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In the gravitational two-body problem, the specific orbital energy
ε
{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
(or specific vis-viva energy) of two orbiting bodies is the constant quotient of their mechanical energy (the sum of their mutual potential energy,
... | Wikipedia/Specific_orbital_energy |
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine. High blood conce... | Wikipedia/Urate |
Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (e.g., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or alter aesthetics and appearance (co... | Wikipedia/Surgery |
Kidney stone disease is known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis in medical terminology. "Renal" is Latin for kidney, while "nephro" is the Greek equivalent. "Lithiasis" (Gr.) and "calculus" (Lat.- pl. calculi) both mean stone(s). Kidney stone disease is a crystallopathy and occurs when there ar... | Wikipedia/Kidney_stone_disease |
Sialolithiasis (also termed salivary calculi, or salivary stones) is a crystallopathy where a calcified mass or sialolith forms within a salivary gland, usually in the duct of the submandibular gland (also termed "Wharton's duct"). Less commonly the parotid gland or rarely the sublingual gland or a minor salivary gland... | Wikipedia/Salivary_duct_calculus |
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., dis... | Wikipedia/Medical_ultrasonography |
In dentistry, calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque. It is caused by precipitation of minerals from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in plaque on the teeth. This process of precipitation kills the bacterial cells within dental plaque, but the rough and hardened surface that is formed provides... | Wikipedia/Calculus_(dental) |
The following are important identities in vector algebra. Identities that only involve the magnitude of a vector
‖
A
‖
{\displaystyle \|\mathbf {A} \|}
and the dot product (scalar product) of two vectors A·B, apply to vectors in any dimensi... | Wikipedia/Vector_algebra_relations |
In mathematics, mathematical physics and the theory of stochastic processes, a harmonic function is a twice continuously differentiable function
f
:
U
→
R
,
{\displaystyle f\colon U\to \mathbb {R} ,}
where U is an op... | Wikipedia/Harmonic_function |
In mathematics, a quasiconvex function is a real-valued function defined on an interval or on a convex subset of a real vector space such that the inverse image of any set of the form
(
−
∞
,
a
)
{\displaystyle (-\infty ,a)}
is a convex... | Wikipedia/Quasiconcave_function |
In convex analysis and the calculus of variations, both branches of mathematics, a pseudoconvex function is a function that behaves like a convex function with respect to finding its local minima, but need not actually be convex. Informally, a differentiable function is pseudoconvex if it is increasing in any directio... | Wikipedia/Pseudoconvex_function |
In mathematics, the hypograph or subgraph of a function
f
:
R
n
→
R
{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }
is the set of point... | Wikipedia/Hypograph_(mathematics) |
Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms. Microeconomics focuses on the study of individual markets, sectors, or industries as opposed to the economy ... | Wikipedia/Microeconomic_theory |
In convex analysis, a non-negative function f : Rn → R+ is logarithmically concave (or log-concave for short) if its domain is a convex set, and if it satisfies the inequality
f
(
θ
x
+
(
1
−
θ
)
y
)
... | Wikipedia/Logarithmically_concave_function |
K-convex functions, first introduced by Scarf, are a special weakening of the concept of convex function which is crucial in the proof of the optimality of the
(
s
,
S
)
{\displaystyle (s,S)}
policy in inventory control theory. The policy is ch... | Wikipedia/K-convex_function |
In mathematics, a function f is logarithmically convex or superconvex if
log
∘
f
{\displaystyle {\log }\circ f}
, the composition of the logarithm with f, is itself a convex function.
== Definition ==
Let X be a convex subset of a real vec... | Wikipedia/Logarithmically_convex_function |
In mathematics, Mazur's lemma is a result in the theory of normed vector spaces. It shows that any weakly convergent sequence in a normed space has a sequence of convex combinations of its members that converges strongly to the same limit, and is used in the proof of Tonelli's theorem.
== Statement of the lemma ==
... | Wikipedia/Mazur's_lemma |
In mathematics, a function
f
:
R
n
→
R
{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }
is said to be closed if for each
... | Wikipedia/Closed_convex_function |
The SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering matrix analysis and its applications. The relevant applications include signal processing, systems and control theory, statistics, Markov chains, mathematical biology, graph theory, and data science.
