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In statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma describes the existence and uniqueness of the likelihood ratio as a uniformly most powerful test in certain contexts. It was introduced by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson in a paper in 1933. The Neyman–Pearson lemma is part of the Neyman–Pearson theory of statistical testing, which... | Wikipedia/Neyman–Pearson_lemma |
In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable
X
{\displaystyle X}
, or just distribution function of
X
{\displaystyle X}
, evaluated at
x
... | Wikipedia/Complementary_cumulative_distribution_function |
Survival analysis is a branch of statistics for analyzing the expected duration of time until one event occurs, such as death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems. This topic is called reliability theory, reliability analysis or reliability engineering in engineering, duration analysis or duration ... | Wikipedia/Hazard_rate |
In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelih... | Wikipedia/Density_function |
In probability and statistics, the class of exponential dispersion models (EDM), also called exponential dispersion family (EDF), is a set of probability distributions that represents a generalisation of the natural exponential family.
Exponential dispersion models play an important role in statistical theory, in part... | Wikipedia/Exponential_dispersion_model |
In statistics, the generalized linear array model (GLAM) is used for analyzing data sets with array structures. It based on the generalized linear model with the design matrix written as a Kronecker product.
== Overview ==
The generalized linear array model or GLAM was introduced in 2006. Such models provide a struc... | Wikipedia/Generalized_linear_array_model |
In applied statistics, fractional models are, to some extent, related to binary response models. However, instead of estimating the probability of being in one bin of a dichotomous variable, the fractional model typically deals with variables that take on all possible values in the unit interval. One can easily general... | Wikipedia/Fractional_model |
In applied statistics, a variance-stabilizing transformation is a data transformation that is specifically chosen either to simplify considerations in graphical exploratory data analysis or to allow the application of simple regression-based or analysis of variance techniques.
== Overview ==
The aim behind the choice... | Wikipedia/Variance-stabilizing_transformation |
A log-linear model is a mathematical model that takes the form of a function whose logarithm equals a linear combination of the parameters of the model, which makes it possible to apply (possibly multivariate) linear regression. That is, it has the general form
exp
(... | Wikipedia/Log-linear_model |
In statistics, a linear probability model (LPM) is a special case of a binary regression model. Here the dependent variable for each observation takes values which are either 0 or 1. The probability of observing a 0 or 1 in any one case is treated as depending on one or more explanatory variables. For the "linear proba... | Wikipedia/Linear_probability_model |
In statistics, the variance function is a smooth function that depicts the variance of a random quantity as a function of its mean. The variance function is a measure of heteroscedasticity and plays a large role in many settings of statistical modelling. It is a main ingredient in the generalized linear model framework... | Wikipedia/Variance_function |
The general linear model or general multivariate regression model is a compact way of simultaneously writing several multiple linear regression models. In that sense it is not a separate statistical linear model. The various multiple linear regression models may be compactly written as
... | Wikipedia/Comparison_of_general_and_generalized_linear_models |
In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear response variable depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions.
GAMs were originally developed by Trevor Hastie and Robert Tibsh... | Wikipedia/Generalized_additive_model |
In statistics, the variance function is a smooth function that depicts the variance of a random quantity as a function of its mean. The variance function is a measure of heteroscedasticity and plays a large role in many settings of statistical modelling. It is a main ingredient in the generalized linear model framework... | Wikipedia/Variance_functions |
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6.0 built into most desktop Microsoft Office applications. Although based on pre-.NET Visual Basic, which is no longer supported or updated by Microsoft (except under Microsoft's "It Just Works" suppor... | Wikipedia/Visual_Basic_for_Applications |
In functional programming, a generalized algebraic data type (GADT, also first-class phantom type, guarded recursive datatype, or equality-qualified type) is a generalization of a parametric algebraic data type (ADT).
