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Super Turrican – videogioco per Super Nintendo
Super Turrican – videogioco per Nintendo Entertainment System | wiki |
Prom Queen is an honorary title at a high school prom.
Prom Queen may also refer to:
Television
"Prom Queen" (Glee), an episode from the TV series
Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story, a 2004 Canadian TV movie
Prom Queen (web series), a series of short online episodes
Prom Queen: Summer Heat
Prom Queens (TV series)
Music
"Prom Queen" (Lil Wayne song), 2009
"Prom Queen" (Beach Bunny song), 2018
Prom Queen, a 2018 EP by Beach Bunny
"Prom Queen", a 1993 song by Mambo Taxi
"Prom Queen", a 2017 song by Molly Kate Kestner
See also
Prom (disambiguation) | wiki |
Civic Hall may refer to:
Leeds Civic Hall in Leeds, opened 1933
Wolverhampton Civic Hall in Wolverhampton, opened 1938
Galleywood Civic Hall in Wolverhampton
Civic Hall in Ballarat, Victoria, opened in 1956
Civic Hall in Port Lincoln, South Australia
Portland Civic Hall in Portland, Victoria
Rye Civic Hall in Rye, Victoria
Ryde Civic Hall in Ryde, New South Wales
"Civic Hall", a song on the album Magnets by The Vapors
See also
Civic Center
Civic Center Historic District (disambiguation)
Architectural disambiguation pages | wiki |
La U.S. Route 73 o Ruta Federal 73 (abreviada US 73) es una autopista federal ubicada en el estado de Nebraska. La autopista inicia en el Sur desde la en Bonner Springs, KS hacia el Norte en la cerca Dawson, NE. La autopista tiene una longitud de 180,2 km (112 mi).
Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras interestatales, y el resto de rutas federales, la U.S. Route 73 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Carreteras de Nebraska por sus siglas en inglés NDOR.
Cruces
La U.S. Route 73 es atravesada principalmente por la en Atchison, KS.
Véase también
Referencias
Enlaces externos
Página oficial del NDOR
Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas federales}
Lista de Autopistas por estado en AARoads.com
Carreteras federales de Nebraska
en:U.S. Route 73#Nebraska | wiki |
YAG laser may refer to two types of lasers that use yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG):
Nd:YAG laser (doped with neodymium)
Er:YAG laser (doped with erbium) | wiki |
Ferrite – soluzione solida interstiziale composta da ferro e carbonio
Ferrite – composto chimico formato principalmente da materiali ceramici ed ossido di ferro | wiki |
This is a list of awards and nominations that was received by actor J. K. Simmons. His performance as Terrence Fletcher in Whiplash (2014) received widespread critical acclaim and earned him 40 accolades, including the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award, and the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2022, his performance as William Frawley in Being the Ricardos (2021) earned him his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Major associations
Academy Awards
BAFTA Awards
Golden Globe Awards
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Industry awards
Australian Academy Film Awards
Alliance of Women Film Journalists
Critics' Choice Movie Awards
Drama Desk Awards
Independent Spirit Awards
MTV Movie Awards
Festival awards
Palm Springs International Film Festival
Santa Barbara International Film Festival
Miscellaneous awards
Satellite Awards
Saturn Awards
Village Voice
Critics associations
Online awards
Gold Derby Awards
References
External links
Simmons, J. K. | wiki |
This is a list of well-known dimensionless quantities illustrating their variety of forms and applications. The tables also include pure numbers, dimensionless ratios, or dimensionless physical constants; these topics are discussed in the article.
Biology and medicine
Chemistry
Physics
Physical constants
Fluids and heat transfer
Solids
Optics
Mathematics and statistics
Geography, geology and geophysics
Sport
Other fields
References | wiki |
Abroscopus is a small genus of "warbler" in the family Cettiidae, formerly included in the Sylviidae.
Species
It contains the following three species:
References
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. .
Bird genera
Taxa named by E. C. Stuart Baker
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Calabrian earthquakes may refer to:
1638 Calabrian earthquakes
1783 Calabrian earthquakes | wiki |
Desert flower may refer to:
The Desert Flower, an 1863 opera by William Vincent Wallace
Desert Flower, a 1998 biography of Somali model Waris Dirie
Desert Flower (film), a 2009 German film adaptation of the biography
The Desert Flower (film), a 1925 American Western film
Desert Flower, a Native American hound character in the 1988 animated film The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound | wiki |
Service station may refer to:
Filling station, a gasoline or petrol station
Automobile repair shop, a place where automobiles are repaired
Service centre or rest area, a public facility on motorways or controlled-access highways for resting or refuelling
Motorway service area, a rest area in the United Kingdom
Service centre or truck stop | wiki |
Моско́вский Кремль — многозначное словосочетание.
Московский Кремль — древнейшая часть Москвы.
Московский Кремль (музей-заповедник).
«Московский Кремль» — одно из яиц Фаберже.
См. также
Кремль (значения) | wiki |
Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted), enzymes (such as lipase and amylase), antimicrobial agents (such as secretory IgA, and lysozymes).
The enzymes found in saliva are essential in beginning the process of digestion of dietary starches and fats. These enzymes also play a role in breaking down food particles entrapped within dental crevices, thus protecting teeth from bacterial decay. Saliva also performs a lubricating function, wetting food and permitting the initiation of swallowing, and protecting the oral mucosa from drying out.
Various animal species have special uses for saliva that go beyond predigestion. Some swifts use their gummy saliva to build nests. Aerodramus nests form the basis of bird's nest soup.
Cobras, vipers, and certain other members of the venom clade hunt with venomous saliva injected by fangs. Some caterpillars produce silk fiber from silk proteins stored in modified salivary glands (which are unrelated to the vertebrate ones).
Composition
Produced in salivary glands, human saliva comprises 99.5% water, but also contains many important substances, including electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds and various enzymes. Medically, constituents of saliva can noninvasively provide important diagnostic information related to oral and systemic diseases.
Water: 99.5%
Electrolytes:
2–21 mmol/L sodium (lower than blood plasma)
10–36 mmol/L potassium (higher than plasma)
1.2–2.8 mmol/L calcium (similar to plasma)
0.08–0.5 mmol/L magnesium
5–40 mmol/L chloride (lower than plasma)
25 mmol/L bicarbonate (higher than plasma)
1.4–39 mmol/L phosphate
Iodine (mmol/L concentration is usually higher than plasma, but dependent variable according to dietary iodine intake)
Mucus (mucus in saliva mainly consists of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins)
Antibacterial compounds (thiocyanate, hydrogen peroxide, and secretory immunoglobulin A)
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Saliva eliminates caesium, which can substitute for potassium in the cells.
Various enzymes; most notably:
α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1), or ptyalin, secreted by the acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands, starts the digestion of starch before the food is even swallowed; it has a pH optimum of 7.4
Lingual lipase, which is secreted by the acinar cells of the sublingual gland; has a pH optimum around 4.0 so it is not activated until entering the acidic environment of the stomach
Kallikrein, an enzyme that proteolytically cleaves high-molecular-weight kininogen to produce bradykinin, which is a vasodilator; it is secreted by the acinar cells of all three major salivary glands
Antimicrobial enzymes that kill bacteria:
Lysozyme
Salivary lactoperoxidase
Lactoferrin
Immunoglobulin A
Proline-rich proteins (function in enamel formation, Ca2+-binding, microbe killing and lubrication)
Minor enzymes including: salivary acid phosphatases A+B, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and tissue kallikrein (function unknown)
Cells: possibly as many as 8 million human and 500 million bacterial cells per mL. The presence of bacterial products (small organic acids, amines, and thiols) causes saliva to sometimes exhibit a foul odor.
Opiorphin, a pain-killing substance found in human saliva
Haptocorrin, a protein which binds to vitamin B12 to protect it against degradation in the stomach, before it binds to intrinsic factor.
Daily salivary output
Experts debate the amount of saliva that a healthy person produces. Production is estimated at 1500ml per day and researchers generally accept that during sleep the amount drops significantly.
In humans, the submandibular gland contributes around 70 to 75% of secretions, while the parotid gland secretes about 20 to 25%; small amounts are secreted from the other salivary glands.
Functions
Saliva contributes to the digestion of food and to the maintenance of oral hygiene. Without normal salivary function the frequency of dental caries, gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), and other oral problems increases significantly. Saliva limits the growth of bacterial pathogens and is a major factor in sustaining systemic and oral health through the prevention of tooth decay and the removal of sugars and other food sources for microbes.
Lubricant
Saliva coats the oral mucosa mechanically protecting it from trauma during eating, swallowing, and speaking. Mouth soreness is very common in people with reduced saliva (xerostomia) and food (especially dry food) sticks to the inside of the mouth.
Digestion
The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food and helping to create a food bolus. The lubricative function of saliva allows the food bolus to be passed easily from the mouth into the esophagus. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, also called ptyalin, which is capable of breaking down starch into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin that can be further broken down in the small intestine. About 30% of starch digestion takes place in the mouth cavity. Salivary glands also secrete salivary lipase (a more potent form of lipase) to begin fat digestion. Salivary lipase plays a large role in fat digestion in newborn infants as their pancreatic lipase still needs some time to develop.
Role in taste
Saliva is very important in the sense of taste. It is the liquid medium in which chemicals are carried to taste receptor cells (mostly associated with lingual papillae). People with little saliva often complain of dysgeusia (i.e. disordered taste, e.g. reduced ability to taste, or having a bad, metallic taste at all times). A rare condition identified to affect taste is that of 'Saliva Hypernatrium', or excessive amounts of sodium in saliva that is not caused by any other condition (e.g., Sjögren syndrome), causing everything to taste 'salty'.
Other
Saliva maintains the pH of the mouth. Saliva is supersaturated with various ions. Certain salivary proteins prevent precipitation, which would form salts. These ions act as a buffer, keeping the acidity of the mouth within a certain range, typically pH 6.2–7.4. This prevents minerals in the dental hard tissues from dissolving.
Saliva secretes carbonic anhydrase (gustin), which is thought to play a role in the development of taste buds.
Saliva contains EGF. EGF results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, but since then found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, also plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity. The biological effects of salivary EGF include healing of oral and gastroesophageal ulcers, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, stimulation of DNA synthesis as well as mucosal protection from intraluminal injurious factors such as gastric acid, bile acids, pepsin, and trypsin and to physical, chemical and bacterial agents.
Production
The production of saliva is stimulated both by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic.
The saliva stimulated by sympathetic innervation is thicker, and saliva stimulated parasympathetically is more fluid-like.
Sympathetic stimulation of saliva is to facilitate respiration, whereas parasympathetic stimulation is to facilitate digestion.
Parasympathetic stimulation leads to acetylcholine (ACh) release onto the salivary acinar cells. ACh binds to muscarinic receptors, specifically M3, and causes an increased intracellular calcium ion concentration (through the IP3/DAG second messenger system). Increased calcium causes vesicles within the cells to fuse with the apical cell membrane leading to secretion. ACh also causes the salivary gland to release kallikrein, an enzyme that converts kininogen to lysyl-bradykinin. Lysyl-bradykinin acts upon blood vessels and capillaries of the salivary gland to generate vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, respectively. The resulting increased blood flow to the acini allows the production of more saliva. In addition, Substance P can bind to Tachykinin NK-1 receptors leading to increased intracellular calcium concentrations and subsequently increased saliva secretion. Lastly, both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous stimulation can lead to myoepithelium contraction which causes the expulsion of secretions from the secretory acinus into the ducts and eventually to the oral cavity.
Sympathetic stimulation results in the release of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine binding to α-adrenergic receptors will cause an increase in intracellular calcium levels leading to more fluid vs. protein secretion. If norepinephrine binds β-adrenergic receptors, it will result in more protein or enzyme secretion vs. fluid secretion. Stimulation by norepinephrine initially decreases blood flow to the salivary glands due to constriction of blood vessels but this effect is overtaken by vasodilation caused by various local vasodilators.
Saliva production may also be pharmacologically stimulated by the so-called sialagogues. It can also be suppressed by the so-called antisialagogues.
Behaviour
Spitting
Spitting is the act of forcibly ejecting saliva or other substances from the mouth. In many parts of the world, it is considered rude and a social taboo, and has sometimes been outlawed. In some countries, for example, it has been outlawed for reasons of public decency and attempting to reduce the spread of disease. These laws may not strictly enforced, but in Singapore, the fine for spitting may be as high as SGD$2,000 for multiple offenses, and one can even be arrested. In China, expectoration is more socially acceptable (even if officially disapproved of or illegal), and spittoons are still a common appearance in some cultures. Some animals, even humans in some cases, use spitting as an automatic defensive maneuver. Camels are well known for doing this, though most domestic camels are trained not to.
Spitting by an infected person (for example, one with SARS-CoV-2) whose saliva contains large amounts of virus, is a health hazard to the public.
Glue to construct bird nests
Many birds in the swift family, Apodidae, produce a viscous saliva during nesting season to glue together materials to construct a nest. Two species of swifts in the genus Aerodramus build their nests using only their saliva, the base for bird's nest soup.
Wound licking
A common belief is that saliva contained in the mouth has natural disinfectants, which leads people to believe it is beneficial to "lick their wounds". Researchers at the University of Florida at Gainesville have discovered a protein called nerve growth factor (NGF) in the saliva of mice. Wounds doused with NGF healed twice as fast as untreated and unlicked wounds; therefore, saliva can help to heal wounds in some species. NGF has not been found in human saliva; however, researchers find human saliva contains such antibacterial agents as secretory mucin, IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme and peroxidase. It has not been shown that human licking of wounds disinfects them, but licking is likely to help clean the wound by removing larger contaminants such as dirt and may help to directly remove infective bodies by brushing them away. Therefore, licking would be a way of wiping off pathogens, useful if clean water is not available to the animal or person.
Classical conditioning
In Pavlov's experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate in response to a ringing bell, this stimulus is associated with a meal or hunger. Salivary secretion is also associated with nausea. Saliva is usually formed in the mouth through an act called gleeking, which can be voluntary or involuntary.
Making alcoholic beverages
Some old cultures chewed grains to produce alcoholic beverages, such as chicha, kasiri or sake.
Substitutes
A number of commercially available saliva substitutes exist.
See also
Basic reproduction number
Spittle cures
References
Further reading
External links
Body fluids
Excretion | wiki |
Dalston is a proposed railway station on the Crossrail 2 line in Dalston, Greater London. It would be an underground station providing interchange with the existing Dalston Kingsland and Dalston Junction stations.
Services
References
Proposed railway stations in London
Transport in the London Borough of Hackney
Dalston | wiki |
Mounteere cap (also known as a Montero cap) is a type of cap formerly worn in Spain for hunting. It has a spherical crown and (frequently fur-lined) flaps able to be drawn down to protect the ears and neck.
See also
References
Caps
Spanish clothing
Hunting equipment | wiki |
Heat content may refer to: | wiki |
The Inglefield clip (also known as a sister clip and a Brummel hook) is a clip for joining a flag or ensign quickly, easily and securely to flag halyards so that the flag can be hoisted. They are also used for jib sheets on small boats and to connect the speed line in paragliders.
Each clip resembles a link of chain, with a split through one side. The edges of this split are chamfered, so that the clips can be engaged or disengaged, but only if they are carefully aligned by hand. When pulled tight, the links are securely fastened. There are no moving parts to the link, although some have additional swivel pieces.
They can be made of any durable material; commonly brass, bronze, stainless steel or plastic. The clips come in two basic types: 'standard' with the halyard attached directly to the clip, and 'swivel' which incorporates a rotational connector so that the halyard can rotate without affecting the flag. In the Royal Navy a flag or ensign normally has both types of clip, one at each end of the heading. Some flags have the top clip sewn directly onto the heading rather than a rope running through it. This allows these flags to be flown 'tight-up' against the top of the mast, gaff or yard arm.
History
Lieutenant Edward Fitzmaurice Inglefield invented these clips for attaching signalling flags whilst serving in HMS Melita in the early 1890s. The first set of prototype clips was made up in the Malta Dockyard and by 1895 Inglefield clips were standard issue to the British Royal Navy.
Notes
References
Nautical terminology
Sailing rigs and rigging | wiki |
The Bowmaker Tournament was an invitation pro-am golf tournament played from 1957 to 1970. Except in the first and final years the tournament was held at Sunningdale Golf Club. The main event was a 36-hole stroke play event for the professionals played over two days. There was also a better-ball event for the professional/amateur pairs.
The Bowmaker Tournament finished in 1970 but was replaced by the Sunbeam Electric Tournament which had the same format and was also played the week before The Open Championship. The Sunbeam Electric sponsorship lasted for just one year. In 1972 and 1973 they were the sponsors of the Sunbeam Electric Scottish Open.
In the 1965 tournament Kel Nagle started his final round with an albatross two at the 492-yard first hole.
Winners
References
Golf tournaments in England | wiki |
Aretha Sings Standards è una raccolta di cover di celebri brani del passato, interpretati dalla cantante soul statunitense Aretha Franklin.
Tracce | wiki |
Лаатре (Laatre) — назва географічних об'єктів Естонії.
Лаатре (Laatre alevik) — селище у волості Валґа повіту Валґамаа.
Лаатре (Laatre küla) — село у волості Мулґі повіту Вільяндімаа.
Лаатре (Laatre vald) — колишня волость. | wiki |
Robert M. Duncan may refer to:
Robert Morton Duncan (1927–2012), United States federal judge
Mike Duncan (Robert M. Duncan, born 1951), chairman of the Republican National Committee
Robert M. Duncan (Oregon politician), former president of the Oregon State Senate
Robert M. Duncan Jr. (born 1978), United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky
See also
Robert Duncan (disambiguation) | wiki |
4x4 ("Four by four") refers to four-wheel drive.
4x4 or 4×4 may also refer to:
Film
4x4 (1965 film), a Nordic film
4x4 (2019 film), an Argentine-Spanish film
Music
4x4 (band), a Ghanaian hip hop group
Albums
4x4 (Carla Bley album), 2000
4x4 (Casiopea album), 1982
4×4 (Granger Smith EP), 2015
4x4, by Gemelli Diversi, 2000
Songs
"4x4" (song), by Miley Cyrus, 2013
"4x4", by Boiler Room, 2001
See also | wiki |
A meia-lua de compasso (lit. compass half moon) is a technique found in the martial art of capoeira that combines an evasive maneuver with a reverse roundhouse kick. It is considered one of the most powerful and efficient kicks of the art and one of its most iconic movements along with the rasteira. It is even considered that a capoeirista's general skill level can be determined on how hard and fast they are able to execute a meia-lua de compasso.
History
The origin of the meia-lua de compasso is unknown, although one myth describes how the African slaves who created capoeira were forced to develop their techniques while having their hands chained, which gave birth to golpes rodados (spinning attacks) in which hands were put on the ground to support their bodies.
There are reports from around the 1910s of a capoeirista named Francisco da Silva Ciríaco defeating a jiu-jitsu instructor named Sada Miyako with this kick.
The movement was introduced in mixed martial arts in 2009 by Brazilian fighter Marcus "Lelo" Aurélio (also known as Professor Barrãozinho), who knocked out his opponent Keegan Marshall with it. He was followed in 2011 by Cairo Rocha, who knocked out Francesco Neves with a meia-lua de compasso.
Technique
The technique starts with the user standing up or semi-crouched in the position of ginga. By twisting his body towards one side and downing one or both hands onto the ground for balance, he launches the opposite leg into the air in a semi-circular movement that ends with his heel striking the opponent, usually in the head, or completing the spin into another ginga position. The power of the kick derives its energy from the similar centripetal force of a golf club swing.
Variations
Meia-lua de compasso dupla
This is a version of the kick done without either leg in contact with the ground. It combines the motions of a diagonal front handspring and a meia-lua compasso using only the hand or hands to support the body during the kick and complete the spin. It is rarely seen because engaging the core muscles that it uses requires a high level of balance and strength.
Meia-lua solta
The meia-lua solta is executed in the opposite manner as the meia-lua de compasso dupla. Whereas in the dupla the arms are solely used, in the solta only the pivoting leg and foot are used. It is said to be much faster than the meia-lua de compasso but also much riskier. Taking a foot sweep while performing this can be dangerous because of the lack of a supporting arm to spot the kick. Some groups refer to this as a chibata because of its fast whipping motion.
Meia-lua reversão
A kick that begins as a meia-lua de compasso but ends like a front walkover. The capoeirista releases the kick, but instead of bringing the kicking leg around to complete the motion, he follows the kick with his entire body. He will usually land on the kicking leg and rotate 180 degrees to face the other player again.
Meia-lua queda de rins
This move is a combination of a meia-lua de compasso and a queda de rins. While turning to release the kick, the capoeirista lowers himself unto his supporting elbow. He/she can complete the movement in a number of ways, with the most common one being the transition into the resistençia.
Rabo de arraia
Rabo de arraia (lit. stingray's tail) is a term used in capoeira to describe a kicking technique. While it is sometimes used as a synonym to meia-lua de compasso, there is controversy between authors about whether it is such or it refers a completely different kick.