The journal was ori... | Wikipedia/SIAM_Journal_on_Matrix_Analysis_and_Applications |
The Shapley–Folkman lemma is a result in convex geometry that describes the Minkowski addition of sets in a vector space. The lemma may be intuitively understood as saying that, if the number of summed sets exceeds the dimension of the vector space, then their Minkowski sum is approximately convex. It is named after ma... | Wikipedia/Shapley–Folkman_lemma |
In mathematical analysis, in particular the subfields of convex analysis and optimization, a proper convex function is an extended real-valued convex function with a non-empty domain, that never takes on the value
−
∞
{\displaystyle -\infty }
and also is not identical... | Wikipedia/Proper_convex_function |
In mathematics, a quasiconvex function is a real-valued function defined on an interval or on a convex subset of a real vector space such that the inverse image of any set of the form
(
−
∞
,
a
)
{\displaystyle (-\infty ,a)}
is a convex... | Wikipedia/Quasiconvex_function |
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the algebraic interior or radial kernel of a subset of a vector space is a refinement of the concept of the interior.
== Definition ==
Assume that
A
{\displaystyle A}
is a subset of a vector space
X
... | Wikipedia/Algebraic_interior |
In vector calculus, an invex function is a differentiable function
f
{\displaystyle f}
from
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
to
... | Wikipedia/Invex_function |
In economics, a production function gives the technological relation between quantities of physical inputs and quantities of output of goods. The production function is one of the key concepts of mainstream neoclassical theories, used to define marginal product and to distinguish allocative efficiency, a key focus of ... | Wikipedia/Production_function |
In calculus, Taylor's theorem gives an approximation of a
k
{\textstyle k}
-times differentiable function around a given point by a polynomial of degree
k
{\textstyle k}
, called the
k
{\textsty... | Wikipedia/Taylor_approximation |
In mathematics, and in particular measure theory, a measurable function is a function between the underlying sets of two measurable spaces that preserves the structure of the spaces: the preimage of any measurable set is measurable. This is in direct analogy to the definition that a continuous function between topologi... | Wikipedia/Lebesgue_measurable_function |
In mathematics, a complex differential form is a differential form on a manifold (usually a complex manifold) which is permitted to have complex coefficients.
Complex forms have broad applications in differential geometry. On complex manifolds, they are fundamental and serve as the basis for much of algebraic geometry... | Wikipedia/Complex_differential_form |
In mathematics, the Poincaré lemma gives a sufficient condition for a closed differential form to be exact (while an exact form is necessarily closed). Precisely, it states that every closed p-form on an open ball in Rn is exact for p with 1 ≤ p ≤ n. The lemma was introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1886.
== Informal Dis... | Wikipedia/Poincaré_lemma |
In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise:
δ
i
j
=
... | Wikipedia/Kronecker_delta_function |
In differential geometry, an equivariant differential form on a manifold M acted upon by a Lie group G is a polynomial map
α
:
g
→
Ω
∗
(
M
)
... | Wikipedia/Equivariant_differential_form |
In mathematics, a locally constant function is a function from a topological space into a set with the property that around every point of its domain, there exists some neighborhood of that point on which it restricts to a constant function.
== Definition ==
Let
f
:
X
→... | Wikipedia/Locally_constant_function |
In algebra, the ring of polynomial differential forms on the standard n-simplex is the differential graded algebra:
Ω
poly
∗
(
[
n
]
)
=
Q
... | Wikipedia/Polynomial_differential_form |
In probability theory, the law of the iterated logarithm describes the magnitude of the fluctuations of a random walk. The original statement of the law of the iterated logarithm is due to A. Ya. Khinchin (1924). Another statement was given by A. N. Kolmogorov in 1929.