== Overview ==
In a GADT, the product constructors (called data constructors in Haskell) can provide... | Wikipedia/Generalized_algebraic_data_type |
In computer programming, a reference is a value that enables a program to indirectly access a particular datum, such as a variable's value or a record, in the computer's memory or in some other storage device. The reference is said to refer to the datum, and accessing the datum is called dereferencing the reference. A... | Wikipedia/Reference_(computer_science) |
In computer science, type conversion, type casting, type coercion, and type juggling are different ways of changing an expression from one data type to another. An example would be the conversion of an integer value into a floating point value or its textual representation as a string, and vice versa. Type conversions ... | Wikipedia/Type_conversion |
In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, a status variable in the JOVIAL programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members, enumeral, or enumerators of t... | Wikipedia/Enumerated_type |
In computer programming, a variable is an abstract storage location paired with an associated symbolic name, which contains some known or unknown quantity of data or object referred to as a value; or in simpler terms, a variable is a named container for a particular set of bits or type of data (like integer, float, str... | Wikipedia/Variable_(computer_science) |
In computer science, the term range may refer to one of three things:
The possible values that may be stored in a variable.
The upper and lower bounds of an array.
An alternative to iterator.
== Range of a variable ==
The range of a variable is given as the set of possible values that that variable can hold. In the ... | Wikipedia/Range_(computer_science) |
The Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the American Statistical Association. Established in 1992, the journal covers the use of computational and graphical methods in statistics and data analysis, including numeric... | Wikipedia/Journal_of_Computational_and_Graphical_Statistics |
Extract, load, transform (ELT) is an alternative to extract, transform, load (ETL) used with data lake implementations. In contrast to ETL, in ELT models the data is not transformed on entry to the data lake, but stored in its original raw format. This enables faster loading times. However, ELT requires sufficient proc... | Wikipedia/Extract,_load,_transform |
In the design of experiments, optimal experimental designs (or optimum designs) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion. The creation of this field of statistics has been credited to Danish statistician Kirstine Smith.
In the design of experiments for estimating s... | Wikipedia/Optimal_experimental_design |
A nested case–control (NCC) study is a variation of a case–control study in which cases and controls are drawn from the population in a fully enumerated cohort.
Usually, the exposure of interest is only measured among the cases and the selected controls. Thus the nested case–control study is more efficient than the ful... | Wikipedia/Nested_case-control_study |
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables). This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements. Scientific controls are ... | Wikipedia/Experimental_control |
Interrupted time series analysis (ITS), sometimes known as quasi-experimental time series analysis, is a method of statistical analysis involving tracking a long-term period before and after a point of intervention to assess the intervention's effects. The time series refers to the data over the period, while the inter... | Wikipedia/Interrupted_time_series_design |
Statistical process control (SPC) or statistical quality control (SQC) is the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of a production process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste scrap. SPC can be appl... | Wikipedia/Statistical_Process_Control |
Statistical process control (SPC) or statistical quality control (SQC) is the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of a production process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste scrap. SPC can be appl... | Wikipedia/Statistical_control |
In statistical quality control, the regression control chart allows for monitoring a change in a process where two or more variables are correlated. The change in a dependent variable can be detected and compensatory change in the independent variable can be recommended. Examples from the Post Office Department provide... | Wikipedia/Regression_control_chart |
In statistical quality control, the individual/moving-range chart is a type of control chart used to monitor variables data from a business or industrial process for which it is impractical to use rational subgroups.
