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Mortality rate, or death rate,: 189, 69 is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9...	Wikipedia/Mortality_rate
The Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU) is a research collaboration between the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, the Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the University of Vienna, both located in Vienna. F...	Wikipedia/Wittgenstein_Centre_for_Demography_and_Global_Human_Capital
In population ecology and demography, the net reproduction rate, R0, is the average number of offspring (often specifically daughters) that would be born to a female if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year. This rate is similar to the gross reprodu...	Wikipedia/Net_reproduction_rate
Research design refers to the overall strategy utilized to answer research questions. A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question(s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. A strong rese...	Wikipedia/Research_design
Demography is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering issues related to population and demography. It is the flagship journal of the Population Association of America and has been published by Duke University Press since 2021. Demography was formerly published by Springer. The editor is Sara R. Curran (University of ...	Wikipedia/Demography_(journal)
Mortality rate, or death rate,: 189, 69 is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9...	Wikipedia/Death_rate
Sullivan's index also known as Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) is a method to compute life expectancy free of disability. It is calculated by formula: Life expectancy − {\displaystyle -} duration of disability Health expectancy calculated by Sullivan's method is th...	Wikipedia/Sullivan's_method
Biodemography is the science dealing with the integration of biological theory and demography. == Overview == Biodemography is a new branch of human (classical) demography concerned with understanding the complementary biological and demographic determinants of and interactions between the birth and death processes ...	Wikipedia/Biodemography
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) is a collaborative research project among national election studies around the world. Participating countries and polities include a common module of survey questions in their national post-election studies. The resulting data are collated together along with voting, d...	Wikipedia/Comparative_Study_of_Electoral_Systems
Demography > The Basement Tapes is a compilation album by 16volt, released on November 14, 2000, by Cleopatra Records. The album comprises a collection of old, unfinished tracks by the band. Specifically, it contains the Imitation cassette produced in 1991, which helped 16volt secure a place on Re-Constriction Records,...	Wikipedia/Demography:_The_Basement_Tapes
Science is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals. It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access ...	Wikipedia/Science_(magazine)
The English suffix -graphy means a "field of study" or related to "writing" a book, and is an anglicization of the French -graphie inherited from the Latin -graphia, which is a transliterated direct borrowing from Greek. == Arts == Cartography – the art and field of making maps. Choreography – the art of creating and...	Wikipedia/-graphy
Regional science is a field of economics concerned with analytical approaches to problems that are related specifically to regional and international issues. Topics in regional science include, but are not limited to location theory or spatial economics, location modeling, transportation, trade and migration flows, eco...	Wikipedia/Regional_science
The Cahiers québécois de démographie (English: Quebec Notebooks of Demography) is a peer-reviewed academic journal publishing original research in areas of demography, demographic analysis, and the demographics of Quebec and other populations. The journal was established in 1971 and is published biannually by the Assoc...	Wikipedia/Cahiers_québécois_de_démographie
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) is a longitudinal panel survey of American families, conducted by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. The PSID measures economic, social, and health factors over the life course of families over multiple generations. Data have been collected from the same ...	Wikipedia/Panel_Study_of_Income_Dynamics
The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program was responsible for collecting and disseminating accurate, nationally representative data on health and population in developing countries. The project is implemented by ICF International and was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) wi...	Wikipedia/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a diverse set of methods used by scientists for both observational and experimental research. SEM is used mostly in the social and behavioral science fields, but it is also used in epidemiology, business, and other fields. A common definition of SEM is, "...a class of methodologies...	Wikipedia/Structural_equation_modeling