== Statement ==
Let {Yn} be independent, identic... | Wikipedia/Law_of_the_iterated_logarithm |
A Boolean network consists of a discrete set of Boolean variables each of which has a Boolean function (possibly different for each variable) assigned to it which takes inputs from a subset of those variables and output that determines the state of the variable it is assigned to. This set of functions in effect determ... | Wikipedia/Boolean_network |
The Wilkie investment model, often just called Wilkie model, is a stochastic asset model developed by A. D. Wilkie that describes the behavior of various economics factors as stochastic time series. These time series are generated by autoregressive models. The main factor of the model which influences all asset prices ... | Wikipedia/Wilkie_investment_model |
In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre-agreed exchange rate on a specified date. See Foreign exchange der... | Wikipedia/Garman–Kohlhagen_model |
The Korn–Kreer–Lenssen model (KKL model) is a discrete trinomial model proposed in 1998 by Ralf Korn, Markus Kreer and Mark Lenssen to model illiquid securities and to value financial derivatives on these.
It generalizes the binomial Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model in a natural way as the stock in a given time interval can ... | Wikipedia/Korn–Kreer–Lenssen_model |
The Black–Scholes or Black–Scholes–Merton model is a mathematical model for the dynamics of a financial market containing derivative investment instruments. From the parabolic partial differential equation in the model, known as the Black–Scholes equation, one can deduce the Black–Scholes formula, which gives a theore... | Wikipedia/Black–Scholes_model |
In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes fo... | Wikipedia/Binomial_options_pricing_model |
In mathematical analysis and in probability theory, a σ-algebra ("sigma algebra") is part of the formalism for defining sets that can be measured. In calculus and analysis, for example, σ-algebras are used to define the concept of sets with area or volume. In probability theory, they are used to define events with a we... | Wikipedia/Σ-algebra |
A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a Markov model in which the observations are dependent on a latent (or hidden) Markov process (referred to as
X
{\displaystyle X}
). An HMM requires that there be an observable process
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
... | Wikipedia/Hidden_Markov_model |
In statistical mechanics, the Potts model, a generalization of the Ising model, is a model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. By studying the Potts model, one may gain insight into the behaviour of ferromagnets and certain other phenomena of solid-state physics. The strength of the Potts model is not so mu... | Wikipedia/Potts_model |
The Rendleman–Bartter model (Richard J. Rendleman, Jr. and Brit J. Bartter) in finance is a short-rate model describing the evolution of interest rates. It is a "one factor model" as it describes interest rate movements as driven by only one source of market risk. It can be used in the valuation of interest rate deriva... | Wikipedia/Rendleman–Bartter_model |
In measure theory and probability, the monotone class theorem connects monotone classes and 𝜎-algebras. The theorem says that the smallest monotone class containing an algebra of sets
G
{\displaystyle G}
is precisely the smallest 𝜎-algebra containing
... | Wikipedia/Monotone_class_lemma |
In the statistical analysis of time series, autoregressive–moving-average (ARMA) models are a way to describe a (weakly) stationary stochastic process using autoregression (AR) and a moving average (MA), each with a polynomial. They are a tool for understanding a series and predicting future values. AR involves regress... | Wikipedia/Autoregressive–moving-average_model |
In mathematical finance, the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) model describes the evolution of interest rates. It is a type of "one factor model" (short-rate model) as it describes interest rate movements as driven by only one source of market risk. The model can be used in the valuation of interest rate derivatives. It was in... | Wikipedia/Cox–Ingersoll–Ross_model |
In physics, a Langevin equation (named after Paul Langevin) is a stochastic differential equation describing how a system evolves when subjected to a combination of deterministic and fluctuating ("random") forces. The dependent variables in a Langevin equation typically are collective (macroscopic) variables changing o... | Wikipedia/Langevin_equation |
In financial mathematics, the Hull–White model is a model of future interest rates. In its most generic formulation, it belongs to the class of no-arbitrage models that are able to fit today's term structure of interest rates. It is relatively straightforward to translate the mathematical description of the evolution o... | Wikipedia/Hull–White_model |
In statistics, econometrics, and signal processing, an autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it can be used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, behavior, etc. The autoregressive model specifies that the output variable depends linearly on its ow... | Wikipedia/Autoregressive_model |
In financial mathematics, the Ho-Lee model is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates.: 381 It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho and Sang Bin Lee.