The chart is necessary in the following situations:: 231
Where automation allows inspection of each u... | Wikipedia/Shewhart_individuals_control_chart |
Process window index (PWI) is a statistical measure that quantifies the robustness of a manufacturing process, e.g. one which involves heating and cooling, known as a thermal process. In manufacturing industry, PWI values are used to calibrate the heating and cooling of soldering jobs (known as a thermal profile) while... | Wikipedia/Control_limits |
Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) is an algorithmic method for optimizing systems with multiple unknown parameters. It is a type of stochastic approximation algorithm. As an optimization method, it is appropriately suited to large-scale population models, adaptive modeling, simulation optimizati... | Wikipedia/Simultaneous_perturbation_stochastic_approximation |
In numerical analysis, the Newton–Raphson method, also known simply as Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. The most basic version starts with a real-valued function... | Wikipedia/Newton's_Method |
Up-and-down designs (UDDs) are a family of statistical experiment designs used in dose-finding experiments in science, engineering, and medical research. Dose-finding experiments have binary responses: each individual outcome can be described as one of two possible values, such as success vs. failure or toxic vs. non-t... | Wikipedia/Up-and-down_design |
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) gen... | Wikipedia/Likelihood_equations |
Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical populatio... | Wikipedia/Statistical_methods |
In the design of experiments, completely randomized designs are for studying the effects of one primary factor without the need to take other nuisance variables into account. This article describes completely randomized designs that have one primary factor. The experiment compares the values of a response variable base... | Wikipedia/Completely_randomized_design |
A quasi-experiment is a research design used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention. Quasi-experiments share similarities with experiments and randomized controlled trials, but specifically lack random assignment to treatment or control. Instead, quasi-experimental designs typically allow assignment to treatm... | Wikipedia/Quasi-experimental_design |
Minimisation is a method of adaptive stratified sampling that is used in clinical trials, as described by Pocock and Simon.
The aim of minimisation is to minimise the imbalance between the number of patients in each treatment group over a number of factors. Normally patients would be allocated to a treatment group rand... | Wikipedia/Minimisation_(clinical_trials) |
Zelen's design is an experimental design for randomized clinical trials proposed by Harvard School of Public Health statistician Marvin Zelen (1927-2014). In this design, patients are randomized to either the treatment or control group before giving informed consent. Because the group to which a given patient is assign... | Wikipedia/Zelen's_design |
In statistical modeling (especially process modeling), polynomial functions and rational functions are sometimes used as an empirical technique for curve fitting.
== Polynomial function models ==
A polynomial function is one that has the form
y
=
a
... | Wikipedia/Polynomial_and_rational_function_modeling |
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. Effects of menopause can include symptoms such as hot flashes, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle ma... | Wikipedia/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause) |
In statistics, Box–Behnken designs are experimental designs for response surface methodology, devised by George E. P. Box and Donald Behnken in 1960, to achieve the following goals:
Each factor, or independent variable, is placed at one of three equally spaced values, usually coded as −1, 0, +1. (At least three levels... | Wikipedia/Box–Behnken_design |
The PRECEDE–PROCEED model is a cost–benefit evaluation framework proposed in 1974 by Lawrence W. Green that can help health program planners, policy makers and other evaluators, analyze situations and design health programs efficiently. It provides a comprehensive structure for assessing health and quality of life need... | Wikipedia/PRECEDE–PROCEED_model |
Infection prevention and control (IPC) is the discipline concerned with preventing healthcare-associated infections; a practical rather than academic sub-discipline of epidemiology. In Northern Europe, infection prevention and control is expanded from healthcare into a component in public health, known as "infection pr... | Wikipedia/Infection_control |
In statistics, a central composite design is an experimental design, useful in response surface methodology, for building a second order (quadratic) model for the response variable without needing to use a complete three-level factorial experiment.