In his 2007's Little Capoeira Book, Nestor Capoeira put both techniques together as one and the same. However, Gerard Taylor described Mestre Pastinha's rabo de arraia as a "lower spinning kick" without mentioning the usage of hands, a theory Pedro J. Martín supports by equating further the term to the meia-lua de compasso solta. Nevertheless, Taylor also acknowledged the name could mean different techniques according to region. To add greater confusion, the rabo de arraia seems to have been another name for the aú batido in Mestre Sinhozinho's capoeira carioca.
In 2012, Nestor Capoeira addressed the controversy in his book Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game, acknowledging that many movements in capoeira, particularly the meia-lua de compasso, were called rabo de arraia. However, he described the authentic movement as one in which the user performed a handstand in front of the opponent, striking him with the heel before returning to the standing position.
In popular culture
Professional wrestler John Morrison has used this kick in several occasions, as well as film actors and stuntmen Lateef Crowder and Marrese Crump.
See also
List of capoeira techniques
Reverse roundhouse kick
References
Kicks
Martial art techniques
Capoeira | wiki |
Hafiz (; , pl. ḥuffāẓ , f. ḥāfiẓa ), literally meaning "memorizer", depending on the context, is a term used by Muslims for someone who has completely memorized the Quran. Hafiza is the female equivalent.
Although a hafiz does not have formal authority like an aalim or a mufti, in places where the scholars are scarce, they are frequently consulted and often made an imam. Resultantly, a hafiz becomes the leader of his community and the go-to person for religious knowledge, counselling, and other religious disputes.
A hafiz is given great respect by the people of the community with titles such as "Hafiz Sahb" (Sir Hafiz), "Ustadh" (أُسْتَاذ) (Teacher), "Mawlana" (مَوْلَانَا) (Our Master), and occasionally Sheikh (شَيْخ).
Importance
Hifz is the memorization of the Quran. Muslims believe that whoever memorizes the Quran and acts upon it will be rewarded and honoured greatly by Allah, as Abdullah ibn Amr narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: “It shall be said - meaning to the one who memorized the Qur'an - 'Recite, and rise up, recite (melodiously) as you would recite in the world. Indeed your rank shall be at the last Ayah you recited” (Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2914)
Having memorised the Quran, the hafiz or hafiza must then ensure they do not forget it. To ensure perfect recall of all the learned verses requires constant practice. The memorisation of the Quran was important to Muslims in the past and also in the present. Yearly, thousands of students master the Quran and complete the book with interpretation and also memorisation. The Quran is perhaps the only book, religious or secular, that has been memorized completely by millions of people.
In Pakistan alone, Qari Hafeez Jalandhari, the general secretary of the Wafaq-ul-Madaris, which is a central board accounting for most of the religious seminaries in Pakistan, says that, in its network of madaris, "one million children have become Hafiz-e-Quran after an exam was introduced in 1982", with more than 78,000 (including 14,000 girls) every year, which he compared to the yearly output of Saudi Arabia, which is 5,000.
Cultural differences
For Muslims who are attempting to memorize certain suras but are unfamiliar with the Arabic script, the ulema have made various elucidations. There are mixed opinions on the usage of romanization of Arabic due to concerns about mispronunciations, higher approval of writing systems with close consonantal and vocalic equivalents to classical Arabic or relevant and effective diacritics, and a preference for Quran tutors or recorded recitations from qaris or any device with clear audible sound storage technology, such as CDs or cassettes.
Keeping the Quran memorized has always been a challenging and, at the same time, important issue in Muslim countries. In Iran, according to Resolution 573 of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, there is at least one specialized examination of the preservation of the Quran each year, according to specific criteria. The reviewer of this evaluation is Dar al-Qur'an al-Karim, a subsidiary of the Islamic Advertising Organization. According to Article 5 of the above Decree, holders of specialized qualifications for memorizing the Quran will enjoy the benefits of one to five art degrees, subject to the approval of the 547th session of the Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution. Therefore, the approval of the Qualification Degrees 1 to 5 of the Quran are in line with the Doctoral, Master's, Bachelor, Associate's Diploma and Diploma degrees, respectively.
See also
Qari'
Hafez
References
Islamic terminology
Memory in culture | wiki |
New Zealand Mint () is a privately owned company in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the only privately owned mint in New Zealand, purchasing refined gold from international sources to produce coins. The company trades in precious metals including gold bullion, and is a physical storage provider.
The mint produces collector and bullion coins for a number of pacific nations, including Fiji and Niue.
During the late-2000s recession, New Zealand Mint saw a substantial upturn of business, doing a month's worth of transactions each day when the large U.S. investment banks such as Bear Stearns failed.
The mint does not produce bank notes or coins of the New Zealand dollar - those coins are minted primarily at the Royal Mint and Royal Canadian Mint for the Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
References
External links
New Zealand Mint - Official site
Metal companies of New Zealand
Mints (currency) | wiki |
The Nook Color is a tablet computer/e-reader that was marketed by Barnes & Noble. A tablet with multitouch touchscreen input, it is the first device in the Nook line to feature a full-color screen. The device is designed for viewing of books, newspapers, magazines, and children's picture books. A limited number of the children's books available for the Nook Color include interactive animations and the option to have a professional voice actor read the story. It was announced on 26 October 2010 and shipped on 16 November 2010. Nook Color became available at the introductory price of US$249. In December 2011, with the release of the Nook Tablet, it lowered to US$169. On 12 August 2012, the price lowered to US$149. On 4 November 2012, the price was further lowered to US$139. The tablet ran on Android.
As of December 2012, Barnes and Noble discontinued the Nook Color in favor of the Nook HD and Nook HD+.
Design
The device was designed by Yves Behar from fuseproject. Its frame is graphite in color, with an angled lower corner intended to evoke a turned page. The soft back is designed to make holding the device more comfortable.
Features
The Nook color has a 1024x600 resolution multi-touch touchscreen LCD display, presenting a very vivid image, as opposed to the original Nook's secondary touchscreen. It does not feature an electronic paper display, making it a tablet computer and an e-reader. It has a customized display with color options, six font sizes, and Internet browsing over Wi-Fi, as well as a built-in media player that supports audio and video. The Nook Color allows installing applications approved by Barnes & Noble, with the company planning to provide tools for third-party software developers and an app store. Applications pre-loaded on the Nook Color include Chess, Sudoku, crossword puzzles, Pandora Radio, and a media gallery for viewing pictures and video.
As with the prior Nook, the Nook Color provides a "LendMe" feature allowing users to share some books with other people depending upon licensing by the book's publisher. The purchaser is permitted to share a book once with one other user for up to two weeks. The other users may view the borrowed book using a Nook, Nook Color, or Barnes & Noble's free reader software on any other device running iOS (iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad), BlackBerry OS, Windows, Mac OS X, or Android. Adobe Digital Editions installed on Laptops paired to the Nook Color enables downloads from public libraries (epub). The Share feature on the Nook is only accessible to a small percentage of books purchased from B&N. The Nook works better and easier with purchased publications from B&N than other sources with its easier access.
The Nook Color uses a Texas Instruments ARM Cortex-A8 processor running at 800 MHz. The device has 8 GB of internal memory supplied by Sandisk, but only 5 GB is user-accessible and can store an estimated 6,000 books or 100 hours of audio. As with the original Nook, microSD and microSDHC memory cards can be inserted to expand the Nook Color's memory up to 32 GB. Although Barnes & Noble's official position is that the Nook Color's rechargeable battery is not user-replaceable, replacement instructions and aftermarket batteries are widely available. The original battery is expected to last for 8 hours of continuous use with the wireless turned off, but some replacements have less capacity. The device includes a built-in speaker and a universal 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack. VividView technology is used to enhance image quality when viewing in direct sunlight. Supported file formats include EPUB (DRM and non-DRM), PDF, Microsoft Office formats (DOC, DOCX, XLS, PPT, etc.), TXT, JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP, MP3, AAC, and MP4.
A firmware update released 25 April 2011 added an app store, email client, Flash support within the web browser, social networking tools, video and audio embedded within books, and performance improvements.
It also has been discovered that the device has hidden Bluetooth connectivity abilities in its wireless chipset, available only after rooting, or flashing a device to the CyanogenMod 7 version of Android for this device.
Third-party apps and firmware update 1.4.1
When the Nook Color and Tablet were first offered, users could install third-party apps. However, days before Christmas 2011, the forced over-the-air "firmware update from Barnes & Noble for the Nook Tablet and Nook Color – 1.4.1 – close[d] the loophole that allowed users to sideload any Android app and also [broke] root for those who'[d] gone that extra step to customize the device."
Reception
Since launch, Nook Color received generally positive reviews, with PC Magazine declaring "Nook Color makes a perfectly amiable reading companion if you want to see your books in full color", while Engadget says "if you're a hardcore reader with an appetite that extends beyond books to magazines and newspapers, the Color is the first viable option we've seen that can support your habit".
In late March 2011, it was reported that the Nook Color had sold close to 3 million units since its launch.
Use as an Android tablet
As an Android device, the Nook Color can be modified to run most Android applications. One common method that unlocks this function is rooting, which grants users root access to the Nook Color's file system. Doing so voids the device's warranty, though it can often be returned to (non-rooted) factory defaults for warranty claims.
In addition to rooting the stock operating system, complete versions of Android are available that can replace the stock firmware and provide functions similar to other Android devices. Android versions 2.2 (Froyo) 2.3 (Gingerbread), 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich), and 4.1-4.3 (Jelly Bean) have all been fully ported to the Nook Color and are available as free downloads. KitKat (4.4) is actively being ported, with a few known issues.
Perhaps the most popular such replacement is CyanogenMod 10, an enhanced version of Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean), which, as of September 2013, has over 55,000 reported installations on the Nook Color (codenamed "encore"). CyanogenMod is a community-developed firmware replacement that can be downloaded for free. It can be installed to the internal storage or started from a microSD card, which typically will not affect the internal installation. Neither replacing the stock operating system nor running the operating system from a microSD card requires rooting.
Many people have reported that KitKat (CyanogenMod 11) runs with less lag than CM10.
USB port
The original Nook used a standard Micro USB connection for both battery charging and PC connectivity. The Nook Color uses a modified connector with two depths. The first depth is compatible with Micro USB (5-conductor), while the second depth has 12 conductors. This change was made to increase the amount of power available to charge the larger battery of the Nook Color when using the included cable at 1.9 A as opposed to the 0.5 A limit of standard USB connections.
Because of this, the USB cable included with the Nook Color is physically incompatible with other devices employing standard micro-USB connectors. However, the Nook Color itself is physically compatible with standard micro-USB cords and will still charge at a slower rate on such cords.
References
External links
Official NOOK Developer Program Site
Nook Owner Community Site
CyanogenMod Stable Builds for Nook Color
CyanogenMod Nightly Builds for Nook Color
Nook Color
Android (operating system) devices
Dedicated ebook devices
Products introduced in 2010 | wiki |
A performance car is a car that exhibits above-average capabilities in one or more of the following areas: acceleration, top speed, cornering and braking. It is debated how much performance is required to move classification from standard to high performance.
Classification
Further classification of performance cars is possible in the following categories:
Grand tourer — a luxury performance car designed for high speed and long-distance driving
Hot hatch — a high-performance version of mass-produced hatchback model
Muscle car — a large American rear-wheel drive car with a V8 engine
Sports sedan — a high-performance version of a sedan model
Supercar — an expensive high-end sports car, with hypercars being the most expensive and fastest supercars.
Gallery
See also
Performance Car (magazine)
Automotive terminology | wiki |
Brontëan (or, less frequently, Brontean) means "pertaining to or characteristic of the works of..."
The Brontë family, a literary family, or any of its members:
Anne Brontë, novelist and poet
Branwell Brontë, painter and poet
Charlotte Brontë, novelist and poet
Emily Brontë, novelist and poet
Patrick Brontë, curate and writer | wiki |
The English penny (plural "pence"), originally a coin of pure silver, was introduced by King Offa of Mercia. These coins were similar in size and weight to the continental deniers of the period and to the Anglo-Saxon sceats which had preceded it.
Throughout the period of the Kingdom of England, from its beginnings in the 9th century, the penny was produced in silver. Pennies of the same nominal value, of a pound sterling, were in circulation continuously until the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.
Etymology
The name "penny" comes from the Old English pennige (), sharing the same root as the German Pfennig. Its abbreviation d. comes from the Roman denarius and was used until decimalisation in 1971.
Idioms
Due to their ubiquity pennies have accumulated a great number of idioms to their name usually recognizing them for their commonality and minuscule value.
These might include:
cut (one) off without a penny
mean enough to steal a penny off a dead man's eyes
not have two pennies to rub together
penny-pincher
penny-wise and pound-foolish
spend a penny
worth every penny
History
Anglo-Saxon silver pennies were the currency used to pay the Danegeld, essentially protection money paid to the Vikings so that they would go away and not ravage the land. As an illustration of how heavy a burden the Danegeld was, more Anglo-Saxon pennies from the decades around the first millennium have been found in Denmark than in England. In the reign of Ethelred the Unready (978–1016), some 40 million pennies were paid to the Danes, while King Canute (Knut) (1016–1035) paid off his invasion army with another 20 million pennies. This adds up to about of silver, equivalent to £250,000 at the time, and worth about £10 million in money (its purchasing power at that time may have exceeded £100 million and may have been as high as £1 billion in 2005).
The penny initially weighed 20 to 22.5 modern grains (1.3 to 1.5 g). It was standardized to 32 Tower grains, of a Tower pound (approx. 350 g). The alloy was set to sterling silver of .925 fineness in 1158 under King Henry II. The weight standard was changed to the Troy pound (373.242 g) in 1527 under Henry VIII, i.e. a pennyweight became about 1.555 grams. As the purity and weight of the coin was critical, the name of the moneyer who manufactured the coin, and at which mint, often appeared on the reverse side of the coin.
From the time of King Offa, the penny was the only denomination of coin minted in England for 500 years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry III in 1257 and a few halfpennies and farthings in 1222, the introduction of the groat by King Edward I in 1279, under whom the halfpenny and farthing were also reintroduced, and the later issues of King Edward III.
At the time of the 1702 London Mint Assay by Sir Isaac Newton, the silver content of British coinage was defined to be one troy ounce of sterling silver for 62 pence. Therefore, the value of the monetary pound sterling was equivalent to only 3.87 troy ounces of sterling silver. This was the standard from 1601 to 1816.
Pennies by period
History of the English penny (c. 600-1066)
History of the English penny (1066-1154) (The Early Normans and the Anarchy, 1066–1154)
History of the English penny (1154-1485) (The Plantagenets, 1154–1485)
History of the English penny (1485-1603) (The Tudors, 1485–1603)
History of the English penny (1603–1707) (The Stuarts and the Commonwealth)
History of the British penny (1714-1901) (The Hanoverians)
History of the British penny (1901-1970) (The twentieth century penny, 1901–1970)
Decimal Day, 1971
Penny (British decimal coin) (Post-decimalisation, 1971–present)
See also
Coins of the pound sterling
Sixpence
Notes
References
Coincraft's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date, Richard Lobel, Coincraft.
Coins of England
Pennies
Silver coins
no:Old penny sterling
pt:Penny antigo | wiki |
In mathematics, the scale convolution of two functions and , also known as their logarithmic convolution is defined as the function
when this quantity exists.
Results
The logarithmic convolution can be related to the ordinary convolution by changing the variable from to :
Define and and let , then
Logarithms | wiki |
3-2 engineering programs, also called combined plans or dual degree programs, provide a unique opportunity for a liberal arts and engineering education. 3-2 students get a BA from their home institution, often a liberal arts college or university, and BS in engineering from a partner school. These programs are not to be confused with similar master's degree programs. At the end of five years, the student will have two bachelor's degrees, one from each school.
Often, 3-2 programs advertise that students get a more robust education. Traditional engineering majors cannot take as many classes in the humanities because they follow strict course sequences to graduate on time. 3-2 students get the technical training at the partner school as well as a myriad of quintessential liberal arts courses at their home institution.
Home Institution Requirements
Students complete general education requirements for the home institution and STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) courses for transferring to the partner school. Since students are intended to stay for three years, they do not receive a degree from the home institution, usually a BA, until graduating from the partner school. Depending on the home institution, a student might receive a pre-engineering degree or a degree in the field of interest (i.e. a chemistry major for a chemical engineer or a physics major for a mechanical engineer).
Some partnerships allow students to complete a four-year degree at their home institution and then transfer to the partner school and get another degree. In this case, the student does not have to complete the engineering segment to get the home institution degree. Note that this not universally offered as a part of all 3-2 programs.
Partner Institution Requirements
The partner school requires a student to take courses in calculus, physics, chemistry, and computer science before transferring. Some of the more established programs ensure admission given that the student fulfills grade, GPA, and course requirements. Other partner schools have students apply as transfer students. The partner recognizes STEM classes taken at the home institution as prerequisite for upper level engineering courses. After two years of engineering courses, the student receives both degrees.
History
3-2 engineering programs have been around for quite some time. Case Institute of Technology, now Case Western Reserve University, established a program from 1903 to 1927 with Adelbert College. After a brief hiatus, widespread proliferation of 3-2 programs “… begun in the 1960s. Their major purpose has been to add a combined liberal arts/engineering dimension to higher education rather than to contribute to the central flow of undergraduate engineering manpower.”.
3-2 Programs as a Means to Promote Minorities in Engineering
Some 3-2 programs have promoted racial diversity in engineering by partnering with Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Georgia Tech, for example, has several partnerships with HBCUs. “In line with the initial goals of the program, the mission is to increase educational access for minorities in the engineering profession and attract talented young men and women to careers in math, science, and engineering through the Dual Degree Engineering Program”.
Additionally, 3-2 programs minimize the, “… thousands of high school seniors [who] are overlooked by engineering programs because they didn't go to the "right" school, take the right courses, or do well on a standardized test”. A bright but perhaps unmotivated high school student is not likely to enroll in an engineering program his or her first year if he/she does not have certain grades/test scores. 3-2 programs are structured so 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-year students can develop their calculus, physics and chemistry backgrounds in a more nurturing environment. At the Atlanta University Center, "Tutors are available for all pre-engineering courses offered at the member [home] institutions”.
3-2 Student Success
Despite 3-2 program’s lengthy history, there is little information on the success of 3-2 students. Depending on the source, one can find information dismissing, promoting, and being indifferent to 3-2 students. An article from the 1960s claims, “Several other officials state that the three-two students do as well as the regular students, or better”. Whereas a more recent 1987 article states, “Such students represent an aberration in a liberal arts environment, and from the engineering side they have been more tolerated than encouraged”. Both sources agree that there is a shortage of data on graduation rates and/or washout rates, GPA performance, and enrollment.
Participating “Partner” Institutions
Case Western Reserve University
Columbia University
Georgia Institute of Technology
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Washington University in St. Louis
References
Engineering education in the United States | wiki |
Waders or shorebirds are birds of the order Charadriiformes commonly found wading along shorelines and mudflats in order to forage for food crawling or burrowing in the mud and sand, usually small arthropods such as aquatic insects or crustaceans. The term "wader" is used in Europe, while "shorebird" is used in North America, where "wader" may be used instead to refer to long-legged wading birds such as storks and herons.
There are about 210 species of wader, most of which live in wetland or coastal environments. Many species of Arctic and temperate regions are strongly migratory, but tropical birds are often resident, or move only in response to rainfall patterns. Some of the Arctic species, such as the little stint, are amongst the longest distance migrants, spending the non-breeding season in the southern hemisphere.
Many of the smaller species found in coastal habitats, particularly but not exclusively the calidrids, are often named as "sandpipers", but this term does not have a strict meaning, since the upland sandpiper is a grassland species.
The smallest member of this group is the least sandpiper, small adults of which can weigh as little as and measure just over . The largest species is believed to be the Far Eastern curlew, at about and , although the beach thick-knee is the heaviest at about .
Taxonomy
In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, waders and many other groups are subsumed into a greatly enlarged order Ciconiiformes. However, the classification of the Charadriiformes is one of the weakest points of the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, as DNA–DNA hybridization has turned out to be incapable of properly resolving the interrelationships of the group. Formerly, the waders were united in a single suborder Charadrii, but this has turned out to be a "wastebasket taxon", uniting no fewer than four charadriiform lineages in a paraphyletic assemblage. However, it indicated that the plains wanderer actually belonged into one of them. Following recent studies (Ericson et al., 2003; Paton et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2004a, b; van Tuinen et al., 2004; Paton & Baker, 2006), the waders may be more accurately subdivided.
The waders are a group of two Charadriiformes suborders which include 13 families. Species in the third Charadriiforme suborder, Lari, are not considered as waders.
Suborder Charadrii
Family Burhinidae – stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species)
Family Pluvianellidae – Magellanic plover
Family Chionidae – sheathbills (2 species)
Family Pluvianidae – Egyptian plover
Family Charadriidae – plovers (68 species)
Family Recurvirostridae – stilts, avocets (10 species)
Family Ibidorhynchidae – ibisbill
Family Haematopodidae – oystercatchers (12 species)
Suborder Scolopaci
Family Rostratulidae – painted-snipes (3 species)
Family Jacanidae – jacanas (8 species)
Family Pedionomidae – plains-wanderer
Family Thinocoridae – seedsnipes (4 species)
Family Scolopacidae – sandpipers, snipes (98 species)
Suborder Lari
Family Turnicidae
Family Dromadidae
Family Glareolidae
Characteristics
Shorebirds is a blanket term used to refer to multiple bird species that live in wet, coastal environments. Because most these species spend much of their time near bodies of water, many have long legs suitable for wading (hence the name ‘Waders’). Some species prefer locations with rocks or mud. Many shorebirds display migratory patterns and often migrate before breeding season. These behaviors explain the long wing lengths observed in species, and can also account for the efficient metabolisms that give the birds energy during long migrations.
