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A clinical trial portal (also known as clinical portal or clinical study portal) is a web portal or enterprise portal that primarily serves sponsors and investigators in a clinical trial. Clinical portals can be developed for a particular study, however study-specific portals may be part of larger, clinical sponsor or ... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Trial_Portal |
The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing. Some 30% or less of initial drug candidates proceed through the entire multi-year process of drug develop... | Wikipedia/New_drug_application |
Pregnant women have historically been excluded from clinical research due to ethical concerns about harming the fetus or the perception of increased risk to the woman. Excluding pregnant women from research has also been called unethical, as it results in a scarcity of data about how therapies affect pregnant women and... | Wikipedia/Pregnant_women_in_clinical_research |
A conjugate vaccine is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen.
Vaccines are used to prevent diseases by invoking an immune response to an antigen, part of a bacterium or virus that the immune system... | Wikipedia/Conjugate_vaccine |
A Trypanosomiasis vaccine is a vaccine against trypanosomiasis. No effective vaccine currently exists, but development of a vaccine is the subject of current research.
The Gates Foundation has been involved in funding research conducted by the Sabin Vaccine Institute and others.
There are many obstacles to development ... | Wikipedia/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine |
Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). Depending on the type, typhoid vaccines are estimated to be about 50% to 85% effective... | Wikipedia/Typhoid_vaccine |
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection).
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main ... | Wikipedia/Pharmacodynamics |
Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which vascular diseases involving the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction. The specialty evolved from general and cardiovascular surgery where it refined the management of... | Wikipedia/Vascular_surgery |
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions ... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Trials |
Hantavirus vaccine is a vaccine that protects in humans against hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The vaccine is considered important as acute hantavirus infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that about... | Wikipedia/Hantavirus_vaccine |
The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a United States program for vaccine safety, co-managed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). VAERS is a postmarketing surveillance program, collecting information about adverse events (possible harmf... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System |
Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life. If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle. The first hepatitis A vaccine was approv... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_A_vaccine |
A skin condition, also known as cutaneous condition, is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.
Conditions of the human... | Wikipedia/Skin_disease |
Concerns about thiomersal and vaccines are commonly expressed by anti-vaccine activists. Claims relating to the safety of thiomersal, a mercury-based preservative used in vaccines, are refuted, but still subject to fearmongering, notably claims it could cause neurological disorders such as autism, leading to its remova... | Wikipedia/Thiomersal_and_vaccines |
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenza vaccine in the form of a nasal spray that is recommended for the prevention of influenza.
It is an attenuated live vaccine, unlike other influenza vaccines, which are inactivated vaccines. Live attenuated influenza vaccine is administered intranasally, whi... | Wikipedia/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine |
A synthetic vaccine is a vaccine consisting mainly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or antigens. They are usually considered to be safer than vaccines from bacterial cultures. Creating vaccines synthetically has the ability to increase the speed of production. This is especially important in the event of a pandemi... | Wikipedia/Synthetic_vaccine |
A zoster vaccine is a vaccine that reduces the incidence of herpes zoster (shingles), a disease caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which is also responsible for chickenpox.
Shingles provokes a painful rash with blisters, and can be followed by chronic pain (postherpetic neuralgia), as well as other ... | Wikipedia/Zoster_vaccine |
A H5N1 vaccine is an influenza vaccine intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1.
Vaccination of poultry against the avian H5N1 influenza epizootic is widespread in certain countries. Some vaccines also exist for use in humans. As of July 2024, these include Aflunov, Audenz, Celldemic, and Ince... | Wikipedia/H5N1_vaccine |
Claims of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have been extensively investigated and found to be false. The link was first suggested in the early 1990s and came to public notice largely as a result of the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years"... | Wikipedia/MMR_vaccine_and_autism |
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus. The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against f... | Wikipedia/HPV_vaccine |
Clinical Trials, subtitled as Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials, is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering clinical trials and related subjects in the field of medical research methodology. It is published six times a year by SAGE Publications on behalf of The Society for Clinical Trials (SCT). The journal'... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Trials_(journal) |
The PARAMOUNT trial is a clinical trial studying non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The trial was sponsored by Eli Lilly and Company and was conducted in several European countries and Canada. It was registered in November 2008 and was projected to end in September 2013.