Under this model, the short rate follows a normal process:
... | Wikipedia/Ho–Lee_model |
In mathematics, Itô's lemma or Itô's formula (also called the Itô–Döblin formula) is an identity used in Itô calculus to find the differential of a time-dependent function of a stochastic process. It serves as the stochastic calculus counterpart of the chain rule. It can be heuristically derived by forming the Taylor s... | Wikipedia/Itô's_lemma |
In actuarial science and applied probability, ruin theory (sometimes risk theory or collective risk theory) uses mathematical models to describe an insurer's vulnerability to insolvency/ruin. In such models key quantities of interest are the probability of ruin, distribution of surplus immediately prior to ruin and def... | Wikipedia/Sparre–Anderson_model |
In mathematics, Tanaka's equation is an example of a stochastic differential equation which admits a weak solution but has no strong solution. It is named after the Japanese mathematician Hiroshi Tanaka (Tanaka Hiroshi).
Tanaka's equation is the one-dimensional stochastic differential equation
... | Wikipedia/Tanaka_equation |
In credibility theory, a branch of study in actuarial science, the Bühlmann model is a random effects model (or "variance components model" or hierarchical linear model) used to determine the appropriate premium for a group of insurance contracts. The model is named after Hans Bühlmann who first published a description... | Wikipedia/Bühlmann_model |
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a G-network (generalized queueing network, often called a Gelenbe network) is an open network of G-queues first introduced by Erol Gelenbe as a model for queueing systems with specific control functions, such as traffic re-routing or traff... | Wikipedia/G-network |
In probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to the most recent value. In other words, the conditional expectation of the next value, given the past, is equal to the present value. Martingales are used to model fa... | Wikipedia/Martingale_(probability_theory) |
In time series analysis, the moving-average model (MA model), also known as moving-average process, is a common approach for modeling univariate time series. The moving-average model specifies that the output variable is cross-correlated with a non-identical to itself random-variable.
Together with the autoregressive (... | Wikipedia/Moving-average_model |
A maximal entropy random walk (MERW) is a popular type of biased random walk on a graph, in which transition probabilities are chosen accordingly to the principle of maximum entropy, which says that the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy. While ... | Wikipedia/Maximal_entropy_random_walk |
The Ising model (or Lenz–Ising model), named after the physicists Ernst Ising and Wilhelm Lenz, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. The model consists of discrete variables that represent magnetic dipole moments of atomic "spins" that can be in one of two states (+1 or −1). The spins are... | Wikipedia/Ising_model |
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making business decisions about the resources ne... | Wikipedia/Queueing_theory |
In actuarial science and applied probability, ruin theory (sometimes risk theory or collective risk theory) uses mathematical models to describe an insurer's vulnerability to insolvency/ruin. In such models key quantities of interest are the probability of ruin, distribution of surplus immediately prior to ruin and def... | Wikipedia/Cramér–Lundberg_model |
In finance, the Chen model is a mathematical model describing the evolution of interest rates. It is a type of "three-factor model" (short-rate model) as it describes interest rate movements as driven by three sources of market risk. It was the first stochastic mean and stochastic volatility model and it was published ... | Wikipedia/Chen_model |
In mathematical finance, the Black–Derman–Toy model (BDT) is a popular short-rate model used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives; see Lattice model (finance) § Interest rate derivatives. It is a one-factor model; that is, a single stochastic factor—the short rate—determines the... | Wikipedia/Black–Derman–Toy_model |
In network science, a biased random walk on a graph is a time path process in which an evolving variable jumps from its current state to one of various potential new states; unlike in a pure random walk, the probabilities of the potential new states are unequal.
Biased random walks on a graph provide an approach for th... | Wikipedia/Biased_random_walk_on_a_graph |
In finance, the Vasicek model is a mathematical model describing the evolution of interest rates. It is a type of one-factor short-rate model as it describes interest rate movements as driven by only one source of market risk. The model can be used in the valuation of interest rate derivatives, and has also been adapte... | Wikipedia/Vasicek_model |
Extreme value theory or extreme value analysis (EVA) is the study of extremes in statistical distributions.