In mathematics, the Jacobian conjecture is a famous unsolved problem concerning polynomials in several variables. It states that if a polynomial function from an n-dimensional space to itself has Jacobian determinant which is a non-zero constant, then the function has a polynomial inverse. It was first conjectured in 1...	Wikipedia/Jacobian_conjecture
In mathematics, particularly in operator theory and C-algebra theory, the continuous functional calculus is a functional calculus which allows the application of a continuous function to normal elements of a C-algebra. In advanced theory, the applications of this functional calculus are so natural that they are often...	Wikipedia/Continuous_functional_calculus
Strong measurability has a number of different meanings, some of which are explained below. == Values in Banach spaces == For a function f with values in a Banach space (or Fréchet space), strong measurability usually means Bochner measurability. However, if the values of f lie in the space ...	Wikipedia/Strongly_measurable_function
Let X be a set of sets none of which are empty. Then a choice function (selector, selection) on X is a mathematical function f that is defined on X such that f is a mapping that assigns each element of X to one of its elements. == An example == Let X = { {1,4,7}, {9}, {2,7} }. Then the function f defined by f({1, 4, ...	Wikipedia/Choice_function
In mathematics – specifically, in functional analysis – a Bochner-measurable function taking values in a Banach space is a function that equals almost everywhere the limit of a sequence of measurable countably-valued functions, i.e., f ( t ) = l...	Wikipedia/Bochner_measurable_function
In the calculus of variations, a field of mathematical analysis, the functional derivative (or variational derivative) relates a change in a functional (a functional in this sense is a function that acts on functions) to a change in a function on which the functional depends. In the calculus of variations, functionals ...	Wikipedia/Functional_derivative
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Borel functional calculus is a functional calculus (that is, an assignment of operators from commutative algebras to functions defined on their spectra), which has particularly broad scope. Thus for instance if T is an operator, applying the squaring function s → s2 ...	Wikipedia/Borel_functional_calculus
In mathematics, holomorphic functional calculus is functional calculus with holomorphic functions. That is to say, given a holomorphic function f of a complex argument z and an operator T, the aim is to construct an operator, f(T), which naturally extends the function f from complex argument to operator argument. More ...	Wikipedia/Holomorphic_functional_calculus
In metalogic, mathematical logic, and computability theory, an effective method or effective procedure is a finite-time, deterministic procedure for solving a problem from a specific class. An effective method is sometimes also called a mechanical method or procedure. == Definition == Formally, a method is called eff...	Wikipedia/Effective_method
An infinite-dimensional vector function is a function whose values lie in an infinite-dimensional topological vector space, such as a Hilbert space or a Banach space. Such functions are applied in most sciences including physics. == Example == Set f k ...	Wikipedia/Infinite-dimensional_vector_function
In the mathematical discipline of functional analysis, a differentiable vector-valued function from Euclidean space is a differentiable function valued in a topological vector space (TVS) whose domains is a subset of some finite-dimensional Euclidean space. It is possible to generalize the notion of derivative to func...	Wikipedia/Differentiable_vector-valued_functions_from_Euclidean_space
In measure theory, a radonifying function (ultimately named after Johann Radon) between measurable spaces is one that takes a cylinder set measure (CSM) on the first space to a true measure on the second space. It acquired its name because the pushforward measure on the second space was historically thought of as a Rad...	Wikipedia/Radonifying_function
In mathematics—specifically, in functional analysis—a weakly measurable function taking values in a Banach space is a function whose composition with any element of the dual space is a measurable function in the usual (strong) sense. For separable spaces, the notions of weak and strong measurability agree. == Defini...	Wikipedia/Weakly_measurable_function
In probability theory and statistics, the moment-generating function of a real-valued random variable is an alternative specification of its probability distribution. Thus, it provides the basis of an alternative route to analytical results compared with working directly with probability density functions or cumulative...	Wikipedia/Moment_generating_function
In mathematics, the two-sided Laplace transform or bilateral Laplace transform is an integral transform equivalent to probability's moment-generating function. Two-sided Laplace transforms are closely related to the Fourier transform, the Mellin transform, the Z-transform and the ordinary or one-sided Laplace transfor...	Wikipedia/Two-sided_Laplace_transform
In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the temperature and volume. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy...	Wikipedia/Partition_function_(statistical_mechanics)