The majority of species eat small invertebrates picked out of mud or exposed soil. Different lengths of bills enable different species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Many waders have sensitive nerve endings at the end of their bills which enable them to detect prey items hidden in mud or soft soil. Some larger species, particularly those adapted to drier habitats will take larger prey including insects and small reptiles.
Sexual dimorphism
Shorebirds, like many other animals, exhibit phenotypic differences between males and females, also known as sexual dimorphism. In shorebirds, various sexual dimorphisms are seen, including, but not limited to, size (e.g. body size, bill size), color, and agility. In polygynous species, where one male individual mates with multiple female partners over his lifetime, dimorphisms tend to be more diverse. In monogamous species, where male individuals mate with a single female partner, males typically do not have distinctive dimorphic characteristics such as colored feathers, but they still tend to be larger in size compared to females. The suborder Charadrii displays the widest range of sexual dimorphisms seen in the order Charadriiformes. However, cases of sexual monomorphism, where there are no distinguishing physical features besides external genitalia, are also seen in this order.
Sexual selection
One of the biggest factors that leads to the development of sexual dimorphism in shorebirds is sexual selection. Males with ideal characteristics favored by females are more likely to reproduce and pass on their genetic information to their offspring better than the males who lack such characteristics. Mentioned earlier, male shorebirds are typically larger in size compared to their female counterparts. Competition between males tends to lead to sexual selection toward larger males and as a result, an increase in dimorphism. Bigger males tend to have greater access (and appeal) to female mates because their larger size aids them in defeating other competitors. Likewise, if the species exhibits gender role reversal (where males take on roles traditionally done by females such as childcare and feeding), then males will select female mates based on traits that are the most appealing. In the Jacana species, females compete with each other for access to male mates, so females are larger in size. Males choose female mates based on who presents herself as the strongest and who 'owns' the most territory.
Natural selection
Another factor that leads to the development of dimorphisms in species is natural selection. Natural selection focuses on traits and the environment's response to the traits in question; if the said trait increases the overall fitness of the individual possessing it, then it will be 'selected' and eventually become a permanent part of the population's gene pool. For example, depending on the food available in a shorebird specie's respective niche, bigger bill sizes may be favored in all individuals. This would essentially lead to monomorphism within the species but is subject to change once sexual selection acts on the trait. Sexual selection could give rise to males with relatively larger bills than females if males used their bills to compete with other males. If larger bill size assisted the male in gathering resources, it would also make him more attractive to female mates.
See also
Hybridisation in shorebirds
List of Charadriiformes by population
References
Sources
Ericson, P. G. P.; Envall, I.; Irestedt, M.; & Norman, J. A. (2003). Inter-familial relationships of the shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) based on nuclear DNA sequence data. BMC Evol. Biol. 3: 16. PDF fulltext
Pandiyan, J. and S. Asokan. 2015. Habitat use of pattern of tidal mud and sandflats by shorebirds (charadriiformes) Wintering in southern India. Coastal Conservation https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-015-0413-9.
Paton, Tara A.; & Baker, Allan J. (2006). Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(3): 657–667. (HTML abstract)
Paton, T. A.; Baker, A. J.; Groth, J. G.; & Barrowclough, G. F. (2003). RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 268–278. (HTML abstract)
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004a). Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-b gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30(3): 516–526. (HTML abstract)
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A.; & Székely, Tamás (2004b). A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 28. PDF fulltext Supplementary Material
van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David; & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004). Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Avian Biology 35(3): 191–194. PDF fulltext
Explore the World With Shorebirds. (2004). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Web. http://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/ref/collection/document/id/1598
Lindenfors, P.; Szekely, T.; and Reynolds, J. D. (2003). Directional Changes in Sexual Size Dimorphism in Shorebirds, Gulls and Alcids. Journal of Evolutionary Biology J Evolution Biol: 930–38. Print.
Szekely, T.; Freckleton, R.; & Reynolds, J. (2004). Sexual selection explains Rensch's rule of size dimorphism in shorebirds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101(33): 12224–12227.
Szekely, Tamas; John D. Reynolds; and Jordi Figuerola. (2000) Sexual Size Dimorphism in Shorebirds, Gulls, and Alcids: The Influence of Sexual and Natural Selection. Evolution 54(4): 1404–413.
External links
Bird common names | wiki |
F+ may refer to:
F+ (pitch), a musical pitch traditionally used for the Northumbrian smallpipes
F+ a bacterium having F-plasmid in bacterial conjugation
In Academic grading in the United States, F+ is a rarely used grade above F
F+, a sister channel of TV+, Bulgaria | wiki |
A fadeaway or fall-away in basketball is a jump shot taken while jumping backwards, away from the basket. The goal is to create space between the shooter and the defender, making the shot much harder to block. The shooter must have very good accuracy, much higher than when releasing a regular jump shot, and must use more strength to counteract the backwards momentum in a relatively short amount of time. Because the movement is away from the basket, the shooter also has less chance to grab their own rebound.
Because the shooting percentage is lower in fadeaway due to the difficulty of the shot and because it is harder for the shooter to get their own rebound, many coaches and players believe it is one of the worst shots in the game to take. Once mastered, it is one of the hardest methods of shooting for defenders to block. The threat of a fadeaway forces a defender to jump into the shooter, and with a pump fake, the shooter can easily get a foul on the defender.
Only a handful of great NBA players have been successful shooting fadeaways. Wilt Chamberlain was a famous pioneer of the fadeaway, and Kevin McHale helped popularise it in the 1980s. Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant are regarded as the most popular shooters of the fadeaway. Dirk Nowitzki, DeMar DeRozan, and others are also well known for using this move.
See also
Basketball moves
References
External links
Basketball terminology | wiki |
A wrist clasp is a mechanism made of a metal hook and an eye closure, used for closing the wrist opening on a tunic. Wrist clasps are considered to be an important piece of dress accessories for both Vikings and Anglo Saxons.
See also
Watch strap
Notes
Fashion accessories
Fasteners
Wrist
Handwear | wiki |
The black-necked eremomela (Eremomela atricollis) is a species of bird formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.
It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and dry savanna (namely miombo woodland).
References
black-necked eremomela
Birds of Southern Africa
black-necked eremomela
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | wiki |
Paul Pry may refer to:
Paul Pry (play), 1825 English play
Paul Pry (newspaper), published 1831–1836 by Anne Royall
The Adventures of Paul Pry, nine stories by author Erle Stanley Gardner
Paul Pry, pseudonym of artist William Heath
Paul Pry Rock, now Little Alcatraz, a rock in the San Francisco Bay
Pry, Paul | wiki |
Enterprise journalism reporting that is not generated by news or a press release, but rather generated by a reporter or news organization based on developed sources. Tied to "shoe-leather" reporting and "beat reporting," enterprise journalism gets the journalist out of the office and away from the traditional news makers. It also enlists some of the traditional traits of good investigative reporting, such as reading documents.
Enterprise journalism does not involve reporting which is based purely on press releases or news conferences. On the other hand, this kind of reporting involves stories where a reporter unearths a story on his/her own; a lot of people refer to these as ‘scoops.' The enterprise reporting goes ahead of just reporting events; it discovers the forces that shape such events.
References
External links
Enterprise journalism is not a commodity
Making enterprise journalism “web reader” friendly
Enterprise Journalism on Facebook
Types of journalism
Journalism terminology | wiki |
Daniela Álvarez may refer to:
Daniela Álvarez (model) (born 1993), Mexican beauty pageant titleholder
Daniela Álvarez (tennis) (born 1983), Bolivian professional tennis player
See also
Daniella Álvarez, Colombian model | wiki |
Drama Connections is a BBC One documentary series which looks at the stories behind the production of some of Britain's most popular drama television programmes, showing how they tie in with the production of other drama shows (hence the name). The shows feature interviews with some of the cast and crew of the subject programme, as well as classic footage from the series.
The series is a spin-off from Comedy Connections, which began two years earlier and used the same format to look at the history of popular television comedies, and was followed by Movie Connections in 2007.
Shows examined so far
Series One (2005)
Narrated by Meera Syal
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet (6 September)
Pride and Prejudice (13 September)
Tenko (27 September)
Minder (11 October)
House of Cards (18 October)
Prime Suspect (25 October)
The Singing Detective (1 November)
I, Claudius (9 November)
The I, Claudius episode was originally scheduled for 4 October 2005.
External links
2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
BBC Scotland television shows
BBC television documentaries | wiki |
Handspring may refer to:
Handspring (company), a company that made personal digital assistants
Handspring (gymnastics), a gymnastics move involving forward or backward rotation of the body
Rising handspring or nip-up, an acrobatic transition from supine to squatting position | wiki |
The 2010 COSAFA U-20 Cup was the 19th edition of the football tournament that involves the youth teams from Southern Africa. Botswana hosted the competition.
Participants
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Semi finals
Third Place Playoff
Final
Goalscorers
External links
COSAFA website
Tournament draw
Tournament fixtures
References
2010
2010
2010 in Botswana sport
2010 in African football
Football competitions in Botswana
Football competitions in Lobatse
Football competitions in Molepolole
Football in Gaborone | wiki |
Quick Curtain is a 1934 detective novel by the British writer Alan Melville. It was his second novel following his breakout success with the country house mystery Weekend at Thrackley earlier the same year. It was reissued in 2015 by the British Library Publishing as part of a group of crime novels from the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.
Synopsis
When leading man Brandon Baker is shot dead mid-performance at the Grosvenor Theatre Inspector Wilson and his eager journalist son take up the investigation.
References
Bibliography
Hopkins, Lisa. Shakespearean Allusion in Crime Fiction: DCI Shakespeare. Springer, 2016.
Hubin, Allen J. Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Garland Publishing, 1984.
Wolfe, Graham. Theatre-Fiction in Britain from Henry James to Doris Lessing: Writing in the Wings. Routledge, 2019.
1934 British novels
British mystery novels
Novels by Alan Melville
Novels set in London
British detective novels | wiki |
Stratifiering kan avse:
Stratifiering (botanik) – att man köldbehandlar frön manuellt för att de ska gro
Social stratifiering – ett begrepp inom sociologi som avser den hierarkiska strukturen i ett samhälle
Stratifierat urval – mindre stickprov
Stratifierande ventilation – en form av deplacerande ventilation
Se även
Strata | wiki |
Birdy or Birdie may refer to:
Places in the United States
Birdie, Georgia, an unincorporated community
Birdie, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
People with the name
Birdie Blye (1871–1935), American pianist
Birdy (singer) (born 1996), the stage name of English singer-songwriter Jasmine van den Bogaerde
Birdy, pseudonym of a former guitarist of the glam punk band Trashcan Darlings
Henry Robertson Bowers (1883–1912), nicknamed "Birdie", participant in Robert Falcon Scott's doomed race to the South Pole
Byrd Spilman Dewey (1856–1942), nicknamed "Birdie", American author and land investor
Birdy Sweeney (1931–1999), Irish actor and comedian
Birdie Tebbetts (1912–1999), American baseball player and manager
Jack Ward ( 1553–1622), nicknamed "Birdy", notorious English pirate and Barbary Corsair
Arts and entertainment
Fictional characters
Birdie (Street Fighter), in Capcom's video games
Betty Draper, on Mad Men, whom Don Draper affectionately refers to as "Birdie"
Birdie the Early Bird, the first identifiably female McDonaldland character
Birdy (comics), a Marvel Comics villain
Birdy, in the Conker platform video game series
Birdy, also known as Torii, a robotic pet in Gundam SEED and Gundam SEED Destiny
Birdy, the title character of Birdy the Mighty, a Japanese manga series
Wang Po-Te in Your Name Engraved Herein goes by the name Birdy, named after the character in the movie of the same name
Music
Birdy (Birdy album) (2011)
Birdy (Peter Gabriel album), 1985 soundtrack of the film Birdy
Birdy, an album by Bloodthirsty Butchers
"Birdie", a song by Avril Lavigne from the album Head Above Water
"Birdy", a song by British Sea Power from the single "Remember Me"
Other
Birdie (novel), by Tracey Lindberg
Birdy (novel), by William Wharton
Birdie (film), starring Maeve Dermody and Sam Parsonson, and directed by Shelly Lauman
Birdy (film), starring Matthew Modine and Nicolas Cage, and directed by Alan Parker, based on Wharton's novel
Birdie (given name)
Brands and enterprises
Birdy (bicycle), a folding bicycle
Birdy Airlines (2002–2004), an airline based in Belgium
Sports
Birdie (golf), a score of one under par on a hole in golf
A gun dog that gets excited by birds
Shuttlecock, in badminton
Other uses
Birdie, the common nickname for a small parabolic aluminized reflector light
Birdy, unwanted artifacts that occur in noise reduction or in "frequency mixing".
BIRDIE, Martin AN/GSG-5 Battery Integration and Radar Display Equipment
See also
Byrdie Green (1936–2008), American jazz and R&B singer
Nicknames
Lists of people by nickname
fr:Vocabulaire du golf#B | wiki |
Palleon is a genus of small chameleons erected in 2013 for a small clade formerly assigned to the genus Brookesia. The species of Palleon are endemic to Madagascar.
Species
Palleon lolontany Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1995
Palleon nasus (Boulenger, 1887) – elongate leaf chameleon
Palleon nasus nasus
Palleon nasus pauliani
References
Lizard genera
Taxa named by Frank Glaw
Reptiles of Madagascar
Endemic fauna of Madagascar | wiki |
100 points is a term that holds differing significance in various sports. The following are some of the distinctions this phrase may refer to:
List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game, a rare achievement
Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game, the only occurrence of a 100-point game in the National Basketball Association (NBA)
List of 100-point games in college football, American college football
List of NHL players with 100-point seasons, National Hockey League (NHL)
Century break, scoring 100 points or more within one turn in the game of snooker
Other uses
100 point check, an outcome of the Australian Commonwealth Government's desire to limit opportunities for individuals and companies to hide financial transaction fraud
See also | wiki |
This is a list of adult fiction books that topped The New York Times Fiction Best Seller list in 1931.
This was the first year that the list was published, though it was not yet a national list. Throughout the 1930s the list reflected sales in the New York City area.
See also
1931 in literature
The New York Times Nonfiction Best Sellers of 1931
Lists of The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers
Lists of The New York Times Nonfiction Best Sellers
Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1930s
References
1931
.
1931 in the United States | wiki |
Shouka may refer to:
Shouka (album), an album by Mariem Hassan
Shouka (mountain pass), a mountain pass in southern Taiwan | wiki |
Also known as the "Sum of the Digits" method, the Rule of 78s is a term used in lending that refers to a method of yearly interest calculation. The name comes from the total number of months' interest that is being calculated in a year (the first month is 1 month's interest, whereas the second month contains 2 months' interest, etc.). This is an accurate interest model only based on the assumption that the borrower pays only the amount due each month. The outcome is that more of the interest is apportioned to the first part or early repayments than the later repayments. As such, the borrower pays a larger part of the total interest earlier in the term.
If the borrower pays off the loan early, this method maximizes the interest paid by applying funds to the interest before principal. The Rule of 78 is designed so that borrowers pay the same interest charges over the life of a loan as they would with a loan that uses the simple interest method. But because of some mathematical quirks, you end up paying a greater share of the interest upfront. That means if you pay off the loan early, you’ll end up paying more overall for a Rule of 78s loan compared with a simple-interest loan.
Calculations
A simple fraction (as with 12/78) consists of a numerator (the top number, 12 in the example) and a denominator (the bottom number, 78 in the example). The denominator of a Rule of 78s loan is the sum of the integers between 1 and n, inclusive, where n is the number of payments. For a twelve-month loan, the sum of numbers from 1 to 12 is 78 (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . +12 = 78). For a 24-month loan, the denominator is 300. The sum of the numbers from 1 to n is given by the equation n * (n+1) / 2. If n were 24, the sum of the numbers from 1 to 24 is 24 * (24+1) / 2 = (24 * 25) / 2 = 300, which is the loan's denominator, D.
For a 12-month loan, 12/78s of the finance charge is assessed as the first month's portion of the finance charge, 11/78s of the finance charge is assessed as the second month's portion of the finance charge and so on until the 12th month at which time 1/78s of the finance charge is assessed as that month's portion of the finance charge. Following the same pattern, 24/300 of the finance charge is assessed as the first month's portion of a 24-month pre-computed loan.
Formula for calculating the earned interest at payment n:
where is the total agreed finance charges, is the length of the loan is current payment number.
Formula for calculating the cumulative earned interest at payment n:
where is the total agreed finance charges, is the length of the loan is current payment number.
If a borrower plans on repaying the loan early, the formula below can be used to calculate the unearned interest.
where is the unearned interest for the lender, is the number of repayments remaining (not including current payment) and is the original number of repayments.
Figure 1 is an amortized table for gradual repayment of a loan with $500 in interest fees.
History
Prior to 1935, a borrower might have entered a contract with the lender to repay off a principal plus the pre-calculated total interest divided equally into the monthly repayments. If a borrower repaid their principal early, they were still required to pay the total interest agreed to in the contract. Many consumers felt this was wrong, contending that if the principal had been repaid for in one-third of the loan term, then the interest paid should also be one-third.
In 1935, Indiana legislators passed laws governing the interest paid on prepaid loans. The formula contained in this law, which determined the amount due to lenders, was called the "rule of 78" method. The reasoning behind this rule was as follows:
A loan of $3000 can be broken into three $1000 payments, and a total interest of $60 into six. During the first month of the loan, the borrower has use of all three $1000 (3/3) amounts. Hence the borrower should pay three of the $10 interest fees. At the end of the month, the borrower pays back one $1000 and the $30 interest. During the second month the borrower has use of two $1000 (2/3) amounts and so the payment should be $1000 plus two $10 interest fees. By the third month the borrower has use of one $1000 (1/3) and will pay back this amount plus one $10 interest fees.
This method above would be called 'rule of 6' (achieved by adding the integers 1-3), but because most loans around 1935 were for a 12 month period, the Rule of 78s was used.
In the United States, the use of the Rule of 78s is prohibited in connection with mortgage refinance and other consumer loans having a term exceeding 61 months. On March 15, 2001, in the U.S. 107th Congress, U.S. Rep. John LaFalce (D-NY 29) introduced H.R. 1054, a bill to eliminate the use of the Rule of 78s in credit transactions. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Financial Services on the same day. On April 10, 2001, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, where it died with no further action taken.
In the UK, as part of the Consumer Credit Act of 2006, the Consumer Credit (Early Settlement) Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/1483) which does away with the Rule of 78 in consumer credit lending was issued and brought into effect on 31 May 2005.
Precomputed Loan
The Rule of 78s deals with precomputed loans, which are loans whose finance charge is calculated before the loan is made. Finance charge, carrying charges, interest costs, or whatever the cost of the loan may be called, can be calculated with simple interest equations, add-on interest, an agreed upon fee, or any disclosed method. Once the finance charge has been identified, the Rule of 78s is used to calculate the amount of the finance charge to be rebated (forgiven) in the event that the loan is repaid early, prior to the agreed upon number of payments. It should be understood that with precomputed loans, a borrower not only owes the lender the principal amount borrowed, but the borrower owes the finance charge as well. If $10,000 is lent and the precomputed finance charge is $3,000, the borrower owes the lender $13,000 at the time the loan is made, whereas a simple interest borrower owes the lender only the $10,000 principal and monthly interest on the unpaid principal.
A simple explanation would be as follows: suppose that the total finance charge for a 12-month loan was $78.00. This figure is representative of the sum of digits by adding the numbers together, i.e., 12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 = 78. If a person repaid a consumer loan after 3 months, the financial institution would not charge interest the sum of the "remaining" digits... i.e., 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 = $45.00, and would only retain the first three numbers... 12,11,10 or $33.00. Thus the consumer's benefit is less than if it were divided equally by 12 months ($6.50 per month), but is equal to the amount of interest that would be saved under the simple interest method.
References
Interest rates | wiki |
The Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Memoir/Biography is an annual literary award established in 1994, presented by the Lambda Literary Foundation, to a memoir, biography, autobiography, or works of creative nonfiction by or about lesbians. Works published posthumously and/or written with co-authors are eligible, but anthologies are not.
Recipients
References
Lesbian Memoir
Awards established in 1994
English-language literary awards
Lists of LGBT-related award winners and nominees | wiki |
Postal codes used in Saudi Arabia are colloquially known as postcodes.
Unlike other nations in the general region (which use alphanumeric postal codes), the post codes of Saudi Arabia are numerical as adopted by the Saudi Postal Corporation (Saudi Post). Street numbers and house numbers are not allocated in the country generally, causing many difficulties in postal delivery from town to town, from business to home, and so forth. In order to eradicate any sort of confusion and to make the system operate more smoothly, the postal code system was adopted. The general idea of such a system was an evolution of earlier simple postal districts in Europe, Asia, and the US. Most of the early adoptions took place in the decades between the 1940s and the 1970s.