PARAMOUNT found that maintenance therapy wit... | Wikipedia/PARAMOUNT_trial |
A hexavalent vaccine, or 6-in-1 vaccine, is a combination vaccine with six individual vaccines conjugated into one, intended to protect people from multiple diseases. The term usually refers to the children's vaccine that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, haemophilus B, and hepatitis B, wh... | Wikipedia/Hexavalent_vaccine |
An HIV vaccine is a potential vaccine that could be either a preventive vaccine or a therapeutic vaccine, which means it would either protect individuals from being infected with HIV or treat HIV-infected individuals. It is thought that an HIV vaccine could either induce an immune response against HIV (active vaccinati... | Wikipedia/HIV_vaccine_development |
The Moderna COVID‑19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Spikevax, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the American company Moderna, the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). Depending on the jurisdiction, it is... | Wikipedia/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine |
The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) is the principal advisory group to World Health Organization (WHO) for vaccines and immunization. Established in 1999 through the merging of two previous committees, notably the Scientific Advisory Group of Experts (which served the Program for Vaccine Development) and the... | Wikipedia/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts |
ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry of clinical trials. It is run by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health, and holds registrations from over 444,000 trials from 221 countries.
== History ==
As a result of pressure from HIV-infected men in the gay community, who demand... | Wikipedia/ClinicalTrials.gov |
The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (or ViCPS) is a typhoid vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of typhoid (another is Ty21a). The vaccine was first licensed in the US in 1994 and is made from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from the Ty2 Salmonella Typhi strain; it is a su... | Wikipedia/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine |
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, sold under the brand name Pneumovax 23, is a pneumococcal vaccine that is used for the prevention of pneumococcal disease caused by the 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae contained in the vaccine as capsular polysaccharides. It is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injecti... | Wikipedia/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine |
An attenuated vaccine (or a live attenuated vaccine, LAV) is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or "live"). Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pa... | Wikipedia/Attenuated_vaccine |
Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. More than 87% of people who receive the vaccine develop immunity. It is not useful following the bite of an infected tick. It is given by injection int... | Wikipedia/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine |
A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population. In some parts of the world, the term orphan disease describes a rare disease whose rarity results in little or no funding or research for treatments, without financial incentives from governments or other agencies. Orphan drugs are medicat... | Wikipedia/Orphan_disease |
Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccin... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_B_vaccine |
A Cytomegalovirus vaccine is a vaccine to prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or curb virus re-activation (symptomatic flare-ups) in persons already infected. Challenges in developing a vaccine include adeptness of CMV in evading the immune system and limited animal models. As of 2018 no such vaccine exists, althou... | Wikipedia/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine |
Sputnik V (Russian: Спутник V, the brand name from the Russian Direct Investment Fund or RDIF) or Gam-COVID-Vac (Russian: Гам-КОВИД-Вак, the name under which it is legally registered and produced) is an adenovirus viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbi... | Wikipedia/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine |
The Vaccines for Children Program (VFC) is a federally funded program in the United States providing no-cost vaccines to children who lack health insurance or who otherwise cannot afford the cost of the vaccination. The VFC program was created by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 and is required to be a new... | Wikipedia/Vaccines_for_Children_Program |
The MMRV vaccine is a combination vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), and varicella (chickenpox), abbreviated as MMRV. The MMRV vaccine has similar immunogenicity and overall safety profiles to the MMR vaccine administered with or without the varicella vaccine. The MMRV vaccine is typically given ... | Wikipedia/MMRV_vaccine |
The eradication of infectious diseases is the reduction of the prevalence of an infectious disease in the global host population to zero.
Two infectious diseases have successfully been eradicated: smallpox in humans, and rinderpest in ruminants. There are four ongoing programs, targeting the human diseases poliomyeliti... | Wikipedia/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases |
A rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children. These vaccines prevent 15–34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37–96% of the risk of death among young children due to severe diarrhea. Immunizing babies decr... | Wikipedia/Rotavirus_vaccine |
A homologous booster shot involves the administration of the same vaccine as previously administered, while a heterologous booster shot involves the administration of a different vaccine.
"Heterologous prime-boost immunization is administration of two different vectors or delivery systems expressing the same or overla... | Wikipedia/Heterologous_vaccine |
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV), also known as Ebola Zaire vaccine live and sold under the brand name Ervebo, is an Ebola vaccine for adults that prevents Ebola caused by the Zaire ebolavirus. When used in ring vaccination, rVSV-ZEBOV has shown a high level of protection. Around ha... | Wikipedia/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine |
A Schistosomiasis vaccine is a vaccine against Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever), a parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke of the genus Schistosoma. No effective vaccine for the disease exists yet. Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, mainly in r... | Wikipedia/Schistosomiasis_vaccine |
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables). This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are ... | Wikipedia/Controlled_experiment |
An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) is a type of vaccine that contains pathogens (such as virus or bacteria) that have been killed or rendered inactive, so they cannot replicate or cause disease. In contrast, live vaccines use pathogens that are still alive (but are almost always attenuated, that is, weakened). ... | Wikipedia/Inactivated_vaccine |
Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, is used to provide protection against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. It is given by injection into muscle.