It is widely used in many disciplines, such as structural engineering, finance, economics, earth sciences, traffic prediction, and geological engineering. For example, EVA might be used in the field of hydrology ... | Wikipedia/Extreme_value_theory |
A Hopfield network (or associative memory) is a form of recurrent neural network, or a spin glass system, that can serve as a content-addressable memory. The Hopfield network, named for John Hopfield, consists of a single layer of neurons, where each neuron is connected to every other neuron except itself. These connec... | Wikipedia/Hopfield_model |
In financial economics, asset pricing refers to a formal treatment and development of two interrelated pricing principles, outlined below, together with the resultant models. There have been many models developed for different situations, but correspondingly, these stem from either general equilibrium asset pricing or ... | Wikipedia/Asset_pricing_model |
In probability theory, the telegraph process is a memoryless continuous-time stochastic process that shows two distinct values. It models burst noise (also called popcorn noise or random telegraph signal). If the two possible values that a random variable can take are
c
... | Wikipedia/Telegraph_process |
In financial mathematics, the Black–Karasinski model is a mathematical model of the term structure of interest rates; see short-rate model. It is a one-factor model as it describes interest rate movements as driven by a single source of randomness. It belongs to the class of no-arbitrage models, i.e. it can fit today's... | Wikipedia/Black–Karasinski_model |
In the theory of stochastic processes, a subdiscipline of probability theory, filtrations are totally ordered collections of subsets that are used to model the information that is available at a given point and therefore play an important role in the formalization of random (stochastic) processes.
== Definition ==
Le... | Wikipedia/Filtration_(probability_theory) |
The LIBOR market model, also known as the BGM Model (Brace Gatarek Musiela Model, in reference to the names of some of the inventors) is a financial model of interest rates. It is used for pricing interest rate derivatives, especially exotic derivatives like Bermudan swaptions, ratchet caps and floors, target redemptio... | Wikipedia/LIBOR_market_model |
In probability theory, the Borel–Cantelli lemma is a theorem about sequences of events. In general, it is a result in measure theory. It is named after Émile Borel and Francesco Paolo Cantelli, who gave statement to the lemma in the first decades of the 20th century. A related result, sometimes called the second Bore... | Wikipedia/Borel–Cantelli_lemma |
In time series analysis used in statistics and econometrics, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models are generalizations of the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model to non-stationary series and periodic variation, respectively. All these models are fitted to time series... | Wikipedia/Autoregressive_integrated_moving_average |
In mathematical finance, the CEV or constant elasticity of variance model is a stochastic volatility model, although technically it would be classed more precisely as a local volatility model, that attempts to capture stochastic volatility and the leverage effect. The model is widely used by practitioners in the financ... | Wikipedia/Constant_elasticity_of_variance_model |
In mathematical finance, the SABR model is a stochastic volatility model, which attempts to capture the volatility smile in derivatives markets. The name stands for "stochastic alpha, beta, rho", referring to the parameters of the model. The SABR model is widely used by practitioners in the financial industry, especial... | Wikipedia/SABR_volatility_model |
In finance, the Heston model, named after Steven L. Heston, is a mathematical model that describes the evolution of the volatility of an underlying asset. It is a stochastic volatility model: such a model assumes that the volatility of the asset is not constant, nor even deterministic, but follows a random process.
=... | Wikipedia/Heston_model |
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making business decisions about the resources ne... | Wikipedia/Queueing_model |
Earth has a human population of over 8,2 billion as of 2024, with an overall population density of 50 people per km2 (130 per sq. mile). Nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asia, with more than 2.8 billion in the countries of India and China combined. The percentage shares of China, India and rest of South As... | Wikipedia/Demographics_of_the_world |
Infant mortality is the death of an infant before the infant's first birthday. The occurrence of infant mortality in a population can be described by the infant mortality rate (IMR), which is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. Similarly, the child mortality rate, also known as ... | Wikipedia/Infant_mortality_rate |
Birth rate, also known as natality, is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population for a given period divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; population counts from a census, and estimation through speciali... | Wikipedia/Birth_rate |
Survey methodology is "the study of survey methods".