Reading a Saudi postal code from left to right, each sequence of digits represents a narrower geographic area. The first digit represents a large geographic administrative region within Saudi Arabia:
Arriyadh Region
Makah Region
Eastern Province Region
Medina and Tabuk
Qasim and Haíl
Asir, Najran and Bahah collectively
Northern Borders and Jawf
Jizan
The second and third digits (combined) are the code for the main post office in that region. The last two digits can indicate either an individual post office or a postal zone in that particular city or surroundings.
The postal code may consist of one or two parts. The first part contains 5 digits as described above. The postcode may be further categorized by a hyphen with the addition of 4 more digits for more clarification and preciseness of the Saudi National Address, making a total of 9 digits. For example, the simple and general postal code of Riyadh is 11564, and Turaif is: 75311. A more specific address within Turaif might have the postcode 75311-8538.
In writing addresses in Saudi Arabia, generally the 9 digit postcodes are for home addresses, while businesses and PO Boxes will only have a 5 digit postal code. It appears, however, that this can vary substantially within different areas of the country.
References
Government of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia | wiki |
Separate lists have been created for each letter or new group of letters:
List of films: J-K
List of films: L
List of films: M
List of films: N-O
List of films: P
List of films: Q-R
- | wiki |
Separate lists have been created for each letter or new group of letters:
List of films: S
List of films: T
List of films: U-V-W
List of films: X-Y-Z
- | wiki |
Treatment effect may refer to:
Design of experiments
Average treatment effect
Multivalued treatment | wiki |
Universal USB Installer (UUI) is an open-source live Linux USB flash drive creation software. It allows users to create a bootable live USB flash drive using an ISO image from a supported Linux distribution, antivirus utility, system tool, or Microsoft Windows installer. The USB boot software can also be used to make Windows 8, 10, or 11 run entirely from USB.
Features
Creates a bootable live USB flash drive of many Linux distributions
Optionally create a persistent file for saving changes made from the running environment back to the flash drive.
Can be used to create a Windows Setup or Windows To Go USB.
Provides additional information regarding each distribution, including category, website URL, and download link for quick reference
Use formatting methods that allow the USB flash drive to remain accessible for other storage purposes
Unsupported or (unlisted) ISO files can also be tried against several unlisted ISO options
Example supported Linux distributions
Ubuntu, Kubuntu and Xubuntu
Debian Live
Linux Mint
Kali Linux
OpenSUSE
Fedora
Damn Small Linux
Puppy Linux
PCLinuxOS
CentOS
GParted
Clonezilla
Reception
It's FOSS editor wrote that Universal USB Installer is his "favorite tool and is extremely easy to use." Lifehacker called it "useful".
See also
List of tools to create Live USB systems
References
External links
Free system software
Multiboot live USB
Windows-only free software | wiki |
Separate lists have been created for each letter:
List of films: E
List of films: F
List of films: G
List of films: H
List of films: I
- | wiki |
Van Dorn may refer to:
Van Dorn Street, a Washington metro station
Van Dorn battle flag, a historical Confederate flag
Van Dorn Detective Agency, fictional agency by Clive Cussler
People with the surname
Earl Van Dorn (1820–1863), Confederate officer
See also
CSS General Earl Van Dorn, a Confederate naval vessel | wiki |
"Aon Rud Persanta" (Irish for Nothing Personal) is the eleventh episode of the sixth season of Sons of Anarchy. It first aired on November 19, 2013 in the United States.
This episode marks the final appearance for Clay Morrow (Ron Perlman).
Plot
Clay gets broken out during his prison transfer, and Bobby gets shot in the process. Jax exacts his revenge on the Irish and Clay for past wrongdoings. Patterson is unhappy with the way Jax upheld his end of the deal and makes it seem as if she's going to throw that deal out. Tara contemplates making a deal of her own to stay out of jail and get her and her sons out of Charming for good.
Reception
In a review by Diana Steenbergen for IGN, the episode received a 9.5|10 rating; stating "A powerful episode of Sons of Anarchy delivered more than one shocking moment with the focus on Jax bringing SAMCRO’s dealings with both Clay Morrow and the Irish gunrunning business to an end." Zach Handlin of The AV Club gave the episode a B+ rating, while Allison Keene of Collider gave it an A- rating.
References
Sons of Anarchy episodes
2013 American television episodes | wiki |
Batch process may refer to:
Batch processing (computing)
Batch production (manufacturing) | wiki |
The following is a list of terms used in bird topography:
Plumage features
Back
Belly
Breast
Cheek
Chin
Crest
Crown
Crown patch
Ear-coverts
Eye-ring
Eyestripe (or eye line)
Feather, see category: :Category:Feathers
Flanks
Forecrown
Gorget
Hood (or half-hood)
Lateral throat stripe
Lores
Malar
Mantle
Mask
Moustachial stripe
Nape
Nuchal collar
Operculum (on pigeons).
Pennaceous feathers
Postocular stripe
Remiges
Rump
Spectacles
Submoustachial stripe
Supercilium
Supraloral
Parts of the tail include:
Rectrices
Tail corner
Terminal band
Subterminal band
Throat
Undertail coverts
Upper mandible (or maxilla)
Uppertail coverts
Vent, crissum or cloaca
Vent band
Parts of the wings include:
Alula
Apical spot
Axillar
Bend of wing
Carpal covert
Emargination
Greater coverts
Leading edge of wing
Lesser coverts
Marginal coverts
Median coverts
Mirror (on gulls)
Primaries
Primary projection
Primary numbers (e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc.)
Scapulars
Scapular crescent (on gulls)
Secondaries
Speculum
Tertials
Tertial step (on gulls)
Trailing edge of wing
Upper scapulars
Wing bar
Wing coverts
Wing edging
Wing linings
Wing tip or point (denoted by the number of the longest primary, counted from the carpal joint)
Bare-parts features
Beak or bill
Cere
Culmen
Gape
Gonys
Gonydeal angle
Gonydeal spot
Nail (of beak)
Nares
Rhamphotheca
Gnathotheca
Rhinotheca
Tomia
Brooding patch
Caruncle (bird anatomy)
Comb, or Coxcomb
Orbital skin, or orbital ring
Tarsus
Tibia
Wattle
See also
Glossary of bird terms
References | wiki |
Rob Burnett may refer to:
Rob Burnett (American football), a former defensive end who played in the NFL from 1990 to 2003
Rob Burnett (producer), a producer, director and writer, best known for being the executive producer of Late Show with David Letterman | wiki |
A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder of thin paper for smoking.
Cigarette may also refer to:
"Cigarette", a character of a vivandière in the 1867 novel Under Two Flags
Cigarette (1/3), a public sculpture located on the Albright Knox Art Gallery grounds
, a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919
"Cigarette", a song by Ali Barter on the 2017 album A Suitable Girl
"Cigarette", a song by Ben Folds Five on the 1997 album Whatever and Ever Amen
"Cigarette", a song by Frankie Ballard on the 2016 album El Río
Other uses
Cigarette boat, an alternative name for a go-fast boat
See also
Cigarettes (disambiguation) | wiki |
This article lists notable manufacturers of sporting goods.
Brands
References
Sporting goods manufacturers
Sporting Goods*
Sporting goods manufacturers | wiki |
Cruel Summer may refer to:
Film and television
Cruel Summer (film), a short film by American musician Kanye West
Cruel Summer, a 2016 film starring Danny Miller
Cruel Summer (TV series), an American TV series on Freeform
Music
Cruel Summer (Bananarama song)
Cruel Summer (Taylor Swift song)
Cruel Summer (Ace of Base album)
Cruel Summer (GOOD Music album), featuring artists from the record label of Kanye West | wiki |
Detroit: Become Human is a 2018 adventure video game developed by Quantic Dream and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The plot follows three androids: Kara (Valorie Curry), who escapes her owner to explore her newfound sentience and protect a young girl; Connor (Bryan Dechart), whose job is to hunt down sentient androids; and Markus (Jesse Williams), who devotes himself to releasing other androids from servitude.
Detroit: Become Human is based on Quantic Dream's 2012 technology demonstration Kara, which also starred Curry. To research the setting, the developers visited Detroit, Michigan. Writer and director David Cage completed the script in over two years. An engine was built to complement the game and hundreds of actors were cast before shooting and animation. Philip Sheppard, Nima Fakhrara, and John Paesano served as composers for Kara, Connor, and Markus, respectively. It was released for the PlayStation 4 in May 2018 and Windows in December 2019.
Detroit: Become Human was met with generally favourable reviews from critics, who praised the setting, visuals, story, main characters, their voice actors, the impact choices had on the narrative, and flowchart feature, but criticised the motion controls, mishandling of historical and thematic allegories, and aspects of the plot and characters. In addition to being Quantic Dream's most successful launch, the game is also the company's best-selling game, at 8 million units sold by January 2023.
Gameplay
Detroit: Become Human is an adventure game played from a third-person view, which is subject to a set and controllable perspective. There are multiple playable characters who can die as the story continues without them; as a result, there is no "game over" message following a character's death. The right analogue stick on the DualShock controller is used to interact with objects and observe one's surroundings, the left is for movement, and R2 scans an environment for possible actions; the motion controls and touchpad are also employed. Via quick time events and dialogue decisions, the story will branch out depending on which choices are made. These can be viewed in a flowchart during and immediately after a given chapter; the player can rewind to certain points in the story to reshape decisions in the event of regret. Certain scenes feature countdowns, which force quick action. Levels abound with magazines for players to read. The playable characters are:
Connor, a police investigator android tasked with hunting down androids that have deviated from their programmed behaviors.
Kara, a housekeeper android who develops artificial consciousness and becomes responsible for a young girl's safety.
Markus, a caretaker android who, after gaining consciousness, takes it upon himself to free others like him from bondage.
Obtaining clues by highlighting and analysing the environment with augmented vision allows Connor to reconstruct and replay events that occurred before. The more information Connor collects within an allotted time, the greater the chance of success in deciding a course of action. Markus has the power to grant androids free will and calculate the outcomes of certain acts.
Synopsis
Caretaker android Markus and his owner return home and alert the police of a suspected burglary. In confronting the perpetrator, Markus bypasses his programming, thereby becoming a deviant android with full autonomy and sentience, leading the police to shoot him at arrival. Markus awakes in a landfill of broken androids and, after escaping, discovers Jericho, a wrecked ship and safe haven for deviants. There, Markus rallies the others to fight for their rights. They perform several acts of civil disobedience, which catch the public's attention and get more androids to join. This may culminate with the FBI attacking Jericho depending on Connor's actions. If he survives, Markus and the others set up a final march to an android recycling centre, resulting in either a war breaking out or the president opening peace talks.
Police investigator android Connor is sent by the CyberLife corporation to assist Detroit Police Department Lieutenant Hank Anderson, an alcoholic who hates androids. In the course of their investigation into an outbreak of deviants, they either develop a bond or enmity, potentially resulting in Hank committing suicide. During his hunt for Markus' group, Connor starts to deviate, but can also preserve his programming. He eventually locates Jericho, where he can become a deviant himself. If he defects, Connor infiltrates CyberLife Tower and attempts to convert all androids there into deviants. This will result in an altercation with another "machine" Connor model, Connor-60, who may have Hank hostage depending on if he is alive. This can result in either Hank, Connor, or Connor-60's death. If not, he attempts to snipe Markus during the final protest, but is stopped by a SWAT team or Hank. If peace is achieved, Connor can choose whether or not to shoot Markus during a speech.
Kara, a housekeeper android for Todd Williams and his daughter Alice, escapes with her after he attacks them, resulting in Kara becoming a deviant. The two travel across Detroit, intending to enter Canada, which has no specific laws involving androids and where they will be safe. Kara and Alice befriend another android named Luther along the way, who joins them on their journey. They seek the aid of an android sympathizer, who points them to Jericho to obtain passports. They may get caught up in the potential FBI attack on Jericho, which may result in Luther, Kara, and Alice's deaths. Kara also learns that Alice is in fact an android, replacing the daughter taken away by Todd's wife who left him due to his drug addiction. They can reach Canada by bus or boat, survive an android recycling centre in which Markus may attack if the player chooses to fight a war, or in either case die trying.
Development
Detroit: Become Human had a development budget of . The game is based on Quantic Dream's 2012 PlayStation 3 technology demonstration Kara, which received strong reactions and an award at the LA Shorts Fest. It starred Valorie Curry, who would reprise the title role. Writer and director David Cage wanted to make the demo into a full game, despite not originally having planned to, because he was curious as to what would happen next. He took inspiration from Ray Kurzweil's The Singularity Is Near. Androids were designed with reference to artificial organs, how their energy would be generated, and human eye movement. An android's abilities were determined by each of their given profession. Experts in artificial intelligence were consulted to discern which technological advancements were the most feasible. Detroit was chosen as the setting to revitalise a city that had succumbed to economic decline after a historical contribution to American industry. The developers travelled to Detroit to conduct field research, taking pictures, visiting abandoned buildings, and meeting people.
In late 2013, Cage was in preproduction on Detroit: Become Human. Cage's script – between 2,000 and 3,000 pages – was first relayed to the design team while programmers created the graphics as well as a new game engine with advancements in features like rendering, dynamic lighting, shading, bokeh, and physical cameras. Quantic Dream improved their game engine's depth of field after Mark Cerny, lead architect of the PlayStation 4, came to evaluate it. In October 2016, the screenplay was completed after more than two years. Writer Adam Williams was hired to help finish and flesh out the story. Cage used charts and diagrams to see where the choices would end up; penning "five or six thousand pages of notes", he likened the story to a Rubik's Cube. Two scenes were cancelled for how violence was portrayed. The casting extended to Los Angeles, London, and Paris in search for more than 250 actors to portray 513 roles. The actors were scanned in 3D, whose models were then made into characters. Shooting and animation followed, and on 8 September 2017, the performance capture was finished after 324 days. Detroit: Become Human was worked on by the 180 staff members at Quantic Dream and also outsourced to the Philippines, China, Vietnam, and India. The game has 35,000 camera shots, 74,000 unique animations, and 5.1 million lines of code.
The characters Connor and Markus are played by Bryan Dechart and Jesse Williams, respectively. Clancy Brown, Lance Henriksen, and Minka Kelly portray supporting characters Lieutenant Hank Anderson, Carl Manfred, and North, respectively. There are three different composers, one for each playable character: Philip Sheppard for Kara, Nima Fakhrara for Connor, and John Paesano for Markus. Sheppard's cello sequence in Kara's theme was inspired by the flames of a log fire, whereas the motif layered over it came from the two syllables in her name. Fakhrara created custom instruments and used vintage synthesizers in order that the sound could represent the robotic nature of Connor. Paesano's music was made with the idea that it would be "like a church hymn", personifying Markus' transformation into a leader. Sheppard recorded at Abbey Road Studios with the English Session Orchestra; Paesano was at Synchron Stage Vienna with the Synchron Stage Orchestra. Director of photography Aymeric Montouchet used "thick grain and shaky long lens" with shallow depth of field for Kara, "small, tight grain" and a blue palette for Connor, and orange and white colours for Markus. The game was released to manufacturing on 23 April 2018, after four years.
Release
Detroit: Become Human was announced on 27 October 2015 at a Sony press conference during Paris Games Week. It appeared at E3 2016 and E3 2017, showing trailers of additional playable characters and gameplay. Following E3 2017, Cage confirmed that the game would be released in 2018, later specified as the first or second quarter therein. The game was released on 25 May 2018 for PlayStation 4. If pre-ordered, Detroit: Become Human would come with a dynamic theme and digital soundtrack, while the digital deluxe edition included a copy of Heavy Rain, a digital art book, digital soundtrack, two dynamic themes, and ten avatars. The soundtrack was available for streaming on 22 June 2018.
After the 2017 Paris Games Week, a new trailer was criticised for its portrayal of child abuse, specifically a scene in which a 10-year-old girl named Alice is attacked by her father. Dechart defended the trailer, saying the story "elicits empathy". A demo of the first scene, "The Hostage", was made available on the PlayStation Store on 24 April 2018, accompanied by an Amazon Alexa skill that guides the player through the demo. The game was promoted in Japan with the live action short film, Tokyo: Become Human. This was followed by a launch trailer and two animated English-language shorts introducing Elijah Kamski, the creator of the androids and CEO of the CyberLife corporation, and Chloe, the first android to pass the Turing test. During the March 2019 Game Developers Conference, video game and software developer Epic Games announced that Quantic Dream would release Detroit: Become Human, along with Heavy Rain and Beyond: Two Souls, for Windows, to be self-published by Quantic Dream and exclusively available on the Epic Games Store for one year. Pre-orders opened in November 2019, and the game was released on the Epic Games Store on 12 December. Following the release on Epic Games, on 18 June 2020, Detroit: Become Human was released on Steam.
Reception
Detroit: Become Human received generally favourable reviews. Destructoids Chris Carter said that, despite tiring of Quantic Dream's penchant for detective stories, he enjoyed its execution and Connor's "calm demeanor and android origin". Carter praised the setting, calling it "believable" and "captivating", while also noting that the "smaller moments" were among its strengths. Michael Goroff of Electronic Gaming Monthly favoured the fact that the playable characters were androids because their second-class citizenship status created an "effective viewpoint". The controls and quick-time events were also subject to approval. Goroff lauded the "incredibly satisfying and sometimes unexpected" impact of the collective decisions and declared this the game's "biggest accomplishment". Writing for Game Informer, Kimberley Wallace agreed with Carter's assessment of the "little moments" and said the character development was "fun to watch", well-handled, and the "highlight of the game". She appreciated how the branching narratives affected the latter parts and complimented Quantic Dream for the "impressive" achievement. Paul Tamburro at Game Revolution wrote that Detroit: Become Human boasted a "compelling world ... enriched by fantastic performances and state-of-the-art motion-capturing". He commended Curry, Dechart, and Williams for their "engrossing performances" and said the game was among "the most well-acted" around. He also felt the choices "drastically" changed the story. Peter Brown of GameSpot welcomed the variety of cycling between characters for ensuring player engagement. The game's "most dreadful and horrific scenes" made a considerable impression on Brown, some of which he found to be "truly unforgettable". Additionally, he remarked that the visuals were beautiful and "captivating to behold". GamesRadar+s Andy Hartup praised Quantic Dream for making "an interactive story capable of provoking genuine, honest, and varied emotions". He thought the consequences of the decisions were "utterly delightful", albeit rarely, and saw the setting as "beautiful". Hartup liked the character models, calling them "the most remarkable you’ll see in gaming", and favoured the eyes in particular. On the decision-making aspects, he proclaimed Detroit: Become Human "the new gold standard ... for meaningful choice in gaming". Lucy O'Brien at IGN wrote that the game "manages to be a frequently moving melodrama that bends to your choices with meaningful results". She also praised the acting of Curry, Dechart, and Williams, observing different benefits to each character. O'Brien appraised the general plot as "big, ambitious fun" and the environments as "beautifully detailed". Like Goroff, Wallace, Tamburro, and Hartup, O'Brien found the "branching paths to be multiple and deep", while also complimenting the flowcharts, a feature Colm Ahern of VideoGamer.com singled out as one of the game's few redeeming qualities.
Conversely, Carter criticised the game's "surface level exploration" of the Ship of Theseus, questioning the director's subtlety. He blamed the weakness of Kara's story on Cage's writing, called the portrayal of domestic and substance abusers "cartoonish", and complained about occasional "wooden acting". Goroff's only annoyance with the controls concerned its motion-sensitive feature, especially disparaging its use in quick-time events. Wallace thought Markus' story was the worst of the three, citing "predictable speeches" and "black-and-white decisions" as the primary problems. She suggested that the narrative suffered "heavy-handed" attempts at historical parallels, and noted, as Carter did, that its representation of abuse seemed "exploitive due to the over-the-top antics". She felt the use of the motion controls and touchpad was "unintuitive" and wanted more variety from the gameplay. Tamburro faulted the opening act for its "slow" and "dull" interactions, the quick-time events for their abundance, and occasional story paths for being "highly questionable". Brown viewed Markus as "remarkably lacking in nuance" and historical allegories as "on-the-nose" and "distracting". He commented that the flowchart exposition was "ultimately detrimental" to immersion and wished there was a way of disabling it. Hartup disliked the moments in which themes were either "fumble[d]" or "pushed too far". O'Brien observed multiple plotholes and found the exposition and dialogue to be "clumsy". Ahern wrote in his verdict, "Detroit: Become Human wants to move you. ... The thing is, it really doesn't. ... when the narrative is as cringey and ham-fisted as it is you won't want to play through it multiple times".
Sales
Detroit: Become Human reached fifth place on the UK chart after two days of release. In its first week, the game topped both the overall sales and console sales charts. Though it sold fewer copies than Beyond: Two Souls and Heavy Rain in that region, Cage and executive producer Guillaume de Fondaumière claimed Detroit: Become Human was the studio's most successful launch yet. The NPD Group later confirmed it had a sales growth in excess of twenty percent over Heavy Rain. It was the third best-selling video game overall, generating the third-most revenue in the US, and sold the most out of any title on the PlayStation Store in May 2018, having been available for six days. The game released in Japan with 39,548 units (which rose to 56,480 after two weeks), second to Dark Souls: Remastered. In the UK, the second week also saw it become the second best-selling video game (behind FIFA 18).