After the designed experiment is performed, linear regression is used, ... | Wikipedia/Central_composite_design |
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), or ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. CA... | Wikipedia/Coronary_heart_disease |
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a psychological theory that links beliefs to behavior. The theory maintains that three core components, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions. In turn, a tenet of TPB is that behavioral intention... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_planned_behavior |
A notifiable disease is any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities. The collation of information allows the authorities to monitor the disease, and provides early warning of possible outbreaks. In the case of livestock diseases, there may also be the legal requirement to kill the infec... | Wikipedia/Notifiable_disease |
Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through patient education, physical intervention, disease prevention, and health promotion. Physical therapist is the term used for such profession... | Wikipedia/Physical_therapy |
Clinical equipoise, also known as the principle of equipoise, provides the ethical basis for medical research that involves assigning patients to different treatment arms of a clinical trial. The term was proposed by Benjamin Freedman in 1987 in response to "controversy in the clinical community" to define an ethical s... | Wikipedia/Clinical_equipoise |
Vector control is any method to limit or eradicate the mammals, birds, insects or other arthropods (here collectively called "vectors") which transmit disease pathogens. The most frequent type of vector control is mosquito control using a variety of strategies. Several of the "neglected tropical diseases" are spread by... | Wikipedia/Vector_control |
The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC; Chinese: 中国疾病预防控制中心) is an institution directly under the National Health Commission, based in Changping District, Beijing, China.
Established in 1983, it works to protect public health and safety by providing information to enhance health decisions, and to p... | Wikipedia/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention |
Multilevel models are statistical models of parameters that vary at more than one level. An example could be a model of student performance that contains measures for individual students as well as measures for classrooms within which the students are grouped. These models can be seen as generalizations of linear model... | Wikipedia/Hierarchical_Bayes_model |
Drug checking or pill testing is a way to reduce the harm from drug consumption by allowing users to find out the content and purity of substances that they intend to consume. This enables users to make safer choices: to avoid more dangerous substances, to use smaller quantities, and to avoid dangerous combinations.
D... | Wikipedia/Drug_checking |
Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. However, many were present in northern Europe and northe... | Wikipedia/Tropical_disease |
A pragmatic clinical trial (PCT), sometimes called a practical clinical trial (PCT), is a clinical trial that focuses on correlation between treatments and outcomes in real-world health system practice rather than focusing on proving causative explanations for outcomes, which requires extensive deconfounding with inclu... | Wikipedia/Pragmatic_clinical_trial |
Multilevel models are statistical models of parameters that vary at more than one level. An example could be a model of student performance that contains measures for individual students as well as measures for classrooms within which the students are grouped. These models can be seen as generalizations of linear model... | Wikipedia/Hierarchical_linear_modeling |
In social psychology, the health belief model (HBM) is a psychological framework used to explain and predict individuals' potentially detrimental behaviors, attitudes and beliefs on their health. Developed in the 1950s by social psychologists at the United States Public Health Service, the model examines how perception... | Wikipedia/Health_belief_model |
Plackett–Burman designs are experimental designs presented in 1946 by Robin L. Plackett and J. P. Burman while working in the British Ministry of Supply.
Their goal was to find experimental designs for investigating the dependence of some measured quantity on a number of independent variables (factors), each taking L l... | Wikipedia/Plackett-Burman_design |
In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units that are similar to one another in groups (blocks) based on one or more variables. These variables are chosen carefully to minimize the effect of their variability on the observed outcomes. There are different ways ... | Wikipedia/Randomized_block_design |
Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused by outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic situations, as well as increase knowledge about wh... | Wikipedia/Disease_surveillance |
A drug policy is the policy regarding the control and regulation of psychoactive substances (commonly referred to as drugs), particularly those that are addictive or cause physical and mental dependence. While drug policies are generally implemented by governments, entities at all levels (from international organisatio... | Wikipedia/Drug_policy |
