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center. The last champion was the United States.
This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. Each of the four swimmers completed two lengths of the pool. The first swimmer had to touch the wall before the second could leave the starting block.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:
Results
All times are in minutes and seconds.
Heats
Heats weren't performed, as only six teams had entered.
Final
The final was held on August 20, at 20:18.
References
4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships | wiki |
Monkey Planet or variation, may refer to:
Monkey Planet (novel) (), a sci-fi novel by Pierre F. Boulle, also released as Planet of the Apes
Monkey Planet (TV series), 2014 UK BBC TV series
Monkeys' Planet (), Japanese manga comic book adaptation of "Planet of the Apes"; see Planet of the Apes (comics)
"Monkey Planet" (TV episode), 2015 U.S. animated TV episode of All Hail King Julien
See also
Monkey World, primate sanctuary and rescue center
Earth (planet), the cradle of humanity
Planet of the Apes (disambiguation)
Monkey (disambiguation)
Planet (disambiguation) | wiki |
Bloodfist is a 1989 American martial arts action film directed by Terence H. Winkless, written by Robert King, and starring Don "The Dragon" Wilson. Wilson plays a dojo sensei in California who travels to Manila to avenge his professional kickboxer brother, who was murdered after a fight. It has become a cult film.
Plot
A man gets beaten by his opponent, but after he finds out the fight was rigged, he decides to fight back. He kills his opponent and is announced as the winner. On his way back to his home, another man kills him.
Back in the United States, retired boxer Jake Raye and co-owner of Hal and Jake's self-defense class receives a call from the Philippines police department. He is told his half-brother Michael is dead, and he must pick up the body in Manila. Raye travels to Manila and collects the body, but he decides to stay there and find his brother's killer. Raye gets training help from a man named Kwong and stays with local kickboxer Baby Davies, upon whom local Filipino neighbor Angela has a crush, and his sister Nancy. Kwong tells Raye about a gladiator-like tournament known as the Red Fist Tournament where only one comes out alive, and his brother's killer will likely be there.
Kwong trains Raye for the tournament and enters him. He manages to win all the fights and proceeds to the final match, where he faces off with Chin Woo. Kwong tells him that Chin Woo is his brother's killer and also the fighter who put Baby Davis in a coma. Hal, who has come from California to watch Raye's final bout, informs Raye that Kwong is the killer after Kwong drugs Raye. Angela comes in with a gun to avenge Baby, but dies at the hands of Chin Woo. Woo is defeated by Raye, who sets off after Michael's true killer. Kwong reveals that his brother was the fighter who died at the hands of Michael that night, and that Kwong is the one who murdered him. Kwong fights Raye in the same alley where Michael died. Raye is badly wounded but impales Kwong on a fence. Nancy and Raye walk off into the night.
Cast
Don "The Dragon" Wilson as Jake Raye
Joe Mari Avellana as Kwong
Rob Kaman as Raton
Billy Blanks as Black Rose
Cris Aguilar as Chin Woo (as Kris Aguilar and Chris Aguilar)
Production
The film was made following the success of Bloodsport.
Releases
Bloodfist received a limited release theatrically from Concorde Films, opening on September 22, 1989, and ended up grossing $1,770,082.
The film was released on VHS by MGM/UA Home Entertainment and made over $11 million in video rental sales.
New Concorde Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on May 30, 2000 along with sequels Bloodfist II, Bloodfist III: Forced to Fight, and Bloodfist IV: Die Trying. The DVD is currently out-of-print.
Reception
Bill Wallace of Black Belt wrote, "[M]aybe it wasn't the best karate film in the world, but at least people could see what different martial artists look like doing their fight scenes."
References
External links
1989 films
1989 martial arts films
Bloodfist films
1980s English-language films
American action films
American martial arts films
Martial arts tournament films
Kickboxing films
Films shot in the Philippines
Films directed by Terence H. Winkless
1980s American films | wiki |
Smithian may refer to:
Smithian (regional geological stage), a regional geological stage of the Early Triassic epoch (249.7 – 247.4 Ma) preceded by the Dienerian and followed by the Spathian
Smithian, pertaining to, or characteristic of Adam Smith (1723–1790), Scottish philosopher and pioneer of political economy
Smithian, something of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a person bearing the surname Smith | wiki |
Legousia hybrida is a species of annual herb in the family Campanulaceae (bellflowers). They have a self-supporting growth form. They have simple, broad leaves. Individuals can grow to tall.