The game sold 1 million units after the first two weeks. Two months after release, a total of 1.5 million people had played the game. It had sold more than 2 million units by that December, approaching 3 million the following month. In October 2019, worldwide sales had reached 3.2 million units on PlayStation 4. A press release from Quantic Dream reported in August 2020 that it had sold over 5 million units across all platforms. It surpassed 6 million units by July 2021, making it the company's best-selling game. As of January 2023, the game has sold 8 million units.
Accolades
In 2017, Detroit: Become Human won the award for "Best of E3" at GameSpots Best of E3 Awards, and was nominated for "Best PlayStation 4 Game" and "Best Adventure Game" at IGNs Best of E3 Awards, and for "Adventure Game" at Hardcore Gamers Best of E3 Awards.
In other media
Manga spin-off
On 20 July 2022, it was announced that the game would receive a spin-off manga, titled Detroit: Become Human Tokyo Stories. Set in Japan, the manga follows an android idol named Reina during the events of the game. The series is written by Kazami Sawatari and illustrated by Moto Sumida under the supervision of Quantic Dream. It began serialization on Kadokawa's Comic Bridge manga website on 22 July 2022.
Notes
References
External links
2018 video games
Adventure games
Android (robot) video games
Augmented reality in fiction
Child abuse in fiction
Cyberpunk video games
Detective video games
Discrimination in fiction
Fiction set in 2038
Neo-noir video games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
PlayStation Network games
Psychological thriller video games
Quantic Dream
Single-player video games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in France
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in Detroit
Video games set in the 2030s
Video games set in the future
Video games with alternate endings
Windows games
Video games featuring black protagonists | wiki |
Toh, TOH, or ToH may refer to:
Tarso Toh, a volcano field in Chad
This Old House, an American home improvement magazine and television series
Tonga language (Mozambique) (ISO-639: toh)
Top-of-hour (TOH) station identification, a legal requirement for radio stations
Tower of Hanoi, a mathematical game or puzzle
Treehouse of Horror (series), The Simpsons Halloween specials
"Treehouse of Horror", the third episode in The Simpsons second season
Trondheim Business School ()
The Owl House, an American animated television series
People
Toh (surname), a surname in Chinese, Korean, and other cultures
Toh EnJoe (born 1972), Japanese author
Toh Yah (1917–1952), Navajo painter | wiki |
Sparrowhawk (sometimes sparrow hawk) may refer to several species of small hawk in the genus Accipiter. "Sparrow-hawk" or sparhawk originally referred to Accipiter nisus, now called "Eurasian" or "northern" sparrowhawk to distinguish it from other species.
The American kestrel (Falco sparverius), a North American falcon species, is also commonly referred to as a "sparrow hawk".
Hawk species include:
Accipiter
Birds by common name | wiki |
Moves in the field is a name given to elements of figure skating that emphasize basic skating skill and edge control. In the context of a competitive program, 'moves in the field' include spirals, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, and similar extended edge moves.
In the United States, moves in the field also refers to skill tests consisting of progressively more difficult edge and step patterns. Similar concepts are called field moves in the United Kingdom and skating skills in Canada. Following the abolition of compulsory figures from international competition in 1990, figure skating federations in several countries developed these drills to teach the same elements as compulsory figures within a free skating format. Whereas skaters formerly learned advanced turns such as brackets, rockers, and counters by doing them in compulsory figures, now those elements are taught in the context of standard step sequences with an emphasis on power, carriage, and flow, rather than on tracing precise patterns on the ice.
U.S. Figure Skating requires each skater to pass a "Moves in the Field" test, as well as a free skating or free dance test, in order to qualify for the various levels of competition. Skaters must perform each field move in the specified pattern while demonstrating adequate power, quickness, edge control, and extension throughout the pattern to be accepted into the level.
References
Figure skating elements | wiki |
The Red Poll is a dual-purpose breed of cattle developed in England in the latter half of the 19th century. The Red Poll is a cross of the Norfolk Red beef cattle and Suffolk Dun dairy cattle breeds.
Description and uses
The cattle are red, preferably deep red with white only on the tail switch and udder. They are naturally polled (without horns). Red Poll cattle are mainly used as beef suckler cows, although a few dairy herds are found in England, as well as in the United States in the state of Texas. They are known for easy calving and successfully rearing a high proportion of their calves. They are sometimes used for conservation grazing.
History
The Red Poll originated as a cross between Norfolk Red beef-type cattle and Suffolk Dun dairy cattle (both of these breeds are now extinct). The parent Suffolk breed was also polled; Norfolk cattle had horns, but the gene for horns was bred out in the Red Poll breed. The original name for the breed, adopted in 1863, was Norfolk and Suffolk Red Polled cattle, and the first standard description was agreed upon in 1873, with the first herd book compiled in 1874. The breed became the Red Polled in 1883, and then Red Poll in 1888, when the Red Poll Cattle Society was formed.
They are considered to be part of the "Suffolk Trinity" with Suffolk sheep and Suffolk Punch heavy horses.
Red Poll cattle were imported into Australia in the mid-19th century, where they are now used for beef production. The first identified breeder in Australia was James Graves, around 1870, although there is evidence of earlier herds.
These cattle were introduced to the United States by G. P. Taber of New York State in 1873. The Red Poll dual-purpose bred is the oldest registered breed in the United States and is celebrating its 125th year. The breed is beginning to be reintroduced into some areas of the western US for the small ranch and backyard beef and 4H, as their docile nature makes them easy for the novice to handle. In 2010, Pfizer Animal Health testing of a Red Polled Bull Power Hawk tested a minus -2.58 MVP showing he was in top 1% for feed efficiency indicating Red Poll Cattle have genetics to improve feed efficiency that is important to profitability and grass finishing ability in a moderate frame. Feed testing of steers averaged 2.88 weaning to slaughter for a small Washington feeder in 2012.
The Red Poll breed was first brought to New Zealand in 1898, but a herd was not established until 1917, when 22 animals were transported from Australia.
See also
Senepol, a hybrid with African N'Dama cattle originating in the Virgin Islands
Sussex cattle, a horned red beef breed from the south east of England
North Devon cattle, a horned red beef breed from Devon, Somerset and Cornwall
Lincoln Red, a horned red breed from Lincolnshire
References
External links
Red Poll Cattle Society website (United Kingdom)
List of Red Poll breed associations
Cattle breeds originating in England
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
Norfolk
Suffolk
Cattle breeds
Beef cattle breeds
Red cattle | wiki |
Queries per second (anglais : « requêtes par seconde »), abrégé en QPS, est un terme informatique correspondant au nombre de requêtes qu'un serveur informatique accepte de traiter par seconde.
Références
Terminologie de l'informatique
Serveur internet
Réseau informatique | wiki |
The Old English Bulldog is an extinct breed of dog.
Physical characteristics
The Old English Bulldog was compact, broad and muscular, as reflected in the painting Crib and Rosa. Through John Scott's engraving, this painting became the best-known and most reproduced painting of dogs from that period. As described in the Philo-kuon standard from 1865, the average height was approximately , and they weighed about .
History
The English blood sport of bull-baiting allowed for a specialized breed in the form of the Old English Bulldog. The main locations in London for these exhibitions were the Westminster Pit, Beargarden and Old Conduit Fields.
Breeding
Historians are fairly confident that the Old English Bulldog is derived from ancient war dogs, such as the old Mastiff or the extinct Alaunt dog. Others believe that the true origin of the breed is not entirely clear. Depictions in old prints show that the variety was without doubt a small Mastiff with a comparatively long head. The word 'Mastiff' was eventually dropped when describing these smaller Mastiffs, as the Mastiff proper was found too slow for bull-baiting.
Description
Two other recognized members of the breed can be seen in the 1817 painting Crib and Rosa, with Rosa exemplifying the form and size of the ideal type of Old English Bulldog, albeit deficient in wrinkles about the head and neck and in substance of bone in the limbs.
Many authors bring us descriptions about the extinct bulldog, but this description by William Hamilton Maxwell stands out as one of the most extensive:
Decline
In England, the passage of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 caused a decline of bull-baiting and dog fighting, leading to a lack of interest in perpetuating the Old English Bulldog. Three dogs from the Duke of Hamilton's strain of Old English Bulldog, Wasp, Child, and Billy, were depicted in a painting and recognized as some of the last known members of the breed before it became extinct.
Despite the laws making dog fighting illegal, it continued for many years. Breeders determined a cross between the Old English Bulldog and Old English Terrier created a superior fighting dog with increased quickness and dexterity. This new breed of dog, called the bull and terrier, was a precursor to the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Bull Terrier and American Pit Bull Terrier and accelerated the extinction of the Old English Bulldog.
English Bulldog
Often confused with the Old English Bulldog, the English Bulldog is noted for its sweet disposition; it does not have the speed and agility that were the definitive characteristics of the Old English Bulldog.
See also
Bulldog type
List of dog breeds
List of dog fighting breeds
List of extinct dog breeds
References
Further reading
Brearley J.M. (1985). The Book of the Bulldog. TFH Publications.
Cooper H.J. (2005). Bulldogs and Bulldog Breeding. Vintage Dog Books.
Fleig, D. (1996). History of Fighting Dogs. Neptune, NJ: TFH Publications.
Homan, M. (2000). A Complete History of Fighting Dogs. Howell Book House Inc.
Jenkins, R. (1997). The Story of the Real Bulldog. Neptune, NJ: TFH Publications.
McDonald, J. (1985). The Book of the Bulldog. Neptune, NJ: TFH Publications.
Thomas C. (2000). Bulldogs Today. Ringpress Books.
External links
A Brief History of the Bulldog
Dog fighting breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
Bulldog breeds
Extinct dog breeds | wiki |
Final Cut (englisch für ‚letzter Schnitt‘) steht für:
Final Cut (Technik), Technik bei der Herstellung von Filmen
Final Cut Pro, Software zur Filmbearbeitung
Final Cut (1998), britischer Spielfilm aus dem Jahr 1998
Final Cut of the Dead, französischer Spielfilm aus dem Jahr 2022
FinalCut.com, deutscher Fernsehfilm aus dem Jahr 2001
The Final Cut steht für:
The Final Cut (Album), Album der britischen Rockband Pink Floyd aus dem Jahr 1983
The Final Cut – Tödliches Risiko, Thriller aus dem Jahr 1995
The Final Cut, Teil 3 der Trilogie Ein Kartenhaus (Fernsehserie)
The Final Cut – Dein Tod ist erst der Anfang, Science-Fiction-Thriller aus dem Jahr 2004 | wiki |
Le spim () est une forme de spam qui transite via les messageries instantanées.
Nouvelle variante du message non sollicité, le spim opère sur les outils de messagerie instantanée. Annoncé comme un nouveau fléau, .
Le spim contient généralement un lien vers le site que le spammeur veut faire connaître. Et à l’instar du spam, .
Logiciel de messagerie instantanée
Spam | wiki |
Bondar (literally "cooper") is a Ukrainian folk dance of khorovod type (circle dance). Its pattern is based on imitation of the professional movements of the cooper.
References
Ukrainian dances
Circle dances | wiki |
Mary Brandon may refer to:
Mary Brandon, Baroness Monteagle (1510 – 1540), English noblewoman
Mary, the French Queen (1496–1533), wife of Charles Brandon
Mary Brandon (singer), see Algonquin Round Table
Mary (née Brandon) Martin, founder of Lower Brandon Plantation
See also
Maryann Brandon, American film editor | wiki |
5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. It has garnered attention throughout history in part because distal extremities in humans typically contain five digits.
In mathematics
is the third smallest prime number, and the second super-prime. It is the first safe prime, the first good prime, the first balanced prime, and the first of three known Wilson primes. Five is the second Fermat prime and the third Mersenne prime exponent, as well as the third Catalan number, and the third Sophie Germain prime. Notably, 5 is equal to the sum of the only consecutive primes, 2 + 3, and is the only number that is part of more than one pair of twin primes, (3, 5) and (5, 7). It is also part of the first pair of sexy primes, with the fifth prime number and first prime repunit in decimal, 11. Five is the third factorial prime, an alternating factorial, and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form − . In particular, five is the first congruent number, since it is the length of the hypotenuse of the smallest integer-sided right triangle.
Five is the second Fermat prime of the form + , and more generally the second Sierpiński number of the first kind, + . There are a total of five known Fermat primes, which also include 3, 17, 257, and 65537. The sum of the first three Fermat primes, 3, 5 and 17, yields 25 or 52, while 257 is the 55th prime number. Combinations from these five Fermat primes generate 31 polygons with an odd number of sides that can be constructed purely with a compass and straight-edge, which includes the five-sided regular pentagon. Apropos, 31 is also equal to the sum of the maximum number of areas inside a circle that are formed from the sides and diagonals of the first five -sided polygons, and equal to the maximum number of areas formed by a six-sided polygon; per Moser's circle problem.
The number 5 is the fifth Fibonacci number, being 2 plus 3. It is the only Fibonacci number that is equal to its position aside from 1, which is both the first and second Fibonacci numbers. Five is also a Pell number and a Markov number, appearing in solutions to the Markov Diophantine equation: (1, 2, 5), (1, 5, 13), (2, 5, 29), (5, 13, 194), (5, 29, 433), ... ( lists Markov numbers that appear in solutions where one of the other two terms is 5). Whereas 5 is unique in the Fibonacci sequence, in the Perrin sequence 5 is both the fifth and sixth Perrin numbers.
5 is the third Mersenne prime exponent of the form − , which yields : the prime index of the third Mersenne prime and second double Mersenne prime 127, as well as the third double Mersenne prime exponent for the number 2,147,483,647, which is the largest value that a signed 32-bit integer field can hold. There are only four known double Mersenne prime numbers, with a fifth candidate double Mersenne prime = 223058...93951 − 1 too large to compute with current computers. In a related sequence, the first 5 terms in the sequence of Catalan–Mersenne numbers are the only known prime terms, with a sixth possible candidate in the order of 101037.7094. These prime sequences are conjectured to be prime up to a certain limit.
Every odd number greater than is the sum of at most five prime numbers, and every odd number greater than is conjectured to be expressible as the sum of three prime numbers. Helfgott has provided a proof of the latter, also known as the odd Goldbach conjecture, that is already widely acknowledged by mathematicians as it still undergoes peer-review.
There are a total of five known unitary perfect numbers, which are numbers that are the sums of their positive proper unitary divisors. The smallest such number is 6, and the largest of these is equivalent to the sum of 4095 divisors, where 4095 is the largest of five Ramanujan–Nagell numbers that are both triangular numbers and Mersenne numbers of the general form. The sums of the first five non-primes greater than zero and the first five prime numbers both equal 28; the seventh triangular number and like 6 a perfect number, which also includes 496, the thirty-first triangular number and perfect number of the form −1( − ) with a of , by the Euclid–Euler theorem. Within the larger family of Ore numbers, 140 and 496, respectively the fourth and sixth indexed members, both contain a set of divisors that produce integer harmonic means equal to 5.
Five is conjectured to be the only odd untouchable number, and if this is the case then five will be the only odd prime number that is not the base of an aliquot tree.
In figurate numbers, 5 is a pentagonal number, with the sequence of pentagonal numbers starting: 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ...
5 is a centered tetrahedral number: 1, 5, 15, 35, 69, ... Every centered tetrahedral number with an index of 2, 3 or 4 modulo 5 is divisible by 5.
5 is a square pyramidal number: 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, ... The first four members add to 50 while the fifth indexed member in the sequence is 55.
5 is a centered square number: 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, ... The fifth square number or 52 is 25, which features in the proportions of the two smallest (3, 4, 5) and (5, 12, 13) primitive Pythagorean triples.
The factorial of five, or ! = , is also the sum of the first fifteen non-zero positive integers, and 15th triangular number, which in-turn is the sum of the first five non-zero positive integers and 5th triangular number. 35, which is the fourth or fifth pentagonal and tetrahedral number, is equal to the sum of the first five triangular numbers: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15.
5 is the value of the central cell of the only non-trivial normal magic square, also called the Lo Shu square. Its x array of squares has a magic constant of , where the sums of its rows, columns, and diagonals are all equal to fifteen. 5 is also the value of the central cell the only non-trivial order-3 normal magic hexagon that is made of nineteen cells.
Polynomial equations of degree and below can be solved with radicals, while quintic equations of degree 5, and higher, cannot generally be so solved. This is the Abel–Ruffini theorem. This is related to the fact that the symmetric group is a solvable group for ⩽ , and not for ⩾ .
In the Collatz problem, 5 requires five steps to reach 1 by multiplying terms by three and adding one if the term is odd (starting with five itself), and dividing by two if they are even: {5 ➙ 16 ➙ 8 ➙ 4 ➙ 2 ➙ 1}; the only other number to require five steps is 32 (since 16 must be part of such path). When generalizing the Collatz conjecture to all positive or negative integers, −5 becomes one of only four known possible cycle starting points and endpoints, and in its case in five steps too: {−5 ➙ −14 ➙ −7 ➙ −20 ➙ −10 ➙ −5 ➙ ...}. The other possible cycles begin and end at −17 in eighteen steps, −1 in two steps, and 1 in three steps. In the analogous problem, 5 requires five steps to return cyclically to 5, in this instance by multiplying terms by three and subtracting 1 if the terms are odd, and also halving if even: {5 ➙ 14 ➙ 7 ➙ 20 ➙ 10 ➙ 5 ➙ ...}. This is also the first number to generate a cycle that is not trivial (i.e. 1 ➙ 2 ➙ 1 ➙ ...) while also generating a {14 ➙ ... ➙ 14} cycle that appears in other trajectories (alongside those generated by the other numbers in the path cycle of 5).
There are five countably infinite Ramsey classes of permutations, where the age of each countable homogeneous permutation forms an individual Ramsey class of objects such that, for each natural number and each choice of objects , there is no object where in any -coloring of all subobjects of isomorphic to there is a monochromatic subobject isomorphic to . In general, the Fraïssé limit of a class of finite relational structure is the age of a countable homogeneous relational structure iff five conditions hold for : it is closed under isomorphism, it has only countably many isomorphism classes, it is hereditary, it is joint-embedded, and it holds the amalgamation property.
Euler's identity, + = , contains five essential numbers used widely in mathematics: Archimedes' constant , Euler's number , the imaginary number , unity , and zero , which makes this formula a renown example of beauty in mathematics.
In geometry
A pentagram, or five-pointed polygram, is the first proper star polygon constructed from the diagonals of a regular pentagon as self-intersecting edges that are proportioned in golden ratio, . Its internal geometry appears prominently in Penrose tilings, and is a facet inside Kepler-Poinsot star polyhedra and Schläfli–Hess star polychora, represented by its Schläfli symbol }. A similar figure to the pentagram is a five-pointed simple isotoxal star ☆ without self-intersecting edges. It is often found as a facet inside Islamic Girih tiles, of which there are five different rudimentary types. Generally, star polytopes that are regular only exist in dimensions ⩽ < , and can be constructed using five Miller rules for stellating polyhedra or higher-dimensional polytopes.
In graph theory, all graphs with 4 or fewer vertices are planar, however, there is a graph with 5 vertices that is not: K5, the complete graph with 5 vertices, where every pair of distinct vertices in a pentagon is joined by unique edges belonging to a pentagram. By Kuratowski's theorem, a finite graph is planar iff it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of K5, or the complete bipartite utility graph K3,3. A similar graph is the Petersen graph, which is strongly connected and also nonplanar. It is most easily described as graph of a pentagram embedded inside a pentagon, with a total of 5 crossings, a girth of 5, and a Thue number of 5. The Petersen graph, which is also a distance-regular graph, is one of only 5 known connected vertex-transitive graphs with no Hamiltonian cycles. The automorphism group of the Petersen graph is the symmetric group of order 120 = 5!.
The chromatic number of the plane is at least five, depending on the choice of set-theoretical axioms: the minimum number of colors required to color the plane such that no pair of points at a distance of 1 has the same color. Whereas the hexagonal Golomb graph and the regular hexagonal tiling generate chromatic numbers of 4 and 7, respectively, a chromatic coloring of 5 can be attained under a more complicated graph where multiple four-coloring Moser spindles are linked so that no monochromatic triples exist in any coloring of the overall graph, as that would generate an equilateral arrangement that tends toward a purely hexagonal structure.
The plane contains a total of five Bravais lattices, or arrays of points defined by discrete translation operations: hexagonal, oblique, rectangular, centered rectangular, and square lattices. Uniform tilings of the plane are generated from combinations of only five regular polygons: the triangle, square, hexagon, octagon, and the dodecagon. The plane can also be tiled monohedrally with convex pentagons in fifteen different ways, three of which have Laves tilings as special cases.
Five points are needed to determine a conic section, in the same way that two points are needed to determine a line. A Veronese surface in the projective plane of a conic generalizes a linear condition for a point to be contained inside a conic.
There are five Platonic solids in three-dimensional space: the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. The dodecahedron in particular contains pentagonal faces, while the icosahedron, its dual polyhedron, has a vertex figure that is a regular pentagon. There are also five:
Regular polyhedron compounds: the stella octangula, compound of five tetrahedra, compound of five cubes, compound of five octahedra, and compound of ten tetrahedra. Icosahedral symmetry is isomorphic to the alternating group on 5 letters of order 120, realized by actions on these uniform polyhedron compounds.