As a field of applied statistics concentrating on human-research surveys, survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a population and associated techniques of survey data collection, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving t... | Wikipedia/Survey_methodology |
The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) per year divided by the population. When the number of immigrants is larger than the number of emigrants, a positive net migration rate occurs. A positive net migr... | Wikipedia/Net_migration_rate |
Demography (from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dêmos) 'people, society' and -γραφία (-graphía) 'writing, drawing, description') is the statistical study of human populations: their size, composition (e.g., ethnic group, age), and how they change through the interplay of fertility (births), mortality (deaths), and migration.
D... | Wikipedia/Demographic |
The world's principal religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups, though this is not a uniform practice. This theory began in the 18th century with the goal of recognizing the relative degrees of civility in different societies, but this concept of a ranking order has since... | Wikipedia/Religious_demography |
The gross reproduction rate (GRR) is the average number of daughters a woman would have if she survived all of her childbearing years, which is roughly to the age of 45, subject to the age-specific fertility rate and sex ratio at birth throughout that period. This rate is a measure of replacement fertility if mortality... | Wikipedia/Gross_reproduction_rate |
The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
As of 2023, th... | Wikipedia/Total_fertility_rate |
In statistics, model specification is part of the process of building a statistical model: specification consists of selecting an appropriate functional form for the model and choosing which variables to include. For example, given personal income
y
{\displaystyle y}
together... | Wikipedia/Statistical_model_specification |
In macroeconomics, the workforce or labour force is the sum of people either working (i.e., the employed) or looking for work (i.e., the unemployed):
Labour force
=
Employed
+
Unemployed
{... | Wikipedia/Labor_force |
Human science (or human sciences in the plural) studies the philosophical, biological, social, justice, and cultural aspects of human life. Human science aims to expand the understanding of the human world through a broad interdisciplinary approach. It encompasses a wide range of fields - including history, philosophy,... | Wikipedia/Human_science |
Linguistic demography is the statistical study of languages among all populations. Estimating the number of speakers of a given language is not straightforward, and various estimates may diverge considerably. This is first of all due to the question of defining "language" vs. "dialect". Identification of varieties as a... | Wikipedia/Linguistic_demography |
The Lee–Carter model is a numerical algorithm used in mortality forecasting and life expectancy forecasting. The input to the model is a matrix of age specific mortality rates ordered monotonically by time, usually with ages in columns and years in rows. The output is a forecasted matrix of mortality rates in the same... | Wikipedia/Lee–Carter_model |
The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
As of 2023, th... | Wikipedia/Fertility_rate |
Biodemography is a multidisciplinary approach, integrating biological knowledge (studies on human biology and animal models) with demographic research on human longevity and survival. Biodemographic studies are important for understanding the driving forces of the current longevity revolution (dramatic increase in huma... | Wikipedia/Biodemography_of_human_longevity |
Behavioural science is the branch of science concerned with human behaviour. While the term can technically be applied to the study of behaviour amongst all living organisms, it is nearly always used with reference to humans as the primary target of investigation (though animals may be studied in some instances, e.g. i... | Wikipedia/Behavioral_sciences |
A graphical model or probabilistic graphical model (PGM) or structured probabilistic model is a probabilistic model for which a graph expresses the conditional dependence structure between random variables. Graphical models are commonly used in probability theory, statistics—particularly Bayesian statistics—and machine... | Wikipedia/Graphical_model |
Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. It estimates and seeks to explain the number of people who were alive during the Medieval period, population trends, life expectancy, family structure, and related issues. Demography is considered a crucial elem... | Wikipedia/Medieval_demography |
Historical demography is the quantitative study of human population in the past. It is concerned with population size, with the three basic components of population change (fertility, mortality, and migration), and with population characteristics related to those components, such as marriage, socioeconomic status, and ... | Wikipedia/Historical_demography |
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes, before some event occurs, to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity of time. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate is multipli... | Wikipedia/Proportional_hazards_models |
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