Sources
References
Endemic flora of Malta
Campanuloideae
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Malta | wiki |
MapInfo Pro is a desktop geographic information system (GIS) software product produced by Precisely (formerly: Pitney Bowes Software and MapInfo Corporation) and used for mapping and location analysis. MapInfo Pro allows users to visualize, analyze, edit, interpret, understand and output data to reveal relationships, patterns, and trends. MapInfo Pro allows users to explore spatial data within a dataset, symbolize features, and create maps.
History
Version 4 of the product, released in 1995, saw the product renamed to "MapInfo Professional".
Version 9.5 was released in June 2008. Version 9.5.1 was released in December 2008. The primary enhancements in these releases included the use of a new graphics engine which allows for translucency and anti-aliasing when displaying maps. A set of CAD like editing tools were also added in this release.
Version 10 was released in June 2009. The primary enhancements included a more intuitive user interface, including a rewritten Layer Control dialog box, compatibility with PostGIS and a PDF generator that supports both Layered and georeference PDF files.
Version 10.5 was released in May 2010. The primary enhancements included a new Table Manager window, a built in ability to publish to MapInfo Stratus, ability to ingest Bing Maps directly as background mapping and enhanced support for Catalog Service for the Web (CSW).
Version 11 was released in June 2011. The primary enhancement included performance tuning and usability improvements on the Browser window for creating and analysing tabular data. Integration with MapInfo Manager, a product for managing spatial data and providing [INSPIRE] compliance. Support for 64 bit operating systems was improved with the ability to use up to 4 GB of RAM (instead of 2GB, the limit when running on 32 bit operating systems).
Version 11.5 was released in June 2012. The primary enhancements include a new window for Creating Legends, further enhancements to the new Browser window (introduced in v11.0) and further integration with MapInfo Manager, including the ability to edit metadata within the Catalog Browser.
Version 12 was released in June 2013, with improvements to Cartographic Output; Support for Windows 8, SQL Server 2012, PostGIS2; and a new In-Product Notifications feature utilizing RSS.
Version 12.5 of MapInfo Pro was the first time that a 64 bit version of the product was introduced. MapInfo Pro 12.5 32 bit was released in July 2014 and 64 bit in October 2014. The 64 bit release saw the introduction of a new ribbon UI and layout window, as well allowing for a new framework to handle background processing and multi-threading.
Version 15 of MapInfo Pro 32 bit was released in June 2015 and 64 bit (15.2) was released in October 2015. Highlights include geopackage support as well as changes to the TAB file format to allow larger files and Unicode. The 64 bit version of 15.2 saw the introduction of MapInfo Pro Advanced as a new licensing level for the product which incorporates all new raster capabilities into the product including a .NET SDK. MapInfo Pro Advanced allows users to visualize very large raster files at high resolution such as 1m for a whole country and incorporating multiple satellite bands. This is achieved using a new multi resolution raster file format (.mrr).
Version 16 of MapInfo Pro 64 bit was released in September 2016. Notable features include redesigned Ribbon interface, new interactive interface for thematic mapping, WFS 2.0 and WMTS support, Geopackage support. All new 64-bit version of EasyLoader is included with the release.
Version 17.0 of MapInfo Pro 64 bit was released in April 2018. Python support was added.
Version 2019 of MapInfo Pro 64 bit was released in Nov 2019. Much extended SQL is a key new feature. The mother company is rebranded as Precisely by its new owner Syncsort.
Version 2021 of MapInfo Pro 64 bit was released in Oct 2021. Support for Time Series (mapping/visualizing geographic data changing over time) was added.
Uses
MapInfo Pro is a 64-bit GIS (Geographic Information System) application used by GIS engineers and business analysts.
Industry examples include:
Insurance – Analyze exposure to risk from environmental or natural hazards such as floods, tornadoes, hurricanes or crime. Perform demographic and risk analysis to determine the best target locations to acquire new potential policy holders.
Environment – Analyze and assess environmental impacts such as pollution, erosion, invasive species, climate changes including human induced changes to the environment.
Engineering – Coordinate with local planning and engineering groups for construction projects. Assist related groups by helping them understand environmental impacts or locations of public or utility infrastructure such as water, gas and electrical services.
Telco – Produce coverage maps, visualize gaps in coverage, plan for additional coverage. Maximize new investment based on demographics, local terrain and available real estate for cell tower sites.
Marketing - The application of location intelligence to identify geographic areas in which to deliver marketing.
Retail Site Selection - Determining the optimum location to open or close a site (store, factory, depot etc.). The selection process is typically based on customers or worker location, demographics, buying patterns, transport links, nearby facilities.