In statistics, a fractional factorial design is a way to conduct experiments with fewer experimental runs than a full factorial design. Instead of testing every single combination of factors, it tests only a carefully selected portion. This "fraction" of the full design is chosen to reveal the most important informatio... | Wikipedia/Fractional_factorial_design |
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to ... | Wikipedia/Phase_III_clinical_trials |
A medical guideline (also called a clinical guideline, standard treatment guideline, or clinical practice guideline) is a document with the aim of guiding decisions and criteria regarding diagnosis, management, and treatment in specific areas of healthcare. Such documents have been in use for thousands of years during ... | Wikipedia/Clinical_practice_guideline |
Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital, and people across political and geographic boundaries, allows infectious diseases to rapidly spread around the world, while also allowing the alleviation of factors such as hunger and poverty, which are key determinants of global health. The spread of diseases acr... | Wikipedia/Globalization_and_disease |
The transtheoretical model of behavior change is an integrative theory of therapy that assesses an individual's readiness to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the individual. The model is composed of constructs such as: stages of change, processes of change, level... | Wikipedia/Transtheoretical_model |
A cluster-randomised controlled trial is a type of randomised controlled trial in which groups of subjects (as opposed to individual subjects) are randomised. Cluster randomised controlled trials are also known as cluster-randomised trials, group-randomised trials, and place-randomized trials. Cluster-randomised contro... | Wikipedia/Cluster_randomised_controlled_trial |
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes, before some event occurs, to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity of time. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate is multipli... | Wikipedia/Cox_proportional_hazards_model |
The Bachelor of Science in Public Health (BSPH) (or Bachelor of Public Health) is an undergraduate degree that prepares students to pursue careers in the public, private, or non-profit sector in areas such as public health, environmental health, health administration, epidemiology, nutrition, biostatistics, or health p... | Wikipedia/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health |
Diagnosis (pl.: diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in a lot of different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine "cause and effect". In systems engineering and computer science, it is typically used to det... | Wikipedia/Diagnosis |
Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders): 47 caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted by water. These diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. The... | Wikipedia/Waterborne_diseases |
In randomized statistical experiments, generalized randomized block designs (GRBDs) are used to study the interaction between blocks and treatments. For a GRBD, each treatment is replicated at least two times in each block; this replication allows the estimation and testing of an interaction term in the linear model (w... | Wikipedia/Generalized_randomized_block_design |
Taguchi methods (Japanese: タグチメソッド) are statistical methods, sometimes called robust design methods, developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to engineering, biotechnology, marketing and advertising. Professional statisticians have welcomed the goals and... | Wikipedia/Taguchi_methods |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The CDC's current nominee for director is Susan Monarez. She became acti... | Wikipedia/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention |
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a harmful, unintended result caused by taking medication.: 1.1 Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or may result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the term "side effect"... | Wikipedia/Adverse_drug_reactions |
Failure rate is the frequency with which any system or component fails, expressed in failures per unit of time. It thus depends on the system conditions, time interval, and total number of systems under study.
It can describe electronic, mechanical, or biological systems, in fields such as systems and reliability engin... | Wikipedia/Hazard_function |
The one-factor-at-a-time method, also known as one-variable-at-a-time, OFAT, OF@T,
OFaaT, OVAT, OV@T, OVaaT, or monothetic analysis is a method of designing experiments involving the testing of factors, or causes, one at a time instead of multiple factors simultaneously.
== Advantages ==
OFAT is favored by non-expert... | Wikipedia/One-factor-at-a-time_method |
A robust parameter design, introduced by Genichi Taguchi, is an experimental design used to exploit the interaction between control and uncontrollable noise variables by robustification—finding the settings of the control factors that minimize response variation from uncontrollable factors. Control variables are variab... | Wikipedia/Robust_parameter_design_(RPD) |
In combinatorial mathematics, a block design is an incidence structure consisting of a set together with a family of subsets known as blocks, chosen such that number of occurrences of each element satisfies certain conditions making the collection of blocks exhibit symmetry (balance). Block designs have applications in... | Wikipedia/Block_design |
Plackett–Burman designs are experimental designs presented in 1946 by Robin L. Plackett and J. P. Burman while working in the British Ministry of Supply.