Space-filling convex polyhedra with regular faces: the triangular prism, hexagonal prism, cube, truncated octahedron, and gyrobifastigium. The cube is the only Platonic solid that can tessellate space on its own, and the truncated octahedron and gyrobifastigium are the only Archimedean and Johnson solids, respectively, that can tessellate space with their own copies.
Cell-transitive parallelohedra: any parallelepiped, as well as the rhombic dodecahedron, the elongated dodecahedron, the hexagonal prism and the truncated octahedron. The cube is a special case of a parallelepiped, and the rhombic dodecahedron (with five stellations per Miller's rules) is the only Catalan solid to tessellate space on its own.
Regular abstract polyhedra, which include the excavated dodecahedron and the dodecadodecahedron. They have combinatorial symmetries transitive on flags of their elements, with topologies equivalent to that of toroids and the ability to tile the hyperbolic plane.
Semiregular prisms that are facets inside non-prismatic uniform four-dimensional figures: the triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, and decagonal prisms. There are also five uniform prisms and antiprisms that contain pentagons or pentagrams: the pentagonal prism and antiprism, and the pentagrammic prism, antiprism, and crossed-antirprism.
The pentatope, or 5-cell, is the self-dual fourth-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron, with Coxeter group symmetry of order 120 = 5! and group structure. Made of five tetrahedra, its Petrie polygon is a regular pentagon and its orthographic projection is equivalent to the complete graph K5. It is one of six regular 4-polytopes, made of thirty-one elements: five vertices, ten edges, ten faces, five tetrahedral cells and one 4-face.
A regular 120-cell, the dual polychoron to the regular 600-cell, can fit one hundred and twenty 5-cells. Also, five 24-cells fit inside a small stellated 120-cell, the first stellation of the 120-cell.
A subset of the vertices of the small stellated 120-cell are matched by the great duoantiprism star, which is the only uniform nonconvex duoantiprismatic solution in the fourth dimension, constructed from the polytope cartesian product and made of fifty tetrahedra, ten pentagrammic crossed antiprisms, ten pentagonal antiprisms, and fifty vertices.
The grand antiprism, which is the only known non-Wythoffian construction of a uniform polychoron, is made of twenty pentagonal antiprisms and three hundred tetrahedra, with a total of one hundred vertices and five hundred edges.
The abstract four-dimensional 57-cell is made of fifty-seven hemi-icosahedral cells, in-which five surround each edge. The 11-cell, another abstract 4-polytope with eleven vertices and fifty-five edges, is made of eleven hemi-dodecahedral cells each with fifteen dodecahedra. The skeleton of the hemi-dodecahedron is the Petersen graph.
Overall, the fourth dimension contains five fundamental Weyl groups that form a finite number of uniform polychora: , , , , and , accompanied by a fifth or sixth general group of unique 4-prisms of Platonic and Archimedean solids. All of these uniform 4-polytopes are generated from 25 uniform polyhedra, which include the five Platonic solids, fifteen Archimedean solids counting two enantiomorphic forms, and five prisms. There are also a total of five Coxeter groups that generate non-prismatic Euclidean honeycombs in 4-space, alongside five compact hyperbolic Coxeter groups that generate five regular compact hyperbolic honeycombs with finite facets, as with the order-5 5-cell honeycomb and the order-5 120-cell honeycomb, both of which have five cells around each face. Compact hyperbolic honeycombs only exist through the fourth dimension, or rank 5, with paracompact hyperbolic solutions existing through rank 10. Likewise, analogues of four-dimensional hexadecachoric or icositetrachoric symmetry do not exist in dimensions ⩾ ; however, there are prismatic groups in the fifth dimension which contains prisms of regular and uniform 4-polytopes that have and symmetry. There are also five regular projective 4-polytopes in the fourth dimension, all of which are hemi-polytopes of the regular 4-polytopes, with the exception of the 5-cell. Only two regular projective polytopes exist in each higher dimensional space.
The 5-simplex or hexateron is the five-dimensional analogue of the 5-cell, or 4-simplex. It has Coxeter group as its symmetry group, of order 720 = 6!, whose group structure is represented by the symmetric group , the only finite symmetric group which has an outer automorphism. The 5-cube, made of ten tesseracts and the 5-cell as its vertex figure, is also regular and one of thirty-one uniform 5-polytopes under the Coxeter hypercubic group. The demipenteract, with one hundred and twenty cells, is the only fifth-dimensional semiregular polytope, and has the rectified 5-cell as its vertex figure, which is one of only three semiregular 4-polytopes alongside the rectified 600-cell and the snub 24-cell. In the fifth dimension, there are five regular paracompact honeycombs, all with infinite facets and vertex figures; no other regular paracompact honeycombs exist in higher dimensions. There are exclusively twelve complex aperiotopes in complex spaces of dimensions ⩾ , with fifteen in and sixteen in ; alongside complex polytopes in and higher under simplex, hypercubic and orthoplex groups, the latter with van Oss polytopes.
There are five exceptional Lie algebras: , , , , and . The smallest of these, , can be represented in five-dimensional complex space and projected as a ball rolling on top of another ball, whose motion is described in two-dimensional space. is the largest of all five exceptional groups, with the other four as subgroups, and an associated lattice that is constructed with one hundred and twenty quaternionic unit icosians that make up the vertices of the 600-cell, whose Euclidean norms define a quadratic form on a lattice structure isomorphic to the optimal configuration of spheres in eight dimensions. This sphere packing lattice structure in 8-space is held by the vertex arrangement of the 521 honeycomb, one of five Euclidean honeycombs that admit Gosset's original definition of a semiregular honeycomb, which includes the three-dimensional alternated cubic honeycomb. There are specifically five solvable groups that are excluded from finite simple groups of Lie type.
The five Mathieu groups constitute the first generation in the happy family of sporadic groups. These are also the first five sporadic groups to have been described, defined as multiply transitive permutation groups on objects, with ∈ {11, 12, 22, 23, 24}. In particular, , the smallest of all sporadic groups, has a rank 3 action on fifty-five points from an induced action on unordered pairs, as well as two five-dimensional faithful complex irreducible representations over the field with three elements, which is the lowest irreducible dimensional representation of all sporadic group over their respective fields with elements. Of precisely five different conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of , one is the almost simple symmetric group (of order 5!), and another is , also almost simple, that functions as a point stabilizer which has as its largest prime factor in its group order: 24·32·5 = 2·3·4·5·6 = 8·9·10 = 720. On the other hand, whereas is sharply 4-transitive, is sharply 5-transitive and is 5-transitive, and as such they are the only two 5-transitive groups that are not symmetric groups or alternating groups. has the first five prime numbers as its distinct prime factors in its order of 27·32·5·7·11, and is the smallest of five sporadic groups with five distinct prime factors in their order. All Mathieu groups are subgroups of , which under the Witt design of Steiner system S(5, 8, 24) emerges a construction of the extended binary Golay code that has as its automorphism group. generates octads from code words of Hamming weight 8 from the extended binary Golay code, one of five different Hamming weights the extended binary Golay code uses: 0, 8, 12, 16, and 24. The Witt design and the extended binary Golay code in turn can be used to generate a faithful construction of the 24-dimensional Leech lattice Λ24, which is the subject of the second generation of seven sporadic groups that are subquotients of the automorphism of the Leech lattice, Conway group .
There are five non-supersingular primes: 37, 43, 53, 61, and 67, all smaller than the largest of fifteen supersingular prime divisors of the friendly giant, 71.
List of basic calculations
In decimal
5 is the only prime number to end in the digit 5 in decimal because all other numbers written with a 5 in the ones place are multiples of five, which makes it a 1-automorphic number.
All multiples of 5 will end in either 5 or , and vulgar fractions with 5 or in the denominator do not yield infinite decimal expansions because they are prime factors of 10, the base.
In the powers of 5, every power ends with the number five, and from 53 onward, if the exponent is odd, then the hundreds digit is 1, and if it is even, the hundreds digit is 6.
A number raised to the fifth power always ends in the same digit as .
Evolution of the Arabic digit
The evolution of the modern Western digit for the numeral 5 cannot be traced back to the Indian system, as for the digits 1 to 4. The Kushana and Gupta empires in what is now India had among themselves several different forms that bear no resemblance to the modern digit. The Nagari and Punjabi took these digits and all came up with forms that were similar to a lowercase "h" rotated 180°. The Ghubar Arabs transformed the digit in several different ways, producing from that were more similar to the digits 4 or 3 than to 5. It was from those digits that Europeans finally came up with the modern 5.
While the shape of the character for the digit 5 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the glyph usually has a descender, as, for example, in .
On the seven-segment display of a calculator, it is represented by five segments at four successive turns from top to bottom, rotating counterclockwise first, then clockwise, and vice-versa.
Science
The atomic number of boron.
The number of appendages on most starfish, which exhibit pentamerism.
The most destructive known hurricanes rate as Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.
The most destructive known tornadoes rate an F-5 on the Fujita scale or EF-5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale.
Astronomy
There are five Lagrangian points in a two-body system.
There are currently five dwarf planets in the Solar System: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.
The Roman numeral V stands for dwarfs (main sequence stars) in the Yerkes spectral classification scheme.
The Roman numeral V (usually) stands for the fifth-discovered satellite of a planet or minor planet (e.g. Jupiter V).
The New General Catalogue object NGC 5, a magnitude 13 spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda.
Messier object M5, a magnitude 7.0 globular cluster in the constellation Serpens.
Biology
There are usually considered to be five senses (in general terms).
The five basic tastes are sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.
Almost all amphibians, reptiles, and mammals which have fingers or toes have five of them on each extremity.
Computing
5 is the ASCII code of the Enquiry character, which is abbreviated to ENQ.
Religion and culture
Hinduism
The god Shiva has five faces and his mantra is also called (five-worded) mantra.
The goddess Saraswati, goddess of knowledge and intellectual is associated with or the number 5.
There are five elements in the universe according to Hindu cosmology: (earth, fire, water, air and space respectively).
The most sacred tree in Hinduism has 5 leaves in every leaf stunt.
Most of the flowers have 5 petals in them.
The epic Mahabharata revolves around the battle between Duryodhana and his 99 other brothers and the 5 pandava princes—Dharma, Arjuna, Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva.
Christianity
There are traditionally five wounds of Jesus Christ in Christianity: the Scourging at the Pillar, the Crowning with Thorns, the wounds in Christ's hands, the wounds in Christ's feet, and the Side Wound of Christ.
Gnosticism
The number five was an important symbolic number in Manichaeism, with heavenly beings, concepts, and others often grouped in sets of five.
Five Seals in Sethianism
Five Trees in the Gospel of Thomas
Islam
The Five Pillars of Islam
Muslims pray to Allah five times a day
According to Shia Muslims, the Panjetan or the Five Holy Purified Ones are the members of Muhammad's family: Muhammad, Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, and Husayn and are often symbolically represented by an image of the Khamsa.
Judaism
The Torah contains five books—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy—which are collectively called the Five Books of Moses, the Pentateuch (Greek for "five containers", referring to the scroll cases in which the books were kept), or Humash (, Hebrew for "fifth").
The book of Psalms is arranged into five books, paralleling the Five Books of Moses.
The Khamsa, an ancient symbol shaped like a hand with four fingers and one thumb, is used as a protective amulet by Jews; that same symbol is also very popular in Arabic culture, known to protect from envy and the evil eye.
Sikhism
The five sacred Sikh symbols prescribed by Guru Gobind Singh are commonly known as or the "Five Ks" because they start with letter K representing in the Punjabi language's Gurmukhi script. They are: (unshorn hair), (the comb), (the steel bracelet), (the soldier's shorts), and (the sword) (in Gurmukhi: ). Also, there are five deadly evils: (lust), (anger), (attachment), (greed), and (ego).
Daoism
5 Elements
5 Emperors
Other religions and cultures
According to ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, the universe is made up of five classical elements: water, earth, air, fire, and ether. This concept was later adopted by medieval alchemists and more recently by practitioners of Neo-Pagan religions such as Wicca.
The pentagram, or five-pointed star, bears religious significance in various faiths including Baháʼí, Christianity, Freemasonry, Satanism, Taoism, Thelema, and Wicca.
In Cantonese, "five" sounds like the word "not" (character: ). When five appears in front of a lucky number, e.g. "58", the result is considered unlucky.
In East Asian tradition, there are five elements: (water, fire, earth, wood, and metal). The Japanese names for the days of the week, Tuesday through Saturday, come from these elements via the identification of the elements with the five planets visible with the naked eye. Also, the traditional Japanese calendar has a five-day weekly cycle that can be still observed in printed mixed calendars combining Western, Chinese-Buddhist, and Japanese names for each weekday.
In numerology, 5 or a series of 555, is often associated with change, evolution, love and abundance.
Members of The Nation of Gods and Earths, a primarily African American religious organization, call themselves the "Five-Percenters" because they believe that only 5% of mankind is truly enlightened.
Art, entertainment, and media
Fictional entities
James the Red Engine, a fictional character numbered 5.
Johnny 5 is the lead character in the film Short Circuit (1986)
Number Five is a character in Lorien Legacies
Numbuh 5, real name Abigail Lincoln, from Codename: Kids Next Door
Sankara Stones, five magical rocks in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom that are sought by the Thuggees for evil purposes
The Mach Five , the racing car Speed Racer ( in the Japanese version) drives in the anime series of the same name (known as "Mach Go! Go! Go!" in Japan)
In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, five wizards (Saruman, Gandalf, Radagast, Alatar and Pallando) are sent to Middle-earth to aid against the threat of the Dark Lord Sauron
In the A Song of Ice and Fire series, the War of the Five Kings is fought between different claimants to the Iron Throne of Westeros, as well as to the thrones of the individual regions of Westeros (Joffrey Baratheon, Stannis Baratheon, Renly Baratheon, Robb Stark and Balon Greyjoy)
In The Wheel of Time series, the "Emond's Field Five" are a group of five of the series' main characters who all come from the village of Emond's Field (Rand al'Thor, Matrim Cauthon, Perrin Aybara, Egwene al'Vere and Nynaeve al'Meara)
Myst uses the number 5 as a unique base counting system. In The Myst Reader series, it is further explained that the number 5 is considered a holy number in the fictional D'ni society.
Number Five is also a character in The Umbrella Academy comic book and TV series adaptation
Films
Towards the end of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), the character of King Arthur repeatedly confuses the number five with the number three.
Five Go Mad in Dorset (1982) was the first of the long-running series of The Comic Strip Presents... television comedy films
The Fifth Element (1997), a science fiction film
Fast Five (2011), the fifth installment of the Fast and Furious film series.
V for Vendetta (2005), produced by Warner Bros., directed by James McTeigue, and adapted from Alan Moore's graphic novel V for Vendetta prominently features number 5 and Roman Numeral V; the story is based on the historical event in which a group of men attempted to destroy Parliament on November 5, 1605
Music
Modern musical notation uses a musical staff made of five horizontal lines.
A scale with five notes per octave is called a pentatonic scale.
A perfect fifth is the most consonant harmony, and is the basis for most western tuning systems.
In harmonics, the fifth partial (or 4th overtone) of a fundamental has a frequency ratio of 5:1 to the frequency of that fundamental. This ratio corresponds to the interval of 2 octaves plus a pure major third. Thus, the interval of 5:4 is the interval of the pure third. A major triad chord when played in just intonation (most often the case in a cappella vocal ensemble singing), will contain such a pure major third.
Using the Latin root, five musicians are called a quintet.
Five is the lowest possible number that can be the top number of a time signature with an asymmetric meter.
Groups
Five (group), a UK Boy band
The Five (composers), 19th-century Russian composers
5 Seconds of Summer, pop band that originated in Sydney, Australia
Five Americans, American rock band active 1965–1969
Five Finger Death Punch, American heavy metal band from Las Vegas, Nevada. Active 2005–present
Five Man Electrical Band, Canadian rock group billed (and active) as the Five Man Electrical Band, 1969–1975
Maroon 5, American pop rock band that originated in Los Angeles, California
MC5, American punk rock band
Pentatonix, a Grammy-winning a cappella group originated in Arlington, Texas
The 5th Dimension, American pop vocal group, active 1977–present
The Dave Clark Five, a.k.a. DC5, an English pop rock group comprising Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith; active 1958–1970
The Jackson 5, American pop rock group featuring various members of the Jackson family; they were billed (and active) as The Jackson 5, 1966–1975
Hi-5, Australian pop kids group, where it has several international adaptations, and several members throughout the history of the band. It was also a TV show.
We Five: American folk rock group active 1965–1967 and 1968–1977
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: American rap group, 1970–80's
Fifth Harmony, an American girl group.
Ben Folds Five, an American alternative rock trio, 1993–2000, 2008 and 2011–2013
R5 (band), an American pop and alternative rock group, 2009–2018
Other
The number of completed, numbered piano concertos of Ludwig van Beethoven, Sergei Prokofiev, and Camille Saint-Saëns.
Television
Stations
Channel 5 (UK), a television channel that broadcasts in the United Kingdom
5 (TV channel) (formerly known as ABC 5 and TV5) (DWET-TV channel 5 In Metro Manila) a television network in the Philippines.
Series
Babylon 5, a science fiction television series
The number 5 features in the television series Battlestar Galactica in regards to the Final Five cylons and the Temple of Five
Hi-5 (Australian TV series), a television series from Australia
Hi-5 (UK TV series), a television show from the United Kingdom
Hi-5 Philippines a television show from the Philippines
Odyssey 5, a 2002 science fiction television series
Tillbaka till Vintergatan, a Swedish children's television series featuring a character named "Femman" (meaning five), who can only utter the word 'five'.
The Five (talk show): Fox News Channel roundtable current events television show, premiered 2011, so-named for its panel of five commentators.
Yes! PreCure 5 is a 2007 anime series which follows the adventures of Nozomi and her friends. It is also followed by the 2008 sequel Yes! Pretty Cure 5 GoGo!
The Quintessential Quintuplets is a 2019 slice of life romance anime series which follows the everyday life of five identical quintuplets and their interactions with their tutor. It has two seasons, and a final movie is scheduled in summer 2022.
Hawaii Five-0, CBS American TV series.
Literature
The Famous Five is a series of children's books by British writer Enid Blyton
The Power of Five is a series of children's books by British writer and screenwriter Anthony Horowitz
The Fall of Five is a book written under the collective pseudonym Pittacus Lore in the series Lorien Legacies
The Book of Five Rings is a text on kenjutsu and the martial arts in general, written by the swordsman Miyamoto Musashi circa 1645
Slaughterhouse-Five is a book by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II
Sports
The Olympic Games have five interlocked rings as their symbol, representing the number of inhabited continents represented by the Olympians (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania, and the Americas).
In AFL Women's, the top level of women's Australian rules football, each team is allowed 5 "interchanges" (substitute players), who can be freely substituted at any time.
In baseball scorekeeping, the number 5 represents the third baseman's position.
In basketball:
The number 5 is used to represent the position of center.
Each team has five players on the court at a given time. Thus, the phrase "five on five" is commonly used to describe standard competitive basketball.
The "5-second rule" refers to several related rules designed to promote continuous play. In all cases, violation of the rule results in a turnover.
Under the FIBA (used for all international play, and most non-US leagues) and NCAA women's rule sets, a team begins shooting bonus free throws once its opponent has committed five personal fouls in a quarter.
Under the FIBA rules, A player fouls out and must leave the game after committing five fouls
Five-a-side football is a variation of association football in which each team fields five players.
In ice hockey:
A major penalty lasts five minutes.
There are five different ways that a player can score a goal (teams at even strength, team on the power play, team playing shorthanded, penalty shot, and empty net).
The area between the goaltender's legs is known as the five-hole.
In most rugby league competitions, the starting left wing wears this number. An exception is the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.
In rugby union:
A try is worth 5 points.
One of the two starting lock forwards wears number 5, and usually jumps at number 4 in the line-out.
In the French variation of the bonus points system, a bonus point in the league standings is awarded to a team that loses by 5 or fewer points.
Technology
5 is the most common number of gears for automobiles with manual transmission.
In radio communication, the term "Five by five" is used to indicate perfect signal strength and clarity.
On almost all devices with a numeric keypad such as telephones, computers, etc., the 5 key has a raised dot or raised bar to make dialing easier. Persons who are blind or have low vision find it useful to be able to feel the keys of a telephone. All other numbers can be found with their relative position around the 5 button (on computer keyboards, the 5 key of the numpad has the raised dot or bar, but the 5 key that shifts with % does not).
On most telephones, the 5 key is associated with the letters J, K, and L, but on some of the BlackBerry phones, it is the key for G and H.
The Pentium, coined by Intel Corporation, is a fifth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor.
The resin identification code used in recycling to identify polypropylene.
Miscellaneous fields
Five can refer to:
"Give me five" is a common phrase used preceding a high five.
An informal term for the British Security Service, MI5.
Five babies born at one time are quintuplets. The most famous set of quintuplets were the Dionne quintuplets born in the 1930s.
In the United States legal system, the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution can be referred to in court as "pleading the fifth", absolving the defendant from self-incrimination.
Pentameter is verse with five repeating feet per line; iambic pentameter was the most popular form in Shakespeare.
Quintessence, meaning "fifth element", refers to the elusive fifth element that completes the basic four elements (water, fire, air, and earth)
The designation of an Interstate Highway (Interstate 5) that runs from San Diego, California to Blaine, Washington. In addition, all major north-south Interstate Highways in the United States end in 5.