Crime Analysis - Systematic analysis of spatial data for identifying and analyzing patterns and trends in crime and disorder.
Mineral Exploration - Visualisation of spatial data such as drill holes, soil samples, geophysical survey data, tenement boundaries and cadastral data.
System Features
Data Format ---
MapInfo Pro is a database which manages information as a system of Tables. Each table is either a map file (graph) or a database file (text) and is denoted the file extension .TAB. MapInfo creates a visual display of the data in the form of a map (map window) and/or tabular form (browser window). Once data has been referenced in a table it is assigned X and Y coordinates so that the records can be displayed as objects on a map. This is known as Geocoding.
Objects (points, lines, polygons) can be enhanced to highlight specific variations on a theme through the creation of a Thematic map. The basic data is overlaid with graphic styles (e.g. colour shades, hatch patterns) to display information on a more sophisticated level. For example, population density between urban and rural areas may show the cities in deep red (to indicate a high ratio of inhabitants per square mile), while showing remote areas in very pale red (to indicate a low concentration of inhabitants).
Retrieval of information is conducted using data filters and "Query" functions . Selecting an object in a map window or records in a browser produces a temporary table that provides a range of values specified by the end-user. More advanced "Structured Query Language" (SQL) analysis allows the user to combine a variety of operations to derive answers to complex questions. This may involve a combination of tables and resultant calculations may be such as the number of points in polygons, proportional overlaps, and statistical breakdowns. The quantity and quality of the attributes associated with objects are dependent on the structure of the original tables.
Vector analysis is a primary function of MapInfo based on X, Y coordinates and the user can create and edit data directly with commands such as: node editing, combine, split, erase, buffer, clip region. MapInfo Pro includes a range of engineering “CAD like” drawing and editing tools such as lines, circles, and polygons (referred to as "regions") which can be incorporated into tables or drawn as temporary overlays.
Printout of MapInfo maps and/or statistics is managed through design settings in the Layout Window. Layout design enables the creation of composite presentations with maps, tables, legends, text, images, lines and shapes. Output hardware includes large format plotters and high spec. business printers.
Data from MapInfo may be embedded into applications such as Microsoft PowerPoint or Word using copy/paste commands and resized as required.
Compatibility with External Software Systems ---
MapInfo Pro can read and write other file formats for data exchange with applications such as:
ESRI Shapefile and AutoCAD DXF
CSV and delimited ASCII text
Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Access
Bitmaps or Raster Formats such as GeoTIFF, ECW, Mr. SID, JPEG, PNG, MRR
Spatial Databases: Oracle, PostGIS, SQL Server, SQLite and GeoPackage
Open Geospatial Consortium Web Services: Web Feature Service, Web Map Service, Catalog Service for the Web
Web Base Maps: Bing, OpenStreetMap (OSM)
Historical Notes
With MapInfo Professional, the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) created hundreds of maps for the longest torch relay in the history of the modern games. The Olympic Torch Relay covered 26,940 kilometres (16,740 miles) in 100 days and traversed Australia by road, railway and boat. The torch route was designed to ensure that more than 85 percent of the Australian population was within a one-hour drive of the chosen route, which passed through 1,000 towns. In addition, TNT Express used MapInfo to map more than 5,500 delivery routes to deliver Olympic tickets to more than 400,000 Australian homes.
See also
MapBasic
MapInfo TAB format
List of GIS software
References
External links
Pitney Bowes Software's MapInfo Professional Support Page
LI360, MapInfo user community
Review: Mapping the world with GIS wares
MapInfo Discussion List
Directions Magazine review of MapInfo Professional v11
GIS software | wiki |
is a mountain located in Hyōgo and Tottori Prefectures with an altitude of . It has been selected as one of the 100 famous mountains in Kansai and 300 famous mountains in Japan.
It is one of the representative volcanoes in the Kansai region and there are Yumura hot springs and Iwai hot springs at the foot of the mountain. It is also one of the most popular mountain skiing destinations in western Japan.
References
Mountains of Hyōgo Prefecture
Mountains of Tottori Prefecture | wiki |
Aesopian may refer to:
Aesop (c. 620–564 BCE), Ancient Greek fabulist
Aesopian language, communications that convey an innocent meaning to outsiders but hold a concealed meaning to informed members of a conspiracy or underground movement
Aesopian synagogue, a synagogue built with its true purpose disguised | wiki |
Sonos may refer to:
Sonos, a music device manufacturer.