Their goal was to find experimental designs for investigating the dependence of some measured quantity on a number of independent variables (factors), each taking L l... | Wikipedia/Plackett–Burman_design |
In statistics, a factorial experiment (also known as full factorial experiment) investigates how multiple factors influence a specific outcome, called the response variable. Each factor is tested at distinct values, or levels, and the experiment includes every possible combination of these levels across all factors. Th... | Wikipedia/Factorial_design |
Software that is used for designing factorial experiments plays an important role in scientific experiments and represents a route to the implementation of design of experiments procedures that derive from statistical and combinatorial theory. In principle, easy-to-use design of experiments (DOE) software should be ava... | Wikipedia/Multifactor_design_of_experiments_software |
The Demographic Window is defined to be that period of time in a nation's demographic evolution when the proportion of population of working age group is particularly prominent. This occurs when the demographic architecture of a population becomes younger and the percentage of people able to work reaches its height. Ty... | Wikipedia/Demographic_window |
Divorce demography is the study of divorce statistics in a population. There are three ratios used for divorce rate calculations: crude divorce rate, refined divorce rate, and divorce-to-marriage ratio. Each of these calculations has weaknesses and can be misleading.
== Estimates of annual divorces by country ==
The ... | Wikipedia/Divorce_demography |
Antarctica contains research stations and field camps that are staffed seasonally or year-round, and former whaling settlements. Approximately 12 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) or year-round research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans. There are a... | Wikipedia/Demographics_of_Antarctica |
The Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Annual Reviews. It releases an annual volume of review articles relevant to the field of statistics. It has been in publication since 2014. The editor is Nancy Reid. As of 2023, Annual Review of Statistics and Its Ap... | Wikipedia/Annual_Review_of_Statistics_and_Its_Application |
In statistics and machine learning, the bias–variance tradeoff describes the relationship between a model's complexity, the accuracy of its predictions, and how well it can make predictions on previously unseen data that were not used to train the model. In general, as the number of tunable parameters in a model increa... | Wikipedia/Bias-variance_dilemma |
In statistics, data transformation is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set—that is, each data point zi is replaced with the transformed value yi = f(zi), where f is a function. Transforms are usually applied so that the data appear to more closely meet the assumptions of ... | Wikipedia/Data_transformation_(statistics) |
In statistics, identifiability is a property which a model must satisfy for precise inference to be possible. A model is identifiable if it is theoretically possible to learn the true values of this model's underlying parameters after obtaining an infinite number of observations from it. Mathematically, this is equival... | Wikipedia/Model_identification |
In statistics, the false discovery rate (FDR) is a method of conceptualizing the rate of type I errors in null hypothesis testing when conducting multiple comparisons. FDR-controlling procedures are designed to control the FDR, which is the expected proportion of "discoveries" (rejected null hypotheses) that are false ... | Wikipedia/False_discovery_rate |
Probability is a branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging from... | Wikipedia/probability |
In statistics, propagation of uncertainty (or propagation of error) is the effect of variables' uncertainties (or errors, more specifically random errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them. When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have uncertainties due to measurement limitations... | Wikipedia/Theory_of_errors |
A language model is a model of the human brain's ability to produce natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech recognition, machine translation, natural language generation (generating more human-like text), optical character recognition, route optimization, handwriting recogn... | Wikipedia/Statistical_Language_Model |
A cache language model is a type of statistical language model. These occur in the natural language processing subfield of computer science and assign probabilities to given sequences of words by means of a probability distribution. Statistical language models are key components of speech recognition systems and of ma... | Wikipedia/Cache_language_model |
In mathematics, more precisely in measure theory, an atom is a measurable set that has positive measure and contains no set of smaller positive measures. A measure that has no atoms is called non-atomic or atomless.
== Definition ==
Given a measurable space
(
X
,
Σ
... | Wikipedia/Atom_(measure_theory) |
Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, potential fields, seismic signals, altimetry processing, and scientific measurements. Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions, digital storage efficiency,... | Wikipedia/Signal_theory |
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, Nevanlinna theory is part of the
theory of meromorphic functions. It was devised in 1925, by Rolf Nevanlinna. Hermann Weyl called it "one of the few great mathematical events of (the twentieth) century." The theory describes the asymptotic distribution of solutions of the... | Wikipedia/Nevanlinna_theory |
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