It is used in areas where hepatitis A and B are endemic, for travelers, people with hepatitis C or chronic liver disease, and those at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases.
... | Wikipedia/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine |
The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles), abbreviated as MMR. The first dose is generally given to children around 9 months to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least four weeks between the doses. After two doses, 97% of people are prot... | Wikipedia/MMR_vaccine |
An H5N8 vaccine is an influenza vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against H5 subtype influenza A viruses. It is given via Intramuscular injection.
== Zoonotic influenza vaccine Seqirus ==
Zoonotic influenza vaccine Seqirus is authorized for use in the European Union. It contains a flu strain called A/Astr... | Wikipedia/H5N8_vaccine |
The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, also known as Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningi... | Wikipedia/Hib_vaccine |
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for... | Wikipedia/Drug_development |
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are vaccinations intended for the prevention of tuberculosis. Immunotherapy as a defence against TB was first proposed in 1890 by Robert Koch. As of 2021, the only effective tuberculosis vaccine in common use is the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, first used on humans in 1921. It co... | Wikipedia/Tuberculosis_vaccines |
Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. They are given by injection either into a muscle or just under the skin.... | Wikipedia/Pneumococcal_vaccine |
Clinical trials publication is having research published in a peer reviewed journal following clinical trials. Most investigators will want to have such a publication but the nature of clinical trials may create special considerations and obstacles.
Most agreements for a clinical trial between sponsor and investigator... | Wikipedia/Clinical_trials_publication |
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, caffeine products, dietary supplements, prescription ... | Wikipedia/Food_and_Drug_Administration |
The Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine, also known as BBIBP-CorV, the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, or BIBP vaccine, is one of two whole inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccines developed by Sinopharm's Beijing Institute of Biological Products (sometimes written as Beijing Bio-Institute of Biological Products, resulting in the t... | Wikipedia/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine |
The Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name VidPrevtyn Beta, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sanofi Pasteur and GSK.
The Sanofi–GSK COVID‑19 vaccine was authorized for medical use in the European Union in November 2022.
== Medical uses ==
The Sanofi–GSK COVID‑19 vaccine is used as a booster for acti... | Wikipedia/Sanofi–GSK_COVID-19_vaccine |
The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Comirnaty, is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the German biotechnology company BioNTech. For its development, BioNTech collaborated with the American company Pfizer to carry out clinical trials, logistics, and manufacturing. It is authorized fo... | Wikipedia/Pfizer–BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine |
In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment. Protocols are written whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other... | Wikipedia/Clinical_trial_protocol |
The 2009 swine flu pandemic vaccines were influenza vaccines developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. These vaccines either contained inactivated (killed) influenza virus, or weakened live virus that could not cause influenza. The killed virus was injected, while the live virus was given as a nasal spra... | Wikipedia/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine |
Clinical nutrition centers on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of nutritional changes in patients linked to chronic diseases and conditions primarily in health care. Clinical in this sense refers to the management of patients, including not only outpatients at clinics and in private practice, but also inpatien... | Wikipedia/Medical_nutrition_therapy |
Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots or the flu jab, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protectio... | Wikipedia/Influenza_vaccine |
ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry of clinical trials. It is run by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health, and holds registrations from over 444,000 trials from 221 countries.
== History ==
As a result of pressure from HIV-infected men in the gay community, who demand... | Wikipedia/Clinicaltrials.gov |
A speculated link between vaccines and SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) has been refuted, but remains a common anti-vaccine claim. The claim, attributed to Robert Mendelsohn in 1991 and promoted by anti-vaccination activists such as Viera Scheibner in the early 1990s, is that vaccines, especially the DTP vaccine tha... | Wikipedia/Vaccines_and_SIDS |
A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. Subunit vaccine can be made from dissembled viral particles in cell culture or recombinant DNA expression, in which case it is a recombinant subunit vaccine.