Sonos (vocal group), an electronic and vocal music group formed in 2009
SONOS, computer memory system
SóNós, second album by Paula Toller
See also
Sonus (disambiguation) | wiki |
Access code may refer to:
Authentication
Password, a secret word
Personal identification number (PIN), a secret
Telecommunications
Trunk access code, used to dial a domestic call
International access code, used to dial an international call
Area code, a segment of a telephone number
Other
Access Code (film), a 1984 film with Macdonald Carey | wiki |
Cool Breeze may refer to any of the following:
Cool Breeze (rapper), born 1971
Cool Breeze (film), 1972 MGM blaxploitation film
Cool Breeze (real name Roger Williams), a member of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters featured in the 1968 Tom Wolfe book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
Cool Breeze, callsign of fictional character Bob Brown (The Unit) | wiki |
Caledonians F.C. may refer to several association football teams:
Existing clubs
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.
Defunct clubs
Caledonian F.C.
London Caledonians F.C.
Liverpool Caledonians F.C. | wiki |
This is a list of flags used in India by various organizations. For more information about the national flag, visit the article Flag of India.
National flag
Governmental flag
Ensigns
Naval
Port authorities
Military flags
Indian Armed Forces
Army
Components
Territorial Army
Air Force
Navy
Coast Guard
Paramilitary forces
Other agencies
Former Flags of Indian Armed Forces
Indian Air Force rank flags
Indian Navy rank flags
Naval Ensigns
(British) Indian Army
(Royal) Indian Air Force
(Royal) Indian Marine/(Royal) Indian Navy
State and union territory flags
At present there are no officially recognised flags for individual states and union territories of India. No legal prohibitions to prevent states adopting distinctive flags exist in either the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 or the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. In a 1994 case before the Supreme Court of India, S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, the Supreme Court declared that there is no prohibition in the Constitution of India for a state to have its own flag. However, a state flag should not dishonour the national flag. The Flag code of India also permits other flags to be flown with the Flag of India, but not on the same flag pole of in a superior position to the national flag.
Former official state flags
The state of Jammu and Kashmir had an officially recognised state flag between 1952 and 2019 under the special status granted to the state by Article 370 of the Constitution of India.
Proposed state flags
Flags have been proposed for Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, but neither were officially adopted.
Banners of the states and union territories
When a distinctive banner is required to represent a state or union territory, the emblem of the state or union territory is usually displayed on a white field.
States
Union territories
Historical flags
Indian polities
Colonial India
British rule in India
Princely states
French India
Portuguese India
Dutch India
Danish India
Austrian India
Indian independence movement
Flags used in the Indian independence movement
Proposed flags
Dominion of India
Political flags
National parties
Political alliances
House Flags
See also
National Flag of India
Flag of India at Central Park, Connaught Place
Largest Human Flag of India
List of Indian state flags
Notes
References
External links
India
Flags | wiki |
Slider or Sliders may refer to:
Arts
K.K. Slider, a fictional character within the Animal Crossing franchise
The Slider, a 1972 album by T. Rex
Sliders (TV series), an American science fiction and fantasy television series
Slider, a recurring character in the animated television series Cyberchase
Sports
Slider (cricket), a type of delivery bowled by a wrist spin bowler
Slider (pitch), a breaking ball pitch in baseball
Slider, mascot for the Major League Baseball team Cleveland Indians/Guardians
Technology
Slider (BEAM), a robot that has a mode of locomotion by moving body parts smoothly along a surface
Slider (computing), a graphical control element with which a user may set a value by moving an indicator
Slider, a form factor of mobile phones
Slider, a type of potentiometer
Other uses
Lerista (also sliders), a diverse genus of skinks endemic to Australia
Slide (footwear) (also sliders), a type of light footwear that are characterized by having a loose heel
Slider (parachuting), a small rectangular piece of fabric with a grommet near each corner
Slider (sandwich), American term for a small sandwich
Slider, a crash damage protection accessory for motorcycles
Sliders, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Buckingham County, in the U.S. state of Virginia
SLIders, individuals who can allegedly induce the street light interference phenomenon
Trachemys, a genus of turtles belonging to the family Emydidae
See also
Slide (disambiguation)
Sliding (disambiguation) | wiki |
Tai Tung is the oldest surviving Chinese restaurant in the International District of Seattle. It was opened in 1935 by an immigrant from Hong Kong. The restaurant is the subject of a 2015 documentary, A Taste of Home, and was a location for the 2020 film The Paper Tigers. The restaurant's cellar is said to be haunted by kuei (ghosts). It is known for being busy on Christmas Day, when most Seattle restaurants are closed.