In the computer game Riven, 5 is considered a holy number, and is a recurring theme throughout the game, appearing in hundreds of places, from the number of islands in the game to the number of bolts on pieces of machinery.
The Garden of Cyrus (1658) by Sir Thomas Browne is a Pythagorean discourse based upon the number 5.
The holy number of Discordianism, as dictated by the Law of Fives.
The number of Justices on the Supreme Court of the United States necessary to render a majority decision.
The number of dots in a quincunx.
The number of permanent members with veto power on the United Nations Security Council.
The number of sides and the number of angles in a pentagon.
The number of points in a pentagram.
The number of Korotkoff sounds when measuring blood pressure
The drink Five Alive is named for its five ingredients. The drink punch derives its name after the Sanskrit पञ्च (pañc) for having five ingredients.
The Keating Five were five United States Senators accused of corruption in 1989.
The Inferior Five: Merryman, Awkwardman, The Blimp, White Feather, and Dumb Bunny. DC Comics parody superhero team.
No. 5 is the name of the iconic fragrance created by Coco Chanel.
The Committee of Five was delegated to draft the United States Declaration of Independence.
The five-second rule is a commonly used rule of thumb for dropped food.
555 95472, usually referred to simply as 5, is a minor male character in the comic strip Peanuts.
See also
Five Families
Five Nations (disambiguation)
555 (number)
List of highways numbered 5
References
Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 58–67
External links
The Number 5
The Positive Integer 5
Prime curiosities: 5
Integers
5 (number) | wiki |
The OU Chant is the alma mater of the University of Oklahoma.
The chant was written in 1936 by Jessie Lone Clarkson Gilkey, the coach of the OU girl's glee club from 1936 to 1938. It is played by The Pride of Oklahoma and sung by fans and alumni during pregame festivities prior to home football games in Oklahoma Memorial Stadium. The Chant is played and/or sung at other official University gatherings and sporting events.
External links
OU Chant at SoonerSports.com
1936 songs
University of Oklahoma
American college songs
Alma mater songs | wiki |
A hydroblade is a figure skating edge move or connecting step in which a skater glides on a deep edge with the body stretched in a very low position, almost touching the ice. Several variations in position are possible, but one commonly performed by singles skaters is on a back inside edge with the knee of the skating leg deeply bent, the free leg crossed behind and extended outside the circle, and the upper body leaning into the circle with two, one, or no hands skimming the ice.
History
Although they did not invent the element, it was popularized in the early 1990s by the Canadian ice dance team of Shae-Lynn Bourne and Victor Kraatz; their coach Uschi Keszler was responsible for coining the name "hydroblade."
Variations
Classic - two hands, most commonly done on the right back inside edge for a right-handed person.
One hand - picking up one hand off the ice, usually right for a right-handed person.
No hands - neither hand is touching the ice, more difficult to get upper body low to the ice.
Catch foot - a one-handed hydroblade where the hand not on the ice grasps the free foot.
Pairs - seen as either a side-by-side element or one-person hydroblade with the other partner doing a different edge element.
Open shoulder - where the upper body is facing upward, looks more like a shoot-the-duck glide.
References
Figure skating glossary
External links
Uschi Keszler's Hydroblading Academy
Figure skating elements | wiki |
Virtual Pinball est un jeu vidéo de flipper sorti en 1993 sur Mega Drive. Le jeu a été édité par Electronic Arts.
Système de jeu
Jeu vidéo de flipper
Jeu vidéo sorti en 1994
Jeu DOS
Jeu Mega Drive
Jeu vidéo développé aux États-Unis
Jeu Electronic Arts | wiki |
You're Always on My Mind may refer to:
You're Always On My Mind (Barbara Jones album), a 1984 album by Jamaican singer Barbara Jones
You're Always on My Mind (A Great Big Pile of Leaves album), a 2013 album by American band A Great Big Pile of Leaves
"You're Always on My Mind", a 1972 song by American band Gallery
"You're Always on My Mind", a song written by J. W. Alexander, published in 1961 on Sam Cooke's album My Kind of Blues
"You're Always on My Mind", a song from It's About Time (SWV album), 1992
See also
Always on My Mind (disambiguation) | wiki |
In mathematics, Siegel's identity refers to one of two formulae that are used in the resolution of Diophantine equations.
Statement
The first formula is
The second is
Application
The identities are used in translating Diophantine problems connected with integral points on hyperelliptic curves into S-unit equations.
See also
Siegel formula
References
Mathematical identities
Diophantine equations | wiki |
Revolutionary Communist Party may refer to:
Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina
Revolutionary Communist Party (Belgium)
Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)
Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party
Revolutionary Communist Party of Canada
Revolutionary Communist Party (Organizing Committees)
Revolutionary Communist Party (Chile)
Revolutionary Communist Party of China
Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire
Revolutionary Communist Party (India)
Revolutionary Communist Party of India
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Das)
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore)
Revolutionary Communist Party – Red Trench
Revolutionary Communist Party (Working Class)
Revolutionary Communist Party (Spain)
Revolutionary Communist Party (Turkey)
Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey
Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)
Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978)
Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
See also
Communist Vanguard of the Revolutionary Workers' Party
Communist Revolutionary Party (France)
Communist Revolutionary Party of France
Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists
Revolutionary Palestinian Communist Party
Party of Revolutionary Communism
Sudanese Communist Party – Revolutionary Leadership
Communist Party of Turkey – Revolutionary Wing | wiki |
The Assassination of Caesar is an oil on canvas painting by German artist Heinrich Füger, created in 1818, which depicts the assassination of Julius Caesar. It is held at the Vienna Museum.
Description
The central figure of the work is Julius Caesar who is about to be stabbed by his friend Brutus, in the historical event that took place during the Ides of March, on 44 BC.
Reception
Mitchell Benjamin Frank stated that with "The Assassination of Caesar Füger works in a baroque style that blurs contour and uses a rich blending of colour" which contrasts with his contemporary Franz Pforr.
References
Paintings of the death of Julius Caesar
1818 paintings
German paintings | wiki |
BootX (Linux), een bootloader om Linux op te starten vanuit Mac OS X
BootX (Apple), de standaard bootloader op het PowerPC-platform om Mac OS X op te starten | wiki |
Dreams So Real (band), Amerikaanse rockband
Dreams so real (Gary Burton), studioalbum van Gary Burton, vernoemd naar een jazznummer van Carl Bley | wiki |
Perfil est un journal argentin édité à Buenos Aires qui paraît le samedi et le dimanche. Il est lancé une première fois en tant que quotidien en 1998 et cesse de paraître au bout de quelques mois faute de ventes suffisantes. Il est relancé en en tant qu'hebdomadaire. Il est tiré à exemplaires.
Notes et références
Liens externes
Presse écrite en Argentine | wiki |
A teacher, also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator, is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching.
Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. when showing a colleague how to perform a specific task).
In some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family (homeschooling), rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college.
Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching (e.g. youth worker, pastor).
In most countries, formal teaching of students is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed, as their main role, to teach others in a formal education context, such as at a school or other place of initial formal education or training.
Duties and functions
A teacher's role may vary among cultures.
Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, and assessing pupil progress.
A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. They also have the legal duty to protect students from harm, such as that which may result from bullying, sexual harassment, racism or abuse.
In some education systems, teachers may be responsible for student discipline.
Competences and qualities required by teachers
Teaching is a highly complex activity.
This is partially because teaching is a social practice, that takes place in a specific context (time, place, culture, socio-political-economic situation etc.) and therefore is shaped by the values of that specific context. Factors that influence what is expected (or required) of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, accepted theories about learning, etc.
Competences
The competences required by a teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models:
the teacher as manager of instruction;
the teacher as caring person;
the teacher as expert learner; and
the teacher as cultural and civic person.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has argued that it is necessary to develop a shared definition of the skills and knowledge required by teachers, in order to guide teachers' career-long education and professional development. Some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such a common understanding. For example, the European Union has identified three broad areas of competences that teachers require:
Working with others
Working with knowledge, technology and information, and
Working in and with society.
Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings:
knowledge (such as: the subject matter itself and knowledge about how to teach it, curricular knowledge, knowledge about the educational sciences, psychology, assessment etc.)
craft skills (such as lesson planning, using teaching technologies, managing students and groups, monitoring and assessing learning etc.) and
dispositions (such as essential values and attitudes, beliefs and commitment).
Qualities
Enthusiasm
It has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to invigorate their teaching of the course materials every day. Teachers who cover the same curriculum repeatedly may find it challenging to maintain their enthusiasm, lest their boredom with the content bore their students in turn. Enthusiastic teachers are rated higher by their students than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials.
Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm are more likely to have engaged, interested and energetic students who are curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom. Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn. But even while a teacher's enthusiasm has been shown to improve motivation and increase task engagement, it does not necessarily improve learning outcomes or memory for the material.
There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation.
Teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher's enthusiasm may contribute to the student's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning. Also, enthusiasm may act as a "motivational embellishment", increasing a student's interest by the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material. Finally, the concept of emotional contagion may also apply: students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher.
Interaction with learners
Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students. Useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement. Here, personal success is a student's internal goal of improving themselves, whereas academic success includes the goals they receive from their superior. A teacher must guide their student in aligning their personal goals with their academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions.
Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers. Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play.
Teaching qualifications
In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching.
Teachers, like other professionals, may have to, or choose to, continue their education after they qualify, a process known as continuing professional development.
The issue of teacher qualifications is linked to the status of the profession. In some societies, teachers enjoy a status on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants, in others, the status of the profession is low. In the twentieth century, many intelligent women were unable to get jobs in corporations or governments so many chose teaching as a default profession. As women become more welcomed into corporations and governments today, it may be more difficult to attract qualified teachers in the future.
Teachers are often required to undergo a course of initial education at a College of Education to ensure that they possess the necessary knowledge, competences and adhere to relevant codes of ethics.
There are a variety of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many teachers' colleges exist; they may be controlled by government or by the teaching profession itself.
They are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing, quality controlling, and enforcing standards of practice for the teaching profession.
Professional standards
The functions of the teachers' colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs. In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college members. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies. In still other areas Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties.
Professional misconduct
Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career.
A study in England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional, a group that included priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers. It is important to note, however, that this British study is the only one of its kind and consisted of "a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study" and that the questions referred to "sexual abuse with a professional," not necessarily a teacher. It is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the United Kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable. The AAUW study, however, posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers. "The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students". Its reliability was gauged at 95% with a 4% margin of error.
In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers Turner, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.
Chris Keates, the general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape "is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about." This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession. This has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers.
Pedagogy and teaching
Teachers facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors.
The objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning, including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge or thinking skills. Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. Many times, teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips. The increasing use of technology, specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade, has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom.
The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many different ways, hence, using a pedagogy of teaching styles. Second, the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of their students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly. For example, an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows: "The real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop. The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all. This function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game."
Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day.
This is true throughout most of the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a "platoon" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects. Students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes.
Co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning.
Classroom management
Teachers and school discipline
Throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment. While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them.
In past times, corporal punishment (spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world. Most Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution.
30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.
Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries.
Currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day (such as lunch, recess or after school); or even to attend school on a non-school day, e.g. "Saturday detention" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or a punishment essay, or sit quietly.
A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.
Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline (refer to Canter Model of Discipline). Such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently. This viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in East Asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education.
It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.
Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students. The result of this is that motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources. Given the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate.
Obligation to honor students rights
Sudbury-model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else. Primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws, is a school in which community discipline prevails, and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops, against other schools today, where rules are arbitrary, authority is absolute, punishment is capricious, and due process of law is unknown.
Occupational hazards
Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.
A 2000 study found that 42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers.
There are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching. Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring, changing the work environment, and offering promotions and bonuses, may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers. Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling, are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers.
Apart from this, teachers are often not given sufficient opportunities for professional growth or promotions. This leads to some stagnancy, as there is not sufficient interests to enter the profession. An organisation in India called Centre for Teacher Accreditation (CENTA) is working to reduce this hazard, by trying to open opportunities for teachers in India.
Teaching around the world
There are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school. In many countries, elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education specialty track, obtain the prerequisite "student-teaching" time, and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation. In addition to certification, many educational institutions especially within the US, require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom. This is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow.
International schools generally follow an English-speaking, Western curriculum and are aimed at expatriate communities.
Australia
Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories. Generally, education in Australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education (universities or TAFE colleges).
Canada
Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education is required to become a qualified teacher. Salary ranges from $40,000/year to $90,000/yr. Teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors.
France
In France, teachers, or professors, are mainly civil servants, recruited by competitive examination.
Germany
In Germany, teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies). There are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule) and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium).
Salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung).
India
In ancient India, the most common form of education was gurukula based on the guru-shishya tradition (teacher-disciple tradition) which involved the disciple and guru living in the same (or a nearby) residence. These gurukulam was supported by public donations and the guru would not accept any fees from the shishya. This organized system stayed the most prominent form of education in the Indian subcontinent until the British invasion. Through strong efforts in 1886 and 1948, the gurukula system was revived in India.
The role and success of a teacher in the modern Indian education system is clearly defined. CENTA Standards define the competencies that a good teacher should possess. Schools look for competent teachers across grades. Teachers are appointed directly by schools in private sector, and through eligibility tests in government schools.
Ireland
Salaries for primary teachers in Ireland depend mainly on seniority (i.e. holding the position of principal, deputy principal or assistant principal), experience and qualifications. Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island. The basic pay for a starting teacher is €27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to €53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service. A principal of a large school with many years experience and several qualifications (M.A., H.Dip., etc.) could earn over €90,000.
Teachers are required to be registered with the Teaching Council; under Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001, a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the Teaching Council - may not be paid from Oireachtas funds.
From 2006 Garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession. These procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role". Existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis.
Philippines
To become a teacher in the Philippines, one must have a bachelor's degree in education. Other degrees are also allowed as long they are able to get 18 units of professional education subjects (10 units for arts and sciences degrees). A board exam must be taken to become a professional teacher in the Philippines. Upon passing the board exam, the Professional Regulatory Commission will issue a teaching licence.
United Kingdom
Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter with each of the countries of the United Kingdom having separate systems.
England
Salaries for nursery, primary and secondary school teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn an average salary of £19,543 annually. Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.
Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.
Scotland
In Scotland, anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS). Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, "Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.
For the salary year beginning April 2008, unpromoted teachers in Scotland earned from £20,427 for a Probationer, up to £32,583 after 6 years teaching, but could then go on to earn up to £39,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status (requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules per year.) Promotion to Principal Teacher positions attracts a salary of between £34,566 and £44,616; Deputy Head, and Head teachers earn from £40,290 to £78,642.
Teachers in Scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the Educational Institute of Scotland and the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association.
Wales
Education in Wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the United Kingdom. For example, a significant number of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16.
Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and a report in 2010 suggested that the average age of teachers in Wales was falling with teachers being younger than in previous years. It was suggested that a proportion of older teachers had faced discrimination and did not have their experience valued. A growing cause of concern at that time was that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010.
United States
In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.
In the past, teachers have been paid relatively low salaries. However, average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years. US teachers are generally paid on graduated scales, with income depending on experience. Teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor's degree and certificate. Salaries vary greatly depending on state, relative cost of living, and grade taught. Salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts. The median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $46,000 in 2004, with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor's degree being an estimated $32,000. Median salaries for preschool teachers, however, were less than half the national median for secondary teachers, clock in at an estimated $21,000 in 2004. For high school teachers, median salaries in 2007 ranged from $35,000 in South Dakota to $71,000 in New York, with a national median of $52,000. Some contracts may include long-term disability insurance, life insurance, emergency/personal leave and investment options.
The American Federation of Teachers' teacher salary survey for the 2006–07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $51,009. In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259. High school teachers had the highest median salary earning $41,855. Many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities. In addition to monetary compensation, public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits (like health insurance) compared to other occupations. Merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers, paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations, high test scores and for high success at their overall school. Also, with the advent of the internet, many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income, most notably on TeachersPayTeachers.com. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 also aims to substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers through international cooperation by 2030 in an effort to improve the quality of teaching around the world.
Assistant teachers
Assistant teachers are additional teachers assisting the primary teacher, often in the same classroom. There are different types around the world, as well as a variety of formal programs defining roles and responsibilities.
One type is a Foreign Language Assistant, which in Germany is run by the Educational Exchange Service (Pädagogischer Austauschdienst).
British schools employ teaching assistants, who are not considered fully qualified teachers, and as such, are guided by teachers but may supervise and teach groups of pupils independently. In the United Kingdom, the term "assistant teacher" used to be used to refer to any qualified or unqualified teacher who was not a head or deputy head teacher.
The Japanese education system employs Assistant Language Teachers in elementary, junior high and high schools.
Learning by teaching (German short form: LdL) is a method which allows pupils and students to prepare and teach lessons or parts of lessons, with the understanding that a student's own learning is enhanced through the teaching process.
See also
AI teaching assistant
Bullying in teaching
Certified teacher
School of education
Student teacher
Substitute teacher
Teacher Support Network (in the UK)
Education policy#Teacher policy
References
External links
OECD's Education GPS, a review of education policy analysis and statistics: Teachers
Education and training occupations
Positions of authority | wiki |
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a type of neurological syndrome in which language capabilities slowly and progressively become impaired. As with other types of aphasia, the symptoms that accompany PPA depend on what parts of the left hemisphere are significantly damaged. However, unlike most other aphasias, PPA results from continuous deterioration in brain tissue, which leads to early symptoms being far less detrimental than later symptoms. Those with PPA slowly lose the ability to speak, write, read, and generally comprehend language. Eventually, almost every patient becomes mute and completely loses the ability to understand both written and spoken language. Although it was first described as solely impairment of language capabilities while other mental functions remain intact, it is now recognized that many, if not most of those with PPA experience impairment of memory, short-term memory formation and loss of executive functions. It was first described as a distinct syndrome by M. Marsel Mesulam in 1982. Primary progressive aphasias have a clinical and pathological overlap with the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum of disorders and Alzheimer's disease. However, PPA is not considered synonymous to Alzheimer's disease due to the fact that, unlike those affected by Alzheimer's disease, those with PPA are generally able to maintain the ability to care for themselves, remain employed, and pursue interests and hobbies. Moreover, in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, progressive deterioration of comprehension and production of language is just one of the many possible types of mental deterioration, such as the progressive decline of memory, motor skills, reasoning, awareness, and visuospatial skills.
Causes
Currently, the specific causes for PPA and other degenerative brain disease similar to PPA are unknown. Autopsies have revealed a variety of brain abnormalities in people who had PPA. These autopsies, as well as imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI, EEG, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET), have generally revealed abnormalities to be almost exclusively in the left hemisphere.
Risk factors
There have been no large epidemiological studies on the incidence and prevalence of the PPA variants. Though it most likely has been underestimated, onset of PPA has been found to occur in the sixth or seventh decade.
There are no known environmental risk factors for the progressive aphasias. However, one observational, retrospective study suggested that vasectomy could be a risk factor for PPA in men. These results have yet to be replicated or demonstrated by prospective studies.
PPA is not considered a hereditary disease. However, relatives of a person with any form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, including PPA, are at slightly greater risk of developing PPA or another form of the condition. In a quarter of patients diagnosed with PPA, there is a family history of PPA or one of the other disorders in the FTLD spectrum of disorders. It has been found that genetic predisposition varies among the different PPA variants, with PNFA being more commonly familial in nature than LPA or SD.
The most convincing genetic basis of PPA has been found to be a mutation in the GRN gene. Most patients with observed GRN mutations present clinical features of PNFA, but the phenotype can be atypical.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria
The following diagnosis criteria were defined by Mesulam:
As opposed to having followed trauma to the brain, a patient must show an insidious onset and a gradual progression of aphasia, defined as a disorder of sentence and/or word usage, affecting the production and comprehension of speech.
The disorder in question must be the only determinant on functional impairment in the activities of the patient's daily living.
On the basis of diagnostic procedures, the disorder in question must be unequivocally attributed to a neurodegenerative process.
Whether or not PPA and other aphasias are the only source of cognitive impairment in a patient is often difficult to assess because: 1) as with other neurologically degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, there are currently no reliable non-invasive diagnostic tests for aphasias, and thus neuropsychological assessments are the only tool physicians have for diagnosing patients; and 2) aphasias often affect other, non-language portions of these neuropsychological tests, such as those specific for memory.
Classification
In 2011, the classification of primary progressive aphasia was updated to include three clinical variants. Patients must first be diagnosed with PPA, and then divided into variants based on speech production features, repetition, single- word and syntax comprehension, confrontation naming, semantic knowledge, and reading/spelling. In the classical Mesulam criteria for primary progressive aphasia, there are two variants: a non-fluent type progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) and a fluent type semantic dementia (SD). A third variant of primary progressive aphasia, logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) was then added, and is an atypical form of Alzheimer's disease. For PNFA, The core criteria for diagnosis includes agrammatism and slow, and labored speech. Inconsistent speech sound errors are also very common, including distortions, deletions, and insertions. In terms of comprehension, there are deficits in syntax and sentence comprehension due to grammatical complexity, but single- word and object comprehension is relatively maintained. The second variant, SD, presents with deficits in single-word and object comprehension. Naming impairments can be severe, specially for low-frequency objects, and can eventually lead to a more widespread semantic memory deficiency over time. The ability to read and write can also be impaired if there are irregularities between pronunciation and spelling. However, repetition and motor speech is relatively preserved. The logopenic variant involves impairments in word retrieval, sentence repetition, and phonological paraphasias, comparable to conduction aphasia. Compared to the semantic variant, single word comprehension and naming is spared, however, sentence comprehension presents difficulty because of length and grammatical complexity. Speech will include incomplete words, hesitations preceding content words, and repetition. However, these PPA subtypes differ from similar aphasias, as these subtypes do not occur acutely following trauma to the brain, such as following a stroke, due to differing functional and structural neuroanatomical patterns of involvement and the progressive nature of the disease.