The ramp function is a unary real function, whose graph is shaped like a ramp. It can be expressed by numerous definitions, for example "0 for negative inputs, output equals input for non-negative inputs". The term "ramp" can also be used for other functions obtained by scaling and shifting, and the function in this ar...	Wikipedia/Ramp_function
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of "samples". A sample is a value of the signal at a point in time and/or space; this definition differs from the term's usage in statistics, which refe...	Wikipedia/Sampling_rate
A signal is both the process and the result of transmission of data over some media accomplished by embedding some variation. Signals are important in multiple subject fields including signal processing, information theory and biology. In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a pheno...	Wikipedia/Signal_(information_theory)
In mathematics, the Laplace–Carson transform, named after Pierre Simon Laplace and John Renshaw Carson, is an integral transform with significant applications in the field of physics and engineering, particularly in the field of railway engineering. == Definition == Let V ( j ...	Wikipedia/Laplace–Carson_transform
In electrical engineering and electronics, a network is a collection of interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, all network components. There are many techniques for calculating these values; however, for the most part, the techniques assume ...	Wikipedia/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)
In mathematics, the Mellin transform is an integral transform that may be regarded as the multiplicative version of the two-sided Laplace transform. This integral transform is closely connected to the theory of Dirichlet series, and is often used in number theory, mathematical statistics, and the theory of asymptotic e...	Wikipedia/Mellin_transform
The diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation. In physics, it describes the macroscopic behavior of many micro-particles in Brownian motion, resulting from the random movements and collisions of the particles (see Fick's laws of diffusion). In mathematics, it is related to Markov processes, such ...	Wikipedia/Diffusion_equation
Operational calculus, also known as operational analysis, is a technique by which problems in analysis, in particular differential equations, are transformed into algebraic problems, usually the problem of solving a polynomial equation. == History == The idea of representing the processes of calculus, differentiation...	Wikipedia/Operational_calculus
In mathematics, particularly in the area of functional analysis and topological vector spaces, the vague topology is an example of the weak-* topology which arises in the study of measures on locally compact Hausdorff spaces. Let X {\displaystyle X} be a locally compact Hausd...	Wikipedia/Vague_topology
Angular resolution describes the ability of any image-forming device such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye, to distinguish small details of an object, thereby making it a major determinant of image resolution. It is used in optics applied to light waves, in antenna theory applied to ...	Wikipedia/Angular_resolution
In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, Bernstein's theorem states that every real-valued function on the half-line [0, ∞) that is totally monotone is a mixture of exponential functions. In one important special case the mixture is a weighted average, or expected value. Total monotonicity (sometimes also complete m...	Wikipedia/Bernstein's_theorem_on_monotone_functions
The Laplace–Stieltjes transform, named for Pierre-Simon Laplace and Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, is an integral transform similar to the Laplace transform. For real-valued functions, it is the Laplace transform of a Stieltjes measure, however it is often defined for functions with values in a Banach space. It is useful in...	Wikipedia/Laplace–Stieltjes_transform
In mathematics, a ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set with two binary operations called addition and multiplication, which obey the same basic laws as addition and multiplication of integers, except that multiplication in a ring does not need to be commutative. Ring elements may be numbers such as intege...	Wikipedia/Ring_(abstract_algebra)
In mathematical analysis, the Dirac delta function (or δ distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one. Thus it can be represented heuristically as ...	Wikipedia/Dirac_delta_functions
In mathematics, theta functions are special functions of several complex variables. They show up in many topics, including Abelian varieties, moduli spaces, quadratic forms, and solitons. Theta functions are parametrized by points in a tube domain inside a complex Lagrangian Grassmannian, namely the Siegel upper half s...	Wikipedia/Jacobi_theta_function
In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y 2 = x {\displaystyle y^{2}=x} ; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or ...	Wikipedia/Square_root_function
A vector-valued function, also referred to as a vector function, is a mathematical function of one or more variables whose range is a set of multidimensional vectors or infinite-dimensional vectors. The input of a vector-valued function could be a scalar or a vector (that is, the dimension of the domain could be 1 or g...	Wikipedia/Vector-valued_functions