See also
History of Chinese Americans in Seattle
List of Chinese restaurants
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
1935 establishments in Washington (state)
Chinatown–International District, Seattle
Chinese restaurants in Seattle
Reportedly haunted locations in Washington (state) | wiki |
Polygonatum verticillatum or whorled Solomon's-seal is a plant species of the genus Polygonatum. It is widespread in Europe and also in China and the Himalayas though not reported from large sections of western and Central Asia in between those two ranges.
References
External links
verticillatum
Flora of Europe
Flora of temperate Asia
Garden plants of Asia
Garden plants of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | wiki |
The Black wolf is a melanistic color variant of the grey wolf (Canis lupus).
Black Wolf may also refer to:
Places
United States
Black Wolf, Kansas, an unincorporated community
Black Wolf, West Virginia
Black Wolf (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Black Wolf Point, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Black Wolf Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas
Black Wolf, Wisconsin, a town
Other
Florida black wolf, an extinct subspecies of the red wolf Canis rufus
Black Wolf (novel), a fantasy novel by Dave Gross
The Black Wolf (film), a 1917 silent film drama
The Black Wolf (novel), a 1979 horror novel by Galad Elflandsson | wiki |
The carrick mat is a flat woven decorative knot which can be used as a mat or pad. Its name is based on the mat's decorative-type carrick bend with the ends connected together, forming an endless knot. A larger form, called the prolong knot, is made by expanding the basic carrick mat by extending, twisting, and overlapping its outer bights, then weaving the free ends through them. This process may be repeated to produce an arbitrarily long mat.
In its basic form it is the same as a 3-lead, 4-bight Turk's head knot. The basic carrick mat, made with two passes of rope, also forms the central motif in the logo of the International Guild of Knot Tyers.
When tied to form a cylinder around the central opening, instead of lying flat, it can be used as a woggle.
See also
List of knots
References
External links
Alternating knots and links
Fibered knots and links
Fully amphichiral knots and links
Hyperbolic knots and links | wiki |
RTÉ Three was a proposed channel by RTÉ Television.
It was the working title of a proposed general entertainment channel. It was initially proposed that the channel would air a variety of programming not then being shown on RTÉ One and RTÉ Two as well as having access to the RTÉ archives. The announcement of the channel in May 2008 was timed to coincide with the launch of the Broadcasting Bill 2008, which provided for the switching off of Ireland's analogue signal and the launch of two new government backed stations: the Houses of the Oireachtas Channel and the Irish Film Channel.
According to RTÉ CEL's and UPC Ireland's application for the 3 commercial DTT multiplexes, RTÉ Three would broadcast during weekdays, timesharing with RTÉ Sport which would air at weekends. Given that a children's channel is mooted, it is likely that RTÉ Two will be reconfigured along the lines of RTÉ Three plans with RTÉ Two possibly renamed RTÉ Two-Ten.
The station will be desgined to restore more programmes and advert breaks shown between Christmas 1961 and March 6th 1985.
References
Three | wiki |
In the oil and gas industry, a farmout agreement is an agreement entered into by the owner of one or more mineral leases, called the "farmor", and another company who wishes to obtain a percentage of ownership of that lease or leases in exchange for providing services, called the "farmee." The typical service described in farmout agreements is the drilling of one or more oil and/or gas wells. A farmout agreement differs from a conventional transaction between two oil and gas lessees, because the primary consideration is the rendering of services, rather than the simple exchange of money.
Farmout agreements typically provide that the farmor will assign the defined quantum of interest in the lease(s) to the farmee upon the farmee finishing: (1) the drilling of an oil and/or gas well to the defined depth or formation, or (2) drilling of an oil and/or gas well and the obtaining of commercially viable production levels.
Farmout Agreements are the second most commonly negotiated agreements in the oil and gas industry, behind the oil and gas lease.
For the farmor, the reasons for entering into a farmout agreement include obtaining production, sharing risk, and obtaining geological information. Farmees often enter into farmout agreements to obtain an acreage position, or because they need to use underutilized personnel or share risks, or because they desire to obtain geological information.
A farmout agreement differs from its sister agreement, the purchase and sale agreement (PSA), in that the PSA addresses an exchange of money or debt for immediate transfer of assets, whereas the farmout agreement addresses an exchange of services for a transfer of assets. Further, the transfer often occurs on a later date, such as the date when the 'earning barrier' has been met.