A "subunit" v... | Wikipedia/Subunit_vaccine |
Plague vaccine is a vaccine used against Yersinia pestis to prevent the plague. Inactivated bacterial vaccines have been used since 1890 but are less effective against the pneumonic plague, so live, attenuated vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines have been developed to prevent the disease.
== Plague immunization... | Wikipedia/Plague_vaccine |
Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox. One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine are more effective than one. If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it preven... | Wikipedia/Varicella_vaccine |
Clinical monitoring is the oversight and administrative efforts that monitor a participant's health and efficacy of the treatment during a clinical trial. Both independent and government-run grant-funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO), require data and... | Wikipedia/Monitoring_in_clinical_trials |
An approved drug is a medicinal preparation that has been validated for a therapeutic use by a ruling authority of a government. This process is usually specific by country, unless specified otherwise.
== Process by country ==
=== United States ===
In the United States, the FDA approves drugs. Before a drug can be ... | Wikipedia/Approved_drug |
The Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzevria among others, is a viral vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19. It was developed in the United Kingdom by Oxford University and British-Swedish company AstraZeneca, using as a vector the modified chimpanzee adenovirus C... | Wikipedia/Oxford–AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine |
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite availability and supporting evidence. The term covers refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others. Although adverse effects associated with vaccin... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_hesitancy |
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio ... | Wikipedia/Polio_vaccine |
Ebola vaccines are vaccines either approved or in development to prevent Ebola. As of 2022, there are only vaccines against the Zaire ebolavirus. The first vaccine to be approved in the United States was rVSV-ZEBOV in December 2019. It had been used extensively in the Kivu Ebola epidemic under a compassionate use proto... | Wikipedia/Ebola_vaccine |
Drug labelling, also referred to as prescription labelling, is a written, printed or graphic matter upon any drugs or any of its container, or accompanying such a drug. Drug labels seek to identify drug contents and to state specific instructions or warnings for administration, storage and disposal. Since the 1800s, le... | Wikipedia/Drug_labelling |
Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% of people become immune. Countries with high rates of immunization no longer see cases of rubella or congenital rubella syndrome. When there is a low level of childhood immunization in a populat... | Wikipedia/Rubella_vaccine |
A cholera vaccine is a vaccine that is effective at reducing the risk of contracting cholera. The recommended cholera vaccines are administered orally to elicit local immune responses in the gut, where the intestinal cells produce antibodies against Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria responsible for the illness. This immune... | Wikipedia/Cholera_vaccine |
Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a tick-borne disease caused by species of Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes. It is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere. Infections are most common in the spring and early summer.
The most common sig... | Wikipedia/Lyme_disease |
A Chikungunya vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against the chikungunya virus.
The most commonly reported side effects include headache, fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, fever, nausea and tenderness at the injection site.
The first chikungunya vaccine was approved for medical use in the United... | Wikipedia/Chikungunya_vaccine |
The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS; Korean: 식품의약품안전처), formerly known as the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA; 식품의약품안전청), is a government agency responsible for promoting public health by ensuring the safety and effectiveness of foods, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and cosmetics as well as supporting ... | Wikipedia/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety |
The Vaccine Safety Datalink Project (VSD) was established in 1990 by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to study the adverse effects of vaccines.
Four large health maintenance organizations, including Kaiser Permanente, were initially recruited to provide the CDC with medical data on vac... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink |
A clinical data management system or CDMS is a tool used in clinical research to manage the data of a clinical trial. The clinical trial data gathered at the investigator site in the case report form are stored in the CDMS. To reduce the possibility of errors due to human entry, the systems employ various means to veri... | Wikipedia/Clinical_data_management_system |
A clinical investigator involved in a clinical trial is responsible for ensuring that an investigation is conducted according to the signed investigator statement, the investigational plan, and applicable regulations; for protecting the rights, safety, and welfare of subjects under the investigator's care; and for the ... | Wikipedia/Clinical_investigator |
A cancer vaccine, or oncovaccine, is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines or tumor antigen vaccines. Some of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are ... | Wikipedia/Cancer_vaccine |
A therapeutic vaccine is a vaccine which is administered after a disease or infection has already occurred. A therapeutic vaccine works by activating the immune system of a patient to fight an infection. A therapeutic vaccine differs from a prophylactic vaccine in that prophylactic vaccines are administered to individu... | Wikipedia/Therapeutic_vaccines |
Valneva COVID-19 vaccine (VLA2001) is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by European specialty vaccine company Valneva SE in collaboration with the American biopharmaceutical company Dynavax Technologies.