In topology, filters can be used to study topological spaces and define basic topological notions such as convergence, continuity, compactness, and more. Filters, which are special families of subsets of some given set, also provide a common framework for defining various types of limits of functions such as limits fro...	Wikipedia/Filters_in_topology
In mathematics, the Dirichlet function is the indicator function 1 Q {\displaystyle \mathbf {1} _{\mathbb {Q} }} of the set of rational numbers ...	Wikipedia/Dirichlet_function
In multivariable calculus, an iterated limit is a limit of a sequence or a limit of a function in the form lim m → ∞ lim n → ∞ ...	Wikipedia/Iterated_limits
In mathematics, the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input which may or may not be in the domain of the function. Formal definitions, first devised in the early 19th century, are given below. Informally, a function f assigns...	Wikipedia/Epsilon,_delta_method
In mathematics, the oscillation of a function or a sequence is a number that quantifies how much that sequence or function varies between its extreme values as it approaches infinity or a point. As is the case with limits, there are several definitions that put the intuitive concept into a form suitable for a mathemati...	Wikipedia/Oscillation_of_a_function_at_a_point
In mechanics, the normal force F n {\displaystyle F_{n}} is the component of a contact force that is perpendicular to the surface that an object contacts. In this instance normal is used in the geometric sense and means p...	Wikipedia/Normal_force
In physics, dynamics or classical dynamics is the study of forces and their effect on motion. It is a branch of classical mechanics, along with statics and kinematics. The fundamental principle of dynamics is linked to Newton's second law. == Subdivisions == === Rigid bodies === === Fluids === == Applications =...	Wikipedia/Dynamics_(mechanics)
Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Modifying Newton's law of gravity results in modified gravity, while modifying Newton's second law results in modified inertia. The latter has received little attention compared t...	Wikipedia/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
In computational chemistry, a constraint algorithm is a method for satisfying the Newtonian motion of a rigid body which consists of mass points. A restraint algorithm is used to ensure that the distance between mass points is maintained. The general steps involved are: (i) choose novel unconstrained coordinates (inte...	Wikipedia/Constraint_algorithm
In mathematics, the Cantor function is an example of a function that is continuous, but not absolutely continuous. It is a notorious counterexample in analysis, because it challenges naive intuitions about continuity, derivative, and measure. Although it is continuous everywhere, and has zero derivative almost everywh...	Wikipedia/Cantor_function
In mathematics, Volterra's function, named for Vito Volterra, is a real-valued function V defined on the real line R with the following curious combination of properties: V is differentiable everywhere The derivative V ′ is bounded everywhere The derivative is not Riemann-integrable. == Definition and construction =...	Wikipedia/Volterra's_function
The calculus of moving surfaces (CMS) is an extension of the classical tensor calculus to deforming manifolds. Central to the CMS is the tensorial time derivative ∇ ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\nab...	Wikipedia/Calculus_of_moving_surfaces
In mathematics, a Padé approximant is the "best" approximation of a function near a specific point by a rational function of given order. Under this technique, the approximant's power series agrees with the power series of the function it is approximating. The technique was developed around 1890 by Henri Padé, but goes...	Wikipedia/Pade_approximation
The Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF) is an online project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a database of mathematical reference data for special functions and their applications. It is intended as an update of Abramowitz's and Stegun's Handbook of Mathematical Func...	Wikipedia/Digital_Library_of_Mathematical_Functions
In mathematics, a zonal spherical function or often just spherical function is a function on a locally compact group G with compact subgroup K (often a maximal compact subgroup) that arises as the matrix coefficient of a K-invariant vector in an irreducible representation of G. The key examples are the matrix coefficie...	Wikipedia/Zonal_spherical_function
Bessel functions, named after Friedrich Bessel who was the first to systematically study them in 1824, are canonical solutions y(x) of Bessel's differential equation x 2 d ...	Wikipedia/Bessel_functions
In mathematics, the multivariate gamma function Γp is a generalization of the gamma function. It is useful in multivariate statistics, appearing in the probability density function of the Wishart and inverse Wishart distributions, and the matrix variate beta distribution. It has two equivalent definitions. One is given...	Wikipedia/Multivariate_gamma_function