References
Petroleum production
Leasing
Land use | wiki |
SFML (Simple and Fast Multimedia Library) este o bibliotecă multimedia portabilă și ușor de folosit. Este scrisă în C++, dar poate fi și portată in C, D, Python, Ruby, OCaml, .NET. Este o alternativă orientată obiect pentru SDL. SFML este folosit în mod principal pentru jocuri.
SFML pune la dispoziție grafică 2D accelerată prin hardware, folosind OpenGL, și câteva module pentru a ușura programarea jocurilor și a aplicațiilor multimedia. SFML poate fi folosit și pentru furnizarea unei ferestre pentru OpenGL. Website-ul SFML oferă întregul SDK pentru download și tutoriale pentru a ajuta dezvoltatorii.
Software multiplatformă
Software liber | wiki |
Bayfront Park may refer to:
Bayfront Park in downtown Miami, Florida
Bayfront Park (Sarasota, Florida)
Bayfront Park (Daphne, Alabama)
Bayfront Park (Hamilton, Ontario)
Bayfront Park (Millbrae, California)
Bayfront Beach Park in Maryland | wiki |
Paring may refer to:
Paring Abbey, a Benedictine monastery
Paring knife, a small knife with a plain edge blade
See also
Pare (disambiguation)
Pares (disambiguation) | wiki |
In letterpress printing, wood type is movable type made out of wood. First used in China for printing body text, wood type became popular during the nineteenth century for making large display typefaces for printing posters, because it was lighter and cheaper than large sizes of metal type.
Wood has been used since the earliest days of European printing for woodcut decorations and emblems, but it was not generally used for making typefaces due to the difficulty of reproducing the same shape many times for printing. In the 1820s, Darius Wells introduced mechanised wood type production using the powered router, and William Leavenworth in 1834 added a second major innovation of using a pantograph to cut a letter's shape from a pattern. This made it possible to mass-produce the same design in wood repeatedly.
In the twentieth century lithography, phototypesetting and digital typesetting replaced it as a mass-market technology. It continues to be used by hobbyists and artistic printers.
Historical background
Both in China and Europe, printing from a woodblock preceded printing with movable type.
Along with clay movable type, wooden movable type was invented in China by Bi Sheng in 1040s CE/AD, although he found clay type more satisfactory, and it was first formally used to print by Wang Zhen. Wood type was hand-carved to make individual types for the very large character set of Chinese. Clay type and metal type were also used in printing in China. The problem with wood and clay types was that they could not be made to accurate dimensions, leading to metal type being adopted from the late fifteenth century. Manufacturing, selecting and redistributing sorts for a large character set was cumbersome, and much printing in China continued to be made from custom-cut woodblocks of entire pages of text, rather than from movable type.
In Europe, woodblock printing precedes European movable type printing, and the block book appeared in Europe around the same time as letterpress printing. However, a major disadvantage of woodcut lettering is that once made by wood engraving, it could not be easily duplicated by casting, whereas metal casting could be used to quickly create many metal copies of the same letter, and with the smaller character set of European languages it was practical to cast type for every letter needed. European printing from the beginning used cast metal type.
In European printed books, wood engraving was used for both decorations and for large lettering, like titles. With care, it was possible to duplicate woodblocks by casting in sand, a technique known to have been used by Hendrik van den Keere to create his large types. According to John A. Lane "the duplication of woodblocks by sandcasting is documented in 1575, probably goes back further, and... duplicated decorated initials became common in the Netherlands around 1615."
Large sandcast metal types for printed posters began to emerge around the mid-eighteenth century. James Mosley comments that "there is evidence that English typefounders only began to make big letters for posters and other commercial printing towards 1770, when Thomas Cottrell made his 'Proscription or Posting letter of great bulk and dimension' and William Caslon II cast his 'Patagonian' or 'Proscription letters'" and that "there is probably a prehistory of wood types in big letters cut by hand, especially among provincial printers, but there is no evidence that wood letter was widely used until machine-cut types were introduced."
In the early nineteenth century, London became a centre of development in bold display typefaces, the arrival of the printed poster spurring demand for bold new types of letter like the fat face and later the slab serif. However, these types were initially made in metal. In 1810, William Caslon IV introduced "sanspareil" matrices, made like a stencil by cutting out the letter in sheet metal and riveting it to a backing plate. This produced much sharper type than sandcasting and was easier to use; it was quickly copied. The large metal types produced were cast with hollows in them to reduce the weight. Mosley and Justin Howes have documented some cases in the early nineteenth century where woodblock lettering was used shortly before metal type became available in the same styles; heavy roman types on lottery advertising before the arrival of fat face types, and later a slab serif woodblock a few years before the first known printing type.