Treatment
Due to the progressive, continuous nature of the disease, improvement over time seldom occurs in patients with PPA as it often does in patients with aphasias caused by trauma to the brain.
In terms of medical approaches to treating PPA, there are currently no drugs specifically used for patients with PPA, nor are there any specifically designed interventions for PPA. A large reason for this is the limited research that has been done on this disease. However, in some cases, patients with PPA are prescribed the same drugs Alzheimer's patients are normally prescribed.
The primary approach to treating PPA has been with behavioral treatment, with the hope that these methods can provide new ways for patients to communicate in order to compensate for their deteriorated abilities. Speech therapy can assist an individual with strategies to overcome difficulties. There are three very broad categories of therapy interventions for aphasia: restorative therapy approaches, compensatory therapy approaches, and social therapy approaches. Rapid and sustained improvement in speech and dementia in a patient with primary progressive aphasia utilizing off-label perispinal etanercept, an anti-TNF treatment strategy also used for Alzheimer's, has been reported. A video depicting the patient's improvement was published in conjunction with the print article. These findings have not been independently replicated and remain controversial.
History
M. Marsel Mesulam coined the term primary progressive aphasia.
See also
Anomic aphasia
Aphasiology
Apraxia of speech
Speech-language pathology
Speech disorder
Transcortical sensory aphasia
References
Further reading
External links
Aphasias
Alzheimer's disease
Cognitive disorders
Dementia
Learning disabilities | wiki |
Kj (minuscule kj) est un digramme de l'alphabet latin composé d'un K et d'un J.
Linguistique
En norvégien le digramme « kj » représente généralement .
Représentation informatique
À la différence d'autres digrammes, il n'existe aucun encodage du Kj sous la forme d'un seul signe. Il est toujours réalisé en accolant les lettres K et J.
Notes et références
Articles connexes
Digramme
Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin
Digramme latin | wiki |
The Ecclesiastical Law Society is an organization based in the United Kingdom that says it "exists to promote the study of ecclesiastical and canon law particularly in the Church of England and those churches in communion with it". It was founded in 1987 to succeed Doctors' Commons.
The society sponsors periodic speakers and programmes, but its principal work is editing and publishing the Ecclesiastical Law Journal.
Ecclesiastical Law Journal
The society publishes the Ecclesiastical Law Journal three times each year through the Cambridge University Press. The journal is a scholarly collection of original editorials, articles, comments, parliamentary and conference reports, book reviews, and case notes of decisions from the English ecclesiastical courts. The journal enjoys a distinguished international editorial board.
Editors
1987–2002 The Worshipful Michael Goodman (Chancellor of the Dioceses of Rochester, Guildford and Lincoln
2002–2013 The Worshipful Professor Mark Hill KC (Chancellor of the Dioceses of Chichester, Leeds and Europe)
2013-2021 The Reverend Dr Will Adam (Archbishop of Canterbury's Ecumenical Adviser)
2021- Benjamin Harrison, Barrister
See also
Canon law of the Anglican Communion
Canon law of the Church of England
References
Canon law of the Anglican Communion
Canon law of the Church of England
Law and religion journals
Academic canon law
Law societies
Law-related learned societies | wiki |
A tabby is any domestic cat (Felis catus) with a distinctive 'M'-shaped marking on its forehead; stripes by its eyes and across its cheeks, along its back, and around its legs and tail; and (differing by tabby type), characteristic striped, dotted, lined, flecked, banded, or swirled patterns on the body—neck, shoulders, sides, flanks, chest, and abdomen. "Tabby" is not a breed of cat, but a coat type seen in almost all genetic lines of domestic cats, regardless of status.
The tabby pattern is found in many official cat breeds and is a hallmark of the landrace extremely common among the general population of cats around the world. The tabby pattern occurs naturally and is connected both to the coat of the domestic cat's direct ancestor and to those of their close relatives: the African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica), the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) and the Asiatic wildcat (Felis lybica ornata), all of which have similar coats, both by pattern and coloration. One genetic study of tabbies found five genetic clusters to be ancestral to cats of various parts of the world.
Etymology
The English term tabby originally referred to "striped silk taffeta," from the French word tabis, meaning "a rich watered silk." This can be further traced to the Middle French atabis (14th century), which stemmed from the Arabic term عتابية / ʿattābiyya. This word is a reference to the Attabiya district of Baghdad, noted for its striped cloth and silk; itself named after the Umayyad Governor of Mecca Attab ibn Asid. Such silk cloth became popular in the Muslim world and spread to England, where the word "tabby" became commonly used in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Tabby is also comparable to the Spanish word ataviar, which means "to decorate or to dress or wear" and often implies luxurious clothing. Use of the term tabby cat for a cat with a striped coat began in the 1690s and was shortened to tabby in 1774. The notion that tabby indicates a female cat may be due to the feminine proper name Tabby as a nickname of "Tabitha".
Patterns
The four known distinct patterns, each having a sound genetic explanation, are the mackerel, classic, ticked, and spotted tabby patterns.
A fifth pattern is formed by any of the four basic patterns being included as part of a patched pattern. A patched tabby is a cat with calico or tortoiseshell markings combined with patches of tabby coat (such cats are called caliby and torbie, respectively, in cat fancy).
All five patterns have been observed in random-bred populations. Several additional patterns are found in specific breeds and so are not as well known. For example, a modified classic tabby is found in the Sokoke breed. Some of these rarer patterns are because of the interaction of wild and domestic genes, as with the rosette and marbled patterns found in the Bengal breed.
The coat of a cat can be very important. In recent studies, the color and pattern of a cat could impact how long the cat would have to wait to be adopted. The lighter the color, the faster the cat would be adopted. An orange tabby cat would likely be adopted before a classic tabby.
Mackerel (striped) tabby
The mackerel, or striped, tabby pattern is made up of thin vertical, gently curving stripes on the sides of the body. These stripes can be continuous or broken into bars and short segments/spots, especially on the flanks and stomach. Three or five vertical lines in an 'M' shape almost always appear on the forehead, along with dark lines from the corners of the eyes, one or more crossing each cheek, and of course many stripes and lines at various angles on the neck and shoulder area, on the flanks, and around the legs and tail, marks which are more or less perpendicular to the length of the body part. Mackerel tabbies are also called 'fishbone tabbies,' probably doubly named after the mackerel fish. Mackerels are the most common among tabbies.
Classic tabby
The classic tabby, also known as blotched tabby, has the 'M' pattern on the forehead but, rather than primarily thin stripes or spots, the body markings are thick curving bands in whorls or a swirled pattern, with a distinctive mark on each side of the body resembling a bullseye. 80% of modern-day cats have the recessive allele responsible for the classic pattern. Black tabbies generally have dark browns, olives, and ochres that stand out more against their black colors. Classic tabbies each have a light-coloured "butterfly" pattern on the shoulders and three thin stripes (the center stripe being darkest) running along the spine. The legs, tail, and cheeks of a classic tabby have thick stripes, bands, and/or bars. The gene responsible for the coloring of a classic tabby is recessive. Many American shorthair cats demonstrate this pattern.
Ticked tabby
The ticked tabby pattern is due to even fields of agouti hairs, each with distinct bands of colour, which break up the tabby patterning into a salt-and-pepper appearance that makes them look sand-like—thus there are few to no stripes or bands. Residual ghost striping and/or barring can often be seen on the lower legs, face, and belly and sometimes at the tail tip, as well as the standard 'M' and a long dark line running along the spine, primarily in ticked tabbies who also carry a mackerel or classic tabby allele. These types of cats come in many forms and colours.
Spotted tabby
It's thought that the spotted tabby results from a modifier gene that breaks up the mackerel tabby pattern and causes the stripes to appear as spots. Similarly, the classic tabby pattern may be broken by the spotted tabby gene into large spots. One can see both large and small spot patterns in the Australian Mist, Bengal, Serengeti, Savannah, Egyptian Mau, Arabian Mau, Maine Coon, and Ocicat breeds, among others, as well as some crosses. Naturally, the most common spotted tabby looks most similar to the mackerel tabby, including the classic marks on the limbs, tail, and head, as well as the 'M' on the forehead.
Orange tabby
The orange tabby, also commonly called red or ginger tabby, is a color-variant of the above patterns, having pheomelanin (O allele) instead of eumelanin (o allele). Though generally a mix of orange and white, the ratio between fur color varies, from a few orange spots on the back of a white cat to a completely orange coloring with no white at all. The orange areas can be darker or lighter spots or stripes, but the white is nearly always solid and usually appears on the underbelly, paws, chest, and muzzle.
The face markings are reminiscent of the mackerel or classic tabby and, with orange/white, an inclusion of a white spot on the face that covers the mouth, coming to a point around the forehead. Because a masking gene is present on white fur, its inclusion is often asymmetrical, leading to more or less white fur on each paw or side of the face.
About 80% of orange tabby cats are male. The orange coloring is a recessive gene, found on the X chromosome. Females have XX chromosomes to the male's XY. Thus, both the mother and father cat must pass on the genes to the female, but males only need the trait from their mothers.
According to The Purrington Post, there is a historical reference for orange cats in an old legend. When the baby Jesus couldn't sleep, a warm and purring orange tabby comforted him. The M on the orange tabby's head came about due to Mary kissing the cat on the forehead. Another version is that she gently wrote her initial on the cat's head with her finger.
Torbies and calibies
Since female cats have two X chromosomes, it is possible for them to have the O (orange) allele on one X chromosome and o (black) on the other. This causes both colors to appear in random patches both as parts of pattern and parts beside pattern. When paired with the tabby pattern, these cats are known as torbie cats. If there is also white spotting, the cat is known as a caliby.
Genetic explanations
Two distinct gene loci, the agouti gene locus (two alleles) and the tabby locus (three alleles), and one modifier, spotted (two alleles), cause the four basic tabby patterns. The fifth pattern is emergent, being expressed by female cats with one black and one orange gene on each of their two X chromosomes, and is explained by Barr bodies and the genetics of sex-linked inheritance.
The agouti gene, with its two alleles, A and a, controls whether or not the tabby pattern is expressed. The dominant A expresses the underlying tabby pattern, while the recessive non-agouti or "hyper-melanistic" allele, a, does not. Solid-color (black or blue) cats have the aa combination, hiding the tabby pattern, although sometimes a suggestion of the underlying pattern can be seen ("ghost striping"). This underlying pattern, whether classic, mackerel, ticked or spotted, is most easily distinguishable under bright light in the early stages of kittenhood and on the tail in adulthood.
However, the agouti gene primarily controls the production of black pigment, so a cat with an O allele for orange color will still express the tabby pattern. As a result, both red cats and the patches of red on tortoiseshell cats will always show tabby patterning, though sometimes the stripes are muted—especially in cream and blue/cream cats due to the pigment dilution.
The mackerel pattern and its Tm allele at the tabby gene locus is dominant over the classic (or blotched) allele, Tb. So a cat with a TmTm or TmTb genotype sets the basic pattern of thin stripes (mackerel tabby) that underlies the coat, while a TbTb cat will express a classic tabby coat pattern with thick bands and a ring or concentric stripes on its sides.
The ticked tabby pattern is a result of a different allele at the same gene locus as the mackerel and classic tabby patterns and this allele is dominant over the others. So a TaTa genotype as well as TaTm and TaTb genotypes will be ticked tabbies. The ticked tabby coat essentially masks any other tabby pattern, producing a non-patterned, or agouti tabby (much like the wild type agouti coat of many other mammals and the sable coat of dogs), with virtually no stripes or bars. If the ticked allele is present, no other tabby pattern will be expressed. The ticked allele actually shows incomplete dominance: cats homozygous for the ticked allele (TaTa) have less barring than cats heterozygous for the ticked allele (TaTm or TaTb).
The spotted gene is a separate locus theorized to be directly connected to the Tm allele; it 'breaks' the lines and thin stripes of a mackerel tabby, creating spots. The spotted gene has a dominant and a recessive allele as well, which means a spotted cat will have an Sp Sp or Sp sp genotype along with at least one Tm allele and at least one A allele at those alleles’ respective loci.
Temperament
Personality and aggression varies widely from cat to cat, and is multifactorial. A 2015 study from University of California, Davis sought to examine the relationship between coat color and behavior in cats. Researchers ran statistical analyses from 1,274 online surveys completed by cat owners. The owners were asked to rank the cats' aggressiveness during interactions with human aggression, handling aggression, and veterinary aggression. The study concluded that, though aggressive behaviors did show up in different levels between different coats, these were relatively minor. The larger differences in aggression seemed to researchers to be sex-linked, rather than related to any coat pattern or coloring:With all coat colors combined, females were identified by their guardians as more aggressive during veterinary visits compared with males (X² = 10.36, p = .001). Analyses showed that gray-and-white and black/brown/gray tabby females were more aggressive than their male counterparts at veterinarians’ offices (X² = 9.28, p = .002, and X² = 5.00, p = .025, respectively).A similar study also reported no evidence of a link between a cat's behavior and their coat pattern; however, it suggested that any differences were just how they were being perceived, i.e. people perceive orange cats as "friendly" and white cats as "shy," and then look for confirmation of these perceptions.
History
Since the tabby pattern is a common wild type, it might be assumed that medieval cats were tabbies. However, one writer believed this to be untrue, at least in England. Sometime after the mid-17th century, the natural philosopher John Aubrey noted that William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury was "a great lover of Cats" and "was presented with some Cyprus-cats, i.e. our Tabby-Cats". He then claimed that "I doe well remember that the common English Catt, was white with some blueish piednesse (i.e. white with grey parts). The race or breed of them is now almost lost." However, most drawings or paintings of cats in medieval manuscripts do show them to be tabbies. In the first century BCE, Cicero references the distinctive "M" marking of the tabby cat in De consulatu suo.
Notable examples
Due to the pattern being expressed by both pure and mixed-breed cats, a large number of famous cats fall into the "tabby" category. A few of the most notable examples include:
Think Think - one of two cats belonging to the President of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-wen.
The Ithaca Kitty - a grey tabby cat with seven toes on each front foot that inspired one of the first mass-produced stuffed toys.
Morris the Cat - an orange tabby who began appearing as an advertising mascot for 9Lives cat food in 1969. Morris became an iconic television character in the following decades, and was even featured in mock campaigns as a 'cat-didate' for President of the United States in 1988, 1992, and 2012. Morris has been played by 3 cats since 1968, all rescued from shelters. 9Lives started a marketing program helping shelter cats get adopted in 2013.
Maru - a tabby from Japan, and one of the most popular cats in the age of the internet. He once held the Guinness World Record for the most-watched animal on YouTube.
Orangey - an orange tabby who starred in a number of movie and televisions roles. His most notable role was that of Cat in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's, for which he won his second PATSY Award. He is the only cat to win twice, his first win coming in 1951 for Rhubarb.
See also
Brindle
Calico cat
Tortoiseshell cat
References
External links
Cat coat types | wiki |
Sj (minuscule sj) est un digramme de l'alphabet latin composé d'un S et d'un J.
Linguistique
En norvégien le digramme « sj » représente généralement .
Représentation informatique
À la différence d'autres digrammes, il n'existe aucun encodage du Sj sous la forme d'un seul signe. Il est toujours réalisé en accolant les lettres S et J.
Notes et références
Articles connexes
Digramme
Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin
Digramme latin | wiki |
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides immunity to an infectious disease.
Vaccine or The Vaccine(s) may also refer to:
Vaccine (journal), a medical journal
Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver, a 2007 book by Arthur Allen
Vaccine (instrument), a Haitian musical instrument
Vaccine (musician), Christine Clements, American dubstep record producer
"Vaccine", a song by Mew from No More Stories..., 2009
"The Vaccine" (The Outer Limits), a television episode
The Vaccines, an English rock band
See also
Vaccination, the process of administering a vaccine
Vaccine hesitancy, a reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated or to have one's children vaccinated | wiki |
Kirana may refer to:
Kirana Hills, Pakistan
Kirana-I, a series of 24 cold-tests conducted by Pakistan during 1983–1990 in the Kirana Hills
Kirana Bar, a hilly area named after the Kirana Hills
Kirana store, a small neighborhood retail store in the Indian Subcontinent
Kirana Ti, a Star Wars character
Alternative romananization of the Indic word Kiran
Astro Kirana, a Singapore satellite television channel | wiki |
The House in the Night is a children's picture book written by Susan Marie Swanson and illustrated by Beth Krommes. Published in 2008, the book is a bedtime verse about the light in a house during the night. Krommes won the 2009 Caldecott Medal for her illustrations.
References
Caldecott Medal–winning works
2008 children's books
American picture books
Books about night | wiki |
"I'll Start with You" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Paulette Carlson. It was released in November 1991 as the first single from the album Love Goes On. The song was written by Carlson, Tom Shapiro and Chris Waters.
Chart performance
"I'll Start with You" reached No. 21 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Popular culture
The chorus of the song was used in Canadian Tire commercials in 2001.
References
1991 singles
1991 songs
Paulette Carlson songs
Songs written by Tom Shapiro
Songs written by Chris Waters
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
Capitol Records Nashville singles
Songs written by Paulette Carlson | wiki |
The half-pass is a lateral movement seen in dressage, in which the horse moves forward and sideways at the same time. Unlike the easier leg-yield, the horse is bent in the direction of travel, slightly around the rider's inside leg. The outside hind and forelegs should cross over the inside legs, with the horse's body parallel to the arena wall and his forehand leading. The horse should remain forward, balanced, and bent, moving with cadence. The inside hind leg remains engaged throughout the half-pass, and the horse should not lose its rhythm.
The half-pass is a variation of haunches-in (travers), executed on a diagonal line instead of along the wall. At higher levels it is used to perform a counter-change of hand, combining more than two half-passes with changes of direction in a zig-zag pattern.
Vs. the leg-yield
The half-pass requires more balance, engagement, and collection from a horse than the leg-yield. This is because the horse is slightly bent in the direction of movement in the half-pass. In the leg-yield, the horse is fairly straight or looking slightly away from the direction of travel.
Purpose
The half-pass is a schooling movement that requires the horse to engage the hindquarters and increase its impulsion, it can therefore be used to improve both collection or impulsion. The half-pass is commonly seen in dressage tests beginning at the United States Dressage Federation third level.
Performing the maneuver
The half-pass is usually taught after the haunches-in is well confirmed. It may first be introduced by riding a half-10-meter circle from the long side to the centerline, or a half-volte, and then half-passing in. The circle naturally places the horse's body in the correct bend, and helps to encourage the engagement needed for the movement. The outside hind leg must step well under the horse's body to push the animal forward and sideways. A rider uses an active outside leg slightly behind the neutral position to ask the horse to step forward and under. The outside rein maintains the correct bend and contains the energy of the horse, the inside leg keeps the horse moving forward, and the inside rein guides the forehand in the direction of movement. The rider also uses his or her inside seat bone to help maintain bend. If the rider is off-center or twisted, the horse will also be crooked or off-balance.
If the horse loses quality in the movement, such as lack of correct bend (haunches leading or inside shoulder falling inward), loss of rhythm, or stiffness, the rider straightens the horse and rides forward.
The beginning and the end of the movement needs special attention concerning control and balance.
References
Sources
Richard Davison, Dressage Priority Points, Howell Book House, New York 1995
Jennie Loriston-Clarke, The Complete Guide to Dressage. How to Achieve Perfect Harmony between You and Your Horse. Principal Movements in Step-by-step Sequences Demonstrated by a World Medallist, Quarto Publishing plc, London 1987, reprinted 1993
Dressage terminology
Riding techniques and movements | wiki |
A travel warning, travel alert, or travel advisory is an official warning statement issued by government agencies to provide information about the relative safety of travelling to or visiting one or more specific foreign countries or destinations. The purpose is to enable travelers to make an informed decision about a particular travel destination, and to help travellers prepare adequately for what may be encountered on their trip. In the United States, travel warnings are issued by the Department of State and are often called warden messages.
Travel advisories may relate to issues such as inclement weather, security matters, civil unrest or disease.
Countries issuing warnings
The following countries regularly publish travel warnings to their citizens:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada (Canadian citizens can register in an online list before traveling abroad.)
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany (German citizens can register in an online list before traveling abroad.)
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Romania
Singapore
Slovakia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland (Swiss citizens can register in an online list before traveling abroad. Registered persons will get a message if the situation in their destination country changes for the worse.)
Taiwan
Turkey (Turkish citizens can also directly reach to Turkish diplomatic missions in the country they are visiting via phone in case of an emergency.)
United Kingdom
United States
Notes
References
Travel
International relations | wiki |
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