In mathematics, a confluent hypergeometric function is a solution of a confluent hypergeometric equation, which is a degenerate form of a hypergeometric differential equation where two of the three regular singularities merge into an irregular singularity. The term confluent refers to the merging of singular points of ...	Wikipedia/Confluent_hypergeometric_function
This article relates the Schrödinger equation with the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics using a simple nonrelativistic one-dimensional single-particle Hamiltonian composed of kinetic and potential energy. == Background == === Schrödinger's equation === Schrödinger's equation, in bra–ket notation, is ...	Wikipedia/Relation_between_Schrödinger's_equation_and_the_path_integral_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics
The Hubbard–Stratonovich (HS) transformation is an exact mathematical transformation invented by Russian physicist Ruslan L. Stratonovich and popularized by British physicist John Hubbard. It is used to convert a particle theory into its respective field theory by linearizing the density operator in the many-body inter...	Wikipedia/Hubbard–Stratonovich_transformation
Static force fields are fields, such as a simple electric, magnetic or gravitational fields, that exist without excitations. The most common approximation method that physicists use for scattering calculations can be interpreted as static forces arising from the interactions between two bodies mediated by virtual parti...	Wikipedia/Static_forces_and_virtual-particle_exchange
In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation. The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields ...	Wikipedia/Scalar_field_theory
In mathematics, the orthogonal group in dimension n, denoted O(n), is the group of distance-preserving transformations of a Euclidean space of dimension n that preserve a fixed point, where the group operation is given by composing transformations. The orthogonal group is sometimes called the general orthogonal group, ...	Wikipedia/Special_orthogonal_Lie_algebra
In theoretical computer science, the π-calculus (or pi-calculus) is a process calculus. The π-calculus allows channel names to be communicated along the channels themselves, and in this matter, it is able to describe concurrent computations whose network configuration may change during the computation. The π-calculus ...	Wikipedia/Π-calculus
The term umbral calculus has two related but distinct meanings. In mathematics, before the 1970s, umbral calculus referred to the surprising similarity between seemingly unrelated polynomial equations and certain shadowy techniques used to prove them. These techniques were introduced in 1861 by John Blissard and are s...	Wikipedia/Umbral_calculus
The situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains. It was first introduced by John McCarthy in 1963. The main version of the situational calculus that is presented in this article is based on that introduced by Ray Reiter in 1991. It is followed by sections abou...	Wikipedia/Situation_calculus
The join-calculus is a process calculus developed at INRIA. The join-calculus was developed to provide a formal basis for the design of distributed programming languages, and therefore intentionally avoids communications constructs found in other process calculi, such as rendezvous communications, which are difficult t...	Wikipedia/Join_calculus
In mathematical logic, category theory, and computer science, kappa calculus is a formal system for defining first-order functions. Unlike lambda calculus, kappa calculus has no higher-order functions; its functions are not first class objects. Kappa-calculus can be regarded as "a reformulation of the first-order frag...	Wikipedia/Kappa_calculus
In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, invented by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by takin...	Wikipedia/Jones_calculus
Mueller calculus is a matrix method for manipulating Stokes vectors, which represent the polarization of light. It was developed in 1943 by Hans Mueller. In this technique, the effect of a particular optical element is represented by a Mueller matrix—a 4×4 matrix that is an overlapping generalization of the Jones matri...	Wikipedia/Mueller_calculus
Fitch notation, also known as Fitch diagrams (named after Frederic Fitch), is a method of presenting natural deduction proofs in propositional calculus and first-order logics using a structured, line-by-line format that explicitly shows assumptions, inferences, and their scope. It was invented by Frederic Brenton Fitch...	Wikipedia/Fitch-style_calculus
Bondi k-calculus is a method of teaching special relativity popularised by Sir Hermann Bondi, that has been used in university-level physics classes (e.g. at the University of Oxford), and in some relativity textbooks.: 58–65 The usefulness of the k-calculus is its simplicity. Many introductions to relativity begin wi...	Wikipedia/Bondi_k-calculus
In logic, Hilbert's epsilon calculus is an extension of a formal language by the epsilon operator, where the epsilon operator substitutes for quantifiers in that language as a method leading to a proof of consistency for the extended formal language. The epsilon operator and epsilon substitution method are typically a...	Wikipedia/Epsilon_calculus