At the start of the nineteenth century, complex decorated types and ornaments were cut in wood and metal and multiplied by methods including stereotyping and "dabbing", in which a woodcut was struck into molten metal on the verge of solidifying to form a mould. Modern printing historians Giles Bergel and Paul Nash have experimented with the technique; Bergel reports that "perhaps the most counter-intuitive feature of the process is the fact that wooden blocks can survive direct contact with molten metal. Apart from some scorching around the edges and some cracking (perhaps made when prising them loose rather than from the heat) the blocks were undamaged and could be dabbed over and over again."
Introduction of wood type
Modern wood type, mass-produced by machine cutting rather than hand-carved, was invented by Darius Wells (1800–1875), who published his first known catalogue in New York City in 1828. He introduced the lateral router to cut out wood type more quickly than handcarving.
William Leavenworth in 1834 introduced the pantograph, allowing the same form to be reproduced from a pattern, and manufactured wood type in Allentown, New Jersey. A pantograph has remained a standard way of making wood type, although several other methods have been used such as die-cutting and making the letter as a thin sheet glued to a backing material.
Some pages from Leavenworth's only surviving specimen, now in the New York Public Library, are shown below.
Mature industry
In the mid-nineteenth century there were numerous wood type manufacturers in the United States. All the significant manufacturers were based in the Northeast and Midwest, many around New York City and in Connecticut. The market for wood type was apparently limited and most businesses had side-lines as dealers in other printers' equipment, or making other wooden goods. One of the larger firms until the 1880s was the company of William H. Page, near Norwich, Connecticut. Wood type competed with lithography in the market for display typography.
Common type styles included the slab serif, fat face, sans-serif, reverse-contrast or "French Clarendon", and other genres such as "Tuscan" (spikes on the letter), "Grecian" (chamfered) and ornamented forms. (The use of fictitious adjective names for newly invented type styles was common with wood type manufacturers but not invented by them, for example in London Vincent Figgins had called his first slab-serif "Antique" around 1817 and the Caslon foundry's first reverse contrast typeface around 1821 was given the probably fictitious name "Italian".) Types were made in extreme proportions, such as ultra-bold and ultra-condensed. For Bethany Heck, "wood type in the US was pioneered by mad scientists who strained good taste and legibility in an attempt to cover the broadest range of ornament, width and weight". "Chromatic" types were also made for printing colour separation, showing the delicacy that could be achieved.
Wood type had distinctive characteristics compared to metal type. The demand for novelty led to an arms race of new styles of novelty type designs, and because each type was individually cut by pantograph from a pattern, types could be offered in a wide range of sizes. Wood type styles were sold in a wide range of widths from condensed to ultra-wide, and Hamilton offered to supply at regular prices any width desired in between its standard widths. Robert James DeLittle of the York type cutters DeLittle explained in 2000 that sometimes very condensed letters were needed for theatre posters because "If you were more important than the other chap, your name had to be in larger letters. If you were unfortunate enough to have a long-winded name you had great difficulty in fitting it into those narrow theatrical bills." As noted above, multiple types were often made for the multiple layers of a design to be printed using colour separation. As wood type was made for large sizes, it was often made with very narrow sidebearings between letters, so spacing material had to be inserted to achieve the desired spacing between characters.
Wood type manufacture was particularly common in the United States, and its companies made type in other languages for export. By the 1870s, missionaries working in China had commissioned type for printing posters, and wood type was also made for Russian and Burmese for export. Besides this, American manufacturers made German blackletter, Greek and Hebrew types catering to the large immigrant communities. There were also manufacturers of wood type in France, Germany, Britain and other countries.
Around the 1890s, the Hamilton Manufacturing Company in Two Rivers, Wisconsin, owned by J. E. Hamilton, grew rapidly and took over most of its competitors. It continued to make wood type until 1985. The surviving materials from the company are now preserved at the Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum, also in Two Rivers. Hamilton began in business by introducing a new method of making wood type very cheaply: the wood letter was cut out and then attached to a backing of a block of cheaper wood. Around 1890, Hamilton switched to the standard router method.