In April 2022, the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) approved the vaccine, being ... | Wikipedia/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine |
DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine is a 5-in-1 combination vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one. It protects against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B, which is generally used in middle- and low-income countries, where polio vaccine is given separately.
By 2013, ... | Wikipedia/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine |
In health care, a clinical trial is a comparison test of a medication or other medical treatment (such as a medical device), versus a placebo (inactive look-alike), other medications or devices, or the standard medical treatment for a patient's condition.
To be ethical, researchers must obtain the full and voluntary in... | Wikipedia/Ethical_problems_using_children_in_clinical_trials |
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sough... | Wikipedia/DNA_vaccine |
Vaccine wastage is the number of vaccines that have not been administered during vaccine deployment in an immunization program. The wastage can occur at multiple stages of the deployment process, and can take place in both unopened and opened vials, or in oral admission. It is an expected part of vaccination deployment... | Wikipedia/Vaccine_wastage |
In decision theory, the odds algorithm (or Bruss algorithm) is a mathematical method for computing optimal strategies for a class of problems that belong to the domain of optimal stopping problems. Their solution follows from the odds strategy, and the importance of the odds strategy lies in its optimality, as explain... | Wikipedia/Odds_algorithm |
A Zika virus vaccine is designed to prevent the symptoms and complications of Zika virus infection in humans. As Zika virus infection of pregnant women may result in congenital defects in the newborn, the vaccine will attempt to protect against congenital Zika syndrome during the current or any future outbreak. As of A... | Wikipedia/Zika_virus_vaccine |
ACAM2000 is a smallpox vaccine and an mpox vaccine manufactured by Emergent Biosolutions. It provides protection against smallpox for people determined to be at high risk for smallpox infection. ACAM2000 is a live replicating vaccinia virus vaccine.
== Medical uses ==
ACAM2000 is indicated for active immunization aga... | Wikipedia/Mpox_vaccine |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a pneumococcal vaccine made with the conjugate vaccine method and used to protect infants, young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a ... | Wikipedia/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine |
A Clinical Trial Management System (CTMS) is a software system used by biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries to manage clinical trials in clinical research. The system maintains and manages planning, performing and reporting functions, along with participant contact information, tracking deadlines and milestones.... | Wikipedia/Clinical_Trial_Management_System |
As of 2024, a vaccine against Epstein–Barr virus was not yet available. The virus establishes latent infection and causes infectious mononucleosis. There is also increasingly more evidence that EBV may be a trigger of multiple sclerosis. It is a dual-tropic virus, meaning that it infects two different host cell types —... | Wikipedia/Epstein–Barr_virus_vaccine |
Mathematical models can project how infectious diseases progress to show the likely outcome of an epidemic (including in plants) and help inform public health and plant health interventions. Models use basic assumptions or collected statistics along with mathematics to find parameters for various infectious diseases an... | Wikipedia/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases |
Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine that protects against yellow fever. Yellow fever is a viral infection that occurs in Africa and South America. Most people begin to develop immunity within ten days of vaccination and are 99% protected within one month, and this appears to be lifelong. The vaccine can be used to contr... | Wikipedia/Yellow_fever_vaccine |
This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic human vaccines. Early vaccines may be listed by the first year of development or testing, but later entries usually show the year the vaccine finished trials and became available on the market. Although vaccines exist for the diseases listed below, only smallpox has... | Wikipedia/Timeline_of_human_vaccines |
In health care, a clinical trial is a comparison test of a medication or other medical treatment (such as a medical device), versus a placebo (inactive look-alike), other medications or devices, or the standard medical treatment for a patient's condition.
To be ethical, researchers must obtain the full and voluntary in... | Wikipedia/Children_in_clinical_research |
Laplace's approximation provides an analytical expression for a posterior probability distribution by fitting a Gaussian distribution with a mean equal to the MAP solution and precision equal to the observed Fisher information. The approximation is justified by the Bernstein–von Mises theorem, which states that, under ... | Wikipedia/Laplace_approximation |
A topographic profile or topographic cut or elevation profile is a representation of the relief of the terrain that is obtained by cutting transversely the lines of a topographic map. Each contour line can be defined as a closed line joining relief points at equal height above sea level. It is usually drawn on the same... | Wikipedia/Topographic_profile |
In probability and statistics, an exponential family is a parametric set of probability distributions of a certain form, specified below. This special form is chosen for mathematical convenience, including the enabling of the user to calculate expectations, covariances using differentiation based on some useful algebra... | Wikipedia/Log-partition_function |
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