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics). It is the study of numerical methods that attempt to find approximate solutions of problems rather than the exact ...	Wikipedia/Numerical_calculus
In computer science, the ambient calculus is a process calculus devised by Luca Cardelli and Andrew D. Gordon in 1998, and used to describe and theorise about concurrent systems that include mobility. Here mobility means both computation carried out on mobile devices (i.e. networks that have a dynamic topology), and mo...	Wikipedia/Ambient_calculus
Professor Cuthbert Calculus (French: Professeur Tryphon Tournesol [pʁɔ.fɛ.sœʁ tʁi.fɔ̃ tuʁ.nə.sɔl], meaning "Professor Tryphon Sunflower") is a fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. He is Tintin's friend, an absent-minded professor and half-deaf physicist, who in...	Wikipedia/Professor_Calculus
The fluent calculus is a formalism for expressing dynamical domains in first-order logic. It is a variant of the situation calculus; the main difference is that situations are considered representations of states. A binary function symbol ∘ {\displaystyle \circ } is used to c...	Wikipedia/Fluent_calculus
The event calculus is a logical theory for representing and reasoning about events and about the way in which they change the state of some real or artificial world. It deals both with action events, which are performed by agents, and with external events, which are outside the control of any agent. The event calculus ...	Wikipedia/Event_calculus
In theoretical computer science, the modal μ-calculus (Lμ, Lμ, sometimes just μ-calculus, although this can have a more general meaning) is an extension of propositional modal logic (with many modalities) by adding the least fixed point operator μ and the greatest fixed point operator ν, thus a fixed-point logic. The (...	Wikipedia/Modal_μ-calculus
In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables. What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description of models appropriate for the study of various logics (in the form of classes of algebras that cons...	Wikipedia/Calculus_of_relations
Tuple calculus is a calculus that was created and introduced by Edgar F. Codd as part of the relational model, in order to provide a declarative database-query language for data manipulation in this data model. It formed the inspiration for the database-query languages QUEL and SQL, of which the latter, although far le...	Wikipedia/Tuple_calculus
The relational calculus consists of two calculi, the tuple relational calculus and the domain relational calculus, that is part of the relational model for databases and provide a declarative way to specify database queries. The raison d'être of relational calculus is the formalization of query optimization, which is f...	Wikipedia/Relational_calculus
The refinement calculus is a formalized approach to stepwise refinement for program construction. The required behaviour of the final executable program is specified as an abstract and perhaps non-executable "program", which is then refined by a series of correctness-preserving transformations into an efficiently execu...	Wikipedia/Refinement_calculus
In the United States, the Hand formula, also known as the Hand rule, calculus of negligence, or BPL formula, is a conceptual formula created by Judge Learned Hand which describes a process for determining whether a legal duty of care has been breached (see negligence). The original description of the calculus was in U...	Wikipedia/Calculus_of_negligence
In computer science, domain relational calculus (DRC) is a calculus that was introduced by Michel Lacroix and Alain Pirotte as a declarative database query language for the relational data model. In DRC, queries have the form: { ⟨ X 1 ...	Wikipedia/Domain_relational_calculus
In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2F1(a,b;c;z) is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Every second-order linea...	Wikipedia/Hypergeometric_function
In mathematics, a quasi-analytic class of functions is a generalization of the class of real analytic functions based upon the following fact: If f is an analytic function on an interval [a,b] ⊂ R, and at some point f and all of its derivatives are zero, then f is identically zero on all of [a,b]. Quasi-analytic classe...	Wikipedia/Quasi-analytic_function
In complex analysis, a complex-valued function f {\displaystyle f} of a complex variable z {\displaystyle z} : is said to be holomorphic at a point a {\displaystyle a} if it is differentia...	Wikipedia/Analyticity_of_holomorphic_functions
In SQL, a window function or analytic function is a function which uses values from one or multiple rows to return a value for each row. (This contrasts with an aggregate function, which returns a single value for multiple rows.) Window functions have an OVER clause; any function without an OVER clause is not a window ...	Wikipedia/Window_function_(SQL)
In mathematics, the Schwarz lemma, named after Hermann Amandus Schwarz, is a result in complex analysis about holomorphic functions from the open unit disk to itself. The lemma is less celebrated than deeper theorems, such as the Riemann mapping theorem, which it helps to prove. It is, however, one of the simplest resu...	Wikipedia/Schwarz_lemma

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