Some types from Hamilton are shown below:
According to S. L. Righyni, in the late inter-war period in Britain, the standard letterform on newsbills posted by newsagents was "the sans-serif wooden letter-form", especially bold condensed sans-serifs from Stephenson Blake, although the Daily Express used Winchester Bold and The Times had a custom design similar to Kabel Bold Condensed. (Although wood type was used for news bills and posters, large newspaper headlines were rare in British newspaper printing until well into the twentieth century.)
Wood type manufacturers
United States
Darius Wells
W. Leavenworth
William H. Page
Hamilton
United Kingdom
DeLittle
H. W. Caslon
H. M. Sellers
Stevens Shanks
Day & Collins
Stephenson Blake
Germany
Will & Schumacher, later Sachs & Co.
France
Deberny & Peignot
Switzerland
Roman Scherer
Brazil
Funtimod
Legacy technology
During the post-war period, wood type poster printing was largely displaced by new technologies like offset lithography and phototypesetting. Reproductions of wood type with their resonance of times past were offered by phototypesetting companies such as Photo-Lettering Inc. and Haber Typographers, and used in the 1960s by designers such as Bob Cato and John Berg, and later Paula Scher and Louise Fili. Artistic printers like Jack Stauffacher and retro print shops such as Hatch Show Print carried on using wood type, finding that it was a cheap way to achieve creative effects. (For wood type historian Rob Roy Kelly, the aesthetic quality of wood type manufacturers declined in the twentieth century; Nick Sherman and Frode Helland have commented on a staggeringly bad rendition of Futura in Hamilton's 1951 specimen that features inconsistent stroke weights, the dot on the i and j at different heights, and the 8 in the specimen printed upside down.)
The use of wood type styles is commonly associated with the American Frontier or "Wild West". These typefaces are seen as classic western Americana. This is because of its cinematic and decorative appearance: wood type style-lettering was very popular in Westerns giving it an association with the American west, and are used frequently to depict that aesthetic, from theme parks to bars.
In the 1950s, Rob Roy Kelly, an American graphic design teacher, became interested in the history of wood type and built up a large collection from sources like old print shops and printers' families. He published a history of the industry, American Wood Type, 1828–1900 in 1969. His collection, now at the University of Texas at Austin, has been studied by other historians of wood type such as David Shields.
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Examples on Fonts In Use
David Shields' list of wood type specimen catalog facsimiles and digital copies
Woodtyper, a wood type discussion site edited by Nick Sherman
Letterpress printing
1828 introductions
Typography
Relief printing
History of printing | wiki |
A pipe tool is a small gadget designed to aid in packing, smoking, and emptying a tobacco pipe.
There are three principal pipe tools: the tamper, the reamer, and the pick:
The tamper is a blunt instrument, either a simple dowel or shaped like the head of a nail. The flat end is used to tamp down the tobacco while packing the pipe, and to crush the ash together during smoking or relighting. Tampers are often made with a notch or small holes to permit airflow so that tamping the tobacco does not extinguish the flame.
The reamer or scoop is a flat instrument shaped like a dull knife blade or a flattened spoon, used to scrape ash and unburned tobacco (dottle) off the sides and bottom of a pipe.
The pick or poker is a narrow rod or pin that can be used to clear the shank of debris or aerate tightly packed tobacco. Because it is sharp, it may scratch the bowl of a pipe and so should not be used for scraping.
These three tools can be combined in different ways. Most common is the three-in-one Czech tool, which consists of a tamper, reamer and pick joined together. A pipe knife is another three-in-one tool: the reamer and pick fold into the casing in the same fashion as a pocketknife, while the blunt end is used as a tamper. A pipe nail is a nail-shaped tool with a tamper at one end and a reamer at the other. Tampers and reamers are also made as separate tools.
Gallery
References
Pipe smoking
Tobacciana
Tools | wiki |
Centennial Library may refer to
Stanley A. Milner Library
Centennial Library (Cedarville University) | wiki |
Jerry D. Thomas
Jerry Thomas (żołnierz) | wiki |
Robert W. Floyd
Robert Floyd (aktor) | wiki |
Twigs Boutique is an independent women's fashion boutique located in Madison, Wisconsin at the Hilldale Shopping Center. Founder Jen Van Wart established the boutique in 2002 after relocating to Wisconsin from New York.
Elle Magazine recently recognized Twigs as one of the best boutiques in America.
Brands
Twigs represents fashion designers in apparel, handbags, and jewelry. Designers include Tory Burch, Rag & Bone, Citizens of Humanity, Marc Jacobs, Tibi, Chan Luu, Canada Goose, and many more.
References
External links
Companies based in Madison, Wisconsin
Clothing retailers of the United States | wiki |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.